14-2267 (L)

United States v. Thompson

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

F OR THE S ECOND C IRCUIT

_______________

August Term, 2015

(Submitted: October 28, 2015 Decided: December 9, 2015)

Docket No. 14

‐ 2267

‐ cr(L), 14

‐ 2599

‐ cr(Con.)

_______________

U NITED S TATES OF A MERICA

,

Appellee

,

—v.—

M ICHAEL T HOMPSON and T YLON V AUGHN

, a/k/a Bucky B,

Defendants

‐ Appellants

,

C HRISTOPHER M ORLEY

, a/k/a White Boy Chris, G REGORY A CCETURA

, a/k/a Leg,

B ERNARD B YRD

, a/k/a BB, a/k/a Chip, J ASON D AURIA

, M ICHAEL D ELUCA

, C HRISTEN

E DWARDS

, W ILLIAM F ITZGERALD

, a/k/a Quay, J ESSIE H OPKINS

, a/k/a Wes, K AI

J ACKSON

, a/k/a Killer Kai, R ICHIE J ONES

, a/k/a Slick, B RITT M ARTIN

, a/k/a Big Baby,

A NDREW M ELILLO

, M ICHAEL M ELILLO

, A NTHONY M ICARELLI

, R OBERT M ORRIS

, J OSEPH R AO

, M ARQUIS W INFREY

, a/k/a Quisy, A NTWAIN Y OPP

, a/k/a Skeletor,

R OBERT M ELILLO

, J R

., a/k/a Mike,

Defendants

.

_______________2 B e f o r e:

K ATZMANN

, Chief Judge

, P OOLER and C HIN

, Circuit Judges

.

_______________

Appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence of 168 months’

imprisonment and 5 years’ supervised release entered on June 25, 2014, against

Defendant

‐ Appellant Michael Thompson, and appeal from a judgment of

conviction and sentence of 144 months’ imprisonment and 5 years’ supervised

release, entered on June 27, 2014, and amended on July 29, 2014, against co

‐

Defendant

‐ Appellant Tylon Vaughn, both by the United States District Court for

the District of Connecticut (Burns, S.J. ), following a jury trial. With respect to

Thompson only, we hold that the district court failed to make the requisite

finding of specific intent to obstruct justice before imposing an obstruction

‐ of

‐ justice sentencing enhancement. For this reason, and for the reasons stated in the

accompanying summary order issued herewith, we AFFIRM in part and

VACATE in part, and we REMAND only Thompson’s case for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

_______________

M ARC H. S ILVERMAN (S. Dave Vatti and Sandra S. Glover, on the brief ),

Assistant United States Attorneys, for Deirdre M. Daly, United

States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, New Haven,

CT.

J ONATHAN J. E INHORN

, New Haven, CT, for Defendant

‐ Appellant

Michael Thompson

.

Sebastian O. DeSantis, New London, CT, for Defendant

‐ Appellant

Tylon Vaughn

.

_______________3 P ER C URIAM :

Defendant

‐ Appellant Michael Thompson appeals his sentence following a

jury trial and judgment of conviction. In this opinion, we address only

Thompson’s objection to the decision of the United States District Court for the

District of Connecticut (Burns, S.J. ) to impose a two

‐ level sentencing enhancement

for obstruction of justice based on a recommendation in Thompson’s presentence

report (“PSR”). 1 Thompson contends that the district court erred by not making a

finding of specific intent to obstruct justice. We agree.

BACKGROUND

On May 22, 2012, members of a Drug Enforcement Agency task force went

to Thompson’s apartment with an arrest warrant. After placing Thompson in

handcuffs and conducting a protective sweep of the apartment, the officers asked

if Thompson would consent to a search of the apartment. Thompson eventually

consented, but he later moved to suppress two digital scales and $2,000 in cash

obtained from the apartment, arguing that his consent was coerced because the

1 We address in an accompanying summary order the remainder of

Thompson’s and co

‐ Defendant

‐ Appellant Tylon Vaughn’s arguments on appeal.4 officers threatened to arrest his sister and girlfriend unless he consented. The

district court held an evidentiary hearing on June 25, 2013, and it denied

Thompson’s motion in a written order on September 17, 2013.

In finding that Thompson’s consent was voluntary, the district court’s

suppression order focuses on the exact words that Officer David Rivera said to

Thompson and the timing of these words in relation to Thompson’s consent. The

district court concluded that Rivera informed Thompson that he was seeking a

warrant and that everyone in the apartment could be arrested if evidence of

contraband was found. According to the district court, “Rivera chose his words

with care and the difference between what he said and what he did not say is

significant and dispositive.” United States v. Thompson

, No. 3:12CR97(EBB), 2013

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132541, at *17 (D. Conn. Sept. 17, 2013) (citing United States v.

Guzman

, 724 F. Supp. 2d 434, 443 (S.D.N.Y. 2010); United States v. Perez

, 198 F.

Supp. 2d 406, 414–15 (S.D.N.Y. 2002)).

In reaching this conclusion, the district court stated that it found credible

the testimony of Rivera and Officer Steven Silk and it found not credible5 Thompson’s testimony. 2 Specifically, the district court took issue with the

following exchange between Thompson and his counsel during direct

examination at the hearing. Thompson testified, “[The officers] got on the phone,

they threatened me with

– they said if they search the house and they found

anything, they was going to take my sister and my girlfriend at the time to jail.”

App. 69–70. Thompson’s attorney then rephrased his statement, “So they told you

they would be taking your sister and your girlfriend to jail unless you agreed to a

voluntary search, is that your testimony.” App. 70. Thompson replied, “Yes.” Id.

The district court observed:

Significantly, Thompson did not say that Rivera told him that the

women would be arrested if he refused to give his consent. It was

only in response to his attorney’[s] next question, which was leading

and mischaracterized what Thompson had just said, that Thompson

agreed that Rivera threatened to arrest his sister and girlfriend if he

refused to consent to a search.

Thompson

, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132541, at *10.

2 The district court’s order also notes that Thompson’s initial suppression

motion “asserted that his consent to search was not voluntary because he was of

an exhausted mental state and incapable of fully understanding the request by

law enforcement to search his premises.” Thompson

, 2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 132541,

at *2

‐ 3 n.1 (citation and quotation marks omitted). The district court did not rely

on this change of theory as a basis for not crediting Thompson’s testimony.6 In comparison, Rivera testified, “I explained to [Thompson] that we were

waiting to apply for a search warrant, and if anything was located, anybody in the

apartment would be

– that was all at the same time.” App. 129. He then agreed

with Thompson’s attorney that he said something to the effect of, “Just so you

know, we’re waiting for a search warrant and of course if anything illicit is found

here, anyone in the apartment is subject to arrest,” id.

, and that this statement was

made about 25 minutes after Thompson initially refused consent and about 5

minutes before Thompson gave consent, App. 127–129.

Silk agreed with Thompson’s attorney that he heard Rivera say something

to the effect of, “If we ever get a search warrant and we find something illicit or

illegal here, anyone in the apartment is going to go to jail.” App. 139. On redirect,

the government asked Silk the following question:

To clarify the discussion you had with Attorney Einhorn about

words to that effect, did Officer Rivera state, if a search warrant is

obtained, contraband is found, everyone in the apartment will be

arrested? Or did he state something along the lines of, if a search

warrant is obtained, contraband is found, everyone in the apartment

could be arrested?

App. 140. Silk replied, “Yes, second portion, could be arrested.” Id.7 A jury later convicted Thompson of one count of conspiracy to distribute

and to possess with intent to distribute 5 kilograms or more of cocaine, 280 grams

or more of cocaine base, and an indeterminate quantity of oxycodone, in violation

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A)(ii), 841(b)(1)(A)(iii), 841(b)(1)(C), and 846.

Thompson’s PSR recommended a two

‐ level enhancement for obstruction of

justice based on the June 25, 2013 suppression hearing, noting: “The Court

expressly characterized Mr. Thompson’s testimony as equivocal, inconsistent, and

contradictory. The Court concluded that his conflicting testimony on this central

issue could not be credited.” Thompson PSR ¶ 25.

Thompson objected to the enhancement in his sentencing memorandum,

contending that he “made [the disputed] statements believing that they were true

and they reflect his state of mind at the time; they were not meant to be willfully

false or misleading.” Gov’t App. 94. Thompson again objected to the

enhancement at sentencing, but the district court did not address the

enhancement or Thompson’s objections. The district court merely stated, “Okay, I

think the PSR accurately has calculated the guideline range.” App. 1018. The

district court also noted that it had read the parties’ sentencing submissions8 “several times,” App. 1034, and that it would adopt the PSR’s guidelines

calculations, App. 1021.

DISCUSSION

The U.S. Sentencing Guidelines provide for a two

‐ level sentencing

enhancement for obstruction of justice, which includes perjury committed during

a suppression hearing. See U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3C1.1 (U.S.

Sentencing Comm’n 2015); United States v. Giraldo

, 80 F.3d 667, 680 (2d Cir. 1996),

overruled on other grounds by Muscarello v. United States

, 524 U.S. 125 (1998).

“[I]f a defendant objects to a sentence enhancement resulting from her trial

testimony, a district court must review the evidence and make independent

findings necessary to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or

an attempt to do the same, under the perjury definition [the Supreme Court has]

set out.” United States v. Dunnigan

, 507 U.S. 87, 95 (1993); see also United States v.

Norman

, 776 F.3d 67, 84 (2d Cir. 2015) (applying Dunnigan ). That is, “to impose an

obstruction

‐ of

‐ justice adjustment, the court must make a finding of specific

intent.” Giraldo

, 80 F.3d at 680. Although “it is preferable for a district court to

address each element of the alleged perjury in a separate and clear finding,” it “is9 sufficient

. . . if

. . . the court makes a finding of an obstruction of, or impediment

to, justice that encompasses all of the factual predicates for a finding of perjury.”

Dunnigan

, 507 U.S. at 95.

If the obstruction

‐ of

‐ justice enhancement is based on perjurious testimony,

courts must apply the federal criminal perjury statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1621, which is

violated if “[a] witness testifying under oath or affirmation

. . . gives false

testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false

testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.”

Dunnigan

, 507 U.S. at 94. Thus, “before applying an obstruction enhancement

based on perjury, the sentencing court must find by a preponderance of the

evidence ‘that the defendant 1) willfully 2) and materially 3) committed perjury,

which is (a) the intentional (b) giving of false testimony (c) as to a material

matter.’” United States v. Agudelo

, 414 F.3d 345, 349 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting United

States v. Zagari

, 111 F.3d 307, 329 (2d Cir. 1997)). “In other words, ‘before

imposing the adjustment, the district court must find that the defendant

consciously acted with the purpose of obstructing justice.’” Id. (alterations

omitted) (quoting United States v. Lincecum

, 220 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2000)).10 Contrary to the government’s suggestion, we have made clear that a district

court cannot satisfy Dunnigan simply by adopting a PSR’s “conclusory

statements” that the defendant committed perjury. United States v. Ben

‐ Shimon

,

249 F.3d 98, 103–04 (2d Cir. 2001) (per curiam). Instead, we have allowed a district

court to rely on the PSR to impose an obstruction

‐ of

‐ justice enhancement only if

the PSR “sets forth reasonably detailed findings in support of its conclusions.”

United States v. Johns

, 324 F.3d 94, 98 (2d Cir. 2003).

Here, it is undisputed that the district court did not make a finding of

specific intent to obstruct justice. The district court did adopt the PSR, but the

district court’s clear adoption of the PSR does not satisfy Dunnigan because the

PSR itself does not “set[] forth reasonably detailed findings in support of its

conclusions.” Id. The PSR merely points to the district court’s suppression ruling

and the district court’s conclusion that Thompson’s “conflicting testimony on

[the] central issue could not be credited.” Thompson PSR ¶ 25.

The government contends that the PSR’s reference to the suppression

ruling in this manner is sufficient to satisfy Dunnigan in light of our previous

holding in United States v. Lincecum

. In that case, the defendant moved to suppress11 statements made to law enforcement officers at the time of his arrest and

submitted an affidavit describing in detail three requests to speak with an

attorney that allegedly went unheeded. Lincecum

, 220 F.3d at 78–79. At a

suppression hearing, the agents testified that he never made such a request and

they produced a waiver

‐ of

‐ rights form that he had signed. Id. at 79. The district

court concluded that the affidavit was “so detailed that [the district court was]

persuaded by clear and convincing evidence that Mr. Lincecum when he signed it

had to have known it was false.” Id. We affirmed, observing that “[w]here the

district court finds that the defendant ‘has clearly lied’ in a statement made ‘under

oath,’ the ‘court need do nothing more to satisfy Dunnigan than point to the

obvious lie and find that the defendant knowingly made a false statement on a

material matter.’” Id. at 80 (quoting United States v. Williams

, 79 F.3d 334, 337–38

(2d Cir. 1996)).

But the government overlooks a more recent case, United States v. Agudelo

,

in which the defendant submitted an affidavit stating: “[A]t one point, I told the

agents that I wanted to speak to a lawyer but they did not cease their questioning.

Instead, they told me, in substance, that I would be able to see a lawyer at a later12 point in time.” 414 F.3d at 349. The district court credited the agents’ testimony

that Agudelo made no such request, and it therefore imposed the obstruction

‐ of

‐

justice enhancement. Id. We reversed, agreeing with Agudelo’s argument “that

merely because the court credited the testimony of the law enforcement agents

that he did not ask to see a lawyer does not necessarily mean he gave knowingly

false testimony in his affidavit.” Id. We further noted that “[s]uch a per se rule

would contravene Dunnigan

. . . because it would leave no room for consideration

of possible mistake, confusion, or honest belief.” Id.

Distinguishing the two cases, Agudelo observes that “Lincecum’s three

detailed statements reeked of fabrication because he could not have simply

misremembered so much detail. On the other hand, Agudelo’s two sentences

averring that he had asked for a lawyer were far more vague.” Id. at 350. In

addition, on cross

‐ examination, another agent appeared to support Agudelo’s

statement that the officers had told him he would be able to see a lawyer at a later

point in time. Id. “Thus,” we concluded, “rather than willfully fabricating the

affidavit in order to obstruct justice, Agudelo may well have simply13 misunderstood the agent’s comments or misremembered the chronology of the

conversation.” Id.

Here, the PSR’s barebones reference to the suppression ruling effectively

adopts the per se rule we rejected in Agudelo

, i.e., that any time a court credits

officer testimony over that of a defendant, the defendant must have given

knowingly false testimony. We reject that rule again here. Instead, if a defendant

objects to an obstruction

‐ of

‐ justice enhancement based on perjurious testimony,

district courts must make a finding of specific intent to commit perjury, which

occurs when “[a] witness testifying under oath or affirmation

. . . gives false

testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false

testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake, or faulty memory.”

Dunnigan

, 507 U.S. at 94. To the extent the district court relies on the PSR for such

a finding, the PSR must “set[] forth reasonably detailed findings in support of its

conclusions” that are consistent with Dunnigan ’s requirements. Johns

, 324 F.3d at

98.

Finally, the government argues that any error regarding the obstruction

‐ of

‐

justice enhancement is harmless because the district court would have applied the14 same sentence regardless of the enhancement. The government relies principally

on the district court’s statement at sentencing that it would have imposed the

same sentence even if Thompson had received a two

‐ level downward variance

that the government had requested per Department of Justice policy in similar

narcotics prosecutions. The suggestion is that the two

‐ level downward departure

would have cancelled out the two

‐ level enhancement for obstruction of justice.

But because of other errors we identify in the summary order accompanying this

opinion, we cannot conclude that “the record indicates clearly that the district

court would have imposed the same sentence in any event.” United States v.

Mandell

, 752 F.3d 544, 553 (2d Cir. 2014) (per curiam) (quoting United States v. Jass

,

569 F.3d 47, 68 (2d Cir. 2009)). A remand for Thompson’s resentencing is therefore

appropriate.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons stated herein and in the accompanying summary order, the

judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED in part and VACATED in part, and

Thompson’s case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this

opinion.