United States

Department of 

Agriculture 

Forest 

Service 

December 2013

Final Environmental

Impact Statement

Volume II

North Billings County Allotment

Management Plan Revisions

North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Final Environmental Impact Statement

Volume II

Lead Agency: USDA Forest Service

Dakota Prairie Grasslands

Medora Ranger District

Responsible Official: Dennis D. Neitzke

Grasslands Supervisor

1200 Missouri Ave

Bismarck, ND 58504

For information contact: Nickole Dahl, Project Leader

Medora Ranger District

99 23rd Ave W. Suite B

Dickinson, ND 58601

701-227-7800

Abstract: This Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) summarizes the North Billings 

County Allotment Management Plan Revisions project. It describes the purpose and need for the 

project, issues related to the project, alternatives considered, and the effects of each alternative on 

the major resource concerns and issues. The purpose of this project is to continue livestock grazing 

while meeting or moving toward the goals and objectives of the Dakota Prairie Grasslands Land and 

Resource Management Plan (Grasslands Plan). Significant issues identified for the project include, 

riparian conditions, herbaceous structure, woody draws, seral condition, and economics. Alternative

1 proposes the cessation of livestock grazing Alternative 2 proposes to maintain existing 

management; Alternative 3 proposes to continue livestock grazing in an environmentally acceptable 

manner using an adaptive management approach and a variety of structural and nonstructural 

management practices. Alternative 3A was added to the SDEIS in response to public comment on 

the DEIS and is now part of the FEIS. It proposes the same adaptive management approach but 

modifies the proposed action by adding or deleting management actions in response to public 

comment. Alternative 4 is also adaptive management based but utilizes some initial action 

nonstructural practices not utilized in the other alternatives. The effects of each alternative are 

described to compare and contrast the alternatives.
USDA Non-Discrimination Policy

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, 

employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, 

disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, 

marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual’s 

income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in 

employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all 

prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) 

Persons with Disabilities

Individuals who are deaf, hard of hearing or have speech disabilities and you wish to file 

either an EEO or program complaint please contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service 

at (800) 877–8339 or (800) 845–6136 (in Spanish). Persons with disabilities who wish to file 

a program complaint, please see information above on how to contact us by mail directly or 

by email. If you require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., 

Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) please contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–

2600 (voice and TDD)

Data Accuracy - The Forest Service uses the most current and complete data available. GIS 

data and product accuracy may vary. They may be developed from sources of differing 

accuracy, accurate only at certain scales, based on modeling or interpretation, incomplete 

while being created or revised, etc. Using GIS products for purposes other than those for 

which they were created may yield inaccurate or misleading results. The Forest Service 

reserves the right to correct, update, modify, or replace GIS products without notification. For 

more information, contact: Dakota Prairie Grasslands, 240 W. Century Ave, Bismarck, ND 

58503; (701) 250-4443.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 1

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................................................................1

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................2

LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 3 PART 2.......................................................................................................................................................1

AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES BY ALLOTMENT ..................................................1

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................................. 1

ALLOTMENT 126................................................................................................................................................................ 1

ALLOTMENT 127.............................................................................................................................................................. 29

ALLOTMENT 130.............................................................................................................................................................. 88

ALLOTMENT 131............................................................................................................................................................ 105

ALLOTMENT 135............................................................................................................................................................ 171

ALLOTMENT 136/139 .................................................................................................................................................... 192

ALLOTMENT 140............................................................................................................................................................ 204

ALLOTMENT 141............................................................................................................................................................ 218

ALLOTMENT 142............................................................................................................................................................ 227

ALLOTMENT 158............................................................................................................................................................ 240

ALLOTMENT 220............................................................................................................................................................ 256

ALLOTMENT 221............................................................................................................................................................ 263

ALLOTMENT 230............................................................................................................................................................ 277

ALLOTMENT 237............................................................................................................................................................ 290

ALLOTMENT 239............................................................................................................................................................ 301

ALLOTMENT 240............................................................................................................................................................ 314

ALLOTMENT 241............................................................................................................................................................ 330

ALLOTMENT 243............................................................................................................................................................ 343

ALLOTMENT 244............................................................................................................................................................ 355

ALLOTMENT 248............................................................................................................................................................ 368

ALLOTMENT 249............................................................................................................................................................ 377

ALLOTMENT 256............................................................................................................................................................ 388

ALLOTMENT 258............................................................................................................................................................ 409

ALLOTMENT 272............................................................................................................................................................ 426

ALLOTMENT 277............................................................................................................................................................ 444

ALLOTMENT 278............................................................................................................................................................ 460

ALLOTMENT 281............................................................................................................................................................ 471

ALLOTMENT 282............................................................................................................................................................ 483

ALLOTMENT 283............................................................................................................................................................ 503

ALLOTMENT 286............................................................................................................................................................ 516

ALLOTMENT 287............................................................................................................................................................ 529

ALLOTMENT 288............................................................................................................................................................ 545

ALLOTMENT 289............................................................................................................................................................ 556

ALLOTMENT 300............................................................................................................................................................ 572

ALLOTMENT 301............................................................................................................................................................ 590

ALLOTMENT 302............................................................................................................................................................ 609

SHORT TERM USE/ LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY .................................................................................................................... 622

UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS....................................................................................................................................... 622

IRREVERSIBLE/IRRETRIEVABLE............................................................................................................................................ 623

OTHER REQUIRED DISCLOSURES ........................................................................................................................................ 623

INDEX ......................................................................................................................................................................624
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

2 | Chapter 3

List of Tables

TABLE 126.1 – AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 126 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1

TABLE 126.2 – ALLOTMENT 126 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION...................................................................... 2

TABLE 126.3 – ALLOTMENT 126 BY ALTERNATIVE......................................................................................................................... 3

TABLE 127.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 127 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISION PROJECT AREA

................................................................................................................................................................................ 29

TABLE 127.2 — ALLOTMENT 127 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION .................................................................. 30

TABLE 127.3 — ALLOTMENT 127 BY ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................................................... 31

TABLE 128.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 128 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40

TABLE 128.2 — ALLOTMENT 128 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION .................................................................. 41

TABLE 128.3 — ALLOTMENT 128 BY ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................................................... 42

TABLE 129.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 129 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 62

TABLE 129.2 — ALLOTMENT 129 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION .................................................................. 63

TABLE 129.3 — ALLOTMENT 129 BY ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................................................... 64

TABLE 130.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 130 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ......................................................................................................................................................................... 88

TABLE 130.2 — ALLOTMENT 130 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION .................................................................. 89

TABLE 130.3 — ALLOTMENT 130 BY ALTERNATIVE ..................................................................................................................... 90

TABLE 131.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 131 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 105

TABLE 131.2 — ALLOTMENT 131 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 106

TABLE 131.3 — ALLOTMENT 131 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 107

TABLE 132A.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 132A IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 118

TABLE 132A.2 — ALLOTMENT 132A – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION............................................................ 118

TABLE 132A.3 — ALLOTMENT 132A BY ALTERNATIVE............................................................................................................... 119

TABLE 132H.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 132H IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 126

TABLE 132H.2 — ALLOTMENT 132H – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ........................................................... 126

TABLE 132H.3 — ALLOTMENT 132H BY ALTERNATIVE .............................................................................................................. 127

TABLE 133.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 133 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 138

TABLE 133.2 — ALLOTMENT 133 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 138

TABLE 133.3 — ALLOTMENT 133 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 139

TABLE 133D5.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 133D5 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 151

TABLE 133D5.2 — ALLOTMENT 133D5 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ....................................................... 151

TABLE 133D5.3 — ALLOTMENT 133D5 BY ALTERNATIVE .......................................................................................................... 152
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 3

TABLE 134.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 134 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 158

TABLE 134.2 — ALLOTMENT 134 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 159

TABLE 134.3 — ALLOTMENT 134 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 160

TABLE 135.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 135 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 171

TABLE 135.2 — ALLOTMENT 135 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 172

TABLE 135.3 — ALLOTMENT 135 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 173

TABLE 136/139.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL 

ESTIMATED CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 136/139 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP

REVISIONS PROJECT AREA ............................................................................................................................................ 192

TABLE 136/139.2 — ALLOTMENT 136/139: – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION................................................ 193

TABLE 136/139.3 — ALLOTMENT 136/139 BY ALTERNATIVE .................................................................................................... 194

TABLE 140.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 140 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 204

TABLE 140.2 — ALLOTMENT 140 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 205

TABLE 140.3 — ALLOTMENT 140 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 206

TABLE 141.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 141 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 218

TABLE 141.2 — ALLOTMENT 141 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 218

TABLE 141.3 — ALLOTMENT 141 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 219

TABLE 142-1 — SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED CARRYING 

CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 142 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISION PROJECT AREA ....... 227

TABLE 142.2 — ALLOTMENT 142 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 228

TABLE 142.3 — ALLOTMENT 142 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 229

TABLE 158.1 — SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED CARRYING 

CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 158 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT AREA...... 240

TABLE 158.2 — ALLOTMENT 158 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 241

TABLE 158.3 — ALLOTMENT 158 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 242

TABLE 220.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 220 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 256

TABLE 220.2 — ALLOTMENT 220 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 256

TABLE 220.3 — ALLOTMENT 220 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 257

TABLE 221.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 221 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 263

TABLE 221.2 — ALLOTMENT 221 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 264

TABLE 221.3 — ALLOTMENT 221 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 265

TABLE 230-1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 230 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 277

TABLE 230.2 — ALLOTMENT 230 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 278

TABLE 230-3. ALLOTMENT 230 BY ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................................................... 279

TABLE 237.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 237 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 290

TABLE 237.2 — ALLOTMENT 237 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 291

TABLE 237-3. ALLOTMENT 237 BY ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................................................... 292
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

4 | Chapter 3

TABLE 239.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 239 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 301

TABLE 239.2 — ALLOTMENT 239 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 302

TABLE 239.3 — ALLOTMENT 239 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 303

TABLE 240.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 240 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 314

TABLE 240.2 — ALLOTMENT 240 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 315

TABLE 240.3 — ALLOTMENT 240 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 316

TABLE 241.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 241 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 330

TABLE 241.2 — ALLOTMENT 241 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 331

TABLE 241.3 — ALLOTMENT 241 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 332

TABLE 243.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 243 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 343

TABLE 243.2 — ALLOTMENT 243 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 344

TABLE 243.3 — ALLOTMENT 243 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 345

TABLE 244.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 244 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 355

TABLE 244.2 — ALLOTMENT 244 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 356

TABLE 244.3 — ALLOTMENT 244 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 357

TABLE 248.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 248 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 368

TABLE 248.2 — ALLOTMENT 248 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 369

TABLE 248.3 — ALLOTMENT 248 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 370

TABLE 249.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 249 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 377

TABLE 249.2 — ALLOTMENT 249 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 377

TABLE 249.3 — ALLOTMENT 249 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 378

TABLE 256.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 256 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 388

TABLE 256.2 — ALLOTMENT 256 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 389

TABLE 256.3 — ALLOTMENT 256 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 390

TABLE 258.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 258 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 409

TABLE 258.2 — ALLOTMENT 258 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 410

TABLE 258.3 — ALLOTMENT 258 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 411

TABLE 272.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 272 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 426

TABLE 272.2 — ALLOTMENT 272 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 427

TABLE 272.3 — ALLOTMENT 272 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 428

TABLE 277.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 277 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 444
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 5

TABLE 277.2 — ALLOTMENT 277 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 445

TABLE 277.3 — ALLOTMENT 277 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 446

TABLE 278.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 278 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 460

TABLE 278.2 — ALLOTMENT 278 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 460

TABLE 278.3 — ALLOTMENT 278 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 461

TABLE 281.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 281 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 471

TABLE 281.2 — ALLOTMENT 281 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 471

TABLE 281.3 — ALLOTMENT 281 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 472

TABLE 282-1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 282 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 483

TABLE 282.2 — ALLOTMENT 282 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 484

TABLE 282.3 — ALLOTMENT 282 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 485

TABLE 283.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 283 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 503

TABLE 283.2 — ALLOTMENT 283 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 504

TABLE 283.3 — ALLOTMENT 283 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 505

TABLE 286.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 286 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 516

TABLE 286.2 — ALLOTMENT 286 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 516

TABLE 286.3 — ALLOTMENT 286 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 517

TABLE 287.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 287 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 529

TABLE 287.2 — ALLOTMENT 287 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 530

TABLE 287.3 — ALLOTMENT 287 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 531

TABLE 288.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 288 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 545

TABLE 288.2 — ALLOTMENT 288 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 545

TABLE 288.3 — ALLOTMENT 288 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 546

TABLE 289.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 289 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 556

TABLE 289.2 — ALLOTMENT 289 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 557

TABLE 289.3 — ALLOTMENT 289 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 558

TABLE 300.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 300 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 572

TABLE 300.2 — ALLOTMENT 300 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 573

TABLE 300.3 — ALLOTMENT 300 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 574

TABLE 301.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 301 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 590

TABLE 301.2 — ALLOTMENT 301 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 591

TABLE 301.3 — ALLOTMENT 301 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 592
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

6 | Chapter 3

TABLE 302.1 — AN EXISTING SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT AREAS, LAND OWNERSHIP ACREAGE, PERMITTED LIVESTOCK, INITIAL ESTIMATED 

CARRYING CAPACITY, AND NUMBER OF PASTURES FOR ALLOTMENT 302 IN THE NORTH BILLINGS COUNTY AMP REVISIONS PROJECT 

AREA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 609

TABLE 302.2 — ALLOTMENT 302 – KEY ISSUES, EXISTING CONDITION, NEED FOR ACTION ................................................................ 610

TABLE 302.3 — ALLOTMENT 302 BY ALTERNATIVE ................................................................................................................... 611

List of Figures

FIGURES 126.1A AND 126.1B — A) HEALTHY WOODY DRAW CONDITIONS ALONG AN UPPER SLOPE IN PASTURE 2. B) AT RISK WOODY DRAW 

CONDITIONS NEAR A DEVELOPED SPRING IN PASTURE 4 WITH THE UNDERSTORY DOMINATED BY SMOOTH BROME.............................. 6

FIGURE 126.2 – WOODY DRAW OBSERVED DURING EARLY SPRING IN PASTURE 5 NEAR HAY FEEDING AREA. HIGH WINTER USE OF THE WOODY 

DRAW IS EVIDENCED BY ACCUMULATED MANURE ALONG THE ROADSIDE AND WITHIN THE DRAW.................................................... 9

FIGURE 126.3 – HAY FEEDING IN PASTURE 5/6 WHEN LIVESTOCK ARE FREE TO GRAZE OPEN RANGELAND............................................... 10

FIGURE 126.4 — CRESTED WHEATGRASS AND SWEET CLOVER SEED/FLOWER HEADS THAT COMPRISE HAY IN PASTURE 4........................... 10

FIGURE 126.5 – ONE OF SEVERAL BEAVER PONDS UPSTREAM OF DEVELOPED SPRING IN PASTURE 6....................................................... 16

FIGURE 128.1 — WHITETAIL CREEK IS INCISED IN SECTION 31, T144N, R100W AND SECTION 35 AND 36, T144N, R101W. EROSION,

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND DEPOSITION RATES ARE HIGH. LIVESTOCK CAN BE TEMPORARILY TRAPPED IN THE INCISED CHANNEL. THEY 

TRAIL ALONG THE CHANNEL, FURTHER DAMAGING RIPARIAN VEGETATION................................................................................ 45

FIGURE 128.2 — MINERAL STATION WITHIN DRAINAGE AT THE NORTH END OF PASTURE 1 IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM OF A DEVELOPED SPRING.

................................................................................................................................................................................ 45

FIGURE 129.1 — REACHES 4 AND 5 OF MAGPIE CREEK HAVE INCISED SINCE THE 1980S. THE HIGH WIDTH/DEPTH RATIO IS INDICATIVE OF HIGH 

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, EXCESSIVE CHANNEL ENERGY, AND FLASHY HYDROPERIOD. RIPARIAN VEGETATION IS POORLY ESTABLISHED ALONG 

MOST OF THESE REACHES. EFFORTS TO ESTABLISH RIPARIAN VEGETATION SHOULD LEAD TO INCREASED BANK STABILITY, DECREASED 

EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND GREATER CONSERVATION OF STREAM DISCHARGE THROUGH BANK STORAGE OF MOISTURE. 68

FIGURES 130.1A AND 130.1B. — A) SITE OF PAST HAY FEEDING AT THE SOUTH END OF PASTURE 1 WITH ACCUMULATED MANURE, ANNUAL 

BROME, AND BARNYARD WEEDS. B) CONDITIONS AT THE END OF THE HAY FEEDING SEASON AT THE NORTH END OF PASTURE 1.......... 93

FIGURE 130.2 — HAY FEED STORAGE AREA ON EAST SIDE OF PASTURE 7 WITH FOREGROUND DOMINATED BY SMOOTH BROME AND CRESTED 

WHEATGRASS.............................................................................................................................................................. 93

FIGURE 132A.1 — WEST-CENTRAL PORTION OF THE PASTURE DOWNSTREAM FROM A DUGOUT RESERVOIR. CRESTED WHEATGRASS IN THE 

FOREGROUND AND INCREASING AMOUNTS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS IN LOWER-LYING AREA AROUND ELECTRIC POLE INDICATED BY 

BROWN HUE OF SEED HEADS......................................................................................................................................... 121

FIGURE 132A.2 — EAST SIDE OF ALLOTMENT DOMINATED BY INVASIVE BLUEGRASS WITH SCATTERED OCCURRENCES OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS 

AND NATIVE GRASSES. BROWN SEED HEADS OF KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS ARE ESPECIALLY DENSE OR EVIDENT IN THE BACKGROUND...... 121

FIGURE 133.1 — WOODY DRAWS IN PASTURE 1....................................................................................................................... 141

A) HEALTHY COMMUNITY WITH BEAVER POND WHERE WILLOW AND ASPEN SAPLINGS WERE LATER HARVESTED...................................... 141

B) AT RISK COMMUNITY BELOW DEVELOPED SPRING WITH DENSE SMOOTH BROME UNDERSTORY AND NO TREE/SHRUB REGENERATION...... 141

FIGURE 133.2 — DOMINANCE OF INVASIVE BLUEGRASS IN UNBROKEN LAND ON EAST SIDE OF PASTURE 1............................................ 141

FIGURE 133.3 — INVASIVE BLUEGRASS DOMINANCE IN THE NORTH HALF OF PASTURE 2. MOST OF THE BROWN SHEEN AT THE TOP OF THE 

GRASS LAYER IS ATTRIBUTED TO SEED HEADS OF BLUEGRASS................................................................................................ 142

FIGURES 134.2A AND 134.2B — LARGE BEAVER POND ALONG WHITETAIL CREEK IN PHOTO A WITH AREAS OF ASPEN CUT BY BEAVER IN PHOTO 

B............................................................................................................................................................................. 162

FIGURE 134.3 — SHRUB COMMUNITY WITH REMNANT TREES OF GREEN ASH AND WILLOW ALONG TERRACE OF WHITETAIL CREEK WITH 

RELATIVELY OPEN STRUCTURE RESULTING FROM HEAVY TRAILING AND GRAZING BETWEEN SHRUBS. ............................................ 164

FIGURE 135.1 — MIKES CREEK IS INCISED IN PASTURES 8, 9, AND 10 OF ALLOTMENT 135. IT HAS A FUNCTIONALITY RATING OF NF........ 176

FIGURE 135.2 — CORRIDOR OF MIKES CREEK IN PASTURE 9/10 THAT RECEIVES HEAVY LIVESTOCK USE AND EXHIBITS EARLY SERAL STAGES OF 

BLUE GRAMA WITH REMNANT AMOUNTS OF WESTERN WHEATGRASS AND NEEDLEGRASS.......................................................... 180

FIGURE 136/139.1 — HEALTHY WOODY DRAW IN PASTURE 136.2 THAT HAS LACKED A PERMANENT WATER SOURCE IN RECENT YEARS. ... 196

FIGURE 140.1, A AND B — AT RISK WOODY DRAWS IN THE NORTHWEST AND SOUTHEAST CORNERS OF PASTURE 1 THAT EXHIBIT MINIMAL TREE 

REGENERATION AND LACK OF TALL SHRUB LAYERS. ............................................................................................................ 208

FIGURE 141.1 .................................................................................................................................................................... 220

FIGURE 141.2, A AND B — A) PASTURE 3 AT NORTH END OF THE ALLOTMENT................................................................................. 221

FIGURE 221.1 — TWO AT RISK WOODY DRAWS IN PASTURE 2 WITH A LACK OF RECENT TREE REGENERATION AND DESIRED SHRUB LAYERS. 266
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FIGURE 221.2 — A) UNDER-UTILIZED CRESTED WHEATGRASS OBSERVED AT THE NORTH END OF PASTURE 6 DURING LATE SEPTEMBER. B) HIGH 

USE AROUND STOCK POND AND UNBROKEN LAND IN SOUTHEAST QUARTER OF PASTURE. .......................................................... 267

FIGURE 230.1 — PASTURE 3 ON RIGHT SIDE OF FENCE WITH A HIGH AMOUNT OF SWEET CLOVER AND NO SWEET CLOVER ON PRIVATE LAND OF 

ADJACENT ALLOTMENT LEFT OF FENCE. ........................................................................................................................... 281

FIGURE 237.1 A AND B — EXAMPLES OF (A) HEALTHY, AND (B) AT RISK, WOODY DRAWS IN ALLOTMENT 237. .................................... 293

FIGURE 239.1 — EXISTING VEGETATION DOMINATED BY KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS EMERGING THROUGH ACCUMULATED LITTER.................. 304

. 318

FIGURE 240.2 — SPRING CREEK HAS A FUNCTIONAL RATING OF PFC............................................................................. 318

FIGURE 240.3 — ANIMAL WATERING FACILITIES AND SUPPLEMENTAL FEEDING STRUCTURES ARE LOCATED ON OR NEAR THE BANKS OF SPRING 

CREEK...................................................................................................................................................................... 318

FIGURE 241.1 — UNHEALTHY WOODY DRAW ADJACENT TO A DEVELOPED SPRING IN PASTURE 1........................................................ 333

FIGURES 241.2A AND 241.2B — WOODY DRAW IN PASTURE 7. A) RELATIVELY HEALTHY NORTH ASPECT SLOPES, AND B) UNHEALTHY 

CONDITIONS ALONG THE DRAINAGE BOTTOM WITH NO TREE REGENERATION AND NO SHRUB LAYER. ........................................... 334

FIGURE 241.3 — SERE PLOT IN PASTURE 6 DOMINATED BY CANADA BLUEGRASS WITH HIGH AMOUNTS OF LITTER AND LOW LEVELS OF GRAZING.

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 334

FIGURE 243.1 — SERE PLOT AT THE NORTHWEST END OF PASTURE 1 WITH TALL CLUMPS OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS AND SHORTER INTERSPACES 

OF CANADA BLUEGRASS AND SEDGE............................................................................................................................... 347

FIGURE 256.1 — REACH 4 OF BLACKTAIL CREEK IS INCISED AND SHOWS EVIDENCE OF CONTINUED CHANNEL INCISION. .......................... 393

FIGURE 256.2 — EXAMPLES OF HEALTHY, ON THE LEFT, AND AT RISK, ON THE RIGHT, WOODY DRAWS IN ALLOTMENT 256.................... 394

FIGURE 256.3 — FOUR PHOTOS INDICATE VARIOUS TRAILING IMPACTS THAT DECREASE HYDROLOGIC FUNCTION AND THE ABILITY TO PRODUCE 

VEGETATION. ............................................................................................................................................................ 397

FIGURE 258.1A — THE REACHES OF ASH COULEE WITHIN LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURES HAVE ATTAINED RIPARIAN FUNCTIONALITY RATINGS OF PFC

IN LESS THAN 5 YEARS. ................................................................................................................................................ 414

FIGURE 258-1B. — WITHIN THE EXCLOSURES, THE CHANNEL OF ASH COULEE IS AGGRADING, CHANNEL WIDTH DEPTH RATIOS HAVE BEEN 

MODIFIED, THE FLOODPLAIN HAS BEEN REBUILT, FLOOD PROCESSES HAVE BEEN RESTORED, AND MOISTURE IS STORED IN THE ALLUVIAL

BANKS...................................................................................................................................................................... 414

FIGURE 258.1C — OUTSIDE THE LIVESTOCK EXCLOSURES, THE CHANNEL OF ASH COULEE HAS A HIGH WIDTH DEPTH RATIO, HIGH RATES OF 

CHANNEL AND BANK EROSION, HIGH RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND VERY LITTLE RIPARIAN VEGETATION. ........................... 415

FIGURE 272.1 — AT RISK AND UNHEALTHY WOODY DRAWS IN PASTURE 2. ................................................................................... 430

FIGURE 272.2 — SERE PLOT IN SOUTHWESTERN PORTION OF PASTURE 1 REVEALING HIGH LEVEL OF UTILIZATION DURING OCTOBER 2008. 431

FIGURE 272.3 — CRESTED WHEATGRASS STANDS ALONG SOUTH END OF PASTURE 1 DURING THE SPRING OF 2010. LARGE AMOUNTS OF 

STANDING DEAD MATERIAL ARE INDICATIVE OF LOW UTILIZATION DURING 2009..................................................................... 434

FIGURE 277.2 — UPPER REACH OF SCAIRT WOMAN DRAW IN ALLOTMENT 289 IS AT PFC. ............................................................. 448

FIGURE 277.3 — LIVESTOCK GRAZING DURING APRIL 2009 IN HAY FEEDING PASTURE OF ALLOTMENT 277. ........................................ 452

FIGURE 278.1 — HEADWATER DRAINAGE OF BETSY CREEK IN ALLOTMENT 278 DOES NOT HAVE RIPARIAN HABITAT. ............................. 462

FIGURE 281.2 — HEALTHY WOODY DRAW ON THE LEFT AND AT RISK ON THE RIGHT IN PASTURE 2. .................................................... 474

FIGURE 282.1 — REACH 7 OF MAGPIE CREEK IN ALLOTMENT 282 HAS A FUNCTIONALITY RATING OF NF............................................ 488

FIGURE 282.2 — REACH 11 OF WHITETAIL CREEK IN ALLOTMENT 282 HAS A FUNCTIONALITY RATING OF NF. ..................................... 488

FIGURE 282.3 — WATERING SITE ON SAGEBRUSH TERRACE ALONG MAGPIE CREEK IN PASTURE 6 WITH ANNUAL BROME INDICATED BY BROWN 

PATCHES................................................................................................................................................................... 489

FIGURE 282-4. HAY FEEDING SITE IN PASTURE 3. ...................................................................................................................... 493

FIGURE 283.1 — PASTURE 4 WITH WOODY DRAWS CONCENTRATED ALONG UPPER DRAINAGES IN THE NORTHWESTERN PORTION OF THE 

PASTURE. ................................................................................................................................................................. 507

FIGURE 283.2 — LOOKING SOUTHEAST OVER PASTURE 4 FROM VOR TRANSECT 7-283-1 STARTING POINT. (PHOTO TAKEN OCT 26, 2004).

.............................................................................................................................................................................. 508

FIGURE 283.3 — EFFECTS OF HAY FEEDING IN PASTURE 4........................................................................................................... 511

FIGURE 286.1 — UNHEALTHY WOODY DRAW CONDITIONS IN PASTURE 1 EXHIBITING NO SHRUB LAYER OR RECENT TREE REGENERATION AND 

HEAVY GRAZING OF THE UNDERSTORY. ........................................................................................................................... 519

FIGURE 286.2 — SERE PLOT IN BROKEN LAND OF PASTURE 2 AT A MID-EARLY SERAL STAGE WITH HIGH UTILIZATION SUGGESTED BY THE LACK OF 

RESIDUAL COVER AFTER LIVESTOCK TURN-OFF. ................................................................................................................. 520

FIGURE 287.1 — HEALTHY (A) AND AT RISK (B) WOODY DRAWS IN PASTURES 2 AND 3.................................................................... 533

FIGURE 287.2 — CRESTED WHEATGRASS IN PASTURE 2 DURING THE SPRING OF 2010..................................................................... 534
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FIGURE 288.1 — REPEATED PACE TRANSECT WITHIN BROKEN LAND DURING THE FALL OF 2009 WITH LIGHTLY UTILIZED CRESTED WHEATGRASS

AND GRAZED NEEDLE-AND-THREAD, SEDGE, AND BLUE GRAMA IN THE INTERSPACES. ............................................................... 550

FIGURE 289.1 — WOODY DRAW SAMPLED IN PASTURE 2 OF EXCEPTIONAL CONDITION AND DIVERSE SPECIES COMPOSITION. .................. 560

FIGURE 289.2 — WINTER HAY FEEDING SITE AT SOUTH END OF PASTURE 2 OBSERVED DURING APRIL 2009......................................... 564

FIGURE 300.1 — WATER LOT IN THE NORTHEASTERN CORNER OF ALLOTMENT 300 PASTURE 1 IS ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY THE 

CONCENTRATION OF LIVESTOCK..................................................................................................................................... 577

FIGURE 300.2 — UPPER END OF WOODY DRAW WITH HIGH REPRODUCTION AS EVIDENCED BY NUMEROUS SAPLINGS AND YOUNG TREES. .. 577

FIGURE 301.1 — LIVESTOCK CONCENTRATE IN THE REACH OF MAGPIE CREEK IMMEDIATELY SOUTH OF ALLOTMENT 131 AND IN THE NORTH 

END OF PASTURE 301-1.............................................................................................................................................. 595

FIGURE 301.2 (A), (B), AND (C) — LIVESTOCK TRAILING DISTURBANCES OCCURRING ALONG DRAINAGES WITH DEVELOPED SPRINGS AND 

RESERVOIRS. ............................................................................................................................................................. 596

FIGURE 302.1 — STAND OF BLACK COTTONWOOD IN HEALTHY WOODY DRAW OF PASTURE 2............................................................ 613
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CHAPTER 3 Part 2

Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences by 

Allotment

INTRODUCTION

This part of Chapter 3 provides specific information and effect analysis by allotment for each 

alternative and resource. This part was created to bring all the allotment specific information 

together in one place.

ALLOTMENT 126

Table 126.1 – An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, permitted 

livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 126 in the 

North Billings County AMP Revisions project area 

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With Diverse 

Natural-Appearing Landscapes

590 30

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad Resource 

Emphasis

1360 70

Total allotment acres 4161 100

National Forest System (NFS) acres 1950 47

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 2211 53

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on NFS lands 489

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on NFS lands 798

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 6
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Table 126.2 – Allotment 126 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Whitetail Creek at Proper Functioning Condition (PFC). Maintain PFC.

Woody draws 31 percent of sampled woody draws are Healthy; 69 percent 

are At Risk due to a lack of regeneration in flat bottomed 

woody draws and near water developments.

Establish regeneration and/or 

increase survival of saplings.

Need to reduce rate of head 

cutting and gully creation in 

pasture 2. 

Structure Transect Results :

Low - Exceeding Objectives

Moderate - Meeting Objectives

High - Below Objectives 

2004 Transects: 2.75; 1.28; 1.00; 1.91

2004 Stations percent: Low-60/Moderate-40/High-0

2005 Transects: 2.65; 2.31

2005 Stations percent: Low-7.5/Moderate-92.5/High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral 

stages

Predominance of mid seral stages and varying mixtures of 

native and invasive grasses comprised unbroken land. The 

south and northeast portions of pasture 5, the south half of 

pasture 6, and all of pasture 10 consisted of broken land and 

crested wheatgrass.

Limit the expansion of invasive 

grasses and maintain or 

increase the proportion of 

native grasses while achieving 

an increase of early and late 

seral stages.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

Suitable habitat is present within the allotment. There are two 

leks within 1 mile of the allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks There are approx. 58 acres of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.) located primarily in 

woody draws and riparian areas. Burdock (Arctium minus Bernh.) was also identified in most 

wooded areas. 
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Table 126.3 – Allotment 126 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

Authorized Use is 489 

federal AMs.

Three-year average 

permitted use is 2,258 

summer federal AMs (Note 

average is a combination of 

Allotments 126 and 128).*

Permit type: Inventory (12 

months).

Rotation: Complementary 

modified deferred rotation 

with two or three herds in 

nine pastures. Also, 

rotation is combined with 

three pastures located in 

Allotment 128.

Class(s) of livestock: 

Cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings.

See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AMs: 

489.

Develop new water source 

in pasture 5 to pull livestock 

away from woody draws 

and riparian areas.

Install temporary electric 

fence between pastures 5 

and 6.

Extend range water pipeline 

from Allotment 128 pasture 

2 into Allotment 126 pasture 

4. 

Fence spring development 

in pasture 4.

Combine Allotments 126 

and 128 and continue a 

complementary modified 

deferred rotation grazing 

system.

When pasture 5 is used as 

an early pasture place salt 

and supplement so as to 

maximize use of crested 

wheatgrass areas. 

Adaptive Options

Fence high-value woody 

draws.

Fence spring development 

in pasture 6.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Install temporary electric 

fence in pasture 5 to 

segregate crested 

wheatgrass areas from 

native grass areas.

Utilize fire to reduce 

excessive litter, regenerate 

decadent “wolfy” crested 

wheatgrass areas throughout 

allotment

Utilize rest, fencing, or 

change in season of use if 

riparian falls below PFC.

Develop new water sources 

to pull livestock away from 

riparian areas.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AMs: 

489.

Develop new water source 

in pasture 5 to pull 

livestock away from 

woody draws and riparian 

areas.

Install temporary electric 

fence between pastures 5 

and 6.

Extend range water 

pipeline from Allotment 

128 pasture 2 into 

Allotment 126 pasture 4. 

Combine Allotments 126 

and 128 and continue a 

complementary modified 

deferred rotation grazing 

system.

When pasture 5 is used as 

an early pasture place salt 

and supplement so as to 

maximize use of crested 

wheatgrass areas. 

Adaptive Options

Fence high-value woody 

draws.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Install temporary electric 

fence in pasture 5 to 

segregate crested 

wheatgrass areas from 

native grass areas.

Utilize fire to reduce 

excessive litter, regenerate 

decadent “wolfy” crested 

wheatgrass areas 

throughout allotment

Utilize rest, fencing, or 

change in season of use if 

riparian falls below PFC.

Develop new water 

sources to pull livestock 

away from riparian areas.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AUMs: 

798.

Combine Allotments 126 

and 128 and implementing a 

seven- pasture rest/deferred 

rotation grazing system.

Treat pastures 5, 10, and 

south part of 6 as crested 

wheatgrass pastures. 

Generally, graze these 

pastures between April 20th 

and June 15th.

Install temporary electric 

fence in pasture 5 to 

segregate crested 

wheatgrass areas from 

native grass areas. 

Develop new water source 

in pasture 5 to pull livestock 

away from woody draws 

and riparian areas.

Adaptive Options

Utilize fire to stimulate 

regeneration in woody 

draws.

Fence high-value woody 

draws.

Maintain spring 

development in pasture 6; 

ensure overflow is 

functional and operating 

properly. 

Utilize rest, fencing, or 

change in season of use if 

riparian falls below PFC.

Utilize fire to reduce 

excessive litter; regenerate 

decadent “wolfy” crested 

wheatgrass areas throughout 

allotment.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Develop new water sources 

to pull livestock away from 

riparian areas.
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

Monitoring

Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 

years.

Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

Collect vegetative 

composition and production 

data once every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 126 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 4,161 acres in total size with 1,950 acres of NFS lands. 

Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation inventory permit for 90 head for 8 months of 

summer grazing by the Medora Grazing Association (MGA). This type of permit is for the entire 12

months, not just May 1st to December 31st. Livestock are wintered on private and intermingled 

private and NFS lands during January through April. This allotment has been subdivided into nine 

pastures. Six contain NFS lands. Of the six pastures four of them contain solely NFS land and two 

consist of both private and NFS lands. The pastures range from 160 acres to 1,081 acres in size.

Portions of this allotment were part of the old Blacktail Common at one time, meaning that certain 

areas of this large common were allocated specifically to Allotment 126. Allotment 128 is currently 

managed together with this allotment.

The number of livestock within each pasture varies throughout the year. The current permittee 

normally divides the 90 head and 261 head (from Allotment 128) into several herds and rotates 

them based on climate conditions and grass conditions. The permittee normally estimates the 

number of days the livestock will be in a pasture. Depending upon the amount of rainfall and the 

amount of forage production, that number can change. The rotation is a modified, deferred rotation 

with NFS, private, and state lands within the two allotments. Typically there is a cow/calf herd and 

a yearling herd that rotate through this allotment during the summer months.

Of the six pastures that contain NFS lands, all areas have crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum 

(L.) Gaertn.). With intermingled native species and introduced grass species, it becomes a challenge 

to balance a rotation to graze at the appropriate time. The presence of crested wheatgrass in these 

pastures can be linked back to areas that were farmed and replanted to crested wheatgrass, or are 

related to oil and gas activity. Current AMs provided by NFS lands are 489. The assumption made 

within the initial estimated carrying capacity does not consider the presence of crested wheatgrass 

or other introduced species, which may boost the annual forage production within a pasture 

depending upon the climate conditions and the condition of the crested wheatgrass stands. Water 
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developments within this allotment include developed springs, reservoirs, dugouts, and a well/stock

tank.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 58 

acres of Canada thistle and burdock. Infestations of Canada thistle are mostly in the woody draws 

and riparian areas, and burdock is found in the woody draws. Through recent weed inventories and 

communication between the Forest Service, Billings County Weed Officer, and the permittee, other 

infestations have been identified. Herbicides have been the primary control agent for noxious weeds 

within this allotment.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 8.3 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 13.4 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage 

from these acres is approximately 3.0 and 4.8 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

Allotmentpasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U FAR-NA FAR-D NF Total

126-05 Whitetail Creek (5) 0.11 0.11

126-06 Whitetail Creek (5) 1.61 1.61

A 1/10-mile segment of Whitetail Creek traverses pasture 5 in Allotment 126 and a 1.6-mile reach 

in pasture 6. These reaches have a riparian functionality rating of PFC and are meeting desired 

conditions.

There are developed springs in pasture 4 and pasture 6. There is no historic riparian habitat at the 

sources. In pasture 4, the water is piped several hundred feet down slope to a stock tank. The stock 

tank has a functioning overflow that is supporting approximately 0.1 acre of riparian habitat. In 

pasture 6, the water is piped a short distance to a stock tank with a functioning overflow. The spring 

brook originating from the overflow has a steep gradient and moves water down slope to discharge

in the large, wet draw below.

Woody Draws — Of 13 woody draw samples collected among all five pastures, 31 percent are 

Healthy and 69 percent are At Risk. Healthy woody draws tended to occur on steep slopes above 

the main drainages or first-order side drains (Figure 126.1a). The close proximity of developed 

water sources in relation to several woody draws, along with topographic characteristics that funnel 

livestock through the draws, are major factors contributing to At Risk conditions among several 

sample sites. For example, woody draws around a developed spring in pasture 4 experience high 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances (Figure 126.1b). Winter hay feeding adjacent to the 

spring has likely facilitated the current dominance of smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss. subsp. 

inermis) that can impede the regeneration of woody species. Smooth brome dominance and trail 

networks also occur around a developed spring and woody draw on the west side of pasture 6. A 

large portion of the upland habitat in pasture 2 consists of steep slopes above woody draw 

drainages, so trailing disturbances can be concentrated along the drainage bottom as livestock travel 

to and from a water tank near the head of the drainage. Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus 
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scopulorum Sarg.) comprised significant portions of the woodland communities on the western side 

of the allotment.

Herbaceous Structure — The four randomly selected sample sites in 2004 had transect VOR 

averages of 2.75, 1.28, 1.00, and 1.91— two Low and two Moderate structure. The station 

frequency of these transects is 60 percent Low, 40 percent Moderate, and 0 percent High VOR.

In 2005, two of these were randomly selected for re-sampling. The VOR transects had averages of 

2.65 and 2.31. The overall 2005 station structure class frequency of these transects is 7.5 percent 

Low, 92.5 percent Moderate, and 0 percent High. One transect went from Low to Moderate and the 

other remained in the Moderate class. Station data also showed a strong Moderate dominance with 

nearly 93 percent of the stations in Moderate with the remaining in Low structure.

In September 2006, two VOR transects were subjectively selected in some of the highest cover 

observed. These transects were conducted with the permittee as a result of a challenge to the 2004 

and 2005 results. One transect was measured at 3.5 inches and the other at 3.44 inches. Both are in 

the Moderate class. After measuring these transects and finding them to be Moderate, it was 

determined that there was not enough High structure grasslands in the rest of the allotment to fully 

address the structure objectives.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 8.3 

acres of potential habitat, of which some may be biologically capable. A total of approximately 13.4 

acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been reclaimed and are available as potential 

habitat, of which some may be biologically capable.

Seral Stages — About 16 percent of pasture 1 consisted of NFS lands in two separate parcels.

Broken land comprising about 8 percent of NFS land occurred in the northern parcel where invasive 

bluegrass was intermixed with crested wheatgrass and native grasses. Bluegrass persisted in patches 

outside of broken land, particularly along lower slopes within and adjacent to drainages. A Robel

Figures 126.1a and 126.1b — a) Healthy woody draw conditions along an upper slope 

in pasture 2. b) At Risk woody draw conditions near a developed spring in pasture 4

with the understory dominated by smooth brome.
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transect along a lower slope recorded bluegrass with lesser amounts of western wheatgrass 

(Agropyron smithii Rydb.) and sedge as the dominant species. Native grass dominance increased to 

the south and along ridge shoulders.

NFS land constituted about 44 percent of pasture 2 and primarily involved steep slopes above a

large drainage. A sere plot along a ridge shoulder extending the length of the pasture above the 

drainage was at a mid seral stage with dominance of blue grama (Boutaloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. 

ex Griffiths), western wheatgrass, and bluegrass, which along with smooth brome and annual brome 

comprised 19 percent of the relative grass canopy cover. Lower slopes along the drainage were 

often dominated by smooth brome.

Pasture 4 consisted of native grasses with varying mixtures of bluegrass along ridgelines and high 

amounts of smooth brome along lower slopes among woody draw patches. A sere plot at the 

northern end of the pasture was at a mid seral stage with moderate amounts of annual brome and 

bluegrass.

Broken land or crested wheatgrass-dominated areas comprised about 35 percent of pastures 5 and 6 

along broad ridgelines. A sere plot at the northern end of pasture 5 was at a mid seral stage for 

broken land with blue grama, sedge, and light amounts of bluegrass occurring with crested 

wheatgrass. Native grass communities dominate more rugged badland topography in the 

northwestern quarter of pasture 5. Another sere plot on the edge of broken land in pasture 6 was at 

an early seral stage with blue grama and sedge cover greatly exceeding crested wheatgrass.

Clubmoss (Selaginella densa Rybd.) comprised 22 percent of the ground cover. Smooth brome and 

light amounts of bluegrass were also present. Intermixed native and invasive grasses occurred along 

the plateau north of the sere plot and broken land. A plateau in the northeastern corner of pasture 6,

isolated by Whitetail Creek, contained high condition communities of needle-and-thread (Stipa 

comata Trin. & Rupr.) and sedge, but invasive grasses increased along the lower slopes and 

dominated the terraces of the creek.

More than 80 percent of pasture 10 consisted of broken land where crested wheatgrass, smooth 

brome, and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) comprised about 90 percent of the grass 

production in a North Dakota State University (NDSU) sample plot. The site was at or approaching 

an Invaded Grass State with Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome comprising 35 percent of the 

grass production. An ecoplot at the northern end of the pasture was dominated by crested 

wheatgrass and blue grama when measured in 1997.

Sharp-tailed Grouse — The allotment contains suitable habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. There are 

two leks within one mile of the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.
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Range — A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards conservation practice (CP) funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range 

infrastructure would be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of 

noxious weeds because of reclamation of the range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be 

solely responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species 

spread may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian — The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community. The riparian habitat associated 

with the unnamed springs would evolve toward the potential riparian community if the spring

developments are reclaimed.

Woody Draws — The removal of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances would assist rapid 

improvement of woody draw conditions by increasing opportunities for uninterrupted growth and 

reproduction of desired woody species. Although beaver and other wildlife would continue to affect 

woody draw conditions, livestock grazing is the dominant influence on the landscape and results in 

the greatest source of disturbance. The predominance of invasive grass layers in the understory of 

most At Risk woody draws has the potential to impede the regeneration of woody species and slow 

the rate of structural development (Lesica 2009, Uresk and Boldt 1986). The removal of livestock 

disturbances would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter that would provide feedback for 

additional invasive grass expansion with the potential to further impede woody species 

regeneration.

Herbaceous Structure — There would be increased opportunity for the development of High and 

Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages — Potential shifts towards late seral stages would occur with the removal of livestock 

grazing disturbances that would allow increased development of the herbaceous community. Plant 

diversity would decrease with later seral stages, particularly among forbs. However, increasing litter 

with the removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the increase of bluegrass and smooth brome 

and the gradual transition to Invaded Grass States that would impede the development or 

maintenance of native plant communities in large portions of the allotment. Crested wheatgrass 

might persist for longer periods but would gradually be replaced by more aggressive bluegrass and 

smooth brome. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse — The increase in High structure would benefit nesting and brooding habitat 

for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging 

opportunities.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 489 

federal AMs.
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Chapter 3 | 9

 Cow/calf pairs and yearlings are in two different herds in a nine-pasture, complementary 

modified deferred rotation which includes pastures from Allotment 128.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range — Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would 

occur. Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds.

Maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association.

Noxious weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian — The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek and the unnamed springs as described in 

the existing condition would continue.

Woody Draws — A high proportion of At Risk woody draws would persist under current 

management, under which present conditions developed. Although Healthy woody draws are 

present on steep slope positions and occurrences of trees establishing on open slopes are present, 

woody draws along the main drainages exhibit a lack of desired tree and shrub regeneration.

Developed water sources and mineral stations within, or adjacent to, woody draws contribute to 

high livestock disturbances among some sites. Multiple grazing rotations within individual pastures 

during the year contribute to the frequency of woody draw disturbance and impede woody 

regeneration. Extended green periods of the herbaceous vegetation and browse species within 

woody draws can contribute to livestock disturbances during mid and late summer when palatability 

of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass decreases in the uplands. Winter use and hay feeding with high 

livestock concentrations within or near woody draws would continue to contribute to high levels of 

trampling disturbance when livestock seek thermal shelter. Hay feeding contributes to invasive 

grasses that can impair seedling establishment of woody species, and high manure inputs around 

hay feeding areas may assist the establishment of invasive grasses as a result of increased nutrients 

(Figure 126.2).

Herbaceous Structure — Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited proportion of High herbaceous structure. Potential management 

Figure 126.2 – Woody draw 

observed during early spring in 

pasture 5 near hay feeding area. 

High winter use of the woody draw 

is evidenced by accumulated 

manure along the roadside and 

within the draw. 
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10 | Chapter 3

factors include unaccounted winter use and timing of grazing as influential factors on composition 

and regrowth.

Seral Stages — Levels of Authorized Use that are 30 percent less than initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size suggest the potential occurrence and maintenance of high 

condition native plant communities. However, collected field data and observations indicate a 

predominance of mid seral stages, frequent invasive grass occurrences, and some transitions to 

Invaded Grass States. Evidence of increasing invasive grasses is provided by vegetation maps from 

1983 that do not indicate the occurrence of these species in pastures or portions thereof where they 

are now frequent or dominant, and invasive grasses have a high potential to continue increasing.

Although Authorized Use is 30 percent less than initial estimated carrying capacity, winter use is 

not counted towards the amount of Authorized Use and would decrease the difference between total 

use and initial estimated carrying capacity as a result of grazing during periods of low snow cover

(Figure 126.3). Additionally, carrying capacity has not been adjusted for long distances to water or 

rough topography (Holechek 1994, NRCS 1997).

Hay feeding assists the spread of invasive grasses in 

portions of several pastures by directly introducing 

seed of these species (Figure 126.4) and decreasing 

the vigor of native grasses through heavy trampling 

and premature grazing (Manske 2001, Manske and 

Sedivec 1999). As recorded in Annual Operating 

Instructions/Allotment Worksheets (AOIs/AWs), 

premature early spring grazing frequently occurs in 

pastures that should have been treated as native grass 

pastures with later turn-in dates because of the small 

proportions of broken land or crested wheatgrass.

Early season grazing may now be appropriate for portions of these pastures with high invasive grass 

components, but the intermixed nature of native and invasive grasses increases the potential for 

continued premature use of the native component. In other words, the invasive grass component is 

not sufficiently extensive to direct grazing management in several pastures. Additionally, early 

Figure 126.4 — Crested wheatgrass and 

sweet clover seed/flower heads that 

comprise hay in pasture 4.

Figure 126.3 – Hay feeding in pasture

5/6 when livestock are free to graze 

open rangeland. 
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Chapter 3 | 11

season use of one pasture that facilitates the use of invasive grasses allows palatability of these 

species to decrease in other pastures that contribute to selective use of the native component during 

later season grazing. Increased grazing disturbances and additional grazing rotations that occur in 

native pastures prematurely grazed compound the effect of reduced plant vigor and increase the 

susceptibility to spreading invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse — Due to the minimal potential for an increase in High herbaceous structure 

under current livestock management, existing nesting and brooding habitat would be maintained but 

enhancement would not be expected.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 489 federal AMs.

 Developing a new water source in pasture 5 to pull livestock away from woody draws and 

riparian areas.

 Installing a temporary electric fence between pasture 5 and 6.

 Extending the range water pipeline from Allotment 128 pasture 2 into Allotment 126 pasture 4. 

 Fencing the spring development in pasture 4.

 Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and continuing a complementary modified deferred rotation 

grazing system.

 When pasture 5 is used as an early pasture, placing salt and supplement to maximize use of 

crested wheatgrass areas.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Fencing spring development in pasture 6.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Installing temporary electric fence in pasture 5 to segregate crested wheatgrass areas from native 

grass areas.

 Utilizing fire to reduce excessive litter, regenerate decadent “wolfy” crested wheatgrass areas 

throughout allotment.

 Utilizing rest, fencing, or change in season of use if riparian falls below PFC.

 Developing new water sources to pull livestock away from riparian areas.

Range

Initial Actions — Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management,

the permittee will be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. The use of federal AMs in this 

allotment would be different than the existing condition because of the implementation of a 

complementary, modified deferred rotation grazing where crested wheatgrass pastures will be 

identified, and combining this allotment with Allotment 128. Deferring turnout until June 1st on 

native pastures, with the exception of inventory permits where early turnout would be allowed 1 out 
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12 | Chapter 3

of 3 years, would not have an effect on this allotment due to the availability of crested wheatgrass 

pastures for the complementary, modified deferred rotation system.

The development of a new water source in pasture 5 would pull livestock away from woody draws 

and riparian areas because the spring development in pasture 6 would not be the primary water 

source. Overall, livestock distribution would not change because of the topography and size of 

pastures 5 and 6. In drought years, livestock would be more attracted to the woody draws and

riparian areas because of the quality of forage due to available soil moisture within these areas 

compared to senesced upland herbaceous plant communities.

The installation of a temporary electric fence between pastures 5 and 6 would concentrate livestock

more in a general area of each pasture and would focus grazing pressure on the crested wheatgrass 

stands. Livestock management would be more intense than the existing management, requiring

more time from both the permittee and Forest Service in assuring that over-utilization of native 

herbaceous species doesn’t occur within the smaller pastures. An analysis of the AMs available 

would be used as a starting point in each pasture to develop a rotation that takes into consideration 

the smaller size of each pasture and the differences in topography and herbaceous plant 

communities. There would be an initial cost of the cross-fence installation.

Extending a range water pipeline from Allotment 128 pasture 2 into Allotment 126 pasture 4 to 

replace the existing spring development in pasture 4 (spring would be fenced out) would not have 

any effects on livestock distribution within this pasture due to the size of pasture 4. Livestock would 

still have access to, and would trail through, the woody draw and spring area to access the eastern

side of this pasture.

By combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary, modified deferred 

rotation (two to three herds), the forage harvested by livestock would occur during different periods 

of the grazing season and the duration of grazing would be different from the existing condition.

Native herbaceous plant communities along with crested wheatgrass pastures would have a 

recovery period during the growing season and during critical growing periods of the season. 

Individual pastures containing at least 70 percent crested wheatgrass would be treated as earlier 

season pastures and grazed during the month of May. This would defer turnout onto native pastures 

until June 1st. 

Placing salt and supplement within the crested wheatgrass stands in pasture 5 would aid in 

minimizing the use of the native communities because the supplements would act as an attractant in 

these areas. Livestock would still utilize native herbaceous species within the crested wheatgrass 

stands.

Adaptive Options — Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment if the exclosure is kept to a small acreage. Depending on the size of 

the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may occur on the remaining forage and change 

the distribution of livestock. There would be a cost to install these fences and an additional

maintenance cost to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Fencing of the spring development in pasture 6 would have a minimal effect on livestock 

distribution because of the topography and size of the pasture. There would be a change in 
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Chapter 3 | 13

utilization levels in the area of the spring development because it would no longer be the primary 

source of livestock water. However, livestock would still have access to, and would trail through,

the woody draw because there is nothing in place to detour its use. 

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock. The amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing rate.

Installing a temporary electric fence in pasture 5 to segregate the crested wheatgrass from the native 

grasses would provide additional deferment to the native grasses. Livestock use would be 

concentrated within the crested wheatgrass areas, and additional management would be required to 

prevent overutilization in these areas.

Utilizing fire to reduce excessive litter to regenerate decadent “wolfy” crested wheatgrass areas 

throughout the allotment would initially result in a loss of AMs available if fenced out and allowed 

to rest for a year. The timing of the burn and climatic conditions will determine if burned areas 

require a rest, or if the area could be used in the fall, resulting in no loss in AMs for the grazing 

season. Distribution of livestock would change because livestock would be attracted to the burn area 

because of the palatability of crested wheatgrass and other native and tame herbaceous species

regrowth.

Utilizing rest would result in a loss of AMs available in that pasture. Fencing areas of Whitetail 

Creek would have little to no change in livestock distribution across the allotment because of the 

size and topography of the pasture. A larger sized exclosure could increase livestock grazing 

pressure on the remaining available forage. There would be a cost for installing and maintaining the 

fences to prevent livestock access to Whitetail Creek.

A change in season of use would not have an effect on AMs available, but would have an effect on 

the distribution of livestock since livestock favor different herbaceous species at different times of 

the grazing season.

Developing new water sources to pull livestock away from riparian areas would have an effect on 

livestock distribution depending on the size of the particular pasture and the topography in the area. 

Riparian

Initial Actions — Adding a water source in pasture 5 would pull livestock away from the riparian 

corridor along Whitetail Creek. Although desired conditions are being met, a reduction in livestock 

use would further benefit riparian condition by minimizing bank trailing, trampling, and loafing in 

the riparian area, allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation maintenance.

Installing a temporary electric fence between pastures 5 and 6 would have no effect on riparian 

condition along Whitetail Creek because livestock use on the creek would not increase.

Extending a range water pipeline from Allotment 128 pasture 2 into Allotment 126 pasture 4 to 

replace the existing spring development in pasture 4 (spring would be fenced out) would not have 

any effect on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek due to being located in a different pasture.
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14 | Chapter 3

Fencing the spring development in pasture 4 at the source would have no effect on the spring 

riparian habitat because the habitat has been lost historically from dewatering. Fencing the small 

riparian habitat area at the tank overflow would protect the habitat from livestock use and 

trampling.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary, modified deferred rotation 

would not have an effect on desired riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek, Reach 5. The 

rotation would not result in any additional livestock use or occupation on the riparian corridor.

Placing salt and supplement within the crested wheatgrass stands in pasture 5 would aid in 

minimizing the use on the native communities. There would be no effect on riparian condition along 

Whitetail Creek.

Adaptive Options — Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian 

conditions along Whitetail Creek because there would be no expected change in livestock 

distribution and the distance of separation.

Fencing the spring development in pasture 6 at the source would have no effect on spring riparian 

habitat since there is none due to dewatering.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow further benefitting the riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities, allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation and building stream banks.

Utilizing fire to reduce excessive litter to regenerate decadent “wolfy” crested wheatgrass areas 

throughout the allotment would have no effect on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek because 

livestock use on the creek would not increase.

The new water sources developed in pasture 6 to pull livestock away from the riparian corridor 

would benefit riparian conditions by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing,

allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions — Constructing a new pipeline-supplied water source in the uplands of pasture 4

would minimally improve At Risk woody draws adjacent to a developed spring because the small 

size (348 acres) and narrow linear shape of the pasture would result in close proximity of the draws 

to any potential tank location. Although the existing spring-fed water tank would be fenced to 

control livestock access, amenities provided by the woody draws within a short distance of the new 

tank location would continue to attract livestock and impair the regeneration of woody species as a 

result of browsing and trampling disturbances. The existing water tank and overflow area that 

would be fenced would minimally enhance the maintenance or improvement of wetland habitat due 

to the predominance of smooth brome in the surrounding area.

Developing a new water source and tank in pasture 5 would facilitate increased woody draw 

conditions upstream of a developed spring on the eastern edge of pasture 6. The spring would 

remain unfenced, and varying levels of uncontrolled livestock use would continue along the 

adjacent drainage, woody draw, and wetland habitat, but the frequency of browsing and trampling 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 15

disturbances would decrease with a more centrally located water tank situated in upland grass 

communities. Increasing woody draw conditions upstream of the spring could be countered by 

increased browsing and trampling disturbances in other woody draws, depending on the location of 

the new tank.

Constructing a temporary electric fence between pastures 5 and 6, which are currently grazed as one 

pasture, would assist improvement of the woody draw/spring habitat in pasture 6 by decreasing the 

length of time, or in the case of multiple herds, the number of livestock that would have access to 

the draw. The potential degree of woody draw improvement would decrease if livestock in pasture 6 

do not have access to the water tank proposed in pasture 5, but the tank could be situated on the 

fenceline to provide access from both pastures. There would be some potential for woody draws in 

both pastures to experience increased levels of livestock disturbance due to the smaller pasture size 

and increased livestock density relative to the combined pastures and depending on management of 

multiple livestock herds. As much as one-third of pastures 5 and 6 that are dominated by crested 

wheatgrass with low palatability after mid to late June would contribute to increased woody draw 

disturbances when livestock seek extended green periods or shade during mid and late summer 

grazing rotations.

Placing salt and supplement within stands of crested wheatgrass when pastures 5 and 6 are used as 

early season pastures would concentrate livestock disturbances within these areas and outside of 

woody draws, thus decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances.

Benefits to woody draws as a result of combining Allotments 126 and 128 are not apparent because 

two to three separate livestock herds would be maintained and grazing systems would not be 

appreciably different than current systems. Multiple grazing periods would continue in some 

pastures and would maintain current woody draw disturbances that impede the regeneration of 

desirable species. Winter use/hay feeding with adverse affects associated with the spread of 

invasive grasses, and use of woody draws for thermal cover, would continue to impact the condition 

of some sites. Continuation of current levels of use would maintain the frequency, intensity, and 

seasons of disturbance within woody draws that have resulted in a high proportion of At Risk sites.

Adaptive Options — Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for successful regeneration of woody species by removing or decreasing livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would 

provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but regeneration of woody 

species could be impaired by existing and potential increases of invasive grasses in many woody 

draws.
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16 | Chapter 3

The effectiveness of fencing the developed spring in 

pasture 6 to decrease browsing and trampling 

disturbances within the adjacent woody draw would be 

low as a result of high overflow from the spring, 

several beaver ponds, and other springs along the 

drainage where livestock would have continued water 

access (Figure 126.5). Fencing a larger portion of the 

upper drainage above the spring would be more 

effective at removing livestock disturbances and 

improving woody draw and wetland conditions along a 

segment of the drainage, while allowing continued 

livestock access to the spring that has a low potential 

for improved ecologic conditions due to the 

predominance of smooth brome and other weeds.

Temporarily fencing the stand of crested wheatgrass in pasture 5 would assist only slight 

improvement of woody draw conditions outside the fence because crested wheatgrass is palatable 

during the frequently implemented early season grazing of this pasture, when there is a decreased 

incentive for livestock to seek shade or extended green periods of herbaceous vegetation within 

woody draws.

Implementing prescribed burns to reduce plant litter and invigorate crested wheatgrass, as well as 

other herbaceous communities, could temporarily assist woody draw improvement by drawing 

livestock to fresh herbaceous growth in the uplands and decreasing the degree of disturbance within 

woody draws.

Developing additional water sources in the uplands to pull livestock away from riparian areas along 

Whitetail Creek could facilitate increased woody draw conditions adjacent to the creek by 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances. However, woody draws would continue to be 

sought for shade, escape from insect pests, and extended green periods, particularly if pasture 6 is 

used during summer rotations.

Utilizing rest, fencing, or a change in the season of use to improve riparian conditions would 

contribute to decreased browsing and trampling disturbances and an increased potential for the 

maintenance or improvement of adjacent woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions — Initial Actions would not improve the potential of Allotment 126 to increase the 

proportion of High herbaceous structure within a 10 to 15 year timeframe. Authorized Use would 

remain at 489 AMs (562 AUMs), which is below the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 42 percent after accounting for cow size (798 AUMs). Proposed actions occurring 

within pastures 5 and 6 include developing a new water source in pasture 5 to draw livestock more 

to the uplands, utilizing a temporary fence in pasture 5 and 6 to separate crested wheatgrass areas, 

and utilizing mineral placement as an attractant in crested wheatgrass sites. Additionally, it is 

assumed that the crested portion could become a part of the early rotation within the proposed 

Figure 126.5 – One of several beaver 

ponds upstream of developed spring 

in pasture 6.
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Chapter 3 | 17

rotation strategy. The proposed actions focus on utilizing the uplands more efficiently, which would 

tend to homogenize herbaceous structure within these pastures. The exception could be when there 

is early use (May) of these pastures, when there could be sufficient regrowth time to recover some 

residual cover by the fall. The proposed actions for pasture 4 include developing a new water source 

and fencing the spring development. It will be assumed that the new water tank would be placed in 

the uplands, perhaps along the western area of this pasture. The effects to structure from the tank 

would be relative to the location of the new tank and the management of the spring development, 

which is not discussed. The farther the new tank is away from the spring, the more changes there 

could be to herbaceous structure, but that change could be a shift in the spatial arrangement of the 

structure. However, if the spring development is managed as a water source, then a higher degree of 

homogenization would be expected. 

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary modified deferred rotation 

with two to three herds could provide some recovery in the early grazed crested wheatgrass 

pasture(s). However, given that two to three herds would be rotating through the pastures, it is 

projected that there may not be a sufficient amount of growing season for recovery for most of the 

pastures to appreciably alter the existing herbaceous structure distribution within the allotments.

Adaptive Options — Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects relative to the size 

and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative small amount 

of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Fencing the spring development in pasture 6 in 

combination with the new water in pasture 5 could permit water management scenarios but those 

are not outlined. It is assumed that fencing the spring would result in increased use of the uplands 

and a reduction in residual cover in the upland setting. Installing a temporary fence to segregate the 

crested wheatgrass in pasture 5 could provide residual cover in the fall if the fenced crested 

wheatgrass is grazed early and allowed to regrow. However, if the temporary fence is let down and 

the crested wheatgrass area is allowed to be utilized, then there would be less residual cover in the 

fall. Utilizing fire in crested wheatgrass areas throughout the allotment would directly reduce the 

potential cover for at least one year. Follow up management would dictate positive or negative 

effects to herbaceous structure. Resting for an entire grazing season would provide the best option 

for improving herbaceous structure in the treated stands. Grazing the stand in the same calendar 

year would have negative effects for herbaceous structure. Adjusting the Authorized Use downward 

would have the most potential to increase the amount of standing crop, i.e. higher structure, and 

improve the herbaceous structure distribution in general.

Adaptive actions to improve riparian areas such as rest, fencing, or changing season of use could 

have various effects depending on the tool selected and how it is specifically implemented.

Developing new water to draw livestock out of sensitive riparian areas, however, would likely result 

in further homogenization of the uplands.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions — Developing two new water sources in pastures 4 and 5 would result in a shift 

towards early seral stages in the surrounding area as a result of increased livestock grazing and 

trampling disturbances. Both of the potential tank sites could be placed in areas with dominant or 

high amounts of invasive grasses in order to concentrate high trampling disturbances away from 
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18 | Chapter 3

native dominated communities. Placing salt and supplement within the stand of crested wheatgrass 

when pastures 5 and/or 6 are used as early season pastures would provide similar benefits. The 

potential for livestock to spread invasive grass seed from the tank or mineral sites to other portions 

of the pasture would probably be only slightly greater than the current potential. Disturbances 

resulting from the construction of water well sites or pipelines through native grass communities 

would have a high potential to contribute to the spread of invasive grasses.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complimentary modified deferred rotation 

with two to three separate livestock herds and 12-month inventory permits would not be appreciably 

different than current management and would be unlikely to increase the development of late seral 

stages or halt the spread of invasive grasses. Premature use of native dominated pastures in 

Allotment 128 could be alleviated by concentrating early-season use to pastures or portions thereof 

in Allotment 126 that contain high amounts of invasive grasses. However, less than half of pastures 

5 and 6 are dominated by stands of crested wheatgrass. Pasture 10 primarily consists of crested 

wheatgrass, and other invasive grasses comprise only 160 acres. Pastures 5 and 6 are normally used 

during winter hay feeding periods and the acreage of crested wheatgrass in these pastures, as well as 

pasture 10, are likely to be insufficient for early season grazing with as many as three livestock 

herds. Winter use of other pastures to defer use of pastures 5, 6, and 10 for early season grazing 

would increase adverse effects of hay feeding and premature grazing to the other pastures.

Additional pasture rotations and later season use of other pastures in Allotment 126 would 

complicate or impede the effective utilization of invasive grasses in these pastures and contribute to 

excessive utilization of the native component that assists the spread of invasive grasses.

Constructing a temporary electric fence between pastures 5 and 6 would assist the management of 

multiple livestock herds but could have adverse effects on plant composition in pasture 6, or at least 

complicate the complimentary modified deferred rotation. A stand of crested wheatgrass/invasive 

grasses straddles the south boundary of these two pastures, and after splitting the pastures, the 

invasive grass dominated portion of pasture 6 would comprise only 15 percent of the pasture. A 

degree of increased use at the north end of pasture 6 could increase the utilization of invasive 

grasses that are mixed among the native community, or at least impede the accumulation of litter 

that may be assisting the spread of invasive grasses in this area. However, use of pasture 6 after 

fencing to separate it from pasture 5 would increase the potential for premature grazing of the native 

component that would assist the spread of invasive grasses. Conversely, early season grazing in 

pasture 5 should naturally concentrate on the high palatability of crested wheatgrass that would 

comprise a larger portion of the pasture compared to pasture 6. Later season grazing in these 

pastures would shift to native grasses in secondary range. Overall, the decreased pasture sizes 

would contribute to increased evenness of livestock grazing, with a resulting decrease of secondary 

range and a mosaic of grazing pressure and seral stages.

Fencing the spring development in pasture 4 would have minimal effect on plant composition and

seral stages due to the small size of the exclosure and the predominance of smooth brome in the 

surrounding area.

Adaptive Options — Installing temporary electric fence around the stand of crested wheatgrass 

that comprises about 39 percent of pasture 5 would increase utilization of this forage component 
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and alleviate potential premature use of the native component. However, early season grazing of 

this pasture should result in most utilization occurring within crested wheatgrass due to high 

palatability, close proximity to the proposed water tank, and gentle terrain, potentially decreasing 

the need for a fence. Native grasses in the northwestern portion of the pasture are unlikely to be 

sought during early season grazing due to rugged terrain and long distances to water. Additionally, a 

significant portion of native dominated communities in pasture 5 consist of little bluestem that tends 

to experience relatively low levels of utilization, particularly during the early season before growth 

of this warm-season species has been initiated. Selective grazing of native grass communities in the 

northwestern corner of the pasture would be expected during mid and late season grazing, when 

palatability of crested wheatgrass decreases. Continued utilization of crested wheatgrass could be 

maintained within the fence during this period, thus facilitating seral development of native 

communities in the northwest. However, this could begin to effect plant vigor and production of 

crested wheatgrass that would be needed for early season grazing.

Prescribed burning to regenerate crested wheatgrass vigor and palatability could result in increased 

use of this forage component if grazing periods are appropriately synchronized with peak 

palatability of the species, with benefits to native communities resulting from decreased grazing 

disturbances. However, grazing seasons appropriately timed to the palatability of crested wheatgrass 

should negate the need for burning to regenerate crested wheatgrass. Prescribed burns of relatively 

small occurrences of crested wheatgrass in other pastures is unlikely to result in increased use of the 

species as a result of low palatability during grazing periods that should be coordinated with more 

extensive native grass communities. Maintaining the decadence or low vigor of crested wheatgrass 

in areas where it cannot be efficiently utilized for logistical reasons might provide greater benefits 

to native grasses by increasing their competitive ability relative to crested wheatgrass.

Burning within crested wheatgrass as well as other communities would assist in decreasing areas of 

excessive litter and slowing the spread of invasive bluegrass. However, invasive bluegrass can 

benefit from the same positive effects of burning as other grasses, and infrequent prescribed 

burning, or burning that is not conducted at sufficient intensity or synchronized with vulnerable 

growth periods of bluegrass have resulted in its increase (Dix 2010, Smith 2010). Fire can also 

assist the spread of noxious weeds. Monitoring would be conducted to assess the effects of burning 

on plant composition to direct future management decisions.

Reducing Authorized Use would facilitate the maintenance of native plant communities and a shift 

towards late seral stages by decreasing the level of grazing and trampling disturbances. However, 

decreased levels of use could facilitate increased litter accumulation, which would assist the 

expansion of bluegrass and smooth brome in portions of some pastures. Neither increases nor 

decreases in Authorized Use would halt invasive grass expansion without coordinating the grazing 

season with the palatability and proportion of the invasive and native grass components.

Developing additional water sources to decrease use within riparian areas would result in 

concentrated grazing and trampling disturbances around the new water site, with shifts towards 

early seral stages and potential increases of invasive grasses.
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Resting pasture 6 to improve riparian conditions would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages in 

the upland herbaceous communities, but resulting increases in litter at the north end of the pasture 

would facilitate invasive grass expansion. Fencing the riparian corridor or changing the season of 

use to decrease livestock disturbances along Whitetail Creek would result in increased disturbances 

within upland communities, with potential shifts towards early seral stages. However, increased use 

of the uplands could facilitate decreased litter accumulation, which appears to be assisting the 

spread of invasive grasses at the north end of the pasture. Fencing woody draws or spring 

developments would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages outside the exclosures due to 

their limited size and the current predominance of invasive grasses within the area that would be 

fenced.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions — Initial Actions would not improve the potential of Allotment 126 to increase the 

proportion of High herbaceous structure within a 10 to15 year timeframe. Authorized Use would 

remain at 489 AMs (562 AUMs), which is below the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 42 percent after accounting for cow size (798 AUMs), but several issues are still 

evident from this level. Proposed initial actions occurring within pastures 5 and 6 include 

developing a new water source in pasture 5 to draw livestock more to the uplands, utilizing a 

temporary fence in pasture 5 and 6 to separate crested wheatgrass areas, and utilizing mineral 

placement as an attractant in crested wheatgrass sites. Additionally, it is assumed that the crested 

portion could become a part of the early rotation within the proposed rotation strategy. The 

proposed actions focus on utilizing the uplands more efficiently, which would trend to less residual 

cover within these pastures. The exception could be when there is early use (May) of these pastures,

when there could be sufficient regrowth time to recover some residual cover by the fall, which may 

improve grouse nesting habitat the following spring. The proposed actions for pasture 4 include 

developing a new water source and fencing the spring development. It will be assumed that the new 

water tank would be placed in the uplands, perhaps along the western area of this pasture. The 

effects to grouse habitat from the new tank would be relative to the location of the new tank and the 

management of the existing spring development, but this is not discussed. The farther the new tank 

is away from the spring the more changes there could be to grouse habitat, but that change could 

just be a shift in the spatial arrangement of the structure. However, if the spring development is 

managed as a water source as well, then a higher degree of homogenization of grouse habitat would 

be expected. 

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary modified deferred rotation 

with two to three herds could provide some recovery of potential grouse habitat in the early grazed 

crested wheatgrass pasture(s). However, given that two to three herds would be rotating through the 

pastures, it is projected that there may not be a sufficient amount of growing season for recovery for 

most of the pastures, outside the early pasture(s), to appreciably alter the existing grouse nesting 

conditions within the allotments.

Adaptive Options — Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects to grouse nesting 

habitat relative to the size and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to 

the relative small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Fencing the spring 
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development in pasture 6 in combination with the new water in pasture 5 from the initial action 

could permit water management scenarios, but those are not outlined. It is assumed that fencing the 

spring to aid riparian issues would result in increased use of the uplands and a reduction in potential 

grouse nesting cover in the upland setting. Installing a temporary fence to segregate the crested 

wheatgrass in pasture 5 could provide residual cover in the fall if the fenced crested wheatgrass is

grazed early and allowed to regrow via retaining the fence. This could retain potential grouse 

nesting habitat the following spring. However, if the temporary fence is let down and the crested 

wheatgrass area is allowed to be utilized, then there would be less residual cover in the fall and the 

following spring. Utilizing fire in crested wheatgrass areas throughout the allotment would directly 

reduce the potential grouse nesting cover for at least 1 year. Follow-up management would dictate 

positive or negative effects to grouse nesting habitat. Resting the treated areas for an entire grazing 

season would provide the best option to enhance grouse nesting habitat in the spring. Grazing the 

stand in the same calendar year would have direct negative effects for spring nesting needs. 

Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would have the most potential to increase the amount of 

standing crop (i.e., higher structure) and enhance grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive actions to improve riparian areas such as rest, fencing, or changing season of use could 

have various effects depending on the tool selected and how it is specifically implemented. 

Developing new water to draw livestock out of sensitive riparian areas, however, would likely result 

in further homogenization of upland grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3A

After meeting with the individual permittee and modifying Alternative 3, the effects of Alternative 

3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Drop the initial action of fencing the spring development in pasture 4, and make it available as a 

range development.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Drop the adaptive option of fencing the spring development in pasture 6, and keep it available as 

a range development.

Range

Initial Actions — The effect of this alternative would be that two range water sources would be 

available for livestock in this pasture, but due to the size of the pasture and its topography livestock 

distribution would not likely change.

Adaptive Options — Keeping the spring development in pasture 6 along with development of a 

new water source in pasture 5 would provide for two developed livestock water sources besides 

Whitetail Creek when the temporary electric fence is not functioning between the two pastures.

Livestock distribution would likely be more evenly dispersed throughout the two pastures, but the 
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livestock distribution pattern would not change greatly due to the size and topography of the 

pasture. 

Riparian

Initial Actions — The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following 

exception: fencing the spring development in pasture 4 would not occur. There is no spring riparian 

habitat to fence at the source. The small riparian habitat at the tank overflow would continue to be 

accessed by livestock. Livestock use and trampling at the overflow riparian habitat would continue.

Adaptive Options — The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the 

following exception: fencing the spring development in pasture 6 would not occur. There is no 

spring riparian habitat at the source to fence due to dewatering.

Woody Draws 

Initial Actions — Not fencing the area of the spring collection box, water tank, and a short segment 

of overflow in pasture 4 would remove opportunities for controlling livestock access to the water 

source and decrease the potential degree of reduced browsing and trampling disturbances within 

woody draws that surround the spring. However, livestock would continue using the spring site with 

amenities provided by the draws whether the spring is fenced or not. Additionally and as discussed 

under Alternative 3, the proposed water tank in the uplands of pasture 4 is likely to be of limited 

effectiveness in reducing livestock disturbances to woody draws around the spring due to the shape 

and small size of the pasture in relation to woody draw occurrences.

Herbaceous Structure

Effects of the proposed actions are the same as Alternative 3.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions — Not fencing the spring site would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages 

because the area surrounding the spring is and would continue to be dominated by smooth brome 

and the distribution of livestock in the pasture would not change regardless of fencing or not 

fencing the spring.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Effects of the proposed actions are the same as Alternative 3.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the initial actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exception of 

the following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation 

grazing system.

 Treating pastures 5, 10, and the south part of 6 as crested wheatgrass pastures. Generally, graze 

these pastures within the time frame of April 20th to June 15th.
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 Installing a temporary electric fence in pasture 5 to segregate crested wheatgrass areas from 

native grass areas. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Utilizing fire to stimulate regeneration in woody draws.

 Maintaining the spring development in pasture 6, ensuring overflow is functional and operating 

properly.

Range

Initial Actions — Authorized Use for this allotment would be 798 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 489 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 562 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 42 percent increase from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing season that can be 

grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Implementing a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation would result in the forage being harvested by 

livestock during different periods of the grazing season from year to year. With only one herd 

running through the rotation system, the duration of grazing would be different from the existing 

condition. Native herbaceous plant communities along with crested wheatgrass pastures would have 

an opportunity for a recovery period during the growing season and during critical growing periods. 

Treating pastures 5, 10, and the southern part of pasture 6 as crested wheatgrass pastures and 

generally grazing them April 20th through June 15th would provide for deferment of the native 

pastures. This would allow them to reach range readiness before being grazed. Due to the size and 

topography of pastures 5, 10, and the southern side of pasture 6, livestock distribution would not 

change. Pastures 5, 10, and the southern part of pasture 6 do have native herbaceous species 

intermixed within the crested wheatgrass and introduced herbaceous stands, which, if grazed at the 

end of April through May, would have a negative effect on the native herbaceous species due to the 

potential of grazing before typical range readiness.

Installing a temporary electric fence in pasture 5 to segregate crested wheatgrass areas from native 

grass areas would have a positive effect on the existing native plant communities by deferring 

livestock use on native grasses until the proper stage of growth is reached. This should have a 

positive effect on the crested wheatgrass stands as well, since livestock use would be focused when 

the stands are range ready, and would promote thick, dense stands of crested wheatgrass. Livestock 

distribution would be more even throughout the pastures due to confining livestock to a smaller 

area. Livestock would be forced to utilize areas that typically have received light grazing pressure,

which may result in a moderate to heavy grazing pressure. There would be an initial cost of the 

installation of the cross fence.

Adaptive Options — Utilizing fire to stimulate regeneration in woody draws would attract 

livestock to the areas burned due to the quality of the forage after regrowth. Livestock grazing 

would have to be deferred or rested for a grazing season. If rest is selected, the area burned would 
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24 | Chapter 3

have to be fenced out. The cost of installing the fence, maintenance of the fence, and its removal 

would all be an additional effect of the proposed option. Depending on the size of the burn and the 

climatic conditions at the time, the area could be rested for as long as 2 years, and an additional 

reduction in federal AUMS would be needed. There would be an increase in costs to the existing 

noxious weed program on the Medora Ranger District because of the nature of noxious weeds 

establishing in disturbed areas.

Maintaining the spring development in pasture 6 and ensuring that the overflow is functional would 

not have any effect on livestock distribution because they would still have access to the existing 

water development.

Riparian

Initial Actions — Treating pastures 5, 10 and the southern part of 6 as crested wheatgrass pastures 

would have no effect on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek because livestock use would not 

increase. 

Adaptive Options — The effects would be the same as described in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions — Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a seven-pasture

complimentary rest/deferred rotation with a single livestock herd would adversely affect woody 

draw conditions in Allotment 126. Although Authorized Use for the combined allotments would be 

reduced 20 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and adjustments for cow size, 

Authorized Use in Allotment 126 would increase by 42 percent. Thus, woody draw disturbances 

would increase despite decreased periods of pasture use resulting from the single herd once-over 

rotation. Additionally, livestock density and the evenness of grazing disturbances within each 

pasture would increase as a result of the combined livestock herds that would further contribute to 

increased woody draw disturbances.

Woody draws in pastures 5 and 6 would experience relatively low levels of disturbance during the 

early grazing season grazing period with cooler temperatures, fewer insect pests, and palatable 

invasive grasses in the uplands. However, later season grazing targeted to native forage components 

at the north end of these pastures would maintain or increase woody draw disturbances as a result of 

increased livestock density with the combined herd. Only one woody draw is present in pasture 10 

(160 acres), so relatively high levels of livestock disturbances and At Risk conditions would persist

or the conditions of the woody draw could deteriorate.

The rest/deferred once-over rotation with five summer pastures plus the north ends of pastures 5 and 

6 would result in greater differences in the season of individual pasture use than presently occurs 

with the multiple pasture rotations, so varying levels of annual woody draw disturbances would 

occur, depending on conditions of the upland herbaceous vegetation and climatic variables. The 

potential would exist for a year of relatively high woody draw disturbances in a given pasture to be 

followed by 1or more years of lower disturbance, when woody species would have the opportunity 

for recovery and regeneration. However, slow recovery of woody species from browsing 

disturbances would decrease this potential. Woody draw conditions in Allotment 126 pasture 4 and 
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Allotment 128 pasture 4 would have the potential to decrease as a result of more consistent use and 

increased disturbances compared to inconsistent use reported in recent AOIs/AWs.

Installing temporary electric fence in pasture 5 to segregate the area of crested wheatgrass from 

native grasses is unlikely to have an appreciable effect on woody draw conditions because crested 

wheatgrass is palatable during the proposed early season use of this pasture. Thus, there would be a 

decreased incentive for livestock to seek shade or extended green periods of herbaceous vegetation 

within woody draws. Later summer use of the north end of the pasture, as well as pasture 6, would 

have the potential to increase woody draw disturbances as a result of the combined livestock herds 

and decreased pasture size.

Adaptive Options — Developing an additional water source in pasture 5 would decrease livestock 

disturbances to the woody draw and adjacent spring in pasture 6, as well as woody draws that 

border the corridor of Whitetail Creek. Although amenities of the woody draws would continue to 

attract livestock, the level of disturbances would decrease among these draws due to their location 

on the eastern side of the pasture and the availability of other woody draws.

Prescribed burning of woody draws may assist improvement of current conditions by promoting 

regrowth or sprouting of decadent trees and improving seedbed conditions for the germination and 

survival of woody species. However, fire can also result in complete mortality of individual woody 

plants, and the predominance of invasive grasses within most woody draws in need of improvement 

have the potential for vigorous regrowth after burning that may negate short-term improvement of 

seedbed conditions. Monitoring would therefore be conducted to determine the net result of 

prescribed burning under different situations.

Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential for improved 

conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, 

decreases in Authorized Use would have to exceed the 42 percent proposed increase. Exclusion of 

livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impeded by accumulating plant litter that 

would facilitate the maintenance or expansion of invasive grasses in many woody draws. Fencing of 

individual woody draws has the potential to increase disturbances and decrease conditions in 

adjacent unfenced draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions — The initial action of adjusting the Authorized Use to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity would not enhance the nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse within 

Allotment 126, though Allotment 128 may benefit from the balancing of the Authorized Use.

Allotment 126 would experience a 42 percent increase in Authorized Use (562 AUMs to 798 

AUMs) under this proposal. Authorizing a higher level of use would be counterproductive to 

achieving the herbaceous structure objectives. The early season use of crested wheatgrass (April 

20th to June 15th) could result in a potential to increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure 

in those sites and the herbaceous structure distribution in general. The earlier the grazing period 

ends on a pasture, the better the potential for regrowth and increase the proportion of High structure 

grasslands.
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The effects of a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation system, by combining Allotments 126 and 128, 

would depend on what happens to the AUMs deferred/displaced during the rest period of a 

particular pasture. In terms of a growing season rest, the rested pasture would potentially increase 

the proportion of High structure within the rested pasture and the allotment(s). If the deferred 

AUMs from the rested pasture are displaced to the other pastures, there could be high use in the 

remaining grazed pastures that would be carrying a larger grazing burden. This could increase the 

occurrence of Low structure in the grazed pastures and the allotment overall. Under this scenario, 

the repeated heavy use could eventually impact the ability of a pasture to produce Moderate to High 

structure over time. Early grazed pastures (typically crested wheatgrass: April 20th to June 15th) 

could have time to regrow a higher level of herbaceous structure. The other native pastures would 

generally not have a long enough time to recover to High structure but could achieve Moderate 

levels. On the other hand, if the AUMs are deferred to other uses and not displaced to increase the 

grazing pressure on the other pastures, with all grazed pastures only stocked to their appropriate 

initial estimated carrying capacity level, then there could potentially be a more diverse herbaceous 

structure distribution across the allotment(s). Installing a temporary fence to segregate the crested 

wheatgrass in pasture 5 could provide residual cover in the fall if the fenced crested wheatgrass is 

grazed early and allowed to regrow. However, if the temporary fence is let down and the crested 

wheatgrass area is allowed to be utilized, then there would be less residual cover in the fall.

Adaptive Options — Using fire to stimulate regeneration within woody draws would depend on 

the size and location of the treated area, but the effects to herbaceous structure would likely be 

temporary and would be dependent on follow-up management. The effects of maintaining the 

spring development in pasture 6 would be relative to the follow-up management. The effects of 

livestock use would primarily affect riparian and woody draw issues. However, retaining the 

additional water source could alleviate the negative effects to the uplands from implementation of 

the new water in pasture 5.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions — The proposed 42 percent increase in Authorized Use for Allotment 126 would 

result in increased grazing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate shifts towards early seral 

stages and increased invasive grasses and counter several potentially positive effects of proposed 

management changes.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complimentary rest/deferred rotation with 

a single livestock herd would increase the evenness of livestock distribution and forage utilization 

as a result of increased livestock density within pastures. Other than the increase in Authorized Use, 

this would be an improvement over current management that includes multiple pasture rotations and 

frequent premature grazing of native dominated pastures because grazing periods would be 

shortened within individual pastures and greater opportunities would be available for plant recovery 

and the completion of critical growth periods. Consistent early season use of broken land in pastures 

5, 6, and 10 would coordinate grazing periods with high invasive grass palatability and alleviate 

premature use of native grasses in other pastures. However, this would have the potential to be 

compromised by the 12-month inventory permit and winter hay feeding in unspecified pastures that 
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is not counted towards Authorized Use and that would continue to result in greater levels of 

disturbance than indicated by the level of Authorized Use.

Invasive grasses that occur in at least moderate amounts in portions of pastures 1, 2, and 4 that are 

proposed for summer use would have a high potential to continue increasing and impede the 

development or maintenance of native plant communities. Palatability of invasive grasses other than 

smooth brome would be low during summer rotations in these pastures and contribute to selective 

use of native grasses on a frequent annual basis. The initial estimated carrying capacity and 

proposed levels of Authorized Use assume all herbaceous forage is equally used, but selective use 

of the native component will result in its excessive use, thereby decreasing plant vigor, assisting the 

spread of invasive grasses, and facilitating shifts towards early seral stages or Invaded Grass States.

The effects of installing temporary electric fence around the stand of crested wheatgrass in pasture 5 

were discussed under Alternative 3. With the fence in place there would be an additional pasture 

created in the northwest portion of the pasture for the summer grazing rotation. Increased grazing in 

this area would be compounded by an increased number of livestock resulting from combining 

multiple herds, and would have a high potential to facilitate shifts towards early seral stages.

Excluding the south end of pasture 6 from the area of crested wheatgrass fencing would exclude 

livestock access to the spring on the edge of pasture 6 from pasture 5. Water would also be 

unavailable to livestock in the northwest portion of pasture 5 if it is grazed during the summer 

grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options — The effects of all Adaptive Options were discussed under Alternative 3.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions — The initial action of adjusting the Authorized Use to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity would not enhance the nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse within 

Allotment 126, though Allotment 128 may benefit from the balancing of the Authorized Use.

Allotment 126 could experience a 42 percent increase in Authorized Use (562 AUMs to 798 

AUMs) under this proposal. If regrowth occurs in the crested wheatgrass pastures after early use 

(April 20th to June 15th), there could be increased potential to enhance the nesting and brooding 

habitat for sharp-tailed grouse in these areas except the high Authorized Use could have negative 

impacts on the crested wheatgrass stands (Angell 1997). The timing of grazing proposed on the 

early-use crested wheatgrass areas could also disrupt some initial nesting sharp-tailed grouse

because of the presence of livestock, but disruption should not be appreciable. If one herd is used in 

the rotation, there may be potential to enhance the nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed 

grouse in the early grazed pastures. The earlier the livestock come off a pasture, the better the 

potential to increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure, which may result in enhancing 

grouse nesting habitat. 

The effects of a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation system by combining Allotments 126 and 128 

would depend on what happens to the AUMs deferred/displaced during the rest period of a 

particular pasture. In terms of a growing season rest, the rested pasture would potentially increase 

the proportion of grouse nesting habitat within the rested pasture and the allotment(s). If the 

deferred AUMs from the rested pasture are displaced to the other pastures, there could be high use 
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in the remaining grazed pastures that would be carrying a larger grazing burden. This would be 

especially true under the high Authorized Use for this allotment under this alternative (798 AUMs). 

This would increase the probability of poor quality grouse nesting habitat in the grazed pastures. 

Under this scenario, the repeated heavy use could eventually impact the ability of a pasture to 

produce sufficient levels of grouse nesting habitat over time. Early grazed pastures (typically 

crested wheatgrass: April 20th to June 15th) could potentially have time to regrow grouse nesting 

habitat. The other native pastures would generally not have a long enough time to recover to 

appreciable levels of potential grouse nesting habitat. On the other hand, if the AUMs are deferred 

to other uses and not displaced to increase the grazing pressure on the other pastures, with all grazed 

pastures only stocked to their appropriate initial estimated carrying capacity level, then there could 

potentially be a more diverse herbaceous structure distribution across the allotment(s) as a result

since the pastures would be used at different times of the season and different lengths of time. The 

end result would be a mosaic of structure across the allotment. Installing a temporary fence to 

segregate the crested wheatgrass in pasture 5 could provide residual cover in the fall if the fenced 

crested wheatgrass is grazed early and allowed to regrow. However, if the temporary fence is let 

down and the crested wheatgrass area is allowed to be utilized, then there would be less residual 

cover in the fall to carry over for grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options — Using fire to stimulate regeneration within woody draws would depend on 

the size and location of the treated area, but the effects to grouse nesting habitat would be temporary 

and would be dependent on follow-up management. The effects of maintaining the spring 

development in pasture 6 would be relative to the follow-up water management. The effects of 

livestock use would primarily affect riparian and woody draw issues. However, retaining the 

additional water source could alleviate the negative effects of homogenizing upland habitat due to 

the implementation of the new water in pasture 5.
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ALLOTMENT 127

Table 127.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

127 in the North Billings County AMP Revision Project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.51b – Bighorn Sheep 

Habitat With Non-Federal Mineral Ownership

127 11

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

991 89

Total allotment acres 1628 100

NFS acres 1118 69

State land acres 350 21

Private land acres 159 10

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

412

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

345

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2
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Table 127.2 — Allotment 127 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent 

stream reaches in this allotment.

None.

Woody 

draws

80 percent of sampled woody draws were 

Healthy; 20 percent were At Risk due to 

lack of adequate regeneration and impacted 

shrub layer. 

Maintain or improve current woody 

draw conditions.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low - Exceeding Objectives

Moderate - Below Objectives

High - Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.3; 1.33; 1.0

2004 Stations percent: Low-85/Mod15/High-0

2005 Transects: 4.71; 2.48

2005 Stations percent: Low-7.5/Mod80/High-12.5

Manage for additional High structure on 

biologically capable habitats.

Seral stages Native grasses are dominant with minimal 

broken lands. Two sampled sites are rated at 

mid seral stages. Invasive grasses are 

prominent in association with oil and gas 

infrastructure and occur in varying but 

usually light amounts in native range.

Maintain native grass communities and 

limit the expansion of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks in the allotment.

Suitable habitat is present within the 

allotment, and there is less than one acre 

within one mile of a known lek outside of 

the allotment.

Manage for increased High vegetative 

structure on biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks  Portions of pasture 2W were burned in the 2004 Magpie Fire. 

 Monitor burned area for new noxious weed infestations.

 Pasture 4 and its associated AUMs conveyed to private ownership in 2008, 

permitted and Authorized Use have been adjusted.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

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Table 127.3 — Allotment 127 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

 Authorized Use is 

412 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 384 

summer federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type:

Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Twopasture deferred 

rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 412.

 Continue a two-pasture 

deferred rotation 

between pastures 2 and 

3.

 Improve allotment 

boundary fence between 

Allotment 127 and 280 

to maintain proper 

stocking.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 412.

 Continue a two-pasture 

deferred rotation 

between pastures 2 and 

3.

 Improve allotment 

boundary fence 

between Allotment 127 

and 280 to maintain 

proper stocking.

 Construct a water lot 

around the existing 

spring development to 

allow access to both 

pastures 2 and 3 in the 

northeast quarter of the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 17, T144N, 

R101W.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 345.

 Continue a twopasture deferred 

rotation between 

pastures 2 and 3.

 Improve allotment 

boundary fence 

between Allotment 

127 and 280 to 

maintain proper 

stocking.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned management 

identified in 

Allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections 

to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition and 

production data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring 

 Same as Alternative 3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

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Allotment 127 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,628 acres in total size, with 1,118 acres of NFS lands. 

Until 1970, the two western pastures of this allotment were undivided from common use by the 

current permittee and two other permittees, and seasonlong grazing was the system of practice. The 

livestock use at that time was mostly by cattle. However, historical information found in the 1970 

Range Management Plan recorded horse herds grazing this area as well.

This allotment has been subdivided into five pastures;of these, two contain NFS lands. The five 

pastures range from 160 acres to 936 acres in size. Of the two NFS pastures (2W and 3), one is 

solely NFS lands and the other one consists of both state and NFS lands. 

Before and after the 1970 Range Management Plan, the current permittee has not usually used all of 

his permitted time because weather has forced a late turn in or early removal from pastures 2W and 

3. The existing conditions also show heavier utilization within these areas because of the 

topography and location of existing fences and natural barriers. Because of the location of the 

existing water sources, livestock funnel up through natural barriers and at times enter into either 

pasture 2W or 3 from adjacent Allotment 280.

Topographic constraints influence livestock distribution throughout pastures 2W and 3. The 

northern portions of these pastures receive moderate to light livestock use due to the topography and 

the location of existing water developments. 

Pastures 2W and 3, according to the 1970 Range Management Plan, are permitted for 35 head for 8 

months and grazed as a two-pasture deferred rotation. The permittee does open gates between the 

two pastures due to unreliable livestock water developments. In the summer of 2004, portions of 

pasture 2W were burned during the Magpie Fire. The following year, the permittee volunteered to 

take non-use in this pasture. Currently, this allotment is permitted as a private allocation inventory 

by the MGA. Owing to the recent conveyance of NFS lands to private ownership, this allotment no 

longer has livestock wintering on NFS lands but rather on private lands from January through April.

Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 127.2. Water developments within this 

allotment include one spring, two reservoirs, and a dugout.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 30.5 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 7.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are, or will, be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 10.5 and 2.6 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draws tend to be concentrated along steep north aspect slopes of a 

ridgeline that extends across the center of the allotment. Of five woody draw samples, four were 

Healthy and one was At Risk. Rocky Mountain juniper can be prominent in portions of some woody 

draws.

Herbaceous Structure – The three randomly selected sample sites in 2004 had a transect VOR 

average of 1.30, 1.33, and 1.0, which are all Low structure. The station frequency of these transects 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 33

is 85 percent Low, 15 percent Moderate, and 0 percent High VOR. In 2005, two of these were 

randomly selected for re-sampling. The VOR transects had averages of 4.71 and 2.48. The overall 

2005 station structure class frequency of these transects is 7.5 percent Low, 80 percent Moderate, 

and 12.5 percent High. Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total 

of approximately 30.5 acres of potential habitat, some of which may be biologically capable.

Approximately 7.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been reclaimed and are available 

as potential habitat of which some may be biologically capable.

On September 12, 2006, members of the interdisciplinary team (IDT) made a field trip to assess the 

herbaceous structure because the permittee had questioned the results of the previous survey (2004). 

The team conducted four transects in areas that appeared to hold High structure. The four transects 

had VORs of 3.08, 3.48, 3.05, and 2.10. All were Moderate structure. The IDT determined that 

there was not enough High structure for the allotment to address the herbaceous structure 

objectives.

Seral Stages – Native grass communities with varying but usually light amounts of invasive grasses 

dominate the allotment. Small patches of broken land occur along the central ridgeline extending 

east-west across the two pastures and where disturbances associated with an access road and several 

oil well sites have contributed to the occurrence of invasive grasses. However, an ecoplot from 1998 

on the ridgeline in pasture 2W was at a mid-late seral stage without invasive grasses; a belt transect 

measured on the site in 2004 also recorded similar dominance of blue grama and western 

wheatgrass. Another ecoplot located on the north aspect slope of the ridge was at a mid seral stage 

with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass. A Robel transect on the south aspect slope recorded blue 

grama and western wheatgrass as the dominant species.

A sere plot in pasture 3 near a reclaimed oil well site on the ridgeline was at a mid seral stage.

Another sere plot on a lower south aspect slope and an ecoplot on a north aspect were at mid seral 

stages. All of these sites contained light amounts bluegrass and/or smooth brome. A Robel transect 

and a belt transect along the ridgeline recorded native grasses as the three dominant species. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within this allotment. There is less than 1 acre 

overlap within 1 mile of a known lek. Potentially suitable habitat is located primarily in the southern 

portion of pastures 2W and 3 along the southeast/northwest ridgeline. There are two other known 

leks within 2 miles of this ridgeline.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

34 | Chapter 3

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased woody draw 

conditions as a result of decreased browsing and trampling disturbances and increased regeneration 

of desired woody species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species, as 

assisted by increasing plant litter from the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree woody regeneration. However, increased structural complexity 

would occur in both Healthy and At Risk woody draws within 5 to 10 years and exceed objectives 

for 80 percent Healthy conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure 

resulting in increased nesting opportunities for ground nesting birds requiring or preferring 

Moderate/High structure habitat. Species that favor Low structure habitat would be expected to 

decrease in abundance.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate a shift towards late 

seral stages with a decrease of early and mid seral stages. Plant diversity would decrease with the 

development of late seral stages, particularly with regard to forb species. Although invasive grasses 

are relatively light in the allotment, increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would 

facilitate their increase. Transitions to Invaded Grass States would gradually occur but could require 

as long 10-20 years due to the relatively light and patchy occurrences of invasive grasses at present.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure would benefit nesting and brooding habitat 

for sharp-tailed grouse. Over time, the decrease in forb diversity would reduce foraging 

opportunities and nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 412 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are in a two-pasture, deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 35

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Current conditions of 80 percent Healthy and 20 percent At Risk woody draws 

would likely continue under current management. Authorized Use exceeds initial estimated carrying 

capacity by 37 percent after adjusting for cow size, but is 15 to 42 percent greater than use reported 

in AOIs/AWs during 2004 through 2008 and has likely contributed to the predominance of Healthy 

woody draws. Steep slopes associated with several of the sites also contribute to low levels of 

livestock disturbances. Increased stocking at the current level of Authorized Use would have the 

potential for decreasing woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Allotment 127 currently does not meet the structure objectives in the 

Grasslands Plan. Under Alternative 2, Low and Moderate structure would be expected to 

predominate and High structure would be underrepresented. There is minimal potential for increase 

of High herbaceous structure under current livestock management because Authorized Use exceeds 

initial estimated carrying capacity.

Seral Stages – The predominance of mid seral stages among sample sites would be expected to 

continue under current management but with a moderate potential for increasing invasive grasses.

The deferred rotation provides opportunities for native species to complete critical spring and fall 

growth stages during alternate years, thus assisting the maintenance of plant vigor and reproduction.

However, frequent turn-in dates during mid May are usually premature for native grasses and can 

decrease plant vigor and production, and are not necessarily compensated by the deferred rotation 

and later season grazing during alternate years. Much of the allotment away from the central 

ridgeline consists of rugged topography and barren landforms that concentrates grazing and trailing 

disturbances within the most accessible areas. Therefore, although Authorized Use has been greater 

than reported use, the level of forage utilization among native communities in primary use areas has 

the potential to be high. These factors would impede the potential development of late seral stages 

and stocking at the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 37

percent would contribute to shifts towards early seral stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Because of the minimal potential for an increase in High herbaceous 

structure under current livestock management, existing nesting and brooding habitat would be 

maintained and enhancement would not be expected.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 412 federal AMs.

 Continuing a two-pasture, deferred rotation.

 Improving the allotment boundary fence between Allotments 127 and 280 to maintain proper 

stocking.
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36 | Chapter 3

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Continuation of a two-pasture deferred rotation between pastures 2W and 3 with a 

June 1

st turn-out date 2 out of 3 years would defer livestock grazing on these two pastures by 1

month for those years. This would affect the permittee by either requiring one extra month of winter 

grazing/feeding or moving the livestock to off-permit lands 2 out of 3 years. Livestock distribution 

would not change because of the topography and location of existing range developments. 

Improving the allotment boundary fence would prevent additional forage from being harvested by 

unauthorized livestock. The permittee would be responsible for the cost of maintenance and 

installation of a fence where natural barriers are ineffective.

Adaptive Actions – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers 

because of the inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the 

distribution of the livestock, but the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing 

forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Specifically identifying a two-pasture deferred rotation would increase the

consistency of annually changing the season of use in each pasture but would not have an 

appreciable effect on the current proportion of 80 percent Healthy woody draw conditions. A 

deferred rotation is usually implemented at present and seasons of use would persist during the 

summer months when livestock are most apt to seek woody draws for escape from heat and insect 

pests.

Improvement of the allotment boundary fence would maintain or potentially improve existing 

conditions by decreasing additional browsing and trampling disturbances by livestock from adjacent 

allotments.

Maintaining Authorized Use 37 percent above initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting for 

cow size would maintain the potential for increased woody draw disturbances and decreased 

conditions relative to levels of use reported in AOIs/AWs during 2003 and 2008. 

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate improved woody draw conditions 

by decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances and increasing the regeneration of desired 

woody species. However, the level of decreased use would have to exceed current levels of reported 

use that are less than Authorized.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed actions are similar to current management. Given the Authorized 

Use level is 27 percent above the initial estimated carrying capacity (accounting for cow size), the 

two-pasture, deferred rotation system would maintain the homogenized herbaceous structure 

distribution. 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 37

Adaptive Actions – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would eventually create a potential for 

meeting High herbaceous structure by decreasing grazing intensity and thereby increasing residual 

standing crop.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Consistent or continued implementation of a deferred rotation would facilitate the 

maintenance of native plant communities and plant vigor by maintaining opportunities for plants to 

complete critical spring and fall growth stages during alternate years in each pasture. The inventory 

permit would allow for premature spring grazing in each pasture once every three years, thereby 

resulting in potential premature use of each pasture once every 6 years. However, adverse effects of 

decreased plant vigor resulting from premature grazing would decrease in frequency compared to 

current conditions where each pasture is subject to premature grazing every other year. Potential 

increases in plant vigor and shifts towards late seral stages might be impeded by current levels of 

use that are less than Authorized, and increased stocking to current levels of Authorized Use would 

facilitate shifts towards early seral stages.

Improvement of the allotment boundary fence would maintain or potentially improve existing 

conditions by decreasing additional browsing and trampling disturbances by livestock from adjacent 

allotments.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use below currently reported levels of use would 

facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing livestock grazing and trampling disturbances.

Increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite effect.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Since the allotment is effectively not within the 1 mile proximity of an active lek, 

enhancement of grouse nesting habitat is desirable but not necessary per Grasslands Plan direction. 

Potential habitat can be found throughout the allotment, but the ridgeline located in the southern 

portion of the allotment offers the largest potential block of habitat. This ridgeline is within 2 miles 

of three known leks. However, as noted under herbaceous structure, the initial actions will not 

improve potential habitat for sharp-tailed grouse and limit the enhancement of nesting and brooding 

habitat in this allotment.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would eventually provide enhancement 

of nesting and brooding habitat by decreasing grazing intensity and thereby increasing residual 

standing crop.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Constructing a water lot around the existing spring development to allow access to both pastures 

2W and 3. 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – The construction of a water lot would change the distribution of livestock slightly 

since the livestock would no longer have access to the other pasture. However, because of the 

topography, livestock would still funnel through the woody draw to access the water lot.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Allowing access to the spring from pasture 2W would result in increased use of 

portions of the draw east of the pasture fenceline. This could adversely affect the Healthy woody 

draw associated with the spring and decrease the proportion of Healthy woody draws in the 

allotment. However, there are indications that the spring is presently accessible from both pastures 

and much of the woody draw occurs on steep slopes that deter livestock trailing. Any additional 

impacts are therefore likely to be concentrated around the immediate area of the spring.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – No additional effects from Alternative 3.

Seral Stages 

Initial Actions – Potentially increased use of the upper slopes and ridgeline resulting from 

consistent access to the developed spring from both pastures could result in shifts towards early 

seral stages. However, increased use around the spring could be countered by decreased grazing 

disturbances and shifts towards late seral stages around an existing dugout in the northern portion of 

the pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse 

Initial Actions – No additional effects from Alternative 3.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

changes below. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 345 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 412 federal AMs 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 39

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 474 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 27 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 27 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would maintain or enhance woody draw conditions by 

slightly decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances relative to current levels of reported use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity would create the 

potential for an increase of High herbaceous and improve the herbaceous structure distribution. The 

decrease in grazing intensity would increase the potential for increased residual cover. Retaining the 

two-pasture deferred rotation would not appreciably contribute to increasing High structure due to 

the lack of sufficient time for regrowth after livestock are rotated out of the first pasture.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 27 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing 

livestock grazing and trampling disturbances. However, the degree of benefit would be reduced 

bacausethe new level of Authorized Use would range from 3 percent greater to 16 percent less than 

currently reported use.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity would create the 

potential improve the herbaceous structure distribution and grouse habitat. The decrease in grazing 

intensity could increase the potential for increased residual cover. Retaining the two-pasture 

deferred rotation would not appreciably contribute to increasing grouse nesting habitat due to the 

lack of sufficient time for regrowth after livestock are rotated out of the first pasture approximately 

the end of July to the beginning of August.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

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Allotment 128

Table 128.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

128 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With Diverse 

Natural-Appearing Landscapes

3,754 87

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad Resource 

Emphasis

405 10

Newly acquired NFS lands with unassigned management 

area

140 3

Total allotment acres 5,416 100

NFS acres 4,299 79

State land acres 639 12

Private land acres 478 9

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on NFS lands 1,866

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on NFS lands 1,380

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 41

Table 128.2 — Allotment 128 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There is a large headcut in Whitetail Creek located 

in pasture 1. Above the headcut the creek is rated 

at FAR-D and below the headcut it is rated at NF.

Start FAR-D and NF 

reaches on an upward trend 

toward PFC. On the NF 

reach reduce stream 

velocity to help the stream 

heal itself.

Woody 

draws

63 percent of sampled woody draws were Healthy; 

32 percent were At Risk due to insufficient 

regeneration; 5 percent were Unhealthy because 

they contained no seedling or sapling regeneration.

Juniper is encroaching into hardwood draws and 

grassland areas.

Establish regeneration 

and/or increase survival of 

saplings. 

Reduce juniper 

encroachment.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low - Exceeding Objectives

Moderate - Meeting Objectives

High - Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.15; 1.98; 1.41; 2.00; 1.83; 2.20; 

1.11; 1.43

2004 Stations percent: L-50.63/M-49.38/H-0

2005 Transects: 1.78; 1.69; 1.12

2005 Stations percent: L-46.67/M-53.33/H-0.

Manage for additional 

High structure on 

biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Native plant communities at mid seral stages 

predominated with frequent occurrences but 

relatively low amounts or localized occurrences of 

invasive grasses. 

Maintain native grass 

dominance while 

increasing the proportion 

of early and late seral 

stages and limiting the 

expansion of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek within the allotment. Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites 

to enhance habitat.

Remarks  15 acres of Canada thistle located primarily in riparian areas. Small 

amount of burdock noted in pasture 4. 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

42 | Chapter 3

Table 128.3 — Allotment 128 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4

 Authorized Use is 1,866 federal 

AMs.

 Three-year average permitted use 

is 2,258 summer federal AMs 

(Note average is a combination of 

Allotments 126 and 128).*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Three pasture deferred 

rotation. Also, rotation is 

combined with complementary 

deferred with two herds in nine 

pastures in Allotment 126. 

 Class(s) of livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs.

 See allotment map in Appendix B 

for current range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 1,866.

 In pasture 1, fence developed 

spring located in southwest 

quarter of the southwest quarter 

of Section 25, T144N, R101W.

Relocate tank further away from 

developed spring.

 Control livestock distribution in 

pasture through stock tank 

management.

 Combine Allotments 126 and 128 

and implement a complementary 

modified deferred rotation 

grazing system.

 Harden stream crossings/watering 

areas along Whitetail Creek in 

Section 6.

 Install stream structures below 

headcut on Whitetail Creek to 

help dissipate stream energy.

Adaptive Options

 Utilize herding.

 Utilize fire to reduce juniper 

encroachment.

 Temporarily fence heavily 

impacted woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Develop a riparian pasture within 

pasture 1. To create this pasture 

an existing range pipeline will 

have to be extended from pasture 

2 (Section 18) into pasture 1 

(Section 6).

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 1,380.

 Fence in developed spring located 

in southwest quarter of southwest 

quarter of Section 25, T144N, 

R101W (pasture 1). Pipe water 

from spring to a tank located 

away from spring area.

 Control livestock distribution in 

pasture through stock tank 

management.

 Combine Allotments 126 and 128 

and implement a seven pasture 

complementary rest/deferred 

rotation grazing system.

 In pasture 1, on Whitetail Creek, 

construct a 35 acre riparian 

exclosure. Plant native trees and 

build sediment traps/stream 

stabilization structures. No 

grazing of exclosure for first 3

years. 

Adaptive Options

 Harden 1 stream crossing/

watering areas upstream of 

headcut along Whitetail Creek in 

Section 6.

 Construct a 5-20 acre riparian 

exclosure above headcut.

 Install stream structures below 

headcut on Whitetail Creek, to 

help dissipate stream energy.

 Develop a riparian pasture within 

pasture 1. To create this pasture 

an existing range pipeline will 

have to be extended from pasture 

2 (Section 18) into pasture 1 

(Section 6).

 Riparian exclosure: At end of 

year 3 conduct vegetation survey. 

If survey reveals excessive litter 

initiate compressed prescribed 

grazing. Prescribe graze in late or 

dormant season preferred. 

Prescribed grazing would be 

identified in AOI/AW.

 Construct 9 and 22 acre riparian 

exclosures on Whitetail Creek in 

pasture 1, Sections 6 and 31 

respectively. (Reaches 9 and 12). 

 Adjust Authorized Use.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 43

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once every 

3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly Functioning 

Condition survey once every 3

years then once every 5 years if a 

positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative composition 

and production data once every 3

to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 128 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 5,416 acres in total size, with 4,299 acres of NFS lands.

This allotment is currently subdivided into three pastures, with the smallest being 261 acres and the 

largest 3,134 acres. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation inventory permit for 261 

head for eight months by the MGA. Portions of this allotment were part of the old Blacktail 

Common at one time, meaning that certain areas of this large common were allocated specifically to 

Allotment 128. Rotation on this allotment is a three-pasture modified deferred rotation and is also 

managed together with Allotment 126.

Pasture 1 is the largest of the three and contains NFS, private, and state lands. The northern tier of 

the pasture is made up of NFS land, with the majority of it ranked into the heavy use level from 

distribution mapping. The northwestern portion of this pasture has large areas in which crested 

wheatgrass occupy the landscape. The crested wheatgrass areas also have some native species but 

they are mostly dominated by crested wheatgrass. Overall, this pasture is still treated as a native 

pasture since the percentage of crested wheat grass is not 70 percent or greater of the existing

vegetative community, as directed in the Grasslands Plan.

The south side of pasture 1 is very similar to the north side; however, the topography is a little 

rougher than the northern tier. Both sides of this pasture had relatively good litter cover and a good

mixture of native species. Mapping this pasture was a little difficult due to the topography so a lot 

of the area, which may be in the moderate level, was lumped into the heavy level.

Pasture 2 is the southernmost pasture in this allotment. Water developments in this pasture include a 

well and pipeline system with stock tanks. The distribution of livestock is altered because of the 

topography of this pasture. The high-use areas by livestock are on the eastern side of the pasture.

Vegetative communities in the eastern portion of the pasture are a mixture of native and introduced 

graminoid species. The introduced species can be found along the road and in areas where oil and 

gas disturbance have occurred. Livestock utilize the other portions of the pasture at a moderate to 

low level.
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Pasture 4 is the northern most pasture of this allotment. Water developments in this pasture include 

a spring development (limited flow) and a reservoir (very seasonal). Because of the unreliable 

water, the permittee normally opens the gates between pastures 1 and 4 to allow livestock to utilize 

this pasture (livestock do utilize the spring development in Section 26, T144N, R101W). The gates 

between the two pastures are closed when livestock are not scheduled to graze pasture 4. This 

pasture has a combination of native and introduced graminoid species. Introduced graminoid 

species are located mostly in the areas of disturbance by oil and gas access roads, reclaimed access 

roads, and pipeline corridors.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 15

acres of Canada thistle located primarily in riparian areas. Through recent weed inventories and 

communication among the Forest Service, Billings County Weed Officer, and the permittee, other 

infestations have been identified. Herbicide treatment has been the primary control agent for the 

noxious weeds within this allotment.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 20.0 

acres from livestock access. Approximately 10.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have 

been reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 5.8 and 2.9 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

128-01 Whitetail Creek (6) 1.07 1.07

128-01 Whitetail Creek (7) 0.19 0.19

The segments of Whitetail Creek that cross Allotment 128 are in poor riparian condition and do not 

meet objectives. The channel is deeply incised (8 to10 meters; 25 to 30 feet) in Sec. 31, T 144 N/R 

100 W and Sections 35 and 36, T 144 N/R 101 W (Figure 128.1). A channel knickpoint, or 

headwall, in the southwestern quarter of Section 31 marks the upstream point of channel incision in 

2006. This knickpoint has migrated several miles upstream over the past 80 years (Dwight Hecker, 

personal communication, 2006). The 0.2-mile reach downstream of the knickpoint is NonFunctioning due to a drop in water table, the loss of water storage in the banks, the high rates of 

channel and bank erosion, and the scarcity of riparian vegetation. The 1.1-mile reach upstream the 

headwall (Sec. 31 T 144 N/ 100 W and Sec. 6, T 143 N/ 100 W) has a functionality rating of FARD due to the high probability of knickpoint migration and ensuing channel incision.
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Figure 128.1 — Whitetail Creek is incised 

in Section 31, T144N, R100W and Section 

35 and 36, T144N, R101W. Erosion, 

sediment transport, and deposition rates 

are high. Livestock can be temporarily 

trapped in the incised channel. They trail 

along the channel, further damaging 

riparian vegetation.

Woody Draws – Of 19 sampled woody draws across the allotment, 63 percent were Healthy, 32 

percent were At Risk, and 5 percent were Unhealthy. A high proportion of woody draws at the 

south end of pasture 2 were At Risk, while several draws at the north end of pasture 1 and all draws 

in pasture 4 were Healthy. A developed spring and mineral feeding station contributed to high 

livestock disturbances at the north end of pasture 1 (Figure 128.2). Steep slopes that limited 

livestock access of several adjacent woody draws assisted Healthy conditions even though the lower 

slopes and drainage bottoms with greater livestock disturbance were At Risk. Rocky Mountain 

juniper was common in woody draws and comprised the dominant woodland type on steep slopes in 

several portions of the allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – There were eight randomly sampled VOR transects measured in 2004.

Three were Low structure, and five were Moderate structure. Station averages showed Low 

structure at approximately 51 percent, and Moderate structure at 49 percent. No High structure 

transects or stations were recorded.

Three transects were resurveyed in 2005. One was Low structure and the other two were Moderate.

One transect average decreased and the other two showed marginal increases in VOR. Station 

averages showed approximately 47 percent in Low and 53 percent in Moderate structure.

Figure 128.2 — Mineral 

station within drainage at 

the north end of pasture 1 

immediately upstream of a 

developed spring.
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Jack Dahl and Arden Warm visited Allotments 126 and 128 on November 8, 2006, to determine if 

there was sufficient High structure to address structure objectives. Both Dahl and Warm agreed 

there was not a sufficient amount of High structure to meet the structure objectives.

Seral Stages – Collective plant composition data indicated a predominance of native grass 

communities with consistent but usually subordinate amounts of Kentucky bluegrass and annual 

brome. Exceptions involved areas of broken land, several oil well disturbances, and a livestock 

corral along the east boundary of pastures 1 and 2 where crested wheatgrass and areas of Japanese 

brome (Bromus japonicus Thunb. ex Morr.) increased in prominence. Some areas of crested 

wheatgrass appeared to be spreading outward from areas identified as broken land. An area of 

crested wheatgrass in the northwest corner of pasture 1 was not identified as broken land and may 

have established from hay feeding and/or an adjacent road. A wide pipeline corridor contributed to 

invasive grass occurrences in pasture 4.

An NDSU plot and two sere plots in Sandy ecological sites (ESs) at the north and south ends of 

pasture 1 were at mid seral stages with light or intermingled patches of invasive grasses. Three 

Robel transects and a belt transect dispersed on opposite sides of the pasture recorded native grasses 

as the dominant species. A sere plot at the north end of pasture 2 was also at a mid seral stage but 

more heavily invaded by crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. Two ecoplots within or near 

the edge of broken land in pasture 2 were at mid seral stages with crested wheatgrass and blue 

grama dominance and varying amounts of Kentucky bluegrass. An NDSU plot on a Loamy ES in 

pasture 4 was at a mid seral stage with Kentucky bluegrass constituting 21 percent of the total 

clipped biomass. An ecoplot, Robel transect, and belt transect generally located on various ridge 

slopes in pasture 4 were dominated by little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash –

Gould), sedge, and prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.).

Sharp-tailed Grouse – One lek is known within the allotment. There are three known leks within 1

mile of the allotment, encompassing approximately 1,520 acres.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notifying the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be responsible for 

the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease due 

to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result 
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Chapter 3 | 47

from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture sediment and build stream 

banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased growth and regeneration of desired 

woody species. However, litter accumulation resulting from the removal of livestock grazing would 

assist the development of existing invasive grass layers with the potential for slowing or decreasing 

the potential degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – There would be increased opportunity for the development of High and 

Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure resulting in increased nesting 

opportunities for ground nesting birds requiring or preferring Moderate/High structure habitat. 

Species that favor Low structure habitat would decrease in abundance.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stage communities. Plant diversity and a desired mosaic of seral stages would decrease with 

the development of late seral stages. However, the decrease in grazing disturbance would facilitate 

an increase of accumulated plant litter that would in turn facilitate the expansion of invasive grasses 

that are intermixed among native grass communities. Increasing invasive grasses would impede the 

development or maintenance of late seral native communities and increase the potential for 

transitioning to Invaded Grass States with reduced maintenance of native plant diversity. Because 

invasive grasses were present in low to moderate amounts through most of the allotment, the time 

frame for potential transitions to Invaded Grass States would be on the order of 10 to 20 years.

Exceptions involve areas along the east boundary of pasture 2 and portions of pasture 4 where 

invasive grasses occur in greater amounts and have the potential to contribute to Invaded States in 

ten years or less.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure would benefit nesting and brooding habitat 

for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging 

opportunities.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1,866 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a three-pasture modified deferred rotation which is combined with a 

complementary deferred rotation with two herds in nine pastures in Allotment 126.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 
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48 | Chapter 3

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – Continuation of the current grazing system would perpetuate woody draw 

conditions that do not meet Grasslands Plan objectives. Potentially increased stocking to the level of 

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 56 percent after adjusting for 

cow size, and developed water sources and mineral stations along drainages would contribute to 

high disturbances within woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited proportion of High herbaceous structure. Potential management 

factors include multiple herds, poor timing in use of crested wheatgrass, Authorized Use levels 

exceeding initial estimated carrying capacity, and winter grazing/feeding.

Seral Stages – The predominance of mid seral stages among the sample sites would be perpetuated 

with current livestock management. Premature turn-in dates during May and Authorized Use that 

greatly exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity would continue to impede the development of 

late seral stages and increase the potential for invasive grass spreading. Hay feeding would continue 

to introduce invasive grass seed with the potential for spreading.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given current management, it does not appear that existing levels of sharptailed grouse nesting and brooding habitat would be enhanced in 10 to 15 years.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,866 federal AMs.

 Fencing the developed spring located in Section 25 of pasture 1 and relocating the tank further 

away.

 Controlling livestock distribution through stock tank management.

 Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary modified deferred 

rotation grazing system.

 Hardening the stream crossings/watering areas along Whitetail Creek.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Utilizing herding.

 Utilizing fire to reduce juniper encroachment.

 Temporarily fencing heavily impacted woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Developing a riparian pasture within pasture 1 which will also include extending an existing 

range pipeline from pasture 2 (Section 18) into pasture 1 (Section 6).
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Range

Initial Actions – Under this alternative 1,866 federal AMs would be authorized and would not 

change from the existing condition of Alternative 2. The use of these federal AMs would be 

different than the existing condition because of the implementation of a complementary modified 

deferred rotation grazing where crested wheatgrass pastures would be identified and combining 

Allotments 126 and 128.

Fencing the developed spring in the southwestern quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 25,

T144N, R101W, and relocating the existing tank location away from the discharge location would 

not have any effects on livestock distribution, if kept near the existing location. Fencing the spring 

collection area would not have an effect on livestock distribution. Without installing a check valve 

in the tank, controlling the livestock distribution in these areas would not be possible. Currently 

water continuously flows to the existing tank site.

Managing the existing tanks would allow managers the flexibility of controlling livestock 

distribution and control livestock grazing pressure around existing tanks. Livestock management 

would be more intense than the existing management, because it would require more time from both 

the permittee and Forest Service in assuring that over-utilization of native herbaceous species 

doesn’t occur.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary modified deferred rotation 

(two to three herds) would allow forage to be harvested by livestock during different periods of the 

grazing season and growing season. Native herbaceous plant communities along with crested 

wheatgrass pastures would have a recovery period during the growing season and during critical 

growing moisture periods of the growing season. Individual pastures containing 70 percent crested 

wheatgrass would be treated as earlier season pastures and grazed during the month of May. This 

would defer turnout onto native pastures until June 1st or range readiness. 

By installing a hardened stream crossing/watering areas along Whitetail Creek in Section 6 would 

not improve distribution, however, it would reduce use of other crossings along Whitetail Creek 

used by livestock.

The installing of stream structures below the head cut on whitetail creek to help dissipate stream

energy would not have any effect of livestock distribution or available AMs.

Adaptive Options – Due to the size of the pastures 1 and 2, the use of herding would directly affect 

the distribution of the livestock. With herding, livestock would be moved away from areas currently 

being heavily grazed to a less utilized area. Over time, this would result in increased forage 

available for livestock grazing on sites recovering from heavy grazing pressure. Initial start-up costs

of hiring help or the increase in the permittee’s time would create additional expense from the 

existing condition. Livestock grazing may occur in areas of secondary range which is currently 

providing habitat for some wildlife species.

A prescribed burn would increase the amount of forage available as graminoid communities replace 

the existing rocky mountain juniper communities. Livestock distribution would also change from 

the existing conditions because livestock would be attracted to the regrowth. How the deferment of 

livestock grazing or resting the pasture would occur, is dependent upon the size and intensity of the 
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50 | Chapter 3

prescribed burn and its effects on the herbaceous community. As a result of the burn, the area could 

be rested for as long as 2 years. The size of the burn and climatic conditions would determine the 

length of rest and the amount of federal AMs reduced.

Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock distribution across the 

allotment if the fencing was kept to a small acreage. Forage within the exclosures would no longer 

be available for livestock grazing. A large woody draw exclosure, would increase livestock grazing 

pressure on the remaining forage and change the distribution of livestock. As a result, adjustments 

in available AMs would need to be altered accordingly. There would be a cost to install these fences 

and an additional cost of maintenance to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

The lack of reliable livestock water would require developing a riparian pasture within pasture 1 by

extending the existing pipeline from pasture 2 into pasture 1. It would change livestock distribution 

because of the permanent fence dividing the existing pasture. Available federal AMs in pasture 1 

and the new riparian pasture would have to be adjusted for size, topography, and forage available 

each pasture. There will be an initial cost for the installation of fences and the pipeline extension.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Fencing the spring in pasture 1 and relocating the tank further away from the 

developed spring would be an initial action. There is no riparian habitat at the source so fencing the 

spring development would have no effect on riparian condition.

Controlling livestock distribution through stock tank management and combining Allotments 126 

and 128, and implementing a complimentary modified deferred rotation grazing system, would 

more evenly distribute livestock use through the allotments and through the growing season. These 

actions should benefit riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek by more evenly distributing the use 

through the corridor over time.

Hardening the watering areas of Whitetail Creek would benefit stream conditions through this reach 

by protecting banks from livestock trampling and trailing. Installing stream structures below the 

headcut on Whitetail would help dissipate stream energy, allowing the collecting of sediment and 

building of stream banks.

These initial actions should improve riparian functionality along Whitetail Creek through the 

reestablishment of riparian vegetation, entrapment of sediment, and the stabilization of channel 

banks and bed. 

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 10 to 15 

years.

Adaptive Options – Herding livestock out of the riparian area would benefit the riparian corridor 

by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing, allowing for herbaceous and woody 

riparian vegetation recovery.
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Prescribed burning could induce a short-lived (one to several years) increase in sediment delivery to 

the channel due to exposed soil. Prescribed burning would eventually replace junipers with an 

herbaceous plant community which would improve the riparian condition by reducing overland 

flow. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would reduce stream velocities, allowing 

for riparian vegetation establishment to re-build stream banks.

Temporarily fencing heavily impacted woody draws would not have an effect on riparian conditions 

along Whitetail Creek because there would be little to no change in livestock distribution across the 

allotment.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which reduces overland flow,

further benefitting the riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A reduction in overland flow 

delivered to the creek would reduce stream velocities and allow for the establishment of riparian 

vegetation.

The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven effective in the Little Missouri Badlands 

(e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) in reestablishing desired 

riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. The new water source developed in the riparian 

pasture to pull livestock away from the riparian corridor would benefit the conditions by 

minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing allowing for herbaceous and woody 

vegetation recovery.

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Grazing management would not be appreciably different than current management 

and the proportion of sampled Healthy woody draws would be unlikely to increase. Fencing of a 

spring collection area in pasture 1 without reconstructing the plumbing system to maintain flow at 

the spring when the water tank is full would not improve wetland habitat conditions. The large 

majority of spring flow is collected and would overflow the tank site onto non-wetland habitat that 

is heavily trailed and trampled by livestock use of the tank site. At best, a thin ribbon of sedges 

might be maintained below the water tank. Additionally, it would not be possible to manage 

livestock distribution or decrease the use of woody draws in the surrounding pasture by controlling 

flow to the water tank.

Strict adherence to locating all mineral sources outside of drainages and woody draws would 

contribute to decreased trampling impacts within woody draws and adjacent springs (Figure 128.2).

However, proposed levels of Authorized Use that greatly exceed initial estimated carrying capacity 

would maintain the potential for high livestock browsing and trampling disturbances within the 

most accessible woody draws across the allotment.

Managing two pipeline-supplied water sources in pasture 2 to control livestock distribution and 

utilization would increase the potential for decreasing excessive woody draw disturbances in 

portions of this pasture. Managing water sources in pasture 1 would be less effective at controlling 

livestock distribution. One pipeline supplied water tank could be controlled, but access to the spring 

discussed above, other seeps or abandoned springs, and two reservoirs would remain uncontrolled.
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Hardening stream crossings along Whitetail Creek might assist woody draw improvement by 

concentrating the area of livestock trailing and trampling disturbances. Installing structures to 

dissipate stream energy would help stabilize the creek channel and might assist the establishment of 

woody species that have the potential to be lost to erosion.

The proposal of combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary deferred 

rotation would have no appreciable effect on the level of woody draw disturbances in Allotment 128 

because the continued management of multiple livestock herds would result in similar grazing 

rotations and stocking levels as presently occurs. The primary change in Allotment 128 would 

involve delaying turn-in onto native pastures until June 1st or range readiness, but woody draw 

disturbances during May should be relatively light because of cool temperatures. Grazing time lost 

at the beginning of the season would be compensated by increasing the number of livestock. 

Adaptive Options – Herding would increase livestock distribution with the potential to decrease 

excessive browsing and trampling disturbances of woody draws in primary use areas.

Temporarily fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential 

for improved woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances and facilitating the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of livestock 

impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, 

but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive grass layers.

Fencing of heavily disturbed woody draws would have a high potential to result in increased 

disturbance and decreasing condition within adjacent unfenced woody draws.

Prescribed burning to reduce Rocky Mountain juniper encroachment may indirectly assist woody 

draw conditions by decreasing livestock use of the draws as they are attracted to the flush of new 

herbaceous growth in burned areas. Including woody draws within prescribed burn areas may 

facilitate increased conditions by removing the competitive effects of juniper, promoting regrowth 

or sprouting of decadent trees, and improving seedbed conditions for the germination of woody 

species. However, fire can also result in complete mortality of individual woody plants, and the 

predominance of invasive grasses within most woody draws have the potential for vigorous 

regrowth after burning that may negate short-term improvement of seedbed conditions. Thus, 

monitoring would be conducted to determine the net result of prescribed burning under different 

situations and provide information regarding the effects of burning on woody draw conditions.

Creation of a riparian pasture along Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 would increase the potential 

development of riparian habitat and adjacent woody draw patches by decreasing browsing and 

trampling disturbances and facilitating the regeneration of desired woody species. However, 

decreased access to the creek and adjacent woody draws could contribute to increased disturbance 

and decreasing condition of woody draws outside the exclosure.

Reducing Authorized Use would increase the potential for improved woody draw conditions by 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances and increasing opportunities for the regeneration of 

desired trees and shrubs. Increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite effect.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Initial Actions would not improve the potential of this allotment to increase the 
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Chapter 3 | 53

proportion of High herbaceous structure within a 10- to 15-year time frame. The proposed actions 

of this alternative vary little from current management. Rotating livestock distribution using water 

management would not be effective in pasture 1 (Allotment 128) because of the lack of controlled 

water sources (Whitetail Creek and unfenced reservoirs/dugouts). In pasture 2 (Allotment 128), 

management flexibility could be realized to alter use levels through management of the tank;

however, because of a natural management tendency to manage towards the middle (Fuhlendorf and 

Engle 2004 and Toombs et al. 2010) and in light of an Authorized Use that exceeds the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 55 percent (after accounting for cow size), it is projected that 

moderate to heavy use would maintain a relatively homogenous herbaceous structure distribution on 

the landscape. The effects of fencing the developed spring site and moving the tank would depend 

on the new location of the tank. There would be a shift in the spatial arrangement of herbaceous 

structure from being centered on the current tank location to being centered on the new tank 

location. Use of the crested wheatgrass pastures in Allotment 126 may allow for regrowth of these

stands and potentially provide improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution; however, 

heavy, repeated use on crested stands may impact productivity (Angell 1997). With the use of two 

to three herds, regrowth on the remaining pastures could be limited, which could limit improving 

the herbaceous structure distribution. Hardening stream crossings would not be expected to affect 

the spatial arrangement of herbaceous structure or the herbaceous structure distribution. Installing 

stream structures below the headcut on Whitetail Creek would have no effect on herbaceous 

structure. Authorized Use is proposed to remain unchanged from current management levels. With 

the possible exception on the crested wheatgrass units, there would not be expected to be an 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution on the remaining pastures due to the initial 

levels of Authorized Use under this alternative.

Adaptive Options – The most efficient tool from an herbaceous structure, grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat perspective, is adjusting the level of Authorized Use for these allotments. This tool 

would have the best potential to increase the amount of standing crop, i.e., increase High structure. 

Utilizing herding would likely result in further homogenization as cattle are moved from areas of 

high use to areas of low use, which could negatively impact potential secondary range. The effects 

of using fire to reduce juniper encroachment would be relative to the size and location of the treated 

areas. The larger the treated acres the more positive the effect there may be for increased levels of 

herbaceous structure because of the potential for more forage to disperse cattle. Temporarily 

fencing woody draws in addition to fencing a riparian exclosure above the headcut on Whitetail 

Creek would increase the livestock grazing pressure on the remaining biologically capable habitat 

types and decrease the potential for High herbaceous structure or existing High structure. Creating a 

riparian pasture and adjusting the AMs to account for its management would likely not affect 

herbaceous structure outside the pasture. Inside the pasture, however, may experience an increase in 

herbaceous structure under riparian pasture management objectives.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The predominance of mid seral stages among the sample sites is likely to be 

maintained because proposed livestock management would not be appreciably different from 

current management. Although delaying turn-in until June 1st or range readiness would facilitate 
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54 | Chapter 3

increased plant vigor and potential development of late seral stages among native grass 

communities, Authorized Use 56 percent greater than initial estimated carrying capacity after 

adjusting for cow size would continue to impede seral development. Broken land or invasive grassdominated areas constituting about 10 percent of pasture 1 and 2, as well as additional occurrences 

of bluegrass that are relatively unpalatable during most of the grazing season, would contribute to 

apparent levels of over-stocking and utilization of the native forage component. Hay feeding would 

continue to assist the introduction and spread of invasive grasses.

Management of two pipeline-supplied water sources in pasture 2 would increase the evenness of 

livestock distribution and grazing disturbances, potentially decreasing excessive disturbance around 

favored tank sites and facilitating the maintenance of native plant communities. Although 

opportunities would exist for achieving the desired proportion of seral stages by influencing 

livestock distribution, the natural management tendency would be towards uniform or moderate 

grazing across the pasture that would result in the predominance of mid seral stages. Management 

of water sources in pasture 1 would be less effective at controlling livestock distribution due to two 

reservoirs, the developed spring, and several natural seeps or abandoned springs where livestock 

access would remain uncontrolled.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary deferred rotation by 

utilizing crested wheatgrass pastures in Allotment 126 early in the season would assist in delaying 

turn-in and avoiding premature grazing disturbances of native-dominated pastures in Allotment 128.

However, the continued management of multiple livestock herds could complicate consistent 

deferment of Allotment 128. Current twice-over rotations would be expected to continue that have 

the potential to decrease plant vigor and impede seral development.

Adaptive Options – Livestock herding would reduce excessive grazing disturbances in primary use 

areas and increase disturbances in secondary range. This would tend to homogenize grazing 

disturbances and seral stages across pastures with the potential for decreasing late seral stages in 

secondary range.

Utilization of fire to control Rocky Mountain juniper encroachment would assist in maintaining or 

increasing herbaceous plant vigor and production by removing the competitive effects of juniper.

Initial estimated carrying capacity would be increased and livestock would be attracted to the flush 

of increased herbaceous production and nutrient content occurring in burned areas for one to several 

years. This would alter livestock distribution patterns and decrease grazing disturbances in current 

primary use areas that would facilitate increased plant vigor and seral development. Prescribed 

burning would also decrease plant litter that could temporarily decrease conditions favorable for the 

spread of invasive grasses. However, invasive bluegrass can benefit from the same positive effects 

of burning as other grasses, and infrequent prescribed burning or burning that is not conducted at 

sufficient intensity or synchronized with vulnerable growth periods of bluegrass have resulted in its 

increase (Dix 2010, Smith 2010). Fire can also assist the spread of noxious weeds. Thus, monitoring 

would be conducted to assess the effects of burning on plant composition and provide information 

for future management.
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Reducing Authorized Use would facilitate increased plant vigor and shifts towards late seral stages 

if reductions were sufficient to result in lower levels of use compared to currently reported use. 

Increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite effect.

Construction of a riparian pasture would constitute about 1 percent of pasture 1 and would therefore 

not result in appreciably greater grazing disturbances outside the exclosure. The potential would 

exist for a shift towards late seral stages of herbaceous communities along the perimeter of the 

riparian pasture, but increased dominance of invasive grasses may occur with decreased grazing and 

increasing plant litter. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The proposed initial actions of this alternative vary little from current 

management and are not expected to appreciably enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Rotating livestock distribution using water management would not be effective in pasture 1 

(Allotment 128) because of the lack of controlled water sources and in pasture 2 (Allotment 128);

management flexibility could be realized to alter use levels through management of the tanks.

However, because of a natural management tendency to “manage towards the middle” and in light

of an Authorized Use that exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 55 percent for 

Allotment 128, it is projected that moderate to heavy use would enhance grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat. Depending on the new location of the tank, there would be a shift in the spatial 

arrangement of herbaceous structure from being centered on the current water source to being

centered on the new tank location and would not have an appreciable impact on sharp-tailed grouse 

habitat. Use of the crested wheatgrass pastures in Allotment 126 may allow for regrowth of these 

stands and potentially provide opportunities for grouse nesting and brooding habitat; however, 

heavy, repeated use on crested stands may impact productivity (Angell 1997). With the use of two 

to three herds, regrowth on the remaining pastures could be limited which could limit improving 

sharp-tailed grouse nesting and brooding habitat. Hardening stream crossings would not be expected 

to affect the spatial arrangement of potential grouse habitat. Installing stream structures below the 

headcut on Whitetail Creek would have no affect on potential grouse habitat. Authorized Use is 

proposed to remain unchanged from current management levels. With the possible exception of the 

crested wheatgrass units, there would not be expected to be an improvement in sharp-tailed grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat on the remaining pastures because of the initial levels of Authorized 

Use under this alternative.

Adaptive Options – The most efficient tool from a herbaceous structure, grouse nesting, and 

brooding habitat perspective, is adjusting the level of Authorized Use for these combined 

allotments. This tool would have the best potential to increase the amount of standing crop towards 

High herbaceous structure, i.e. enhancing nesting and brooding habitat for grouse. Since utilizing 

herding would result in moderating use on the allotment(s), there would be an expected decrease in 

habitat variability. The effects of using fire to reduce juniper encroachment would be relative to the 

size and location of the treated areas. The larger the area that is treated, the more positive the effect 

there may be for increased levels of herbaceous structure because of the potential for increased

forage to disperse cattle. Temporarily fencing woody draws in addition to fencing a riparian 

exclosure above the headcut on Whitetail Creek would increase the livestock grazing pressure on 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

56 | Chapter 3

the remaining biologically capable habitat types and decrease the potential for High herbaceous 

structure or existing High structure. However, this action could improve winter forage habitat for 

grouse because of the improvement in deciduous shrubs and trees. Creating a riparian pasture and 

adjusting the AMs to account for its management would likely not affect herbaceous structure 

outside the pasture. Inside the pasture, however, may experience an increase in herbaceous structure 

under riparian pasture management objectives. Like the fencing of woody draws above, this may 

also improve winter forage habitat for grouse.

Effects of Alternative 3A

Both initial and adaptive actions are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

changes discussed below. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carry capacity.

 Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a seven-pasture, rest/deferred rotation 

grazing system.

 Constructing a 35-acre riparian exclosure in pasture 1 and building sediment traps/stream 

stabilization structures (no grazing of the exclosure for the first three years).

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Hardening one stream crossing/watering area upstream of the headcut along Whitetail Creek in 

Section 6.

 Constructing a 5- to 20-acre riparian exclosure above the headcut.

 Riparian exclosures: At the end of year three, vegetation surveys would be conducted on 

riparian exclosures and if the survey reveals excessive litter, the initiation of a compressed 

prescribed grazing in the late or dormant season would occur.

 Installing stream structures below the headcut on Whitetail Creek.

 Constructing 9- and 22-acre riparian exclosures on Whitetail Creek in pasture 1, Sections 6 and 

31, respectively.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,380 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotments. The existing Authorized Use of 1,866 federal 

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size would be 2,146 federal AUMs. The effect of 

setting Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 36 percent reduction 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head and season duration that can be 

grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment. This would result in fewer livestock numbers 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 57

because of the inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the 

distribution of the livestock. However, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the 

existing forage harvested.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a seven-pasture, rest/deferred rotation would 

even out the federal AUMs available for both allotments and allow livestock to harvest forage 

during different periods of the grazing season. Native herbaceous plant communities, along with 

crested wheatgrass pastures, would have the opportunity for a recovery period during the growing 

season and during critical growing moisture periods. Individual pastures containing 70 percent

crested wheatgrass would be treated as earlier season pastures by grazing during the month of May.

This would defer turn-out on to native pastures until June 1st. There would be a change from the 

existing condition in the number of livestock herd grazing this allotment because the action is for 

one herd compared to two to three herds 

The constructing of a riparian exclosure, approximately 35 acres in size, would fence out 

approximately 21 to 22 federal AUMs currently available for the first 3 years. Once this riparian 

exclosure has reached the desired conditions, livestock grazing will be allowed with a prescribed 

grazing plan, and the AUMs removed would be reinitiated. Due to the size of the exclosure and 

topography of the pasture, distribution of livestock would change because they would have to find 

alternate routes. There would be costs associated in installing fences and in annual maintenance. 

Adaptive Options – Installing hardened stream crossing/watering areas along Whitetail Creek in 

Section 6 would not improve livestock distribution. However, it would reduce use of existing 

livestock creek crossings along Whitetail creek.

Constructing a 5- to 20-acre riparian exclosure above the headcut along Whitetail Creek would not 

have any effect on the distribution of livestock. A reduction in AUMs available in this pasture 

would have to be adjusted to the size of the exclosure because the forage would no longer be 

available to livestock. A 5-acre exclosure would have minimal effects (3 AUMS) and a 20-acre 

exclosure would require an adjustment in approximately 13 AUMS within Allotment 128 pasture 1.

The installation of a stream structure below the headcut on Whitetail Creek to dissipate stream 

energy would not have any effect on livestock grazing.

Constructing 9- and 22-acre riparian exclosures along Whitetail Creek, in Allotment 128 pasture 1,

Sections 6 and 31, respectively would not have an effect on the distribution of livestock. There 

would be a need to adjust the available AUMs within Allotment 128 pasture 1 because of the size of 

the exclosures and to compensate for the amount of AUM reductions from the pasture. A 9-acre 

exclosure would have minimal effects (6 AUMS), and a 20-acre exclosure would require an 

adjustment in approximately 14 AUMS within Allotment 128 pasture 1. 

Distribution would be affected in pasture 1 if all exclosures were built. The exclosures would limit 

where livestock stock could cross Whitetail Creek to reach either the north or south side of the 

pasture. This would create additional grazing pressure in areas where livestock cross. Initial losses 

in AUMs from installing three exclosures, would range from 30 to 49 AUMs. Once the exclosures 

reach the desired conditions, the AUMs would again become available under a prescribed grazing 

plan. This could be as soon as 3 years.
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Riparian

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use to 1,227 AUMs should help improve the uplands 

vegetation, which reduces overland flow further benefitting the riparian conditions along Whitetail 

Creek. A reduction in overland flow would result in reduced stream velocities and allow for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation and the building of stream banks.

The proposed 35-acre riparian exclosure immediately above and below the knickpoint on Whitetail 

Creek in Sections 6 and 31 would have the most direct effect on riparian condition. This would 

provide the best opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time

due to the exclusion of livestock grazing and related effects such as trailing and trampling. Planting

native trees and shrubs and the construction of sediment traps and channel stabilizing structures 

along Whitetail Creek would accelerate restoration of this reach and better ensure a positive 

outcome.

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Adaptive Options – The effects on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek from the construction 

of multiple riparian exclosures would be the same as described for the proposed 35-acre exclosure 

in the initial actions. Planting native trees and shrubs and the construction of sediment traps and 

channel stabilizing structures along Whitetail Creek would not occur, but it is expected that native 

trees and shrubs would grow naturally over time from protection.

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a complementary 

rest/deferred rotation with one combined livestock herd would have positive and negative effects on 

woody draw conditions in Allotment 128. Although the intensity of browsing and trampling impacts 

would increase as a result of increased livestock numbers, the duration of grazing individual 

pastures would decrease. The shortened grazing seasons in individual pastures might increase 

opportunities for woody species regeneration, but would probably not be sufficient for woody plants 

to replace tissue lost to browsing. Increased disturbance of invasive grass layers in At Risk woody 

draws would have the potential to improve seedbed conditions for seedling establishment of desired 

woody species, and the once-over rest/deferred rotation might increase opportunities for seedlings 

to become established relative to twice-over grazing that presently occurs. The availability of five or 

more summer/fall pastures in the proposed rotation would also increase opportunities for woody 

seedling establishment by deferring seasons of use when livestock are apt to spend less time among 

woody draws. Woody draw conditions in pasture 4 would have the potential to decrease as a result 

of more consistent use and disturbances than presently occurs, but limited water availability in this 

pasture may impede consistent use and the number of summer pastures.

Decreasing Authorized Use 36 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity after 

adjusting for cow size would result in potential levels of use two percent greater to 25 percent less 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

Chapter 3 | 59

than the current range of reported use, thereby decreasing the level of browsing and trampling 

disturbances and facilitating the regeneration of desired trees and shrubs.

Adaptive Options – Constructing as many as five riparian exclosures or pastures along Whitetail 

Creek would increase the potential for improved riparian conditions and any included woody draws 

as a result of decreased browsing and trampling disturbances. Grazing in the exclosures would 

primarily be conducted over short intervals, often during the dormant season, in order to maintain 

PFC. Decreased access to the corridor of Whitetail Creek would have the potential to contribute to 

increased disturbances and decreased conditions of woody draws and riparian areas outside the 

exclosures.

Reducing Authorized Use would increase the potential for improved woody draw conditions by 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances and increasing opportunities for the regeneration of 

desired trees and shrubs. Increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite effect.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The initial action of adjusting Authorized Use to more closely approximate the 

initial estimated carrying capacity would improve the potential to increase the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure within Allotment 128 through an increase in residual standing crop. However, 

the proposed 24 percent increase in Authorized Use on Allotment 126 would be counter-productive 

to improving the herbaceous structure distribution within that allotment. The effects of fencing the 

developed spring site and moving the tank would depend on the new location of the tank. There 

would be a shift in the spatial arrangement of herbaceous structure from being centered on the 

current tank location to being centered on the new tank location. Rotating livestock distribution 

using water management would not be effective in pasture 1 because of the lack of controlled water 

sources (Whitetail Creek and unfenced reservoirs/dugouts). In pasture 2, management flexibility 

could be realized to alter use levels through management of the tank; however, because of a natural 

management tendency to manage towards the middle (Fuhlendorf and Engle 2004 and Toombs et 

al. 2010), it is projected that moderate use would maintain a relatively homogenous herbaceous 

structure distribution on the landscape. In pasture 1, constructing a 35-acre riparian exclosure and 

installing stream structures below the headcut on Whitetail Creek plus planting native trees within 

the exclosure would have no appreciable effect on the herbaceous structure distribution because of 

the small size relative to the allotment, the configuration, and purpose of the riparian exclosure. The 

effects of a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation system would depend partly on what happens to the 

AUMs deferred/displaced during the rest period of a particular pasture. In terms of a growing 

season rest, the rested pasture could potentially increase the proportion of High structure within the 

rested pasture and the allotment(s). But if the deferred AUMs from the rested pasture are displaced 

to the other pastures, there could be high use in the remaining grazed pastures that would be

carrying a larger grazing burden. This could increase the occurrence of Low structure in the grazed 

pastures. Under this scenario, the repeated heavy use could eventually impact the ability of a pasture 

to produce Moderate to High structure. Some of the earlier grazed crested wheatgrass pastures in 

Allotment 126 could have time to regrow higher levels of herbaceous structure.

On the other hand, in the assumed spirit of Alternative 4, if the AUMs are deferred to other uses and 

not displaced to increase the grazing pressure on the other pastures, with all grazed pastures only 
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60 | Chapter 3

stocked to their appropriate initial estimated carrying capacity level, then there could potentially be 

more diverse herbaceous structure across the allotment(s) as a result.

Adaptive Options – The water and fencing actions described earlier would tend to homogenize

herbaceous structure in the uplands. Utilizing rest to improve the riparian area would depend on the 

size and location of the rested area relative to the size of the pasture. Resting the entire pasture 

would have the largest positive impact on herbaceous structure within the pasture. If a small fence is 

used around the area of concern, then the effects to the surrounding uplands would be similar to 

using the water and fencing tool discussed above. The most effective tool for herbaceous structure 

is manipulating the Authorized Use level.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The initial actions would have an overall positive effect on the maintenance of 

native plant communities and potential development of late seral stages in Allotment 128.

Combining Allotments 126 and 128 and implementing a seven-pasture complementary rest/deferred

rotation with one livestock herd would increase the intensity and evenness of grazing disturbances 

within individual pastures as a result of greater livestock numbers. This would decrease the mosaic 

of grazing pressure and increase grazing disturbances in secondary range with potential decreases of 

late seral stages. However, once-over rather than twice-over grazing that occurs at present, as well 

as greater changes in the season of use, would provide greater opportunities for plants to complete 

critical growth stages, increase in vigor, and shift towards late seral stages. Decreasing Authorized 

Use by 36 percent in Allotment 128 according to initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting 

for cow size would result in potential stocking levels 2 percent greater to 25 percent less than 

currently reported levels of use and would assist increased plant vigor by decreasing the level of 

grazing disturbance. Delaying turn-in until range readiness would assist the vigor of cool season 

grasses by removing premature grazing disturbances that frequently occur at present. Collectively, 

these proposals would facilitate the maintenance of native plant communities with an increased 

potential for achieving the desired mosaic of seral stages.

Impediments to increasing the maintenance of native plant communities would include the 

estimated 6-10 percent of pasture acreage dominated by invasive grasses that would be 

underutilized as a result of low palatability during the primary seasons of use. There would be some 

potential for decreased levels of Authorized Use to assist bluegrass expansion in portions of the 

allotment, but high livestock densities should impede the development of excessive litter that can 

assist bluegrass. Potential hay feeding in Allotment128 would maintain the introduction of invasive 

species and adverse impacts associated with high trampling and winter grazing that is not counted 

towards the level of Authorized Use.

Adaptive Options – Constructing as many as five riparian exclosures/pastures ranging from 5 to 35 

acres in size would contribute to a small amount of increased grazing disturbances outside the 

exclosures. Four potential exclosures in pasture 1 would constitute only a little more than 2 percent 

of the pasture acreage and light grazing would eventually occur inside the exclosures as riparian 

conditions improve. The potential would exist for a shift towards late seral stage herbaceous 

communities along the perimeter of the exclosures but increased dominance of invasive grasses may 

occur with decreased grazing and increasing plant litter.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The initial action of adjusting Authorized Use to more closely approximate the 

initial estimated carrying capacity would enhance the nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed 

grouse within Allotment 128 through an increase in residual standing crop. However, the proposed

24 percent increase in Authorized Use on Allotment 126 would be counter-productive to enhancing

nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse within that allotment. In pasture 1, constructing 

a 35-acre riparian exclosure and installing stream structures below the headcut on Whitetail Creek 

plus planting native trees within the exclosure would have no appreciable effect on nesting and 

brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse because of the small size relative to the allotment, the 

configuration, and purpose of the riparian exclosure. However, it could provide winter forage 

opportunities on a small scale. The effects of a seven-pasture rest/deferred rotation system would 

depend partly on what happens to the AUMs deferred/displaced during the rest period of a 

particular pasture. In terms of a growing season rest, the rested pasture could potentially enhance 

the nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse within the rested pasture and the 

allotment(s). But if the deferred AUMs from the rested pasture are displaced to the other pastures, 

there could be high use in the remaining grazed pastures that would be carrying a larger grazing 

burden. (The differences in pasture sizes could be an issue in this system.) This could increase the 

occurrence of Low structure in the grazed pastures. Under this scenario, the repeated heavy use 

could eventually impact the ability of a pasture to produce quality nesting and brooding habitat. 

Some of the earlier grazed crested wheatgrass pastures in Allotment 126 could have time to regrow 

higher levels of herbaceous structure for spring nesting needs.

On the other hand, in the assumed spirit of Alternative 4, if the AUMs are deferred to other uses and 

not displaced to increase the grazing pressure on the other pastures, with all grazed pastures stocked 

only to their appropriate initial estimated carrying capacity level, then there could potentially be 

more diverse grouse habitat conditions across the allotment(s) as a result.

Adaptive Options – The water and fencing actions described earlier would tend to homogenize

grouse habitat conditions in the uplands. Utilizing rest to improve conditions within the riparian 

area would depend on the size and location of the rested area relative to the size of the pasture. 

Resting the entire pasture would have the largest positive impact on grouse habitat within the 

pasture. If a small fence were to be used around the area of concern, then the effects to the 

surrounding uplands would be similar to using the water and fencing tool discussed above. The 

most effective tool for grouse habitat conditions would be by manipulating the Authorized Use 

level, all other things being equal.
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Allotment 129

Table 129.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

129 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 1.31 — Backcountry 

Recreation Non-motorized

3169 64

Management Area 2.2 — Research Natural 

Areas

78 2

Management Area 3.65 — Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

1668 34

Total allotment acres 5544 100

NFS acres 4915 89

State land acres 292 5

Private land acres 337 6

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) 

on NFS lands

1090

Initial Estimated Carrying Capacity 

(AUMs) On NFS Lands

1519

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 4
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Table 129.2 — Allotment 129 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Surveys conducted in 1998/99 and 2004 show downward 

trend from PFC to FAR for portions of Magpie Creek 

located in the allotment.

2006 surveys rated the stream reach in pasture 2 and 0.7 

miles in pasture 1 as PFC. The remaining reach in 

pasture 1 was rated as FAR-D for 0.6 miles, declining to 

NF for 1.55 miles before entering Allotment 282.

Initiate action to start 

the degraded reach in 

pasture 1 on an 

upward trend towards 

PFC.

Woody 

draws 56 percent of sampled woody draws were Healthy; 

44 percent were At Risk due to insufficient regeneration.

Increase the 

successful 

recruitment of woody 

species. 

Herbaceous 

Structure

Transect Results:

Low — Meeting Objectives

Moderate — Exceeding Objectives

High — Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.55; 2.94; 1.00; 2.09; 3.06; 2.19; 3.05

2004 Stations percent: Low-32.14/Moderate-67.86/High0

2005 Transects: 2.19; 1.84; 2.46; 3.49; 4.29

2005 Stations percent: Low-12/Moderate-85/High-3.

Manage for additional 

High structure on 

biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Of eight sample sites, six were at mid seral stages, one 

was at an early stage, and one was at a late stage, thereby 

approximating the desired proportion of seral stages.

Invasive grasses are common along the major drainage 

corridors.

Maintain native plant 

communities with a 

range of seral stages 

and limit or decrease 

the extent of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek in the southern portion of pasture 

4. In addition, the key areas associated with two leks 

have significant overlap with Allotments 129 and 131. 

The key areas associated with three other leks overlap 

slightly with these two allotments.

Remarks Less than 5 acres of Canada thistle, burdock, and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula 

L.) noted in allotment.

2004 Magpie Fire burned through area, monitor for new noxious weed 

infestations.
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

64 | Chapter 3

Table 129.3 — Allotment 129 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

1,090 federal AMs 

(1,000 federal AMs 

are summer use and 

remainder are winter 

use).

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 916 

summer federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type:

Inventory (12 

months).

 Rotation: Fourpasture modified 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock: 

Cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

1,090 of which 1,000 

AMs are summer use and 

the remainder are winter 

use.

 Reallocate Allotment 131 

pastures 1 and 2 to 

Allotment 129.

Reallocate Allotment 129 

pasture 2 to Allotment 

131. 

 Extend range water 

pipeline from well in 

Allotment 131 pasture 3 

into Allotment 131 

pasture 1.

 Reclaim two reservoirs in 

Allotment 131 pasture 1.

 In Section 3, develop 

water on fenceline 

between Allotment 129 

pasture 1 and Allotment 

131 pasture 1.

 To eliminate the 

bottleneck in Allotment 

131 pasture 3, remove the 

fenceline (Sections 11 

and 12) between 

Allotment 129 pasture 2 

and Allotment 131 

pasture 3. 

 Create a riparian pasture 

by installing a northwest 

to southeast fence in 

pastures 1 and 2 (Sections 

10 and 11). To 

establish/enhance willows 

along Magpie Creek, rest 

pasture one year, and then 

annually rotate the season 

of use beginning with 

dormant season grazing.

 In Allotment 129 pasture 

4, extend the existing 

range water pipeline from 

Section 15 to the 

northwest quarter of 

Section 23, T144N, 

R101W. 

 Reclaim developed spring 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

1,090 of which 1,000 

AMs are summer use and 

the remainder are winter 

use.

 Reallocate Allotment 131

pastures 1 and 2 to 

Allotment 129.

Reallocate Allotment 129 

pasture 2 to Allotment 

131. 

 Extend range water 

pipeline from well in 

Allotment 131 pasture 3 

into Allotment 131 

pasture 1.

 Reclaim two reservoirs in 

Allotment 131 pasture 1.

 Extend range water 

pipeline from well in 

Allotment 131 pasture 3 

into Allotment 129 

pasture 2 in Section 11.

 In Section 3, develop 

water on fenceline 

between Allotment 129 

pasture 1 and Allotment 

131 pasture 1.

 To eliminate the 

bottleneck in Allotment 

131 pasture 3, remove the 

fenceline (Sections 11 

and 12) between 

Allotment 129 pasture 2 

and Allotment 131 

pasture 3. 

 Create a riparian pasture 

by installing a northwest 

to southeast fence in 

pastures 1 and 2 (Sections 

10 and 11). To 

establish/enhance willows 

along Magpie Creek rest 

pasture one year and then 

annually rotate the season 

of use beginning with 

dormant season grazing.

 In Allotment 129 pasture 

4, extend the existing 

range water pipeline from 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 1,090 of which 

1,000 AUMs are summer 

use and the remainder are 

winter use.

 Reallocate Allotment 131 

pastures 1 and 2 to 

Allotment 129. 

Reallocate Allotment 129 

pasture 2 to Allotment 

131.

 In Section 3, develop 

water on fenceline 

between Allotment 129 

pasture 1 and Allotment 

131 pasture 1, reclaim or 

fence one reservoir in 

Allotment 131 pasture 1 

(west side). (WC, WF)

 Remove the boundary 

fence between Allotments 

129 pasture 2 and 

Allotment 131 pasture 3 

in the south half of 

Sections 11 and 12 to 

eliminate bottleneck in 

Allotment 131 pasture 3. 

 Create a riparian pasture, 

installing a northwest to 

southeast fence in 

pastures 1 and 2 (Sections 

10 and 11). To 

establish/enhance willows 

along Magpie Creek rest 

pasture one year and then 

annually rotate the season 

of use beginning with 

dormant season grazing. 

 In pasture 1, on Magpie 

Creek, construct a 94-acre 

riparian exclosure with no 

grazing for first 3 years, 

and plant willow, 

cottonwood or other 

native species.

Adaptive Options

 Extend range water 

pipeline from well in 

Allotment 131 pasture 3 

into Allotment 131 
FEIS Vol. II North Billings County Allotment Management Plan Revisions

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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

located in the southwest 

quarter of the southwest 

quarter of Section 14, 

T144N, R101W.

Adaptive Options

 Temporarily fence 

heavily impacted woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Harden watering area in 

the southwest quarter of 

the southwest quarter of 

Section 11 to define 

access to Magpie Creek.

Section 15 to the 

northwest quarter of 

Section 23, T144N, 

R101W. 

 Reclaim developed spring 

located in the southwest 

quarter of the southwest 

quarter of Section 14, 

T144N, R101W.

Adaptive Options

 Temporarily fence 

heavily impacted woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Harden watering area in 

the southwest quarter of 

the southwest quarter of 

Section 11 to define 

access to Magpie Creek.

pasture 1 and reclaim one 

reservoir in Allotment 

131 pasture 1 (east side).

 In Allotment 129 pasture 

4, extend the existing 

range water pipeline from 

Section 15 to the 

northwest quarter of 

Section 23, T144N, 

R101W. 

 Reclaim developed spring 

located in the southwest 

quarter of the southwest 

quarter of Section 14, 

T144N, R101W.

 Riparian exclosure: At 

end of year 3, conduct 

vegetation survey. If 

riparian vegetation has 

been established on 80 

percent of stream banks 

and stream deposition is 

occurring then initiate 

late or dormant season 

prescribed grazing. 

Prescribed grazing would 

be identified in AOI/AW.

 Construct 42- and 59-acre 

riparian exclosures on 

Magpie Creek in pasture 

1 in Section 10. (Reaches 

2&3). Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified 

in Allotment 

Worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to 

determine next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

annually for three years 

then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3 years 

then once every 5 years if 

a positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 129 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 5,544 acres in total size and contains private, state, and 

NFS lands with 4,915 acres of NFS lands. Currently this allotment is issued a private allocation 

inventory permit for 125 head for 8 months by the MGA. With this type of permit there is a high 

probability of livestock being on NFS lands the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 

31st. Typically, livestock are wintered on private and intermingled private and NFS lands during the 

winter months of January through April. This allotment was part of the historic Magpie Common 

before the 1974 AMP. Since 1974, there have been two amendments added to the 1974 AMP. The 

allotment was subdivided into five pastures; four of them contain NFS lands. The pastures 

themselves range from 245 acres to 1,871 acres. Currently 1,090 AMs are provided by NFS lands.

Water developments within this allotment include developed springs, reservoirs, dugouts, and a 

well/stock tank.

The rotation changes from year to year. A summary of the rotation goes as follows: livestock 

normally begin grazing in pasture 2 to start the grazing season and numbers normally vary between 

68 to around 120 head. The class of livestock also varies from year to year depending on climate 

conditions going into the grazing season. The current permittee may run cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings one year but then run strictly cow/calf pairs the next year. The number of livestock 

grazing days in pasture 2 varies from 12 to 31, depending on weather conditions and the growing 

season.

In one out of four grazing seasons, the permittee will start the grazing season by splitting the 

yearlings off into pasture 1. The livestock are then rotated to pasture 3 and the headquarter pasture, 

or to pasture 4 and the headquarter pasture, or the permittee will open the gates in pasture 2 to allow 

the livestock to drift into the other pastures. The number of grazing days within the pastures varies 

from 75 to 100 days before they are rotated to pasture 1 or go back to pasture 2. The variation of 

days in the length of the grazing season is related to the climatic conditions and available forage for 

that year, and on availability and quality of water in the developments. Normally, livestock end the 

grazing season in pasture 1. The lower portions of Sections 3 and 4 have Magpie Creek running 

through them. Use along the creek looks to be moderate in the southwest portion of Section 3 and 

southeast portion of Section 4.

Pastures 1, 3, and 4 were visited on September 10, 2004 for distribution mapping purposes. The 

northwest portion of pasture 1 is fairly rough; however, it has pockets that livestock can access.

Utilization in these areas looked to be light over the years. The area in the eastern half of Section 4 

and western half of Section 3 had good native plant species composition and litter cover. Forb 

species richness was also good in this area (visual observation). Although it’s a rough area of 

pasture 1, livestock seem to be getting into these areas; however, use has been light. Portions of 

pastures 3 and 4 were burned during the 2004 Magpie fire. Due to the topography and location of 

the fire and a deferred turn-out in these pastures, grazing was allowed during the 2005 grazing 

season. On July 20, 2004, a vegetative composition transect was read. During this visit, the use in 

this area was light to moderate.
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Utilization around the well in the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 10 is higher 

than the surrounding area. This is to be expected. Also, the use along Magpie Creek in Section 10 is 

high, which, again, is expected. The woody draw along the two-track trail does show signs of use. A 

browse line was also evident within these woody stands. There is evidence along the old two-track 

trail of some type of disturbance. Species composition consisted of crested wheatgrass, silver 

sagebrush (Artemisia cana Pursh), plains prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha Haw.), and western 

snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook.).

On September 23, 2004, distribution mapping was performed on pasture 2 which is approximately 

1,305 acres in size. Overall, this pasture has good litter cover throughout with evidence of moderate 

grazing. The eastern half of Section 14 is relatively rough with Rocky Mountain juniper pockets.

Species composition was good with a very good mixture of native species. Along Magpie Creek 

there was a mosaic pattern of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), cottonwood (Populus 

deltoides Marsh. subsp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenw.), western snowberry, and some Rocky Mountain 

juniper. Within this pasture the use seems to be more concentrated along the creek and at the 

well/tank facility in the northeast quarter of Section 11. Within the moderate use areas in Section 11 

there was a mosaic pattern of native vegetation, such as native sedges, forbs, and shrub species. 

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are fewer than 5 acres 

of Canada thistle, burdock, and leafy spurge in this allotment. Through recent weed inventories of 

the 2004 Magpie Fire area and communication among the Forest Service, Billings County Weed 

Officer, and the permittee, other infestations have been identified. Herbicides have been the primary 

control agent for noxious weeds within this allotment. The threat of salt cedar (Tamarix spp.) and 

leafy spurge is high along Magpie Creek.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 42.3 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 20.6 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage 

from these acres is approximately 12.7 and 6.2 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

Magpie Creek flows through Allotment 129. The upstream reach (Reach 4) in Allotment 129 

pasture 2 has a functionality rating of PFC. In Allotment 129 pasture 1, the functionality rating 

progressively declines downstream, changing from PFC (0.7-mile reach; reach 4) to FAR-D (0.6-

mile reach; reach 5) to NF (1.55-mile reach; reach 5; see table below).

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

129-01 Magpie Creek (4) 0.66 0.66

129-02 Magpie Creek (4) 1.81 1.81

129-01 Magpie Creek (5) 0.58 1.55 2.13

The condition along this reach of Magpie Creek is of concern, because it was rated as PFC during 

riparian surveys in 1998 and 1999, but FAR or NF in 2004 and 2006 surveys. Some of the problems 

noted in the 2006 survey include: 
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 extensive livestock trailing along banks,

 high forage consumption (>50 percent) on bottomlands,

 sparse riparian vegetation,

 lack of moisture storage in banks and loss of base flow,

 vertical banks along downstream end of reach suggest recent channel incision, and

 general absence of riparian vegetation on point bars.

Figure 129.1 — Reaches 4 and 5 of Magpie 

Creek have incised since the 1980s. The high 

width/depth ratio is indicative of high 

sediment transport, excessive channel energy, 

and flashy hydroperiod. Riparian vegetation is 

poorly established along most of these reaches.

Efforts to establish riparian vegetation should 

lead to increased bank stability, decreased 

erosion and sediment transport, and greater 

conservation of stream discharge through 

bank storage of moisture. 

Woody Draws – Of nine sampled woody draws in three pastures, 56 percent were Healthy and 44

percent were At Risk. Rocky Mountain juniper occurred in significant amounts in portions of some 

woody draws, and comprised the dominant woodland type along steep north aspect slopes in all 

pastures. Woody draws along the drainage valley of Magpie Creek tended to be At Risk, while 

those among more rugged topography and first order drainages tended to be Healthy.

Herbaceous Structure – There were seven randomly sampled VOR transects measured in 2004.

One was Low structure, and six were Moderate structure. Station averages showed Low structure at 

approximately 32 percent, and Moderate structure at 68 percent. No High structure transects or 

stations were recorded.

Five transects were resurveyed in 2005. Four of the five transects were Moderate, and one was 

High. Station averages showed approximately 12 percent in Low, and 85 percent in Moderate, and 3 

percent in High structure.

Current management under the current allotment configuration is providing diverse proportions of 

herbaceous structures at the transect level but it appears it is still providing inadequate proportions

of High herbaceous structure at transect and station levels.

On September 12, 2006, members of the ID team made a field trip to assess the herbaceous 

structure because the permittee had raised a challenge to the results of the previous survey (2004). 

The team conducted four transects in areas that appeared to hold High structure. The four transects 

had VORs of 3.15, 2.95, 2.96, and 4.80. Three were Moderate structure and one was High structure. 

After further assessment, the IDT determined that there was not enough High structure for the 

allotment to address the herbaceous structure objectives.
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Seral Stages – Of eight sample plots, six were at mid seral stages, while one site was at an early 

stage and one site was at a late stage. Native grass communities generally dominated all four 

pastures but only one of the sample sites was without invasive grasses. One site was approaching an 

Invaded Grass State. Invasive grasses were most prominent along the major drainage valleys that 

receive a high proportion of the livestock use due to rugged topography away from the valleys. Oil 

and gas developments that include fourteen active or reclaimed well sites and almost four miles of 

access road have contributed to invasive grass occurrences. The only broken land in the allotment 

includes a 40-acre parcel in pasture 4 that constituted less than 3 percent of the pasture. A portion of 

the Two Top–Big Top RNA occurs in pasture 1 but receives no significant livestock use due to 

topographic constraints.

An NDSU plot along a tributary on the eastern side of pasture 1 was at an early seral stage with 

dominance of blue grama and sedge and 25 percent frequency of cheatgrass. A sere plot 0.5 miles to 

the west along another tributary was at a mid seral stage with high amounts of blue grama and light 

amounts of bluegrass. Another NDSU plot along a tributary near the center of the pasture was at a 

mid seral stage with Kentucky bluegrass comprising 25 percent of the total grass production. An 

ecoplot overlain by a belt transect on the west side of the pasture along Magpie Creek indicted 

similar plant composition with the addition of crested wheatgrass. Several Robel transects supported 

the dominance of native grass communities with varying amounts of invasive grasses. The north 

end of the pasture exhibits rugged topography where livestock use is concentrated along prominent 

second-order channels that drain south to Magpie Creek. A high potential exists for the occurrence 

of late seral communities in secondary habitat types on slopes and benches above first-order 

drainages in this area.

Broad valleys associated with Magpie Creek occurred in the north half of pasture 2. A sere plot 

along a broad lowland swale away from Magpie Creek was at a mid seral stage with blue grama and 

western wheatgrass dominance and infrequent patches of bluegrass. An NDSU sample plot located 

about 800 feet to the west was also at a mid seral stage but with overwhelming dominance of 

western wheatgrass and no invasive grasses. Of two Robel transects along Magpie Creek, Kentucky 

bluegrass was the dominant species along one transect and occurred in trace amounts along the 

second transect. The south half of the pasture increased in ruggedness and a sere plot on a narrow 

ridgeline was at a mid seral stage with high amounts of blue grama and scattered patches of 

bluegrass and annual brome.

Pasture 3 was the smallest of the pastures and contained 47 percent NFS land. An NDSU sample 

plot located on rugged uplands on state land was suggestive of a late seral stage with light amounts 

of crested wheatgrass likely derived from a nearby oil well site.

An NDSU sample plot along the head of a drainage valley on the east side pasture 4 was at a mid 

seral stage with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass. An ecoplot on the west side of the pasture 

was dominated by crested wheatgrass but affected by a reclaimed oil well site. Three Robel 

transects and one belt transect suggested the predominance of native grass communities at mid seral 

stages with invasive grass occurrences increasing along improved roads.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek in the southern portion of Allotment 129 pasture 4. In 

addition, the key areas (the area <one mile of a lek) associated with two other leks have significant 

overlap with the allotment. The key areas associated with three other lek areas overlap slightly with 

the allotment. Though the transect data reflects a diverse proportion of herbaceous structure, station 

data indicates a low proportion of High structure stations important for nesting and brooding grouse.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed two years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Magpie Creek as described in the existing condition would 

improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result from 

the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub regeneration. However, 

increased plant litter resulting from the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate a shift towards late 

seral stage communities. Plant diversity and the desired range of seral stages would decrease with 

the shift towards late seral stages. The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the 

accumulation of plant litter that would in turn facilitate the expansion of invasive grasses that are 

intermixed among most of the plant communities. Increasing invasive grasses would impede the 

development or maintenance of late seral stages and result in transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Transitions would occur relatively quickly along the major drainage valleys where invasive grasses 

are currently most prominent and would continue spreading along numerous tributary drainages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and 
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brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses that may invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1090

federal AMs of which 1,000 are summer use and the remainder are winter use.

 Cow/calf pairs and yearlings are run in a four-pasture modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Magpie Creek as described in the existing condition would 

continue.

Woody Draws – Present woody draw conditions would persist with the continuation of current 

grazing management because livestock browsing and trampling disturbances were the main factor 

of At Risk conditions occurring in 44 percent of the sampled sites. Although the allotment is understocked compared to initial estimated carrying capacity, steep slopes, rugged topography, and high 

proportions of secondary range that were not incorporated in the estimate would decrease the value 

of carrying capacity. Topographic constraints increase or concentrate the degree of livestock 

utilization and woody draw disturbances in primary use areas characterized by relatively gentle and 

accessible drainage valleys.

Herbaceous Structure – Reflective of the Authorized Use level below the initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 21 percent, after accounting for cow size, the herbaceous structure distribution, 

as evidenced by the VOR transect samples, was approaching meeting the herbaceous structure 

objectives in 2004, though still short of High herbaceous structure at the transect and station scale. 

The 2005 subsample indicates that at least in pasture 4, that the allotment was providing some High 

structure at the transect level consistent with objectives. However, station data indicate that station 

level herbaceous structure is still dominated by Low and Moderate structure classes. Retaining 

similar Authorized Use levels in conjunction with a modified deferred rotation system contribute to 

existing herbaceous structure levels. If the proposed drought strategy had been in place in 2004, it is 

possible that this allotment may have met the desired herbaceous structure distribution consistent 

with the drought strategy.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would maintain the current proportion of seral 

stages among the sample sites that approximate desired conditions. However, invasive grasses 
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would have the potential to continue spreading along the primary use areas of Magpie Creek and 

tributary drainages, and would facilitate premature grazing of native grasses during late winter/early 

spring and potential hay feeding during years of high snow cover. Twice and thrice-over grazing 

rotations increase the frequency of disturbance and decrease opportunities for plant recovery and the 

completion of critical growth stages, with potential decreases in plant vigor assisting the spread of 

invasive grasses. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that exceeds reported 

use by 7 to 31 percent would increase grazing disturbances and contribute to shifts towards early 

seral stages and/or increasing invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Under the current allotment configuration, current management is 

approaching meeting herbaceous structure objectives on a transect scale. However, station data 

indicate that station level herbaceous structure is still dominated by Low and Moderate structure 

classes. Therefore, there is still a need to improve the proportion of High herbaceous structure

component in the allotment and current management is not meeting it at this time. Dormant season 

use reduces herbaceous structure from fall readings, thus, affecting spring grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat potential.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,090 federal AMs of which 1,000 AMs are summer use and the remainder are 

winter use.

 Reallocating Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 to Allotment 129 and reallocating Allotment 129

pasture 2 to Allotment 131.

 Extending the range water pipeline from the well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 131

pasture 1.

 Reclaiming two reservoirs in Allotment 131 pasture 1.

 In Section 3, developing water on the fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 1 and Allotment

131 pasture 1.

 To eliminate the bottleneck in Allotment 131 pasture 3, removing the fenceline (Sections 11 and 

12) between Allotment 129 pasture 2 and Allotment 131 pasture 3.

 Creating a riparian pasture by installing a northwest to southeast fence in pastures 1 and 2 

(Sections 10 and 11), to establish/enhance willows along Magpie Creek; resting pasture 1 year 

and then annually rotate the season of use beginning with dormant season grazing.

 In Allotment 129 pasture 4, extending the existing range water pipeline from Section 15 to the 

northwestern quarter of Section 23.

 Reclaiming a developed spring located in the southwest quarter of the southwest quarter of 

Section 14.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Temporarily fencing heavily impacted woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Hardening the watering area in the southwestern quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 11 

to define access to Magpie Creek.

Range

Initial Actions – Under this alternative Authorized Use would be 1,090 federal AMs, of which 

1,000 federal AMs would be available for the summer grazing season and 90 federal AMs would be 

available for winter grazing. The action outlined below of exchange of pastures between Allotments 

129 and 131 would result in an adjusting Authorized Use due to the loss of AMs and NFS acreage.

The exchange of Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 for Allotment 129 pasture 2 would provide 

additional flexibility to the permittees and improve livestock distribution in the northwestern

portion of Allotment 131 pasture 1. Allotment 129 would lose approximately 84 acres of NFS lands 

and approximately 30 to 35 federal AMs in the exchange resulting in a decrease in the Authorized 

Use. Since this allotment is an inventory permit and carries 90 AMs in the winter, grazing the AMs

would be removed from the summer or the winter grazing seasons.

Development of a range water pipeline from a well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 131 

pasture 1 would change the distribution within pasture 1 because of the unreliable livestock water 

provided by the existing reservoirs. Reclaiming the two reservoirs in Allotment 131 pasture 1 would 

have little to no effect on the distribution of livestock since the reservoirs are currently seasonal to 

nonfunctional. No adjustments in AUMs would be needed due to the size of the reclamations.

The development of water on the fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 1 and Allotment 131 

pasture 1, Section 3, would change livestock distribution in the area of the new stock tank because 

livestock are not attracted to this area currently.

The current shape and size of pasture 3 in Allotment 131 has created a bottle neck which has had an 

effect on livestock distribution and has increased grazing pressure in this location. By removing this 

bottle neck (the boundary fence between Allotment 129 pasture 2 and Allotment 131 pasture 3 in 

the southern half of Section 11), livestock will no longer be confined to the smaller area because the 

size of the pasture would increase. Over time, the grazing pressure would be less in areas currently 

being heavily grazed. Heavier grazing will still occur within 1/8 of a mile from the existing water 

development in pasture 1 of Allotment 131. 

Creation of a riparian pasture by installing a fence from the northwest to the southeast in pastures 1 

and 2 (Sections 11 and 12), and annually changing the season of use within the created riparian 

pastures, would change the distribution of livestock in both pastures due to the change in the size of 

the pastures and seasonality of grazing. This action would allow more control of the grazing 

pressure along Magpie Creek because livestock would no longer have free access to the riparian 

areas when grazing the northern half of the two pastures. 
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The establishment and enhancement of willows along Magpie Creek by resting riparian pastures for 

1 year then annually rotating the season of use, beginning the rotation with a dormant season 

grazing, would initially affect the amount of forage available to livestock in this allotment.

Adjustments would need to be made in the number of livestock stocked in the remaining pasture to 

assure extra grazing pressure is not applied to these pastures. The number of livestock would be 

reduced in the first year of implementation because the allotment is currently being permitted 

through the MGA as an inventory allotment.

Extending the existing range water pipeline from Section 15 to the northwestern quarter of Section 

23, T144N, R101W and reclaiming an existing spring development in the southwestern quarter of 

the southwest quarter of Section 14, T144N, R101W would not affect the available federal AMs;

however, it would improve the distribution of livestock because of the existing condition of the 

spring development.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment if the exclosures are kept to a small acreage. Forage within the 

exclosures would no longer be available for livestock grazing. A large woody draw exclosure would 

increase livestock grazing pressure on the remaining forage and change the distribution of livestock.

As a result, adjustments in available AMs would need to be changed accordingly because of the 

AMs excluded from livestock grazing. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result 

there will be additional cost to maintain the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock. However, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Hardening the creek bottom in the southwestern quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 11 to 

define access to Magpie Creek would not have any effects on livestock grazing.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The reallocation of pastures from Allotment 129 to Allotment 131, and vice versa, 

would have no effect on riparian conditions along Magpie Creek, Reach 5. There is no riparian 

habitat in the Allotment 131 pastures to be reallocated, and desired riparian conditions in Allotment 

129 pasture 2 are being met.

The development of off-stream water sources in pasture 1 would benefit the riparian condition of 

Magpie Creek in Reach 5 by reducing livestock pressure on the creek for a water source. Riparian 

conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area allowing for 

herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Reclaiming the two reservoirs in Allotment 131 pasture 1 would have little to no effect on the 

distribution of livestock since the reservoirs are currently seasonal to nonfunctional, so there would 

be no effect on riparian conditions along Magpie Creek, Reach 5, in Allotment 129 pasture 1.

The removing of a bottle neck (the boundary fence between Allotment 129 pasture 2 and Allotment 

131 pasture 3 in the southern half of Section 11) would have no effect on riparian condition along 
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Magpie Creek in Allotment 129 pasture 1, which is a separate pasture. It is expected that desired 

conditions along Magpie Creek in Allotment 129 pasture 2 would continue due to the distance of 

separation from the bottleneck area.

The proposed riparian pasture in pastures 1 and 2 should improve riparian function along Magpie 

Creek. The change in grazing rotation is intended to improve the establishment of riparian willows, 

which greatly strengthens channel banks and entraps stream sediment. Although the riparian area 

would benefit from the creation of a riparian pasture, complete recovery is unlikely in the short term 

because the local topography funnels livestock into the creek bottom. Also infrastructure, such as 

corrals, water developments, and feeding stations are concentrated near Magpie Creek and the most 

palatable vegetation is located along the creek.

The reclamation of the spring in Section 14 would result in the re-establishment of lentic riparian 

habitat associated with the spring. The addition of a water source in pasture 4 is intended to replace 

the reclaimed spring.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Adaptive Options – Temporarily fencing heavily impacted woody draws would not have an effect 

on riparian conditions along Magpie Creek because there would be little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment, if fenced woody draws were kept to a small acreage.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow benefitting the riparian condition along Magpie Creek. A reduction in overland flow 

delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of 

riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Hardening the watering area of Magpie Creek in Section 11 should benefit stream conditions 

through this reach by protecting banks from livestock trampling and trailing. 

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek in pasture 1 would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Exchanging Allotment 129 pasture 2 for Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 would 

slightly increase the percentage of Healthy woody draws and decrease At Risk draws in Allotment 

129, with an opposite effect in Allotment 131. Woody draw conditions in Allotment 131 pastures 1 

and 2 would have the potential to decrease after the exchange because the frequency of summer use 

would increase compared to the predominance of winter management under Allotment 131.

Allotment 129 would still consist of four pastures because the fenceline/natural boundary between 

Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 is poorly functioning. Multiple rotations would continue in 

Allotment 129 under the 12-month inventory permit and contribute to the level of woody draw 

disturbances. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use compared to reported 

use would increase woody draw disturbances and decrease conditions.

Creation of a riparian pasture along Magpie Creek by constructing fences along the north side of the 

creek in Allotment 129 pastures 1 and 2 could increase the potential for improved riparian and 
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76 | Chapter 3

woody draw conditions by decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances sufficiently to 

achieve PFC conditions. Woody draws along the creek margins as well as along upland drainages at 

the south end of pastures 1 and 2 would experience decreased browsing and trampling disturbances, 

particularly when the riparian pastures are utilized during the winter. However, the decreased 

pasture sizes would increase the evenness of livestock distribution with the potential for increased 

woody draw disturbances and decreasing conditions. This would be most apt to occur in the north 

halves of pastures 1 and 2 outside the riparian pasture, but would also have the potential to occur 

within the riparian pasture depending on the seasons and level of use. No adjustments in Authorized 

Use are proposed to accommodate decreased use within the riparian pastures, so the potential would 

occur for increased use and woody draw disturbances in other portions of the allotment. Decreasing 

pasture sizes would conflict with Grasslands Plan goals for increasing the size of pastures within the 

Badlands Geographic Area (p 2-14), but some of the decrease in pasture size would be offset by 

removing fencelines and adding the north portion of Allotment 129 pasture 2 with Allotment 131 

pasture 3.

Extending water pipelines to three new water tanks to replace two dugout reservoirs in Allotment 

131 pasture 1 (now part of allotment 129) and one developed spring in Allotment 129 pasture 4, all 

of which would be reclaimed, would have a slightly negative effect on the extent of woody draw 

disturbances. Reclamation of a 0.5-acre shallow reservoir at the south end of Allotment 131 would 

result in the loss of a small wetland with relatively good condition cottonwood and willow trees 

around the shoreline. The watershed of the pond is relatively small and restoring the natural 

hydrology would have little benefit for downstream woody draw habitat compared to maintaining 

the riparian trees. Reclamation of a smaller reservoir at the north end of the pasture would affect a 

surrounding woody draw community, but it would have a greater potential to persist after 

reclamation disturbances because green ash and other woody species in this area are not dependent 

on riparian conditions of the reservoir.

Replacing the reservoirs with pipeline-supplied water tanks would maintain livestock disturbances 

within adjacent or different woody draws depending on the final tank locations. The tank proposed 

to replace the north reservoir would be situated along the pasture fenceline of Allotment 129 pasture 

1 and Allotment 131 pasture 1, and would increase livestock disturbances in woody draws occurring 

in secondary range at the north end of Allotment 129 pasture 1. Although numerous Rocky 

Mountain juniper communities in this area would disperse livestock disturbances throughout 

woodland communities to some extent, topography would funnel livestock trailing along the lower 

end of several first order drainages where woody draws are concentrated, thereby ensuring 

increased woody draw disturbances. The pipeline supplied water tanks could be managed to control 

livestock distribution, but would nonetheless result in a net increase of woody draw disturbances.

The more reliable water tanks might assist greater implementation of a deferred rotation, but would 

not sufficiently decrease or limit woody draw disturbances due to the continued frequency of 

grazing each pasture during the warm summer months.

Reclamation of a developed spring in pasture 4 and construction of a water tank in open grassland 

as much as 0.5 miles to the north would assist improved conditions of adjacent small woody draw 
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patches by decreasing livestock disturbances around the spring. Reclamation of the spring would 

contribute to Grasslands Plan goals for restoring or improving 80 percent of spring habitat.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or reducing Authorized Use would facilitate 

improved woody draw conditions by increasing the potential regeneration of desired woody species 

by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, increased 

plant litter resulting from the removal of livestock grazing in fenced exclosures would facilitate 

increased development of existing invasive grasses that have the potential to decrease woody 

species regeneration. Hardening water crossing sites along Magpie Creek could alleviate or 

concentrate livestock browsing and trampling disturbances to specific locations, thereby decreasing 

disturbances along other portions of the creek with the potential to facilitate the development or 

increase the extent of woody draw patches.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed actions of this alternative would encourage a more even distribution 

of livestock on the uplands using increased or improved water in the uplands to increase even 

utilization. Replacing nonfunctional/seasonal reservoirs with water tanks would extend the grazing 

season in this pasture at the expense of potential secondary range which could depress potential

High herbaceous structure in Allotment 131 pasture 1 and Allotment 129 pasture 1. The effects of 

placing water on the fenceline in Section 3 would result in minor changes in Allotment 131 pasture 

1 due to an already existing water source (to be reclaimed) in this portion of the pasture.

Conversely, in Allotment 129 pasture 1, the tank would introduce a new water source at the far 

north end of the pasture. Much of the area around the proproposed tank location in Allotment 129 

pasture 1 is dominated by trees or nonvegetated badlands terrain. The effects from the tank (off the 

pipeline) replacing the eastern reservoir would depend on its location. The closer the tank is to the 

reservoir, the less likely there would be differences in livestock distribution and its effects to 

herbaceous structure. Replacing the spring development (southwest Section 14) with a tank 

(northwest Section 23) on a water line could also homogenize distribution, but the degree would 

depend on the distance between the two facilities and other watering facilities. Therefore, the effects 

from the new tanks are that they will generally contribute to a more homogenized landscape, 

particularly within the context of the Authorized Use of this alternative. The effects from creating a 

riparian pasture would be relative to the size and configuration of the riparian exclosure. However, 

it appears, superficially at least, that there should be an improvement in the diversity of herbaceous 

structure due to the amount of habitat potential outside the riparian zone but within the riparian 

pasture. On the other hand, the nonriparian pasture may experience even more pressure with the 

deferred AMs from the riparian management guidelines creating a more homogenous herbaceous 

structure distribution within that pasture. Retaining the current level of Authorized Use is projected 

to contribute to the retention of the existing herbaceous structure distribution. Since even 

distribution appears to be an objective of the proposed actions, then it can be expected that 

herbaceous structure would reflect those same objectives.

Adaptive Options – The most efficient tool to manipulate herbaceous structure is adjusting the 

Authorized Use level for the allotment. Downward adjustments can increase the amount of residual 

cover, therefore potentially increasing the proportion of High structure grasslands and improving 
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the herbaceous structure distribution in the allotment. The effects of temporarily fencing heavily 

impacted woody draws would be relative to the size, location, and length of time of the woody draw 

fence. But it is expected impacts would be minimal due to the small amount of draws projected to 

be fenced though there may be an increased temporary use on the immediately adjacent biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Exchanging pastures with Allotment 131 would result in changing the season of 

use in the exchanged pastures compared to current management. More consistent implementation of 

a deferred rotation in Allotment 129, as facilitated by the proposal of new water tanks, would result 

in greater changes in the season of use for Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 after the exchange.

Greater summer use of Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 compared to current management might 

contribute to increased livestock distribution into secondary range with the potential to decrease the 

occurrence of late seral stages, and multiple pasture rotations in Allotment 129 would decrease the 

potential for increased seral development. The potential for winter hay feeding and the spread of 

invasive grasses would continue in both allotments. A sere plot in Allotment 129 pasture 2 at a mid 

seral stage would be exchanged for a plot in Allotment 131 pasture 1 that was at an earlier range of 

a mid seral stage with increased dominance of blue grama. Bluegrass and other invasive grasses 

appeared to occur at similar amounts in each pasture.

Creation of a riparian pasture along Magpie Creek and the southern portions of Allotment 129 

pastures 1 and 2 would result in decreased pasture sizes and increase livestock density with the 

potential for increased evenness of livestock distribution. The mosaic of grazing pressure and seral 

stages would therefore have the potential to decrease. This effect would be most pronounced in the 

north half of these pastures that would be utilized similar to current management. Utilization of the 

riparian pastures would be expected to decrease in order to achieve and maintain PFC conditions 

along the creek, thereby increasing the potential for shifts to late seral stages among upland plant 

communities south of the creek. However, no adjustments are proposed for levels of Authorized 

Use to accommodate potentially decreased use in the riparian pastures, so the potential would occur 

for increased use and decreased seral stages in other pastures. Creation of the riparian pastures 

would conflict with Grasslands Plan goals for increasing pasture sizes in the Badlands Geographic 

Area, but some of the decrease would be offset by adding Allotment 131 pasture 3 to the north 

portion of Allotment 129 pasture 2 outside the riparian pasture.

Extending water pipelines to three new water tanks to replace dugout reservoirs and a developed 

spring would have a neutral or slightly negative effect on plant composition or seral stage 

proportions. There would be a high potential for invasive grasses to dominate around the reclaimed 

sites due to their present occurrence and additional disturbances involved in reclamation. There 

would also be a high potential for disturbances associated with pipeline construction to assist the 

spread and establishment of invasive grasses. Decreased livestock disturbances around reclaimed 

water developments would be countered by increased disturbances around the new water locations.

Secondary range at the far north end of Allotment 129 pasture 1 with the potential for supporting 

late seral stages would experience increased grazing disturbances and decreasing seral stages as a 

result of locating one of the tanks along the fenceline with Allotment 131 pasture 1. Effects of the 
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second water tank at the south end of Allotment 131 pasture 1 could be minimized by placing the 

tank near the existing reservoir proposed for reclamation. The general location of a new water tank 

in pasture 4 to replace a developed spring likely experiences a moderate degree of current use due to 

its proximity near the spring and a prominent road corridor that contributes to livestock trailing 

patterns.

Positive effects of the new stock tanks would include the ability to control water flow to manage the 

timing and distribution of livestock grazing throughout the pasture and alleviate excessive use 

around favored water locations. This could contribute to the maintenance of native plant 

communities, but could also decrease the mosaic of grazing pressure and a range of seral stages.

More reliable pipeline-supplied water should assist greater seasonal rotations of grazing individual 

pastures, thereby increasing opportunities for plants to complete critical growth stages, increase in 

vigor, and shift towards late seral stages. However, multiple pasture rotations, premature spring 

grazing, hay feeding, and potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would 

impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by 

decreasing livestock grazing disturbances. Sufficiently decreased levels of use would facilitate the 

accumulation of plant litter that would increase conditions for the establishment and spread of 

invasive grasses. Fencing woody draws and hardening water crossing sites along Magpie Creek 

would not have an appreciable effect on upland seral stages due to the small size of the 

developments.

Sharp-tailed Grouse 

Initial Actions – The initial actions would not enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat because 

the apparent focus of the proposed initial actions is to even out the distribution. The Authorized Use 

level is approximately 21 percent under the initial estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for 

cow size. However, Authorized Use is appreciably less than the initial estimated carrying capacity 

and, in recent years, planned use of the permit has been typically at lower numbers than Authorized 

Use (Preference). Also, as a result of the exchange with Allotment 131, a reduction in Authorized 

Use of approximately 30-35 AMs will occur. The proposed actions of this alternative would 

encourage a more even distribution of livestock on the uplands using increased water distribution in 

the uplands for increased even utilization. Replacing nonfunctional/seasonal reservoirs with water 

tanks could extend the grazing season at the expense of potential secondary range in Allotment 131 

pasture 1 and Allotment 129 pasture 1 while at the same time permit management flexibility. The 

effects of placing water on the fenceline in Section 3 for Allotment 129 pasture 1 would introduce a 

new water source at the far north end of the pasture. Much of the area around the proposed tank 

location in Allotment 129 pasture 1 is dominated by trees or nonvegetated badlands terrain. Due to 

an existing reservoir (to be reclaimed) in Allotment 131 pasture 1, the new tank would not have 

appreciable effects on distribution though seasonal use may be expanded. The effects from the tank 

replacing the eastern reservoir would depend on its location. The closer the tank is to the reservoir, 

the less likely there would be differences in utilization patterns and its effects to herbaceous 

structure. Replacing the spring development (Section 14) with a tank (Section 23) on a water line 

could also homogenize distribution by placing it in a more central location while maintaining the 
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same water density. Therefore the initial effects from the new tanks are that they will contribute to a 

more homogenized landscape, due to a more reliable source and increased distribution. The effects 

from creating a riparian pasture would be relative to the size and configuration of the riparian 

exclosure. However, it appears, superficially at least, that there should be an improvement in the 

diversity of herbaceous structure due to the amount of habitat potential outside the riparian zone but 

still within the riparian pasture. On the other hand, the nonriparian pasture may experience more 

livestock grazing pressure due to the deferred AMs from the riparian pasture, thus creating a more 

homogenous herbaceous structure distribution within that pasture. Since even utilization is an

apparent objective of the proposed actions, which is coupled with no initial change in the 

Authorized Use, then it can be expected that herbaceous structure and its implications for grouse 

nesting habitat, would reflect those same objectives. The apparent flip side, however, is that an even 

distribution should not result in an over-abundance of Low or Low-Moderate structure, but rather a 

more mid-Moderate range.

It is unclear how the rotation will change in light of the new allotment configuration with Allotment 

131. Allotment 129 pasture 2, which is consistently used early and in the winter, will be exchanged 

with Allotment 131. Allotment 131 focuses on winter use, which can have a greater impact on 

potential grouse nesting habitat. Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 will be exchanged with Allotment 

129 but the change in system is unknown at this time but some combination of winter and summer 

use is expected, consistent with previous management of Allotment 129. Based on existing VOR 

readings, previous management does not appear to be conducive to producing a fully diverse 

herbaceous structure distribution.

Adaptive Options – The most efficient tool would be to adjust the Authorized Use level to increase 

the proportion of High structure to enhance nesting and brooding habitat. Hardening a watering area 

would have no effect on the herbaceous structure distribution. Temporarily fencing woody draws 

could create more grazing pressure on the herbaceous areas outside the temporary fencing adversely 

affecting potential habitat for the time the fence is in place. But the effects are expected to be 

minimal due to the limited amount of fencing projected to take place and the temporary nature of 

exclosure(s).

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following exceptions:

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Extending the range water pipeline from the well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 129 

pasture 2, Section 11. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Adding water in pasture 2, Section 11, would add an additional livestock tank to 
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the pasture. Livestock distribution has already been altered with the initial action of splitting the 

pasture north of Magpie Creek. Adding the livestock tank would assist in evenly distributing 

livestock through the northern portion of pasture 2 because Magpie Creek and the well are the 

primary sources of water here.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following 

exception, a water pipeline extension with the installation of a stock tank in pasture 2. The 

development of an off-stream water source in pasture 2 would further benefit the riparian condition 

of Magpie Creek in reach 4, which is at desired condition, by reducing livestock pressure on the 

creek for a water source.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – As a result of topographic influences and to maximize the spatial distance with 

existing water sources, an additional water tank in pasture 2 would likely be located at the south end 

of the northeast quarter of Section 11. Locating the tank in this area would have an adverse effect on 

several small but almost insignificant woody draw patches due to increased livestock disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The effects of adding another water source would result in homogenizing 

herbaceous structure within the pasture by increasing livestock distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – A sere plot and an NDSU sample plot in the east central portion of Section 11 

consisted of native grass communities at mid seral stages with low occurrences of invasive grasses. 

The proposed water tank would be located relatively close to these sample sites and facilitate a shift 

towards early seral stages as a result of increased livestock grazing and trampling disturbances.

Winter use and hay feeding would have a high potential to assist the establishment of invasive 

grasses around the tank location if the pasture is exchanged with Allotment 131 as proposed, 

thereby contributing additional adverse effects to native communities in this area. Splitting the 

south half of the pasture to create a riparian pasture would increase the evenness of livestock 

distribution in the north pasture, and the proposed and existing water tanks in the newly configured 

pasture would further add to the evenness of grazing disturbances. However, some of the decrease 

in pasture size would be offset by removing the fenceline between Allotment 131 pasture 3 and the 

north half of Allotment 129 pasture 2.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The effects of adding another water source would result in homogenizing 

herbaceous structure, and reducing the quality of potential grouse nesting habitat within the pasture 

by increasing livestock distribution.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

changes listed below. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.
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INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set at the level of Alternatives 2, 3, and 3A but adjusted for cow 

size.

 In Section 3, developing water on fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 1 and Allotment 131 

pasture 1, reclaiming or fencing one reservoir in Allotment 131 pasture 1 (west side).

 In pasture 1, on Magpie Creek, constructing a 94-acre riparian exclosure. No grazing of 

exclosure for first 3 years. Plant willow, cottonwood or other native species in exclosure.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Extending range water pipeline from well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 131 pasture

1 and reclaiming one reservoir in Allotment 131 pasture 1 (east side).

 Riparian Exclosure: At end of year 3, conduct vegetation survey. If riparian vegetation has been 

established on 80 percent of streambanks and stream deposition is occurring, then initiate late or 

dormant season prescribed grazing. Prescribed grazing would be identified in AOI/AW.

 Constructing 42- and 59-acre riparian exclosures on Magpie Creek in pasture 1, Section 10 

(Reaches 2 and 3).

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,090 federal AUMs, of which 1,000 

AUMs would be summer use and the remainder would be winter use because of winter needs 

associated with the permit through MGA. The existing Authorized Use of 1,090 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,254 federal AUMs. The effect of this 

authorization equates to a 13 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are 

authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of the cow when 

calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration that can be grazed when planning 

the rotation for the allotment. This would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the inventory 

permit for this allotment.

The development of water on the fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 1 and Allotment 131 

pasture 1, Section 3, was discussed under Alternative 3 and would have the same effects. Fencing 

one of the reservoirs would not have any effect on livestock distribution or available AUMs in this 

pasture because of the size of the area fenced from livestock. 

Installing an approximately 94-acre riparian exclosure would fence out approximately 40 to 42 

federal AUMs of pasture 1 that are currently available for livestock grazing. Livestock grazing 

would not be allowed for the first 3 years, which would mean a reduction in the number of livestock 

authorized for those years because the allotment is currently being permitted through the MGA as 

an inventory allotment. After 3 years, if the desired conditions have been reached, the 40 to 42 

federal AUMs would be reauthorized, and the riparian pasture would be grazed under a prescribed 

grazing plan starting with a late to dormant season grazing.

Adaptive Options – Constructing 42- and 59-acre exclosures on Magpie Creek would eliminate 

livestock from having access to the forage within the exclosure and because of the size of the 
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exclosures, available AUMs within pasture 1 would need to be adjusted to account for the amount 

of livestock forage being removed from the pasture by the two exclosures.

Riparian

Initial Actions – In pasture 1, on Magpie Creek, construct a 94-acre riparian exclosure and plant 

riparian vegetation within the exclosure. The riparian exclosure would provide the best opportunity 

for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time because of the exclusion of 

livestock grazing, trailing, and trampling. The planting of native willow and cottonwood, which 

greatly strengthens channel banks and entraps stream sediment, would accelerate restoration of this 

reach and better ensure a positive outcome. It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek 

in pasture 1 would be achieved in 2 to 5 years.

Adaptive Options – Construct 42- and 59-acre riparian exclosures on Magpie Creek in pasture 1,

Section 10. The effects would be the same as described for the 94-acre riparian exclosure in the 

initial actions. It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek in pasture 1 would be 

achieved in 2 to 5 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent after adjusting for cow size could 

facilitate improved woody draw conditions by decreasing the level of livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances. However, the effect would be decreased by the level of potential use that 

ranges from 7 percent less to 14 percent greater than currently reported use that includes winter use.

Rather than constructing two pipeline-supplied water tanks and reclaiming two reservoirs as 

discussed under Alternative 3, only one water tank would be constructed along the fenceline 

between Allotment 129 pasture 1 and Allotment 131 pasture 1, and a nearby reservoir in Allotment 

131 would be fenced or reclaimed. Livestock disturbances in secondary range at the north end of 

Allotment 129 pasture 1 would increase as a result of the new water tank and the condition of small 

woody draw patches in this area would decrease. Although numerous Rocky Mountain juniper 

communities in this area would disperse livestock disturbances in woodland communities to some 

extent, topography would funnel livestock trailing along the lower end of several first drainages 

where woody draws are concentrated, thereby increasing woody draw disturbances. Management of 

water tanks to control livestock distribution would limit excessive utilization around the tanks but 

the extent of woody draw disturbances would nonetheless increase. Management of the water tank 

would result in increased variability in the season and period of livestock disturbances in Allotment 

131 pasture 1 compared to current management under Allotment 131, but the level of woody draw 

disturbances in Allotment 131 pasture 1 would remain similar to current conditions.

The second reservoir at the south end of Allotment 131 pasture 1 with a shoreline of riparian trees 

would be left as is. Thus, water would be available to livestock whenever the reservoir holds water 

and the potential for controlling livestock disturbances and improving At Risk woody draw 

conditions in the surrounding area would be reduced.

The effects of creating a riparian pasture in the south portions of Allotment 129 pastures 1 and 2 

were discussed under Alternative 3. Constructing a second riparian pasture along Magpie Creek 

west of the first pasture would decrease livestock disturbances and increase the development of 
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riparian communities and woody draw patches in the pasture. Planting native riparian species in the 

pastures would increase the potential rate of improved riparian conditions. However, decreased 

livestock access to the creek corridor would have the potential to increase woody draw disturbances 

outside the riparian pastures.

Adaptive Options – The effects of constructing two additional water tanks at the south end of 

Allotment 131 pasture 1 and north of a developed spring in Allotment 129 pasture 4 that would be 

reclaimed were discussed under Alternative 3. Reclaiming rather than fencing the south reservoir 

would result in the loss of riparian trees that are sufficiently dense to protect much of the reservoir 

shoreline.

Construction of two additional riparian exclosures in pasture 1 would result in decreased livestock 

disturbances and improvement of riparian communities with the potential for assisting the 

development or increasing the extent of woody draw patches along the margins of the exclosures.

Increasing plant litter resulting from decreased livestock grazing within portions of the exclosures 

would facilitate the increase of invasive grasses that could impede the regeneration of desired 

woody species. Decreasing access along the creek corridor would contribute to increased livestock 

disturbance and decreased conditions of woody draws located outside the riparian 

pastures/exclosures.

Further decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate improved woody draw conditions as a result of 

decreased livestock disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting Authorized Use to account for cow size would increase the potential to 

improve residual cover by decreasing the intensity of livestock use and help offset the increased 

distribution of livestock with the increased and improved water distribution. Creating a 94-acre 

riparian pasture could increase the amount of High structure but would be offset by the planting of 

shrubs and trees within the pasture, decreasing the overall effectiveness of the potential 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution. Lastly, 94 acres constitutes only 

approximately 5 percent of pasture 1 and would provide a small fraction of herbaceous plant 

communities to the herbaceous structure distribution. This alternative would reclaim or fence one 

nonfunctional or seasonal reservoir rather two as in alternative 3. The new tank on the fenceline 

could alter the distribution of livestock use at the expense of secondary range within Allotment 129 

pasture 1. Those impacts should be somewhat less in Allotment 131 pasture 1 due to the location of 

the tank along the fenceline and the distance to the proposed reclaimed reservoir. Much of the area 

around the proposed tank location in Allotment 129 pasture 1 is dominated by trees or nonvegetated 

badlands terrain and would not contribute an appreciable amount of herbaceous dominated habitats 

at this time.

Overall, the effects of the initial actions are that there could be an improvement in the herbaceous 

structure distribution under the new allotment configuration. If the Authorized Use was established 

on the “initial estimated carrying capacity,” as stated in the proposed actions, then there could be a 

20 percent increase in use which would run counter to improving herbaceous structure. However, if 

the proposal is to adjust the current Authorized Use number (1,090) to be based on an AUM rather 
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than an AM, this would effectively reduce the use and potentially increase residual cover on the 

allotment. However, the 3-year average indicates the allotment may already be operated at or below 

the initial estimated carrying capacity level. Hence, establishing the Authorized Use at the 1,090 

AUM level may have no real effect on herbaceous structure and grouse nesting cover.

Adaptive Options – The adaptive actions under this alternative fully adopt the water replacement 

initial actions of Alternative 3: extend pipeline into Section 2 and reclaim the eastern reservoir and 

extend the pipeline from Section 15 to Section 23 and reclaim spring development in Section 14. 

See the discussion under Alternative 3 regarding the full implementation of water sources. It is 

assumed that the two potential riparian exclosures (42 and 59 acres) will have no grazing since no 

general strategy is outlined for them. The AUMs should be adjusted to account for the deferred 

forage; therefore, the effects to herbaceous structure are expected to be neutral outside the two 

grazing exclosures. Inside the riparian exclosures there could be improvement in herbaceous 

structure on biologically capable habitats. However, this is expected to be minimal because of the 

expected generally linear configuration of the exclosures and prevalence of shrubs and trees within 

the riparian zones. Manipulating the Authorized Use level downward would be the most efficient 

means to increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure and improve the herbaceous structure 

distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – A 13 percent reduction in Authorized Use after adjusting for cow size would 

increase the potential for shifts towards late seral stages, but the potential level of use would remain 

7 percent less to 14 percent greater than reported use that includes winter use. Multiple grazing 

rotations would continue under the 12-month inventory permit, potentially impeding increased plant 

vigor by decreasing opportunities for the completion of critical growth periods. Adverse impacts 

associated with winter hay feeding and premature grazing of native grasses would also continue and 

assist the spread of invasive grasses.

The effects of exchanging pastures with Allotment 131 and replacing the reservoir at the north end 

of Allotment 131 pasture 1with a pipeline-supplied water tank were discussed under Alternative 3.

The effect of creating a riparian pasture in the south portions of Allotment 129 pastures 1 and 2 

were discussed under Alternative 3. Constructing a second riparian pasture with decreased livestock 

access along the corridor of Magpie Creek would increase grazing disturbances in upland 

herbaceous communities that could contribute to shifts towards early seral stages.

Adaptive Options – Construction of two additional riparian pastures would increase the proportion 

of pasture acreage with decreased livestock access, thereby increasing livestock disturbances among 

upland herbaceous communities with potential shifts towards early seral stages. 

The effects of constructing two additional pipeline supplied water tanks at the south end of 

Allotment 131 pasture 1 and north of a developed spring in Allotment 129 pasture 4 that would be 

reclaimed were discussed under Alternative 3.

Decreasing levels of Authorized Use would facilitate a shift towards late seral stages as a result of 

decreased livestock grazing and trampling disturbances. Sufficiently decreased levels of use would 
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facilitate the accumulation of plant litter that would assist the establishment and spread of invasive 

grasses in portions of some pastures.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting Authorized Use (1,090 AUMs) to account for cow size would increase 

the potential to improve residual cover, enhancing grouse nesting habitat, by decreasing the

intensity of livestock use and help offset the increased distribution of livestock with the increased 

water distribution. Creating an approximate 94-acre riparian pasture could increase the amount of 

potential grouse nesting habitat in absolute terms, particularly after the 3-year rest period, but would 

be offset by the planting of shrubs and trees and may create an ecological trap for nesting hens and 

broods (Manzer and Hannon 2005) decreasing the effectiveness of the improved habitat conditions 

on the biologically capable habitat types. This riparian pasture encompasses only 5 percent of 

pasture 1, so any improvement in potential grouse nesting habitat afforded by the riparian pasture 

would be very minimal overall. This alternative would reclaim or fence one nonfunctional or 

seasonal reservoir. Since the replaced reservoir is nonfunctional and/or seasonal, the new tank on 

the fenceline in Section 3 could alter the distribution of livestock use at the expense of secondary 

range within Allotment 129 pasture 1. Those impacts should be somewhat less in Allotment 131

pasture 1 because of the distance of the new tank and the reclaimed reservoir. Conversely, in 

Allotment 129 pasture 1, the tank would introduce a new water source at the far north end of the 

pasture but which could have only a marginal effect to grouse habitat. Much of the area around the 

proposed tank location in Allotment 129 pasture 1 is dominated by trees or nonvegetated badlands 

terrain and does not provide highly suitable grouse nesting habitat at this time. 

Winter use would continue to reduce herbaceous structure from fall levels, reducing residual cover

for spring grouse nesting needs. However, residual cover levels under Alternative 4 are expected to 

be reduced less than Alternative 3.

Overall, the effects of the initial actions are that there could be an enhancement of grouse nesting 

habitat in the new allotment configuration. If the Authorized Use was established on the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, then there could be a 20 percent increase in use which would run 

counter to improving herbaceous structure and enhancing grouse habitat. Adjusting the current 

Authorized Use number (1,090) to be based on an AUM rather than an AM effectively reduces the 

use, thus potentially increasing residual cover on the allotment. However, the 3-year average 

indicates the allotment may already be operated at or below the initial estimated carrying capacity 

level. Hence, establishing the Authorized Use at the 1,090 AUM level may have no real effect on 

herbaceous structure and grouse nesting cover.

Adaptive Options – The adaptive actions under this alternative fully adopt the water replacement 

initial actions of Alternative 3: extend pipeline into Section 2 and reclaim the eastern reservoir and 

extend the pipeline from Section 15 to Section 23 and reclaim spring development in Section 14. 

See the discussion under Alternative 3 regarding the full implementation of water sources. It is 

assumed that the two potential riparian exclosures (42 and 59 acres) will have no grazing since no 

strategy is outlined for them. The AUMs should be adjusted to account for the deferred forage;

therefore, the effects on grouse nesting habitat are expected to be neutral outside the two exclosures. 

Inside the riparian exclosures there could be enhancement in grouse nesting habitat on biologically 
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capable habitats. However, this is expected to be minimal because of the expected generally linear 

configuration of the exclosure, the prevalence of shrubs and trees within the riparian zone rather 

than biologically capable herbaceous habitats, and the size of exclosures relative to the pasture and 

allotment. Manipulating the Authorized Use level downward would be the most efficient means to 

increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure and improve the herbaceous structure 

distribution.
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ALLOTMENT 130

Table 130.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

130 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.51b – Bighorn Sheep Habitat With 

Non-Federal Mineral Ownership

905 44

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

1151 56

Total allotment acres 2875 100

NFS acres 2056 72

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 819 28

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on NFS 

lands

833

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on NFS 

lands

891

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 6
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Table 130.2 — Allotment 130 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian 1998/99 and 2004 surveys rate the portion of Whitetail 

Creek in this allotment at PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody draws 27 percent of sampled woody draws are Healthy, 67 

percent are At Risk, and 7 percent are Unhealthy. At Risk 

and Unhealthy woody draws exhibit a lack of tree and 

shrub regeneration, grass understories, and headcutting.

Increase successful 

recruitment of tree and shrub 

seedlings. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.3; 1.01; 1.4; 1.28; 1.29

2004 Stations percent: Low-81/Moderate-19/High-0

2005 Transects: N/A

2005 Stations percent: N/A.

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High structure 

on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Predominance of mid seral stages but prominent invasive 

grass occurrences in all six pastures.

Increase the maintenance of 

native grass communities and 

manage for additional late and 

early seral stages while 

limiting or decreasing the 

spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

One lek is known within the allotment. Plus there are two 

other key areas associated with known leks that intersect 

with allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Approximately 63 acres of Canada thistle and burdock located along Whitetail Creek. 
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Table 130.3 — Allotment 130 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Authorized Use is 833 federal 

AMs (634 federal AMs are 

summer use and remainder is 

winter use).

Three-year average permitted use 

is 593 summer federal AMs.*

Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

Rotation: One herd seasonlong in 

one pasture, another herd twiceover in two pastures, third herd 

goes to Allotment 302 for 

summer months, all herds winter 

in this allotment.

Class(s) of livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs and yearlings.

See allotment map in Appendix 

B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AMs: 833 of 

which 634 AMs are summer use 

and the remainder are winter use.

Winter graze pastures 1, 2, and 6 

on a rotating annual basis.

Create three pasture deferred 

rotation system between pastures 

7, 8, and 9.

Recommend moving winter 

feeding activities from NFS to 

private in pastures 1 and 2.

Adaptive Options

Fence high-value woody draws.

Utilize herding.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AUMs: 891 

of which 634 AUMs are summer 

use and the remainder are winter 

use.

Winter graze pastures 1, 2, and 6 

on a rotating annual basis.

Use pastures 8 and 9 as crested 

wheatgrass pastures and graze 

early 2 out of 3 years before 

rotating to Allotment 302. In 

third year start in Allotment 302 

early on the crested wheatgrass 

areas temporarily fenced out in 

pastures 1 and 2.

Recommend moving winter 

feeding activities from NFS to 

private in pastures 1 and 2. 

Adaptive Options

Fence high-value woody draws.

Remove fence between 8 and 9 if 

combined herds are too confined 

in each pasture and resource 

conditions do not meet 

objectives.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

Survey woody draws every third 

year.

Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings (VOR) every 3 years.

Complete Properly Functioning 

Condition (PFC) survey every 

fifth year.

Collect vegetative composition 

and production data annually for 

3 years then every fifth year. 

Monitor Canada thistle in 

pasture. 1 

Monitoring

Survey woody draws once every 

3 to 5 years.

Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

Complete Properly Functioning 

Condition survey once every 5

years.

Collect vegetative composition 

data once every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 130 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 2,875 acres in total size and contains private and NFS 

lands with 2,056 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 62 

head for 8 months and an additional 138 head for 1 month (the additional 138 head come from 

Allotment 302) by the MGA. With this type of permit, livestock are on the allotment for the entire 

year, not just the typical May 1

st to December 31st

. Livestock are currently being wintered on 

private and intermingled private and NFS lands during the winter months of January through April 

in pastures 1, 2, and 7.

This allotment has been subdivided into nine pastures. Only six contain NFS lands. Four contain

only NFS land and the other two consist of both private and NFS lands. The pastures range from 66 

to 643 acres in size. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 130.1. Water 

developments within this allotment include developed springs, reservoirs, dugouts, and a well/stock 

tank.

The current rotation is as follows: pasture 1 is normally used from the middle of September to the 

end of December and during January through April by a varying number of livestock. In review of 

2004 through 2007’s allotment worksheets, this pasture is usually stocked with approximately 25 

yearlings and an additional 38 to 54 mature cows. Pasture 2 is normally treated as a bull pasture 

when they are not with the cow herd. Pasture 6 is normally used as a yearling pasture and is stocked 

with approximately 25 yearlings. The yearlings are normally turned out around May 15th and graze 

until the middle of September when they are rotated to pasture 1. Pasture 7 is normally used from 

May 1st to May 15th with 138 cow/calf pairs and from December 15th to December 31st with 138 

mature cows. This pasture is also used during the winter months of January through April; however, 

the exact numbers and dates are unknown. Upon reviewing 2004 through 2007’s AWs, two out of 

four grazing seasons the permittee brought the 138 cow/calf pairs back into this pasture during the 

months of June and July for about 20 days. Pastures 8 and 9 are stocked with about 38 cow/calf 

pairs under a modified twice-over/switch-back rotation. Livestock begins grazing around May 10th

starting in pasture 9 for approximately 25 to 30 days. The livestock are then rotated to pasture 8 and 

graze between 50 to 60 days. Livestock return to pasture 9 and normally graze until the second 

week of October when they are then rotated to pasture 1. In the 4 years of allotment worksheets, the 

permittee started in pasture 8 one year. 

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 63

acres of Canada thistle and burdock located primarily along Whitetail Creek. Through recent weed 

inventories and communication among the Forest Service, Billings County Weed Officer, and 

permittee, other infestations have been identified. In 2004, the Billings County weed board released 

biocontrol agents to control the Canada thistle with limited success. Prior to this and currently, 

herbicide continues to be the primary control agent for noxious weeds within this allotment. The 

threat of salt cedar is high along Whitetail Creek because of the infestations found downstream.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 2.7 

acres from livestock access. Approximately 0.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have 
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been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres 

is approximately 1.9 and 0.0 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

A 2.1-mile segment (reach 4) of Whitetail Creek traverses pastures 1 and 2 in Allotment 130. This 

reach has a riparian functionality rating of PFC (see table below).

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

130-01 Whitetail Creek (4) 1.84 1.84

130-02 Whitetail Creek (4) 0.27 0.27

Woody Draws – Of 15 woody draws sampled throughout the six NFS pastures, 27 percent were 

Healthy, 67 percent were At Risk, and 6 percent were Unhealthy. Canada thistle and wormwood 

infested woody draw communities in pasture 1 to the extent that herbicide control treatments are 

likely to result in adverse impacts to Healthy communities, which constitute 60 percent of the 

sample sites in this pasture. Whitetail Creek extends along the bottom of the woody draw 

communities where smooth brome is dominant along the floodplain. All sampled woody draws in 

pastures 6, 7, and 9 were At Risk. No woody draws were sampled in pasture 8.

Herbaceous Structure – Five VOR transects were sampled within this allotment in 2004. All five 

fell into the Low structure class. Consolidated station data from these five VOR transects 

demonstrated a high proportion of Low structure stations (<1.5 inches) at 81 percent, and Moderate 

at 19 percent.

Seral Stages – Four sere plots and two NDSU sample plots were at mid seral stages, with invasive 

grasses beginning to co-dominate in at least two of the plots. Of seven ecoplots from the late 1990s, 

four were at a late seral stage, two were at mid stages, and one was early. However, re-measurement 

of one of the ecoplots in pasture 6 with a sere plot resulted in a shift from a late seral stage in 1998 

to a mid stage in 2008, with invasive grasses increasing from 0 to 21 percent of the relative grass 

cover between sample years. Observations around several other ecoplots suggested similar shifts in 

seral stage and increasing invasive grasses.

An NDSU sample plot and two sere plots at the southeast end of pasture 1 were at mid-early or mid 

seral stages with relatively high amounts of sedge and/or blue grama. Smooth brome constituted 

about 12 percent of the grass production in the NDSU sample. Patches of annual brome and typical 

barnyard weeds such as kochia (Kochia scoparia) and pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) occurred at the 

southwest end of the pasture and are attributed to hay feeding (Figure 130.1). Areas of early seral 

blue grama communities were also present in this area. Occurrences of crested wheatgrass and 

bluegrass increased at the north end of the pasture where the majority of hay feeding has recently 

occurred.
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A 1999 ecoplot on the southern boundary of pasture 2 was at a late seral stage and a belt transect 

indicated similar plant composition during 2004. Observations indicate invasive grass occurrences 

in more mesic areas at the north end of the pasture where hay feeding occurs.

Broken land constitutes 31 percent of pasture 6, and patches of crested wheatgrass within unbroken 

land appeared to be associated with past hay feeding. Of five ecoplots in pasture 6, three were at 

late seral stages and two were at mid stages, but as discussed above, a sere plot sampled at one of 

these sites indicated increasing invasive grasses and a shift from mid to late seral stages. An NDSU 

plot in the southeast corner of the 

pasture was at a mid seral stage but 

approaching an Invaded Grass State.

No broken land was identified in pasture

7 but invasive grasses dominated a large 

area around two hay storage and feeding 

sites on the east side of the pasture 

(Figure 130.2). A sere plot on the far 

west side of the pasture was at a midlate seral stage and indicated the 

maintenance of high condition native 

plant communities with only light amounts 

of invasive grasses. A nearby Robel transect 

reported Kentucky bluegrass as the third dominant species. A belt transect at the far northwest end 

of the pasture reported the three dominant grasses as native.

Broken land constitutes a little more than half of pastures 8 and 9 but field observations indicate an 

overwhelming dominance of crested wheatgrass with varying amounts of bluegrass and intermixed 

native grasses across broken as well as unbroken land in both pastures. A few areas with increased 

western wheatgrass and other native species occur, as well as little bluestem dominated knolls and 

Figures 130.1a and 130.1b. — a) Site of past hay feeding at the south end of pasture 1 

with accumulated manure, annual brome, and barnyard weeds. b) Conditions at the 

end of the hay feeding season at the north end of pasture 1. 

Figure 130.2 — Hay feed storage area on east 

side of pasture 7 with foreground dominated 

by smooth brome and crested wheatgrass. 
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upper sideslopes. An ecoplot in pasture 9 was at an early seral stage with light amounts of several 

native species, and a belt transect reported heavily utilized crested wheatgrass with blue grama and 

sedges. A Robel transect in each pasture indicated dominance of crested wheatgrass with intermixed 

native grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – One lek is known within the allotment. There are two other key areas 

associated with known leks that intersect with this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and progress toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub regeneration and growth.

However, existing and potential increases of invasive grasses with the removal of livestock grazing 

and increasing plant litter would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody 

draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate a shift towards late 

seral stage communities. Plant diversity and the mosaic of seral stages would decrease with the 

development of late seral stages. However, the decrease in grazing disturbance would facilitate an 

increase of plant litter that would in turn facilitate the expansion of invasive grasses that occur in 

varying amounts among all pastures. Increasing invasive grasses would impede the development 

and decrease the maintenance of native grass communities with transitions to Invaded Grass States 

in large portions of the allotment. Transitions would occur relatively rapidly in pastures where 

invasive grasses are currently high, but could require 10 to 20 years in portions of some pastures 

with lighter amounts of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 
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decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and 

brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses that may invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 833

federal AMs, of which 634 are summer use and the remainder are winter use.

 Cow/calf pairs are ran as two different herds; one herd is run in a twice-over grazing rotation 

and the other goes to Allotment 302 for the summer months. Yearlings are in a separate herd 

seasonlong.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions are unlikely to improve with continuation of current 

management in which existing conditions developed. Hay feeding has likely contributed to the 

spread of invasive grasses in some woody draws that can impede the regeneration of woody species.

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 8 percent after adjusting for cow 

size, as well as some years of reported use that exceeds Authorized Use, contribute to the level of 

woody draw disturbances.

Several woody draws on steep north and east aspect slopes in pasture 1 are in a Healthy condition, 

but this is attributed to most of the pasture use occurring on level uplands during winter hay feeding 

periods when access to the wooded slopes is impeded by drifting snow. The potential exists for 

Healthy conditions among these sites to decrease as a result of collateral herbicide damage when 

treating extensive noxious weed populations. Seasonlong grazing in pasture 6 increases the potential 

for livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that were attributed to the lack of desired shrub 

and tree sapling layers. Almost 5 months of winter and early spring use in pasture 7 has the 

potential to contribute to high trampling disturbances within the relatively accessible woody draws 

when livestock seek thermal cover, and short summer grazing periods contribute another episode of 

disturbance. The presence of a relatively high number of browsed saplings observed in three of four 

At Risk woody draws in pasture 7 indicate a high potential for improved conditions with lower 

degrees of browsing disturbance. Dominance of crested wheatgrass in pastures 8 and 9 along with 

the summer grazing rotations when palatability of this species is low can contribute to high woody 

draw disturbances when livestock are apt to seek extended green periods in the understory.
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Reservoirs along drainages in pastures 7, 8, 9 can contribute to browsing and trampling disturbances 

in adjacent woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with an apparently very limited proportion of High herbaceous structure. 

Potential management factors include multiple herds, grazing systems (twice-over), poor timing in 

use of crested wheatgrass, Authorized Use levels may exceed initial estimated carrying capacity, 

and winter grazing/feeding. The Authorized Use level would be the dominant factor.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would result in the persistence of mid seral 

stages but with a moderately high potential for transitions to Invaded Grass States due to the current 

extent of invasive grasses and some effects of management that can assist their spread. Specifically, 

hay feeding and/or hay storage in pastures 1, 2, and 7 that contribute to the introduction of invasive 

grass seed and high livestock densities typical of hay feeding areas result in high trampling 

disturbances. Livestock incidentally graze existing forage during hay feeding periods and are free to 

graze during relatively open winters and early spring. Premature grazing of native grasses and high 

trampling disturbances can decrease native plant vigor and facilitate the spread of invasive grasses.

Additional periods of grazing during mid-summer have the potential to impede plant recovery 

following premature spring use. Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 

8 percent after adjusting for cow size are likely to impede the development of late seral stages, and 

reported levels of use that sometimes exceed Authorized Use by about 10 percent would increase 

this effect.

Heavy seasonlong grazing can contribute to the spread and increased dominance of Kentucky 

bluegrass (NRCS 2009) and has likely been a major factor in the increased amount of invasive 

grasses in the re-measured ecoplot of pasture 6. Portions of the grazing season in pastures 8 and 9 

that occur during mid to late summer when palatability of crested wheatgrass is low contribute to 

selective grazing of the native grass component, and the level of grazing disturbance relative to the 

low proportion of native grasses would facilitate the spread of crested wheatgrass and other invasive 

grasses. Warm season communities of little bluestem are affected by selective grazing to a lower 

degree than cool season communities (personal observation) and would likely persist in portions of 

this and other pastures.

Although hay storage and feeding on the east side of pasture 7 facilitates the spread of invasive 

grasses, the maintenance of high condition native communities on the far west side of the pasture 

would persist because this area is most distant from high winter livestock concentrations and is 

primarily subject to short grazing disturbance from mid June to early July. This area along with the 

south end of pasture 2 represents some of the most intact mid to late seral native communities on 

the allotment. .

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given current management, it does not appear that existing levels of sharptailed grouse nesting and brooding habitat would be enhanced in the next 10 to 15 years.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 833 federal AMs of which 634 AMs are summer use and the remainders are winter 

use.

 Winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating annual basis.

 Creating a three-pasture deferred rotation system between pastures 7, 8, and 9.

 Recommend moving winter feeding activities from NFS to private in pastures 1 and 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Utilize herding.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Under this alternative, Authorized Use would be 833 federal AMs, of which 634

federal AMs would be available for the summer grazing season and 190 federal AMs would be 

available for winter grazing. This would not be a change from the existing condition of Alternative 

2. The use of the AMs would be different than the existing condition because the initial action 

identifies the rotation for the NFS pastures on this allotment and is change from the existing 

rotation.

In the initial action of winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6, the permittee would need to choose which 

class of livestock would be grazed, cow/calf or yearlings, because there would no longer be a 

pasture available for seasonlong grazing of yearlings. The distribution of livestock within pasture 6 

would change because of when livestock grazing would occur, dormant compared to active growing 

season.

Implementing a summer three-pasture deferred rotation system between pastures 7, 8, and 9 would 

not change the distribution in two of the three pastures. In pasture 7, distribution would change due 

to the change in the season of use from the current 15 days in early May, approximately 21 days in 

June into July, and winter use starting in mid-December. Livestock would not be allowed to return 

to pasture(s) for a second time during the grazing season. The rotation would allow native 

herbaceous species to initially grow and/or recover during portions of the grazing season or all of 

the growing season.

The recommendation of moving winter feeding activities from NFS lands to private in pasture 1 and 

2 would have an effect on the distribution during years with heavy snow pack. However, during 

open winters, distribution would not change because of the size and topography of the pastures.

Moving winter feeding activities would not have an effect on available AMs.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 
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occur on the remaining forage. There will be a cost to install fencing and the additional cost of fence 

maintenance.

The use of herding would have a slight to no effect due to the size of the pastures, topography of the 

existing pastures, and distance to existing livestock water developments of the current pastures 

within this allotment. Proper placement of livestock supplements would have the same results as 

herding in improving distribution. Herding would also require the permittee to hire a ranch hand or 

would require time to ride pastures themselves, increasing the costs to their operation.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock. However, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Winter grazing of pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating annual basis would not affect riparian conditions 

along Whitetail Creek. The effects of livestock use on the riparian corridor would be minimal due to 

winter conditions.

Creating a three-pasture, deferred rotation system between pastures 7, 8, and 9 would have no effect 

on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek due to livestock being located in a different pasture.

The recommendation of moving winter feeding activities from NFS to private in pastures 1 and 2 

would result in positive effects to the riparian condition along Whitetail Creek if exposure to 

invasive species is reduced.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions along Whitetail 

Creek because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of 

separation.

Herding livestock out of the riparian area would benefit the riparian corridor by minimizing bank 

sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in the riparian area allowing for herbaceous and woody 

riparian vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A 

reduction in overland water flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities 

allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Implementing an annual winter rotation among pastures 1, 2, and 6 would 

perpetuate the adverse effects of hay feeding. Although each of the three pastures would be relieved 

from these effects 2 of every 3 years, increased livestock densities resulting from combining the 
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three livestock herds would increase the degree of adverse effects when each pastures is used during 

the winter. Adverse effects of hay feeding would be transferred from pasture 7 to pasture 6. Three 

sampled woody draws in pasture 6 that were At Risk are unlikely to improve with 1 year of winter 

use followed by 2 years of summer use. Increased summer use of pasture 1 in 2 of every 3 years 

would increase the potential for decreasing woody draw conditions as a result of greater access 

without deep snow drifts, but the high amount of woody draw acreage in the pasture would help 

disperse these adverse effects. Potential impacts on woody draws in pasture 1 as a result of 

collateral herbicide impacts would persist.

A deferred summer rotation among pastures 7, 8, and 9 would result in the persistence of At Risk 

conditions measured in pasture 9 because the adverse influence of low crested wheatgrass 

palatability would continue to contribute to woody draw disturbances when livestock seek browse 

species and extended green periods of the herbaceous vegetation. Increased summer use of pasture 7 

would contribute to increased browsing and trampling disturbances within woody draws across the 

pasture and the persistence or decline of At Risk conditions among three sample sites.

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 8 percent after adjusting for cow 

size, as well as levels of reported use that exceeds Authorized Use during some years, would 

contribute to the level of browsing and trampling disturbances within woody draws.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improved woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of 

livestock impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but increasing litter and invasive grass layers could impede the rate or degree of 

woody species regeneration. Excluding livestock from fenced woody draws would have the 

potential to result in increased disturbance and decreasing condition of unfenced woody draws.

Livestock herding that has the potential to decrease livestock disturbances within woody draws is 

unlikely to be effective because the largest pasture (7) is only 1 square mile, and woody draws are 

evenly distributed throughout the pasture. Moving livestock from a heavily used woody draw has 

the potential to result in increased disturbance and decreased condition of other draws and is 

unlikely to provide sufficient rest of the first draw to increase conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The existing level of Authorized Use is 7 percent higher than the initial estimated 

carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. Retaining the current level of Authorized Use is 

projected to contribute to the general retention of the existing herbaceous structure distribution. 

Winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating basis may create higher structure readings in the 

fall if they are not grazed during the active growing season. Because of the small size of pasture 9 

and the likely short period of time that livestock would be in the pasture, it could recover some 

higher herbaceous structure when it is grazed early in the three-pasture deferred rotation with 

pastures 7 and 8. However, given the Authorized Use level, there may not be any appreciable 

improvement in herbaceous structure distribution overall. Removing winter feeding activities off 

the NFS lands may work in concert with the winter grazing rotation. Like other attractants, this 
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should change the distribution of grazing to contribute to improved herbaceous structure conditions 

in the fall.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have effects relative to the size and 

location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable because of the relative small amount 

of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Herding is typically a tool to control overuse/low use 

in areas by moving cattle to more evenly forage across the pasture/allotment as a whole with the end 

result of moderating vegetative structure. The most efficient tool to manipulate herbaceous structure 

is adjusting the Authorized Use level for the allotment. Downward adjustments can increase the 

amount of standing crop, therefore potentially increasing the proportion of High structure in the 

allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Annually rotating winter use among three pastures with adverse impacts 

associated with hay feeding that include the introduction of invasive seed, high livestock 

concentrations and trampling disturbances, and premature grazing of native grasses, would decrease 

plant vigor and facilitate shifts towards early seral stages. Subjecting individual pastures to winter 

use 1 of every 3 years would decrease the level or frequency of adverse impacts, but would be 

unlikely to halt the eventual increase of invasive grasses that is commonly observed in hay feeding 

areas. Exchanging winter use from pasture 7 to pasture 6 would transfer adverse impacts that have 

occurred on the east side of pasture 7 to pasture 6, while doing nothing to repair the transition to 

Invaded Grass States that have occurred in pasture 7.

Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation among pastures 7, 8, and 9 would result in excessive 

grazing disturbances to the native component in pastures 8 and 9 in 2 of every 3 years as a result of 

low palatability of crested wheatgrass at the time of grazing. This would be a slight improvement to 

the current modified deferred rotation where native grasses are selectively grazed in both pastures 

every year, but would be insufficient to improve the maintenance of native grass components or halt 

the spread of invasive grasses. These effects would also occur during summer use of other pastures, 

but at a lower degree or rate due to more concentrated occurrences of invasive grass communities.

Continuation of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 8 percent after 

adjusting for cow size would exceed the level of grazing that is generally required to achieve an 

improvement in range or forage conditions (Heitschmidt et al 1989 1996, Holechek 1999). Low 

palatability of invasive grasses during large portions of the summer grazing season would increase 

the level of native grass utilization and apparent levels of overstocking, and potentially contribute to 

the spread of invasive grasses and decreased maintenance of native plant communities.

Adaptive Options – Herding livestock is unlikely to be effective or realistic in reducing excessive 

grazing in primary use areas or achieving the desired proportion of seral stages. The largest of the 

three summer pastures is only 1 square mile, the herder's presence would be required nearly full 

time, and increasing the evenness of livestock grazing across the pasture would conflict with 

objectives for maintaining a mosaic of grazing pressure.

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate a shift towards late seral stages by decreasing livestock 

grazing and trampling disturbances, but sufficient levels of decreased use would have the potential 
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to increase plant litter that would facilitate an increase of existing invasive grasses in portions of all 

pastures. This would impede the development or maintenance of late seral native communities and 

facilitate potential transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The existing level of Authorized Use is 7 percent higher than the initial estimated 

carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. Retaining the current level of Authorized Use is 

projected to contribute to the overall retention of the existing low amount of grouse nesting habitat. 

Winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating basis may create higher structure readings in the 

fall if they are not grazed during the active growing season but due to the winter grazing, grouse 

nesting habitat would be reduced, or not available, for the following spring nesting needs in these 

pastures. Because of its small size, pasture 9 could recover some potential grouse nesting habitat 

when it is grazed early in the three-pasture deferred rotation with pastures 7 and 8. However, given 

the Authorized Use level, there may not be any appreciable improvement in grouse nesting habitat 

overall. Removing winter feeding activities off the NFS lands may work in concert with the winter 

grazing rotation. Like other attractants, this should change the distribution of grazing to contribute 

to potential grouse nesting conditions in the spring.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have positive effects relative to the size 

and location of the grazing exclosure(s) but is not expected to be appreciable because of the 

relatively small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Potential negative effects 

could occur to biologically capable habitat types outside the woody draw exclosures. Herding is 

typically a tool to control overuse/low use in areas by moving cattle to more evenly forage across 

the pasture/allotment as a whole with the end result of moderating vegetative structure, thus limiting 

potential grouse nesting habitat. The most efficient tool to manipulate vegetative habitat is adjusting 

the Authorized Use level for the allotment. Downward adjustments can increase the amount of 

standing crop, thereby potentially increasing the proportion of High structure, and consequently 

increasing the amount of grouse nesting habitat, in the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

changes described below. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Using pastures 8 and 9 as crested wheatgrass pastures and graze early 2 out of 3 years before 

rotating to Allotment 302. In the third year, start in Allotment 302 early on the crested 

wheatgrass areas and temporarily fence out pastures 1 and 2.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Removing fence between 8 and 9 if combined herds are too confined in each pasture and 

resource conditions do not meet objectives.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 891 federal AUMs, of which 634 

AUMs would be summer use and the remainder would be winter use due to winter needs associated 

with the permit through MGA. The existing Authorized Use of 833 federal AMs converted to 

AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 958 federal AUMs. The effect of this authorization equates to a 

7 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, 

the manager would have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and 

the grazing season duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment. This 

would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the inventory permit for this allotment.

Allotment 302 and pastures 8 and 9 have plant communities that consist of both introduced 

graminoid species and native species. By fencing out the crested wheatgrass, the native 

communities would have the opportunity to reach range readiness before any grazing pressure 

would be applied. Two out of 3 years pastures 8 and 9 would be grazed before June 1st. Native 

graminoid species within pastures 8 and 9 would be grazed before June 1st once in every 3 years 

before range readiness. Distribution of livestock in pasture 8 and 9 would not change because of the 

size and topography of the pastures. Distribution of livestock in Allotment 302 would be different 

than the existing condition in the years livestock graze the fenced off crested wheatgrass. Livestock 

would be confined to a smaller area until native herbaceous species reach range readiness in which 

the existing condition allows livestock access to all areas of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – The removal of fence between pastures 8 and 9 would create one pasture 

approximately 630 acres in size. Livestock distribution would change because livestock would not 

be restricted by the fence separating the two pastures. There would be fewer recovery periods for 

herbaceous species in pastures 8 and 9 because of the duration livestock would be grazing the 

pasture and would have the ability to graze the regrowth. The removal of the fence would eliminate 

the three-pasture deferred rotation, proposed in the initial action, to a two-pasture deferred rotation. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described in Alternative 3.

Adaptive Options – Removing the fence between pasture 8 and 9 if resource conditions do not 

meet objectives would have no effect on Whitetail Creek as the creek is located within a different 

pasture.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Woody draw conditions in pastures 8 and 9 would have some potential to improve 

with the proposed rotation with a stand of crested wheatgrass in Allotment 302. Early use (ending 

by June 15th) of pastures 8 and 9 would occur 2 of every 3 years, while later summer use would 

occur during the third year rather than portions of every year, which occurs at present when low 

palatability of invasive grasses, warm temperatures, and insect pests contribute to high woody draw 

disturbances.
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Potential decreases of Authorized Use by 7 percent after adjusting for cow size could contribute to 

the regeneration of desired woody species by decreasing the level of browsing and trampling 

disturbances. However, the proposed level of reduction would have a relatively low potential to 

shift At Risk woody draw conditions to Healthy.

Adaptive Options – Combining pastures 8 and 9 into a single pasture would decrease the evenness 

of livestock distribution by enlarging the pasture size, thereby decreasing the intensity of browsing 

and trampling disturbances within some woody draws and assisting the regeneration of desired 

woody species and increased woody draw conditions. However, a two-pasture deferred rotation 

would be maintained with Allotment 302, resulting in summer use of pastures 8 and 9 every other 

year that would impede woody draw improvement in primary use areas after combining pastures.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The existing level of Authorized Use is 7 percent higher than the initial estimated 

carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. Adjusting the current level of Authorized Use to the 

initial estimated carrying capacity is projected to contribute to improving the herbaceous structure 

distribution. Winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating basis may create higher structure 

readings in the fall if they are not grazed during the active growing season. Because of the small 

size of pasture 9 and the likely short period of time that livestock would be in the pasture, it could 

recover some higher herbaceous structure when it is grazed early in the three-pasture deferred 

rotation with pasture 8 and with crested wheatgrass pastures of Allotment 302. Removing winter 

feeding activities off the NFS lands may work in concert with the winter grazing rotation. Like 

other attractants, this should change the distribution of grazing to contribute to improved 

herbaceous structure conditions in the fall.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws could have effects relative to the size and location of the 

exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable because of the relative small amount of woody draw 

habitat projected to be fenced. Removing the fence between pastures 8 and 9 could increase the 

patchiness of use with the larger pasture and depending on when the rotation would occur, potential 

regrowth patterns could emerge, particularly every other year in the rotation with Allotment 302.

The most efficient tool to manipulate herbaceous structure is adjusting the Authorized Use level for 

the allotment. Downward adjustments can increase the amount of standing crop, therefore 

potentially increasing the proportion of High structure in the allotment. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Early season use of pastures 8 and 9 in 2 of every 3 years would improve the 

utilization of invasive grasses that dominate these pastures and facilitate the increased development 

of native grasses. Increased vigor and production of the native component would increase its 

resilience to selective grazing that would continue to occur during the third year of the rotation with 

mid and late summer use.

The trend of increasing invasive grasses in portions of other pastures would impede the 

maintenance of native plant communities, and the proposed 7 percent decrease in Authorized Use 

would minimally affect this outcome. High amounts of invasive grasses would continue to be of 

low palatability during a large portion of the grazing season in several pastures and contribute to 
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104 | Chapter 3

selective and potentially excessive use of the native component that could assist the spread of 

invasive grasses. Hay feeding would continue to introduce invasive grass seed in pastures 1, 2, and 

7.

The effects of annually rotating winter use among pastures 1, 2, and 6 were discussed under 

Alternative 3.

Adaptive Options – Combining pastures 8 and 9 and implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation 

with Allotment 302 would maintain poor coordination of the grazing season with invasive grass 

palatability every other year in each pasture. This would perpetuate selective and excessive use of 

the native component and impede development of the broken land community in pastures 8 and 9, 

while potentially facilitating the spread or increase of bluegrass. A degree of benefit that might be 

obtained in pastures 8 and 9 as a result of the enlarged pasture size would involve the decreased 

evenness of livestock distribution with a reduction in selective grazing of the native component.

However, increasing plant litter in areas of decreased use would assist the spread of bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The existing level of Authorized Use is 7 percent higher than the initial estimated 

carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. Adjusting the current level of Authorized Use to the 

initial estimated carrying capacity is projected to contribute to improving the potential to enhance 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat. Winter grazing pastures 1, 2, and 6 on a rotating basis may 

create higher structure readings in the fall if they are not grazed during the active growing season 

but due to the winter grazing, grouse nesting habitat could be reduced, or not available, for the 

following spring nesting needs in these pastures. When pasture 9 is grazed early, and because of the 

small size of the pasture and the likely short period of time that livestock would be in the pasture, 

pasture 9 could recover some higher herbaceous structure in the fall and be available for grouse 

nesting needs that following spring. Removing winter feeding activities off the NFS lands may 

work in concert with the winter grazing rotation. Like other attractants, this should change the 

distribution of grazing to contribute to potential grouse nesting conditions in the spring.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have positive effects relative to the size 

and location of the grazing exclosure(s) but is not expected to be appreciable because of the 

relatively small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Potential negative effects 

could occur on biologically capable habitat types outside the woody draw exclosures, although in 

the spirit of alternative 4 this should be mitigated by adjusting the initial estimated carrying capacity 

to account for the potential loss of forage. Removing the fence between pastures 8 and 9 could 

increase the patchiness of use with the larger pasture and depending on when the rotation would 

occur, potential regrowth patterns could emerge, particularly every other year in the rotation with 

Allotment 302 when pasture 8/9 is grazed early one year and later the next season. The most 

efficient tool to manipulate vegetative habitat is adjusting the Authorized Use level for the 

allotment. Downward adjustments can increase the amount of standing crop, thereby potentially 

increasing the proportion of High structure, and consequently increasing grouse nesting habitat in 

the allotment. 
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ALLOTMENT 131

Table 131.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

131 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 1.31 – Backcountry 

Recreation Nonmotorized

1403 86

Management Area 2.1 – Special Interest Areas 1 0

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

229 14

Total allotment acres 2159 100

NFS acres 1633 76

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 526 24

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

273

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

530

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
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Table 131.2 — Allotment 131 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

Approximately 56 percent of sampled woody 

draws were Healthy and 44 percent were At 

Risk due to lack of adequate regeneration and 

poor structure in the shrub layer.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody 

species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 3.03; 2.26; 1.09

2004 Stations percent: Low-40/Moderate58.33/High-1.67.

Manage for additional 

High structure on 

biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Of five sample sites, four were at mid seral 

stages and one was at early. Invasive grasses 

were common, but one of the sample sites was 

at a Reference State without invasive grasses.

Maintain native plant 

communities and increase 

occurrence of late seral 

stages. Limit or decrease 

extent of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

Grouse

Under the current configuration, there are 4 leks 

within one mile of this allotment. There are no 

leks known to occur within the allotment.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites.

Remarks  Trace of Canada thistle and burdock. 

 2004 fire burned 15 acres of allotment.

 Monitor for weeds.
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Table 131.3 — Allotment 131 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Authorized Use is 273 federal AMs 

(48 federal AMs are summer use and 

remainder is winter use).

Three-year average permitted use is 

26 summer federal AMs.*

Permit type: Inventory (12 months).

Rotation: One herd seasonlong in 

one pasture, another herd goes to 

Allotment 302 for summer months, 

all herds winter in this allotment.

Class(s) of livestock: Cow/calf pairs.

See allotment map in Appendix B 

for current range developments.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AMs: 273 of 

which 48 AMs are summer use and 

the remainder are winter use.

Reallocate Allotment 131 pastures 1 

and 2 to Allotment 129. Reallocate 

Allotment 129 pasture 2 to 

Allotment 131. 

Pastures 1 and 2 would be utilized as 

summer pasture. 

To eliminate the bottleneck in 

pasture 3 remove the fenceline 

between Allotment 129 pasture 2 

and Allotment 131 pasture 3 in 

Sections 11 and 12. 

Extend range water pipeline from 

well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into 

Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 and 

install two tanks.

Reclaim two reservoirs in Allotment 

131 pasture 1.

Adaptive Options

Fence individual woody draws in 

pasture 2 and 3.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Replace the fence between pasture 1 

and 2.

Initial Actions

Authorized federal AUMs: 273 of 

which 48 AUMs are summer use 

and the remainder are winter use.

Reallocate Allotment 131 pastures 1 

and 2 to Allotment 129. Reallocate 

Allotment 129 pasture 2 to 

Allotment 131.

Pastures 1 and 2 would be utilized as 

summer pasture. 

Remove the boundary fence between 

Allotments 129 pasture 2 and 131 

pasture 3 in the south half of 

sections 11 and 12 to eliminate the 

bottleneck in pasture 3

Adaptive Options

Fence individual woody draws in 

pasture 2 and 3.

Replace the fence between pasture 1 

and 2.

Extend range water pipeline from 

well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into 

Allotment 131 pasture 1.

Reclaim two reservoirs in Allotment 

131 pasture 1.

Adjust Authorized Use

Monitoring

Review annual planned management 

identified in Allotment worksheets.

Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor current 

management.

Conduct annual fall tour inspections 

to determine next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

Survey woody draws once every 3 to 

5 years.

Gather Visual Obstruction Readings 

annually for 3 years then reevaluate 

survey frequency.

Collect vegetative composition data 

once every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 131 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 2,159 acres in total size and contains private and NFS 

lands, with 1,633 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 6 

head for 8 months and an additional 134 head the months of January through April (the additional 

134 head come from Allotment 302) by the MGA. On this particular allotment the majority of the 

use on NFS lands occurs during the winter, not the typical May 1st to December 31st. Livestock are 

currently being wintered on private and intermingled private and NFS lands during the winter 

months of January through April in pastures 1 and 2.

This allotment has been subdivided into five pastures, and of these five only three contain NFS 

lands. Of the three pastures, two solely contain NFS land and the remaining pasture consists of both 

private and NFS lands. The pastures themselves range from as small as 167 acres to as large as 

1,225 acres (the 1,225 acres is a combination of both pastures 1 and 2). Current AMs provided by 

NFS lands is 273. Water developments within this allotment include developed springs, reservoirs, 

dugouts, and a well/stock tank.

Although this allotment is permitted as an inventory permit, the permittee normally delays turn-out 

to the common associated with this headquarters allotment until the beginning of June and also pulls 

the livestock off the common allotment the middle of October. This means that from the middle of 

October through the beginning of June livestock are rotated through the five pastures within this 

allotment. The numbers of days grazed and the number of livestock for the last four grazing seasons 

can be found in the AWs (Project Record, Supporting Documentation, Range, L-1).

The allotment has been subdivided into five pastures; however, on September 27, 2004 a visit 

showed that the natural barrier between pastures 1 and 2 is not truly working. Pasture 1 is 

approximately 514 acres and pasture 2 is approximately 711 acres. The natural barrier is a steep 

banked intermittent stream that leads into the main channel of Magpie Creek. Within the main 

channel of this drainage, observation showed willow species and relatively good cottonwood 

regeneration along with a very healthy herbaceous cover. The midland/lowland areas within these 

pastures had relatively good native species diversity and litter cover; however, there are areas within 

both pastures that show concentrations of livestock. These areas were around the well/tank facility 

and around the reservoir in pasture 1 just north of the well/tank facility. An old hay yard and cake 

shack is present just east of the reservoir. This area shows evidence of historical use as livestock 

were caked and fed in this area. The plant community within this area showed a high expression of 

blue grama and very low expression of needle-and-thread and western wheatgrass. Plains prickly 

pear also occurs quite frequently within this area. Smooth brome is also present in the area. The 

northern end of both pastures 1 and 2 was not totally reviewed.

Pasture 3 is approximately 587 acres of private and NFS lands. Livestock can access almost all 

areas within this pasture, however, the ridge tops on the north side of this pasture showed very light 

use. Species composition in the heavier used areas within the western portions of this pasture was 

dominated by blue grama, and the area was lacking in litter cover. The shape of this pasture is 

shaped like a bottleneck, with the tip running right into the watering facility on the western edge of 

this pasture. Desirable vegetative species, needle-and-thread and western wheatgrass, were present 
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throughout; however, they do not get the opportunity to express themselves within the heavier use 

areas (visual observation).

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is a trace of Canada 

thistle and burdock located within this allotment. However, through recent weed inventories and 

communication between the Forest Service, Billings County Weed Officer, and permittee, other 

infestations have been identified. The threat of salt cedar is high along Magpie Creek and its 

reaches.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 0.0 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 2.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 0.0 and 0.8 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Of nine woody draw samples, 56 percent were Healthy and 44 percent were At 

Risk. At Risk draws occurred along relatively open drainages while Healthy sites occurred on steep 

upland slopes. Rocky Mountain juniper was present in many woody draws and dominated 

woodlands on steep north aspect slopes.

Herbaceous Structure – The three sampled VOR transects from 2004 indicate that herbaceous 

structure is relatively diverse. One transect was Low and two were Moderate with one of those two 

nearing High structure at 3.06 inches. Consolidated station data from the three transects showed 40 

percent of the stations were Low structure, 58.3 percent were Moderate, and 1.7 percent was High.

Seral Stages – An NDSU sample on a Claypan ES in the northeast corner of pasture 1 was at a mid 

seral stage, with 27 percent bare ground and western wheatgrass constituting 93 percent of the grass 

production. Frequency of Kentucky bluegrass was 14 percent. A sere plot about 0.5 miles to the 

west on a Sandy ES was at an early-mid seral stage with blue grama comprising 67 percent of the 

relative grass basal cover. The south end of the pasture contains a water well, stock tank, and old 

hay yard that exhibits high use with blue grama communities and areas of invasive grasses (Project 

Record, Specialist Reports and Notes, Range Report).

An NDSU sample on a Thin Claypan ES in the south-central area of pasture 2 was at a mid seral 

stage with dominances of western wheatgrass and green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.) and a 

high density and diversity of forbs. Frequency of Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa L.), cheatgrass, 

and Kentucky bluegrass was 21 percent, 7 percent, and 7 percent, respectively. Kentucky bluegrass 

constituted 10 percent of the grass production. Two Robel transects near the west-central pasture 

boundary recorded sedge and blue grama as the dominant species with western wheatgrass and 

needle-and-thread. A belt transect in the southwest corner of the pasture recorded western 

wheatgrass, bluegrass, and green needlegrass as the three dominant species.

An NDSU sample on a Clayey ES near the center of pasture 3 appeared to be at a mid-early seral 

stage with dominance of blue grama and western wheatgrass and 25 percent frequency of annual 

brome. A nearby belt transect recorded needle-and-thread as the dominant species. Another NDSU 

sample on a Sandy Claypan ES in the southeast corner of the pasture was at a mid seral stage with 
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little bluestem and sedge dominance. Bare ground constituted 44 percent of the ground surface, and 

Rangeland Health Indicators relating to rills, gullies, and water flow patterns were rated with slight 

to moderate departures. A Robel transect about 1,000 feet to the northeast recorded dominance of 

sedge, little bluestem, and western wheatgrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Under the current configuration, there are four leks within 1 mile of this 

allotment. There are no leks known to occur within the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub regeneration. However, 

existing invasive grasses as well as potential increases of these species as a result of increasing litter 

with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the 

potential degree of improvement in some woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stage communities with an eventual loss in the desired mosaic of seral stages. Plant diversity 

would decrease with the development of late seral stages, particularly among forb species.

However, the decrease in grazing disturbance would facilitate an increase of accumulated plant 

litter that would in turn facilitate the expansion of invasive grasses in portions of the three pastures.

Increasing invasive grasses would impede the development or decrease the maintenance of late seral 

communities, with the potential for transitioning to Invaded Grass States with reduced maintenance 

of native plant diversity. Transitions could occur rapidly in portions of the allotment where invasive 

grasses are currently prominent, but might require 10 or more years where invasive grasses are 

presently scarce.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High herbaceous structure would benefit nesting and 

brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would 

decrease foraging opportunities and nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 273 

federal AMs of which 48 are summer use and the remainder are winter use.

 Cow/calf pairs are run seasonlong in one pasture while another herd goes to Allotment 302 for 

the summer months. All herds are wintered in pastures 1 and 2.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The proportion of Healthy woody draws would be unlikely to improve under 

current management in which present conditions developed. The predominant use in pastures 1 and 

2 occurs during the winter, and trampling disturbances are likely when livestock seek woody draws 

for shelter. Reported livestock numbers in pastures 1 and 2 range from 105 to 128 head for 3

months, and 180 to 220 head in pasture 3 for 0.5 months. Hay feeding during this period 

concentrates livestock use, so there is high potential for trampling disturbances within adjacent 

woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure – Reflective of the Authorized Use level below the initial estimated 

carrying capacity, the herbaceous structure distribution, as evidenced by the VOR transect data, was 

approaching meeting the structure objectives. Retaining similar Authorized Use levels in 

conjunction with multiple grazing periods, which also includes dormant season grazing, contribute 

to existing herbaceous structure levels.

Seral Stages – The predominance of mid and mid-early seral stages would persist under current 

management with a high potential for increases of invasive grasses. Although Authorized Use is 34

percent less than initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting for cow size, and reported use 

has been 27 to 54 percent greater than Authorized Use not including additional winter use.

Including the number of livestock on the pasture during the months of January through April would 

exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 38 to 52 percent after adjusting for cow size and 

assuming livestock were grazing throughout the year. Additionally, measurements by NDSU 

suggest lower production than assumptions of reference plant community production that were used 

in the initial estimated carrying capacity and would contribute to high levels of utilization resulting 
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in the persistence of mid and mid-early seral stages with a high potential for shifts to early seral 

stages.

High livestock concentrations associated with hay feeding result in heavy trampling disturbances 

that slow the rate of growth the following spring. Heavy trampling can also assist the establishment 

of invasive grasses introduced in hay. Premature grazing can occur during relatively open winters 

and early spring and is ensured by frequent grazing periods during May that decrease plant vigor 

and facilitate shifts towards early seral stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance sharp-tailed grouse nesting habitat 

owing to dormant season use, which would reduce herbaceous structure levels from the fall readings 

because of trampling and consumption of the forage.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 273 federal AMs of which 48 AMs are summer use and the remainder is winter use.

 Reallocating Allotment 131 pastures 1 and 2 to Allotment 129. Reallocating Allotment 129 

pasture 2 to Allotment 131. 

 Using pastures 1 and 2 as summer pasture. 

 To eliminate the bottleneck in pasture 3, removing the fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 

2 and Allotment 131 pasture 3 in Sections 11 and 12. 

 Extending the range water pipeline from well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 131 

pastures 1 and 2 and installing two tanks.

 Reclaiming two reservoirs in Allotment 131 pasture 1.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing individual woody draws in pasture 2 and 3.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Replacing the fence between pasture 1 and 2.

Range

Initial Actions – Under this alternative Authorized Use would be 273 federal AMs, of which 48 

federal AMs would be available for the summer grazing season and 225 federal AMs would be 

available for winter grazing. This would not be a change from the existing condition of Alternative 

2; however, the use of the AMs would be different because the initial action identifies the rotation 

for the NFS pastures. The exchange of pastures between Allotments 129 and 131 would result in an 

adjusted Authorized Use due to the loss of AMs and NFS acreage.

The exchange of pastures between Allotments 129 and 131 would provide additional flexibility to 

the permittees and improve livestock distribution in the northwest portion of pasture 1 in Allotment 

131. Allotment 131 would gain approximately 84 acres of NFS lands and approximately 30 to 35 

federal AMs in the exchange resulting in an increase in the Authorized Use. Since this allotment is 

an inventory permit and carries AMs in winter grazing, a decision would need to be determined if 

the AMs would be added to the summer or the winter grazing season.
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Utilizing pastures 1 and 2 as a summer pasture would require a change in winter needs on the MGA 

permit to the permittee. Distribution of livestock would not change in pasture 1 and 2 because of the 

size and topography of the pastures. Distribution would be more dependent on the palatability of 

herbaceous species and timing of grazing.

The current shape and size of pasture 3 in Allotment 131 has created a bottle neck, which has had 

an effect on livestock distribution and has increased grazing pressure in this location. By removing 

this bottleneck, livestock will no longer be confined to the area, the size of the pasture would 

increase, and over time the grazing pressure would be less in areas currently being heavily grazed.

Heavier grazing will still occur within 1/8 of a mile from the existing water development in pasture 

1 of Allotment 131. 

Developing a range water pipeline from a well in Allotment 131 pasture 3 into Allotment 131 

pasture 1 would change the distribution within pasture 1 due to the lack of reliable water provided 

by the existing reservoirs. Reclaiming reservoirs in Allotment 131 pasture 1 would not have an 

effect on the distribution of livestock since the reservoirs are currently seasonal to nonfunctional.

No adjustments in AUMs would be needed due to the size of the reclamations.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Replacing the fence between pasture 1 and 2 would change the distribution because livestock would 

not have access to both pastures and would be confined to one pasture. Livestock currently graze 

both pastures at the same time since the natural barrier is no longer functional.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Exchanging pastures 1 and 2 for pasture 2 in Allotment 129 would change the 

proportion of sampled woody draw conditions to 40 percent Healthy and 60 percent At Risk in 

Allotment 131.

The season of use within pastures 1 and 2 would change from winter to summer if they become part 

of Allotment 129. Although trampling disturbances in woody draws that can occur during winter 

hay feeding would decrease, summer use would likely affect a larger portion of the woody draws as 

a result of increased livestock distribution and amenities of shade and escape from insects with 

potentially greater levels of disturbance.

Changing the season of use in Allotment 129 pasture 2 from summer to winter after an exchange of 

pastures would contribute to decreased woody draw conditions near hay feeding sites as a result of 
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increased trampling disturbances that have the potential to be located along Magpie Creek with the 

easiest access and terrain. Other woody draws in the pasture that tend to be situated along steep 

slopes and ravines would likely persist in a Healthy condition.

Reclaiming a reservoir at the north end of pasture 1 and replacing it with a pipeline-supplied water 

tank on the nearby fenceline between Allotments 129 and 131 would facilitate tank management to 

control livestock distribution and utilization in this area, but would probably not result in 

sufficiently decreased use to facilitate shifts from At Risk to Healthy woody draw conditions in this 

area of pasture 1.

A similar effect would occur at the south end of the pasture with the reclamation of a second 

reservoir and new pipeline-supplied water tank. However, reclamation of the reservoir would result 

in the loss of riparian trees around the perimeter that are in good condition as a result of localized 

access points to the reservoir.

Removing the fenceline between Allotment 129 pasture 2 and Allotment 131 pasture 3 would result 

in combining the pastures such that Allotment 131 would consist of one pasture containing NFS 

lands. This would probably not increase adverse effects to woody draw conditions because most 

disturbances would be confined to woody draws located near hay feeding areas along terraces of 

Magpie Creek.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws would increase the potential for improved woody draw 

conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances and 

facilitating the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of livestock impacts through 

fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but 

regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive grass layers in 

many woody draws. Excluding livestock use of fenced woody draws would have the potential of 

increasing disturbances and decreasing condition of adjacent unfenced draws.

Decreasing Authorized Use would also have the potential of improving woody draw conditions but 

would be limited by levels of use reported in AOIs/AWs that exceed the level of Authorized Use, as 

well as additional livestock on the allotment during the winter months that are not counted towards 

Authorized Use as discussed under Alternative 2.

Replacing the fenceline between pastures 1 and 2 that would be part of Allotment 129 would 

increase the number of summer pastures to five. However, the water tank discussed above would 

have to be constructed and placed on the fenceline between pastures to ensure water in pasture 2.

The decrease in pasture size would increase the evenness of livestock distributions that could 

decrease woody draw conditions by increasing browsing and trampling disturbances. Disturbances 

within woody draws of this pasture would also increase with the change from winter to summer use 

with more even livestock distribution. However, the length of use within individual pastures would 

decrease with five rather than four pastures, and the season of use would fluctuate with the deferred 

rotation of Allotment 129. These factors may assist in decreases in the level of disturbances and 

maintain existing woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed Authorized Use would be 273 AMs, which would be split between 
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summer (48 AMs) and winter use (225 AMs). Since management and Authorized Use levels are 

similar to current management, this would continue the existing herbaceous structure distribution as 

measured in the fall. Accounting for the new configuration between Allotments 131 and 129, the 

minor gain in acres and initial estimated carrying capacity associated with the new configuration 

could help the allotment move towards the herbaceous structure objectives. The reconfiguration of 

pasture 3 would change the distribution of use within the allotment. The new configuration should 

be more desirable over the existing condition.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have effects relative to the size and 

location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relatively small amount of 

woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Replacing the fenceline between pastures 1 and 2, 

should have minimal effect if dormant season management is to continue. By adjusting the 

Authorized Use, an increase in the proportion of High herbaceous structure would be experienced 

along with improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Exchanging pastures 1 and 2 with Allotment 129 would change the season of use 

for these pastures from winter to summer and remove adverse effects of hay feeding, heavy 

trampling, and premature spring grazing of native grasses. Herbaceous communities dominated by 

blue grama in portions of pasture 1 would have the potential to shift towards late seral stages with 

the change to a summer grazing season and a four-pasture deferred rotation. Invasive grasses in 

portions of the pastures would persist and have the potential to increase.

Pasture 2 in Allotment 129 that would be conferred to Allotment 131 would be subject to adverse 

impacts associated with hay feeding such as heavy trampling, premature spring grazing, and the 

steady introduction of invasive grass seed. These disturbances would facilitate a shift towards early 

seral stages and/or transitions to Invaded Grass States of relatively high quality native grass 

communities that were measured in NDSU plots and sere plots.

Reclaiming two reservoirs in pasture 1 and replacing them with pipeline-supplied water tanks would 

allow greater control of livestock distribution and utilization and an increased potential for 

achieving the desired proportion of seral stages, and would be assisted by the summer four-pasture 

deferred rotation after transferring the pasture to Allotment 129.

Removing the fence between Allotment 129 pasture 2 and Allotment 131 pasture 3 would result in 

one pasture in Allotment 131 and should not have a large influence on the proportion of seral stages 

because the degree and distribution of livestock disturbances would be more dependent on the 

location of hay feeding sites.

Continuing the current or similar level of Authorized Use after adjustments for pasture exchanges 

would maintain the potential for reported levels of use that exceed Authorized Use.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would be unlikely to facilitate shifts toward late 

seral stages unless the reduction is in the range of 50 percent due to adverse effects associated with 

hay feeding, premature grazing, and levels of use reported in AOIs/AWs that exceed the level of 

Authorized Use, as well as additional livestock on the allotment during the winter months that are 

not counted towards Authorized Use.
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Replacing the fenceline between pastures 1 and 2 that would be transferred to Allotment 131 and 

used in a five-pasture deferred rotation would increase opportunities for plant recovery and the 

completion of critical growth stages. Along with the removal of premature spring grazing, there 

would be an increased potential for shifts towards late seral stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Since dormant season management is expected to continue, there would likely be 

none, or little improvement for grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, an enhancement of grouse nesting habitat

could be experienced. However, since much of the use on this allotment is winter use, potential 

herbaceous structure gains in the fall would be limited by the time spring nesting occurs due to 

trampling and consumption by livestock. Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects 

relative to the size and location of the exclosure but it is not expected to be appreciable due to the 

relatively small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Replacing the fenceline 

between pastures 1 and 2 would likely have none, or little effect on enhancing grouse nesting 

habitat due to the dormant season management would reduce herbaceous structure over the winter.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set at the level of Alternatives 2, 3, and 3A but adjusted for cow 

size.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 273 federal AUMs, of which 48 

AUMs would be summer use and the remainder would be winter use because of winter needs 

associated with the permit through MGA. The existing Authorized Use of 273 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 314 federal AUMs. The effect of this authorization 

equates to a 13 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in 

Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number 

of head and the grazing season duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the 
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allotment. This would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the inventory permit for this 

allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reductions in Authorized Use of 13 percent after adjusting for cow size would 

have the potential of improving woody draw conditions by decreasing the level of livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances that would primarily occur during winter hay feeding.

However, the effects would continue to be limited by levels of use reported in AOIs/AWs that 

currently exceed Authorized Use, as well as additional livestock on the allotment during the winter 

months that are not counted towards Authorized Use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM, accounting for cow size, would 

contribute to meeting or moving towards the herbaceous structure distribution objectives through 

the reduction of use that would leave more residual cover.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Potential reductions in Authorized Use of 13 percent after adjusting for cow size

would have the potential of facilitating shifts towards late seral stages, but the effects would 

continue to be limited by levels of use reported in AOIs/AWs that currently exceed Authorized Use, 

as well as additional livestock on the allotment during the winter months that are not counted 

towards Authorized Use. In general a potential 13 percent reduction in Authorized Use would 

probably have less effect on plant composition and seral stages compared to winter hay feeding, 

concentrated trampling disturbances, the introduction of invasive seed, and premature grazing of 

native grasses. These practices would have a high potential to contribute to mid and early seral 

stages and decreased maintenance of high condition native grass communities that were measured 

in Allotment 129 pasture 2 and that would be transferred to Allotment 131, as discussed under 

Initial Actions of Alternative 3. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM, and accounting for cow size, 

could contribute to enhancing grouse nesting habitat through the reduction of use that could

potentially leave more residual cover for spring grouse nesting needs. However, the dormant season 

use would reduce the residual cover that accrued from the previous growing season. 
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Allotment 132A 

Table 132A.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

132A in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

309 100

Total allotment acres 309 100

NFS acres 309 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

176

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

159

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 1

Table 132A.2 — Allotment 132A – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

There are no woody draws in the allotment. None

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – N/A

Moderate – N/A

High – N/A

2004 Transects: N/A

2004 Stations percent: N/A.

**Manage allotment to 

maintain meeting structure 

objectives.

Seral stages Half broken land and half unbroken land with 

high invasive grasses in both areas and areas of 

Invaded Grass States.

Halt the expansion of 

invasive grasses and 

increase the development or 

maintenance of native grass.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within this allotment. 

There are no known leks within 1 mile of this 

allotment.

Remarks Need new ADP number for either this allotment or Allotment 132H.

** Based on a follow-up field review, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure objectives.
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Table 132A.3 — Allotment 132A by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 176 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 157 federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: one pasture with 

typical turn-in of June 1st. 

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs or yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

176.

 Continue to provide 

opportunity for growth 

and regrowth of native 

grasses and crested 

wheatgrass.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs:

176.

 Continue to provide 

opportunity for growth 

and regrowth of native 

grasses and crested 

wheatgrass.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 132A - Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 309 acres of NFS lands. Currently this allotment is issued 

a turn-in permit for 176 AMs to be used anytime between May 1st and December 31st. This 

allotment and Allotment 132H were managed as one allotment, but were split in 1999. It is also the 

headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment (Lower Cherry Hollow). In 1999, the 

base property was split between two association members, and the numbers attached to the common 

were divided up between the members based on the acres each had purchased. Current AMs 

provided by NFS lands is 176. This allotment is located in rolling prairie topography, and there are 

signs of past disturbance of cultivation. There are two developed reservoirs in this allotment, but 

they are seasonal at best. The permittee has a stock tank on private land with a water lot fence 

surrounding it accessible to NFS lands. This stock tank is the reliable source of water for the 

allotment.
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The kind of livestock on this allotment varies from year to year between yearlings and cow/calf 

pairs, but is typically managed with a shortened season with increased numbers with a turn-in date 

typically around June 1st. The vegetation within this allotment is typical of the rolling prairie where 

cultivation had historically occurred, crested wheatgrass planted, or the area not seeded and left to 

grow back. Currently, there is a mixture of introduced species such as crested wheatgrass and 

Kentucky bluegrass and native species such as western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread grass, green 

needlegrass, blue grama, and bluegrass species. On the eastern side of the allotment there are clay 

pan areas that have a lot of clubmoss, fragile prickly pear (Opuntia fragilis Nutt.), and bare ground; 

however, this was where most of the green needlegrass was observed.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known statelisted noxious weeds or county-listed weeds within this allotment.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 0.0 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 5.6 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 0.0 and 3.3 AUMs, respectively. 

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment. There are no 

riparian issues in the allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – Based on a September 2006 IDT field visit, this allotment was determined 

to be meeting herbaceous structure distribution conditions consistent with the Grasslands Plan 

objectives. The west half of the allotment was the focus of the visit to assess the structure 

conditions. The team broke into two groups and walked through the area. Some VORs were taken 

but not recorded by at least one team. After getting back together and discussing observations and 

the management of the allotment, the professional judgment by the team members was that they 

were comfortable that the allotment was meeting structure objectives. No transects from the 2004 

VOR baseline assessment were recorded in this allotment. 

Seral Stages – Limited vegetation measurements and field observations indicate a large portion of 

the allotment is at or approaching an Invaded Grass State of Kentucky bluegrass. The west half of 

the pasture consists of broken land and a sere plot along a drainage swale below a reservoir was at 

an Invaded Grass State for a planted site with nearly equal dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and 

crested wheatgrass (Figure 132A.1). Western wheatgrass and other native grasses comprised less 

than 30 percent of the relative grass basal cover. Field observations along the western quarter of the 

pasture indicated greater dominance of crested wheatgrass and lesser amounts of Kentucky 

bluegrass and native grasses. Low knolls of unbroken land along the east boundary of the pasture 

contained greater dominance of native grasses, as did occasional clay slicks containing clubmoss, 

blue grama, Junegrass (Koeleria pyramidata (Lam.) Beauv.), and traces of western wheatgrass.
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Vegetation in unbroken land on the east side of the pasture was dominated by Kentucky and Canada 

bluegrass with lesser amounts of green needlegrass and other native grasses (Figure 132A.2.

Numerous clay slicks or shallow swales where most of the "A" soil horizon has been lost contained 

increased dominance of native grasses such as blue grama, fragile cactus, Junegrass, western 

wheatgrass, and high amounts of bare ground. An ecoplot near the center of this area was at a midearly stage dominated by equal amounts of western wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with small 

amounts of crested wheatgrass, smooth brome, and green needlegrass. A second ecoplot near the 

southeast boundary of the pasture and 100 feet from a road edge was overwhelmingly dominated by 

crested wheatgrass with moderate amounts of green needlegrass and lesser amounts of western 

wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass. The predominance of crested wheatgrass in this area may be 

the result of an unidentified strip of broken land or disturbances associated with the road edge, but 

assuming crested wheatgrass was planted the site was generally at a mid-early seral stage.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within this allotment. There are no known leks 

within 1 mile of this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Figure 132A.1 — West-central portion of the 

pasture downstream from a dugout reservoir. 

Crested wheatgrass in the foreground and 

increasing amounts of Kentucky bluegrass in 

lower-lying area around electric pole indicated 

by brown hue of seed heads.

Figure 132A.2 — East side of 

allotment dominated by invasive 

bluegrass with scattered occurrences 

of crested wheatgrass and native 

grasses. Brown seed heads of 

Kentucky bluegrass are especially 

dense or evident in the background.
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Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate transitions to an Invaded Grass 

State that would be expressed through increasing dominance of invasive bluegrass at the expense of 

most native species that would be irretrievably lost without intensive reclamation efforts. Increasing 

litter without livestock grazing would facilitate the increase of bluegrass that would become the 

overwhelmingly dominant species across the pasture within ten years. Smooth brome may also 

increase and crested wheatgrass would remain persistent. Bare ground among clay slicks would 

gradually fill with increasing blue grama and western wheatgrass but bluegrass would gradually 

occupy these sites with increasing plant development and litter accumulation. Continued increases 

in herbaceous litter and shallow root growth of bluegrass would adversely affect ecosystem 

productivity and rangeland health (Nichols 2010, Prince 2010).

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and 

brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses that may invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 176 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs or yearlings are run in a one-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 
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association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – This allotment is considered to be meeting the desired herbaceous 

structure distribution as outlined in the Grasslands Plan, based on field measurements taken in 2006. 

Seral Stages – Continuation of the current grazing schedules would facilitate transitions to Invaded 

Grass States across large areas of the allotment where they have not already occurred. The time 

period for these transitions would be slightly longer than Alternative 1 because grazing would 

impede the accumulation of plant litter that assists the establishment of invasive bluegrass. The 

transitions would also be less complete across the allotment because selective grazing of native 

grasses on clay slicks would impede the development of plant structure and litter that would 

maintain unfavorable conditions for the establishment of bluegrass.

As described by Sedivec (2006) the most effective grazing system for impeding the increased 

dominance of Kentucky bluegrass and maintaining native species diversity involves maximizing use 

of the former and increasing opportunities for the latter to complete critical growth stages and 

increase in vigor. Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass decrease in palatability during and 

after seed production that occurs by mid June. The earliest reported turn-in dates on June 4th during 

recent years occur during the end of peak palatability for these species, and selective grazing of 

native grasses is likely to occur proportional to the delay in turn-in. Stocking levels based on the 

total amount of forage rather than the production of native species experiencing selective grazing 

contributes to decreased vigor and production of these species that provides feedback for additional 

increases of invasive grasses. Frequent annual repetition of this situation would continue to result in 

a competitive disadvantage to native grasses that would assist the spread of Kentucky bluegrass.

This concept follows the basic rangeland grazing model of increaser, decreaser, and invader species 

(Dyksterhuis 1949, Lewis et al. 1956, see also Briske et al. 2008, Trammel and Butler 1995).

Current and proposed levels of Authorized Use that are 27 percent above initial estimated carrying 

capacity would compound the level of excessive native grass utilization. Additionally, the 

difference between initial estimated carrying capacity and Authorized Use would increase with 

increasing amounts of Kentucky bluegrass as a result of its lower production relative to the potential 

climax community (NRCS 2009, Sedivec 2006) used to determine initial estimated carrying 

capacity. 

Despite facilitating the transition to Invaded Grass States across the majority of the allotment, 

current grazing management would provide for the maintenance of small patches of native grasses 

where they dominate on clay slicks because selective grazing of these areas would maintain low

herbaceous plant cover and impede conditions suitable for the establishment of invasive bluegrass.

However, these areas represent a very small portion of the pasture acreage and do not support the 

objective of maintaining native plant diversity or justify the appropriateness of summer grazing 

schedules at current levels of Authorized Use.
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Although the allotment may exhibit high amounts of residual plant cover at the end of the grazing 

season that suggest appropriate levels of use that contribute to High structure objectives, the high 

amount of residual cover is a greater testament to the underutilization of invasive grasses. As 

summarized in the National Range and Pasture Handbook (NRCS 2006), under-utilization of one 

forage component does not compensate for over-utilization of other components and does not 

accurately describe the trend of plant composition or range condition.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are currently no known leks within 1 mile of this allotment. 

Therefore, though managing for game bird nesting is not necessary per Grassland Plan guidance, it 

would be desirable to help meet the goal to “demonstrate positive trends in...habitat availability, 

habitat quality, and population distribution within the planning area.” Though there are no known 

leks within 1 mile of this allotment, potential grouse nesting habitat does exist. 

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 176 federal AMs.

 Continuing to provide opportunity for growth and re-growth of native grasses and crested 

wheatgrass.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Continuing to provide opportunity for growth and re-growth of native grasses and 

crested wheatgrass would not be changed from current management.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two, because of the turn-in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock. However, the amount 

of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – This allotment is considered to be meeting the desired herbaceous structure 

distribution as outlined in the Grasslands Plan based on 2006 field measurements.

Adaptive Options – The Authorized Use of this allotment is higher than the initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 21 percent after accounting for cow size. Adjusting the Authorized Use would 

help ensure that management practices would meet the desired herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Continuation of current grazing management and levels of Authorized Use are 

proposed and would result in the same effects as described under Alternative 2.
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Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in the level of Authorized Use would alter the 

current trend of increasing invasive grasses and decreasing maintenance of native plant diversity 

without changes in the season of grazing. These changes would be timed to the increased use of 

invasive grasses and decreased use of the native component.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – There are currently no known leks within 1 mile of this allotment. Therefore, 

though managing for grouse nesting is not necessary per Grassland Plan guidance, it would be 

desirable to help meet the goal to “demonstrate positive trends in...habitat availability, habitat 

quality, and population distribution within the planning area.” Though there are no known leks 

within one mile of this allotment, potential grouse nesting habitat does exist. 

Adaptive Options – Though there are no leks within 1 mile of this allotment, potential grouse 

nesting habitat exists. Adjusting the Authorized Use would help ensure that management practices 

meet the desired herbaceous structure proportions and enhance potential grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.
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Allotment 132H 

Table 132H.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

132H in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

622 100

Total allotment acres 778 100

NFS acres 622 80

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 156 20

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

332

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

364

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2

Table 132H.2 — Allotment 132H – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None.

Woody 

draws

Only one woody draw in this allotment. The 

sample taken in this allotment was At Risk due 

to lack of regeneration, grassed in understory, 

and head cutting.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody 

species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.55; 1.61; 1.16

2004 Stations percent: Low-65/Moderate33.33/High-1.67.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Mostly broken land with mid seral stages of 

intermingled crested wheatgrass, invasive 

bluegrass, and native grasses.

Decrease or limit the 

expansion of invasive 

grasses and maintain or 

increase native grass 

components.

Sharp-tailed 

Grouse

There are no leks within the allotment. There is 

one known lek within one mile of the allotment 

but there is less than 160 acres of overlap.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks  Trace of burdock in woody draws.
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Table 132H.3 — Allotment 132H by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 332 

federal AMs (322 federal 

AMs are summer use and 

remainder is winter use).

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 303 

summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock: 

Cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 332 

of which 322 AMs are 

summer use and the remainder 

are winter use.

 Develop a rangeland well in 

either pasture 2 or 3. Locate a 

stock tank on the fenceline 

separating pastures 2 and 3.

 Focus on early use of crested 

wheatgrass in pastures 2 and 

3. This would aid in pulling 

livestock away from woody 

draw.

 Continue use of temporary 

fencing to defer use of native 

grasses intermingled with 

crested wheatgrass in pasture 

2.

Adaptive Options

 Fence the woody draw.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

364, of which 322 AUMs are 

summer use and the remainder 

are winter use.

 Focus on early use of crested 

wheatgrass in pastures 2 and 

3. This would aid in pulling 

livestock away from woody 

draw.

 Continue use of temporary 

fencing to defer use of native 

grasses intermingled with 

crested wheatgrass in pasture.

Adaptive Options

 Develop a rangeland well in 

either pasture 2 or 3. Locate a 

stock tank on the fenceline 

separating pastures 2 and 3.

 Rest crested wheatgrass 

pastures every other year to 

achieve High structure 

objective.

 Fence the woody draw.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 3

to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 132H - Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 778 acres in total size; 622 acres are NFS lands and the 

rest are privately owned. This allotment is issued an inventory permit for 32 head for 8 months and 

22 head for 3 months by the MGA currently. It is also the headquarters allotment associated with a 

common allotment (Lower Cherry Hollow). With this type of permit, livestock can be on NFS lands 

for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31

st

. Livestock are wintered on private 

and intermingled private and NFS lands during January through April. This allotment has been

subdivided into three pastures, two of which contain NFS lands. These pastures range from 309 

acres in pasture 2 to 313 acres in pasture 3. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in 

Table 132H.1. Water developments within this allotment include two reservoirs.

This allotment and Allotment 132A were managed as one allotment, but were split in 1999. It was 

also the headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment (Lower Cherry Hollow). In 

1999, the base property was split up between two association members, and the numbers attached to 

the common were divided up between them based on the acres each had purchased. This allotment 

is located in rolling prairie topography, and there are signs of past disturbance of cultivation. The 

vegetation within this allotment is typical of the rolling prairie where cultivation had historically 

occurred, crested wheatgrass planted, or the area not seeded and left to grow back. Within the NFS 

pastures, there is a mixture of native and introduced species. Species visually observed were 

western wheatgrass, needle grasses, blue grama, bluegrass species, and crested wheatgrass.

There are areas within the two pastures that were not cultivated, such as the northwest corner of 

pasture 3, the slope leading down into the woody draw in the eastern portion of pasture 3, and a 

small portion of the eastern side of pasture 2 along Betsy Creek. At one time, pasture 2 was broken 

into two separate pastures, and the dead furrow is still evident where the pasture boundary fence 

was located. Current conditions with quality of water or lack of water within the reservoirs makes it 

difficult to carry out a proper rotation between pastures 2 and 3. Because of this, the two pastures 

normally end up being managed together as the season progresses. The permittee has attempted to 

start the season in the northern pasture in the past, but in the past 3 years he has been running these 

pastures together because of lack of overland run-off and conditions of the reservoir basin.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is trace of burdock 

found within the woody draw in pasture 3 in the eastern portion of this pasture.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 0.0 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 2.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 0.0 and 1.4 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The single woody draw located at the southern end of the north pasture was At 

Risk due to a lack of desirable shrub species and low evidence of tree and shrub regeneration. Shrub 

communities with an occasional green ash tree occur around a second reservoir at the north end of 

the allotment and experience relatively high levels of livestock disturbance.
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Herbaceous Structure – There were three sampled VOR transects in this allotment; two were 

Moderate and one was in the Low structure class. All transect averages were less than 2 inches in 

2004. Station averages were consolidated for the three transects, which shows a strong dominance 

of Low structure stations, followed by Moderate stations, with one High structure station (>5.5 

inches).

Seral Stages – A sere plot in the south pasture that consists entirely of broken land was at an earlymid seral stage with dominance of crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass and light amounts of 

native grasses. Kentucky bluegrass and lesser amounts of smooth brome constituted 41percent of 

the relative grass basal cover and the plot was at an Invaded Grass State for a crested wheatgrass 

planted site. Two NDSU sample plots on the west side of the south pasture were at mid seral stages 

with varying proportions of crested wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and Kentucky bluegrass. These 

sites had not transitioned to an Invaded Grass State. Other measurements involving two Robel

transects and an ecoplot recorded similar dominance of crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass 

with varying amounts of threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia Nutt.) and blue grama.

More than 80 percent of the north pasture consisted of broken land where an NDSU sample plot 

was at a mid seral stage with plant composition similar to the south pasture. A belt transect and 

Robel transect recorded similar species composition, but pasture observations also indicated patches 

of decreased crested wheatgrass dominance with increasing sedge, blue grama, and needle-andthread. One of two ecoplots from the late 1990s in unbroken land along the west boundary of the 

north pasture was at a late seral stage while the second plot was at a mid seral stage. However, 

recent field observations of the unbroken perimeter suggest that invasive grasses have increased 

since the original measurements, and this is supported by an NDSU sample plot where crested 

wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and native grasses respectively constituted 77 percent, 15 percent,

and 8 percent of the total grass biomass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no leks within the allotment. There is one known lek within 1

mile of the allotment but there are fewer than 160 acres of overlap.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.
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Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub regeneration and growth.

However, existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as assisted by increasing 

plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for impeding woody 

regeneration and slowing or decreasing the potential degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would create the potential for increased expression 

of existing native grasses and shifts towards late seral stages as a result of removing livestock 

grazing disturbances. However, increasing litter would facilitate the spread and increased 

dominance of invasive bluegrass and lesser amounts of smooth brome that would result in 

transitions to Invaded Grass States with a loss of most native plant diversity. The frequent 

occurrence of Kentucky bluegrass as well as areas where the transition has already occurred 

suggests that further transitions would occur throughout most of the allotment within 10 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from the removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities, and to a lesser extent, nesting 

quality could also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that 

may invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 332 

federal AMs, of which 322 are summer use and the remainder are winter use.

 Cow/calf pairs or yearlings are run in a two-pasture, deferred rotation grazing system.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – The continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would 

remain. Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds.

Maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association.

Noxious weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The At Risk condition of the woody draw would continue because it is the only 

woodland available for livestock use other than small shrub patches located at the northern end of 

the allotment. Browsing and trampling disturbances resulting from livestock seeking shade, escape 

from insects, and extended green periods would continue to impede the regeneration of desired

woody species. Managing both pastures as a single pasture during most years allows livestock 

access to the draw throughout the grazing season, and warmer temperatures and decreasing 
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palatability of invasive grasses after mid June increases the potential for livestock to seek the woody 

draw.

Herbaceous Structure – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 5 percent. The existing grazing system is also not assisting the development of High structure, 

which includes some twice-over and seasonlong aspects, and encourages the removal of standing 

crop. Though winter use is authorized, it is unclear whether it is utilized. Winter grazing could

remove herbaceous structure that may remain after the growing season. Maintaining current 

management would retain existing conditions primarily due to the assumed difference in Authorized 

Use and the initial estimated carrying capacity in conjunction with the grazing system.

Seral Stages – Plant composition is likely to remain similar to current conditions or slowly trend 

towards increasing amounts of Kentucky bluegrass with decreasing maintenance of native grasses.

Frequent grazing periods during May through June provide for high utilization of the invasive grass 

component but also overlap critical growth initiation periods for the native component likely 

impeding further development. As allowed by the inventory permit, the potential extension of 

grazing periods past mid June, or seasonlong grazing, would facilitate selective and excessive 

grazing of the native grass component that would assist the spread or increased dominance of 

invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Potential grouse habitat can be found throughout the allotment. However, 

since the allotment is effectively not within the 1 mile proximity of a known active lek (<10 acres of 

overlap within the 1-mile buffer), enhancement of nesting habitat is desirable but not necessary at 

this time. As noted under herbaceous structure, existing management actions would not improve 

potential habitat for sharp-tailed grouse and thus continue to limit grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 332 federal AMs, of which 322 AMs are summer use and the remainder for winter 

use.

 Developing a rangeland well in either pasture 2 or 3. Locate a stock tank on the fenceline 

separating pastures 2 and 3.

 Focusing on early use of crested wheatgrass in pastures 2 and 3. This would aid in pulling 

livestock away from woody draw.

 Continuing use of temporary fencing to defer use of native grasses intermingled with crested 

wheatgrass in pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing the woody draw.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.
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Range

Initial Actions – There would be no change from the existing condition in Authorized Use in 

Alternative 3. Authorized AMs of 332 would remain the same; however, the use of these federal 

AMs would be different than the existing condition. The available federal AMs would be harvested 

in a shorter time period compared to the existing 8-month summer grazing season.

Developing a rangeland well in either pasture 2 or 3, and locating a stock tank on the fenceline 

separating the two pastures would assure that they are grazed separately in a rotational fashion.

Livestock distribution may change some from the existing condition in pasture 2 because of the 

seasonal reservoir and the distance from the proposed tank location. Distribution would not change 

from the existing condition because of the location of the existing reservoir.

Grazing during the proper time of the year for crested wheatgrass should increase the density of the 

crested wheatgrass stands. By focusing on early grazing of these crested wheatgrass pastures, the 

amount of loafing in the woody draw would be reduced. Because of the size of pasture 2, some 

grazing would continue, but would be less than when grazed for 8 months.

The use of a temporary fence to defer the use of native grasses intermingled with the crested 

wheatgrass in the northwestern corner of pasture 2 would ensure that the native species would not 

be grazed prior to range readiness. Livestock distribution would not change because of the size and 

topography of the pasture.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no effect on livestock 

distribution across the allotment if they are kept to a small acreage. Forage within the exclosures 

would no longer be available for livestock grazing. A large woody draw exclosure would increase

livestock grazing pressure on the remaining forage and change the distribution of livestock. As a 

result, adjustments in available AMs would need to be changed accordingly because of the AMs 

excluded from livestock grazing. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less than the current harvest.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Focusing on early season use to utilize crested wheatgrass (and Kentucky 

bluegrass) may slightly improve the woody draw because relatively cooler temperatures and fewer 

insect pests would provide less incentive for livestock. Potentially decreased browsing and 

trampling disturbances would facilitate an increased level of desired woody species regeneration but 

the degree of improvement would depend on the extent or frequency that early season grazing is 

implemented relative to current grazing schedules. As the season of grazing remains loosely defined 

by "focus on early season use," proposed grazing schedules are assumed to remain similar to current 

management with periods of extended or later season use but with greater implementation of 

deferred rotations. The potential degree of woody draw improvement would decrease with grazing 

seasons that extend past mid-June in the north pasture containing the draw.
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Constructing a new water well and establishing a water tank on the fenceline between the north and 

south pastures is unlikely to facilitate improvement of the only woody draw in the allotment. The 

well and tank would facilitate greater implementation of a deferred rotation by increasing the 

reliability of water and allowing for the separate management of each pasture that would decrease 

the period that livestock have access to the woody draw. However, increased livestock density with 

the smaller pasture sizes would increase the intensity of livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances that would impede the regeneration of desired woody species. Additionally, livestock 

use of the woody draw would likely increase every other year when the north pasture is the second 

pasture of use due to increasing temperatures, insect pests, and decreased palatability of invasive 

grasses in the uplands during the later grazing period. Greater reliability of water in the north 

pasture is likely to contribute to increased use with increasing woody draw disturbances.

Temporary fencing unbroken land along the north and west perimeter of the north pasture would 

have no appreciable effect on conditions of the woody draw because the area constitutes only 40

to50 acres and would account for only a small portion of the total allotment or pasture use.

Adaptive Options – Fencing the woody draw would provide the fastest and greatest potential 

improvement of conditions by removing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances and would

facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. The degree or rate of woody species 

regeneration could be impeded by increasing litter and invasive grasses with the exclusion of 

livestock from the draw.

Decreasing Authorized Use is unlikely to increase tree and shrub regeneration unless the decrease is 

relatively high. Only one woody draw is present and experiences the full extent of all woody draw 

disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 5 

percent. The Authorized Use level could limit the potential of increasing the residual standing crop 

and limit the ability for regrowth thus limiting the potential to address the herbaceous structure 

distribution. Developing a water source on the fenceline of pastures 2 and 3 would tend to 

encourage a more even use of the pastures and homogenize herbaceous structure. Early use appears 

to be occurring currently on these pastures and there doesn’t appear to be positive effects to 

herbaceous structure, perhaps because of the second and sometimes thrice-over events under 

existing management. If grazing events are restricted to the early season when crested wheatgrass is 

palatable, then there may be some regrowth. However, under the proposed Authorized Use it is 

projected that High herbaceous structure would not be prevalent under most growing conditions of 

most years. Continuing to defer use on the native portion of pasture 2, and in combination with the 

new water source to the south, could contribute to an improved structure distribution in this portion 

of the pasture. However, if livestock return later in the summer, it is projected that use of this area 

would remove some herbaceous structure.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects relative to the size 

and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative small amount 

of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Downward adjustments in Authorized Use would 
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increase the amount of standing crop, therefore potentially increasing the proportion of High 

structure in the allotment and improving the herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The proposal to “focus on early season use of crested wheatgrass” is presumed to 

involve continuation of the current grazing system that tends to extend from May through June and 

comes close but does not quite maximize use of the invasive grass component while providing for 

uninterrupted critical growth stages of the native component. Establishing a water tank on the 

pasture fenceline would facilitate a deferred rotation, but also increases the potential for selective 

and excessive grazing of the native component within the second pasture of the rotation as a result 

of decreasing invasive grass palatability. The more reliable late season water source would also 

increase the potential or desire to extend the grazing season into later months when invasive grass 

palatability has further decreased. Additionally, the evenness of livestock grazing would increase 

with the smaller pasture size resulting from closure of the fenceline and this would contribute to 

high utilization of the native component in the second pasture of use. Conversely, benefits of 

increased livestock density could involve the control of excessive plant litter.

Temporary fencing areas of unbroken land along the north and west perimeter of the north pasture 

to defer grazing of native grasses would not provide significant benefit relative to the required 

effort/maintenance because this area comprised only 15 percent of the pasture, is at the far north end 

of the pasture that receives a lower degree of use than areas to the south, and is lightly to heavily 

invaded by invasive grasses that exhibit an increasing trend. Allowing invasive grasses in this area 

to decrease in palatability would contribute to selective use of the native component later in the 

season when the area is grazed.

Adaptive Options – As current levels of Authorized Use are relatively close to initial estimated 

carrying capacity, decreasing the level of use during early season grazing would decrease the 

utilization of invasive grasses and contribute to their maintenance or increase with potential 

decreases of the native component. Increasing Authorized Use while maintaining early season 

grazing would have the potential of increasing utilization of invasive component and assisting 

increases of the native component if livestock are removed sufficiently early. The potential for 

increasing degrees of premature or excessive use of the native component would increase

proportional to the extent that the grazing season is extended into June and beyond.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 5

percent. The Authorized Use level could limit the potential of increasing the residual standing crop 

and limit the ability for regrowth, thus limiting the potential to address the grouse nesting habitat 

needs. Developing a water source on the fenceline of pastures 2 and 3 would tend to encourage a 

more even use of the pastures and homogenize herbaceous structure negatively impacting spring 

grouse nesting needs. Early use appears to be occurring currently on these pastures and there 

doesn’t appear to be positive effects to herbaceous structure, perhaps because of the second and 

sometimes thrice-over events under existing management. If grazing events are restricted to the 

early season when crested wheatgrass is palatable, then there may be some regrowth. However, 

under the proposed Authorized Use it is projected that High herbaceous structure would not be 
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prevalent under most growing conditions of most years and winter loss would further limit grouse 

nesting habitat. Continuing to defer use on the native portion of pasture 2, and in combination with 

the new water source to the south, could contribute to an improved structure distribution in this 

portion of the pasture. However, if livestock return later in the summer into late fall, it is projected 

that use of this area would remove some potential grouse nesting sites.

Adaptive Options – Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects relative to the size 

and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable because of the relatively small 

amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Downward adjustments in Authorized Use 

would increase the amount of standing crop, therefore potentially increasing the proportion of High 

structure in the allotment and enhance the potential for grouse nesting sites in the spring.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same in Alternative 3A as in Alternative 3 and will not 

be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions below. 

The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Resting crested wheatgrass pastures every other year to achieve High structure objective.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 364 federal AUMs. The existing 

Authorized Use of 332 federal AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 382 federal 

AUMs. The effect of this authorization equates to a 5 percent reduction from existing Authorized 

Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of 

the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration when planning the 

rotation for the allotment. This would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the inventory 

permit for this allotment.

Adaptive Options – Resting crested wheatgrass pastures every other year to achieve High structure 

would not change livestock distribution within the pasture because of the size and topography of the 

pastures. The AUMs associated with these pastures would be reduced from the Authorized Use for 

the year it will be rested because the forage within the pastures would no longer be available to 

livestock. This would be a reduction in the livestock number because the allotment carries an 

inventory permit.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.
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Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Authorized Use would potentially be decreased by 5 percent depending on the 

weight of livestock compared to the standard of 1,000 pounds for one AUM. The potential 

reduction would not be sufficient to facilitate increased regeneration of desirable woody species 

within the single occurring woody draw.

Adaptive Options – Resting one of the two crested wheatgrass pastures every other year would 

remove livestock browsing and trampling disturbances within the woody draw when the north 

pasture is rested. Resting the woody draw pasture every other year would only slightly increase the 

potential for successful regeneration of woody species because one year of rest would not be 

sufficient for developing seedlings and saplings to tolerate grazing disturbances in the following 

year.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity would create the 

potential for an increase of High herbaceous and improve the herbaceous structure distribution. The 

decrease in grazing intensity would improve the potential for increased residual cover. Early use 

appears to be occurring currently on these pastures and there doesn’t appear to be positive effects to 

herbaceous structure, perhaps because of the second and sometimes thrice-over events under 

existing management. If grazing events are restricted to the early season when crested wheatgrass is 

palatable, then there may be some regrowth. Under the proposed Authorized Use of this alternative, 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution in the fall could occur. Continuing to defer use 

on the native portion of pasture 2, in combination with the new water source to the south and the 

reduced Authorized Use, could contribute to an improved potential to address fall herbaceous 

structure in this pasture. However, if use is not restricted and livestock return later in the summer, it 

is projected that use of this area would remove some herbaceous structure.

Adaptive Options – Developing a water source on the fenceline of pastures 2 and 3 would tend to 

encourage a more even use of the pastures and homogenize herbaceous structure. Fencing specific 

woody draws could have negative effects relative to the size and location of the exclosure but is not 

expected to be appreciable because of the relative small amount of woody draw habitat projected to 

be fenced. Downward adjustments in Authorized Use would increase the amount of standing crop, 

thereby potentially increasing the proportion of High structure in the allotment and improving the 

herbaceous structure distribution. Resting the crested wheatgrass should improve the herbaceous 

structure in the fall.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Authorized Use would potentially be decreased by 5 percent depending on the 

weight of livestock compared to the standard of 1,000 pounds for one AUM. This would not have 

an appreciable effect on the development or long-term maintenance of native plant diversity.

Adaptive Options – Alternately resting one of the pastures every other year would have the 

potential to increase development of both the native and existing invasive grass components, with 

minimal benefit to increasing the extent or maintenance of the native component.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity would create the 

potential for an increase of High herbaceous and enhance grouse nesting habitat. The decrease in 

grazing intensity would improve the potential for increased residual cover. Early use appears to be 

occurring currently on these pastures and there doesn’t appear to be positive effects on herbaceous 

structure, perhaps because of the second and sometimes thrice-over events under existing 

management. If grazing events are restricted to the early season when crested wheatgrass is 

palatable, then there may be some regrowth. It is more likely under the proposed Authorized Use of 

this alternative, improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution in the fall could occur. 

Continuing to defer use on the native portion of pasture 2, in combination with the new water 

source to the south and the reduced Authorized Use, could contribute to an improved potential to 

address fall herbaceous structure in this pasture. However, if use is not restricted and livestock 

return later in the summer, it is projected that use of this area would remove some herbaceous 

structure and potential grouse nesting habitat with it.

Adaptive Options – Developing a water source on the fenceline of pastures 2 and 3 would tend to 

encourage a more even use of the pastures and homogenize grass structure and not enhance grouse 

nesting habitat. Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects relative to the size and 

location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative small amount of 

woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Downward adjustments in Authorized Use would 

increase the amount of standing crop, therefore potentially increasing the proportion of High 

structure in the allotment and improving the herbaceous structure distribution. Resting the crested 

wheatgrass should improve the herbaceous structure in the fall and improve the potential for grouse 

nesting habitat in the spring. 
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Allotment 133

Table 133.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

133 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

399 100

Total allotment acres 404 100

NFS acres 399 99

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 5 1

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

272

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

198

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2

Table 133.2 — Allotment 133 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Blacktail Creek flows through a portion of this 

allotment. The 2004 survey rated it as PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

33 percent of the sampled woody draws were 

Healthy and 67 percent are At Risk due to lack 

of regeneration and impacted shrub layer.

Increase the survival of 

seedlings/saplings and 

stimulate shrub layer. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.94; 1.36

2004 Stations percent: Low-40/Moderate60/High-0

2005 Transects: N/A

2005 Stations percent: N/A.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Intermixed/intermingled invasive and native 

grass communities with apparent trends of 

increasing invasive grasses.

Limit the expansion of 

invasive grasses and 

maintain or increase the 

proportion of native grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within this allotment. 

There are no known leks within one mile of this 

allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Approx. 5 acres of Canada thistle, burdock located primarily in riparian areas.
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Table 133.3 — Allotment 133 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A 

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 272 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 244 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Late season two 

pasture modified deferred 

rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

272.

 As needed graze pastures 1 

and 2 early to stimulate 

crested wheatgrass.

 After coming off Blacktail 

Common implement a fall 

two-pasture deferred 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Stimulate crested 

wheatgrass through 

application of fire, mowing, 

haying, fertilization, etc.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

198.

 As needed graze pastures 1 

and 2 early to stimulate 

crested wheatgrass.

 After coming from Blacktail 

Common implement a twopasture, fall deferred rotation 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Stimulate crested wheatgrass 

through application of fire, 

mowing, haying, 

fertilization, etc.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring 

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment Worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every three 

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 133 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 399 acres of NFS lands, subdivided into two separate 

pastures ranging in size from 243 acres to 161 acres. This allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 34 

head for 8 months by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment associated with a common 

allotment (Blacktail Common). Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 133.1.

Currently, the permittee is running increased livestock numbers with a shortened season and 

typically grazes the two pastures together during the months of October through December. One 

pasture has a well/stock tank and the other pasture has a developed spring with a stock tank that can 

freeze up given the typical season of use. These two pastures are both in the rolling prairie 

geographic area and herbaceous vegetative communities are a mixture of native and introduced 

graminoid species.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 5

acres of Canada thistle and burdock found primarily along riparian areas and within woody draws.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 6.9 

acres from livestock access. Approximately 0.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have 

been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres 

is approximately 3.4 and 0.0 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – A 0.4-mile segment of Blacktail Creek (reach 1) traverses pasture 1 in Allotment 133.

This reach has a riparian functionality rating of PFC.

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

133-01 Blacktail Creek (1) 0.41 0.41

Woody Draws – One of three woody draws sampled in pasture 1 was Healthy, while two were At 

Risk (Figure 133.1a and 1b). A beaver pond occurred in the Healthy community and harvest of 

numerous aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) and willow saplings occurred shortly after sampling.

One of the At Risk woody draws was associated with a developed spring that provided the source of 

water in pasture 1. Inclusions of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) occurred along 

drainages that involved the upper headwaters of Blacktail Creek. Only fragmented patches of 

woody draws occurred in pasture 2 and were not sampled.
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a) b)

Figure 133.1 — Woody draws in pasture 1.

a) Healthy community with beaver pond where willow and aspen saplings were later 

harvested.

b) At Risk community below developed spring with dense smooth brome understory and no 

tree/shrub regeneration.

Herbaceous Structure – From the 2004 VOR sample set, two transects were sampled. One transect 

was Low structure and one indicated Moderate structure. The consolidated station data for the two 

transects indicated a Low-Moderate dominance as well.

Seral Stages – Broken land extended through the 

center of pasture 1 and constituted 29 percent of 

the pasture acreage, but high amounts of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass with varying levels of 

intermixed and intermingled native grasses 

comprised most of the pasture (Figure 133.2). A 

sere plot in broken land of pasture 1 was at or 

approaching an Invaded Grass State with 

dominance of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass.

Native dominated patches were particularly 

evident along pasture edges, low knolls, and short 

hillsides, and a Robel transect and a belt transect 

reported native grass dominance with light 

amounts of bluegrass and/or crested wheatgrass in 

these areas.

The high amount of invasive grasses sharply contrasts with vegetation maps from 1979 (2210 files) 

that indicated western wheatgrass–green needlegrass communities on the west half of the pasture 

and needle-and-thread–Junegrass communities on the east half. A well site and access road along 

the west side of the pasture, as well as a wide east-west pipeline corridor that cut across the center 

of the pasture, have contributed to the high occurrence of invasive grasses. Past hay feeding may 

have also contributed to the current extent of invasive grasses.

Figure 133.2 — Dominance of invasive 

bluegrass in unbroken land on east 

side of pasture 1. 
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About 62 percent of pasture 2 was identified as broken land but the lack of extensive crested 

wheatgrass suggests that these areas were not seeded. Exceptions involved high amounts of crested 

wheatgrass around a well site in the southeast quarter of the pasture. A hay storage fence was 

present in the southwest corner of the pasture and past hay feeding may have contributed to the 

dominance of crested wheatgrass along the west side of the pasture that is not identified as broken 

land. A Robel transect near the center of the south pasture boundary recorded sedge, western 

wheatgrass, and crested wheatgrass as the three dominant species.

The north aspect of a ridgeline near the center of the pasture contained high condition native 

communities dominated by needlegrass species with bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum 

(Pursh) Scribn. & Sm.), thickspike wheatgrass (Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.), and 

western wheatgrass. Shallow swales extending downslope, as well as a pipeline corridor, contained 

snowberry with increasing amounts of bluegrass and smooth brome. Invasive bluegrass increased 

along the toeslope of the ridge and gained dominance across broad gentle slopes above a west 

flowing drainage in the north half of the pasture (Figure 133.3). Native patches of needlegrass and 

western wheatgrass of relatively high quality were intermingled among the invasive communities, 

but the predominance of invasive grasses sharply contrasts with vegetation maps from 1979 (2210 

files) that indicate western wheatgrass–blue grama and needle-and-thread–green needlegrass 

communities.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within this allotment and or within 1 mile of this 

allotment. Potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat exists.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would be removed concurrently.

Figure 133.3 — Invasive bluegrass dominance in the north half of pasture 2. Most 

of the brown sheen at the top of the grass layer is attributed to seed heads of 

bluegrass.
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Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would have the potential to improve with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub 

regeneration and growth. Existing invasive grasses, as well as potential increases of these species,

would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the potential degree of woody draw 

improvement because of increasing litter from the removal of livestock grazing.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure 

resulting in increased nesting opportunities for ground nesting birds requiring or preferring 

Moderate/High structure habitat. Species that favor Low structure habitat would be expected to 

decrease in abundance.

Seral Stages – Native grasses are of high vigor and well expressed in portions of both pastures and 

numerous small patches occur at or near late seral stages where invasive grass cover is low.

However, the predominance of invasive grasses and large areas that have already transitioned to an 

Invaded Grass State result in the conclusion that further transitions and the gradual loss of native 

species would occur across the allotment with the removal of livestock grazing and increase of 

herbaceous plant litter. This outcome would occur within 10 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock would benefit 

nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb 

diversity would decrease foraging opportunities, and to a lesser extent, nesting and brooding quality 

would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that may 

invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 272 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a late season two-pasture modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 
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of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – Late-season grazing should result in better woody draw conditions than presently 

occur on the allotment because livestock browsing and trampling disturbances should be relatively 

low during cooler temperatures of the fall and early winter. However, the low proportion of woody 

draw communities occurring in the allotment would contribute to increased levels of disturbance 

within any particular draw. High early winter use might occur from livestock seeking thermal cover.

Current levels of Authorized Use that exceed initial estimated by 58 percent after adjusting for cow 

size would also contribute to high levels of woody draw disturbance. The At Risk woody draw 

below the developed spring would continue to experience high levels of livestock trailing, and the 

second At Risk sample site situated adjacent to a trail corridor between the two pastures has an 

obvious potential to experience high levels of disturbance. Although current conditions might 

reflect previous use of the allotment and/or infrequent summer use such as occurred in 2005, the 

predominance of old or decadent trees and occurrence of desired shrubs confined to poorly 

accessible microsites indicate a trend of decreasing conditions that would be expected to continue 

under current management.

Herbaceous Structure – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity

by 37 percent. Transect and station data both indicate Low to Moderate herbaceous structure exists 

on the allotment. Existing management would likely maintain the existing herbaceous structure 

conditions.

Seral Stages – Both native and invasive grasses are able to fully complete their annual growth cycle 

during most years under the predominant grazing season of October through December, but the 

trend of increasing invasive grasses indicates that these species are out-competing the native 

component with resulting transitions to Invaded Grass States. Although the precise mechanism of 

increasing invasive grasses under the current grazing seasons is uncertain and may simply be 

attributed to greater competitive ability, there is no reason to assume the trend will not continue 

with current management. Transitions to Invaded Grass States would occur at slower rates 

compared to Alternative 1 as a result of grazing that decreases the accumulation of litter, but the 

majority of the allotment would be affected within 10 to 20 years.

Areas in both pastures that contain relatively high amounts of plant litter have the potential to 

continue assisting the establishment of invasive grasses. Potentially greater production of crested 

wheatgrass relative to production of the potential natural community that was used to estimate 

carrying capacity would likely decrease the 58 percent difference between Authorized Use and 

initial estimated carrying capacity, but grazing levels would nonetheless remain high and may be 

assisting the spread of invasive grasses. The lack of early season crested wheatgrass and bluegrass 

grazing often appears to result in decreased fall regrowth of these species (personal observation), 
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and thus, a high proportion of the utilized forage during fall grazing periods may involve native 

grasses. Decreased shoots or stems of native grasses available to initiate growth in the spring might 

contribute to the competitive advantage of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Since the allotment is not effectively within the 1-mile proximity of a 

known active lek, enhancement of nesting habitat is desirable but not necessary at this time. As 

noted under herbaceous structure, existing management actions would not improve potential habitat 

for sharp-tailed grouse (i.e., High structure grasslands) and thus limit the potential to enhance 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 272 federal AMs.

 As needed grazing pastures 1 and 2 early to stimulate crested wheatgrass.

 After coming off Blacktail Common, implementing a fall, two-pasture deferred rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Stimulating crested wheatgrass through application of fire, mowing, haying, fertilization, etc.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range 

Initial Actions – Under this alternative Authorized Use would be 272 federal AMs and would 

change the existing condition of Alternative 2. The use of the AMs would be different than the 

existing condition because of the rotation for the NFS pastures.

Grazing pastures 1 and 2 early would be a change from the current use because livestock are being 

grazed at the same time of year, in the fall. Because of the size and topography of the pastures, 

livestock distribution would not change. Livestock would tend to graze areas dominated by crested 

wheatgrass because of the palatability of the species during this period. 

Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation in the fall would not have an effect on livestock 

distribution because of the size and topography of the pasture. Livestock would no longer have 

access to both pastures and would be confined to graze one pasture at a time because gates would be 

closed between the two pastures.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. 

Using fire to stimulate crested wheatgrass stands would require resting the burned pasture and 

adjusting Authorized Use. This is all dependent on the timing of the fire (spring, summer, or fall) 

because livestock grazing could be allowed to graze in the fall if a spring burn was carried out, 
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normal climatic conditions occurred, and desired condition of the burn had been reached. Livestock 

distribution may be more focused on the burn areas initially, but overall won’t change because of

the size of the pastures. Mowing would have similar effects as fire would have with respect to

livestock distribution and available AMs. The use of fertilizer on the crested wheatgrass stands 

would not require a recovery period; however, grazing pressure would shift towards these areas 

because of the increased production and palatability of the crested wheatgrass stands. The available 

AMs may increase with this adaptive option; however, this would depend on the age and health of 

the crested wheatgrass stand, and available critical growing moisture during the growing season.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two, because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock, but the amount of forage harvested would be 

less than the existing forage harvested. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Grazing pastures 1 and 2 early as needed to stimulate crested wheatgrass would have no effect on 

the riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because livestock use on the creek would not increase.

Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation would have no effect on desired riparian condition 

along Blacktail Creek. The rotation would not result in any additional livestock use and occupation 

on the riparian corridor.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek 

because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Stimulating crested wheatgrass through the application of fire, mowing, haying, fertilization, etc. 

would have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because livestock use on the creek 

would not increase.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces the 

overland flow further benefitting the riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation to build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Proposed management largely follows current management with fall and early 

winter use of the two pastures. However, strict adherence to the proposed deferred rotation would 

result in decreased access to woody draws that are confined to pasture 1, potentially decreasing 

browsing and trampling disturbances and facilitating improved conditions. Conversely, Authorized 

Use would remain 58 percent above initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting for cow size, 

and would contribute to high use of woody draws in pasture 1, particularly because it is 50 percent 

larger than pasture 2 and would receive the greatest proportion of use. Increased livestock density as 
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a result of maintaining separate pastures with closed gates would also contribute to the potential for 

increased browsing and trampling disturbances within woody draws.

Early season grazing “as needed” to stimulate crested wheatgrass would have minimal effect on 

woody draw conditions because livestock should not be particularly attracted to the draws during 

May as a result of cooler temperatures, fewer insect pests, and high palatability of the invasive 

grasses.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws would provide the greatest potential for increasing the 

regeneration of desired woody species through the removal of livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances. However, the degree or rate of woody species regeneration would be impeded by 

existing dominance of invasive grasses in the understory, as well as increasing litter that would 

result with the exclusion of livestock and that would facilitate additional invasive grass increases.

Fencing of one woody draw could result in increased livestock disturbances in other draws. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased regeneration of desired woody species by 

decreasing browsing and trailing disturbances. However, there are only a few woody draws present 

and the degree of livestock disturbances would remain relatively high unless the reduction in 

Authorized Use is large.

Stimulating crested wheatgrass through mowing, fire, or fertilization would decrease livestock 

disturbances within woody draws by drawing them to the flush of fresh herbaceous growth. This 

would temporarily assist the regeneration of trees and shrubs but is unlikely to be conducted at 

sufficient frequency to maintain trends of increasing woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 37 

percent, which could limit the development of High herbaceous structure. In addition, the proposed 

fall rotation would remove potential regrowth, effectively reducing standing crop after fall 

monitoring. Grazing crested wheatgrass early (May to mid June) could still permit time for 

regrowth, and perhaps temporarily improve vigor for native species, which could improve fall 

measurements. But, again, the improved October herbaceous structure distribution would be 

homogenized by the fall rotation because of removal and mechanical damage from livestock.

Adaptive Options – Managing the Authorized Use level would be the most effective tool to 

increase the proportion of High structure on the allotment and improve the herbaceous structure 

distribution overall. Fencing woody draws would have little appreciable effect on herbaceous 

structure across the allotment because of the projected relatively small scale and local scope of this 

action. Using fire to manage crested wheatgrass using any one of various tools could contribute to 

improved herbaceous structure conditions due to an improved density of vegetation. However, the 

assumed continuation of fall grazing could remove the regrowth after fall monitoring.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Early grazing “as needed” to stimulate crested wheatgrass (as well as bluegrass) 

might facilitate fall regrowth of the species for greater use during the primary late season grazing 

period. Thus, remaining native grass components might experience decreased fall grazing 

disturbances with increased growth and vigor the following spring. However, the frequency of this 
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potential benefit would be insufficient to alter the trend of increasing invasive grasses. Efficient use 

of the allotment forage and the greatest potential for maintaining or increasing the native plant 

community would involve consistent early season grazing to accommodate the high proportion of 

crested wheatgrass and bluegrass.

Adaptive Options – Stimulation of crested wheatgrass through mowing, burning, or fertilization 

would be the least direct and most uncertain method of increasing utilization of the invasive grass 

component compared to consistent early season grazing. The above actions would potentially 

increase the vigor and growth of both the native and invasive components but would not alter the 

competitive relationship between these species and are more likely to provide greater assistance to 

the invasive component. Native grasses are adapted to natural or background nutrient levels while 

invasive grasses tend to exhibit greater responses to increased nutrient levels. Fertilization can have 

adverse effects on soil organisms that maintain symbiotic relationships with native grasses, 

therefore decreasing their competitive ability with invasive grasses that have less dependence on 

soil organisms for obtaining nutrients (Sedivec and Manske 1990).

Decreasing Authorized Use would have the potential of assisting native grass vigor by decreasing 

the level of grazing disturbances and leaving a greater amount of plant tissue available to initiate 

growth the following spring. However, invasive grass utilization would also decrease and there 

would be no change in the competitive relationship between native and invasive grasses or trend of 

increasing invasive grasses. A greater portion of the decreased level of utilization would likely be 

conferred to invasive bluegrass due to its lower degree of palatability during the current grazing 

season, and increased litter accumulation within these communities would facilitate their 

maintenance or spread.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 37 

percent, which could limit the potential development of grouse nesting habitat (Angell 1997). In 

addition, the proposed fall rotation would remove regrowth from the summer growing season, 

effectively reducing potential grouse habitat prior to spring nesting needs. Grazing crested 

wheatgrass early (May to mid June) could permit time for regrowth, and perhaps temporarily 

improved vigor for native species which could improve fall measurements. But, again, the regrowth 

could be homogenized by the fall rotation because of removal and mechanical damage from 

livestock with the result of reduced spring grouse habitat.

Adaptive Options – Managing the Authorized Use level would be the most effective tool to 

increase grouse habitat. Fencing woody draws would have little appreciable effect on grouse nesting 

habitat across the allotment because of the projected relatively small scale and local scope of this 

action. Using fire to manage crested wheatgrass using anyone of various tools could contribute to 

increased grouse nesting habitat because of an improved density of vegetation. However, the 

assumed continuation of fall grazing could remove the regrowth after fall monitoring resulting in 

reduced amounts of grouse nesting habitat in the spring.
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Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of listed 

below. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 198 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 272 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 313 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 37 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 37 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by 

decreasing the level of livestock browsing and trailing disturbances that would assist the 

regeneration of desired trees and shrubs. However, existing invasive grasses present in the 

understory of woody draws have the potential to impede or slow the rate of regeneration and 

increasing conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level from AMs to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could move the allotment to a more balanced herbaceous structure distribution, assuming 

that actual use is similar to the preference level. However, the proposed fall rotation would remove 

regrowth, effectively reducing potential cover after fall monitoring measurements are recorded. The 

amount removed should be less than Alternatives 3 and 3A. 
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 37 percent would have the potential to increase 

native grass vigor by decreasing the level of grazing disturbances and leaving a greater amount of 

plant material available to initiate growth the following spring. However, invasive grass utilization 

would also decrease and there would be no change in the competitive relationship between native 

and invasive grasses or trend of increasing invasive grasses. A greater portion of the decreased level 

of utilization would likely be conferred to the invasive grasses, and increased litter accumulation 

within these communities would facilitate their maintenance or spread with further transitions to 

Invaded Grass States.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level from AMs to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could increase the amount of grouse nesting habitat within the allotment, assuming that 

actual use is similar to the preference level. However, the fall rotation could limit grouse nesting 

cover levels because of the removal and mechanical damage from fall livestock use. 
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Allotment 133D5

Table 133D5.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

133D5 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area.

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

78 100

Total allotment acres 78 100

NFS acres 78 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

49

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

35

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 1

Table 133D5.2 — Allotment 133D5 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

There are no woody draws in the allotment. None

Herbaceous 

structure

This is an 80-acre allotment of crested 

wheatgrass and smooth brome that is hayed. It 

is assumed that since 25 to 75 percent is not 

hayed on an annual basis that there is potential 

for High herbaceous structure.

None

(IDT determined that 

allotment will not be held to 

structure objectives)

Seral stages The allotment consists of broken land 

dominated by crested wheatgrass, smooth 

brome, and Kentucky bluegrass with trace to 

light amounts of native grasses.

Limit the expansion or 

increase of invasive smooth 

brome and Kentucky 

bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known grouse leks in the allotment 

or within one mile of the allotment.

None

Remarks This allotment is not grazed, a portion is hayed annually.
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Table 133D5.3 — Allotment 133D5 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4

 Authorized Use is 49 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 0 federal 

AMs due to issuance of 

only hay permits.

 Permit type: Hay permit 

only.

 Management involves 

haying 75 percent (60 

acres) of the allotment one 

year, then haying the 

remaining 25 percent (20 

acres) the next year.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Continue current 

management, which 

involves haying 75 percent 

(60 acres) of the allotment 

one year, then haying the 

remaining 25 percent (20 

acres) the next year.

Adaptive Options

 If management changes to 

allow livestock grazing, 

authorized federal AMs: 49

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Continue current 

management, which 

involves haying 75 percent 

(60 acres) of the allotment 

one year, then haying the 

remaining 25 percent (20 

acres) the next year.

Adaptive Options

 If management changes to 

allow livestock grazing, 

Authorized Use is 35 

AUMs.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 133D5 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 78 acres of NFS lands and administered as an exchange 

use parcel by the MGA. Two individuals are permitted in this parcel in exchange for other lands 

that they are not able to utilize. At one point, there was only one individual permitted in this 

allotment and that permittee was authorized to graze, but he had to utilize water from adjacent 

private land since the allotment has no developed water source. Since the issuance of permits to two 

individuals has taken place, authorization was changed to hay permits because of the difficulty in 

permitting two individuals in such a small allotment. One individual is permitted the eastern half 
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and the other is permitted the western half of the allotment for haying. Because of the grazing 

agreement with MGA, the individuals have a choice of haying their entire half one year and resting 

it the following year, or they can hay half of their parcel one year and the other half the following 

year. Currently, one permittee hays his entire half one year and rests it the following year. The other 

permittee hays one half of his portion each year. This means that in one year, 25 percent of the 

allotment would be rested, and in the following year, 75 percent would be rested. Although hay 

permits are the current authorization for this allotment, historically it has been assigned 49 AMs. 

This allotment consists of mostly smooth brome, Kentucky bluegrass, crested wheatgrass, and a 

very small component of native species.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – There were no sampled VOR transects in this allotment. There is no data 

to indicate what the herbaceous structure distribution may be. It is assumed that herbaceous 

structure will be variable but dominated by Moderate and some High in those sites not hayed.

Seral Stages – The pasture is overwhelmingly dominated by crested wheatgrass, smooth brome, 

and bluegrass. Only trace amounts of native grasses are present that primarily involve needle-andthread. Plant community development is generally at an early seral stage but is more appropriately 

regarded as an Invaded Grass State of a crested wheatgrass planted site.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no sharp-tailed grouse leks within 1 mile of this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees, or in this case haying permit fees, would be collected from this 

allotment, so there would be no contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing 

range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is potential for the 

spread of noxious weeds because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest 

Service would be solely responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some 

noxious weed species spread may decrease because of the removal of livestock as one vector 

source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of the haying activity, there would be increased 

opportunity for the development of Moderate to High structure.
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Seral Stages – The termination of haying would result in persistence of the Invaded Grass State.

Smooth brome and bluegrass would gradually increase over time, while crested wheatgrass would 

persist but gradually decrease as a proportion of the total plant composition. Trace or insignificant 

amounts of native grasses might initially increase to a slight degree, but would eventually decrease 

or persist in only trace amounts with increasing bluegrass and smooth brome.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Potential grouse nesting habitat would be increased and contribute to the 

larger landscape of available habitat.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is currently permitted by a hay permit only, but previously a turn-in grazing 

association permit authorized use of 49 federal AMs.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – This allotment is currently only authorized to be hayed and the proposed action in this 

alternative is to continue the haying management. There would be no effects to livestock grazing. If 

management practices change and livestock grazing is applied to this allotment, the Authorized Use 

proposed would be 49 federal AMs. An effect of livestock grazing would be the need for range 

water on this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – With no proposed change in management, existing conditions would 

continue. It is assumed that removal of vegetation will limit the production of High structure on an 

annual basis. However, not haying 25 to 75 percent on an annual basis is currently assumed to

promote High herbaceous structure in those non-hayed sites.

Seral Stages – The continuation of haying would result in persistence of the Invaded Grass State.

Late season cutting should minimize tillering of crested wheatgrass (Manske 1995b, Manske and 

Onsager 1997) and potentially assist the establishment of other species. However, smooth brome 

and bluegrass were the primary co-dominant species and are likely to continue increasing, while 

crested wheatgrass would persist but gradually decrease as a proportion of the total plant 

composition. Trace or insignificant amounts of native grasses might initially increase to a slight 

degree, but would eventually decrease or persist in only trace amounts with increasing bluegrass 

and smooth brome. Haying of the allotment provides a source of invasive plant seed dispersed 

within the project area.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The nearest known sharp-tailed grouse lek is approximately 1.5 miles away. 

Assuming no other nearby lek in the area, this allotment is slightly outside the average distance a 

hen will travel to nest. Current management is assumed to be already contributing to grouse nesting 

habitat. However, the size and shape of the remaining non-hayed pasture may be an ecological 

“sink” because of increased predation risk for individual grouse that may use it.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 The initial actions and effects thereof in Alternative 3 are the same as Alternative 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 If management changes to allow livestock grazing, authorizing 49 federal AMs.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Adaptive Options – If management practices change and livestock grazing is applied to this 

allotment, the Authorized Use proposed would be 49 federal AMs, changing from a hay permit.

There are currently no livestock water developments within this allotment; therefore, a water 

development would be requested.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two, because of the turn-in permit for this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Adaptive Options – Allowing the allotment to be managed with livestock, particularly at 60 

percent over the initial estimated carrying capacity, would likely result in a regression of herbaceous 

structure distribution, particularly the probable loss of potential High herbaceous structure. 

Adjusting the Authorized Use level downward could help mitigate the loss of cover but may not 

match the existing “rest rotation” hay management scheme.

Seral Stages

Adaptive Options – Implementing livestock grazing at 60 percent above initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size may result in excessive use of the invasive grass component 

that comprises the allotment, thus assisting the establishment of less desired invasive and/or noxious 

weeds. However, production of crested wheatgrass can exceed that of the native climax community 

and may decrease the apparent difference between initial estimated carrying capacity and the level 

of use. Depending on the season of use, excessive stocking levels could impede the establishment of 

native grasses in the pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Adaptive Options – Allowing the allotment to be managed with livestock, particularly at 60 

percent over the initial estimated carrying capacity, would likely result in a regression of potential 

grouse nesting habitat. Adjusting the Authorized Use level downward could help mitigate the loss 

of cover, but nesting cover levels may not match the existing “rest rotation” hay management 

strategy.
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Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 2 with the exceptions below. 

The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 The initial actions and effects in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 If management changes to allow livestock grazing, Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on 

initial estimated carrying capacity.

Range –

Adaptive Options – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 35 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 49 federal AMs 

(before haying authorization) converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 56 federal AUMs. 

The effect of setting Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 38 

percent reduction in AUMs from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in 

Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head 

and the grazing season duration when planning the rotation for the allotment. If management 

changes to allow livestock grazing, there would be a need for a water development because there 

are no range water developments within this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Adaptive Options – Allowing the allotment to be managed with livestock under the initial 

estimated carrying capacity could result in a regression of herbaceous structure distribution, 

particularly the probable loss of potential High herbaceous structure. It is assumed that cattle would 

disperse throughout the small pasture and homogenize herbaceous structure in the small pasture. 

Seral Stages

Adaptive Options – Implementing livestock grazing with a 38 percent reduction in Authorized Use 

according to initial estimated carrying capacity and cow size could establish appropriate stocking 

levels while contributing to the potential maintenance or achievement of other resource objectives.

The level of reduction might be unnecessarily excessive because of high crested wheatgrass and 

smooth brome production relative to the native climax community, and underutilization of the 

invasive grass component might impede the establishment of native grass species and perpetuate the 

Invaded Grass State. However, lower production of Kentucky bluegrass might decrease the 
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potential level of understocking. The season of use would also influence the competitive interaction 

between invasive and native grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Adaptive Options – Allowing the allotment to be managed with livestock under the initial 

estimated carrying capacity could result in a regression of potential grouse nesting cover, but this is 

unknown. It is assumed that cattle would disperse throughout the small pasture and homogenize the 

grass habitat. 
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Allotment 134

Table 134.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

134 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

479 100

Total allotment acres 597 100

NFS acres 479 80

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 117 20

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

254

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

220

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2
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Table 134.2 — Allotment 134 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Whitetail Ck.

98-99 Survey had two reaches at PFC and one 

at FAR-U.

2004 Survey – all reaches at PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

Of the sampled woody draws, 71 percent were 

Healthy, 15 percent were At Risk, and 14 

percent were Unhealthy. At Risk and Unhealthy 

woody draws are being affected by a lack of 

regeneration and understories dominated by 

herbaceous growth. 

Increase the survival of 

seedlings/saplings.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Below Objectives

Moderate – Exceeding Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.75

2004 Stations percent: Low-60/Moderate40/High-0

Manage for additional Low 

and High structure on 

biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Broken land constitutes 32 and 50 percent of the 

two pastures, and a mixture of invasive and 

native grasses characterized most of the 

allotment with a trend of increasing bluegrass.

A sere plot in broken land was at a mid-late 

seral stage.

Limit the expansion of 

invasive grasses and 

maintain or increase the 

proportion of native grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within the allotment. 

There are two known leks within 1 mile of the 

allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Approximately 22 acres of Canada thistle and burdock.

A sensitive plant, Hooker’s Townsendia (Townsendia hookeri Beaman.), was 

identified in pasture 3.
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Table 134.3 — Allotment 134 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A 

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 254 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 240 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(managed as turn-in).

 Rotation: Two pasture 

thrice-over rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

254.

 Implement a twice-over 

grazing system, annually 

changing season of use 

within the rotation.

 Alternate salt placement in 

pasture 3 from one side of 

Whitetail Creek to the other 

at midpoint of grazing 

season, or as needed.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Implement a once-over 

deferred rotation.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

220.

 Implement a twice-over 

grazing system, annually 

changing season of use 

within the rotation.

 Alternate salt placement in 

pasture 3 from one side of 

Whitetail Creek to the 

other at midpoint of 

grazing season, or as 

needed.

Adaptive Options

 Implement a once-over 

deferred rotation.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3

years, then reevaluate 

survey frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 134 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 597 acres in total size and contains private and NFS lands 

with 479 acres of NFS lands. Currently this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 56 head for 5

months by the Medora Grazing Association (MGA). It should be noted that although this allotment 

is permitted with an inventory permit, which typically means that livestock are somewhere on the 

allotment for a full 12 months, it is actually managed like a turn-in permit. The permittee brings in 

livestock to graze sometime in the summer months, but brings them home to a separate ‘off permit’ 
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location to winter the livestock. This allotment has been subdivided into three pastures, and of these

three only two contain NFS lands. The two NFS pastures range from 160 acres to 320 acres in size.

Current AMs provided by NFS lands are 254.

Presently there is no developed livestock water within these two pastures, but livestock can water 

out of a series of beaver dams located along Whitetail Creek that runs through the two pastures. The 

current rotation for this allotment is a three times over with the same use during the same time of 

the growing season for each pasture. The allotment is located in the rolling prairie geographic area 

with Whitetail Creek running through both pastures. Both of these pastures show evidence of 

homesteading and past cultivation. Therefore, there are areas of introduced grass species such as 

crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but along Whitetail Creek there is a mixture of native 

and introduced graminoid species. Some specific species noted were western wheatgrass, blue 

grama, needle-and-thread, little bluestem, and big bluestem.

Because of Whitetail Creek bisecting both pastures, the livestock distribution can be heavily 

influenced if the creek is running high. The woody draw along Whitetail Creek consisted of 

buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.), green ash, and aspen. The aspen were affected by 

the beaver along the creek, and there were several beaver dams along a half mile stretch of the creek 

in pasture 3 (visual observation during distribution mapping).

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 22

acres of Canada thistle and burdock found within this allotment. Increased oil and gas activity and 

other uses on the Grasslands can provide for the potential of other invasive and noxious weeds to 

invade in these areas. Within this allotment there is a potential for 10 of the 12 North Dakota state 

listed noxious weeds and the county listed weeds.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

134-01 Whitetail Creek (2) 0.76 0.76

134-03 Whitetail Creek (1) 0.73 0.73

A 1.5-mile segment of Whitetail Creek (reaches 1 and 2) traverses pastures 1 and 3 in Allotment 

134. This reach has a riparian functionality rating of PFC. Riparian conditions in this reach 

epitomize desired condition (Figure 134.1).
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Figure 134.1 — The upstream reaches of 

Whitetail Creek have a riparian functionality 

rating of PFC. Note desired vegetative conditions:

vegetative canopy of nearly 100 percent along the 

channel banks; presence of desired native woody 

species to shade channel, cool water, and add root 

strength to banks. Note desired geomorphic 

conditions: low width depth ratio, low sediment 

load, absence of any visible channel erosion, 

meandering channel to dissipate stream energy, and 

fully vegetated point bars. Beavers maintain active 

dams, which further stabilize channel, trap 

sediment, and recharge alluvial aquifers.

Woody Draws – Of seven sampled woody draws, 

71 percent were Healthy and 29 percent were At 

Risk or Unhealthy. These general proportions were 

consistent in both pastures. Healthy sites occurred 

on moderately steep slopes above Whitetail Creek 

while less than Healthy sites occurred along the 

creek terraces that were dominated by smooth 

brome and experience heavy livestock use. Heavy 

trampling disturbances also occurred around an 

ephemeral wetland and several springs on Whitetail Creek in the southeast corner of pasture 3.

Large beaver ponds occurred downstream of this area and some adjacent aspen communities had 

been extensively harvested (Figure 134.2a and 2b). Down logs that impede livestock access increase 

the potential for regrowth of saplings and basal sprouting.

Figures 134.2a and 134.2b — Large beaver pond along Whitetail Creek in photo a 

with areas of aspen cut by beaver in photo b.
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Herbaceous Structure – There was one VOR sample transect in the allotment. It sampled in the 

Moderate structure class. Of the 20 stations along the transect, 60 percent were Low and 40 percent 

were Moderate.

Seral Stages – About 32 percent and 50 percent of the two pastures in this allotment consist of 

broken land with high proportions of invasive grasses and intermixed native grasses. Invasive 

grasses including crested wheatgrass also occurred throughout most areas of unbroken land. A sere 

plot in broken land of pasture 1 was at a mid-late seral stage with moderate amounts of western 

wheatgrass and needlegrass species mixed with about 22 percent relative canopy cover of Kentucky 

bluegrass and smooth brome. Other areas exhibited greater dominance of invasive grasses or high 

proportions of blue grama and earlier seral stages. Relative plant frequency of Kentucky bluegrass 

and smooth brome increased from about 5 percent to 32 percent between 1980 and 2009 along a 

pace transect in broken land.

About 50 percent of pasture 3 consisted of broken land and a belt transect and Robel transect in the 

northeast quarter of the pasture recorded crested wheatgrass, sedge, and western wheatgrass as the 

dominant species. The belt transect reported high amounts of sedge between wolfy crested 

wheatgrass plants, and field observations in this area indicated light amounts of use. Field 

observations in broken and unbroken land at the south end of the pasture indicated intermingled 

patches of crested wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and native grasses, with blue grama and buffalo 

grass (Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.) dominating heavily grazed patches.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment. There are two known leks 

within 1 mile of the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease because of the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would have the potential to improve with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub 

regeneration. However, existing invasive grasses as well as potential increases of these species as a 
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Figure 134.3 — Shrub community with 

remnant trees of green ash and willow along 

terrace of Whitetail Creek with relatively open 

structure resulting from heavy trailing and 

grazing between shrubs. 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing 

or decreasing the potential degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure and a decrease in the 

amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – Trends of increasing invasive grasses would continue or increase with the removal 

of livestock grazing, which would facilitate the increased accumulation of plant litter and improve 

conditions for the spread of invasive bluegrass. Transitions to Invaded Grass States would occur 

within 10 years across most of the allotment due to the current extent and amount of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High herbaceous structure would benefit nesting and 

brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would 

decrease foraging opportunities and nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 254 

federal AMs. Although this allotment is permitted with an inventory permit, which typically 

means that livestock are somewhere on the allotment for a full 12 months, it is actually managed 

like a turn-in permit.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two pasture, thrice-over rotation grazing system.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along 

Whitetail Creek as described in the existing 

condition would continue.
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Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions are likely to persist at 71 percent Healthy and 29 percent

At Risk or Unhealthy under current management. Low levels of livestock disturbance along upland 

slopes facilitate Healthy conditions, while the predominance of smooth brome and heavy livestock 

concentrations that impede the regeneration of woody species would result in the persistence of At 

Risk conditions along terraces of Whitetail Creek (Figure 134.3). 

Herbaceous Structure – It is expected that current management would continue to maintain the 

existing structure distribution under similar climatic conditions. The Authorized Use level is

approximately 20 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for 

cow size, which would limit residual cover levels. In addition, the repeated and late season visits 

under the thrice-over system would limit the production of High structure.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses that comprise a large portion of the plant composition throughout 

the allotment would continue increasing under current management. Grazing during the latter half 

of May in pasture 1 is appropriate for the invasive grass component. However, decreasing 

palatability of invasive grasses during later grazing rotations in both pastures has a high potential to 

result in selective use of the native component that comprises a low proportion of the total available 

forage. The high potential for excessive use of the native component would contribute to low plant 

vigor and assist the spread of invasive grasses. Annually repeated seasonal grazing of the same 

pastures is another possible factor contributing to low native plant vigor (Sedivec and Manske 

1990), which can facilitate the increase of invasive grasses.

Conversely, distant portions of the pastures away from primary use areas along Whitetail Creek 

exhibit relatively light use and high plant litter that facilitate the spread of invasive grasses.

Appreciable amounts of Kentucky bluegrass in these areas that are of low palatability during most 

of the grazing season perpetuate low utilization and the accumulation of plant litter.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The existing thrice-over system would remove and limit residual standing 

crop after the bulk of the growing season is over, especially when combined with the Authorized 

Use level. Current management would not enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 254 federal AMs.

 Implementing a twice-over grazing system, annually changing season of use within the rotation.

 Alternating salt placement in pasture 3 from one side of Whitetail Creek to the other at midpoint 

of grazing season, or as needed.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Implementing a once-over deferred rotation.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 
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the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. By implementing a twiceover rotational grazing system and annually changing the season of use within the rotation, 

available forage may increase with time, since the proposed rotation is allowing for initial growth or 

regrowth in the pastures every year instead of rotating back a third time and taking away the 

opportunity for regrowth. Livestock distribution would have minimal if any change because of the 

size and topography of the pastures. Alternating salt placement in pasture 3 would draw livestock to 

these areas, thereby changing livestock distribution so that they would not focus on one side or the 

other of Whitetail Creek.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the 

distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the 

existing forage harvested. Implementing a once-over deferred rotation would affect livestock 

distribution because of the duration of grazing and palatability of herbaceous species.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Implementing a twice-over grazing system, annually changing the season of use within the rotation,

would have no effect on desired riparian condition along Whitetail Creek. The rotation would not 

result in any additional livestock use and occupation on the riparian corridor.

Alternating salt placement in pasture 3 would draw livestock to these areas, thereby changing 

livestock distribution so that they would not focus on one side or the other of Whitetail Creek,

which would benefit riparian condition through better distribution.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow and would further benefit the riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A reduction 

in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities, allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation that would build stream banks.

Implementing a once-over deferred rotation system would have no effect on desired riparian 

condition along Whitetail Creek. The rotation would not result in any additional livestock use and 

occupation on the riparian corridor.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Switching from a non-deferred thrice-over rotation to a deferred twice-over 

rotation with the same level of Authorized Use would have minimal influence on the current 

proportion of 71 percent Healthy and 29 percent less than Healthy woody draws because 

topographic position was the primary factor of current conditions. Woody draws on steep slopes 

would continue to experience relatively low levels of livestock browsing and trailing disturbance, 

while woody draws along terraces of Whitetail Creek would continue to experience high levels of 

disturbance.
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Alternating the placement of salt and mineral to the west and east sides of Whitetail Creek in 

pasture 3 would not have a large influence on woody draw conditions for the reasons stated above.

The small pasture size of 320 acres, linear pasture shape bisected by Whitetail Creek, and numerous 

crossing areas of the creek that allow livestock to graze where they prefer would contribute to 

minimal influence of salt placement on woody draw conditions.

Adaptive Options – Switching to a once-over deferred rotation would also have minimal influence 

on woody draw conditions because of topographic influence as the primary factor controlling the 

level of livestock disturbances. Both pastures would be grazed during a portion of the hot summer 

months each year, and the once over deferred rotation would not sufficiently increase the period of 

rest needed to facilitate increased levels of woody species regeneration.

Decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential for woody species regeneration, but the 

level of necessary reduction would likely be excessive relative to maintaining or improving other 

resource conditions. Potential reductions would have to exceed the difference between current 

levels of Authorized Use and typically reported use (9 to26 percent) to affect a decrease in actual 

use. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The high Authorized Use level relative to the initial estimated carrying capacity 

may be driving the herbaceous structure conditions at this time. However, the proposed twice-over 

grazing system rotation would also tend to remove regrowth and limit residual cover that may occur 

during the deferred periods, effectively homogenizing herbaceous structure. Alternating the salt 

placement (an attractant) would typically result in an increase in livestock distribution and limit the 

herbaceous structure distribution.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level would tend to improve the potential to 

diversify the herbaceous structure distribution within the allotment. Decreasing use would have a 

positive effect on the quantity of standing crop. The adaptive action of a once-over deferred system 

may improve the potential for regrowth in the early grazed pasture. The limited number of pastures 

may also be limiting to diversifying the herbaceous structure distribution because of a limited 

regrowth time.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Switching from a non-deferred thrice-over rotation to a deferred twice-over 

rotation with the same level of Authorized Use would have minimal influence on current trends of 

increasing invasive grasses. Initiation of grazing in mid-May would coincide with high palatability 

of invasive grasses in the first pasture of use each year, but the second through fourth rotations 

would miss all or a large portion of the invasive grass palatability and result in selective grazing of 

the native component. Grazing during high palatability of invasive grasses would alternate between 

pastures each year, but a large portion of the annual use would continue to be directed towards the 

native component. Because the native component is estimated to comprise about half of the total 

forage production, the degree of selective use would be excessive and result in decreased plant 

vigor that assists further expansion of invasive grasses.
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An exception to selective use of the native component might involve smooth brome along terraces 

of Whitetail Creek, which retains greater palatability than Kentucky bluegrass through the season.

However, concentrated use along the creek would perpetuate low use of distant uplands, thereby 

contributing to the accumulation of plant litter that assists increases of bluegrass.

Alternating the placement of salt and mineral to the west and east sides of Whitetail Creek in 

pasture 3 would decrease over-utilization on a local scale and could contribute to greater utilization 

or increased management of plant litter in low use areas. However, this would not have a large 

effect on the trend of increasing invasive grasses because of their present extent and selective use of 

native components that would occur in these areas with increased livestock distribution.

Adaptive Options – Switching to a once-over rotation would have minimal influence on current 

trends of increasing invasive grasses. Invasive grass palatability would be low during the latter half 

of the first pasture rotation and all of the second pasture rotation. This situation would be reversed 

between pastures each year and result in grazing patterns and species selection similar to current 

conditions.

Decreasing Authorized Use would decrease the level of selective native grass utilization, thereby 

assisting increased plant vigor and potential seral development. However, high or greater 

competitive ability of invasive grasses, along with similarly decreased levels of use, would facilitate 

their continued increase and impede the development of native communities. Sufficiently decreased 

levels of Authorized Use would contribute to the accumulation of plant litter , which would assist 

the spread of invasive grasses. Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would facilitate 

decreasing trends of invasive grasses without coordinating the grazing season with the respective 

palatability and production of the invasive and native grass components.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level that is approximately 25 percent higher than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size, would limit any improvement to enhance 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat by limiting production of residual cover, thus limiting spring 

nesting habitat. In addition, the proposed twice-over system would tend to reduce residual standing 

crop with the second rotation, resulting in a homogenized herbaceous structure distribution.

Adaptive Options – The adaptive action of adjusting Authorized Use would be the most efficient 

tool enhancing grouse nesting habitat. The adaptive action of a once-over deferred system may 

improve the potential for regrowth in the early grazed pasture. The limited number of pastures may 

also be limiting to diversifying the herbaceous structure distribution due to a limited regrowth time.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carry capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 220 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use AMs converted to 

AUMs is 292 federal AUMs. The effect of setting Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying 

capacity equates to a 25 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are 

authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of the cow when 

calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration that can be grazed when planning 

the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 25 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size would establish potential levels of use 5 to 11 percent less than 

typically reported use, and would facilitate slight improvement of woody draw conditions by 

reducing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the reduced level of use would 

be unlikely to shift At Risk and Unhealthy conditions to Healthy due to topographic influences that 

concentrate livestock disturbances within a small portion of the woody draws. Thus, regeneration of 

woody species would be unlikely to increase in woody draws, where it is most needed.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The reduction in Authorized Use from current levels down to an initial estimated 

carrying capacity would help herbaceous structure conditions because of less use of forage 

resources. However, the proposed twice-over grazing system would tend to reduce the standing crop 

from the regrowth that may have occurred during the deferred timeframe, effectively reducing the 

potential to diversify herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 25 percent would establish potential levels of use 5 

to 11 percent less than typically reported use and would not have an appreciable effect on the trend 

of increasing invasive grasses. The competitive relationship and degree of selective utilization for 
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native and invasive grasses would persist with the proposed reduction in use and switch from thrice 

to twice-over grazing. The potential degree of selective native grass utilization would continue to be 

excessive, and lower levels of use in distant range away from Whitetail Creek would perpetuate low 

utilization and accumulating plant litter that assists invasive grass spreading.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The reduction in Authorized Use from current levels to an initial estimated 

carrying capacity should help grouse habitat conditions. However, the proposed twice-over grazing 

system rotation would tend to reduce residual cover on the second pass through, effectively 

reducing the quantity of habitat available for spring nesting needs.
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ALLOTMENT 135

Table 135.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

135 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 2.2 – Research Natural Areas 1549 18

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

6739 77

Newly acquired NFS lands with unassigned 

management area

431 5

Total allotment acres 11677 100

NFS acres 8718 75

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 2958 25

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

1559

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

2147

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 8
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Table 135.2 — Allotment 135 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Surveys conducted in 2006 rated Mikes Creek 

as Nonfunctional.

Start Mikes Creek on upward 

trend towards PFC.

Woody 

draws

All sampled woody draws were Healthy. Maintain current woody draw 

conditions.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.12; 1.51; 2.36; 1.31; 1.03; 

1.0; 1.24; 1.74; 1.06; 1.53

2004 Stations percent: Low-72.5/Moderate27.5/High-0

2005 Transects: 2.28; 1.85

2005 Stations percent: Low-45/Moderate52.5/High-2.5

Manage for additional Moderate 

and High structure on 

biologically capable habitats.

Seral stages Of nine sample sites, seven were at mid seral 

stages and two were at early stages. Native 

grass communities dominate, but only three of 

the nine samples were without invasive grasses.

Maintain native plant dominance 

to achieve desired seral 

proportions, and limit or 

decrease invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one lek within 1 mile of the allotment. 

Habitat within this overlap is not potential or 

preferred existing habitat.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Approximately 20 acres of Canada thistle and burdock inventoried in this allotment.
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Table 135.3 — Allotment 135 by alternative

Alternative 2 -

Current Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

 Authorized Use is 

1559 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 

1497 summer 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type:

Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Modified 

deferred rotation 

(2-pastures with 

cow/calf herd and 

2-pastures with 

yearling herd.

 Class(s) of 

livestock:

Cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings.

 See allotment map 

in Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs:

1559.

 Initiate prescribed 

burning or mechanical 

treatment of encroaching 

juniper.

 Initiate three-pasture 

deferred rotation with 

pastures 8, 9, and 10. 

Improve and/or add 

boundary fence between 

pasture 9 and 10.

Adaptive Options

 Implement a five-pasture 

deferred rotation with 

one herd (eliminate 

yearling herd) in pastures 

6,7,8,9, and 10.

 Develop rangeland water 

in pastures 8, 9, and 10.

 Use herding.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs:

1559.

 Initiate prescribed 

burning or mechanical 

treatment of encroaching 

juniper.

 Initiate three-pasture 

deferred rotation with 

pastures 8, 9, and10. 

Improve and/or add 

boundary fence between 

pasture 9 and 10.

 Construct a pipeline from 

pasture 8 to pasture 10 

and add one stock tank in 

Section 28, T143N, 

R101W.

Adaptive Options

 Develop rangeland water 

in pastures 8, 9, and 10.

 Use herding.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Implement a five-pasture 

deferred rotation with 

one herd (eliminate 

yearling herd) in pastures 

6,7,8,9, and 10.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 1559.

 Initiate prescribed burning or 

mechanical treatment of 

encroaching juniper.

 Implement a five-pasture 

deferred rotation with one herd 

(eliminate yearling herd) in 

pastures 6,7,8,9, and 10; Improve 

and/or add boundary fence 

between pastures 9 and 10. 

 In pastures 8 and 9, on Mikes 

Creek, construct 64 and 40 acre 

riparian exclosures, respectively. 

No grazing of exclosures for first 

5 years.

Adaptive Options

 Use artesian well in pasture 8 to 

supply water in pastures 8, 9, 

and 10 with pipeline system and 

tanks; or drill new well with 

shorter pipeline system and 

tanks.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Herding

 Riparian exclosure: At end of 

year 5, conduct vegetation 

survey. If riparian vegetation 

has been established on 60 

percent of stream banks and 

active stream cutting has 

ceased, then initiate late or 

dormant season prescribed 

grazing. Prescribed grazing 

would be identified in 

AOI/AW.

 Once pasture 9 riparian 

exclosure has recovered,

consider moving exclosure to 

another unprotected adversely 

affected reach within the 

pasture.

 Mikes Creek:

 Pasture 10 - two exclosures 

17 and 12 acres. (Reaches 

19 and 20).

 Pasture 9 – four exclosures 

12,19,13,16 acres, 

respectively. (Reaches 

21,22,23,24)

 Pasture 8 – two exclosures 

20, 23 acres respectively 

(Reaches 25, 28)
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*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 135 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 11,677 acres in total size and contains both private and 

NFS lands with 8,718 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 

183 head for 8 months and 117 head for 5 months by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment 

associated with a common allotment (Blacktail Common). With this type of permit, livestock are on 

the allotment for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31st. Livestock are 

currently being wintered on private and intermingled private and NFS lands during the winter 

months of January through April. The allotment has been subdivided into nine pastures and of these 

nine pastures seven contain NFS lands. These pastures range from 732 to 2,945 acres. Current AMs 

provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 135.1. Water developments within this allotment 

include developed reservoirs, dugouts, and artesian wells/stock tanks. 

The majority of this allotment lies within the Mikes Creek watershed, which is a steep, narrow 

watershed with rough badlands topography. The current rotation consists of pastures 8 and 9/10 

being managed as a modified deferred rotation by cow/calf pairs, and pastures 6 and 7 are managed 

as a deferred rotation with yearlings and cow/calf pairs. The remaining pastures are used for winter 

grazing, feeding, and calving, and two contain NFS lands. The boundary fence and natural barrier 

between pastures 9 and 10 currently do not function adequately to prevent livestock from accessing 

both pastures and are managed as one pasture. Normally these three pastures are grazed with 

cow/calf pairs starting in pasture 8 in May and then rotating to pasture 9/10 towards the third week 

of May. Livestock return to pasture 8 during weaning in the first part of October. The number of 

livestock within these three pastures varies from year to year depending upon the rotation in 

Allotment 256 pasture 1, where 117 head are turned in around May 15th one year and the following 

year around August 1st.

Alternative 2 -

Current Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned 

management 

identified in 

Allotment 

Worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment 

inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual 

fall tour 

inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3 years,

then once every 5 years if a 

positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition and 

production data once 

every 3 to 5years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3
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Some of the challenges faced in this allotment, especially in pastures 8, 9, and 10, are the 

topography, location of livestock water developments, historical use, and the existing plant 

communities. Within these three pastures, topography drives the distribution of livestock. Typically, 

the north-facing slopes are covered with Rocky Mountain juniper; however, there are isolated areas 

of herbaceous vegetation within these stands. In visiting with the permittee, the family has noticed 

the Rocky Mountain junipers moving down closer and closer to Mikes Creek through the years. In 

the late 1980s, the southeastern portion of pasture 10 burned in the Mikes Creek fire. Distribution of 

the livestock has changed in pasture 10 due to the fire, and the plant composition has changed to 

more of an herbaceous community with deciduous shrubs and trees. Topography, however, still 

limits the distribution of livestock in reaching certain areas.

All but one water source in pastures 8, 9, and 10 are located in the uplands near Mikes Creek. The 

remaining reservoir is located in the southeastern corner of pasture 10. Only one of the two artesian 

wells actually flows; it is located in pasture 8. The other artesian well in pasture 10 requires a motor 

and compressor to pump air into the well to make it flow because of the loss of well head pressure.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–004) indicated that there are approximately 22

acres of Canada thistle and burdock found within this allotment. However, there have been a variety 

of state and county listed noxious weeds identified based on field visits, a riparian inventory along 

Mikes Creek, communication between the Forest Service and the Billings County Weed Board, and 

permittee meetings. Some of the weeds found are leafy spurge, Canada thistle, black henbane 

(Hyoscyamus niger L.), and hound’s tongue (Cynoglossum officinale L.). The size and total acreage 

of each individual noxious weed species is unknown; however, through continued treatment and 

inventory of this area we will soon have a better understanding of the extent of the infestations.

Herbicides continue to be the main method of controlling these infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 66.2 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 48.4 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from 

these acres is approximately 15 and 11 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

135-08 Mikes Creek (2) 2.79 2.79

135-09 Mikes Creek (2) 1.98 1.98

135-10 Mikes Creek (1) 1.74 1.74

Mikes Creek (reaches 1, 2) flows through pastures 2, 8, 9 and 10 of Allotment 135. A reach through 

pasture 2 is on private land and was not evaluated. In pastures 8, 9, and 10, a 6.5-mile segment of 

the stream that has intermittent flow characteristics was evaluated. It has a functionality rating of 

NF (Figure 135.1). The interdisciplinary team noted the following problems with the functionality 

of this stream:

 Channel is incised 2 to 8 meters (5 to 25 feet) and shows signs of recent and continued downcutting.
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 Water table has been lost, leading to a sharp reduction in riparian plant species, poor 

conservation of riparian moisture, and a flashy hydroperiod.

 Plants in the (potential) riparian area are sparse and dominantly obligate to facultative upland 

plants. 

 Deposition on point bars is excessive and prevents establishment of desired riparian plants.

 Noxious weeds are common throughout the (potential) riparian area;

 Upland hydrology has been altered by road construction, which has concentrated runoff and 

added sediment to the channel. In addition, upland hydrology is dominated by blue grama sod 

with few native cool-season grasses present. The blue grama sod exhibits a high percentage of 

bare ground and shows evidence of high overland flow as indicated by flow paths, pedestals, 

debris dams, and terracettes.

 Early season grazing of native species may be exacerbating overland flow conditions. 

 The location and presence of high-flow stage indicators suggest the hydroperiod is short and 

flashy in Mikes Creek because of poor conservation of moisture in the uplands and high rates of 

overland flow. Livestock tend to get temporarily trapped within the vertical walls of Mikes 

Creek and then trail up and down the channel.

Figure 135.1 — Mikes Creek is incised in 

pastures 8, 9, and 10 of Allotment 135. It has a 

functionality rating of NF. Notice the 

encroachment of mesic upland plants (e.g., 

sagebrush and rabbit brush [Chrysothamnus 

nauseosus (Pall.) Britt.]) down to the channel bed.

There is a complete loss of desired riparian 

vegetation from the incised reaches. Also note cattle 

hoof prints in channel bed. Livestock tend to get 

temporarily trapped within the vertical walls of 

Mikes Creek and then trail up and down the 

channel. Finally, the water table has been lost, 

leading to flashy hydroperiod and poor conservation 

of riparian moisture. Riparian plants will have 

difficulty establishing along degraded reaches 

because moisture is limiting.

Woody Draws – All six sampled woody draws were Healthy and these conditions are likely 

assisted by extensive stands of Rocky Mountain juniper that decrease reliance on woody draws for 

shade and shelter. A large portion of the green ash woody draws occur as inclusions along the toe 

slopes of juniper communities, particularly along north aspect slopes that constitute large portions 

of pastures 8, 9, and 10. Woody draws on the west side of the allotment exhibited less association 

with stands of Rocky Mountain juniper. There was a relatively high degree of downslope juniper 

expansion into adjacent grassland habitat.
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Herbaceous Structure – In the 2004 data set, of the 10 herbaceous dominated sampled VOR 

transects, 6 were Low and 4 were Moderate. The consolidated station averages indicated a strong 

dominance of Low structure (72.5 percent) with the balance in Moderate (27.5 percent).No High 

structure was observed.

Two of the 2004 transects were resampled in 2005. Both were measured in the Moderate category,

and both improved from 2004. The station averages shifted toward Moderate with Low structure 

stations showing 45 percent; Moderate at 52.5 percent; and High at 2.5 percent.

Seral Stages – Of nine sample sites, seven were at mid seral stages and two were at early stages.

The potential exists for late seral stages in distant secondary range primarily involving communities 

such as little bluestem and prairie sandreed. Native grass communities dominated the allotment, but 

invasive grasses were present on six of the nine sample sites and dominated in localized areas such 

as around water tanks and oil- and gas-related developments.

A Robel transect in pasture 2 reported western wheatgrass and silver sagebrush with no invasive 

grasses. A sere plot in pasture 3 was at a mid seral stage with dominance of western wheatgrass and 

blue grama and low amounts of Canada bluegrass. A repeated pace transect in pasture 3 indicated 

an increase in plant basal cover but no appreciable change in plant composition, which was 

dominated by blue grama and lesser amounts of western wheatgrass.

Seral stage on a remeasured ecoplot in pasture 7 shifted from a mid to mid-late between 1999 and 

2008 with increasing cover of western wheatgrass and decreasing cover of blue grama. Another 

ecoplot from 1999 was at an early seral stage and located closer to a water tank, so is unlikely to 

have experienced similar shifts in plant composition. Two of three Robel transects measured during 

2004 in this pasture were suggestive of early-mid seral stages with dominance of blue grama, while 

the third transect was suggestive of a mid seral stage with western wheatgrass and blue grama.

Invasive grasses were absent or occurred in only trace amounts in the above sample sites.

An NDSU sample plot and an ecoplot on the west side of pasture 8 were at mid-late and mid seral 

stages respectively, while two additional ecoplots within primary use areas near the center of the 

pasture were at mid-early seral stages with high amounts of blue grama. Remeasurement of one of 

the ecoplots with a sere plot in 2007 indicated no appreciable change in plant composition. A belt 

transect measured on another ecoplot site was suggestive of shifts to an earlier seral stage with 

increases in sedge and blue grama. Another belt transect as well as two Robel transects indicated 

varying dominance of blue grama and western wheatgrass and were generally suggestive of mid 

seral stages.

Two NDSU sample plots in pasture 9 on Thin Claypan ecological sites varied from an early seral 

stage with the dominant biomass production comprised of blue grama and fringed sage (Artemisia

frigida Willd.), to a mid seral stage with western wheatgrass and green needlegrass among dense 

silver sagebrush and western snowberry shrubs. Kentucky bluegrass frequency was 14 percent in 

both of these sites but comprised small proportions of the plant biomass. Two Robel transects in this 

pasture were suggestive of early to mid seral stages with dominance of blue grama and sedge.

One NDSU sample plot in pasture 10 was at a mid seral stage with equal production by western 

wheatgrass and blue grama and 18 percent relative grass production by smooth brome. Two sere 
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plots were at mid and early seral stages with no invasive grasses. A repeated pace transect was 

suggestive of decreasing seral stage with a sharp decrease in western wheatgrass frequency and 

increase of blue grama frequency. Four Robel transects recorded blue grama or sedges as the 

dominant species. Three ecoplots from 1998 were at late or late-mid seral stages, with two of the 

sample sites located in secondary range. A belt transect measured near one of the sites was 

suggestive of decreasing seral stage with a decrease of green needlegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek within a 1 mile radius of the allotment. There is 

approximately 217 acres of overlap within this 1 mile overlap. This area is primarily badlands 

terrain and juniper and green ash dominate the existing vegetation. Therefore, this area does not 

provide quality potential habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, areas immediately adjacent to the 

west of the overlap do have potential to provide nesting habitat for grouse.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Mikes Creek as described in the existing condition would 

improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result from 

the establishment of riparian vegetation, which would capture sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – The removal of livestock grazing would result in the improvement of current 

woody draw conditions. Although the six sampled sites were Healthy, the removal of livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances would facilitate increased regeneration of desired trees and 

shrubs towards maximum potential conditions. Invasive grasses occurring among some sites would 

have the potential to impede or slow the rate of regeneration, but invasive grasses would have less 

effect in other woody draws due to dense canopy cover that limited development of the herbaceous 

layer.

Herbaceous Structure – There would be increased opportunity for the development of High and 

Moderate structure and a decrease in the amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate a shift towards late 

seral stages. The lack or low amount of invasive grasses in large portions of the allotment would 

allow increased expression of late seral species that occur as subordinate species among early and 

mid seral stage communities. A few heavily utilized areas with low amounts of late seral species 
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would require greater time to achieve late seral stages, but the desired proportion of early, mid, and 

late seral stages would be gradually lost with increasing proportions of late seral stages.

Development or long-term maintenance of late seral stages would be impeded in portions of the 

allotment with greater invasive grass components, and increasing litter with the removal of 

livestock grazing would facilitate the gradual increase of these species on local scales that would 

gradually enlarge to greater portions of the allotment.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure would benefit nesting and brooding habitat 

for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging 

opportunities.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1,559 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture modified deferred rotation, and yearlings are run in a 

two-pasture modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The NF condition of Mikes Creek as described in the existing condition would 

continue.

Woody Draws – Relatively Healthy woody draw conditions would persist under current 

management, at least in part due to the large proportion of juniper woodlands that help disperse 

livestock disturbances among woodland communities.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited proportion of and potential for High herbaceous structure. 

Retaining the current Authorized Use level, though approximately 20 percent lower than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, would limit residual cover (i.e., structure).
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Seral Stages – Continuation of current 

management would perpetuate existing seral 

conditions. All of the sample sites were at mid 

and early seral stages, but a moderate to high 

potential exists for late seral stages to occur in 

secondary range. Conversely, current levels of 

use result in high grazing disturbance within 

primary range, where the contribution of early 

seral stages has the potential to exceed desired 

proportions for the allotment. Heavy 

utilization along the Mikes Creek corridor is 

contributing to poor range conditions (Figure 

135.2) where three NDSU sample plots and a 

sere plot indicated low herbaceous forage 

production and departures of rangeland 

health. A repeated pace transect in this area 

was suggestive of decreasing seral stage.

Although Authorized Use is 16 percent less than initial estimated carrying capacity, reported use 

has ranged from 21 percent less to 19 percent greater than Authorized, not counting additional 

levels of winter use when grazing can occur during periods of low snow cover. Additionally, initial 

estimated carrying capacity is likely overestimated due to relatively extensive secondary range 

involving steep slopes, long distances to water, and dense stands of Rocky Mountain juniper with 

low livestock use. Low amounts of herbaceous production measured in some NDSU samples, as 

well as inferred from some sere plots, would also decrease the initial estimated carrying capacity 

compared to the initial estimate that assumed forage production equal to the potential climax 

community. 

Consistent premature grazing in several pastures creates the potential for decreased plant vigor and 

production, and hay feeding increases the potential for invasive grass introductions and spreading 

into low condition rangeland. Continued disturbances associated with oil development that 

contribute to the introduction of invasive grasses increases the potential for their spread into areas of 

heavy grazing disturbance.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – It is desirable but not necessary to enhance sharp-tailed grouse habitat in 

this allotment within the mile radius. Given current management, it does not appear that sharp-tailed 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat would be enhanced in the next 10 to15 years, as evidenced by 

the current herbaceous structure data.

Figure 135.2 — Corridor of Mikes Creek in 

pasture 9/10 that receives heavy livestock use 

and exhibits early seral stages of blue grama 

with remnant amounts of western wheatgrass 

and needlegrass.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,559 federal AMs.

 Initiating prescribed burning or mechanical treatment of encroaching juniper.

 Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation with pastures 8, 9, and 10. Improve or add boundary 

fence between pastures 9 and 10.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Implementing a five-pasture deferred rotation with one herd (eliminate yearling herd) in 

pastures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

 Developing rangeland water in pastures 8, 9, and 10.

 Using herding.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Under this alternative, 1,559 federal AMs would be authorized. This would not be 

a change from the existing condition of Alternative 2. The use of these federal AMs, however,

would be different than the existing condition because of the initiation of a three-pasture deferred 

rotation grazing compared to a two-pasture deferred rotation. 

Prescribed burning would increase the amount of forage available as graminoid communities 

replace the existing Rocky Mountain juniper communities. Livestock distribution would also 

change from the existing conditions because livestock would be attracted to the regrowth from the 

burn. Deferment of livestock grazing or rest of the pasture would occur, depending on the size and 

intensity of the prescribed burn and its effects on soils and the herbaceous community. Rest would 

require an adjustment in Authorized Use; because the allotment carries an inventory allotment, the 

adjustment would be in livestock numbers. Livestock would still concentrate along Mikes Creek 

because of the location of existing livestock water developments and topography of the pastures.

Using mechanical treatment on encroaching juniper would not require a deferment of livestock 

grazing or resting of the pastures if isolated junipers are harvested. However, effects would be 

different if large stands of junipers are removed. Distribution of livestock would change once the 

desired plant communities return to the areas treated. Topography and location of water 

developments would still draw livestock back to the valley bottoms of Mikes Creek.

Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation would be different than the existing condition because 

livestock would graze each pasture separately and the season of use would change within each 

pasture. Livestock currently start in pasture 8, move into pastures 9 and 10, which are grazed 

together, and then return in the fall to pasture 8. Livestock distribution would change because of the 

change in forage quality of different plant communities, and in one out of three years each pasture 

would be grazed later in the season after calves have been weaned off of the cows. However, 

topography and location of existing water developments would still draw livestock to Mikes Creek.
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Adaptive Options – Improving or adding boundary fence between pastures 9 and 10 and 

implementing a five-pasture deferred rotational grazing system would provide for more recovery 

time for native graminoid species than the current rotation. Pastures would be grazed for a shorter 

period of time with more livestock numbers and at different times of the year than the existing 

condition. The increased numbers and shortened grazing period along with changing the season of 

use would change the distribution of livestock within the pastures because of quality of forage and 

climatic condition. Additional water developments may be necessary because of the increase in 

livestock numbers over current management. This adaptive option would require the permittee to 

run one herd instead of two. The permittee would have to choose which class of livestock to run.

Currently there are two herds and normally two different classes of livestock. As a result of this 

action, there would be a change in livestock distribution because of the behavior of the different 

livestock classes and a change in pasture rotation normally grazed by the class of livestock.

Developing rangeland water and installing stock tanks in pastures 8, 9, and 10 would not have an 

effect on livestock distribution because the topography limits where stock tanks can be placed. 

There would be an initial cost in developing livestock water and stock tanks along with maintenance 

to keep the improvement functional. 

Due to the size of the allotment and pasture, the use of herding would directly affect the distribution 

of the livestock. Herding would move livestock away from areas currently being heavily grazed to 

less utilized areas. Over time, this would result in increased forage available for livestock grazing 

because of the sites recovering from the heavy grazing pressure that currently exists. Initial start-up 

cost of hiring a rider or the permittee’s time would create additional cost above the existing 

condition. Livestock grazing may occur in areas of secondary range, which is currently providing 

habitat for wildlife species.

Adjustment in Authorized Use would require reducing the number of livestock, since this allotment 

carries an inventory permit. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the 

livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Prescribed burning could induce a short-lived (1 to several years) increase in 

sediment delivery to the channel because of exposed soil. Mechanical treatment including lop and 

scatter would provide surface stability during the establishment of an herbaceous plant community 

by resisting sheet flow and capturing sediment for plant establishment. Prescribed burning or 

mechanical treatment would eventually replace juniper with an herbaceous plant community, which 

would improve the riparian conditions in a manner similar to that described in the next paragraph.

The pasture rotation should improve overland flow conditions by limiting early season grazing 1 out 

of every 9 years plus shorter duration grazing in each pasture. This would allow for increased 

herbaceous production, which in turn would reduce overland flow. A reduction in overland flow 

delivered to the creek would result in a reduction in stream velocities, allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation, which would rebuild stream banks. However, even with 
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improvement of upland vegetation and shorter grazing duration, livestock would still concentrate in 

and along the riparian corridor, inhibiting riparian recovery.

The combination of the initial actions would increase potential for recovery of the Nonfunctional 

stream reaches over a long period of time (several decades).

Adaptive Options – Improving a boundary fence between pastures 9 and 10 and implementing a 

five-pasture rotation should improve overland flow conditions by limiting early season grazing plus 

providing for shorter duration grazing in each pasture. This would allow for increased herbaceous 

production, which in turn would reduce overland flow. A reduction in overland flow delivered to 

the creek would result in a reduction in stream velocities, allowing for the establishment of riparian 

vegetation, which would rebuild stream banks. However, even with improvement of upland 

vegetation and shorter grazing duration, livestock would still concentrate in and along the riparian 

corridor, thus inhibiting riparian recovery.

Developing rangeland water and the installation of stock tanks in pastures 8, 9, and 10 would move 

livestock concentration away from the riparian stream corridor and improve riparian conditions. 

Riparian conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area,

allowing herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Herding livestock out of the riparian area would also benefit the riparian corridor by minimizing 

bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in the riparian area and allowing herbaceous and 

woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow and would further benefit the riparian conditions along Mikes Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities, allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

The combination of the adaptive options would increase potential for recovery of the Nonfunctional 

stream reaches. The expected period to achieve desired conditions would be from 5 to 10 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Control of expanding Rocky Mountain juniper where it is invading grassland 

habitat might contribute to increased use and disturbance within some woody draws as a result of 

decreased woodland acreage. Potential benefits to woody draws occurring within or near the burn 

areas would include decreasing the competitive influence of juniper on deciduous woody species, 

temporarily improving seedbed conditions for woody seedling establishment, promoting a flush of 

regrowth as a result of increased nutrients and removal of decadent material, and disruption of 

disease or pest cycles. Most of the deciduous woody species have the ability to resprout after 

burning, but the potential exists for high mortality of some desired woody species, depending on the 

intensity and timing of the burn. Potentially adverse effects of burning on woody draws could be 

mitigated through avoidance of these habitats. Burning would also have the potential to assist the 

spread of annual brome or other invasive grasses and noxious weeds. Control of juniper through 

mechanical means would also have the potential to assist the spread of invasive grasses through 

greater vehicle travel and ground disturbances, but could selectively remove juniper from portions 

of woody draws without the potential loss of desired trees and shrubs associated with burning.
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Initiating a three-pasture rotation with pastures 8, 9, and 10 would have minimal effect on woody 

draw conditions because relatively few green ash draws occur in the affected pastures and tend to 

involve small inclusions among Rocky Mountain juniper. Implementing a three-pasture rotation 

would involve ensuring that pastures 9 and 10 are grazed as separate units and may require the 

adaptive action of improving the pasture fenceline and natural break.

Maintaining current levels of reported use should allow for the persistence of Healthy woody draw 

conditions sampled among the six sites.

Adaptive Options – Developing a new water source and installing stock tanks in pastures 8, 9, and 

10 would improve the reliability of water along the corridor of Mikes Creek. The effect on woody 

draws would be relatively small due to their scarcity in the affected pastures, but the tanks would 

alleviate some use along the creek channel that could facilitate the development of desired woody 

species and improved riparian conditions.

Improving the boundary fence and natural barrier between pastures 9 and 10 would likely be 

required for effectively implementing the proposed three-pasture rotation. Improving the boundary 

fence along with implementing a five-pasture rotation would assist in maintaining or improving 

woody draw conditions on the west side of the pasture by decreasing the period that draws in this 

area are accessible to livestock. Conversely, increased livestock density resulting from combining 

two herds would have the potential of increasing woody draw disturbances and decreasing current 

conditions, particularly on the west side of the allotment with less Rocky Mountain juniper.

Herding livestock could be moderately effective in moving livestock out of primary use areas and 

maintaining Healthy woody draw conditions by decreasing the level of browsing and trampling 

disturbances. However, herding to increase the distribution of livestock grazing would be most 

effective in the larger pastures of 8, 9, and 10, where woody draws were relatively scarce.

Decreasing or increasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased and decreased woody draw 

conditions, respectively, by decreasing and increasing the level of livestock grazing disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use is approximately 20 percent below the initial estimated 

carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. However, there are not adjustments for terrain and 

existing vegetative conditions, which would reduce the initial estimated carrying capacity in this 

allotment. The Rocky Mountain juniper invaded sites on the gentler terrain will be the primary 

target of burning and mechanical treatments to expand the forage base for livestock. The effects of 

this action would be relative to the size and location of the area(s) treated. If the overall area of 

treatment is limited, then effects to improve the herbaceous structure distribution would be limited

and conversely so if more juniper area is treated. Repairing the fenceline between pastures 9 and 10 

and initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation system under the current Authorized Use level is 

expected to yield similar results for herbaceous structure. The current Authorized Use level, the 

seral status, and the generally limited time for regrowth would not allow for an improved 

herbaceous structure distribution. Depending on the amount of juniper area treated in combination 

with the implementation of the deferred rotation, some general improvement in seral condition may 

occur across the allotment, with a minor improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution.
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Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level downward would improve the potential to 

improve the herbaceous structure distribution. Decreasing livestock use would have a positive effect 

on standing crop. Development of water has the effect of moderating vegetative structure by 

increasing the relative evenness of livestock distribution within the allotment or pasture. Herding is 

typically a tool to control overuse and low use in areas by moving cattle to more evenly forage 

across the pasture or allotment as a whole, with the result of moderating use and moderating

vegetative structure. If Authorized Use is manipulated downward concurrently with creating a fivepasture rotation, there should be improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution, mostly in the 

earliest grazed pasture. In native pastures, June 1st would typically be the earliest turnout and time 

for regrowth could be minimal, depending on removal date and climate. If Authorized Use is 

adjusted downward and combined with regrowth time, then the potential to improve herbaceous 

structure could occur.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Control of expanding Rocky Mountain juniper though burning would return a 

natural ecologic process to the system and increase herbaceous production by removing or reducing 

the competitive effects of juniper and woody shrubs such as western snowberry and silver 

sagebrush. Livestock distribution would shift over the short term to the burn areas with new 

herbaceous growth. Current primary use areas would experience decreased grazing pressure and 

increased plant vigor and seral development during this period. A mosaic of grazing pressure and 

seral stages would be retained as a result of the large pasture sizes and different areas of burning 

over a period of several years or longer. Prescribed burning would also assist in decreasing the 

accumulation of plant litter in some areas, thereby impeding the potential spread of invasive 

grasses. However, fire can also assist the spread of invasive or noxious species, so plant 

composition would be monitored to evaluate the effects of continued burning.

Control of juniper through mechanical means would result in many of the same benefits as burning 

but at a lower degree or slower rate. Herbaceous plant vigor and production would increase with the 

removal of juniper, but the effects would be more closely confined to the area beneath the removed 

tree canopy. A similar or greater potential for assisting the spread of invasive grasses resulting from 

ground disturbances and vehicle travel might occur with mechanical treatment. Piling and burning 

of slash material would sterilize the upper soil layers, and establishment of early seral weeds and 

annual brome is likely.

Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation with pastures 8, 9, and 10 would differ from current 

management where pasture 8 is grazed first and sometimes receives a second rotation, and pastures 

9 and 10 are grazed as a single pasture. Rotating the season of use among pastures and delaying 

turn-in until June 1st two out of three years to accommodate critical growth periods of native grasses 

would increase plant vigor by providing opportunities to complete critical growth periods. Primary 

use areas along Mikes Creek would continue to experience relatively high levels of use despite the 

attractant of burning, but there would be an increased potential for shifts towards mid seral stages or 

increased range health. Secondary range in these pastures would have an increased potential to 

support late seral stages.
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Premature spring grazing would continue or have the potential to increase on the two winter 

pastures two of three years as a result of delaying turn-in until June 1st in other pastures. This would 

result in decreased plant vigor and an increased potential for the introduction and spread of invasive 

grasses associated with hay feeding in the winter pastures.

Two other pastures would continue to be used in a summer rotation with a second livestock herd.

No specific rotation is proposed or identified in AOIs/AWs.

Adaptive Options – Improving pasture fencelines and natural breaks between pastures 9 and 10 

would likely be necessary to implement the three-pasture rotation among 8, 9, and 10.

Implementing a five-pasture deferred rotation with pastures 6 through 10 would further increase 

opportunities for plants to complete critical or different growth periods each year, with the potential 

for increasing plant vigor and seral development. Increased livestock density resulting from 

combining the two herds would increase the evenness of livestock distribution and forage 

utilization, potentially decreasing the mosaic of seral stages. However, greater opportunities would 

be available for plant regrowth due to shorter grazing periods in each pasture, and increased 

livestock distribution could assist improved management of plant litter and decrease opportunities 

for the spread of invasive grasses.

Developing water in pastures 8, 9, and 10 would improve the reliability of water along the corridor 

of Mikes Creek, potentially facilitating implementation of the deferred rotation. Livestock 

distribution in the pastures would not be expected to change appreciably because of topographic 

limitations associated with potential water tank locations. Therefore, total utilization along the 

corridor of Mikes Creek would only slightly decrease, but secondary range with the potential for 

supporting late seral stages would be relatively unaffected. In general, increased grazing and 

trampling disturbances associated with the new tanks would be countered by decreased disturbances 

around existing water sources. Soil disturbances associated with construction of the pipelines and 

increased livestock disturbances around the new tank locations would have the potential for 

increasing the extent of invasive grasses in the allotment.

The adaptive action of herding livestock would help to decrease excessive grazing disturbances in 

primary use areas, but would also have the potential to decrease the mosaic of grazing pressure and 

seral stages.

Decreasing or increasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late and early seral stages,

respectively, by decreasing and increasing the level of livestock grazing disturbances. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Due to the low habitat quality within the 1 mile proximity of a known grouse lek, 

managing for grouse nesting is not necessary per Grasslands Plan guidance. However, managing for 

improved conditions within the allotment, particularly pasture 10, would be desirable to help meet 

the goal to “demonstrate positive trends in...habitat availability, habitat quality, and population 

distribution within the planning area.” Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation in 

combination with the juniper reduction may create the potential to improve grouse upland habitat,

but the Authorized Use level could limit that improvement.
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Adaptive Options – The adaptive action of manipulating Authorized Use downward would be the 

most efficient tool to enhance grouse nesting habitat. This improves the potential to increase 

residual cover. Development of water typically has the effect of moderating vegetative structure by 

increasing the relative evenness of livestock distribution. Therefore, increasing the water density 

would not improve herbaceous structure distribution. Implementing a five-pasture deferred system 

may allow some regrowth, particularly in the early pasture, but adjustments to the Authorized Use 

level would allow the tool to be more effective in enhancing grouse nesting habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3, with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Constructing a pipeline from pasture 8 to pasture 10 and adding one stock tank in Section 28, 

T143N, R101W.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Constructing a pipeline from pasture 8 to pasture 10 and adding a stock tank 

would not have an effect on livestock distribution because the topography limits where stock tanks 

can be placed. There would be an initial cost in developing a livestock water and stock tank along 

with maintenance to keep the improvement functional. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – Alternative 3A would have the same effects as Alternative 3, with the following 

exceptions: Developing rangeland water and the installation of a stock tank in pasture 10 would 

move livestock concentration away from the riparian stream corridor in this pasture and improve 

riparian conditions but would not benefit riparian conditions in pastures 8 and 9.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Woody draw objectives for the allotment are currently met and would not be 

affected by a water tank in pasture 10 because there were only small woody draw inclusions mixed 

among larger woodlands of Rocky Mountain juniper in this pasture.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Development of water has the effect of moderating vegetative structure by 

increasing the relative evenness of livestock distribution within a unit. Therefore, increasing the 

water density would not appreciably improve herbaceous structure distribution in the allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Adding a water tank in pasture 10 by extending a pipeline from pasture 8 would 

facilitate the deferred rotation proposed with pastures 8, 9, and 10 by providing a more reliable 

source of water. These actions would decrease a degree of use in pasture 8 that would assist 
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increased plant vigor and range conditions. However, the corridor of Mikes Creek in pasture 10 

currently receives a high degree of use (Figure 135.2) and contradicts the need for an additional 

water source. High grazing and trampling disturbances would persist in this area because the 

proposed tank would likely be situated along or near the corridor because of topographic constraints 

and costs associated with placement in more distant secondary range. Placement of the tank in 

secondary range would decrease the mosaic of grazing pressure and seral stages. Seral conditions 

along the corridor would only slightly improve because livestock would continue to have access to a 

reservoir that is not proposed for reclamation. Soil disturbances associated with construction of the 

water pipeline and increased livestock disturbances around the new tank location would have the 

potential for increasing the extent of invasive grasses in the allotment 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Development of water has the effect of moderating vegetative structure by 

increasing the relative evenness of livestock distribution within a unit. Therefore, depending on the 

location of the tank, there could be an effect to the some areas where grouse nesting habitat could be 

enhanced. The further east into pasture 10 the tank is located, the higher the likelihood for negative 

impacts to potential grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3, with the exception of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set at the level of Alternatives 2, 3, and 3A but adjusted for cow 

size.

 Implementing a five-pasture deferred rotation with one herd (eliminate yearling herd) in 

pastures 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; improve or add boundary fence between pastures 9 and 10. 

 In pastures 8 and 9, on Mikes Creek, constructing 64 and 40 acre riparian exclosures, 

respectively. No grazing of exclosures for first 5 years.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Using artesian well in pasture 8 to supply water in pastures 8, 9, and 10 with pipeline system 

and tanks or drilling a new well with shorter pipeline system and tanks.

 Riparian exclosure: At end of year 5, conduct vegetation survey. If riparian vegetation has been 

established on 60 percent of stream banks and active stream cutting has ceased occurring, then 

initiate late or dormant season prescribed grazing. Prescribed grazing would be identified in 

AOI/AW.

 Once pasture 9 riparian exclosure has recovered, consider moving exclosure to another 

unprotected, adversely affected reach within the pasture.

 Mikes Creek:
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 Pasture 10 – two exclosures 17 and 12 acres (Reaches 19 and 20).

 Pasture 9 – four exclosures 12, 19, 13, and 16 acres (Reaches 21, 22, 23, and 24)

 Pasture 8 – two exclosures 20 and 23 acres (Reaches 25 and 28).

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,559 federal AUMs. The initial 

estimated carrying capacity is 1,965 AUMsbut there are resource issues on the allotment that need 

to be addressed. Therefore, the initial action would be to authorize the same numbers as 

Alternatives 2, 3, and 3A, but as AUMs. The existing Authorized Use of 1,559 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,793 federal AUMs. The effect of this 

authorization equates to a 13 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are 

authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of the cow when 

calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration that can be grazed when planning 

the rotation for the allotment.

Implementing a five-pasture deferred rotation would allow for a longer recovery time for native 

graminoid species between grazing periods. The distribution of livestock would change in pastures 

6 and 7 with the change of livestock class from yearlings to cow/calf pairs. If yearlings are chosen,

distribution of livestock would change in pastures 8, 9, and 10. The boundary fence between 

pastures 9 and 10 is required because a five-pasture deferred rotation would not work without it 

since livestock would not be able to be isolated in one or the other pasture.

Constructing an exclosure in pasture 8 approximately 64 acres in size would remove approximately 

33 to 35 federal AUMs from livestock grazing for 5 years. The pasture 9 exclosure would be 

approximately 40 acres and would remove approximately 18 to 20 federal AUMs from livestock 

grazing for 5 years. Authorized Use would be adjusted and the adjustment would be in the number 

of livestock because of the inventory permit. Once the riparian exclosures reach desired conditions, 

livestock grazing would be allowed with a prescribed grazing plan for late to dormant season 

grazing. Due to the size of these riparian exclosures, adjustments would be made in the allowable 

AUMs harvested within these pastures. The length of the exclosures would cause changes in the 

distribution of livestock within pastures 8 and 9 because the existing livestock crossing would no 

longer be available for livestock to move freely across Mikes Creek.

Adaptive Options – Using the artesian well in pasture 8 to supply water in pastures 8, 9, and 10 

with a pipeline system and tanks, or drilling a new well with a shorter pipeline system and tanks,

would not change livestock distribution within these pastures because of the topography and the 

limitations of areas where developments can be placed. The proposed action would add additional 

watering sources to each pasture. 

Implementing eight riparian exclosures would remove forage that is currently available to livestock.

Because forage is being removed, adjustments in Authorized Use would be made in the number of 

livestock. Distribution of livestock would change from the existing condition because livestock 

would not have free access to all existing livestock crossings along Mikes Creek. The fences 

associated with the exclosures would funnel livestock to unfenced areas.
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Riparian

Initial Actions – The riparian exclosures proposed for pastures 8 and 9 would provide the best 

opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time by excluding 

livestock from the riparian corridor in areas treated and eliminating the related effects such as 

trailing and trampling. The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven to be effective in the 

Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) 

in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. The riparian conditions 

along Mikes Creek would not improve in pasture 10.

The combination of the initial actions would increase potential for recovery of the Nonfunctional 

stream reaches. The expected period to achieve desired conditions would be from 3 to 7 years for 

treated areas in pastures 8 and 9. 

Adaptive Options – The riparian exclosures proposed for pastures 8, 9, and 10 would provide the 

best opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time by excluding 

livestock from the riparian corridor in areas treated and the related effects such as trailing and 

trampling. Typically, areas recommended for exclosures have been chronically overgrazed or 

trampled by livestock trailing, and there is currently insufficient vegetation to protect banks and 

channels from erosion. The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven to be effective in the 

Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) 

in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads.

The combination of the adaptive options would increase potential for recovery of the Nonfunctional 

stream reaches. The expected period to achieve desired conditions would be from 2 to 5 years for 

Mikes Creek.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent after adjustments for cow size would 

maintain or improve existing Healthy woody draw conditions by decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances. However, the effect of the proposed reduction would be reduced by 

potential levels of use that would range from 10 percent greater to 27 percent less than reported use,

not including additional winter use.

Combining the two livestock herds and implementing a five-pasture rotation would be unlikely to 

have a large effect on existing woody draw conditions. Although increased livestock density would 

have the potential for increasing browsing and trampling disturbances, the predominance of Rocky 

Mountain juniper communities result in low reliance of green ash woody draws for shade and 

shelter and would decrease the potential level of increased disturbances. Increased livestock density 

would have the greatest potential adverse effect on woody draws in pastures 6 and 7 that exhibited 

less association with stands of Rocky Mountain juniper. Various changes in the grazing rotation 

would result in different degrees of annual use within individual woody draws and provide some 

opportunities for recovery and regeneration. Improving the fenceline and natural barrier between 

pastures 9 and 10 would facilitate the deferred rotation. 

Two small exclosures proposed along Mikes Creek in pastures 8 and 9 would primarily affect 

hydrologic function of the creek and are discussed in the Watershed Report (Project Record, 
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Specialist Reports and Notes). However, the removal or sharp decrease of livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances would increase the potential development of woody draw patches and 

riparian communities within the exclosures.

Adaptive Options – Adding additional exclosures along Mikes Creek would facilitate the 

development of woody draw patches along the exclosure perimeters by removing or decreasing 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level “downward” based on AUMs would allow for 

an improved herbaceous structure distribution because of the increased residual standing crop. 

Initiating a five-pasture deferred rotation system under an Authorized Use level based on AUMs 

could begin to move the allotment towards a an improved herbaceous structure distribution. The 

early pasture could have the best potential for High structure. However, this is contingent on midgrass recovery within the allotment. Creating a small riparian pasture in pasture 8 and one in pasture 

9 with no grazing for the first 5 years may promote marginal improvement in the overall herbaceous 

structure distribution, but the amount would be minor.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level downward would continue to improve the 

potential to improve the herbaceous structure distribution. Decreasing use would have a positive 

effect on standing crop. The potential riparian exclosures would have a minor effect on the

herbaceous structure distribution. Deferred AUMs because of the exclosures will not be displaced to 

the larger pastures and will not increase the grazing burden in them. Rotating the riparian exclosure 

in pasture 9 once the exclosure recovers should have no net effect on the herbaceous structure 

distribution, as the change of distribution patterns should be minor and the minor amount of 

herbaceous structure from the previous exclosure would be transferred to the new exclosure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 13 percent after adjustments for cow size would 

facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing the level of grazing disturbances. The effect 

of the proposed reduction would be reduced by potential levels of use that would range from 10

percent greater to 27 percent less than reported use, not including additional winter use. However, 

seral conditions and range health along Mikes Creek would have a slight to moderate potential to 

improve with the action of combining the two livestock herds and implementing a five-pasture 

deferred rotation as discussed under Alternative 3.

Construction of riparian exclosures along Mikes Creek in pastures 8 and 9 should have little effect 

on seral stages because the exclosures would constitute only 4 percent and 2 percent of the pastures 

and currently contribute little or no herbaceous production.

Adaptive Options – Constructing several additional riparian exclosures along Mikes Creek would 

not have a large effect on upland seral stages due to the small size of the exclosures and low 

herbaceous production. The exclosures would decrease or remove grazing disturbances in only 

small areas of adjacent upland presently dominated by blue grama because of heavy grazing 

disturbances.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Setting Authorized Use levels on an AUM would contribute to moving

management in a direction that could begin to enhance grouse nesting habitat. Implementing a fivepasture deferred rotation with one herd could potentially contribute to enhancing grouse nesting 

habitat, particularly in pasture 10 when it is the early pasture. Creating a small riparian pasture in 

pasture 8 and one in pasture 9 with no grazing for the first 5 years may promote a marginal 

improvement in grouse nesting habitat, but the amount would be minor. On the other hand, the 

riparian pastures may create an ecological trap for grouse (Manzer and Hannon 2005).

Adaptive Options – The adaptive action of continuing to manipulate the Authorized Use 

downward would be the most efficient tool to enhance grouse nesting habitat. This increases the 

potential to increase residual cover. The riparian exclosures would have a minor effect on grouse 

nesting habitat. Deferred AUMs because of the exclosures would not be displaced to the larger 

pastures and would not increase the grazing burden in them. Rotating the riparian exclosure in 

pasture 9 once the exclosure recovers should have no net effect on grouse nesting habitat, as the 

change of distribution patterns should be minor and the minor amount of upland herbaceous 

structure from the previous exclosure would be transferred to the new exclosure.

ALLOTMENT 136/139

Table 136/139.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

136/139 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

154 24

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

487 76

Total allotment acres 813 100

NFS acres 641 79

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 171 21

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

362

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

285

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 4
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Table 136/139.2 — Allotment 136/139: – Key issues, existing condition,

need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

40 percent of sampled woody draws were 

Healthy, 40 percent are At Risk, and 20 percent 

are Unhealthy. At Risk and Unhealthy woody

draws are affected by lack of regeneration and 

livestock trampling.

Increase the survival of 

seedlings/saplings.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.29; 1.49

2004 Stations percent: Low-55/Moderate-45/

High-0

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Of five sample sites, two were at mid seral 

stages, one was at an early stage, and two were 

at Invaded Grass States.

Maintain or increase the 

proportion of native grasses 

and decrease the extent of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one lek within 1 mile of pasture 139-

04. 

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Approximately 1 acre of absinth wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), black 

henbane, burdock, and Canada thistle.

Allotments 136 and 139 are one allotment; need to correct allotment 

numbering.
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Table 136/139.3 — Allotment 136/139 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A 

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 362 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 337 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(managed as turn-in).

 Rotation: Modified fourpasture twice/thrice-over 

rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments. 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

362.

 Use crested wheatgrass 

pastures (pasture 136-1 

and pasture 139-1) as 

early season pastures. 

 Develop range water 

source and construct a 

rangeland pipeline in 

pasture 136-2 to replace 

lost water source located 

on adjacent private 

property.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 285.

 Use crested wheatgrass 

pastures (pasture 136-1 

and pasture 139-1) as 

early season pastures.

 Develop range water 

source and construct a 

rangeland pipeline in 

pasture 136-2 to replace 

lost water source located 

on adjacent private 

property.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 136/139 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 813 acres in total size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 641 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 54 

head for 8 months by the MGA. Although this allotment is permitted with an inventory permit, 

which typically means that livestock are somewhere on the allotment for a full 12 months, it is 

actually managed like a turn-in permit. The permittee brings in livestock to graze sometime in the

summer months, but brings them home to a separate ‘off permit’ location to winter the livestock.

Historically, this was two separate allotments, but in 1996 a permit was written for both allotments,
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and since then they have been treated as one. In the future, these need to be treated as one allotment 

with one allotment number and one allotment file. This allotment has been subdivided into six 

pastures, and of these six pastures four contain NFS lands. These pastures range from 157 to 178 

acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands is 362. Water developments within this allotment 

include developed reservoirs and a spring. One of the four pastures currently has no developed 

water. In the past, this pasture relied on a water development on adjacent private land; however, in 

2004 the private land was fenced out of this pasture. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie 

Geographic Area with the very western portion, pasture 2, beginning to transition into the Badlands.

There is evidence of historical cultivation that influences the current vegetation. The vegetation in 

this allotment consists primarily of crested wheatgrass with some Kentucky bluegrass. In the draws,

native species such as western wheatgrass, prairie Junegrass, and needle-and-thread tend to 

dominate. The 1988 Mikes Creek fire burned into pasture 4, and evidence of that was seen in the 

draw nearby the developed spring in this pasture.

The livestock are rotated through four pastures containing NFS lands as a modified twice-over/three 

times over. Some of the pastures are rotated through twice and others three times with 54 cow/calf 

pairs. The rotation is fairly stagnant in that the same pasture is grazed first from year to year.

Livestock are turned out around the first week of May and are rotated approximately every 2 to 3

weeks.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 1

acre of multiple state and county listed noxious weeds, as follows: absinth wormwood, black 

henbane, burdock, and Canada thistle.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 0.0 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 5.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 0.0 and 2.0 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Of five woody draw samples, 40 percent were Healthy, 40 percent were At Risk, 

and 20 percent were Unhealthy. Two woody draws in pasture 136-1 were At Risk and Unhealthy, 

while one woody draw in pasture 136-2 was Healthy. There is currently no water source in pasture 

136-2 other than possible delivery of water to a temporary tank, so decreased use of this pasture in 

recent years has likely assisted Healthy conditions of the sampled draw (Figure 136/139.1 ). No 

woody draws were present in pasture 139-1. The bottom or downstream half of a sampled woody 

draw in pasture 139-4 was Healthy, while the upstream half with greater livestock access was At 

Risk.
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Herbaceous Structure – In the 2004 data set, two random sampled VOR transects were measured 

as Low structure. The consolidated station averages from these two transects showed Low structure 

at 55 percent; Moderate structure stations at 45 percent; and no High structure stations were 

observed.

Neither of the two transects were resampled in 2005.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses heavily affect most of the four pastures of this allotment, and large 

areas occur at Invaded Grass States. Of five sere plots and NDSU samples, two sites were at mid 

seral stages, one site was at an early seral stage, and two sites were at Invaded Grass States.

Pasture 136-1 primarily consisted of broken land dominated by crested wheatgrass. Grass 

production on an NDSU sample plot at the north end of the pasture on the edge of a small fragment 

of unbroken land was composed of 91 percent crested wheatgrass, 7.5 percent needle-and-thread, 

and 1 percent Kentucky bluegrass. The site was at an early seral stage. Crested wheatgrass was the 

only recorded grass species along a Robel transect in the south half of the pasture.

About 18 percent of pasture 136-2 consisted of broken land, but additional invasive grass cover 

occurs over a larger area associated with a reclaimed oil well site. Relative frequency of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass along a pace transect in this area increased from 3 percent to 58 percent 

between 1978 and 2009. A sere plot in unbroken land was at a mid seral stage, but invasive grasses 

constituted 30 percent of the relative grass basal cover.

All of pasture 139-1 was identified as broken land, but a pace transect measured at the north end of 

the pasture during 1978 was dominated by western wheatgrass with only 15 percent relative 

frequency of invasive grasses. Remeasurement during 2009 resulted in 85 percent relative 

frequency of invasive grasses, largely composed of Kentucky bluegrass. Most of the pasture is 

currently at an Invaded Grass State. A Robel transect in the central portion of the pasture recorded 

bluegrass and sedge as the dominant species. A sere plot at the south end of the pasture was at a mid 

seral stage for broken land but exhibited relative grass basal cover of 26 percent Kentucky 

bluegrass, 21 percent crested wheatgrass, and 18 percent needle-and-thread.

Figure 136/139.1 — Healthy woody 

draw in pasture 136.2 that has lacked 

a permanent water source in recent 

years.
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Only 10 percent of pasture 139-4 was identified as broken land, but most of the pasture is at an 

Invaded Grass State. Relative frequency of invasive grasses along a remeasured pace transect 

increased from zero to 63 percent between 1978 and 2009, with 92 percent of the increase involving 

bluegrass. Two NDSU sample plots on a Claypan ecological site at the north end of the pasture 

were at Invaded Grass States, with average grass production comprised of 51 percent Kentucky 

bluegrass, 31 percent crested wheatgrass, and 11 percent western wheatgrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek within a 1-mile radius of the allotment – specifically 

pasture 139-4. There are approximately 153 acres of overlap within this 1- mile overlap that is 

primarily suitable habitat for sharp-tailed grouse.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would have the potential to improve with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased tree and shrub 

regeneration and growth. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing 

or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low structure due to increased residual cover with the lack of grazing.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter 

that would assist further invasive grass expansion and transitions to Invaded Grass States where 

they have not already occurred. Crested wheatgrass would remain persistent, particularly in pasture 

136-1 and portions of 136-2, but bluegrass would gradually constitute greater portions of the total 

grass production. Remaining native plant diversity would decrease and would be most apparent in 

pasture 136-2, which contains the largest portion of the remaining native plant diversity.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High herbaceous structure would benefit nesting and 

brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse and other ground-nesting birds. However, over time the 
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decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities and nesting and brooding quality 

would decrease as well but still remain above current conditions.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 362 

federal AMs. Although this allotment is permitted with an inventory permit, which typically 

means that livestock are somewhere on the allotment for a full 12 months, it is actually managed 

like a turn-in permit.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a modified four pasture twice-over rotation grazing system.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Current woody draw conditions with 60 percent less than Healthy sample sites are 

likely to persist or gradually decrease under current management. Typically reported use that 

exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity would maintain relatively high levels of browsing and 

trampling disturbance. Other factors contributing to high woody draw disturbance include the 

relative scarcity of draws, the close proximity of water sources, grazing periods during the hot 

summer months, and extended green periods within woody draws relative to unpalatable invasive 

grasses in the uplands during much of the grazing period. Potentially increased stocking to the level 

of Authorized Use would increase the degree of woody draw disturbances. The lack of a permanent 

water source in pasture 136-2 that results in deceased use would contribute to maintaining the

Healthy conditions that were sampled in this pasture.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to increase the proportion of High herbaceous 

structure or improve the overall herbaceous structure distribution. Retaining the current Authorized 

Use level, which is approximately 32 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity,

would continue to promote a lack residual cover.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would result in further transitions to Invaded 

Grass States and decreased maintenance of native species where this has not already occurred.

Levels of typically reported use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 7 to 34 percent 

and low palatability of the invasive grass component during large portions of the grazing season 

result in selective grazing of the remaining native component that facilitates the transitions.

Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would compound these effects.
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Use of pasture 136-1 in mid-June and early July coincides with poor or decreasing palatability of 

crested wheatgrass. Selective grazing of native grasses results in minimal potential for development 

of these species and the pasture would largely remain as a stand of crested wheatgrass.

Mid to late summer and early fall use of pasture 136-2 with the greatest proportion of native grasses 

would allow full expression of these species prior to grazing. However, the increasing invasive 

grass component that is of low palatability during the grazing period would contribute to selective 

and potentially excessive use of the native component and facilitate the spread of invasive grasses.

The lack of a water source in this pasture currently limits the degree of use and potential adverse 

effects of selective native grass utilization.

Grazing of crested wheatgrass in pasture 139-1 is appropriately timed during the May rotation, but 

low palatability of invasive grasses during the second rotation in August results in selective grazing

of the native component and facilitates the spread of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded 

Grass States.

Use of pasture 139-4 in mid-June and August results in selective grazing of the remaining native 

component and facilitates transitions to Invaded Grass States where it has not already occurred.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given current management, it does not appear that sharp-tailed grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat would be enhanced in the next 10 to 15 years because of the high 

current Authorized Use level, which limits the maintenance of residual cover.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 362 federal AMs.

 Using crested wheatgrass pastures (pasture 136-1 and pasture 139-1) as early season pastures. 

 Developing range water source and construct a rangeland pipeline in pasture 136-2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. By using two of the four 

pastures as early season pastures, deferment would occur on the two remaining pastures providing 

the opportunity for initial growth of native species before livestock grazing occurs. Livestock 

distribution would have minimal if any change due to the size of the pastures.

Developing a range water source and pipeline in pasture 136-2 to replace the lost water source 

located on adjacent private property would affect livestock distribution depending upon the 

placement of the stock tank. Before the adjacent private water source was fenced out from the NFS 

land, livestock distribution was probably focused more in the bottom lands of the pasture since the 
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water source was in the bottom on the east/central side of the NFS lands. If the stock tank is placed 

in the uplands a shift of livestock distribution would be expected, but may be minimal due to the 

small size of the pasture.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the 

livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Authorized Use would continue to exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 

46 percent after adjusting for cow size and would continue to limit the potential for the regeneration 

of desired woody species through high levels of browsing and trampling disturbances.

However, proposed early season use of pastures 136-1 and 139-1 as crested wheatgrass pastures 

would increase the potential for woody species regeneration in At Risk and Unhealthy woody draws 

in pasture 136-1. Cooler temperatures during the early once-over grazing period, and increased 

palatability of the invasive grass component would contribute to decreased browsing and trampling 

disturbances within woody draws. There were no woody draws in pasture 139-1.

Continued summer use of pasture 136-2 should facilitate persistence of the Healthy woody draw 

site in this pasture, but the proposed water development would contribute to increased use of the 

pasture with the potential for increased browsing and trampling disturbances and decreasing 

conditions. Increasing invasive grasses in this pasture that would be of low palatability during the 

grazing season also has the potential to contribute to increased browsing/trampling disturbances in 

the draw.

Grazing seasons in pasture 139-4 would remain similar to current management and conditions of 

one At Risk and one Healthy woody draw are likely to persist because topography was the primary 

influence of livestock accessibility and resulting conditions.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or reducing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for increased growth and regeneration of woody species by removing or decreasing 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, existing and potentially increased 

invasive grass layers would have the potential to impede or decrease the rate of regeneration and 

degree of woody draw improvement. Fencing of one woody draw would have the potential to 

increase browsing and trampling disturbances and decrease conditions of other woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level, which is approximately 32 percent higher than initial 
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estimated carrying capacity, would not contribute to improving herbaceous structure within the 

allotment because of its impact on residual cover. In regards to the proposed crested wheatgrass 

pastures, Angell (1997) found that high stocking levels on crested wheatgrass negatively impacts 

tiller density and standing crop under a short-duration grazing system, so the potential advantage 

provided by a rest period in these pastures may be minimized by the Authorized Use level.

Development of water has the effect of moderating vegetative structure by typically increasing the 

relative evenness of livestock distribution within the unit. The effects of replacement water in 

pasture 136-02 would depend on the new location relative to the previous one adjacent to the 

southeastern portion of the pasture. If the water is located near the old location, then effects would 

not be appreciably different than existing conditions. However, it is a small pasture and the effects 

of placing the tank anywhere in pasture 136-2 may not appreciably alter the herbaceous structure 

distribution within the pasture, especially given the initial Authorized Use level.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level would improve the herbaceous structure 

distribution. Decreasing use would have a positive effect on residual cover. Under this alternative 

and given the difference between the proposed Authorized Use and initial estimated carrying 

capacity, the time required to get to initial estimated carrying capacity could take longer than the 

10- to 15-year planning time frame. Fencing high-value woody draws could have an impact relative 

to the size and location of the fenced woody but it is not expected to be appreciable because of the 

small amount of woody draws projected to be fenced.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 46 percent and 

reported use by 9 to 36 percent would continue to assist the spread of invasive grasses and impede 

the development of desired seral stage proportions and the maintenance of native plant diversity. 

Proposed early season use of pastures 136-1 and 139-1 is appropriate for the high invasive 

component in these pastures and would assist increased vigor and development of the small 

proportion of the native component without a second rotation through these pastures. Potentially 

increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would increase the potential for premature use of 

the native component, but periods for recovery and regrowth would increase compared to current 

management.

Proposed later season use of pasture 136-2 would facilitate maintenance of the native grass 

component. However, levels of Authorized Use and reported use, along with an increasing invasive 

grass component that would be of low palatability during the grazing season, would contribute to 

high utilization of the native component and assist the further spread of invasive grasses. Adding a 

water tank to the 160-acre pasture would contribute to increased use of the pasture and high grazing 

and trampling disturbances around the tank, with decreasing seral stages and an increased potential 

for invasive grass spreading.

Mid or late season use of pasture 139-4 would occur during low palatability of the invasive grass 

component that has sharply increased and now constitutes as much as 82 percent of the grass 

production. Selective grazing of the native component would facilitate or compound transitions to 

Invaded Grass States and the loss of native species where this has not already occurred.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing of woody draws could contribute to slightly increased grazing and 

trampling disturbances in the uplands because of the relatively small pasture sizes, particularly if 

there are no other draws for livestock to utilize. However, this would be unlikely to significantly 

affect existing plant composition and trends.

Decreasing Authorized Use would potentially facilitate the maintenance and development of native 

plant diversity. However, neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would alter the trend of 

increasing invasive grasses without coordinating the grazing period with the respective palatability 

and production of the invasive and native grass components.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Retaining the Authorized Use level drives the herbaceous structure distribution 

and would continue to promote the existing grouse habitat conditions. In regards to the proposed 

crested wheatgrass pastures, Angell (1997) found that high stocking levels on crested wheatgrass 

negatively impacts tiller density and standing crop under a short duration grazing system so the 

potential advantage provided by a rest period in these pastures may be minimized by the Authorized 

Use level. The proposed water development in pasture 136-02 would replace the lost water source. 

The effects of this water may depend on the location of the new source. The further from the lost 

source of water and the more central the location, the higher the potential there may be to 

homogenize the herbaceous structure distribution. However, this is a small pasture and the effects 

may not be appreciable. The pasture does not fall within the 1-mile radius of a known lek.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use would have the best potential to enhance grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat. Under this alternative, considering the difference between Authorized 

Use and initial estimated carrying capacity, the time required to get to initial estimated carrying 

capacity could take longer than the 10- to 15-year planning time frame. It is not expected that 

fencing high-value woody draws would have an appreciable effect on grouse nesting habitat 

because of the minimal amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. There may be some 

increased grazing intensity in the adjacent area that would affect herbaceous structure.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 285 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 362 federal AMs

converted to AUMs is 416 federal AUMs. The effect of setting Authorized Use at the initial 

estimated carrying capacity equates to a 32 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. 

Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in the size of the 

cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration that can be grazed when 

planning the rotation for the allotment. 

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 32 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would establish potential levels of use 7 to 25 percent less 

than currently reported use. There would be an increased potential for woody species regeneration 

and improved woody draw conditions by decreasing the level of livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances. Existing and potentially increasing invasive grass layers within woody draws would 

have the potential for impeding the rate of increased regeneration and improved conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use level to initial estimated carrying capacity 

should contribute to improving the herbaceous structure distribution within the allotment. 

Indications are that a moderate stocking level on crested wheatgrass maintains tiller density and 

standing crop (Angell 1997). This should be an improvement over existing management, however. 

Regrowth time on the crested wheatgrass pastures may contribute to diversifying the herbaceous 

structure distribution within the allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 32 percent, 7 to 25 percent less than currently 

reported use, would facilitate increased vigor of native grasses by decreasing the level of livestock 

grazing disturbances. However, low palatability of invasive grasses in pastures 136-2 and 139-4 

would continue to result in selective grazing and high utilization of the native component that would 

impede increased vigor and development. The degree of this effect would be sufficient to continue 

trends of increasing invasive grasses and Invaded Grass States in pasture 136-2. The effect would 

be an inescapable conclusion in pasture 139-4, where invasive grasses have sharply increased and 

constitute as much as 82 percent of the total grass production.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use level to the initial estimated carrying capacity 

should contribute to enhancing grouse habitat within the allotment. Indications are that a moderate 

stocking level maintains tiller density and standing crop in crested wheatgrass (Angell 1997).

Regrowth time on the crested wheatgrass pastures may contribute to enhancing grouse nesting 
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habitat in combination with the Authorized Use adjustment. However, some negative impacts may 

occur due to the presence of livestock in the pasture (Svedarsky et al. 2003).

ALLOTMENT 140

Table 140.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

140 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

51 11

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

423 89

Total allotment acres 1096 100

NFS acres 474 43

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 622 57

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

281

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

237

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
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Table 140.2 — Allotment 140 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian A small portion of Blacktail Creek flows 

through pasture 1. The 2006 survey rated 

this portion at PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

100 percent of the woody draws sampled 

were At Risk due to lack of regeneration, 

cattle use, and grass understory. Woody 

draws are in pasture 1.

Increase successful recruitment 

of woody species. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.39; 1.46

2004 Stations percent: Low-37.5/Moderate62.5/High-0

2005 Transects: 1.31; 1.08 

2005 Stations percent: Low-80/Moderate20/High-0.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Broken land comprises 38, 65, and 100 

percent of the three pastures. Three sample 

plots in broken land were at mid seral stages 

and there are apparent trends of increasing 

invasive grasses in two pastures.

Maintain or increase the 

development of native plants 

and decrease or limit the spread 

of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

Pasture 1 contains a known lek. Pasture 1 

contributes to the larger lek key area.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks Burdock in the northwest corner of pasture 1.
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Table 140.3 — Allotment 140 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A 

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 281 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 373 

summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Modified deferred 

rotation (two different 

permittees allocated AMs).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments. 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

281.

 Annually change season of 

use between A1lotment 140 

pasture 4 and Allotment 

230 pasture 2.

 Annually change season of 

use between pastures 1 and 

5.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Initiate a three pasture 

deferred rotation between 

pastures 1, 4, and 5.

 Use a rangeland drill to 

interseed pasture 4 with 

native grass species.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 237.

 Annually change season 

of use between Allotment 

140 pasture 4 and 

Allotment 230 pasture 2.

 Annually change season 

of use between pastures 1 

and 5.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Initiate a three-pasture 

deferred rotation between 

pastures 1, 4, and 5.

 Use a rangeland drill to 

interseed pasture 4 with 

native grass species.

Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 140 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,096 acres in total size and contains private and NFS 

lands, with 474 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 42 

head for 8 months by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment associated with two common 

allotments (Blacktail and Ash Coulee Commons). There are two individuals permitted in this 

headquarters allotment but it is not managed as a common; they graze their livestock in separate 

pastures. This allotment has been subdivided into six pastures and of these six pastures three contain 

NFS lands. The pastures containing NFS lands range in size from 149 to 320 acres. This allotment 

is primarily located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area, with the central portion of pasture 1 

transitioning into the Badlands.

In review of the AWs, pastures 1 and 5 are typically grazed at the same time every year. Pasture 1 is 

normally stocked with 42 cow/calf pairs from May 1st to July 18th, and then the livestock are rotated 

to pasture 5 and graze until September 22nd. Pasture 4 is used by the second permittee typically in 

the months of November and December. The number of livestock stocked in this pasture has varied 

from 28 to 50 cow/calf pairs. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 140.1.

Water developments within this allotment include developed reservoirs. Pasture 4 has no developed 

water and relies on a well and stock tank on adjacent private land.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment. However, during field trips and 

woody draw surveys, burdock was discovered within the northwest corner of pasture 1.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 3.7 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 1.8 and 2.5 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

140-01

Blacktail Creek 

(2) 0.07 0.07

A 1/10-mile segment of Blacktail Creek (reach 2) was evaluated in pasture 1 of Allotment 140. The 

interdisciplinary team found this reach in good condition and gave it a functionality rating of PFC.

Woody Draws – Three sampled woody draws in pasture 1 were At Risk (Figure 140.1) and 

contained high amounts of noxious weeds. A small reservoir below one of the sample sites 

contributed to high browsing and trampling disturbances. No woody draws were present in pastures 

4 or 5.
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Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there were two sampled VOR transects. One transect was 

measured in the Moderate class and the second one was Low. The consolidated station averages for 

the two transects were 37.5 percent Low; 62.5 percent in Moderate; and none in High.

Both transects were resampled in 2005 and both were measured as Low structure. The station data 

reflected the Low transect average, with 80 percent of the stations in Low structure and 20 percent

in Moderate structure. No High structure stations were measured. It is interesting to note that both 

transects and station averages decreased appreciably in 2005 from 2004, when drought adjustments 

from 2004 were in effect for the MGA.

Seral Stages – About 38 percent of NFS land in pasture 1 is identified as broken land but invasive 

grass dominated areas constituted almost 50 

percent of the pasture acreage. Current field 

observations compared to vegetation maps from 

1983 (2210 files) suggest that the area of crested 

wheatgrass has been expanding along with 

increased occurrences of bluegrass in the northwest 

quarter of the pasture. A belt transect within broken 

land recorded crested wheatgrass as the 

overwhelmingly dominant species, while a Robel 

transect on the edge of the expanded invasive grass 

dominated area recorded western wheatgrass, 

crested wheatgrass and traces of Kentucky 

bluegrass.

All of pasture 4 consisted of broken land. Crested 

wheatgrass and needle-and-thread each constituted 

about 40 percent of the average grass production on two NDSU sample plots on Loamy ecological 

sites at the north end of the pasture. Kentucky bluegrass frequency averaged 14 percent on one of 

Figure 140.1, a and b — At Risk woody draws in the northwest and southeast corners 

of pasture 1 that exhibit minimal tree regeneration and lack of tall shrub layers. 

Figure 140.2 — Central area of pasture 4 

with needle-and-thread seed heads visible as 

light colored vegetation in the background 

among green crested wheatgrass.
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the sites but was absent from the second site. Clubmoss cover was high and total herbaceous 

production was about half of the potential production for a Loamy ecological site. A Robel transect

at the south end of the pasture and field observations support similar occurrences of needle-andthread patches throughout most of the pasture (Figure 140.2), with lesser amounts of bluegrass 

along the bottom of broad open swales. Vegetation maps from 1983 depict the pasture as crested 

wheatgrass without note of needle-and-thread, suggesting recent establishment or increases of this 

species.

About 65 percent of pasture 5 is identified as broken land. Field observations indicate inaccuracies 

in portions of the identified broken land where high quality native plant communities were observed 

on the north aspect of a ridgeline that extended across the pasture. However, the toeslope of the

ridge and broad gentle slopes along a headwater drainage of Blacktail Creek were composed of 

bluegrass and other invasive dominated patches intermingled with native patches. Crested 

wheatgrass was prominent on the north side of the drainage. An oil well and access road contributed 

to crested wheatgrass and other invasive grasses in the southern portion of the pasture where a sere 

plot was at a mid seral stage. Vegetation maps from 1983 indicate native grass communities 

throughout the pasture, suggesting recent establishment and/or increases of bluegrass and crested 

wheatgrass. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek that occurs in this allotment. Because of the scattered 

nature of the pastures, only one of the pastures (140-01) falls within the key area associated within 

the 1-mile radius of the lek.

Effects of Alternative 1 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions in pasture 1 would have the potential to improve with the 

removal of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and 

growth of desired woody species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species 

as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the potential degree of woody draw improvement.
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Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter 

that would assist further invasive grass expansion and transitions to Invaded Grass States. Crested 

wheatgrass would remain persistent but bluegrass would gradually constitute greater portions of the 

total grass production. Remaining native plant diversity would decrease. Transitions to Invaded 

Grass States would occur relatively rapidly in portions of pasture 1 and pasture 5 because of the 

current extent of invasive grasses in these pastures, but would occur at a slower rate in pasture 4 

where invasive grass patches were smaller and localized.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure grasslands from removal of livestock 

disturbance would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time 

the decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and 

brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses that may invade local habitats. Over time, invasive grasses could appreciably reduce the 

habitat quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 281 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run by two different individuals in separate pastures; one in a two-pasture 

modified deferred rotation, the other typically late season in one pasture.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and would contribute towards CP funds.

Maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association.

Noxious weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – At Risk woody draw conditions in pasture 1would persist or decrease towards 

Unhealthy conditions under current management. Authorized Use and the range of reported use that 

exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by as much as 36 percent would contribute to high levels 

of browsing and trampling disturbances that impede the regeneration of desired trees and shrubs.

Grazing periods in pasture 1 that extend into mid July with increasing temperatures and insect pests 

would also contribute to woody draw disturbances, as would decreased palatability of the invasive 

grass component that constitutes as much as 50 percent of the upland forage.
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Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution. Retaining the current Authorized Use level, which is 

approximately 27 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for 

cow size, would continue to promote a lack of residual cover.

Seral Stages – Grazing schedules in pasture 1 present the potential for livestock to utilize invasive 

grasses in the north and east portions of the pasture early in the season and gradually shift to native 

grasses in June and July. The sole water source is located at the south end of the pasture where 

native grasses dominate and creates the potential for livestock to congregate in this area and 

prematurely graze native grasses, but relatively good condition native communities were observed 

in western and southern portions of the pasture and would likely be maintained.

Rotating to pasture 5 during late July through September likely results in minimal use of the 

invasive component because palatability is low at this time of year. Excessive use of the native 

component would be compounded by high stocking levels associated with the level of Authorized 

and reported use compared to initial estimated carrying capacity, with potential decreases in plant

vigor assisting the spread of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Use of broken land comprising pasture 4 during October through December allows plants to 

complete their entire growth cycle before grazing disturbances occur. As evidenced by prominent 

amounts of needle-and-thread, the late fall grazing season appears to facilitate the establishment or 

maintenance of this native grass and does not appear to be particularly assisting the establishment of 

other invasive grasses within the stand of crested wheatgrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given current management, sharp-tailed grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat would not be enhanced in the next 10 to 15 years because of the Authorized Use level,

which limits the amount of residual cover.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 281 federal AMs.

 Annually changing season of use between A1lotment 140 pasture 4 and Allotment 230 pasture 

2.

 Annually changing season of use between pastures 1 and 5.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation between pastures 1, 4, and 5.

 Using a rangeland drill to interseed pasture 4 with native grass species.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the use of these 
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federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be harvested at 

different times of the grazing season compared to the current stagnant rotation. 

Annually changing the season of use between Allotment 140 pasture 4 and Allotment 230 pasture 2 

would allow the permittee to change the season of use between the two pastures on different grazing 

association permits using one herd instead of utilizing the pastures at the same time of year every 

year with two different herds of livestock. Distribution of livestock would not change because of the 

small size of each pasture.

Annually changing the season of use between pastures 1 and 5 would have minimal effects on the 

distribution of the livestock grazing because of the small size of the pastures. Changing the season 

of use within these pastures would allow livestock to utilize more of the crested wheatgrass earlier 

thereby providing adequate periods for recovery before being grazed the following season. Because 

of the existing intermingled introduced herbaceous species and native herbaceous species, range 

readiness would not be achieved for the native herbaceous species in years grazed early to utilize 

the introduced species.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation among pastures 1, 4, and 5 would not change the 

distribution of livestock because of the size of the pastures. However, the two individual permittees

would now be required to run together, so there would be more livestock numbers in the three 

pastures compared to current management. More intensive management would be required of the 

two permittees and the Forest Service. The three-pasture deferred rotation would change the season 

of use annually. Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation would also allow for a recovery 

period of herbaceous species before being grazed the following grazing season.

Using a rangeland drill to interseed pasture 4 with native grass species would require a certain 

amount of rest until the native grass species have established themselves within the pasture. This 

would affect the number of livestock authorized on the allotment because of the inventory permit 

issued by the MGA.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.
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Annually changing the season of use between Allotment 140 pasture 4 and Allotment 230 pasture 2 

would have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because the creek is located in a 

different pasture.

Annually changing the season of use between pastures 1 and 5 would have no effect on desired 

riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because livestock use on the creek would not increase.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek 

because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation among pastures 1, 4, and 5 would not change the 

distribution of livestock because of the size of the pastures and would have no effect on desired 

riparian condition along Blacktail Creek. The rotation would not result in any additional livestock 

use and occupation on the riparian corridor.

Using a rangeland drill to interseed pasture 4 with native grass species would have no effect on 

riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because the creek is located in a different pasture.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek. A 

reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing 

for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Implementing a deferred rotation between pastures 1 and 5 would be unlikely to 

improve woody draw conditions in pasture 1 because use of the draws would not be appreciably 

different from current use during May through July. The deferred rotation would maintain or 

increase the period of mid and late summer grazing seasons when browsing and trampling 

disturbances increase from livestock seeking shade, escape from insect pests, and extended green 

periods relative to low palatability of invasive grasses in the uplands. Authorized Use and reported 

use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by as much as 36 percent would continue to 

contribute to high browsing and trampling disturbances. 

Adaptive Options – Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation may assist slight improvement of 

woody draw conditions if an October through December grazing period is retained, but the benefits 

are unlikely to shift At Risk conditions to Healthy conditions. Cooler temperatures during fall/early 

winter rotations should result in decreased use of woody draws one of every 3 years, but trampling 

disturbances may remain high in some draws because of livestock seeking thermal shelter. Uresk 

and Lowrey (1984) found livestock browsing of woody species to increase during the fall months,

and this would impede woody species regeneration. Current woody draw disturbances would be 

maintained or increase 2 of every 3 years and counter any potential benefits of late fall grazing 

during the third year.

Fencing woody draws and/or reducing Authorized Use would facilitate increased growth and 

regeneration of desired woody species by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling 
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disturbances. However, existing and potentially increased invasive grasses with the removal or 

reduction of livestock grazing would have the potential to decrease the rate or degree of woody 

species regeneration. Fencing of individual woody draws would have the potential to increase 

browsing and trampling disturbances and decrease conditions of other woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The current and proposed Authorized Use level would not contribute to improving 

herbaceous structure within the allotment by limiting the potential retention of residual cover. The 

potential for regrowth in early grazed pastures is minor, even when grazed early, due to the high 

Authorized Use level. High stocking levels on crested wheatgrass could negatively impact tiller 

density and standing crop (Angell 1997). In light of the high Authorized Use level, the proposed 

rotations would not help in improving the herbaceous structure distribution in the allotment because 

of the small pastures (even distribution) and the mix of native and introduced species (poor timing

relative to forage species).

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level would improve the herbaceous structure 

distribution. Decreasing use has the effect of increasing residual cover. Fencing high-value woody 

draws could have an impact relative to the size and location of the fenced woody. Initiating a threepasture deferred rotation would need to balance the species mix with the timing and stocking rate, 

but regardless, herbaceous structure would not respond positively because of the proposed

Authorized Use. Interseeding with native species could have the potential of improving herbaceous 

structure diversity but would require other management changes to be successful such as 

adjustments to the Authorized Use levels and timing of use.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Proposed pasture rotations are unlikely to increase the maintenance of native plant 

diversity or contribute to seral stage objectives because stocking levels and the season of grazing 

would not be consistently coordinated with the respective palatability and production of the native 

and invasive grass components.

Implementing a deferred rotation between Allotment 140 pasture 4 and Allotment 230 pasture 2 

would result in selective use of native grass components in both pastures, which consist entirely of 

broken land. The deferred rotation in Allotment 140 pasture 4 would increase selective grazing of 

needle-and-thread and lesser amounts of other native grasses because palatability of crested 

wheatgrass that dominates the pasture would be low during the grazing season every other year.

Pasture observations compared to previous vegetation maps suggest that the present grazing season 

of October through December with an occasional rotation during May is facilitating the 

establishment of needle-and-thread. Changing the degree of needle-and-thread utilization with 

increased summer rotations would have a high potential to impede its further establishment.

Currently reported and Authorized levels of use would compound the effect of native grass 

selection while potentially facilitating the spread of invasive grasses.

Switching from a nondeferred to a deferred rotation between pastures 1 and 5 would also result in 

selective grazing of the native component within each pasture every other year, but the effects 

would not be appreciably different from current management. The proposed rotation would increase 
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the degree of selective native grazing in pasture 1 every other year when the pasture is grazed in 

mid/late summer compared to the current grazing season during May to mid-July that creates the 

potential for annual use of both the invasive and native components. Utilization of the invasive 

grass component would increase every other year in pasture 5 compared to current management, but 

would not be sufficient to alter a strong trend of increasing invasive grasses in large portions of the 

pasture.

Adaptive Options – Switching to a three-pasture deferred rotation among pastures 1, 4, and 5 

would have a greater potential to maintain the native component. Assuming the entire grazing 

season extends into December, selective use of the native component would be most prominent in 

each pasture one of every three years during the mid/late summer months and might be sufficient 

for its continued maintenance or development. Early grazing seasons that coincide or overlap 

periods of invasive grass palatability, and late fall or dormant season grazing with the potential for 

equal native and invasive grass utilization, would occur in each pasture 2 of every 3 years. Some

potential would therefore occur for decreased use and increased development of the native 

component. Increased utilization of the invasive grass component would be most pronounced in 

pasture 5 where invasive grass palatability is currently low during every grazing year. Increased 

utilization of the invasive component would contribute to decreased litter accumulation in all three 

pastures that can assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Interseeding native grasses in pasture 4 could increase the rate of native grass establishment and 

seral development, and could particularly facilitate the three-pasture deferred rotation by equalizing 

the proportion of native and invasive components in the pasture compared to current conditions.

However, this action would likely require decreasing the vigor and cover of crested wheatgrass and 

clubmoss to assist seedling establishment.

Adjusting Authorized Use could improve or maintain plant composition if it is coordinated with the 

production and palatability of the invasive and native grass components during the season of use.

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in altering trends of 

increasing invasive grasses without coordinating stocking levels and seasons of use with the native 

and invasive forage components.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The current and proposed Authorized Use level, which is approximately 27 

percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity, would not contribute to enhancing the 

retention of residual cover. The potential for regrowth in early grazed pastures is minor, even when 

grazed early, because of the Authorized Use level. High stocking levels on crested wheatgrass could 

negatively impact tiller density and standing crop (Angell 1997). In light of the high Authorized 

Use level, the proposed rotations would not help in enhancing the grouse nesting cover in the 

allotment because of the small pastures (even distribution) and the mix of native and introduced 

species (poor timing relative to forage species).

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level could enhance the potential for grouse 

nesting cover. Decreasing livestock use has the effect of increasing residual cover. Fencing highvalue woody draws could have an impact relative to the size and location of the fenced woody. 
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However, it is expected that the effects will be minimal due to the small amount projected to be 

fenced. In initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation, grouse nesting habitat would not be enhanced

due to the proposed Authorized Use level. Interseeding with native species could have the potential 

of enhancing grouse nesting habitat but would require other management changes to be successful 

such as adjustments to the Authorized Use levels and timing of use.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 237 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 281 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 323 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 27 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 27 percent would establish potential levels of use 0

to 28 percent less than currently reported use, and would facilitate some improvement of woody 

draw conditions in pasture 1 by decreasing the level of browsing and trampling disturbances.

However, the deferred rotation that is proposed with pasture 5 would increase the frequency or 

extent of warm season grazing compared to current rotations, thereby increasing the level of 

disturbance and impeding increased conditions. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The downward adjustment in the Authorized Use level would contribute to 
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improving herbaceous structure within the allotment by potentially promoting retention of residual 

cover.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing the level of Authorized Use by 27 percent would establish potential 

levels of use 0 to 28 percent less than currently reported use, but would not have a large effect on 

plant composition with regard to the deferred rotations discussed under Alternative 3. Potential 

benefits of deceased grazing disturbance would be largely negated by increasing trends of invasive 

bluegrass, particularly in pasture 5 but also in portions of pasture 1. Decreasing or otherwise 

adjusting Authorized Use to improve plant composition is unlikely to be successful without 

coordinating the grazing season with the respective production and palatability of the invasive and 

native grass components, and in relation to desired shifts in plant composition. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The initial proposed action of reducing the Authorized Use to the initial estimated 

carrying capacity could enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat by allowing for 

increased levels of residual cover.
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ALLOTMENT 141

Table 141.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

141 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

311 100

Total allotment acres 435 100

NFS acres 311 71

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 124 29

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

177

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

113

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2

Table 141.2 — Allotment 141 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Green River – 2006 PFC survey rated the Green 

River as PFC.

Maintain PFC

Woody 

draws

There are no woody draws in the allotment. None

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.2

2004 Stations percent: Low-80/Moderate-20/

High-0.

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages About 80 percent of the two NFS pastures are 

composed of broken land with a mixture of 

invasive and native grasses and increasing 

trends of bluegrass.

Maintain or increase the 

development of native 

grasses and decrease or 

limit the spread of invasive 

bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within this allotment. 

There are no known leks within 1 mile of this 

allotment.

Manage allotment to 

increase the amount of High 

structure.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.
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Table 141.3 — Allotment 141 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 177 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 155 

summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(managed as turn-in).

 Rotation: Three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments. 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

177.

 Continue to annually 

rotate season of use 

between pastures 1 and 3.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 113.

 Continue to annually 

rotate season of use 

between pastures 1 and 3.

 Start deferred rotation 

May 1st in 1 of 4 years.

Adaptive Options

 Assess species 

composition to determine 

effectiveness of periodic 

early grazing period.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 141 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 435 acres in total size and contains private and NFS lands 

with 311 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 22 head for 

8 months and 45 head for 1 month by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment associated with 

a common allotment (Ash Coulee Common). It should be noted that although this allotment is 

permitted with an inventory permit, which typically means that livestock are somewhere on the 

allotment for a full 12 months, it is actually managed like a turn-in permit. The permittee brings in 

livestock to graze sometime in the summer months, but brings them home to a separate ‘off permit’ 

location to winter the livestock. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area.

This allotment has been subdivided into three pastures and of these three pastures two contain NFS 

lands. These pastures range from 144 to 166 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 141.1. Water developments within this allotment include a reservoir with a water lot 
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to water both pastures 1 and 3. The current rotation on this allotment is a three-pasture deferred 

rotation with increased livestock numbers for a shortened season. The number of grazing days on 

NFS lands varies by season, but typically the turn out date is around the third week of May to the 

first week of June. The vegetation in this allotment is a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass, western 

wheatgrass, blue grama, and prairie Junegrass with scattered patches of crested wheatgrass and 

smooth brome. The whole allotment lies within the Rolling Prairie geographic area, and livestock 

distribution is spread throughout.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

141-01 Green River (1) 0.44 0.44

141-03 Green River (1) 0.82 0.82

A 1.3-mile reach of the upper Green River (reach 1) flows through pastures 1 and 3 of Allotment 

141. The interdisciplinary team gave this reach a functionality rating of PFC. The riparian plant 

community was extremely robust and diverse in this reach.

The riparian area consists of

interrupted lentic pools (Figure 

141.1) that serve as refugia for 

reptiles, amphibians, macro 

invertebrates and other native 

aquatic species. Fairy shrimp

(Eubranchipus) are found in these 

pools. According to a recent study 

(Euliss and Mushet, 2004), on the 

Little Missouri National Grassland, 

fairy shrimp were observed only in 

natural, unexcavated seasonal 

wetlands.

Livestock do congregate along the 

lentic pools, and swards of riparian vegetation are disrupted and broken in places. Also, hydric soils 

in the riparian area have been compacted due to hoof shear along the banks of lentic pools. Some 

pedestalling of riparian swards is evident (Figure 141.1). The management objective is to maintain 

PFC and to insure that the native aquatic organisms continue to prosper at this site.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Figure 141.1 — The headwaters of Green River 

traverse Allotment 141.
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Figure 141.2, a and b — a) Pasture 3 at north end of the allotment. Crested wheatgrass and 

bluegrass in the foreground with increasing dominance of bluegrass indicated by brown hue of 

seed heads in the background or south half of the pasture. b) Clay slicks dominated by native 

species indicated by lighter hue on the left side of photo and crested wheatgrass on the right 

side with increasing bluegrass in the background.

Herbaceous Structure – There was one sample VOR transect from 2004 in this allotment and it 

was measured as Low structure (1.2 inches). The station averages also indicated a dominance of 

Low with 80 percent in the Low class and 20 percent in the Moderate class. This transect was not 

resurveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Most of the two pastures constituting this allotment consisted of broken land 

dominated by crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass (Figure 142.2a) with native grasses most 

prominent on intermingled clay slicks (Figure 142.2b) and at the far north and south ends of the 

allotment. Mid seral stages are dominant but plant composition is at or approaching an Invaded 

Grass State for broken land in large portions of the allotment. Invasive bluegrass is particularly 

prominent along the center of the allotment on either side of the pasture fenceline and a water 

reservoir.

A sere plot in broken land of pasture 1 was at a mid seral stage with relative dominance of crested 

wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and invasive bluegrass. Relative plant frequency of bluegrass 

increased from seven percent to 34 percent between 1978 and 2009 along a repeated pace transect 

in the southwest quarter of the pasture, with only traces of needle-and-thread in either measurement 

year. Relative plant frequency of western wheatgrass decreased from 40 percent to 16 percent, 

while blue grama and buffalo grass increased from 12 percent to 34 percent. The frequency of 

clubmoss increased from 7 percent to 25 percent.

A belt transect in the north half of pasture 3 recorded crested wheatgrass as the dominant species, 

while a Robel transect in the south half of the pasture recorded bluegrass dominance.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within this allotment. There are no known leks 

within 1 mile of this allotment. The nearest known lek is approximately 1.5 miles away. 
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Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along the Green River as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter,

which would assist increases of invasive bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States where 

they have not already occurred. Crested wheatgrass would remain persistent but bluegrass would 

gradually constitute greater portions of total grass production. Existing native plant diversity would 

sharply decrease. These effects would occur within 10 years because of the existing amount and 

extent of bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

benefit potential nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity due to increased grass density would decrease foraging opportunities for 

grouse. To a somewhat lesser extent, nesting and brooding quality would also decrease because of 

lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that may invade/ expand into local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 177 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 
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of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along the Green River as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would likely continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to improve the herbaceous structure in general. 

Retaining the current Authorized Use level is projected to continue to promote a lack of residual 

cover.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses would continue increasing under current management with further 

transitions to Invaded Grass States and a loss of native plant diversity. The deferred rotation with a 

third pasture on private land results in low palatability of invasives grasses on NFS pastures because 

turn-in onto pastures 1 and 3 occurs after mid-June at least 5 out of every 8 years. Decreasing 

palatability of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass after mid June contributes to selective use of the 

native grass component, potentially decreasing plant vigor and assisting the spread of invasive 

grasses. Levels of Authorized Use and reported use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 81 percent after adjusting for cow size compound the level of selective native grass utilization.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, primarily the high Authorized Use levels, 

would not enhance grouse nesting habitat (i.e. High structure grasslands) thus limiting the potential 

to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 177 federal AMs.

 Continuing to annually rotate season of use between pastures 1 and 3.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Continuing to annually 

rotate the season of use between pastures 1 and 3 would not have an effect on livestock distribution 

because of the size of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two because of the management as a turn in permit for 
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this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; 

however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along the Green River would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Continuing to annually rotate season of use between pastures 1 and 3 would have no effect on 

existing desired riparian condition along the Green River. Livestock use on the riparian corridor 

would not change.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along the Green River would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along the Green River. A 

reduction in overland flow delivered to the stream would result in reduced stream velocities 

allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed actions maintain the existing management and conditions. The 

Authorized Use level, which is approximately 44 percent over the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, would not contribute to improving the herbaceous structure distribution within the 

allotment. The Authorized Use level limits the retention of residual cover. The rotation would not 

leave adequate time for regrowth.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use level would improve the potential to improve 

the herbaceous structure distribution. Decreasing use has a positive effect on standing crop.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The effects of continuing current grazing rotations and levels of Authorized Use 

were discussed under Alternative 2, but in summary, would result in further increases of invasive 

grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased maintenance of native plant 

diversity.

Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in 

helping to control bluegrass and increasing the native component without coordinating a large 

portion of the grazing season with high palatability of the former and decreasing utilization of the 

latter to increase its vigor and development. A compressed early season grazing period in both 

pastures would hold the greatest promise of achieving this result (Sedivec 2006).

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – There are no known leks within 1 mile of this allotment. However, biologically 

capable habitat types can be found throughout the allotment. Existing management actions, notably 

the Authorized Use level, would not enhance High structure grasslands thus limiting the potential to 
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enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment. The rotation would not allow 

adequate time for regrowth.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use down would have the best potential to enhance 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat due to improved potential to increase residual cover.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Starting deferred rotation May 1st in 1 of 4 years.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Assessing species composition to determine effectiveness of periodic early grazing period.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 113 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 177 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 204 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 44 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Initiating a deferred rotation on May 1st in 1 out of 4 years would not have any effects on livestock 

distribution because of the small size of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – Assessing species composition to determine the effectiveness of a periodic 

early grazing period would not have any effects on livestock. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Adaptive Options – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The downward adjustment in the Authorized Use level should contribute to 
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improving herbaceous structure distribution within the allotment by potentially promoting retention 

of residual cover. Early use of pastures should also contribute by increasing the potential for 

regrowth 1 out of 4 years.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Initiating the deferred rotation with two NFS and one private pasture on May 1st 1 

of every 4 years would be insufficient to halt or reverse the trend of increasing invasive grasses and 

transitions to Invaded Grass States. The palatability of invasive grasses would continue to be low 

during most grazing seasons in each pasture and would result in excessive use of the native 

component, which decreases plant vigor and assists the spread of invasive grasses. Increasing plant 

litter in underutilized invasive grass areas would also assist the maintenance and spread of invasive 

grasses.

Decreasing Authorized Use by 44 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and cow 

size would also be ineffective in halting or reversing the trend of increasing invasive grasses unless 

the grazing season is coordinated with high palatability of the invasive grasses. Increasing plant 

litter with decreased levels of grazing has the potential to assist further invasive grass increases, and 

the reduced stocking level might continue to be excessive for the proportion of native grass 

production that is probably about half of the total production.

Adaptive Options – The effects of additional adjustments in Authorized Use are discussed above 

and under Alternative 3.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to account for the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, including adjusting for animal weight, should aid in promoting positive changes in

potential nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse (i.e. High structure grasslands).

Adaptive Options – Determining the effectiveness of the periodic early grazing period, or many 

other grazing strategies, could have a bearing on the quantity and quality of potential habitat 

available in the allotment, and others, in the long term. 
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ALLOTMENT 142

Table 142-1 — Summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, permitted livestock, 

initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 142 in the North 

Billings County AMP Revision project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

318 100

Total allotment acres 318 100

NFS acres 318 100

State land acres 0 0

Private Land Acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

167

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

128

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2
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Table 142.2 — Allotment 142 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None.

Woody 

draws

40 percent of sampled woody draws were 

Healthy and 60 percent were At Risk. 

At Risk stands are bottom type woody draws 

which are easily accessed by cattle. Lack of 

adequate regeneration and impacted shrub 

layer are putting the stands At Risk. 

Increase successful recruitment 

of woody species. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results :

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives 

2004 Transects: 2.13

2004 Stations percent: Low-20/Moderate-75/

High-5.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Broken land constitutes 21 percent of pasture 

1 and 80 percent of pasture 2, and invasive 

bluegrass is frequent in both pastures with an 

increasing trend measured between 1980 and 

2009. Sere plots in each pasture were at mid 

seral stages.

Limit the expansion of 

invasive grasses and maintain 

or increase the proportion of 

native grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

Suitable habitat is present within the 

allotment, and there is one known lek in the 

allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat.

Remarks Some burdock and absinth wormwood noted in drainage, size was less than 0.1 

acre.
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Table 142.3 — Allotment 142 by alternative 

Alternative 2 -

Current 

Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4

 Authorized Use is 

167 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 83 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turnin.

 Rotation: Twopasture rotation 

starting in same 

pasture annually.

 Class(s) of 

livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs.

 See allotment map 

in Appendix B for 

current range 

developments. 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 167.

 Annually, change 

season of use within 

the grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

 Remove fence 

between pastures 1 

and 2 and annually 

change season of 

use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 167.

 Annually, change 

season of use within 

the grazing rotation.

 Construct an electric 

cross fence running 

east/west in the west 

half of Section 9, 

T142N, R100W.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

 Remove fences 

between all pastures 

and annually change 

season of use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 128.

 Implement twopasture deferred 

rotation, but defer 

start in pasture 1 till 

June 1st and in 

pasture 2 (crested 

wheatgrass) till May 

15th.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

 Remove fence 

between pastures 1 

and 2 and annually 

change season of 

use.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned 

management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment 

inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody 

draws once every 3

to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction 

Readings once every 

3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data 

once every 3 to 5

years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 142 – Existing Condition

Range – This allotment consists solely of approximately 318 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this 

allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 39 head for four and a quarter months (4.28 to be exact) by 

the MGA. This allotment has been subdivided into two pastures ranging from 101 to 217 acres. The 

rotation for this allotment has been fairly constant in recent years and is as follows: typically, 

livestock begin in pasture 2 around May 15th and rotate to pasture 1 around June 1st. The livestock 

then leave the allotment and come back into pasture 1 around August 19th for approximately 30 

more days. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 142.1. Water developments 

within this allotment include two reservoirs, one in each pasture. This allotment is right on the 

transition zone from Rolling Prairie to Badlands geographic area. Based on visual observations the 

uplands are intermixed with crested wheatgrass, western wheatgrass and blue grama, but the draws 

have more of a native grass species component. Although livestock grazing is evenly distributed 

throughout the allotment, there is trailing through the woody draws in pasture 1 leading to the 

reservoir in the southeastern end of the pasture.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated some burdock and absinth 

wormwood within drainages less than a tenth of an acre in size.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Of five woody draw samples in pasture 1, 40 percent were Healthy and 60 percent 

were At Risk. At Risk draws occurred along the bottom of drainages flowing to a reservoir in the 

southern half of the pasture, while Healthy draws occurred on steep sideslopes with decreased 

livestock use. Only small patches or fragments of woody draws were present in pasture 2 and were 

not sampled.

Herbaceous Structure – The one randomly selected sample site had a transect VOR average of 

2.13 which is Moderate structure. The station frequency of this transect is 20 percent Low, 75 

percent Moderate, and 5 percent High VOR.

Seral Stages – Pasture 1 is the largest of two pastures in this allotment and contained about 21 

percent broken land with native grasses remaining dominant in unbroken land but containing 

varying amounts of invasive grasses. A sere plot was at a mid seral stage with invasive grasses 

comprising about 22 percent of the relative grass canopy cover. A repeated pace transect at the 

north end of the pasture indicated an increase of invasive grass relative frequency from 15 percent 

to 47 percent between 1980 and 2009.

Pasture 2 is 101 acres in size and composed of about 80 percent broken land. A sere plot along a 

low ridgeline was at a mid seral stage with several native grasses intermixed with crested 

wheatgrass and a high proportion of clubmoss. Other areas of broken land exhibited increased 

dominance of crested wheatgrass and varying amounts of bluegrass. Native grasses of prairie 

sandreed and needlegrass occurred along the slopes of first order drainages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Suitable habitat is present within the allotment, and there is one known lek 

in the allotment.
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Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock will be removed after 2years.

 Most range infrastructure will begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

will occur. No grazing fees will be collected from this allotment; therefore, there will be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure will be the 

responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because of 

reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service will be solely responsible for 

the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease due 

to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species.

However, existing invasive grasses and increases of these species as a result of increasing litter with 

the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of 

woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – There will be increased opportunity for the development of High and 

Moderate structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low structure resulting in increased nesting 

opportunities for ground nesting birds requiring or preferring Moderate/High structure habitat. 

Species that favor Low structure habitat will decrease.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing and trampling disturbances would facilitate shifts 

towards late seral stages, but increasing plant litter would also facilitate an increase of invasive 

grasses that would impede the development or maintenance of native communities. Transitions to 

Invaded Grass States and a loss of native plant diversity would occur within ten years across large 

areas of the allotment with appreciable amounts of invasive grasses. Crested wheatgrass would 

persist in broken land but gradually decrease with increasing bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure will benefit nesting and brooding habitat for 

sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity will decrease foraging 

opportunities. 

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 167 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture rotation starting in the same pasture annually.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.
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Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association will occur.

Grazing fees will be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure will be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds 

control will continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and 

county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management will continue to be vectors 

for the spread of noxious weeds. 

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The current grazing system should be compatible high woody draw conditions 

because grazing periods are relatively short and recently reported use is light at only a little more 

than half of Authorized Use and 11to 22 percent less than initial estimated carrying capacity.

Greater levels of reported use prior to 2004 may have contributed to the current 60 percent

proportion of At Risk woody draw conditions. However, late summer rotations in pasture 1 with 

increased temperatures and insect pests likely contribute to high woody draw use, as does trailing 

through the At Risk woody draws to reach the primary water source. Continuation of currently 

reported levels of use might contribute to gradually increasing woody draw conditions, but stocking 

at the level of Authorized Use that is almost twice as great as reported use would contribute to the 

persistence or decrease of existing conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – There is minimal potential for increase in High herbaceous structure and 

improvement of the herbaceous structure in general under current livestock management because 

Authorized Use exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity.

Seral Stages – Use of pasture 2 in May should result in utilization of crested wheatgrass and 

bluegrass, but the potential occurs for premature use of native grasses that would impede their 

increased establishment. This is particularly true with turn-in dates during the second rather than 

first half of May because there is an increased expression of the native grass component. Pasture 

observations indicate concentrated use around the main dugout reservoir that is likely assisting the 

increased prominence of bluegrass. The far south end of the pasture with less use contained varying 

development of native grasses mixed with crested wheatgrass, but accumulating plant litter in these 

areas has the potential to assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Twice-over grazing of pasture 1 with a late June to mid-August rest period should allow for the 

development and maintenance of mid to late seral native grass communities but this is impeded by 

increasing trends of bluegrass. Although reported levels of use are less than initial estimated 

carrying capacity, three stands of crested wheatgrass constituting 21 percent of the pasture acreage 

are of relatively low palatability during the summer grazing season and contribute to increased use 

of native grasses. Decreasing palatability of bluegrass during the grazing seasons would also 

contribute to increased use of the native components. Areas of concentrated use around the reservoir 

have the potential to assist the establishment of invasive grasses by decreasing native plant vigor.

There is some evidence of desirable native grasses establishing in stands of crested wheatgrass at 

the far north and south ends of the pasture that experience low levels of use, but invasive grasses 

may be assisted by accumulating plant litter in these areas. Although stocking at current levels of 

Authorized Use would decrease the accumulation of plant litter, there would be an increased 
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potential for excessive utilization and decreased vigor of the native component that could further 

assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Because of minimal potential for increase in High herbaceous structure 

under current livestock management, existing nesting and brooding habitat will be maintained but 

enhancement is not expected. 

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 167 federal AMs.

 Annually, changing the season of use within the grazing rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Removing the fence between pastures 1 and 2 and annually change season of use.

Range

Initial Actions – By annually changing season of use within the grazing rotation, the available 

forage will be harvested during different times of the year compared to the existing rotation. By 

annually changing the season of use desirable graminoid species will have time to recover from 

grazing during the growing season, thus affecting the quality of forage available for livestock 

grazing and potentially changing the livestock distribution throughout the allotment. Because the 

initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, the permittee will be allowed 

to harvest the same amount of forage.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws will have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures will no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward will result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, or 

a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use

will not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested will be 

less than the existing forage harvested.

The removal of the interior fence between pastures 1 and 2 will create one larger pasture. A change 

of livestock distribution will be expected because of the decrease in livestock concentration. By 

annually changing the season of use, desirable graminoid species will have time to recover from 

grazing during the growing season. This will affect the quality of forage available for livestock 

grazing and potentially changing the livestock distribution throughout the allotment. 

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.
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Woody Draws

Initial Actions – The deferred rotation would annually change the season of grazing in the two 

pastures, but woody draws in pasture 1 would experience levels and seasons of use similar to 

current conditions so the proportion of Healthy communities (40 percent) is unlikely to increase.

Livestock would continue to trail along woody draws that lead to the reservoir, and stocking at 

levels of Authorized Use that is almost twice as great as currently reported use would have a high

potential to contribute to decreasing conditions.

Adaptive Options – Fencing selected woody draws would increase the potential for their 

improvement by decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, increased 

plant litter resulting from the removal of livestock grazing would facilitate invasive grass increases 

that would impede the regeneration of woody plants, and adjacent unfenced woody draws would 

have the potential to experience increased disturbance and decreasing conditions. The potential for 

increased use of other woody draws would be greatest for those currently at an At Risk condition 

located along the drainage bottoms and lower sideslopes, rather than Healthy sites located on 

steeper slopes with more difficult livestock access.

Decreasing the level of Authorized Use would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species 

by decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances, but potential reductions would have to exceed 

current levels of use that are well below Authorized Use.

Removing the interior fence between the two pastures would increase the duration that woody 

draws in pasture 1 are accessible to livestock with a high potential for decreased conditions. The 

combined pastures would not qualify as a crested wheatgrass pasture, so the season of use would 

occur after June 1st when palatability of invasive grasses is decreasing. This would tend to 

concentrate use in pasture 1 with the least amount of crested wheatgrass, thereby increasing the 

potential for decreased woody draw conditions. The larger pasture size would facilitate a greater 

extent of secondary range with an increased potential for development of small woody draw patches 

in pasture 2, but this would not compensate for decreasing conditions in pasture 1.

Annually changing the season of use is unlikely to result in decreased use of woody draws because 

grazing would continue to be primarily implemented after June 1st according to native grass 

dominance within the combined pastures. Summer temperatures and insect pests would contribute 

to frequent annual use of the woody draws, as would trailing through the draws to access the water 

reservoir.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Given the retention of the current Authorized Use level, annually changing the 

season of use within the grazing rotation will not appreciably increase High herbaceous structure 

within the allotment. Due to the length of the grazing season under a two-pasture deferred rotation, 

appreciable regrowth would not be expected in the early pasture.

Adaptive Options – Depending on the size of the woody draw exclosure relative to the size of the 

pasture, increased livestock grazing pressure on the remaining biologically capable habitat may 

decrease the potential for High structure and increase the pressure on any existing High structure.

Removing the fence between pastures 1 and 2 and annually changing the season of use would not 
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generally improve the herbaceous structure, however, less use of the crested wheatgrass, especially 

in the late rotation, may permit increased proportions of High herbaceous structure because crested 

wheatgrass will not be the preferred forage later in the summer growing months resulting in less use 

of the crested wheatgrass patches. Adjusting Authorized Use downward will create the potential for 

meeting High herbaceous structure by decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual 

standing crop.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Changing from a nondeferred to a deferred rotation would decrease coordination 

of the grazing season with crested wheatgrass palatability in pasture 2, thereby contributing to high 

use of the relatively small native grass component. This would impede development of existing 

communities and potentially assist the spread of invasive grasses. Stocking at levels of Authorized 

Use that greatly exceed initial estimated carrying capacity would compound selective use of the 

native component.

The deferred rotation is unlikely to improve the native grass communities in pasture 1 because it 

would continue to be grazed during similar time periods as present in regards to the palatability of 

invasive and native grasses. Broken land constituting 21 percent of the pasture, and additional areas 

containing invasive grasses, would be of low palatability during most grazing seasons and 

contribute to high use of the native component that has the potential to assist the spread of invasive 

grasses. Implementing occasional early season grazing in an effort to utilize crested wheatgrass in 

pasture 1 are unlikely to be successful because these stands constitute less than a quarter of the 

pasture acreage, and two of the three stands are located at the far north and south ends of the pasture 

with relatively low livestock use. Stocking at proposed levels of Authorized Use that exceed initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 50 percent after adjusting for cow size would compound the effect of 

selective native grass utilization.

Adaptive Options – The adaptive action of removing the fence and combining pastures 1 and 2, 

along with annually changing the season of use, would perpetuate low palatability of the invasive 

grass component and selective use of the native component during most years. Implementation of 

earlier turn-in dates in an effort to utilize the invasive grass component may not be effective 

because livestock distribution would likely be concentrated along the central area of pasture 1 with 

the greatest native grass component. 

Decreasing the level of Authorized Use would decrease the intensity of selective native grass 

utilization by establishing stocking levels closer to production of the native component. However, 

reductions would have to exceed current levels of reported use, and increased litter in portions of 

the allotment resulting from decreases in use would assist the spread and dominance of bluegrass. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Given the retention of the current Authorized Use level, annually changing the 

season of use within the grazing rotation will not appreciably increase the amount of High 

herbaceous structure, therefore not enhancing nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse 

in the allotment. Due to the length of the grazing season under a two-pasture deferred rotation, 

appreciable regrowth would not be expected in the early pasture. 
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Adaptive Options – Depending on the size of the woody draw exclosure relative to the size of the 

pasture, increased livestock grazing pressure on the remaining biologically capable habitat may 

decrease the potential for High structure and potentially increase the pressure on existing High 

structure. This will not enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. Removing the 

fence between pastures 1 and 2 and annually changing the season of use would not generally 

improve the grouse habitat. However, less use of the crested wheatgrass, especially in the late 

rotation(s), may permit increased proportions of High herbaceous structure because crested 

wheatgrass would not be the preferred forage later in the summer growing months resulting in less 

use of the crested wheatgrass patches that could provide nesting sites for grouse. Adjusting 

Authorized Use downward would eventually create the potential for meeting High herbaceous 

structure by decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual standing crop.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Constructing an electric cross fence running east/west.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Under Alternative 3A an electric cross fence will be constructed running east/west 

in the west half of Section 9, T142N, R100W, resulting in subdividing the allotment into three or 

four smaller pastures instead of the current two pastures. Livestock grazing distribution will become 

even more evenly distributed because of the reduction in size of pastures. Livestock management 

will be more intense than the existing management, because it will require more time from both the 

permittee and the Forest Service in assuring that over utilization of native herbaceous species does

not occur within the smaller pastures. An analysis of the AMs available as a starting point in each 

pasture will need to be performed, to develop a rotation that takes into consideration the smaller size 

of each pasture and the differences in topography and vegetative plant communities in each pasture.

The initial cost of the installation of the cross fence will also be an effect of this action. In review of 

the allotment map and existing range water improvements, the availability of reliable livestock 

water will be another effect. A small reservoir will potentially be the source of livestock water in 

two or three of the pastures. Depending on the length of the grazing season and climatic conditions, 

this livestock water development may only be dependable during certain times of the year, thus 

potentially creating a rotation where certain pastures are always grazed at certain times of the year.

Vegetative plant composition changes will result if this occurs. 

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Woody draw conditions would have the potential to increase with three or four 
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rather than two pastures because the period of access to individual draws would decrease by about 

half. However, the concentration of use would increase with smaller pasture sizes and the degree of 

browsing and trampling would remain similar to current conditions. Authorized Use that exceeds 

initial estimated carrying capacity, and the contribution of broken land and invasive grasses with 

low palatability during most grazing periods in pasture 1, would contribute to the high use of woody 

draws. Although additional pastures would increase periods for the regrowth of browsed woody 

plants, recovery periods for woody species are longer than those for herbaceous species and the 

increased period for regrowth would not compensate for annual levels of browsing. Overall, the 

potential for increasing woody draw conditions by subdividing pastures would be low.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Given the retention of the current Authorized Use level, annually changing the 

season of use within the grazing rotation would not appreciably affect High herbaceous structure 

within the allotment. Cross fencing could achieve more efficient early use of some crested 

wheatgrass pastures allowing for regrowth and fall improvement in High herbaceous structure. 

Because the Authorized Use level exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity, the proportion of 

High herbaceous structure would continue to be limited with few nesting opportunities for species 

requiring High structure grasslands.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Creating a three or four-pasture rotation would increase opportunities for grasses 

to complete critical growth stages. However, the evenness of utilization would increase across all 

pastures with potential shifts towards early seral stages and a decreased mosaic of grazing pressure.

Positive effects of increased livestock distribution within the smaller pastures could include 

decreasing plant litter in current areas of low utilization that would potentially decrease the spread 

of invasive bluegrass. However, decreased palatability of invasive grass dominated areas with 

increasing lateness of the season would continue to impede increased utilization, and native grass 

components would have a high potential to be excessively used before increased use of invasive 

grasses occurs. This situation would frequently occur in pasture 1 as a result of June turn-in dates, 

and would occur in pasture 2 whenever it is used after early June.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Given the retention of the current Authorized Use level, creating a four-pasture 

rotation including annually changing the season of use within the grazing rotation would not 

appreciably increase the amount of High herbaceous structure, and therefore would not enhance

nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse in the allotment. Cross fencing could achieve 

more efficient early use of some crested wheatgrass pastures and may allow for regrowth and 

potentially increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure. However, because the Authorized 

Use level exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity, the proportion of High herbaceous structure 

will continue to be limited allowing few nesting opportunities for sharp-tailed grouse.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as those for Alternative 3 actions. The 

analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Implement a two-pasture deferred rotation, but defer start in pasture 1 till June 1st and in pasture

2 (crested wheatgrass) till May 15th.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as in Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Livestock distribution changes will be minimal because of the relatively small size 

of the pastures. Authorized Use for this allotment will be 128 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of a 167 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 192 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 33 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager will

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 33 percent, 22 percent less to 28 percent greater 

than currently reported use, would contribute to decreased woody draw disturbances, but the 

inconsistent level would decrease the potential degree of woody draw improvement.

Adaptive Options – Reducing Authorized Use would increase the potential for improved woody 

draw conditions because there would be an increased potential for actual reductions in the current 

level of use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation would not likely improve the 

herbaceous structure distribution within the allotment due to the length of the grazing season under 

the rotation would not be projected to allow appreciable regrowth time for herbaceous species. 

Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity could create the potential for an 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution in an appreciably less time than Alternative 3. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Effects of a two-pasture deferred rotation were discussed under Alternative 3 and 

would not appreciably change with the proposed reduction in Authorized Use because the potential 

level of use would remain 22 percent less to 28 percent greater than currently reported use. The 

invasive grass forage component would continue to be underutilized in pasture 1 and would 
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contribute to high utilization of the native grass component relative to the total pasture forage. The 

invasive grass component dominating pasture 2 would be utilized 1 of every 2 years when it is the 

first pasture of use, but would be underutilized when it is the second pasture of use. In the latter 

case, the native grass component would be excessively utilized within primary grazing areas. Native 

grasses intermixed with crested wheatgrass in secondary range of pasture 2 may also experience 

increased use when it is the second pasture of use. Thus, further development of the native 

component in pasture 2 would be impeded by the deferred rotation system. Additionally, the May 

15th turn-in date proposed for pasture 2 allows for greater emergence of the native component and 

increases the potential degree of premature grazing relative to early May turn-in dates.

Adaptive Options – Reducing Authorized Use beyond currently reported levels of use would 

increase the potential development of both the native and invasive grass components without

altering the competitive relationship. Although there would be an increased potential for the 

development of late seral stages, increasing invasive grasses as assisted by increased plant litter 

would have a high potential to impede the maintenance of native grass communities.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation would not likely improve grouse 

habitat within the allotment because the length of the grazing season under the rotation would not 

be projected to allow appreciable regrowth time for herbaceous species that could carry over to the 

following spring. Adjusting AUMs to the initial estimated carrying capacity could create the 

potential for an improvement in grouse nesting habitat in an appreciably less time than Alternative 

3. 
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ALLOTMENT 158

Table 158.1 — Summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, permitted livestock, 

initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 158 in the North 

Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

2,277 44

Management Area 4.22 – River and Travel 

Corridors

301 6

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

2,561 50

Total allotment acres 6,746 100

NFS acres 5,138 76

State land acres 104 2

Private land acres 1,505 22

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

1,566

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

1,527

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 12
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Table 158.2 — Allotment 158 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian The Little Missouri River borders this 

allotment on the east side. Given the size of 

the river and the small amount of NFS land on 

the river, Forest Service management has little 

effect on the river. A field review by the 

district hydrologist indicated no riparian 

concerns.

None,

Woody 

draws

Of the woody draws sampled 69 percent were 

Healthy, 23 percent were At Risk and 8 

percent were Unhealthy. At Risk and 

Unhealthy woody draws had low regeneration, 

shrub layers were impacted, and downcutting 

was occurring.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody 

species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.03; 1; 1.41; 1.13; 1.04; 2; 

1.33; 1.0; 1.7

2004 Stations percent: Low-80/Moderate18.33/

High-1.67

2005 Transects: 1.4; 1.86; 1.43; 2.64; 2.11

2005 Stations percent: Low-34/Moderate65/High-1.

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High structure 

on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Mid seral stages dominate in primary use areas 

and habitat types but a high potential occurs 

for late seral stages in secondary habitat types 

among rugged and less accessible topography.

Invasive grasses occur in high use areas and in 

association with oil and gas related 

disturbances in several pastures.

Maintain native grass 

communities and increase 

the proportion of late seral 

stages in primary habitat 

types.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one lek on one of the private pastures 

and three other leks within 1 mile of the 

allotment. Suitable nesting and brooding 

habitat exists in differing amounts in all 

pastures.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and 

brooding habitat.

Remarks Approximately 263 acres of leafy spurge and Canada thistle. Leafy spurge and 

Canada thistle are adversely affecting woody draws; continue to treat with 

biological controls. Burdock was also noted in the woody draws.
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Table 158.3 — Allotment 158 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A 

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 1,566 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 1,469 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12 

months).

 Rotation: Modified 

deferred rotation (Twiceover in pastures 4 and 8).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range development

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

1,566.

 Annually change season of 

use within the grazing 

rotation.

 Utilize crested wheatgrass 

pasture 4 as an early season 

pasture 

 Continue use of a once-over 

deferred grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Utilize prescribed fire to treat 

encroaching juniper in 

pastures 1, 2, 6, and 11.

 Add Allotment 249 into the 

grazing rotation.

 Implement a rest rotation.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

1,527.

 Annually change season of 

use within the grazing 

rotation.

 Utilize crested wheatgrass 

pasture 4 as an early season 

pasture.

 Continue use of a once-over 

deferred grazing rotation.

 Recommend relocation of 

winter feeding from NFS to 

private pastures.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Add Allotment 249 into the 

grazing rotation.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3 years 

then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 158 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 6,746 acres in total size and contains private, state, and 

NFS lands with 5,138 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation 

inventory permit for 204 head for eight months by the MGA. With this type of permit livestock are 

on the allotment for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31st. Livestock are 
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currently wintered on private and intermingled private and NFS lands during the winter months of 

January through April. This allotment has been subdivided into 14 pastures, of which 13 contain 

NFS lands. Prior to issuance of a private allocation inventory permit, pasture 14 was part of the 

historical Bell Lake Common. The pastures range from 71 to 2,554 acres. Current AMs provided by 

NFS lands can be found in Table 158.1. Water developments within this allotment include 

developed springs, reservoirs, dugouts, and a well/stock tank.

There has been a change in ownership of the base property in this allotment in the past 5 years.

Prior to this change in management and the first year of new management, between 166 head and

204 head were turned out into pasture 14 for the months of May through December ,and the 

remaining pastures were utilized as winter grazing/winter feeding. Now pasture 14 is included in a 

deferred rotation system with the other pastures, some of which may be included in some type of 

twice-over rotation.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 263

acres of leafy spurge and Canada thistle. During the woody draw inventory, burdock was also noted 

within the woody draws. The size and amount of infestation of burdock is unknown at the present 

time. The leafy spurge and Canada thistle in areas have had an adverse effect on the woody draws 

(see Project Record, Specialist Reports and Notes, Botany Report). The primary control for leafy 

spurge has been biocontrol, while Canada thistle has been controlled with herbicides. During 

allotment inspections in 2005 through 2007, other infestations of leafy spurge and Canada thistle 

were identified. The Billings County weed board has been informed of these infestations and has 

made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 22.3 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 7.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 5.8 and 2.0 AUMs, respectively

Riparian – There are no intermittent streams in this allotment. There are no riparian issues in the 

allotment.

Woody Draws – Thirteen woody draw samples from five pastures resulted in ratings of 69 percent

Healthy, 23 percent At Risk, and 8 percent Unhealthy. Rocky Mountain juniper constitutes the 

dominant woodland type and covers a large portion of several pastures. Green ash woody draws 

often occur as small inclusions along the lower slopes of Rocky Mountain juniper communities. The 

exception to Rocky Mountain juniper dominance involves pasture 14, which is situated about 3 

miles southwest of pastures 1 through 13. Three sampled woody draws in pasture 14 were Healthy 

despite extensive leafy spurge infestations. Three pastures along the Little Missouri River (LMR) 

contain woodlands of cottonwood. Except for noxious weed and invasive grass issues, these 

communities appear to be in moderately good condition, with sapling populations establishing along 

gravel bars of the river channel.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there were nine sampled herbaceous-dominated VOR transects. 

Seven of the nine averaged in the Low structure class and two were measured in the Moderate class. 

No transects were measured as High structure. The consolidated station averages showed 80 percent 
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Low (<1.5 inches) structure; 18.33 percent Moderate (>1.5 to <5.5 inches) structure; and 1.67 

percent were High (>5.5 inches) structure.

Five transects were resampled in 2005. Two of the five measured in the Low structure class and 

three were in the Moderate structure class. No transects were measured in the High structure class. 

All five transects increased in transect average over 2004. Station averages also shifted to the 

Moderate class with Low structure stations at 34 percent; Moderate structure stations at 65 percent; 

and High structure stations at 1 percent.

Seral Stages – Adequate plant composition data for this large allotment is lacking. There appears to 

be a tendency towards mid seral stages in primary use areas and habitat types occurring along 

drainage valleys and level plateaus. Steep slopes and rugged terrain within several pastures are 

likely to contribute to low levels of livestock use and greater potential for late seral stages, 

particularly among communities or habitat types of little bluestem and prairie sandreed. Extensive 

stands of Rocky Mountain juniper and various shrub communities involving creeping juniper 

(Juniperus horizontalis Moench), aromatic sumac (Rhus aromatica Ait.), sagebrush, and others 

occur on steep north aspects in secondary range. Barren landform communities of Wyoming big 

sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) and spiny saltbush (Atriplex confertiflora (Torr. & Frem.) S. 

Wats.) occur on south aspect slopes.

Nine active or reclaimed oil well sites and several miles of improved access road have contributed 

to the occurrence of invasive grasses and forbs such as yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis 

(L.) Pall.) in several pastures.

Broken land is identified in about 10 percent of pasture 1 involving level plateaus on the east side of 

the pasture, but a belt transect at the north end of this area recorded needle-and-thread and sedge as 

the dominant species with light amounts of bluegrass. Steep slopes and drainages below the plateaus 

comprise a large portion of the pasture and are likely to be dominated by native communities.

Pasture 2 is also largely composed of steep slopes leading to terraces along the LMR on the east 

side of the pasture. High livestock disturbances were noted along sampled woody draw drainages.

Livestock use is likely less among open slopes with secondary habitat types between the drainages.

Pasture 3 consists of a broad floodplain and terraces along the LMR with high proportions of 

smooth brome, sweet clover, and leafy spurge mixed among native grasses and silver sagebrush 

shrubs between stands of cottonwood and Rocky Mountain juniper. 

Pasture 4 is entirely comprised of broken land and a sere plot was at a mid seral stage with 

dominance of crested wheatgrass and a diverse mixture of native grasses. However, two Robel 

transects recorded overwhelming dominance of crested wheatgrass.

Pasture 5 is composed of only 111 acres, with 36 acres of NFS land along steep tributaries to the 

LMR that may receive trailing disturbances. 

Pasture 6 consists of rugged terrain with high amounts of Rocky Mountain juniper and various 

shrub communities above a prominent tributary of the LMR. Secondary habitat types of little 

bluestem and prairie sandreed likely constitute the majority of herbaceous communities. Steep 

topography and dense woodlands control areas of livestock use.
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Only 30 acres (11 percent) of pasture 7 are composed of NFS land, and most of this involves broken 

land.

NFS land comprises about 70 acres (42 percent) of pasture 8, and primarily consists of narrow 

ridgelines and adjacent steep slopes. 

NFS land comprises about 38 acres (30 percent) of pasture 9, and primarily consists of floodplain 

and terraces along the LMR, likely with high amounts of invasive grasses and/or silver 

sagebrush/western wheatgrass communities.

NFS land comprises 32 acres (5 percent) of pasture 10, most of which occurs along an improved 

road and likely contains high amounts of invasive grasses.

NFS land comprises 730 acres (83 percent) of pasture 11, much of which involves steep slopes 

above tributaries to the LMR. Two NDSU sample sites along toeslopes on Thin Loamy ecological 

sites were at mid seral stages with light to moderate amounts of bluegrass. A Robel transect on the 

edge of a plateau on the opposite side of the pasture recorded sedge and clubmoss as the dominant 

species, suggesting early seral stages.

Most of pasture 12 consists of a broad plateau, with 21 percent of NFS land identified as broken 

land. Two Robel transects on the edge of broken land recorded dominance of bluegrass, smooth 

brome, needlegrass, and crested wheatgrass.

NFS land constitutes 85 acres (46 percent) of pasture 13, with about half the acreage involving the 

edge of a plateau and half involving steep south aspect slopes.

All of the 2,560 acres constituting pasture 14 is NFS land and all is unbroken land. Two sere plots 

were at mid seral stages with light amounts of invasive grasses in one of the plots. Small areas of 

late seral wheatgrass-needlegrass communities were observed in the pasture but reservoirs 

constructed along several drainages were moderately well-spaced and decrease the potential for 

extensive late seral stages among the primary habitat types. Plant species recorded along three 

Robel transects were suggestive of mid seral stages while two transects were suggestive of late 

stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek within the allotment and there are three other known leks 

that are within 1 mile of the allotment. All pastures contain biologically capable habitat types in 

various proportions.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 
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be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no intermittent streams in this allotment. There are no riparian issues in the 

allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions in pasture 1 would improve with the removal of livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances, which would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired 

woody species. Existing invasive grasses as well as increases of these species as a result of 

increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or 

decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure. This should result in an initial improvement in the herbaceous 

structure distribution. However, over time, this distribution would likely shift to where there is 

excess High and Moderate structure at the expense of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stage communities. The desired proportion of early, mid, and late seral stages would not be 

achieved, and decreased plant diversity resulting from decreasing proportions of early and mid seral 

stage communities would occur. The removal of livestock grazing would also result in an increase 

of herbaceous plant litter that would in turn facilitate the expansion of invasive grasses with the 

potential of transitioning to Invaded Grass States with decreased maintenance of native plant 

diversity. Transitions would occur relatively slowly in large portions of the allotment with rugged 

terrain and secondary habit types, but would occur in 5 to 10 years along drainage valleys and 

plateaus where invasive grasses are currently more prominent.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse because of the increased 

potential for spring nesting habitat. However, over time the decrease in forb diversity would 

decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and brooding quality would also 

decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that may invade local 

habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1,566 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are ran in a modified deferred rotation with a twice-over rotation in Pastures 4 

and 8.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.
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Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no intermittent streams in this allotment. There are no riparian issues in the 

allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions of 69 percent Healthy would persist under current 

management in which conditions developed. Healthy woody draws would tend to persist among 

rugged topography and steep slopes, while draws among relatively accessible topography would 

have the potential to decrease in condition. Extensive stands of Rocky Mountain juniper in several 

pastures that add to the total amount of woodland acreage would continue to contribute to decreased 

use of green ash woody draws.

Stocking at levels of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 18 percent 

after adjusting for cow size would have a high potential to result in decreasing woody draw 

conditions compared to recently reported use, which has been only 51 to 70 percent of Authorized 

Use. Additional winter use would decrease the difference between Authorized Use and reported use, 

but it is not counted towards Authorized Use. The potential therefore exists for additional summer 

use that would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – It is expected that current management would continue to approximate the 

existing herbaceous structure distribution, maintaining a limited potential to promote an increase in 

the proportion of High herbaceous structure and the overall herbaceous structure distribution in 

general. Retaining the current Authorized Use level and management system is projected to 

continue to promote a lack of residual standing crop/biomass. 

However, a noticeable change in management since 2005 has effectively resulted in a reduction in 

use within Pasture 14 that has been distributed over other pastures. Twice-over grazing could be 

occurring in other pastures and winter grazing is also likely within some pastures. A change in 

Authorized Use is not indicated in the change in management.

Pasture 14 should be experiencing improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution because of 

the reduced use; however, this improvement comes at the expense of other pastures, which may be 

experiencing twice-over grazing at times. In addition, winter use is likely occurring in selected 

pasture but is not known at this time.

Over the allotment as a whole, Authorized Use exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity but it is 

unknown if it is actually being used because of unaccounted winter use. In addition, twice-over 

grazing is potentially occurring on some pastures, with winter feeding/grazing, and now growing 

season grazing potentially in all pastures. In conclusion, though there may be some improvement in 

herbaceous structure distribution in Pasture 14 due to the assumed reduction in use on that pasture, 

as a whole across the allotment, based on established assumptions, the situation is the same as 

previously stated: current management would continue to limit the potential to promote an 
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appreciable increase in the proportion of High structure and the overall herbaceous structure

distribution in general because of retention of Authorized Use.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management and stocking levels would result in the 

persistence of mid seral stages in primary use areas and habitat types, with the potential for late 

seral stages occurring in secondary habitats types with less accessible topography and lower degrees 

of use. Consistent premature spring grazing of native grasses in hay feeding pastures as well as 

summer pastures is likely impeding plant vigor, impeding development of late seral stages in 

primary habitat types, and potentially assisting the spread of invasive grasses. Although short 

grazing periods and long periods of rest are reported for the affected summer pastures, annual 

repetition of premature grazing with inconsistent pasture deferment, along with not infrequent 

drought years, decreases the ability for plants to recover from premature grazing (Manske 2001, 

Manske and Sedivec 1999). Some of the premature grazing and short grazing periods might be 

appropriate for the utilization of crested wheatgrass and other invasive grasses in portions of native 

dominated pastures, but the degree that this is coordinated is uncertain.

High stocking levels or concentrated livestock distribution in winter hay feeding pastures 

contributes to low plant vigor and the spread of invasive grasses. Livestock use is likely to be 

concentrated on private land in several winter and/or hay feeding pastures that contain small 

proportions of NFS land primarily involving less accessible topography. Adverse impacts of hay 

feeding and premature grazing may therefore be concentrated on private land in these pastures, but 

adverse effects resulting from the spread of invasive grasses could occur on NFS land.

Recent turn-in into Pasture 14 has been delayed until mid to late June, thus providing plants with a 

significant start to the growth season before grazing disturbances and facilitating the maintenance of 

native plant communities that appear to occur at or near the desired proportion of seral stages.

Potentially increased levels of stocking at the value of Authorized Use would facilitate shifts 

towards early seral stages, with potential areas of excessive use contributing to the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – As noted under Herbaceous Structure previously, existing management 

actions, notably retention of Authorized Use levels that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 34 percent after adjusting for cow size, but also twice-over grazing and winter feeding/grazing 

would not enhance High structure grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat in this allotment. However, the effective reduction in use on pasture 14 could 

improve the potential to enhance grouse nesting habitat in that pasture, and given the size of the 

pasture, within the allotment. This does come at the expense of what could be happening on other

pastures as they absorb the redistributed AMs from the changes in management since 2006.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,566 federal AMs.

 Annually changing season of use within the grazing rotation.
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 Utilizing crested wheatgrass pasture 4 as an early season pasture.

 Continuing use of a once-over deferred grazing rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Utilizing prescribed fire to treat encroaching juniper in pastures 1, 2, 6, and 11.

 Adding Allotment 249 into the grazing rotation.

 Implementing a rest rotation.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Annually changing the 

season of use within the grazing rotation would not change the distribution of livestock because 

currently the season of use is changing among pastures.

Utilizing pasture 4 early would help defer livestock grazing on native pastures until range readiness. 

Distribution of livestock would change in the larger pastures because of their size, topography, 

forage quality when used, climatic conditions (summer versus fall), and quality of livestock water in 

the existing range water developments. However, in the smaller pastures within this allotment 

livestock distribution would have minimal changes because of the size, topography, and existing 

range water developments.

A deferred rotation is currently being used on all pastures with the exception of pastures 4 and 8.

For these two pastures this would be a change from the existing condition because livestock would 

not be allowed to return to the pastures for a second time.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Prescribed burning would increase the amount of forage available as graminoid communities 

replace the existing Rocky Mountain juniper communities. Livestock distribution would also 

change from the existing conditions because livestock would be attracted to the regrowth from the 

burn. Deferment of livestock grazing or rest of the pasture would need to occur if the prescribed 

burn is on a large scale. However, deferment or rest would be dependent on the size and intensity of 

the prescribed burn and its effects on soils and the herbaceous community. Rest would require an 
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adjustment in Authorized Use resulting in less livestock numbers due to the inventory grazing 

association permit for this allotment.

Adding Allotment 249 into the deferred rotation of Allotment 158 would add an additional native 

pasture. There would be no changes in Authorized Use because federal AMs in each allotment 

would be managed as two separate allotments.

Implementation of a rest rotation would require a decrease in federal AMs available. Adjustments 

would have to be made based on the size of pasture(s), vegetative components within the pasture(s), 

and the amount of forage available within pasture(s). Because the allotment carries an inventory 

grazing association permit the adjustment would be in livestock numbers.

Riparian – There are no intermittent streams in this allotment. There are no riparian issues in the 

allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Continuation of current grazing rotations and levels of reported use would 

contribute to the persistence of existing woody draw conditions where the proportion of sampled 

sites was 69 percent Healthy. Potentially increased stocking at levels of Authorized Use that are 

much greater than reported levels of summer use would increase browsing and trampling 

disturbances and decrease woody draw conditions. Delaying turn-in by 2 to 3 weeks until June 1st in 

several native dominated pastures would not have a large influence on the level of woody draw 

disturbances, but would be complicated by the 12-month inventory permit and several winter 

pastures. Winter use and hay feeding would continue to contribute to trampling disturbances when 

livestock seek woody draws for shelter, and would assist the spread of invasive grasses that can 

impede the regeneration of woody species.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or reducing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for increased growth and regeneration of woody species by removing or decreasing 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, reductions in Authorized Use would have 

to exceed 30 percent before summer use is decreased, and unreported winter use would remain as an 

unknown variable. Fencing of woody draws would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody 

draw improvement by removing all disturbances, but existing and potential increases of invasive 

grasses could impede or decrease the degree of woody draw improvement. Fencing of one woody 

draw would have the potential to increase browsing and trampling disturbances and decrease 

conditions of other woody draws.

Control of encroaching Rocky Mountain juniper through prescribed burning could contribute to 

increased levels of woody draw disturbance as a result of decreased woodland acreage for livestock 

utilization. However, the effects would be localized and would primarily occur where juniper is 

expanding downslope into grassland habitat. Potential benefits to woody draws occurring within or 

near the burn sites would include decreasing the competitive influence of juniper on deciduous 

woody species, temporarily improving seedbed conditions for seedling establishment, promoting a 

flush of regrowth as a result of increased nutrients and removal of decadent material, and disruption 

of disease or pest cycles. Most of the deciduous woody species have the ability to resprout after 

burning, but the potential exists for high mortality of some desired woody plants depending on the 
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intensity and timing of the burn. Burning would result in livestock attraction to the flush of new 

herbaceous growth outside of woody draws, potentially decreasing browsing and trampling 

disturbances.

Adding the single pasture of Allotment 249 into the grazing rotation would result in shorter grazing 

periods in individual pastures and potentially assist greater deferment of the pasture rotations. 

However, positive effects to woody draw conditions would be low because of the already high 

number of pastures. Increased livestock density and distribution resulting from the combined 

livestock herds would also counter potential benefits.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Given the retention of an Authorized Use level that exceeds the initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 34 percent after adjusting for cow size, implementation of the various proposed 

tools would not be expected to improve the potential to increase the proportion of High herbaceous 

structure or the herbaceous structure distribution in general within the allotment. There potentially 

could be an increase in fall VOR readings in Pasture 4 due to regrowth potential though this could 

be negated by the presumed high stocking (Angell 1997) and impacts to residual cover the 

following spring, via trampling primarily, with the earlier turn-out. Continuing with the recent onceover rotation, within a deferred rotation strategy, could benefit the herbaceous structure distribution, 

but, again, with the proposed Authorized Use level it is projected that there would not be 

appreciable improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution. Also, winter use is expected to 

continue and would reduce herbaceous structure in affected pastures in the spring but could be 

available for fall measurements. Also, with the recent and proposed reduced use of pasture 14, there 

potentially could be some improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution in that pasture but is 

unknown to what extent that could be given the recent change in management ,and it comes at the 

expense of other pastures with the re-distribution of the AMs.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward could eventually create the potential for 

addressing herbaceous structure goals by decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual 

standing crop, particularly within the context of the number of pastures available for management 

options. The adaptive actions of fencing woody draws and using fire to reduce juniper 

encroachment would have little appreciable effect on herbaceous structure across the allotment due 

to the projected relatively small scale and local scope of these actions. Integrating Allotment 249 

into the rotation may not be beneficial, initially, because the initial Authorized Use levels in both 

allotments would not necessarily be offset by the number of pastures and potential for longer 

deferment periods. Implementing a rest rotation under the initially proposed Authorized Use level 

may not be effective in balancing the herbaceous structure because of the projected high use in the 

grazed pastures. However, if Authorized Use is balanced for the appropriate carrying capacities, 

opportunities to improve the herbaceous structure condition would occur.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Continuation of current grazing rotations and levels of reported use would 

maintain current seral stages and trends of plant composition. Hay feeding and premature grazing of 

native grasses in several winter pastures would have a high potential to assist the spread of invasive 

grasses. Delaying turn-in by 2 to 3 weeks until June 1st in 2 of every 3 years in individual native-
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dominated pastures would facilitate increased plant vigor, but could also result in decreased 

utilization of invasive grasses in portions of some pastures, which would contribute to increased use 

of the native grass component. Although the current grazing system is identified as a deferred 

rotation, AOIs/AWs indicate very little change in the season of use among most pastures, and this is 

likely to continue without specific direction. Some of the pasture rotations or seasons of use are 

likely influenced by characteristics of pasture size and location in relation to logistics of the 12-

month inventory permit and winter use. Pasture 14 would likely continue to be relied upon for the 

majority of summer grazing. The potential exists for increased use of relatively large sized pastures 

6 and 11 in the summer rotation but this is not specifically proposed. Native-dominated 

communities in pasture 14 that appeared to support a range of seral stages are probably sustainable 

with levels of use reported during 2004 through 2008. Potentially increased stocking at levels of 

Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages in all pastures and potentially 

increase invasive grasses where they are frequent or abundant.

Adaptive Options – Prescribed burning to control Rocky Mountain juniper in four pastures would 

increase or maintain plant vigor and forage production by removing the competitive effects of 

juniper for moisture and nutrients. The flush of increased herbaceous growth and nutrient content 

would have the potential of temporarily increasing livestock use in burn areas and relieving grazing 

pressure in current primary use, thereby facilitating a shifting mosaic of grazing pressure and seral 

stages. Burning would have the potential to assist the spread of annual brome or other invasive 

grasses and noxious weeds, so the effects of burning would be monitored for future burn planning.

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing the level 

of grazing and trampling disturbances, but reductions would have to exceed 30 percent before 

summer use is reduced.

Adding the single pasture of Allotment 249 into the grazing rotation would result in slightly shorter 

periods of grazing individual pastures and a potentially increased deferment of the grazing rotation.

However, the slightly shorted grazing period in each pasture would be unlikely to have a large 

effect on plant composition and would be countered by increased livestock density resulting from 

the combined livestock herds.

Implementing a rest-rotation grazing system would facilitate increased plant vigor in individual 

pastures on a rotating basis, but a total of 14 pastures would result in long time periods between 

rests.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Given the retention of an Authorized Use level that exceeds the initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 34 percent after adjusting for cow size, implementation of the various proposed 

tools would not be expected to improve the potential to increase the proportion of High herbaceous 

structure and enhance sharp-tailed grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. There potentially 

could be an increase in fall VOR readings in pasture 4 due to regrowth potential though this could 

be negated by the presumed high Authorized Use level (see Angell 1997). Continuing with the 

recent once-over rotation, within the context of a deferred rotation strategy, could potentially benefit 

grouse nesting habitat, but, again, with the proposed Authorized Use level it is projected that there 
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would not be an appreciable enhancement in grouse habitat because of the expected high 

Authorized Use level and its impact on productivity and composition. Also, winter use is expected 

to continue and would reduce potential grouse habitat in affected pastures in the spring. Also, with 

the recent and proposed reduced use of pasture 14, there potentially could be some improvement in 

grouse habitat in that pasture, but the scale of improvement is unknown given the recent change in 

management, and it comes at the expense of other pastures with the redistribution of the AMs.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward could eventually create the potential for 

addressing grouse habitat objectives by decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual 

standing crop; particularly within the context of the number of pastures available for management 

options. The adaptive actions of fencing woody draws and using fire to reduce juniper 

encroachment could have little appreciable effect on grouse habitat across the allotment due to the 

projected relatively small scale and local scope of these actions. Integrating Allotment 249 into the 

rotation may not be beneficial, initially, because of the high initial Authorized Use levels in both 

allotments would not be offset by the number of pastures and the potential for longer deferment 

periods. Implementing a rest rotation may provide areas free from grazing providing potential 

grouse nesting habitat. Longer term benefits could be realized if the Authorized Use is balanced for 

the appropriate carrying capacities, offering more opportunities to diversify habitat conditions.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as in Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Recommending relocation of winter feeding from NFS to private pastures.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,527 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,566 federal 

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,801 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 15 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.
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Moving the winter feeding activities from NFS lands to private land will reduce the chances of 

introducing or continuing the spread of noxious weed species. The distribution of livestock may 

change because there is no longer an attractant drawing them to specific sites used for feeding; 

however, taking into consideration the size and topography of the pastures the change in distribution 

would be minimal.

Riparian – There are no intermittent streams in this allotment. There are no riparian issues in the 

allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 15 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would have no effect on woody draw conditions because

potential levels of use would remain 21 to 65 percent greater than reported summer use.

Recommending that hay feeding be moved to private pastures would shift adverse effects associated 

with this practice off NFS land. However, the response to the recommendation is unknown and 

would require a large change in management because several NFS pastures are currently used as 

winter pastures and are likely managed as such for their accessibility during the winter. Several 

small winter pastures contain both NFS and private land where confining hay feeding to the private 

portion would continue to contribute to the introduction of invasive seed and potential browsing and 

trampling disturbances in woody draws on NFS land.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use from AMs to AUMs to reflect the initial 

estimated carrying capacity should result in a positive improvement in herbaceous structure, 

assuming actual use reflects the preference level. Moving winter feeding locations from NFS

surface to private would remove the attractant. Depending on the old location relative to the new 

location and the size and configuration of the pasture, effects could be positive to neutral for the 

herbaceous structure distribution. The larger issue is the apparent unaccounted for winter use that 

may occur.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 15 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would have no effect on seral stages or plant composition 

compared to currently reported levels of use because potential levels of use would remain 21 to 65 

percent greater than reported summer use. Delayed turn-in until June 1st in 2 of every 3 years within 

individual native dominated pastures would assist the maintenance of native plant communities, but 

could be complicated by the 12-month inventory permit and numerous winter pastures. The 

potential would occur for increased use of the native component in some pastures that contain 

invasive grass dominated areas that would decrease in palatability with later turn-in dates.

Removing hay feeding from NFS land would decrease the annual introduction of invasive grass 

seed, but as discussed under woody draws, this would require a committed effort and relatively 

large changes in pasture management. Confining hay feeding to private land within intermingled 

private/NFS pastures would maintain the potential for premature spring grazing on NFS land, and 

would not eliminate the introduction of invasive grass seed. There are no specific proposals 
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regarding a change in the current use of six to eight NFS pastures during the winter and it is 

therefore unlikely that management changes would occur on these pastures.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use from AMs to AUMs to reflect the initial 

estimated carrying capacity should result in a positive improvement in potential grouse habitat, 

assuming actual use reflects the Preference level. Pasture 14, which falls within the 1-mile 

proximity radius of three leks, may benefit the most and experience a greater level of grouse habitat 

enhancement. Moving winter feeding locations from NFS surface to private would remove the 

attractant. Depending on the old location relative to the new location and the size and configuration 

of the pasture, effects to grouse habitat could be positive to neutral since winter use reduces 

vegetation that could be potential spring nesting habitat. The larger issue could be the apparent 

unaccounted for winter use that may occur.
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ALLOTMENT 220

Table 220.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

220 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

279 100

Total allotment acres 279 100

NFS acres 279 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

160

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

112

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 2

Table 220.2 — Allotment 220 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None.

Woody 

draws

There are no woody draws in the allotment. None.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.19

2004 Stations percent: Low-85/Moderate-15/

High-0

2005 Transects: 1.16

2005 Stations percent: Low-95/Moderate-5/

High-0.

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High structure 

on biologically capable 

habitats.

Assess practicality of 

managing for High 

herbaceous structure given 

the capability of the 

allotment.

Seral stages Of five sample sites, four were at mid seral 

stages and one was at an Invaded Grass 

State. There is an apparent trend of 

increasing bluegrass from the north to the 

south end of the allotment.

Maintain and increase seral 

development of native grass 

communities and decrease or 

limit the spread of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

One lek within one mile encompassing 32 

acres of overlap within that radius.

Improve seral conditions and 

reassess practicality to 

produce High structure 

grasslands habitat.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.
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Table 220.3 — Allotment 220 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 160 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 146 federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Two-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Yearlings or cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 160.

 Continue to annually 

change season of use 

within the grazing 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 112.

 Continue to annually 

change season of use 

within the grazing 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

annually for 3 years then 

reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 220 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 279 acres of NFS lands only. Currently, this allotment is 

issued a turn-in permit for 20 head for 8 months by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment 

associated with a common allotment (Fairfield Common). This allotment has been subdivided into 

two pastures which range in size from 137 to 148 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 220.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water 

developments within this allotment include two reservoirs.

The rotation on this allotment since 2002 has been a two-pasture deferred rotation with yearlings, 

typically. During drought years such as in 2005, the yearlings have been replaced with cow/calf 

pairs. The grazing season starts around June 1

st and runs through November 30th

.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.
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Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there was one VOR transect in this allotment. It was measured in 

the Low herbaceous structure class. Station averages were also dominated by Low structure: Low 

structure stations – 85 percent; Moderate stations – 15 percent; High – 0 percent.

This transect was resurveyed in 2005 and was again measured in the Low structure class with

essentially the same measurement. Low structure stations dominated the transect at 95 percent with 

Moderate stations at 5 percent. There were no High structure stations in 2005.

Seral Stages – An NDSU sample on a Claypan ecological site at the north end of pasture 1 was at 

an Invaded Grass State with bluegrass comprising 54 percent of the grass production and 36 percent 

of the total production. A sere plot in the northeast quarter of the pasture was at a mid-early seral 

stage with blue grama dominance and Kentucky bluegrass constituting 22 percent of the relative 

grass basal cover. A belt transect in the north half of the pasture recorded bluegrass as the dominant 

species. A second NDSU sample on a Shallow Clay ecological site in the southwest quarter of the 

pasture was at a mid seral stage with Junegrass and blue grama dominance and no invasive grasses.

A Robel transect in this area indicated similar plant composition. A Shallow Loamy ecological site 

in the southeast quarter of the pasture was at a mid-early seral stage. Invasive bluegrass and 

Junegrass were the most frequent species but bluegrass comprised less than four percent of the grass 

production from clipped plots.

A sere plot on a Shallow Loamy ecological site near the center of pasture 2 at the south end of the 

allotment was at a mid seral stage with invasive bluegrass constituting about 7 percent of the 

relative grass canopy cover.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known sharp-tailed grouse lek within 1 mile. Approximately 

32 acres occur within the 1-mile radius of the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment. 
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Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an increased opportunity 

for the development of improving the herbaceous structure distribution within this allotment with a 

decrease in the amount of Low structure due to increased residual cover with the lack of grazing.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter 

that would assist increases of invasive bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States where they 

have not already occurred. Native plant diversity would gradually decrease. These effects would

occur within 10 years across most of the allotment due to the current extent and amount of 

bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – In this allotment, it is uncertain whether an appreciable proportion of High 

structure habitat would be achievable within 10 to 15 years due to productivity of the soils. Even 

though High structure may increase, the quality and quantity of habitat for nesting and brooding 

may not be appreciably enhanced due to the probable increase in Kentucky bluegrass.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 160 

federal AMs.

 Yearlings or cow/calf pairs are run in a two pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to improve the herbaceous structure distribution in 

general. However, there is debate as to the ability of the allotment to contribute practically to 

addressing High structure objectives due to the presumed soil productivity levels. However, the role 

of current and historical management cannot be ruled out at this time.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses would have a high potential to continue increasing under current 

management with Authorized and reported use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by as 

much as 64 percent after adjusting for cow size. Forage production measured on the NDSU sample 

plots appeared low relative to Authorized Use and stocking levels that are often in the range of 1.5 

acres/AUM. Usual turn-in during June results in low palatability and utilization of invasive grasses 
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during most of the grazing season, and selective use of the native component at current levels of use 

has a high potential to decrease plant vigor and assist the spread of invasive grasses. Conversely, 

current levels of use that impede the accumulation of plant litter may be slowing the spread of 

invasive grasses compared to Alternative 1. Although the potential exists for fall regrowth and 

increased palatability of bluegrass near the end of the grazing season, the lack of early season 

utilization of the species may decrease this potential. Pasture 1 at the north end of the allotment with 

the greatest amount of bluegrass would be the most affected by poor coordination of the grazing 

seasons with invasive grass palatability.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek within 1 mile of the allotment with approximately 32 acres

of the allotment that fall within the 1-mile radius. Existing management, notably an Authorized Use 

level that is 64 percent over the initial estimated carrying capacity, would continue to limit the 

potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 160 federal AMs.

 Continue to annually change season of use within the grazing rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Annually changing the 

season of use within the grazing rotation would not have an effect on livestock distribution because 

of the small size of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount 

of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Proposed actions under this alternative are essentially the same as current 

management. Therefore, it is projected that the existing herbaceous structure distribution would 

generally be retained. The Authorized Use that is 64 percent over the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, and the grazing system, would limit the retention of residual cover and regrowth while 

maintaining the early to mid seral condition at the same time.
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Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward could eventually create the potential for 

addressing the potential herbaceous structure distribution within the context of the ability of the 

productivity of the allotment by decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual cover.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Current management is proposed to continue and the effects were discussed under 

Alternative 2.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing the level of Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages in areas of the allotment that are not heavily invaded by bluegrass. Existing bluegrass 

cover would impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages in portions of the 

allotment, and sufficiently decreased levels of use could assist increases of bluegrass by increasing 

litter accumulation. In general, neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective 

in helping to control bluegrass and increasing the native component without coordinating a large 

portion of the grazing season with high palatability of the invasive component and decreasing 

utilization of the native component to increase its vigor and development. A compressed early 

season grazing period in the most heavily invaded portions of the allotment holds the greatest 

promise of achieving this result.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Approximately 32 acres of overlap occur within a 1-mile radius around a known 

lek. Though desirable to improve grouse nesting habitat within this allotment, it is not necessary per 

Grasslands Plan guidance because it is appreciably less than the recommended 160 acres.

Adaptive Options – Continuing to adjust the Authorized Use downward would eventually create 

the potential for increasing grouse nesting habitat relative to the allotment’s capability by 

decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual standing crop.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carry capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3. 
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Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 112 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 160 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 184 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 39 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment. 

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity could 

begin to move the allotment towards an improved representation of herbaceous structure relative to 

the capability of the allotment because more cover would be left after grazing.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Effects of continuing the deferred rotation were discussed under Alternative 2.

Decreasing Authorized Use by 39 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and 

adjustments for cow size would increase plant vigor and facilitate trends towards late seral stages in 

areas of the allotment that are not heavily invaded by bluegrass. However, invasive bluegrass could 

have an increased potential to increase and spread from the north to the south end of the allotment 

as assisted by increasing litter with the decrease in utilization.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect the initial estimated carrying capacity 

could begin to increase the quantity and quality of grouse nesting habitat relative to the capability of 

the allotment because more cover would be left after grazing that could be available the following 

spring. 
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ALLOTMENT 221

Table 221.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

221 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

403 100

Total allotment acres 1123 100

NFS acres 403 36

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 719 64

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

246

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

174

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
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Table 221.2 — Allotment 221 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent 

stream reaches in this allotment.

None.

Woody 

draws

All surveyed woody draws were At Risk. 

This is because of lack of regeneration and 

impacted shrub layer.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives 

2004 Transects: 1.19

2004 Stations percent: Low-80/

Moderate-20/High-0

2005 Transects: 1.18

2005 Stations percent: Low-75/

Moderate-25/High-0.

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High structure 

on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Broken land and/or invasive grasses 

comprise large portions of the three 

pastures. Of four sample sites, three were 

at mid seral stages and one was at an 

Invaded Grass State.

Increase the development of 

native plant species and 

decrease or limit the spread of 

invasive bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two leks within 1 mile of the 

NFS lands of this allotment. 

Approximately 316 acres of overlap occur 

within the pastures with NFS lands within 

the 1-mile radius

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance habitat.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.
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Table 221.3 — Allotment 221 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 246 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 221 federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Modified threepasture deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of Livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

246.

 Utilize crested wheatgrass 

pastures 2 and 3 as early 

season pastures. 

 Annually change season of 

use in pasture 6.

 Locate stock tank on 

fenceline between Allotment 

221 pasture 3 and Allotment 

272 pasture 2. Tank would 

be supplied from proposed 

rangeland pipeline located 

in Allotment 272 pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

174.

 Initiate 3-pasture deferred 

rotation with grazing 

commencing May 1st.

 Locate stock tank on 

fenceline between Allotment 

221 pasture 3 and Allotment 

272 pasture 2. Tank would 

be supplied from proposed 

rangeland pipeline located in 

Allotment 272 pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Remove fence between 

Allotment 221 pasture 3 and 

Allotment 272 pasture 2; 

adjust Authorized Use in 

both allotments to reflect 

removal of Allotment 221 

pasture 3.

 Burn, mow, hay, interseed, 

or reseed crested wheatgrass 

to improve stand vigor 

and/or species composition.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3

years then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same As Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Figure 221.1 — Two At Risk woody draws in pasture 2 with a lack of recent tree 

regeneration and desired shrub layers.

Allotment 221 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,123 acres in size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 403 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 40 head 

for 7 months by the MGA. It is also the headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment 

(Fairfield Common). This allotment has been subdivided into seven pastures, and of these seven 

pastures, three contain NFS lands. These pastures range in size from 88 to 177 acres. Current AMs 

provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 221.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie 

geographic area. Water developments include two reservoirs and a dugout.

The rotation on this allotment has been a two-pasture deferred rotation beginning around May 1st

with cow/calf pairs between pastures 2 and 3 in recent years and ending each year in pasture 6. Prior 

to 2005 the rotation on this allotment was as follows: start in pasture 2, rotate to pasture 3, and then 

to pasture 6. One of the challenges faced within this allotment is reliable livestock water in pastures 

2 and 3. Although grazed earlier, there are times when the dugout in pasture 2 is dry, and the 

livestock have to utilize the creek running through a small portion of private land that is included in 

this pasture. The reservoir in pasture 3 typically dries out as well, and if so the gates are opened 

between pastures 2 and 3. Another challenge faced in these pastures is the plant composition that 

includes intermingled crested wheatgrass, native grasses, and introduced species such as Kentucky 

bluegrass. This challenge is a balance of not over utilizing the native species component (both 

native grasses and native forb species), and not promoting the increase of Kentucky bluegrass, 

while still utilizing the crested wheatgrass.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known statelisted noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Pasture 2 contained three woody draws, and surveys of two of the sites indicated 

At Risk conditions with a lack of tree regeneration and desired shrub layers (Figure 221.1). A small 

woody draw patch occurs adjacent to the reservoir in pasture 3 and field observations indicated At 

Risk conditions. No woody draws occurred in pasture 6.
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Herbaceous Structure – There is one randomly sampled VOR transect within this allotment 

located in pasture 2. In 2004, this transect was measured in the Low structure class. Station readings 

were also dominated by Low structure readings at 80 percent; 20 percent of the stations were 

Moderate structure. There were no High readings.

This transect was resurveyed in 2005 and was also sampled in the Low class. And, again, the station 

averages were dominated by Low as well with 75 percent and the balance in Moderate at 25 

percent. There were no High readings.

Seral Stages – All of pasture 2 consists of broken land and a sere plot near the middle of the pasture 

was at a mid seral stage with crested wheatgrass dominance and lesser amounts of western 

wheatgrass and other native grasses. A nearby Robel transect and belt transect recorded similar 

plant composition. Bluegrass consistently occurred in light amounts and small patches throughout 

the pasture. Crested wheatgrass and blue grama remained dominant along a repeated pace transect 

near the sere plot, but measurements were suggestive of decreasing plant cover and increasing litter, 

clubmoss, and low growing forbs such as pussy-toes (Antennaria spp).

Broken land is not identified in pasture 3 but invasive grasses of crested wheatgrass, bluegrass, and 

smooth brome, along with sweet clover, dominate large areas of the pasture with native grass 

communities persisting on low ridge shoulders.

About 73 percent of pasture 6 is identified as broken land and under-utilized crested wheatgrass is 

observed throughout the northern two-thirds of the pasture (Figure 221.2a). Unbroken land 

constituted a corridor along a tributary of Whitetail Creek in the southern third of the pasture, but 

frequent patches of annual brome and smooth brome were mixed among native grasses in this area.

A stock pond along the drainage contributes to heavy livestock use relative to the north half of the 

pasture (Figure 221.2b).

Figure 221.2 — a) Under-utilized crested wheatgrass observed at the north end of 

pasture 6 during late September. b) High use around stock pond and unbroken land 

in southeast quarter of pasture.
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An NDSU sample plot on a Clayey ecological site in the northeast quarter of pasture 6 was at an 

Invaded Grass State with Canada bluegrass and trace amounts of Kentucky bluegrass constituting 

almost 59 percent of the grass production. Non-native intermediate wheatgrass constituted 28 

percent of the grass production. Small amounts of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and crested 

wheatgrass were also present. A sere plot in this general area of the pasture was at a mid-early seral 

stage but with equal dominance of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass and a similar proportion of 

intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.). A nearby belt transect was 

dominated by bluegrass and crested wheatgrass. Relative plant frequency of invasive bluegrass 

increased from 0 percent to 27 percent along a repeated pace transect between 1980 and 2009 on the 

east side of the pasture. Relative plant frequency of crested wheatgrass decreased from 50 percent to 

25 percent, while western wheatgrass decreased from 18 percent to 0 percent during the sample 

interval. A second NDSU sample site on a Claypan ecological site within broken land in the 

southwest quarter of the pasture was also at a mid-early seral stage. Crested wheatgrass and 

invasive bluegrass respectively comprised about 74 percent and 13 percent of the grass production, 

while smooth brome and cheatgrass collectively comprised about 6 percent of the grass production.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two leks within 1 mile of this allotment, overlapping all three 

pastures containing NFS lands. Approximately 316 acres occur within the 1-mile radius of the leks.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment. 

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions in pasture 2 would improve with the removal of livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired 

woody species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as a result of 

increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or 

decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure.
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Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter 

that would assist increases of invasive bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States where they 

have not already occurred. Existing native plant diversity would gradually decrease. These effects 

would occur within 10 years in pastures 3 and 6 because of the current predominance of bluegrass 

and other invasive grasses in these pastures, but would require longer periods in pasture 2 due to 

more localized occurrences of aggressive bluegrass species.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance of 

habitat would benefit nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and 

brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses that may invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 246 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a three-pasture modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment. 

Woody Draws – At Risk woody draw conditions would persist or decrease towards Unhealthy 

conditions under current management. The scarcity of woody draws in pastures 2 and 3 contributes 

to concentrated livestock disturbances during grazing periods that frequently extend into the warm 

temperatures of mid to late July. Despite relatively short grazing periods, the shrub layer and recent 

tree regeneration are lacking and there is no reason to expect improvement under current 

management. Decreasing palatability of invasive grasses after mid June is likely to contribute to 

woody draw disturbances when livestock seek extended green periods of the understory. Authorized 

Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 63 percent after adjusting for cow size also 

contributes to high levels of browsing and trampling disturbances that would continue to impede the 

regeneration of desired trees and shrubs.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to improve the proportion of High herbaceous 

structure and the herbaceous structure distribution in general.
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Seral Stages – May turn-in dates and the deferred rotation between pastures 2 and 3 facilitate use of 

the invasive grass component during alternate years in each pasture. Low palatability of the invasive 

component in the second pasture of the rotation, along with Authorized Use that greatly exceeds 

initial estimated carrying capacity, contribute to selective and excessive use of the native 

component that impedes its development with the potential to assist the spread and dominance of 

invasive grasses.

Mid to late summer turn-in dates onto pasture 6 also results in low palatability of the invasive grass 

component that contributes to selective use of the native component in the southern third of the 

pasture. Low use in the northern two-thirds of the pasture is assisting the spread of invasive 

bluegrass even at the expense of crested wheatgrass. Continued increases of invasive grasses and 

transitions to Invaded Grass States would be expected throughout the pasture with a loss of native 

species diversity at the south end of the pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, notably an Authorized Use level 63 percent 

above the initial estimated carrying capacity, would continue to limit the potential to enhance 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 246 federal AMs.

 Utilizing crested wheatgrass pastures 2 and 3 as early season pastures.

 Annually changing season of use in pasture 6.

 Locating a stock tank on fenceline between Allotment 221 pasture 3 and Allotment 272 pasture 

2. Tank would be supplied from proposed rangeland pipeline located in Allotment 272 pasture 

2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Utilizing pastures 2 and 3 as 

crested wheatgrass pastures would defer grazing on the native portions of pasture 6 until range 

readiness. Because of the size and topography of pasture, changes in livestock distribution would be 

minimal.

Changing the season of use in pasture 6 would change the timing of when federal AMs are 

harvested and would allow for graminoid species to be grazed at different periods of the growing 

season. Because of the size and topography of pasture there would be minimal changes in livestock 

distribution.

Adding a stock tank in pasture 3 from the proposed pipeline in Allotment 272 would allow for more 

flexibility in the rotation. The pasture is normally grazed early because of the existing livestock 
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water source. Adding the tank would allow the pasture to be used later in the grazing season and 

allow for graminoid species to be utilized during different periods of the growing season providing 

for opportunities for initial growth or regrowth.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount 

of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Using pastures 2 and 3 as early season crested wheatgrass pastures would not be 

appreciably different from current grazing seasons. Current use that extends into mid-July with a 

deferred rotation between these pastures might be slightly shortened, but would not appreciably 

decrease current woody draw disturbances. The relative scarcity of woody draws and Authorized 

Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 63 percent would maintain the current level 

of woody draw disturbances.

Adding a water tank in pasture 3 would increase the reliability of water in the pasture, with 

potentially increased use contributing to decreased conditions of small woody draw patches in the 

pasture. Decreased reliance on pasture 2 might contribute to improved woody draw conditions in 

this pasture, but levels of Authorized Use and the scarcity of woody draws in the pasture would 

impede improvement of At Risk conditions.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would decrease the level of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate increased regeneration of desired trees and shrubs.

However, existing and potentially increasing invasive grasses would have the potential to impede or 

decrease the rate of regeneration and degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed retention of an Authorized Use level that is 63 percent higher than 

the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for cow size, would continue to limit High 

herbaceous structure and the herbaceous structure distribution in general. Utilizing crested 

wheatgrass pastures early in the year has the potential to improve the structure distribution. 

However, the proposed Authorized Use level would limit the retention of residual cover after 

grazing and the ability to recover from grazing (Angell 1997). Annually changing season of use in 

pasture 6 would not improve the herbaceous structure distribution due to the proposed Authorized 

Use level. Lastly, a new water source would promote more even use especially in combination with 

the proposed Authorized Use level.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would tend to improve the potential 

for increasing the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and improve the 

overall herbaceous structure distribution. However, under this alternative and given the potential 

discrepancy between Authorized Use and initial estimated carrying capacity estimates, that 

achieving that balance between the Authorized use level in AUMs and the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could potentially take longer than 10 to 15 years.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Implementing slightly shorter grazing seasons in pastures 2 and 3 with 

continuation of a deferred rotation would only slightly assist the development of native species and 

later seral stages compared to current management. Although greater deferment or changes in the 

season of use are proposed for pasture 6, grazing seasons would continue to be conducted after 

invasive grass palatability has decreased and there would be no appreciable change in effects 

compared to current management. Invasive bluegrass would continue to increase and further 

transitions to Invaded Grass States would occur throughout most of the pasture in 5 to 10 years.

Adding a water tank along the boundary of pasture 3 would decrease reliance of pasture 2 and could 

facilitate greater utilization of invasive bluegrass and smooth brome that occur in pasture 3 and that 

may have been facilitated by decreased levels of use associated with poor water reliability.

Potentially decreased reliance on pasture 2 could facilitate increased expression of the native grass 

component that is mixed within the stand of crested wheatgrass.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would increase plant vigor and development by 

decreasing the level of grazing disturbances. However, sufficiently decreased levels of use could 

assist increases of bluegrass by facilitating the accumulation of plant litter. Neither decreases nor 

increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of bluegrass and maintenance 

of native plant diversity without coordinating the grazing season with high palatability of the 

invasive grass component and decreasing utilization of the native component to increase its vigor 

and development. A compressed early season grazing period in all three pastures of the allotment 

holds the greatest promise of achieving this result.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The proposed retention of an Authorized Use level that is 63 percent higher than 

the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for cow size, would continue to limit grouse 

nesting habitat. Utilizing crested wheatgrass pastures early in the year has the potential to improve 

grouse habitat. However, the proposed Authorized Use level would limit the retention of residual 

cover after grazing and the ability to recover from grazing for the growing season (Angell 1997). 

Annually changing season of use in pasture 6 would not improve grouse habitat conditions because 

of the proposed Authorized Use level. Lastly, a new water source would promote more even use 

especially in combination with the proposed Authorized Use level.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would tend to improve the potential 

for increasing the proportion of grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. However, under this 

alternative and given the potential discrepancy between Authorized Use and initial estimated 

carrying capacity, achieving that balance between the Authorized Use level in AUMs and the 

carrying capacity could potentially take longer than 10 to 15 years.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carry capacity.

 Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation with grazing commencing May 1st.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Removing the fence between Allotment 221 pasture 3 and Allotment 272 pasture 2; adjust 

Authorized Use in both allotments to reflect removal of Allotment 221 pasture 3.

 Burning, mowing, haying, interseeding, or reseeding crested wheatgrass to improve stand vigor 

and/or species composition.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 174 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 246 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 283 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 38 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation on May 1st would change the existing rotation because 

livestock would graze all three pastures at different times from year to year utilizing pastures at 

different stages of the growing season. Livestock distribution changes would be minimal due to the 

relatively small size of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – Removing pasture 3 from this allotment by removing the fence between this 

pasture and Allotment 272 pasture 2 would change the distribution of livestock because the size of 

the pasture would increase. An adjustment in AUMs would be required since pasture 3 would no 

longer be part of this allotment resulting in a reduction in AUMs for Allotment 221 and an increase 

in AUMs for Allotment 272.

Burning, mowing, haying, interseeding, or reseeding crested wheatgrass to improve stand vigor 

and/or species composition would affect livestock distribution minimally. However, there may be 

some focused livestock grazing with some of these treatments initially because of the increased 

palatability. Also, some treatments would require deferment or rest from livestock grazing.

Deferment would not affect Authorized Use because livestock grazing would occur later in the 

growing season. Rest would result in reducing Authorized Use because the forage would no longer 

be available to livestock until desired conditions are reached.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.
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Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation with grazing initiated in early May

would not appreciably improve woody draw conditions in pastures 2 and 3. A three-pasture deferred 

rotation would decrease the frequency of early season grazing to once every 3 years in each pasture, 

with an increased frequency of mid and late summer grazing in pastures 2 and 3 when warmer 

temperatures and insect pests create the potential for increased woody draw disturbances. Low 

palatability of the invasive forage component during these years would also contribute to woody 

draw disturbances as a result of livestock seeking extended green periods in the understory.

Decreasing Authorized Use by 38 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and cow 

size would decrease the level of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances, which would 

facilitate increased regeneration of desired trees and shrubs. However, relatively high levels of 

woody draw disturbances would continue due to the low number of draws, and increased frequency 

of warm-season grazing, and low palatability of upland grasses as discussed above. The proposed 

reduction in use might facilitate the maintenance or slight improvement of At Risk conditions and 

avoid trends towards Unhealthy conditions. Existing and potentially increased invasive grasses with 

the reduction in stocking levels would have the potential to impede or decrease the rate of woody 

regeneration and degree of woody draw improvement.

Adaptive Options – Transferring pasture 3 to Allotment 272 and adjusting Authorized Use 

accordingly would not have an appreciable effect on woody draw conditions in pasture 2 because 

the grazing system would be presumed to return to a relatively early season two-pasture deferred 

rotation similar to current management. Current conditions of small woody draw patches in pasture 

3 would persist due to seasons of use similar to current management.

Various treatments to improve crested wheatgrass stands would have minimal effect on woody draw 

conditions without consistent coordination of the grazing season with high palatability of invasive 

grasses.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity could 

begin to move the allotment towards a balanced representation of herbaceous structure, particularly 

High herbaceous structure, assuming the permittee is currently operating at or near the preference 

level. Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation could provide a longer regrowth period in the early 

pasture, which may promote some recovery of herbaceous structure depending on time of year and 

weather patterns. Locating a livestock watering tank on the fenceline of pasture 3 would be 

necessary to ensure rotational integrity but would also promote homogenization, though expected in 

a small pasture.

Adaptive Options – Continuing to adjust the Authorized Use downward would improve the 

potential for addressing the potential herbaceous structure distribution of the allotment by further 

decreasing grazing intensity thereby increasing residual standing crop. Integrating pasture 3 into 

Allotment 272 pasture 2 could potentially aid the herbaceous structure distribution due to the early 

use and the longer regrowth period associated with Allotment 272. However, impacts to Allotment 
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221 would include altering the rotation to potentially a two-pasture deferred rotation. Because of the 

length of the grazing season within a two-pasture rotation, the regrowth time would be limited.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation with grazing initiated in early May

would maintain or increase the degree of poorly coordinated grazing seasons and palatability of 

invasive grasses that dominate most portions of the three pastures in the allotment. Grazing seasons 

currently coincide with low palatability of invasive grasses every other year in pastures 2 and 3, and 

every year in pasture 6. A three-pasture rotation would result in low palatability of the invasive 

grass component two of every 3 years in each pasture, and the degree of poorly coordinated grazing 

seasons with invasive grass palatability would increase in pasture 2 and 3 compared to current 

management and Alternative 3. Increased coordination of the grazing season with invasive grass 

palatability would occur one of every 3 years in pasture 6, but this would not be sufficient to offset 

trends of increasing invasive grasses in the pasture.

Decreasing Authorized Use by 38 percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and 

adjustments for cow size would decrease the level of grazing disturbances and increase plant vigor 

in primary use areas. However, decreased use would not alter trends of increasing invasive grasses 

in large portions of all three pastures due to poor coordination of the grazing season with invasive 

grass palatability. Further spread of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States would 

continue and possibly accelerate with increasing plant litter associated with the decreased level of 

use. Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

bluegrass and the maintenance of native plant diversity without coordinating the grazing season 

with high palatability of the invasive grass component.

Adaptive Options – The adaptive action of removing the fence and adding pasture 3 to Allotment 

272 pasture 2 could contribute to more consistent use of invasive grass components in pasture 3.

Allotment 272 pasture 2 is grazed during the early season when palatability of invasive grasses is 

greatest, but field observations indicate relatively low utilization at the north end of the pasture and 

sharp increases of invasive bluegrass compared to ecoplot measurements conducted during 1998. A 

new water tank proposed on the pasture boundary of Allotment 221 pasture 3 and Allotment 272 

pasture 2 (see effects analysis for Allotment 272) would contribute to increased use of invasive 

components in this area, but could be countered by decreased use of invasive grasses in the south 

half of Allotment 272 pasture 2. Therefore, utilization of invasive grasses might increase in 

Allotment 221 pasture 3, but would remain relatively unchanged across a larger landscape scale.

Various treatments to improve crested wheatgrass stands would have the potential to increase plant 

vigor and production. However, little benefit is likely to be obtained in regards to increasing or 

maintaining native plant components compared to consistent coordination of the grazing season 

with high palatability of invasive grasses and deferring use of the native component until it has 

achieved sufficient vigor and development to withstand appropriate stocking levels.

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

bluegrass and maintenance of native plant diversity without coordinating the grazing season with 

high palatability of the invasive grass component.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity could 

begin to potentially enhance grouse nesting cover by improving the amount of higher herbaceous 

structure on the allotment, assuming the permittee is currently operating at or near the preference 

level. Initiating a three-pasture deferred rotation could provide a longer regrowth period in the early 

pasture which may permit limited recovery of potential grouse cover depending on time of year and 

weather patterns. Locating a livestock watering tank on the fenceline of pasture 3 would be 

necessary to ensure rotational integrity but would also promote homogenization, though expected in 

a small pasture.

Adaptive Options – Continuing to adjust the Authorized Use downward would improve the 

potential for enhancing grouse nesting habitat within the allotment by further decreasing grazing 

intensity thereby increasing residual cover. Integrating pasture 3 into Allotment 272 pasture 2 could 

potentially aid grouse habitat in Allotment 272 due to the early use and the longer regrowth period 

in Allotment 272 pasture 2. However, impacts to Allotment 221 would include altering the rotation 

to potentially a two-pasture deferred rotation. Because of the length of the grazing season within a 

two pasture rotation, the regrowth time would be limited thus limiting the recovery of residual 

cover.
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ALLOTMENT 230

Table 230-1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

230 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

323 37

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

557 63

Total allotment acres 1671 100

NFS acres 881 53

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 790 47

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

364

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

358

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
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Table 230.2 — Allotment 230 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Survey(s) conducted in 2004 rated the 

portion of Blacktail Creek in the 

allotment as PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

Of the woody draws sampled, 67 percent 

were Healthy and 33 percent were At 

Risk due to low sapling numbers, cattle 

use, and headcuts.

Increase successful recruitment 

of woody species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.31; 1.85

2004 Stations percent: Low-50/

Moderate-50/High-0.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages One sample was at a mid seral stage and 

one sample in broken land was at an early 

stage. Varying amounts of invasive 

grasses occur in all three pastures.

Maintain native dominated 

communities while achieving 

desired seral objectives. Limit or 

decrease the occurrence of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

One lek within one mile encompassing 

approximately 222 acres of overlap 

within the radius.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat

Remarks 3 acres of Canada thistle, absinth wormwood, and burdock being treated.
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Table 230-3. Allotment 230 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 364 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 366 

summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: prior to 2010 -

Inventory (12 months), 

2010+ - Turn-in.

 Rotation: Seasonlong 

(yearling herd) and 

modified deferred rotation 

with Blacktail Common 

(cow/calf herd).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs and 

yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

364.

 Create a four-pasture 

deferred rotation utilizing 

Allotment 230 pasture 1, 

Allotment 288 pasture 2, 

Allotment 256 pasture 2, 

and the proposed riparian 

pasture in Allotment 256.

 Annually change season of 

use between Allotment 140 

pasture 4 and Allotment 230 

pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draw in pasture 1. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

358.

 Create a four-pasture 

deferred rotation utilizing 

Allotment 230 pasture 1, 

Allotment 288 pasture 2, 

Allotment 256 pasture 2, 

and the proposed riparian 

pasture in Allotment 256.

 Annually change season of 

use between Allotment 140 

pasture 4 and Allotment 230 

pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draw in pasture 1. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every three 

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 230 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,671 acres in size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 881 acres of NFS lands. This allotment was issued an inventory permit for 50 head for 8

months by the MGA through 2009. With this type of permit there is a potential of livestock being 

on NFS lands for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31st. Livestock were 

wintered on private and NFS lands during the winter months of January through April. It is also the 

headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment (Blacktail Common). In 2010, this 

permit was changed and approved by the MGA for a turn-in permit for 59 head for 8 months. There 
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is no longer any wintering on NFS lands within this allotment. This allotment has been subdivided 

into four pastures, and of these four pastures three contain NFS lands. These pastures range in size 

from 161 to 639 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 230.1. This 

allotment is located in both the Badlands and the Rolling Prairie geographic areas. Water 

developments within this allotment include a reservoir, dugout, and a pipeline system with stock 

tanks. In review of the allotment map with the permittee it has been indicated that the spring

development in pasture 1 is no longer functional. 

Historically, pastures 1 and 2 have been used as summer pastures with two separate herds 

essentially in seasonlong grazing systems. Pasture 3 has historically been used at the end of the 

season and in the winter months along with other private lands; however, because of the change in 

the permit in 2010, this pasture is now in the summer rotation. Pastures 1 and 3 consist primarily of 

native species with some areas of crested wheatgrass. Pasture 2 is more dominated by crested 

wheatgrass, but has a silver sagebrush component within it.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 3

acres of a combination of Canada thistle, absinth wormwood, and burdock that have been treated by 

the Billings County Weed Board.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 3.7 

acres from livestock access. Approximately 5.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have 

been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres 

is approximately 1.4 and 1.9 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

230-03

Blacktail Creek 

(1) 0.91 0.91

The headwaters of Blacktail Creek (reach 1) flow through Allotment 230. This reach was evaluated 

in 2004 (Brooks 2005) and had a functionality rating of PFC. However, active headcuts are eroding 

ephemeral drainage ways in the allotment.

Woody Draws – Of two woody draw samples in pasture 1, one was At Risk and the second along 

the toe of a steep slope dominated by Rocky Mountain juniper was Healthy. One woody draw 

sample in pasture 3 was Healthy. No woody draws occurred in pasture 2.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there were two random sampled VOR transects in this allotment. 

One was measured in Low structure class and the other in the Moderate structure class. Station 

averages were split evenly between the Low and Moderate structure classes at 50 percent in each. 

There were no High structure stations recorded. The transects were not resurveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Pasture 1 appears to be dominated by native grasses with light but persistent 

invasive grasses. A sere plot was at a mid-early seral stage with native grasses and subordinate 
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invasive grasses. Dominant species along two belt transects varied between blue grama and western 

wheatgrass.

Pasture 2 consists of 160 acres of broken land and an ecoplot was at a mid-early seral stage with 

crested wheatgrass, blue grama, and light amounts of bluegrass. An NDSU sample on a Loamy 

ecological site on the opposite side of the pasture was at an early seral stage for broken land with 

crested wheatgrass comprising 94 percent of the grass production. Bluegrass was the second most 

frequent species, but along with smooth brome, constituted less than 2 percent of the grass 

production.

Field observations in pasture 3 indicate intermingled and intermixed native and invasive grasses 

including bluegrass, smooth brome, annual brome, crested wheatgrass, and intermediate wheatgrass.

Patches of these species appear to follow areas of hay 

feeding with increased manure concentrations. Sweet 

clover can be very prominent across the pasture 

during some years and has the potential of assisting 

the vigor and spread of invasive grasses (Figure 

230.1). Native dominated communities with 

subordinate amounts of bluegrass remain prominent in 

the pasture and invasive grasses can be absent among 

alkaline affected clay-slicks. Two Robel transects in 

opposite corners of pasture 3 reported dominance of 

western wheatgrass and sedge with light amounts of 

bluegrass and other native grasses. A remeasured pace 

transect in the northeast corner of pasture 3 indicated 

that relative plant frequency of blue grama increased 

from 22 percent to 41 percent between 1980 and 2009, 

while western wheatgrass decreased from 22 percent 

to 10 percent. Relative frequency of crested wheatgrass increased from 0 percent to 8 percent during 

the sample period, and bluegrass appeared in trace amounts during the second measurement.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – One grouse lek occurs within 1 mile of the allotment. Pastures 2 and 3 split 

the total of 222 acres that occurs within the 1-mile radius of the lek.

Effects of Alternative 1 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

Figure 230.1 — Pasture 3 on right side 

of fence with a high amount of sweet 

clover and no sweet clover on private 

land of adjacent allotment left of fence.
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because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within the woody draws, as well as potential increases of these 

species as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the 

potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would increase plant vigor and 

facilitate shifts towards late seral stages, but the accumulation of plant litter with the removal of 

grazing would assist increases of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States. This 

would occur relatively rapidly in pasture 3 but might require 10 to 20 years in pastures 1 and 2 with 

lower amounts of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in 

forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and brooding 

quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that 

could invade local habitats.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 364 

federal AMs.

 Yearlings are run in a seasonlong grazing system, and cow/calf pairs are run in a modified 

deferred rotation with Blacktail Common.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.
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Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – The proportion of Healthy woody draws is unlikely to increase under existing 

seasons of use and stocking levels. Healthy woody draws within accessible rangeland were at the 

low range of this condition. Seasonlong grazing that typically occurs in pasture 1 contributes to high 

woody draw disturbances. Almost 6 months of late fall through spring use in pasture 3 can 

contribute to high levels of woody draw disturbance when livestock seek thermal shelter adjacent to 

hay feeding areas. Stands of crested wheatgrass and annual brome along terraces of some woody 

draw drainages suggest that hay feeding and/or high use occurs in these areas. Potential shifts 

towards early May and late fall/early winter use of pasture 3 may maintain low woody draw use 

across larger areas of the pasture due to favorable temperatures and high invasive grass palatability 

in the uplands, but future management of the pasture is not specified and is therefore uncertain.

Increased summer use of pasture 3 would increase the potential for woody draw disturbances and 

decreasing conditions across the pasture.

Potentially increased stocking at the level of Authorized Use would contribute to decreasing woody 

draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to promote the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution with limited potential to improve the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure and the herbaceous structure distribution in general. The high Authorized Use 

level, relative to the initial estimated carrying capacity, and the unaccounted winter grazing and hay 

feeding contribute to the existing herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages – Continued premature grazing of native grasses in pasture 1 along with seasonlong 

use can decrease plant vigor and production and facilitate the spread of invasive grasses that were 

observed in light amounts throughout most of the pasture.

Early May turn-in dates are appropriate for the dominance of crested wheatgrass in pasture 2, but 

reported grazing through the end of September results in heavy use of blue grama and other native 

species that are present in the understory, thereby impeding development of the plant community.

Invasive bluegrass could therefore have an increased potential to fill niches between crested 

wheatgrass plants.

Adverse effects of hay feeding and premature spring grazing in pasture 3 have contributed to the 

occurrence of invasive grasses and sweet clover. These impacts would be alleviated with the recent 

cessation of winter use, and preliminary management involving early spring and late fall rotations 

would improve the utilization of invasive species with potential increases in the maintenance of 

native communities. However, continued or future management of the pasture is not specified and 

remains uncertain. Increased summer use of pasture 3 would increase the potential for selective 

utilization of the native grass component, thereby decreasing seral stage and assisting the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Potentially increased stocking at the level of Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards early 

seral stages and increase the potential for invasive grass spreading.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, notably an Authorized Use levels that is 14 

percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for cow size, plus 

unaccounted winter use are projected not to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat in this 

allotment. Winter use in pasture 3 would reduce cover after fall grazing.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 364 federal AMs.

 Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation utilizing Allotment 230 pasture 1, Allotment 288 

pasture 2, Allotment 256 pasture 2, and the proposed riparian pasture in Allotment 256.

 Annually changing season of use between Allotment 140 pasture 4 and Allotment 230 pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draw in pasture 1. 

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 

use of these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be 

harvested at different times of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation would not change the distribution of livestock in the 

smaller pastures because of the size and topography of the pastures. Livestock distribution in the 

larger pastures would change because of the change in timing of grazing, forage quality of 

graminoid species, and climatic conditions during the grazing period. A four-pasture deferred 

rotation would change the season of use within the pastures from year to year providing 

opportunities for initial growth or regrowth of individual native graminoid species. The permittee 

would have to combine several herds into one herd to accommodate the four pasture deferred 

rotation.

Annually changing the season of use between Allotment 230 pasture 2 and Allotment 140 pasture 4 

would allow the permittee to change the season of use between the two pastures on different grazing 

association permits using one herd instead of utilizing the pastures at the same time of year every 

year with two different herds of livestock. Distribution of livestock would not change because of the 

small size of each pasture.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.
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Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation would have no effect on riparian desired condition along 

Blacktail Creek in pasture 3 because of rotation being located in different pastures.

Annually changing the season of use between Allotment 230 pasture 2 and Allotment 140 pasture 4 

would have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek in pasture 3 due to rotation being 

located in different pastures.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek 

because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek. A 

reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing 

for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Using pasture 1 in a four-pasture deferred rotation with several other 

allotments/pastures would be unlikely to improve woody draw conditions. Although periods of rest 

or non-use in of the pasture would occur with the deferred rotation, increased livestock density 

resulting from the shortened grazing season and combining of livestock herds would increase the 

evenness of grazing disturbances across the pasture. Current levels of browsing and trampling 

disturbances would therefore be maintained or increased and impede the successful regeneration of 

woody species, in part due to the slow growth response of woody species to the loss of plant tissue 

that limits their ability to escape beyond the reach of browsing livestock. Concentrated early or late 

season use that would occur on a periodic interval with the deferred rotation could contribute to 

decreased woody draw disturbances, but the limited frequency of these grazing seasons would 

decrease the potential for increasing conditions.

Using pasture 2 in a deferred rotation would have no effect on woody draw conditions in Allotment 

230 due to the absence of draws in this pasture.

The reported shift from winter to spring and late fall use of pasture 3 should maintain current woody 

draw conditions, but potentially increased summer use of the pasture would contribute to increasing 

disturbances and decreasing conditions.
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Potentially increased stocking towards the level of Authorized Use that has exceeded typically 

reported use by about 30 percent would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions.

Adaptive Options – Temporarily fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would 

increase the potential for improved conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of 

livestock impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but increasing plant litter and invasive grass layers could impair the regeneration of 

woody species. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential to result in increased 

disturbance within adjacent unfenced woody draws. Potential reductions in Authorized Use would 

have to exceed 30 percent to affect a reduction in actual use compared to typically reported use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Implementation of the four-pasture rotation may not overcome the Authorized Use 

level (14 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity) and the time needed for 

regrowth could limit residual cover, thus limiting the potential to improve the overall herbaceous 

structure distribution. It is assumed that the first rotation between Allotment 230 pasture 2 and 

Allotment 140 pasture 4 would be grazed early (e.g. start May 1st) since both pastures are crested 

wheatgrass dominated. There is potential that the early grazed pasture could experience regrowth 

and contribute an indeterminate amount of higher structure. However, the high Authorized Use 

level may limit regrowth potential.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

increasing the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and improve the overall 

herbaceous structure distribution. Fencing woody draws in pasture 1 would have a relatively small 

effect on the overall herbaceous structure distribution and would be relative to the size of the 

exclosure but is expected not have an appreciable effect due to the small amount of woody habitat 

projected to be fenced.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Using pasture 1 in a four-pasture deferred rotation with other allotments/pastures 

would increase plant vigor and facilitate the development of late seral stages by increasing 

opportunities for the completion of critical plant growth stages. Delaying the date of turn-in 

appropriate for the growth stage of the native dominated pasture would also increase plant vigor and 

seral development compared to current turn-in dates during mid-May. The evenness of livestock 

grazing across the pasture would increase as a result of greater livestock density, potentially 

decreasing the amount of secondary range and impeding the development or maintenance of late 

seral stages. However, longer periods would be available for plant recovery and regrowth as a result 

of shorter grazing seasons and contribute to overall increasing conditions. Increased livestock 

density that would increase the evenness of grazing may assist the utilization of invasive grasses, or 

at least impede the accumulation of plant litter that can assist the spread of these species. Potentially 

increased stocking towards the level of Authorized Use that has exceeded typically reported use by 

about 30 percent would impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages and facilitate 

shifts towards early stages.
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A deferred rotation of pasture 2 with Allotment 140 pasture 2 would be unlikely to improve plant 

composition or seral development. Both pastures are entirely composed of broken land, and the 

deferred rotation would result in low palatability of crested wheatgrass that dominates each pasture 

every other year. Early turn-in dates would allow efficient use of crested wheatgrass and lesser 

amounts of bluegrass and smooth brome during alternate years, but extending the grazing season 

into mid and late summer would impede the establishment of desired native species and community 

development. Native grasses would be selectively grazed in the second pasture of use each year, but 

with some potential for the use of invasive grass regrowth during the fall. However, the result is 

unlikely to be appreciably different from current management with seasonlong grazing in each 

pasture. Crested wheatgrass would persist as the dominant species, the establishment of native 

grasses would be impeded, and invasive grasses would have the potential to gradually spread and 

increase in dominance.

Recent management changes in pasture 3 involving a shift from winter to spring and late fall 

rotations would improve the utilization of invasive species with potential increases in the 

maintenance or development of native grasses. However, continued or future management of the 

pasture is not specified and remains uncertain. Increased summer use of the pasture would increase 

the potential for selective utilization of the native grass component, thereby decreasing seral stage 

and assisting the spread of invasive grasses.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages in 

pasture 1, and to a lesser extent in pastures 2 and 3, by decreasing the level of livestock grazing 

disturbances. Potential reductions in Authorized Use would have to exceed 30 percent to affect a 

reduction in actual use compared to typically reported use, and potential reductions would not offset 

selective and potentially excessive use of the native component in pasture 2. Invasive grasses would 

have the potential to increase in localized areas in all pastures where decreased stocking levels 

could facilitate increasing amounts of litter.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Implementation of the four-pasture rotation may not overcome the Authorized Use 

level (14 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity) and the time needed for 

regrowth, could limit residual cover thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting habitat. It 

is assumed that the first rotation between Allotment 230 pasture 2 and Allotment 140 pasture 4 

would be grazed early (e.g. start May 1st) since both pastures are crested wheatgrass dominated. 

There is potential that the early grazed pasture could experience regrowth and contribute an 

indeterminate quantity of higher structure in the fall to enhance grouse nesting habitat. The high 

Authorized Use level could limit the potential enhancement. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

enhancing grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. Fencing woody draws in pasture 1 would 

have a relatively small effect on overall grouse habitat and would be relative to the size of the 

exclosure.
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Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 358 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 364 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 419 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 14 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 14 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would have minimal effect on woody draw conditions 

because the potential level of use would remain about 11 percent greater than typically reported use

not including winter use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity should 

begin to move the allotment towards an improved herbaceous structure distribution, assuming the 

permittee is currently operating at or near the preference level. 

Pasture 3 is not mentioned in the proposed actions and it is assumed that late fall use is occurring 

primarily in this pasture as recorded on AOIs/AWs. Fall and winter use would permit a longer 

growing season for vegetation to regrow. However, both VOR points from 2004 were in this pasture 

and were both measured less than two inches.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The proposed 14 percent reduction in Authorized Use would have minimal effect 
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on plant composition because the potential level of use would remain about 11 percent greater than 

typically reported use.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity should 

begin to move the allotment towards enhancing grouse nesting habitat, assuming the permittee is 

currently operating at or near the preference level. 

Pasture 3 is not mentioned in the alternatives so it is assumed that no changes are planned for this 

pasture. It is assumed that late fall use is occurring primarily in this pasture as recorded on the 

AOIs/AWs. Fall and winter use would permit a longer growing season for vegetation to regrow. 

However, both VOR points from 2004 were in this pasture and were both measured in the fall at 

less than 2 inches. 
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ALLOTMENT 237

Table 237.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

237 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

514 71

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

207 29

Total allotment acres 758 100

NFS acres 721 95

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 37 5

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

288

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

250

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 3
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Table 237.2 — Allotment 237 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian 2004 survey rated portion of Blacktail Creek 

in allotment at PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

60 percent of sampled woody draws were 

Healthy and 40 percent were At Risk.

At Risk stands have low regeneration, grassdominated understory and/ or impaired shrub 

layer.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory, and enhance shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Below Objectives

Moderate – Exceeding Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.58; 1.69

2004 Stations percent: Low-52.5/

Moderate-47.5/ High-0.

Manage for additional Low and 

High structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Plant composition generally consisted of 

intermixed and intermingled native and 

invasive grasses with a predominance of mid 

seral stages. Invaded Grass States occurred in 

portions of the allotment.

Maintain or increase the 

proportion of native grass 

communities and late seral 

stages while limiting or 

decreasing the extent of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one lek within a 1-mile radius of the 

allotment. Within this radius, approximately 

340 acres overlap with the allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat

Remarks Approximately 1 acre of Canada thistle and burdock.
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Table 237-3. Allotment 237 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 288 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 205 federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

288.

 Utilize pasture 3 early and 

change season of use in the 

remaining two pastures.

 Extend existing rangeland 

pipeline into pasture 1 and 

add a tank. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

250.

 Utilize pasture 3 early and 

change season of use in the 

remaining two pastures.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Extend existing rangeland 

pipeline into pasture 1 and 

add a tank. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings (VOR) once 

every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

(PFC) survey once every 

fi5ve years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 237 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 758 acres and contains 721 acres of NFS lands with the 

rest privately owned. Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 37 head for 8 months by 

the MGA. This allotment has been subdivided into three pastures, all containing NFS lands, and 

range from 133 to 379 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 237,1.

This allotment is located primarily in the Badlands geographic area, with the southeastern portion in 

the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water developments include a pipeline with stock tanks and a 

spring. 
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Figure 237.1 a and b — Examples of (a) Healthy, and (b) At Risk, woody draws in 

Allotment 237.

The current rotation is a three-pasture deferred grazing system. Livestock are turned out around 

June 1st and graze through November 1st. Although the plant composition is primarily made up of 

native species, there are introduced species such as crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately one 

acre of a combination of Canada thistle and burdock.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 13.2 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 10.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage 

from these acres is approximately 4.3 and 3.3 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – A headwater reach of Blacktail Creek (Reach 2) flows through Allotment 237. This 

reach was evaluated in 2004 (Brooks 2005) and had a functionality rating of PFC.

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U FAR-NA FAR-D NF Total

237-01 Blacktail Creek (2) 1.40 1.40

Woody Draws – Three woody draws in pasture 2 that is used during early fall were Healthy, while 

a sampled woody draw in each of pastures 1 and 3 that are used during the summer were At Risk

(Figure 237.1a and 1b).

a) b)

Herbaceous Structure – There were two random sampled VOR transects in this allotment. Both 

were sampled in the Moderate structure class. Station averages were split fairly evenly between the 

Low (52.5 percent) and Moderate (47.5 percent) structure classes. No High structure stations were

recorded. No transects were reread in 2005.

Seral Stages – Pasture 1 consisted of intermixed and intermingled native and invasive grasses. A 

sere plot in the northeast corner of pasture 1 was at a mid seral stage with equal canopy cover of 

western wheatgrass, blue grama, and Kentucky bluegrass. Bluegrass was the dominant species 

recorded in a nearby Robel transect, but a belt transect 500 feet to the southeast recorded native 

species dominance. Another sere plot in the southwest portion of the pasture was at or approaching 
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an Invaded Grass State with high amounts of bluegrass and crested wheatgrass. Annual brome was 

also common in this area.

Oil and gas disturbances have resulted in large invasive grass areas along a central ridge or plateau 

in the east and central portions of pasture 2. Pasture observations indicated native and invasive grass 

mixtures similar to pasture 1 away from the ridgeline. Bluegrass was the dominant species recorded 

in a Robel transect in the southwest quarter of the pasture.

Pasture 3 involved only 77 acres or 66 percent NFS land. About 44 percent of the NFS land 

consisted of broken land along the ridgeline that extended into pasture 2. The eastern and western

sides of the pasture descended to woody draw drainages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one lek within a 1-mile radius of the allotment. Within this radius 

there are approximately 340 acres of overlap.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – There would be a 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the 

grazing association. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of the reclamation of removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing and potential increases of invasive grasses facilitated by increasing plant litter with 

the removal of livestock grazing could slow or decrease the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an increased opportunity 

for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the amount of 

Low herbaceous structure. Prior to the end of the 10- to 15-year planning horizon, the balance of 

herbaceous structure distribution would be skewed towards the High and Moderate ends of the 

herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages, but increasing plant litter would facilitate the increase of invasive grasses and further 

transitions to Invaded Grass States. The maintenance of native plant communities would decrease in 
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large portions of the allotment within 10 years due to the current extent and increased rate of 

invasive grass spreading with accumulating plant litter.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. Over time, the decrease in forb 

diversity could reduce foraging opportunities. To a lesser extent, nesting and brooding quality 

would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 288 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a three-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – The existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing 

fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of 

existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds 

control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and 

county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors 

for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek as described in the existing condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – The proportion of Healthy woody draw conditions would not increase under 

current management because the two At Risk sites occurred in summer pastures when high 

temperatures and insect pests contribute to increased woody draw use. Other unsampled woody 

draws occurring along Blacktail Creek in pasture 1 are likely to be in an At Risk condition similar 

to the sampled site, and an unsampled draw in pasture 3 occurs in association with a spring with the 

potential for high browsing and trampling disturbances. Low or decreasing palatability of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass that occurs with June turn-in dates or occasional deferred rotations with 

later grazing seasons would contribute to increased woody draw disturbances when livestock seek 

extended green periods within the draws. Stocking at current levels of Authorized Use that exceed 

initial estimated carrying capacity by 32 percent, and recently reported use by 40 to 55 percent, 

would result in decreased woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to improve the proportion of High structure and the

structure distribution in general.

Seral Stages – The current extent of invasive grasses in pastures 1 and 2 suggests a high potential 

for their continued increase. Decreased palatability of invasive grasses during the summer grazing 

seasons would facilitate their increase as a result of selective use and competitive disadvantages to 

the native component. Relatively late turn-in on crested wheatgrass in pasture 3 is also likely to 
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contribute to high use of native grasses along the ridge slopes. Potentially increased stocking at the 

level of Authorized Use would compound the adverse effects of selective native grass utilization 

and spreading invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, notably the high Authorized Use levels, 

would not improve High structure grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 288 federal AMs.

 Utilizing pasture 3 early, and changing season of use in the remaining two pastures.

 Extending existing rangeland pipeline into pasture 1 and adding a tank. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as the current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. The use of 

these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because the forage would be 

harvested at different times of the grazing season.

Utilizing pasture 3 early, and changing the season of use on the remaining two pastures, would 

defer livestock grazing on the native pastures until range readiness. This would also benefit the 

crested wheatgrass stand in pasture 3 by using it when it is range ready and providing the 

opportunity for regrowth.

Extending the existing rangeland pipeline and adding another stock tank to pasture 1 would 

distribute livestock throughout the allotment. The existing livestock water is in the 

northern/northeastern portion of the pasture.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be an expense to install fencing and for fence maintenance.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.
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Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Utilizing pasture 3 early, and changing the season of use in the remaining two pastures, would have 

no effect on desired riparian condition along Blacktail Creek because livestock use on the creek 

would not increase.

Extending existing rangeland pipeline into pasture 1 and adding a tank would benefit the riparian 

condition along Blacktail Creek. The new water source developed to pull livestock away from the 

riparian corridor would minimize bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in the riparian 

area and allow for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Blacktail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along Blacktail Creek. 

There would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which would reduce the

overland flow, further benefitting the riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities and allow for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation to build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Extending a water pipeline and installing an additional stock tank in pasture 1 

would not increase the proportion of Healthy woody draws within the 380-acre pasture. Although 

potentially decreased use of ponded water along Blacktail Creek resulting from an additional tank 

could assist increased riparian and adjacent woody draw conditions, the draws tend to be clustered 

along the creek and would continue to be sought for shade and escape from insects during the 

summer grazing rotations. The most likely locations for an additional tank would be closer to the 

woody draws than the current tank and would contribute to continued or increasing woody draw 

disturbances. Potentially increased stocking at levels of Authorized Use that exceeds initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 32 percent after adjusting for cow size would result in decreasing 

woody draw conditions compared to currently reported levels of use that are close to initial 

estimated carrying capacity.

At Risk woody draws in pasture 3 would persist due to similar grazing seasons during June. Greater 

annual deferment between pastures 1 and 2 would be unlikely to shift woody draw conditions from 

At Risk to Healthy in pasture 1, and has the potential to contribute to decreasing conditions in 

pasture 2 as a result of changing from fall rotations to mid-summer use during alternate years. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improving woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. However, 

the reduction in Authorized Use would have to be large to affect a decrease in actual use compared 

to current levels of reported use. Exclusion of livestock impacts through fencing would provide the 
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fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but increasing litter and invasive grass 

layers could impede the regeneration of woody species. Fencing of one woody draw would have a 

high potential to result in increased disturbance within adjacent unfenced woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 15 percent. This level could limit the potential to increase the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure or improve the structure distribution by placing increased pressure on plants 

and plant communities influencing their ability to recover. Changing the rotation to graze pasture 3 

early may not overcome the Authorized Use level due to increased pressure placed on the plant 

communities. On the other hand, a longer deferment period could allow for some regrowth. Though 

management flexibility could be recognized, adding a water source (tank) to pasture 1 would further 

increase the homogeneity of use, especially considering the size of the pasture.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

increasing the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and improve the overall 

herbaceous structure distribution. Fencing woody draws would have a relatively small effect on the 

overall herbaceous structure distribution and would be relative to the size and location of the 

exclosure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Increased consistency of a deferred rotation between pastures 1 and 2 would assist 

native plant vigor by increasing opportunities for the completion of critical growth stages, thereby 

facilitating shifts towards late seral stages. However, varying amounts of invasive grasses would 

have a similar potential to increase in vigor, and low palatability of crested wheatgrass and 

bluegrass that would occur during large portions of the grazing season in each pasture would 

contribute to selective use of the native component and assist the spread of invasive grasses. June 

turn-in onto crested wheatgrass in pasture 3 would continue to miss a large portion of peak 

palatability for the species and contribute to selective use of the native component in unbroken land.

Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would compound adverse effects of 

selective native grass utilization.

Extending a water pipeline and installing an additional stock tank in pasture 1 would result in 

increased grazing and trampling disturbances around the new tank with shifts towards early seral 

stages and potential establishment of invasive grasses. Placing the tank in an area dominated by 

invasive grasses would decrease adverse impacts to native plant communities but could have an 

increased potential for livestock to disperse invasive grass seed. A second water tank in the 380-

acre pasture, along with ephemeral water along Blacktail Creek would increase the evenness of 

livestock grazing and decrease the mosaic of grazing pressure and seral stages with a resulting 

predominance of mid stages.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages 

within individual pastures due to the small size of potential exclosures. Invasive grasses that tend to 

dominate the herbaceous layer of woody draws would increase in density and extent within the 

exclosures as a result of increased litter with the removal of grazing.
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Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long term control of 

invasive grasses and increased maintenance of native plant communities without consistently 

coordinating the grazing season and stocking levels with the respective palatability and production 

of the native and invasive components.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 15 percent. This level could limit the potential to enhance grouse nesting habitat by 

placing increased pressure on plants and plant communities influencing their ability to recover. 

Changing the rotation to graze pasture 3 early may not overcome the Authorized Use level due to 

increased pressure placed on the plant communities. On the other hand, a longer deferment period 

could allow for some regrowth with potential to carry over for grouse nesting habitat needs. Though 

management flexibility could be recognized, adding a water source (tank) to pasture 1 would further 

increase the homogeneity of use, especially considering the size of the pasture, reducing the 

potential for grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

enhancing grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. Fencing woody draws would have a 

relatively small effect on the overall herbaceous structure distribution and would be relative to the 

size and location of the exclosure(s).

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes. The analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use would be 250 federal AUMs, which is the initial estimated 

carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 288 federal AMs converted to 

AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 331 federal AUMs. The effect of setting Authorized Use at the 

initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 24 percent reduction from existing Authorized Use.

Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to factor in cow size when 
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calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration when planning the rotation for the 

allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 24 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would establish potential stocking levels 6 to 17 percent 

greater than currently reported use and would therefore not facilitate increased woody draw 

conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity should 

begin to move the allotment towards an improved representation of herbaceous structure, that is, 

assuming actual use reflects the preference level of Authorized Use.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 24 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would maintain levels of use similar to currently reported use 

and would therefore have minimal effect on seral stages and apparent trends of increasing invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to reflect initial estimated carrying capacity should 

begin to move the allotment towards an improvement in sharp-tailed grouse habitat, that is, 

assuming actual use reflects the preference level of Authorized Use. 
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ALLOTMENT 239

Table 239.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

239 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

484 100

Total allotment acres 641 100

NFS acres 484 76

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 157 24

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on 

NFS lands

250

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

176

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 1
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Table 239.2 — Allotment 239 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches 

in this allotment. 

None.

Woody draws All of the sampled woody draws were At Risk. The 

At Risk stands have grass-dominated understories, 

low tree regeneration, and an impacted shrub layer. 

Increase seedling/sapling understory, 

and enhance shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.43

2004 Stations percent: Low-70/

Moderate-30/High-0

2005 Transects: 2.28

2005 Stations percent: Low-35/

Moderate-65/High-0.

**Manage allotment to maintain 

meeting structure objectives.

Seral stages Most of the allotment has transitioned to an Invaded 

Grass State with a high frequency but low 

contribution of native grass species.

Decrease or limit the predominance of 

invasive grasses and increase 

establishment of native grasses. 

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

The nearest known lek is 3 miles from the allotment. 

Potential habitat does exist.

Manage to enhance sharp-tailed grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and quantity of 

High vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites. 

Remarks Some scattered burdock noted.

** Based on a follow-up field review, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure objectives.
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Table 239.3 — Allotment 239 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 250 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 224 federal 

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Seasonlong.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs:

250.

 Annually change season of 

use.

 Construct temporary 

north/south electric fence 

and implement a deferred 

rotation.

 Recommend early turnout 

in pasture.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Construct a rangeland 

fence(s) dividing the 

allotment into quarters and 

implement a deferred 

rotation grazing system. 

Additional livestock water 

would also need to be 

developed once fencing was 

completed.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

176.

 Construct temporary 

north/south electric fence 

and implement a deferred 

rotation starting May 1st.

Adaptive Options

 Compress season and alter 

season of use.

 Construct a rangeland 

fence(s) dividing the 

allotment into quarters and 

implement a deferred 

rotation grazing system. 

Additional livestock water 

would also need to be 

developed once fencing was 

completed.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 239 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 641 acres and contains both private and NFS lands with 

484 acres of NFS land. Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 50 head for 5 months 

by the MGA. This allotment has only one pasture that contains both private and NFS lands. Current 

AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 239.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling 

Prairie geographic area. Water developments within this allotment include two reservoirs.

The historical rotation is a seasonlong system that typically begins around May 15th and lasts for 

approximately 5 months. The plant composition within this allotment consists primarily of 

introduced species such as Kentucky bluegrass with scattered areas of crested wheatgrass 

intermingled with some native species. The eastern portion of the allotment very close to the woody 

draws does have a mixed native plant component.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicates that there are some scattered 

populations of burdock found during the woody draw survey (see Project Record, Specialist Reports 

and Notes, Botany Report).

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Three woody draws occur in the allotment and all are At Risk. Desired shrub and 

sapling layers occur on short and less accessible side slopes in portions of the draws but do 

compensate for the lack of shrub layers and mixed tree age classes throughout the larger 

community.

Herbaceous Structure – One randomly placed VOR transect was measured in the fall of 2004 in 

the Low structure class. However, an ID team field visit in September 2006 determined through a 

visual assessment that the allotment was addressing herbaceous structure objectives. The High 

structure was being provided primarily through the presence of Kentucky bluegrass which is 

common throughout the allotment.

Seral Stages – Kentucky bluegrass dominated 

most of the single pasture of this allotment and 

most of the plant community has transitioned to 

an Invaded Grass State (Figure 239.1). Native 

species occur intermixed with Kentucky bluegrass 

at a high frequency but contribute a small 

proportion to the total forage production. Native 

grass dominance persists on small clay-slicks with 

poor soil characteristics, but plant cover and 

production on these sites is low.

A sere plot on a Claypan ecological site at the 

north end of the pasture was at an Invaded Grass 

State, with Kentucky bluegrass constituting 82 

percent of the relative grass basal cover. Kentucky 

Figure 239.1 — Existing vegetation 

dominated by Kentucky bluegrass 

emerging through accumulated 

litter.
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bluegrass constituted 64 percent of the total plant production on a nearby NDSU sample plot.

Two NDSU sample plots on Thin Claypan ecological sites in the south half of the pasture exhibited 

similar conditions with Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass averaging 52 percent and 30 

percent of the grass production. A Robel transect and belt transect near the plots indicated similar 

plant composition. No broken land was identified in the pasture, in part because of the lack of 

historic aerial photograph coverage east of Highway 85, but allotment records discuss the 

occurrence of crested wheatgrass plantings at the south end of the pasture (2210 files). A repeated 

pace transect in the southwest quarter of the pasture indicated relative plant frequency of Kentucky 

bluegrass increased from 0 percent to 14 percent to 60 percent during 1980, 2001, and 2009, 

respectively. Relative plant frequency of crested wheatgrass and western wheatgrass sharply 

decreased over the measurement period.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The nearest known sharp-tailed grouse lek is 3 miles away. Assuming no 

other nearby lek in the area, this allotment is outside the typical distance a hen will travel to nest. 

Also, the habitat value of Kentucky bluegrass (prevalent in this allotment) to nesting and brooding 

grouse in the spring is questionable since it flattens out appreciably with snowfall. With these two 

factors in play, management should not emphasize sharp-tailed grouse nesting habitat in this 

allotment at this time.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within the woody draws, as well as potential increases of these 

species as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the 

potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock grazing, there would be an increase in High 

structure within the allotment. Kentucky bluegrass would continue to provide excessive amounts of 

litter contributing to fall readings of High structure.
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Seral Stages – Kentucky bluegrass would rapidly increase towards a monoculture and the 

remaining native species would decrease with the removal of livestock grazing. Litter would 

continue to accumulate with the lack of forage harvest and trampling disturbances that assist litter 

decomposition. Decreasing soil health resulting from the shallow root system of Kentucky bluegrass 

and increasing thatch or litter layers would contribute to decreased rangeland productivity. Native 

grass vigor and production would temporarily increase on clay-slicks that currently experience high 

livestock use, but increasing plant development on these sites would improve conditions for the 

establishment of Kentucky bluegrass that would gradually gain dominance.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given the distance to the nearest known lek and the questionable value of 

Kentucky bluegrass to nesting and brooding hens, this allotment is unlikely to provide appreciable 

habitat for sharp-tailed grouse at this time.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 250 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are ran in a seasonlong grazing system.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Seasonlong grazing and Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying 

capacity by 64 percent after adjusting for cow size would result in the persistence of At Risk woody 

draw conditions with the potential for gradually decreasing to Unhealthy conditions. Low 

palatability of Kentucky bluegrass during most of the grazing season would contribute to woody 

draw disturbances as a result of livestock seeking extended green periods within the draws.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management could continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution. Low to Moderate structure could be expected to continue in portions of the 

southwestern corner of the allotment. Kentucky bluegrass is expected to continue to provide High 

herbaceous structure in other portions of the allotment in the fall in most years.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would facilitate increasing Kentucky bluegrass 

towards a monoculture almost as rapidly as would occur with the removal of livestock grazing.

Seasonlong grazing and high stocking levels are cited as the worst-case situation for facilitating the 

increase of Kentucky bluegrass (Sedivec 2006), as its low palatability during most of the grazing 

season results in selective grazing of the native component. Light amounts of native grasses would 
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persist on small clay-slicks because high use of these areas prohibits development of the plant 

community and conditions more favorable for the establishment of Kentucky bluegrass. Years of 

banner sweet clover appear to result in it being a key species of use and this promotes further 

accumulation of grass litter.

The pasture was temporarily split into two pastures during 2008 to concentrate use away from 

woody draws and potentially increase the use of bluegrass, but low palatability of invasive grasses 

during most of the grazing season under this management would continue to impede the utilization 

of Kentucky bluegrass and maintain high use of the remaining native grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – It is projected that under the assumption of no known sharp-tailed grouse 

lek in the area, that there would be no effect to sharp-tailed grouse from the implementation this 

alternative at this time.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 250 federal AMs.

 Annually changing season of use.

 Constructing a temporary north/south electric fence and implementing a deferred rotation.

 Recommending early turnout in pasture.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Constructing a rangeland fence(s) dividing the allotment into quarters, and implementing a 

deferred rotation grazing system. Additional livestock water would also need to be developed 

once fencing was completed.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 

use of these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be 

harvested at different times of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Annually changing the season of use would change the timing of when federal AMs are harvested 

and would allow for graminoid species to be grazed at different periods of the growing season 

providing the opportunity for initial growth or regrowth. The distribution of livestock would change 

because of forage quality at the timing of grazing; however, if supplemental protein and minerals 

are utilized to aid in improving distribution of livestock in the later part of the grazing season a 

change may not occur.
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Constructing a temporary electric fence from north to south and implementing a deferred rotation 

would concentrate livestock more on the crested wheatgrass early in the season and defer the use of 

native herbaceous species until range readiness.

Recommending early turnout into the pasture depends on the flexibility of the permittee; however, 

the permittee has agreed to turn out as many livestock as are ready for a May 1st turnout date. This 

would allow livestock to concentrate on the crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass, which are 

range-ready early in the grazing season. However, native herbaceous species that aren’t typically 

range ready until June 1

st would be negatively affected by this early turnout. Grazing native 

rangeland prior to range readiness would be the most costly alternative, with both economical losses 

(in most cases) and reductions in production associated with physical damage to the plants (Manske 

and Sedivec 1999). Vermeire et al. (2008) also concluded that there was an increased prominence of 

annual C3 grasses and cacti, which indicates that considerable potential exists for shifting species 

composition with annual grazing before June.

Adaptive Options – Fencing out high-value woody draws would have little to no change in 

livestock distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be 

available for livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing 

pressure may occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result 

there will be additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody 

draws.

Fencing the allotment into four pastures and implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation would 

increase the intensity of management for the permittee and Forest Service personnel to assure over 

use doesn’t occur within a pasture. Since the pasture would be split into four separate pastures, 

available forage in each pasture would have to be determined to identify the number of grazing days 

in each pasture with the number of livestock to be grazed. Distribution of livestock would be more 

even throughout the allotment because livestock would be confined to smaller individual pastures 

and would no longer have free access to the entire pasture. Additional livestock water would be 

required because of the locations of existing livestock water developments. 

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Continued splitting of the allotment into two pastures and implementing a 

deferred rotation with the current grazing season of May through September or October would be 

unlikely to achieve Healthy woody draw conditions. Although the period of livestock access to the 

woody draws would decrease by half, the entire grazing season in the woody draw pasture would 

occur during the warmest summer months every other year when it is the second pasture of use.

When the woody draw pasture is the first pasture of use, the latter half of the grazing season would 

occur with similar warm temperatures. Current levels of woody draw disturbance are therefore 
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likely to be maintained, and could have some potential to increase as a result of the decrease in 

pasture size that would increase livestock density. Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated 

carrying by 64 percent after adjusting for cow size and low palatability of Kentucky bluegrass 

during most of the grazing season would contribute to high browsing and trampling disturbances 

when livestock seek extended green periods within woody draws. 

The recommendation of early turn-in dates would decrease woody draw disturbances because 

livestock would be less apt to seek the amenities of woody draws during cooler temperatures and 

high Kentucky bluegrass palatability at the beginning of the grazing season. However, this is not 

appreciably different than current turn-in dates during mid-May and would not offset woody draw 

disturbances during the remainder of the season. 

Adaptive Options – Temporarily fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would 

increase the potential for improved woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock 

browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody 

species. Exclusion of livestock impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest 

degree of woody draw improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by 

increasing plant litter and invasive grass layers. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high 

potential to result in increased disturbances within adjacent unfenced woody draws.

Implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation would assist slight woody draw improvement. The 

amount of time livestock have access to woody draws would decrease by 75 percent, thus 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances and increasing the potential regeneration of desired 

trees and shrubs that would contribute to increasing woody draw conditions. However, the increased 

concentration of livestock within the smaller pasture sizes would have the potential to increase the 

intensity of woody draw disturbances when they are accessible, particularly when the woody draw 

pastures are used late in the season. Heavy woody draw use for 4- to 6-week periods every 2 or 3 

years could limit the degree of successful woody regeneration. The development of an additional 

water source necessary for the creation of a four-pasture rotation would contribute to decreased 

woody draw disturbances because the water would be located in the uplands rather than some 

reservoirs that are situated along woody draw drainages and that contribute to browsing and 

trampling disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level appears to be appropriate at this time to maintain the 

herbaceous structure distribution. Implementing a deferred rotation by utilizing temporary fencing 

is projected to retain the herbaceous structure distribution based on existing conditions. Early 

turnout, with earlier rotation into second pasture could enhance regrowth opportunities.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use would have minimal additional improvement on 

High herbaceous structure due to the presence of Kentucky bluegrass. Implementing a four-pasture 

deferred rotation, with a necessary complement of additional water sources could enhance Kentucky 

bluegrass in the early pasture due to regrowth opportunity. It is uncertain what could happen to 

herbaceous structure in the remaining pastures. Fencing woody draws would have a minor effect on 
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herbaceous structure within the allotment and would be relative to the size and location of the 

exclosure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Splitting the allotment into two pastures and implementing a deferred rotation 

would perpetuate current trends of increasing Kentucky bluegrass because palatability would be low 

during most of the grazing season in each pasture. The recommendation of early turn-in would 

assist increased utilization of Kentucky bluegrass during the first half of the first pasture rotation, 

but palatability would decrease during the second half of this rotation and would be low throughout 

the rotation in the second pasture. Annually alternating this pattern between the two pastures would 

not have an appreciably different result than current management, but might slow development of a 

Kentucky bluegrass monoculture where it has not already occurred. Authorized Use that exceeds 

initial estimated carrying capacity by 64 percent after adjusting for cow size would compound 

selective grazing of the native component. Lower production of Kentucky bluegrass compared to 

the native climax community (NRCS 2009) used to estimate carrying capacity would also 

compound this effect.

Adaptive Options – Implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation with the current season of use of 

the allotment would not provide greater benefit than the two-pasture rotation. With the proposed 

season of use continuing through September or October, palatability of invasive grasses would 

remain relatively high through the first half of the second pasture rotation if the recommended early 

turn-in date is implemented. Palatability would decrease during the latter portion of the second 

pasture rotation, and would be low throughout the third and fourth pasture rotations. Alternating this 

pattern among pastures would perpetuate selective grazing of the native component in each pasture 

on a frequent basis. Increased livestock density in each pasture would have the benefit of increasing 

litter decomposition with the potential for increased establishment of native grasses, but would be 

countered by selective grazing.

An additional water source would be required for the four-pasture rotation. Increased disturbances 

around the water site would likely result in decreased dominance of bluegrass, but would contribute 

little to the maintenance of native plant diversity due to the level of disturbance and resulting 

establishment of weedy forbs and/or invasive annual brome. 

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

Kentucky bluegrass and increased maintenance of native plant diversity without coordinating the 

grazing season with high palatability of the invasive grass component throughout all pastures of the 

allotment. Decreasing Authorized Use without a coordinated grazing season would continue to 

result in selective utilization of the native component and would facilitate increased litter 

accumulation, both of which would assist Kentucky bluegrass. Increases in Authorized Use would 

increase the imbalance with initial estimated carrying capacity and increase the degree of selective 

native species grazing.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is projected that under the assumption of no known sharp-tailed grouse lek in 
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the area, that there would be no negative or positive effect to sharp-tailed grouse habitat from the 

implementation this alternative at this time.

Adaptive Options – The nearest known lek is 3 miles away. This is beyond the typical distance a 

grouse hen will travel to nest. So assuming no other nearby lek, it is expected that little, if any 

nesting use is occurring in this pasture at this time and implementation of the adaptive options 

would have little impact on grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Constructing temporary north/south electric fence and implementing a deferred rotation starting 

May 1st.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Compressing the season and altering the season of use.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 176 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 250 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 288 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 39 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have to 

factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment. 

Implementing a deferred rotation starting May 1st would allow livestock to concentrate on the 

crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass, which are range ready early in the grazing season.

However, native herbaceous species that are not typically range-ready until June 1st would be 

negatively affected by this early turnout. Grazing native rangeland prior to range readiness would be 

the most costly alternative, with both economical losses (in most cases) and reductions in 

production associated with physical damage to the plants (Manske and Sedivec 1999). Vermeire et 

al. (2008) also concluded that there was an increased prominence of annual C3 grasses and cacti,

which indicates that considerable potential exists for shifting species composition with annual 

grazing before June.
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Adaptive Options – Compressing and altering the season of use would require additional livestock 

numbers compared to the existing number of livestock grazing the allotment. Depending on how 

short the grazing season would be compressed, the permittee would have to find additional pasture 

since livestock would not be allowed in the allotment as long as is currently permitted by the MGA.

Depending on the timing of use livestock distribution may change because of the type of herbaceous 

species that are range ready at the given time livestock grazing.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – The general effects of implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation were 

discussed under Alternative 3. However, the potential reduction in browsing and trampling 

disturbances occurring with the creation of two pastures would increase with the 39 percent 

reduction in Authorized Use according to estimated carrying capacity and adjustments for cow size.

However, the effects would be reduced by the potential level of use that would range from 19 

percent less to 13 percent greater than currently reported use. The proposed May 1st turn-in date 

would facilitate slightly decreased woody draw disturbances during alternate years in each pasture, 

and offset adverse effects of the decreased pasture size/increased livestock density to a limited 

degree. These combined factors would improve the potential for increased tree and shrub 

regeneration and increased woody draw conditions.

Adaptive Options – Compressing the season of use would further decrease the period that livestock 

have access to woody draws, and along with the deferred rotation and reduction in Authorized Use, 

would increase the potential for tree and shrub regeneration and improved woody draw conditions.

Potentially increased woody draw disturbances resulting from increased livestock numbers 

associated with the compressed season would be decreased during alternate years when the woody 

draw pasture is the first pasture of use due to cooler temperatures and high invasive grass 

palatability.

The effect of decreased livestock access to woody draws resulting from a four-pasture deferred 

rotation was discussed under Alternative 3. However, the relatively slight potential for increased 

woody draw conditions identified under Alternative 3 would be increased by the reduction in 

Authorized Use under Alternative 4 with a greater potential for improved conditions.

Decreases in Authorized Use would facilitate improved woody draw conditions by decreasing 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would increase the potential for tree and shrub 

regeneration, while increases in Authorized Use would have the opposite effect.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The decrease in Authorized Use in combination with the deferred rotation would 

allow for the persistence and potential increase in litter from Kentucky bluegrass, and hence, High 

structure. Other areas of the allotment may experience in increase in herbaceous structure and there 

potentially could be an overall reduction in the amount of Low structure. Implementing a May 1st 

starting date within the context of a deferred rotation grazing system could improve the herbaceous 

structure distribution as measured in the fall.
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Adaptive Options – Compressing the grazing season and altering the season of use could enhance 

herbaceous structure when a pasture is grazed early in the year because of regrowth opportunity 

from deferment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The general effects of implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation were 

discussed under Alternative 3, and current trends of increasing Kentucky bluegrass would not 

appreciably change with the 39 percent reduction in Authorized Use , which would result in 

potential levels of use ranging from 19 percent less to 13 percent greater than currently reported use.

Selective grazing of native grasses that constitute a small portion of the total forage component 

would continue, and decreased levels of use would facilitate increased litter accumulation that is 

already high and facilitates the persistence of invasive grasses.

Adaptive Options – A compressed season of use with increased livestock numbers, along with a 

turn-in date of May 1st and a two-pasture deferred rotation would increase the utilization of 

Kentucky bluegrass in the first pasture of the rotation. The degree of benefit in the second pasture 

would depend on the precise season of use. If occurring after mid-June the benefit would be reduced 

because of decreasing Kentucky bluegrass palatability. However, increased rates of litter 

decomposition could occur in both pastures with increased livestock numbers and smaller pasture 

sizes, and this would initiate decreasing conditions for the persistence of Kentucky bluegrass.

However, the potential increase in litter decomposition would be reduced with the 39 percent 

reduction in Authorized Use, and potential reductions in Kentucky bluegrass dominance would not 

be achieved without coordinating the grazing season in both pastures with high palatability of 

invasive grasses that would assist decreased utilization of the native component.

The effects of implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation with the current season of use would 

be minimally different than the two-pasture rotation with selective grazing of the native component 

at frequent intervals in each pasture. Although benefits of increased litter decomposition could 

occur with smaller pasture sizes and more even livestock distribution, the decrease in Authorized 

Use would decrease this benefit. Combining the four-pasture rotation with a compressed season 

would increase the utilization of invasive grasses and rate of litter decomposition, but potential 

benefits to increasing native plant components would depend on the length of the entire grazing 

period.

As discussed under Alternative 3, neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be 

effective in long-term control of Kentucky bluegrass and increased maintenance of native plant 

diversity without coordinating the grazing season with high palatability of the invasive grass 

component throughout all pastures of the allotment. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is projected that under the assumption of no known sharp-tailed grouse lek in 

the area, that there would be no negative or positive direct or indirect effect to sharp-tailed grouse 

habitat from the implementation this alternative at this time.

Adaptive Options – The nearest known lek is 3 miles away. This is beyond the typical distance a 

grouse hen will travel to nest. So assuming no other nearby lek, it is expected that little, if any 
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nesting use is occurring in this pasture at this time and implementation of the adaptive options 

would have little impact on grouse habitat.

ALLOTMENT 240

Table 240.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

240 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

2013 100

Total allotment acres 3284 100

NFS acres 2013 61

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 1271 39

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) on

NFS lands

809

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) on 

NFS lands

876

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 5
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Table 240.2 — Allotment 240 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Survey conducted in 2006 rated North 

Creek and Spring Creek as PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

About 30 percent of the sampled woody 

draws were Healthy and 70 percent were 

At Risk.

At Risk stands have grass dominated 

understories, low regeneration, cattle 

trailing and some head cutting.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory and enhance shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives 

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.15; 1.71; 1.38; 1.54; 

1.21; 2.3

2004 Stations percent: Low49.17/Moderate-50.83/High-0

2005 Transects: 1.66

2005 Stations percent: Low-50/Moderate45/

High-5

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Mid seral stages with varying amounts of 

invasive grasses predominated. Invaded 

Grass States occurring in portions of most 

pastures.

Decrease or limit the spread of 

invasive grasses and maintain 

native grass communities while 

increasing the proportion of early 

and late seral stages.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two leks that occur within the 

allotment. Within the allotment, there are 

approximately 1,433 acres within the 1

mile proximity radius encompassing all or 

portions of pastures 1, 2, and 3.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat.

Remarks 0.5 acres of Canada thistle.

Burdock and absinth wormwood noted in woody draws.
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Table 240.3 — Allotment 240 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 809 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 747 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(12 months).

 Rotation: Modified 

four-pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Class(s) of Livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 809.

 Complete grazing in 

pasture 4 by March 

15th.

 Create dependable 

water in pasture 1,

which will allow for a 

3-pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Reclaim reservoir(s) in 

pasture 1.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Utilize pasture 4 for 

early summer grazing 

1 out of every 4 years.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AMs: 809.

 Complete grazing in 

pasture 4 by March 

15th.

 Create dependable 

water in pasture 1,

which will allow for a 

3-pasture deferred 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Utilize pasture 4 for 

early summer grazing 

1 out of every 4 years.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal 

AUMs: 876.

 Create dependable 

water in pasture 1,

which would allow for 

a three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Reclaim reservoir(s) in 

pasture 1.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Utilize pasture 4 for 

early summer grazing 

1 out of every 4 years.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned management 

identified in allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections 

to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5

years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 240 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 3,284 acres in size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 2,013 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 145 

head for 8 months by the MGA. With this type of permit there is a potential of livestock being on 

NFS lands for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31st period. Livestock are 

wintered on private and NFS lands during the months of January through April. This allotment has 

been subdivided into 10 pastures, 5 of which contain NFS lands. These pastures range in size from 

48 to 740 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 240-1. This allotment is 

located primarily in the Rolling Prairie geographic area with the southern end of it transitioning into 

the Badlands. Water developments include reservoirs, a dugout, a pipeline system with stock tanks, 

and a spring.

The rotation in this allotment has been a modified deferred rotation with some pastures having 

multiple grazing periods in most years, and pasture 1 is always the starting pasture for the season.

Pastures 4 and 4a have always been used at the end of the season and have been included with 

private pastures as a wintering pasture component. The plant composition in this allotment is mixed

crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with intermingled native species in the uplands and 

transitions to Kentucky bluegrass intermingled with native species in the bottoms/woody draws. 

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately a 

half acre of Canada thistle. However, during the woody draw survey populations of burdock and 

absinth wormwood were found within the woody draws that were surveyed (see Project Record, 

Specialist Reports and Notes, Botany Report). The size and amount of these two species is unknown 

at this time.

Riparian – Two streams flow through Allotment 240. A 1.3-mile segment of North Creek (Reach 

1) flows through pasture 3 (Figure 240.1); and a 0.8-mile reach of Spring Creek (Reach 1) flows 

through pasture 4 (Figure 240.2). No riparian survey had ever been conducted in either stream prior 

to 2006. The interdisciplinary team evaluated both streams in June 2006 and gave both reaches a 

functionality rating of PFC. Spring Creek contained a variety of fish.

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

240-03 North Creek (1) 1.28 1.28

240-04 Spring Creek (1) 0.76 0.76
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Figure 240.1 — North Creek has a riparian 

functionality rating of PFC. The headwater reach is 

characterized by a robust riparian plant community of 

sedges, spikerush, and prairie cordgrass (Spartina 

pectinata Link). Livestock trailing along the channel is 

minimal.

Figure 240.2 — Spring Creek has a 

functional rating of PFC. Beaver have 

colonized this reach and improved 

riparian functionality. Species 

composition is a minor concern as 

invasive grasses (especially Kentucky 

bluegrass) were noted in the riparian area.

Some relict bank erosion from hoof shear 

is healing.

Figure 240.3 — Animal watering 

facilities and supplemental feeding 

structures are located on or near the 

banks of Spring Creek. Supplemental 

feeding structures should be moved away 

from the channel to safeguard riparian 

quality. Spring boxes should be 

converted to off-stream water tanks.
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Woody Draws – Of 10 woody draw samples in pastures 1, 2, and 4, 30 percent were Healthy and 

70 percent were At Risk. Several At Risk sites occurred near water reservoirs that contribute to high 

levels of woody draw disturbance. Two fenced woody draws used for a previous study regarding 

woody draw improvement were included among the samples (Uresk and Boldt 1986). One of the 

sites was Healthy while the second was At Risk, and dense stands of smooth brome and Kentucky 

bluegrass adversely affected both sites. Relatively small woody draw patches occurred among larger 

shrub communities along a perennial drainage in pasture 3. These communities were not sampled,

but high livestock use along the drainage resulted in browsing and trampling disturbances similar to 

sampled At Risk sites.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there were six random sampled VOR transects. Two were 

measured in the Low structure class and four were measured in the Moderate class. The 

consolidated station average indicated nearly a split between Low and Moderate structure. There 

were no High structure stations.

One transect was remeasured in 2005. This transect improved from the 2004 reading of 1.38 (Low) 

to 1.66 (Moderate). The station average distribution was 50 percent Low, 45 percent Moderate, and 

5 percent High ( > 5.5 inches) structure.

Seral Stages – Bluegrass and other invasive grasses are intermixed with native grasses at varying 

proportions throughout the five pastures of this allotment. Kentucky bluegrass averaged 45 percent 

of the total grass production on two Claypan ecological sites sampled by NDSU in pasture 1.

Kentucky and Canada bluegrass comprised 42 percent of the grass production on a Very Shallow 

ecological site located between the Claypan sites. Two of these three sites had transitioned to 

Invaded Grass States while the third site was at a mid seral stage. Three Robel transects and one belt 

transect reported similar dominance or codominance of invasive grasses in the pasture. A 

remeasured pace transect at the south end of the pasture indicated relative plant frequency of 

bluegrass increased from 2 to 26 percent between 1980 and 2009. Relative plant frequency of 

western wheatgrass decreased from 74 to 20 percent, while blue grama increased from 14 to 31 

percent.

Bluegrass comprised about 5 and 8 percent of the grass production on Thin Claypan and Sandy 

ecological sites sampled by NDSU in pasture 2. Kentucky bluegrass frequency was 40 percent and 

several other invasive grasses were present on the Sandy ecological site. Bluegrass and annual 

brome each comprised about 14 percent of the relative grass canopy cover on a sere plot from a 

Sandy ecological site. Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome comprised 24 and 11 percent of the 

relative grass canopy cover on a sere plot from a Loamy ecological site at the south end of the 

pasture. All four of these sites were at mid seral stages. A Robel transect reported bluegrass as the 

dominant species with lesser amounts of native grasses, while a belt transect reported dominance of 

western wheatgrass and lesser amounts of Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass.

Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome were prominent in a sere plot near the north end of pasture 

3, and field observations indicated bluegrass dominance and Invaded Grass States across large areas 

of a broad ridgeline in the south half of the pasture.
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Broken land was not identified in the allotment but the prominence of crested wheatgrass in pasture 

4a and the location of this pasture adjacent to private hay land suggests that crested wheatgrass was 

planted. A sere plot was at a mid seral stage for broken land, with crested wheatgrass dominance, 

moderate amounts of needle-and-thread, and lesser amounts of bluegrass and smooth brome.

Invasive grasses in adjacent pasture 4 appeared to decrease with increasing distance from pasture 

4a.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two leks that occur within the allotment. Within the allotment, 

approximately 1,433 acres occur within the 1 mile proximity radius, encompassing all or portions of 

pastures 1, 2, and 3.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along North and Spring Creeks described in the existing 

condition would continue and evolve toward their potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing and potentially increasing invasive grasses as assisted by increasing plant litter 

with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential to slow or decrease the degree of 

woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an increased opportunity 

for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the amount of 

Low herbaceous structure. This should result in an initial improvement in the herbaceous structure 

distribution towards objectives. However, over time, this distribution would likely shift to where 

there is excess High and Moderate structure at the expense of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist continued increases of bluegrass and other invasive grasses. Transitions to Invaded 

Grass States have occurred in portions of the allotment and further transitions would occur in 5 to 

10 years in other areas containing prominent amounts of invasive grasses. Transitions could require 

10 or more years in areas with lighter amounts of invasive grasses such as areas of pasture 4 and 

steep north aspect slopes above drainages in pastures 2 and 3.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the decrease in 

forb diversity could decrease foraging opportunities. Also, over time, nesting and brooding quality 

could also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that would 

invade the pastures.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 809 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a four-pasture modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along North and Spring Creeks as described in the existing 

condition would continue.

Woody Draws – Objectives for woody draw conditions are not currently met and there would be no 

reason to expect improved conditions with continuation of current management. Levels of reported 

use that are appreciably greater than Authorized Use and initial estimated carrying capacity, as well 

as additional winter use, would continue to contribute to high levels of woody draw disturbances.

Both woody draw samples in pasture 4 were At Risk and suggested high winter use of woody draws 

for shelter. Only a few woody draws occur in pasture 1 and therefore experience concentrated 

browsing and trampling disturbances. Woody draws in pasture 2 primarily occur along a drainage 

extending through the pasture that likely experiences concentrated trailing disturbances. Reservoirs 

along drainages in pastures 1 and 2 contribute to browsing and trampling disturbances in adjacent 

woody draws. The twice-over grazing rotation ensures frequent summer use during warm 

temperatures when woody draws attract livestock seeking shade of and escape insect pests.

Decreased palatability of invasive grasses during the summer has the potential to contribute to the 

increased use of woody draws in heavily infested pastures when livestock seek extended green 

periods of the herbaceous understory.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management (e.g., multiple grazing periods and Authorized Use 

levels) would continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous structure distribution with a limited 

potential to improve the proportion of High herbaceous structure and the herbaceous structure 

distribution in general.
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Seral Stages – Invasive grasses would continue increasing under current management and 

transitions to Invaded Grass States that have occurred in portions of the allotment would increase in 

extent as invasive communities coalesce. This would occur at slightly slower rates compared to 

Alternative 1 as a result of decreased litter accumulation and varying levels of invasive grass 

utilization. 

Hay feeding in pasture 4a and other pastures would continue to introduce seed of invasive species.

Heavy trampling disturbances in hay feeding areas and premature grazing of native grasses in 

several pastures facilitates the establishment and spread of invasive species by decreasing native 

plant vigor and increasing susceptibility of the plant community to invasion. The adverse effect of 

premature grazing can be compounded by the twice-over pasture rotations because the second 

grazing period can occur before plants have fully recovered from the first grazing period, and/or can 

overlap the second critical growth stage during the fall. Although twice-over grazing and the 

mixture of native and invasive grasses creates the potential for early season use of the invasive 

component and later season use of the native component, the deferred grazing rotation is not 

coordinated with this potential. Low palatability of bluegrass during large portions of the grazing 

season therefore contributes to additional grazing pressure on the native grass component that has 

the potential to assist the spread of invasive grasses. 

Currently reported levels of use, as well as additional winter use frequently exceed Authorized Use 

and initial estimated carrying capacity and are likely to impede the maintenance of native plant 

communities and assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions (e.g., multiple grazing periods and 

Authorized Use levels) would not enhance High structure grasslands due to a lack of retention of 

residual standing crop, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat in 

this allotment. 

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 809 federal AMs.

 Completing grazing in pasture 4 by March 15th.

 Creating dependable water in pasture 1, which will allow for a three-pasture deferred rotation.

 Reclaiming reservoir(s) in pasture 1.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Utilizing pasture 4 for early summer grazing one out of every 4 years.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 
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use of these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be 

harvested during different periods of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Completing dormant season grazing by March 15th in pasture 4 would ensure that native and 

introduced species are not grazed during initial active growing conditions. There would be no

effects on Authorized Use because this would occur during the winter feeding period of the grazing 

association permit.

Creating dependable water in pasture 1 and implementing a deferred rotation would change the 

season of use for pastures 1, 2, and 3 from year to year and provide the opportunity for initial 

growth or regrowth. Livestock distribution would change, especially in pasture 1, because currently 

the more dependable water is located in the southern one third of the pasture.

Reclaiming a reservoir(s) in pasture 1 would decrease the amount of livestock watering areas, and 

over time change the distribution of livestock because there would only be one main source of water 

in this pasture with the proposed dependable water. Reclamation sites would not affect available 

AMs because of the reclaimed area size. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would result in little to no change in 

livestock distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be 

available for livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing 

pressure may occur on remaining forage. There will be an initial cost to install these fences and 

additional recurring maintenance costs to consider.

Utilizing pasture 4 for early summer livestock grazing 1 out of every 4 years would remove the 

pasture from winter use in that 1 year and add a complementary pasture that would defer use of the 

other three summer use pastures. Livestock distribution would change due to the livestock grazing 

occurring during the active growing season rather than the dormant season. Early season use of this 

pasture would result in a decrease of desirable native cool season herbaceous species, however, 

using the pasture early 1 out of 4 years would provide native herbaceous species an opportunity for 

initial growth and regrowth the other 3 years.

Adjusting Authorized Use would require reducing the number of livestock since this allotment 

carries an inventory permit. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the 

livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along North and Spring Creeks would 

continue with the initial actions proposed.

Completing grazing in pasture 4 by March 15th would have no effect on desired riparian condition 

along Spring Creek because livestock use on the creek would not increase.

Creating dependable water in pasture 1 and implementing a deferred rotation could benefit riparian 

condition along North Creek due to reduced livestock use. Riparian conditions would benefit from 

reduced livestock trampling and trailing on stream banks.
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Reclaiming a reservoir(s) in pasture 1 would have no effect on riparian condition along North and 

Spring Creeks due to separation being located in a different pasture.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along North and Spring Creeks would 

continue with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along North and 

Spring Creeks because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance 

of separation.

Utilizing pasture 4 for early summer livestock grazing 1 out of every 4 years would have no effect

on desired riparian condition along Spring Creek because livestock use on the creek would not 

increase.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Initial actions would slightly improve woody draw conditions but there would be a 

limited potential for shifts from At Risk to Healthy conditions.

Continued winter use of pasture 4 would result in the persistence of trampling disturbances when 

livestock seek thermal shelter, but moving livestock to private land by March 15th would decrease 

disturbances during the spring with frequently moist soil conditions that can increase adverse effects 

of trampling.

Creation of a more dependable water source in pasture 1 could increase the consistency of the 

deferred rotation in the three main summer pastures. Although AOIs/AWs indicate minimal 

limitations of using pasture 1 that contains four reservoirs, a new water source would create the 

potential for increased use of the pasture with increased woody draw disturbances that are already 

high as a result of the scarcity of woody draws. Increased flexibility of the pasture would include 

greater late season use when livestock are apt to spend more time in woody draws. Implementation 

of one rather than multiple pasture rotations would contribute to increased seasonal periods of 

resting woody draws in all pastures, but this change in the grazing system is not specifically listed 

as a proposed action.

Reclamation of up to two reservoirs at the north end of pasture 1 would contribute to decreased 

livestock disturbances within adjacent woody draws, but the degree of decreased disturbance would 

be limited by the scarcity of draws in the pasture that would continue to be sought for shade, escape 

from insect pests, and extended green periods.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

regeneration of desired woody species and increasing conditions by removing or decreasing 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Current levels of reported use and additional winter 

use that often exceed Authorized Use would have to be accounted in potential reductions of use.

Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of 

woody draw improvement, but increasing plant litter and invasive grasses could slow or decrease 

the level of woody draw improvement. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential to 

result in increased disturbance within adjacent unfenced woody draws.
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Utilizing pasture 4 for early summer grazing 1 of every 4 years would not have an appreciable 

effect on woody draw conditions in any pasture due to the low frequency of this action. Decreased 

early summer use in pastures 1, 2, and 3 would occur only once every 12 years and summer use of 

pasture 4 would likely result in a level of woody draw disturbances equal or greater than occurring 

during the winter.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level is approximately 6 percent higher than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size. This could be contributing to limiting 

High herbaceous structure by hindering retention of residual cover. By completing dormant season 

use by mid-March in pasture 4, a longer deferment period for potential regrowth would be provided. 

Though management flexibility could be recognized by adding a water tank to pasture 1, it would 

likely further increase the homogeneity of use in the pasture by increasing the water density, the 

length of season, and increasing the number of years when grazing could occur throughout the 

pasture. The effect of removing an existing water reservoir is uncertain given the unknowns about 

the location of the proposed tank and location of the reclaimed reservoir. It is assumed that the tank 

would be located in the northern portion somewhere due to the fairly dependable reservoir in the 

south eastern corner. The proposed deferred rotation could improve herbaceous structure 

distribution over the current twice-over grazing system but the Authorized Use level and the amount 

of water sources in the three pastures would limit the ability to appreciably increase the proportion 

of High structure. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

increasing the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and improve the overall 

herbaceous structure distribution. Fencing woody draws would have a relatively small effect on the 

overall herbaceous structure distribution and would be relative to the size of the exclosure. And 

utilizing pasture 4 for early summer use could result in a positive impact to High herbaceous 

structure due to approximately 19 months of rest in conjunction with this rotation.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Trends of increasing Kentucky bluegrass and decreasing native grasses would 

continue under Alternative 3 because proposed management would not be appreciably different 

than current management. Most of the allotment is at a Native Invaded Grass State and portions of 

all pastures are approaching or beyond a threshold of transitioning to an Invaded Grass State. 

Developing a pipeline-supplied water tank in pasture 1 might facilitate a deferred rotation, but there 

is minimal indication from AOIs/AWs that the existing four reservoirs limit summer use of the 

pasture. Increased late summer use of the pasture would occur during low palatability of Kentucky 

bluegrass and contribute to high use of native grasses, thereby facilitating the further spread of 

invasive grasses. Creation of the new water source and reclamation of one or more reservoirs would 

change the distribution of livestock grazing, but decreased grazing disturbance around reclaimed 

reservoirs would be countered by increased disturbances around the new water source. The 

predominance of invasive grasses observed around some reservoirs increases the likelihood of their 

establishment after reclamation.
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Moving livestock from pasture 4 to private land by March 15th would remove adverse effects of 

premature grazing and assist increased vigor and development of native grasses in this pasture.

However, premature grazing would continue in alternating pastures with the 12-month inventory 

permit, or livestock numbers would be increased during other portions of the year to account for lost 

use during March and April. Switching from a twice-over to a once-over deferred rotation among 

summer pastures would assist native plant development by increasing opportunities for the 

completion of critical growth stages, but grazing seasons would remain poorly coordinated with 

invasive grass palatability to varying degrees in each pasture.

Adverse effects associated with hay feeding would continue to introduce and assist the 

establishment of invasive grasses in the allotment. Levels of Authorized Use and currently reported 

use, as well as additional winter use that appreciably exceed initial estimated carrying capacity 

would continue to impede the development of native grass communities and maintain conditions for 

the spread of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Adaptive Options – Adding pasture 4 to the early summer grazing rotation 1 of every 4 years 

would disperse grazing levels among a greater number of pastures but would not appreciably 

change current conditions or trends in plant composition in any pasture. Grazing seasons and 

stocking levels would remain poorly coordinated with the relative palatability and production of 

invasive and native grass components.

Fencing woody draws would have no effect on upland plant composition or trends due to the small 

acreage of the fenced exclosures. 

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

invasive grasses and the maintenance of native plant communities without consistently coordinating 

the grazing season with the production and palatability of the invasive and native grass components 

throughout all pastures of the allotment.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level is approximately 6 percent higher than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size. This could be contributing to limiting 

potential grouse nesting habitat by hindering retention of residual cover. By completing dormant 

season use by mid-March in pasture 4, a longer deferment period for regrowth of residual cover 

would be provided in the fall but may not be carried over to the spring due to winter use reducing 

cover levels. Though management flexibility could be recognized by adding a water tank to pasture 

1, it would likely further contribute to the homogeneity of use in the pasture and consequent loss of 

potential grouse nesting habitat by increasing the water density, the length of season, and increasing 

the number of years when grazing could occur throughout the pasture. The effect of removing an 

existing water reservoir is uncertain given the unknowns about the location of the proposed tank and 

location of the reclaimed reservoir. It is assumed that the tank would be located in the northern 

portion somewhere due to the dependable reservoir in the south eastern corner. The proposed 

deferred rotation could improve grouse habitat over the current twice-over grazing system, but the 

initial Authorized Use level and the amount of water sources in the three pastures would limit the 

ability to appreciably increase the proportion of High structure grassland habitat.
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Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward could improve the potential for 

increasing the proportion of grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. Fencing woody draws 

would have a relatively small effect on the overall on grouse nesting habitat and would be relative 

to the size of the exclosure. Utilizing pasture 4 for early summer use would not appreciably improve 

grouse nesting habitat.The lack of sufficient regrowth time the first summer and the resumption of 

winter use the following winter would reduce the amount of potential cover that could be used in 

the following spring.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Drop the initial action of reclaiming a reservoir(s) in pasture 1.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – This action would provide pasture 1 with multiple livestock watering sources, 

albeit some of them would be seasonal at best. Livestock distribution would be even throughout the 

pasture because of the multiple sources of water, if they are dependable. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – This alternative is the same as Alternative 3 except that reservoir(s) would not be 

reclaimed in pasture 1. The effects are the same as Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – None of the four reservoirs in pasture 1 would be reclaimed despite developing a 

pipeline-supplied water source to establish more reliable water to facilitate greater flexibility in use 

of the pasture. Creation of the new water source would decrease the use of existing reservoirs, two 

of which occur near woody draws at the north end of the pasture. Decreased use of the north 

reservoirs would increase the potential for improved woody draw conditions, but the degree of 

improvement would be reduced by the relative scarcity of woody draws within the 640-acre pasture,

and they would continue to be sought for shade and escape from insect pests. Warm summer 

temperatures during frequent grazing periods in pasture 1, low palatability of invasive grasses, and 

the continued presence of the reservoirs would maintain the potential for relatively high 

disturbances within the woody draws and decrease the degree of improved conditions compared to 

Alternative 3. No woody draws occurred adjacent to two reservoirs in the southeast quarter of the 

pasture, and continued maintenance of these sites would have some potential to contribute to 

decreased use of the north reservoirs and adjacent woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – See Alternative 3.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Trends of increasing Kentucky bluegrass and decreasing native grasses would 

continue in pasture 1 regardless of reclaiming or not reclaiming any of the four reservoirs because 

grazing seasons would remain poorly coordinated with invasive grass palatability regardless of 

switching from a twice-over to once-over deferred rotation.

Maintaining all four reservoirs along with constructing a more reliable water source in pasture 1 

would have the potential to maintain the evenness of livestock grazing across the 640 acres of the 

pasture. This could facilitate the management of plant litter to help control the spread of invasive 

grasses, but would remain limited by poor coordination of the grazing season with early season 

palatability of Kentucky bluegrass. In general, slightly to moderately decreased use around the 

existing reservoirs is likely to facilitate increased litter and increased dominance of Kentucky 

bluegrass, which occurs in high amounts around these areas.Increased grazing disturbances around 

the new tank location would facilitate a shift towards early seral stages and/or increased invasive 

species such as annual brome.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – See Alternative 3.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carry capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 876 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 809 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 930 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 6 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – A 6 percent reduction in Authorized Use after adjusting for cow size would 

minimally decrease woody draw disturbances. Factors that would continue to impede woody draw 
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improvement include relatively few woody draws among individual pastures, the presence of water 

reservoirs along woody draw drainages, and low palatability of invasive grasses in each pasture that 

would frequently occur with the deferred rotation. As evidenced by At Risk conditions in pasture 4, 

winter use can also contribute to a lack of desired shrub and tree regeneration when livestock seek 

the shelter of woody draws. Additional winter use not credited towards Authorized Use would 

continue to contribute to the level of woody draw disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use from AMs to AUMs to reflect the initial 

estimated carrying capacity could result in a positive improvement in herbaceous structure, 

assuming actual use is reflective of the preference level of 809 AMs. By not completing winter use 

by March 15th, that could permit grazing to further reduce potential regrowth time by 2 to 6 weeks. 

However, there should be sufficient regrowth time still available for regrowth to potentially regrow 

High structure herbaceous vegetation.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Trends of increasing Kentucky bluegrass and decreasing native grasses would 

continue because proposed management would not be appreciably different than current 

management. The minimal effect on plant composition resulting from development of a more 

dependable water source in pasture land reclamation of one or more reservoirs were discussed under 

Alternative 3 and would not appreciably change with the 6 percent reduction in Authorized Use 

under Alternative 4. Grazing seasons and stocking levels would remain poorly coordinated with the 

production and palatability of the invasive and native grass components in each pasture during most 

years, and switching from a twice-over to a once-over rotation would not change this effect.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The adjustment in Authorized Use from AMs to AUMs to reflect the initial 

estimated carrying capacity could result in a positive improvement in the potential to manage for 

grouse nesting habitat, assuming actual use is reflective of the preference level of 809 AMs. By not 

completing winter use by March 15th, that could permit grazing to further reduce potential grouse 

nesting habitat by 2 to 6 weeks. 
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ALLOTMENT 241

Table 241.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

241 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

892 100

Total allotment acres 4169 100

NFS acres 892 21

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 3277 79

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

359

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

357

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

5
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Table 241.2 — Allotment 241 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent 

stream reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

Of the sampled woody draws, 

approximately 17 percent were Healthy and 

83 percent were At Risk due to lack of 

regeneration and the shrub layer being in 

poor condition. The presence of smooth 

brome is also a factor inhibiting woody 

regeneration.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory, and enhance 

shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Below Objective

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Exceeding Objectives

2004 Transects: 3.89; 1.85; 3.28

2004 Stations percent: Low-30/Moderate56.67/

High-13.33

**Manage allotment to 

maintain meeting structure 

objectives.

Seral stages Three of four sample sites were at Invaded 

Grass States while the fourth site (from an 

unknown NDSU location) was at a mid 

seral stage approaching an Invaded Grass 

State.

Decrease or limit the spread 

of invasive grasses and 

maintain native grass 

communities while 

increasing late and early 

seral stages.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek within 1 mile of the 

allotment. There are approximately 116 

acres within the 1 mile proximity radius 

encompassing a portion of pasture 1.

Manage to maintain or 

enhance the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites to enhance 

sharp-tailed grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat.

Remarks Some burdock noted in the woody draw.

**Based on a review of field notes and observations, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure objectives.
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Table 241.3 — Allotment 241 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 359 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 334 federal

AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Seasonlong 

(multiple herds).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

359.

 Continue to monitor the 

woody draw bottom in 

pasture 7 to establish 

what is causing the 

adverse effects.

Adaptive Options

 Use prescribed fire to 

treat a portion of the 

woody draw located in 

pasture 7 and then fence 

out the treated area. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Use drift or experimental 

fence to minimize impacts 

to woody draw bottoms.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 357.

 Continue to monitor the 

woody draw bottom in 

pasture 7 to establish 

what is causing the 

adverse effects.

 Fence out a woody draw 

in pasture 1 and monitor 

response.

Adaptive Options

 Use prescribed fire in 

woody draws of pastures 

1 and 7 to treat a portion 

of the stand and then 

fence the treated area. 

 Use pasture 1 in summer 

rotation.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment Worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 241 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 4,169 acres and contains both private and NFS lands with 

892 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 175 head for 8

months by the MGA. With this type of permit there is a potential of livestock being on NFS lands 

for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to December 31st. Livestock are wintered on private 

and NFS lands during the winter months of January through April. This allotment has been 
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subdivided into 10 pastures, and 5 of them contain NFS lands. These pastures range from 86 to 

1,755 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 241-1. This allotment is 

located primarily in the Rolling Prairie geographic area with the north-central area of it transitioning 

into the Badlands. Water developments include reservoirs in each pasture.

The rotation in this allotment is made up of several small herds grazing essentially seasonlong in a 

designated pasture with livestock turn out starting around June 1st. However, pasture 7 typically is 

grazed for 1 month starting around June 15th, and pasture 1 is used as a winter pasture. Field 

observances in this allotment showed a mixture of cool and warm season native species with 

Kentucky bluegrass intermingled in the uplands along with patches of smooth brome in pasture 1.

Pasture 7 is similar to the rest of the uplands except in the woody draws Kentucky bluegrass is the 

dominant grass species.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment. However, during the woody draw 

surveys within this allotment a population of burdock was identified. Currently, the amount and 

number of infestations are unknown.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Of five woody draw samples in pasture 1, one was Healthy, three were At Risk, 

and one near a developed spring was Unhealthy (Figure 241.1). Past beaver activity was observed 

along several drainages and livestock appeared to be browsing sapling resprouts. A large woody 

draw comprised 17 percent of pasture 7. North aspect slopes of the woodland were Healthy but the 

wide and flat semi-riparian bottom was Unhealthy (Figure 241.2). No woody draws occurred in 

pastures 3 and 6. In summary, 29 percent of woody draws in the allotment were Healthy, 57 percent 

were At Risk, and 14 percent were Unhealthy. 

a)

Figure 241.1 — Unhealthy woody 

draw adjacent to a developed spring 

in pasture 1.
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b)

Herbaceous Structure – There were three random VOR transects sampled in 2004. Two were 

measured in the Moderate structure class and one was in the High structure class. The consolidated 

station averages were 30 percent in the Low structure class; approximately 57 percent in the 

Moderate structure class; and approximately 13 percent were in the High structure class. No 

transects were reread in 2005. Based on the results, field notes, and observations, the IDT 

determined that this allotment is meeting structure objectives.

Seral Stages – Broken land was not identified in any pasture, but smooth brome and other invasive 

grasses dominated large areas of pasture 1. Hay storage and feeding occurs on private land within 

the pasture, and feeding may occur on NFS land. An NDSU plot on a Claypan ecological site 

sampled at the end of May resulted in 87 percent of the grass production comprised of smooth 

brome and lesser amounts of crested wheatgrass. This value would decrease with progression of the 

growth season but it is apparent that the site has transitioned to an Invaded Grass State. Two Robel 

transects south of the above sample recorded similar 

dominance of smooth brome and crested wheatgrass.

Pasture 3 involved a small portion of NFS land combined 

with private. Remeasurement of an ecoplot in the pasture 

resulted in relative grass canopy cover of bluegrass 

increasing from less than 2 percent in 1998 to 63 percent 

in 2007, with a corresponding decrease of all native 

grasses. Pasture observations indicate that three other 

ecoplots within 1,500 feet of the remeasured plot have 

experienced similar increases of invasive 

grasses.

Pasture 6 comprised 86 acres adjacent to 

pasture 3. Bluegrass and lesser amounts of 

Figures 241.2a and 241.2b — Woody draw in pasture 7. a) Relatively Healthy 

north aspect slopes, and b) Unhealthy conditions along the drainage bottom with 

no tree regeneration and no shrub layer.

Figure 241.3 — Sere plot in pasture 6 

dominated by Canada bluegrass with high 

amounts of litter and low levels of grazing. 
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smooth brome constituted 47 percent of the relative grass canopy cover in a sere plot (Figure 

241.3). Western wheatgrass and green needlegrass remained persistent but the site was at an 

Invaded Grass State.

Kentucky bluegrass comprised 47 percent of the grass production on a Sandy ecological site 

sampled by NDSU at the end of May. This site was at or approaching an Invaded Grass State, but 

the site or pasture location is uncertain until additional information is provided by NDSU.

Native grasses appeared to remain dominant in the uplands of pasture 7, but relative plant frequency 

of bluegrass increased from 2 percent in 1979 to 15 percent in 2009 along a repeated pace transect 

at the north end of the pasture. Western wheatgrass and blue grama remained as the most frequent 

species, but the former decreased while the latter increased over the measurement period. Native 

grasses were recorded as the two dominant species in a nearby belt transect.

Most of pasture 12 appears to consist of unbroken land but there is a high potential for invasive 

grass dominance due to the pasture location adjacent to broken land and active agricultural fields.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known lek within 1 mile of the allotment. There are 

approximately 116 acres within the 1 mile radius of this lek, which encompasses a portion of 

pasture 1. Based on the herbaceous structure determination, it may appear that the allotment is 

addressing grouse habitat needs. However, much of the herbaceous structure is provided by invasive 

grasses, which may not provide preferred conditions for sharp-tailed grouse.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing and potential increases invasive grasses as a result of increasing litter with the 

removal of livestock grazing could slow or decrease the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure. This structure would be likely to be 

continued to be dominated by Kentucky bluegrass, smooth brome, and other invasive grass species.
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Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist continued increases of bluegrass and other invasive grasses. Transitions to Invaded 

Grass States have already occurred in large portions of at least three NFS pastures and these would 

continue at a rapid rate with the removal of livestock grazing. Transitions might require up to 10 

years in pasture 7 with lighter amounts and less contiguous invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Though there would be an increase in High herbaceous structure, this 

structure would be dominated by Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome. There is some uncertainty

about the value of Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome (Rodgers and Hoffman 2005) for grouse 

nesting, which could be dependent on the presence of other stiffer stemmed grass species such as 

the wheat grasses or shrubs to help it to hold up under snow or capture the litter. However, snow 

accumulations occur in most winters in western North Dakota. Invasive grass species would thrive 

under this alternative further increasing their frequency in the allotment while decreasing other 

species, including native grass species. Therefore, the effects of this alternative on grouse nesting 

cover are mixed in the short term, but generally negative impacts to grouse nesting habitat might be 

expected in the longer term. 

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 359 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a seasonlong grazing system with multiple herds.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – A high proportion of less than Healthy woody draw conditions would persist or 

increase in pasture 1 under current management. High livestock numbers and winter use likely 

result in heavy trampling disturbances within woody draws when livestock seek thermal shelter.

One-month grazing periods that have occurred in pasture 7 3 of 4 recent years, often at relatively 

low stocking levels, should allow for the persistence of Healthy woody draw conditions along 

drainage slopes of the sampled community. There was minimal evidence of heavy livestock 

disturbance causing Unhealthy conditions in the bottom of the woody draw but further monitoring 

and evaluation will be conducted.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution. Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome are expected to continue to provide 
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High herbaceous structure in large portions of the allotment, particularly since the permittee has not 

been operating at the Authorized Use for several years. It is unknown what the effects may be if the 

Authorized Use was fully utilized but it would likely result in reduced High structure.

Seral Stages – Hay feeding and premature grazing of native grasses has likely facilitated the spread 

of invasive grasses in pasture 1 and would continue under current management with transitions to 

Invaded Grass States where they have not already occurred.

Invasive bluegrass will continue increasing in pastures 3 and 6 with further transitions to Invaded 

Grass States. Palatability of bluegrass is starting to decrease at the time of turn-in and is low during 

the majority of the grazing season that extends through September or October. Although there is 

some potential for increased use of bluegrass at the end of the grazing season, high use of the 

decreasing native component would assist the spread and increased dominance of invasive grasses.

The potential exists for appreciably increased levels of use compared to recently reported use, and 

this would compound adverse effects of selective native grass utilization unless grazing seasons are 

coordinated with the respective palatability and production of the invasive and native grass 

components. Although increased use would facilitate improved management of accumulating plant 

litter that was observed in pastures 3 and 6 and that can assist the establishment of invasive 

bluegrass, the competitive advantage for bluegrass would continue to be facilitated by selective use 

of native grasses.

Invasive grasses have a high potential to continue increasing in the uplands of pasture 7 without 

coordinated efforts for control. Palatability of bluegrass is decreasing or low at the time of turn-in 

and is likely beginning to exert a greater degree of selective native grass utilization. However, the 

situation is not as severe as pastures 3 and 6 and the proportion of invasive grasses may not be 

sufficient to direct a change towards early season grazing in pasture 7.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Two VOR transects in pasture 1 were dominated by smooth brome, as was 

an NDSU plot nearby, also in pasture 1. One VOR transect was High structure and the other 

Moderate. Smooth brome and Kentucky bluegrass, particularly monocultures, is not preferred 

habitat for sharp-tailed grouse (Norton 2005 and Rodgers and Hoffman 2005). It is expected that 

some grouse use could be occurring in pasture 1 and would continue for the foreseeable future. 

However, as plant composition continues to regress to a more invasive grass state, grouse use could 

become minimal due to the non-preferred habitats supplied by the invasive grass state. 

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 359 federal AMs.

 Continuing to monitor the woody draw bottom in pasture 7 to establish what is causing the 

adverse effects.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Using prescribed fire to treat a portion of the woody draw located in pasture 7 and then fencing

the treated area. 

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Using drift or experimental fence to minimize impacts to woody draw bottoms.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage in the same 

manner. Continuing to monitor the woody draw in pasture 7 would not have any affects on 

Authorized Use or the distribution of livestock.

Adaptive Options – Using prescribed fire to treat a portion of the woody draw in pasture 7 and 

fencing the treated area would have little to no change in livestock grazing if fenced area were kept 

to a small acreage. Forage within the fenced out area would no longer be available for livestock 

grazing. Depending on the size of the fenced out area, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences, and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would require reducing the number of livestock since this 

allotment carries an inventory permit. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution 

of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Using a drift or experimental fence to minimize impacts to woody draw bottoms would have little to 

no effect on livestock grazing since AMs would not be adjusted. Distribution would change around 

the drift or experimental fence because livestock would not have free access to trail through the 

woody draw. However, distribution throughout the pasture would not be affected due to the size of 

the treatment area.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – There are no proposed management changes that would affect woody draw 

conditions, so the current proportion of 71 percent less than Healthy woody draws would persist or 

increase.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws, constructing drift fences to alter trailing routes, or 

decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species and increase 

woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances.

Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of 

woody draw improvement, but increasing litter and invasive grass layers with the removal of 

grazing would impede the rate and degree of woody species regeneration. Fencing of one woody 

draw would have a high potential to result in increased livestock disturbance within adjacent 

unfenced woody draws.
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Prescribed burning in portions of the large woody draw in pasture 7 may provide information for 

increasing the regeneration of woody species in this and other sites. However, these treatments 

would be experimental, with the potential effects to woody draws to be determined before 

implementation on a larger scale.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use level seems to be appropriate at this time to maintain the 

herbaceous structure, though the permittee appears to operate appreciably below this level 

according to recent AOIs/AWs. It is unknown what the effects may be if the Authorized Use was 

fully utilized, but it would likely result in reduced High structure.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use would have minimal impact on Kentucky bluegrass 

and smooth brome without adjusting timing and potentially incorporating other tools such as fire. 

Overall, it is projected that High structure will persist because Kentucky bluegrass and smooth 

brome will persist. Using fire and then fencing a portion of a woody draw in pasture 7 may have a 

minor and temporary impact on herbaceous structure around the site relative to the size and 

recovery time of the vegetation. Utilizing a drift fence to minimize impacts to woody draw bottoms 

could have a minor impact to the spatial arrangement of herbaceous structure because of the 

changed utilization patterns of the livestock.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – There are no proposed management changes that would affect the trend of 

increasing invasive grasses and decreased maintenance of native plant communities, so the effects 

described under Alternative 2 would apply.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or constructing drift fences would not have an 

appreciable effect on plant composition due to the small size of the affected area and proximity to 

existing disturbances.

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

Kentucky bluegrass and increased maintenance of native plant communities without consistently 

coordinating the grazing season with production and palatability of the invasive and native grass 

components in each pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The current management system is providing High structure grasslands in the fall, 

particularly within the proximity of a known lek. However, smooth brome and other invasive 

species are not preferred habitats for brooding grouse, particularly in monocultures, (Rodgers and 

Hoffman 2005) even though smooth brome may provide attractive nesting cover (Runia 2009 but 

see Rodgers and Hoffman 2005). Since the permittee has been operating appreciably below the 

Authorized Use level, it is unknown what the effects may be if the Authorized Use was fully 

utilized, but it would likely result in reduced levels of potential grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use would have little if any impact on grouse nesting 

since the current permittee isn’t operating at the Authorized Use level and because of the

requirements of managing invasive species. Using fire and then fencing a portion of a woody draw 

in pasture 7 may have a minor and temporary impact on grouse habitat around the site relative to the 
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size and recovery time of the vegetation within the treated site. Utilizing a drift fence to minimize 

impacts to woody draw bottoms could have a minor impact to the spatial arrangement of grouse 

habitat because of the changed utilization patterns of the livestock.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Fence a woody draw in pasture 1 and monitor response.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Use pasture 1 in summer rotation.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 357 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 359 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 413 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 14 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

A woody draw exclosure would not change livestock distribution across the allotment or the 

Authorized Use. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be additional 

costs for maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adaptive Options – Using pasture 1 in the summer rotation would spread out the Authorized Use 

across more acreage, thus reducing the livestock grazing pressure on all pastures. Because pasture 1 

is currently used as winter pasture, the permittee would either have to find other pasture for winter 

use or fence out the private land in this pasture for continued winter use.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 14 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and cow size would not assist improved woody draw conditions because recently reported 

use is appreciably less than the proposed level of Authorized Use. Additionally, most woody draws 

occur in pasture 1 that is used during the winter months with use that is not counted towards the 
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level of Authorized Use. Even if a 14 percent reduction in winter use was proposed, the level of 

decreased woody draw disturbances would probably not be sufficient to facilitate shifts from At 

Risk to Healthy conditions due to currently high stocking levels in pasture 1.

As described under Alternative 3, fencing of woody draws would increase the potential for 

improved conditions by removing all livestock browsing and trampling disturbances, but existing 

and potentially increasing invasive grass layers would impede the rate or degree of increased woody 

species regeneration. Monitoring the regeneration of desired trees and shrubs within fenced 

exclosures would document the effectiveness of this treatment and its potential application to other 

sites.

Adaptive Options – Additional decreases in Authorized Use would have the potential of improving 

woody draw conditions, but winter use in pasture 1 that is not counted towards Authorized Use 

would complicate the expected degree of improvement as discussed under Initial Actions.

Adding pasture 1 to the summer grazing rotation would result in the persistence of At Risk woody 

draw conditions in this pasture because they would continue to experience high levels of use during 

warmer summer temperatures. Potential benefits of grazing invasive grasses in the understory 

during the summer grazing season that might facilitate the regeneration of woody species would be 

countered by the increased level of browsing and trampling disturbances. However, greater 

accounting of total use with the cessation of winter use might contribute to the level of actual 

reductions in use that could assist woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The permittee appears to typically operate appreciably below the Authorized Use 

level, even below the adjustment associated with the initial estimated carrying capacity. The 

operating level of the permittee is apparently promoting High structure and invasive grass species.

Depending on the size of the woody draw exclosure relative to the size of the pasture, increased 

livestock grazing pressure on the remaining biologically capable habitat may have a minimal effect 

on the existing High structure.

Adaptive Options – Incorporating pasture 1 into the summer rotation (starting June 1st) could 

permit marginal improvement in the utilization of smooth brome and other cool season invasive 

grasses on early grazed years, but there would likely be little regrowth due to the later grazing 

timeframe. Overall, it is projected that High structure would persist at an unknown reduced level 

because of the lack of regrowth time expected for grass species.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 14 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would not alter the trend of increasing invasive grasses and 

transitions to Invaded Grass States, and would decrease maintenance of native plant communities.

The reduction in Authorized Use would have the potential of maintaining or increasing the 

accumulation of plant litter that could assist further increases of invasive grasses. However, the 

effect of reducing Authorized Use would be negated by currently reported levels of use that are less 

than the proposed level of Authorized Use. Hay feeding and high winter livestock concentrations in 

pasture 1 would continue to assist the spread of invasive grasses. Invasive grasses in pastures 3 and 
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6 would remain relatively unpalatable during most of the grazing season, and selective use of the 

relatively small proportion of native grasses would assist the further spread of invasive grasses.

These effects are potentially increasing in pasture 7 and would continue.

Adaptive Options – Adding pasture 1 to the summer grazing rotation would increase the utilization 

of smooth brome in the pasture that remains more palatable than bluegrass and annual brome during 

the summer months. Trends of increasing bluegrass in pastures 3 and 6 would continue. The 

potential would exist to graze pastures 3 and 6 early in the season to utilize bluegrass, and rotate to 

pasture 1 later in the season to utilize smooth brome, but this is not specifically proposed.

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

Kentucky bluegrass and increased maintenance of native plant communities without consistently 

coordinating the grazing season with the production and palatability of the invasive and native grass 

components in each pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The permittee appears to typically operate appreciably below the Authorized Use 

level, even below the adjustment associated with the initial estimated carrying capacity. The 

operating level of the permittee is apparently promoting High structure and invasive grass species,

which could be providing marginal quality nesting habitat at this time.

Depending on the size of the woody draw exclosure relative to the size of the pasture, increased 

livestock grazing pressure on the remaining biologically capable habitat may have a minimal effect 

on grouse habitat within pasture 1.

Adaptive Options – Incorporating pasture 1 into the summer rotation starting June 1

st could permit 

marginal improvement in the utilization of smooth brome and other cool season invasive grasses on 

early grazed years. But there would likely be little regrowth due to the later grazing timeframe. 

Overall, it is projected that grouse nesting habitat would persist at an unknown reduced level 

because of the expected lack of regrowth time and expected reduction in the cover and quantity in 

what native species may be present. 
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ALLOTMENT 243

Table 243.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

243 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

792 100

Total allotment acres 1880 100

NFS acres 792 42

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 1088 58

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

375

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

347

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

2
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Table 243.2 — Allotment 243 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment. 

None

Woody 

draws

67 percent of the woody draws sampled were 

Healthy and 33 percent are At Risk due to 

heavy stock use and low regeneration.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory survival.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.69; 1.4; 1.99

2004 Stations percent: Low-63.33/Moderate36.67/High-0

**Manage allotment to 

maintain and ensure meeting 

structure objectives.

Seral stages Mid seral stages with intermixed invasive 

grasses are predominant where transitions to 

Invaded Grass States have not occurred. Few 

areas along upper slopes and ridgelines 

contain relatively intact native grassland 

communities.

Decrease or limit the 

predominance of invasive 

grasses while increasing the 

maintenance of native grass 

communities and range of 

seral stages.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two known leks within the 

allotment boundary. A total of approximately 

650 acres of the allotment overlaps within 

the 1 mile proximity radius of these leks.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by increasing 

the quality and quantity of 

High vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.

** Based on a review of field notes and observations, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure 

objectives.
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Table 243.3 — Allotment 243 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

375 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 345 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Modified 

twice-over rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 375.

 Annually change 

season of use within 

the grazing rotation.

 Add a stock tank in 

southern end of 

pasture 1.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Establish drift fence 

in pasture 1 to deflect 

livestock from 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 375.

 Annually change 

season of use within 

the grazing rotation.

 Add a stock tank in 

southern end of 

pasture 1.

 Develop a spring in 

pasture 1 on the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 3, T143N, 

R99W.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Establish drift fence 

in pasture 1 to deflect 

livestock from 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 347.

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Implement twopasture deferred 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections 

to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5

years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data 

once every 3 to 5

years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 243 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,880 acres in size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 792 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 275 head 

for 3.5 months by the MGA. This allotment has two pastures that both include intermingled private 

and NFS lands and range in size from 929 to 950 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 243.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water 

developments within this allotment include reservoirs and a private well and stock tank.

The grazing system in this allotment is a modified twice-over rotation, where only one pasture is 

grazed twice in a season and the following year the other pasture is grazed twice, alternating which 

pasture is started on from year to year. The plant composition in this allotment is a mix of primarily 

introduced species such as Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass with native species until you 

get to the eastern portion of the NFS lands in pasture 1, where the mix ratio changes to more of a 

native dominated with intermingled introduced species.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

In pasture 1, there is a pooled area below a low bluff that may be supplied by seepage from the base 

of the bluff. This is the only area that could qualify as a spring and is located adjacent to the main 

drainage. This area appears to have been historically shaped to act like a dugout for livestock 

watering, which is occurring at present. There is riparian vegetation present in the pooled area,

which was seasonally high from spring runoff.

Woody Draws – Of the two major woody draws sampled in pasture 1, one was Healthy while the 

second was At Risk. The single woody draw on NFS land in pasture 2 was Healthy. There was 

evidence of green ash trees expanding into outlying shrub patches around this site. Livestock use 

occurred in all draws and conditions varying from Healthy to At Risk were present within each site.

Herbaceous Structure – There were three random sampled VOR transects measured in 2004. One 

was Low structure and the other two were Moderate structure. Station averages showed Low 

structure at 63 percent and Moderate structure at 37 percent. No High structure transects or stations 

were recorded.

During IDT meetings it was determined through the use mapping exercise and other individual field 

visits that the southern portion of pasture 1 is likely meeting herbaceous structure objectives. No 

VOR transects were established or performed in this area to verify.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses occurred in high amounts through most of the two pastures, and 

large areas were at or approaching Invaded Grass States. A Thin Claypan ecological site sampled by 

NDSU along the north shoulder of a plateau at the north end of pasture 1 was at a mid seral stage 

with Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass frequencies of 21 percent and 14 percent.

However, forage production clippings contained no invasive grasses. A sere plot 1,200 feet 

southwest of the above sample within broken land was largely comprised of crested wheatgrass and 
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Canada bluegrass and approaching an Invaded Grass State (Figure 243.1). Bluegrass had been 

grazed in the sample plot and litter was not excessive. Dominant species recorded in two Robel 

transects located between the NDSU and sere plots ranged from bluegrass and crested wheatgrass to 

native grasses with lesser amounts of bluegrass.

A sere plot in the central portion of the pasture was at an Invaded Grass State with dominance of 

Canada bluegrass, low levels of grazing, and high amounts of litter. Bluegrass was recorded as the 

dominant species in a belt transect 500 feet east of the sere plot. A ridgeline and upper slopes in the 

southeast corner of the pasture contained relatively uninfested native communities of sand dropseed 

(Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray) and sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.).

An NDSU sample near the center of NFS land in pasture 2 was dominated by Kentucky and Canada 

bluegrass that constituted 75 percent of the grass production at the end of May. Western wheatgrass 

was frequent and along with other native grasses would decrease the relative proportion of invasive 

grasses with progression of the growth season, but it is apparent that the site was at an Invaded 

Grass State. A Robel transect in the southeast quarter of NFS land also reported dominance of 

bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two known leks within the allotment boundary – one in the north 

portion on private land and one in the south on NFS land. A total of approximately 650 acres of the 

allotment overlaps within the 1 mile proximity radius of these leks.

Effects of Alternative 1 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

Figure 243.1 — Sere plot at the 

northwest end of pasture 1 with 

tall clumps of crested 

wheatgrass and shorter 

interspaces of Canada bluegrass 

and sedge. 
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responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition of the unnamed spring in pasture 1, as described in the existing 

condition, would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Conditions of the At Risk sample site as well as the two Healthy sites would 

increase with the removal of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the 

regeneration and growth of desired woody species. Invasive grasses were not overwhelmingly 

dominant throughout the woody draws but potential increases of these species as a result of 

increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or 

decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure. In the longer term, it is probable that invasive species could 

dominate the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist continued increases of bluegrass and other invasive grasses. Transitions to Invaded 

Grass States that have already occurred in large portions of the two pastures would continue at a 

rapid rate with the removal of livestock grazing. Native dominant communities that occur along 

some ridgelines and plateaus might persist for 10 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, in the long term, the 

expected decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging opportunities. Over time, nesting and 

brooding quality and quantity would also decrease because of lower quality spring habitat provided 

by invasive grasses.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 375 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a modified twice-over rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.
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Riparian – The riparian condition of the unnamed spring in pasture 1, as described in the existing 

condition, would continue.

Woody Draws – Continuation of current management would maintain the proportion of two 

Healthy and one At Risk woody draws. Authorized Use 24 percent greater than initial estimated 

carrying capacity after adjusting for cow size would maintain the potential for high woody draw 

use, as would seasons of use throughout the warm summer months with low palatability of invasive 

grasses throughout much of the uplands. However, the location of the primary water sources more 

than 0.6 miles from the woody draws contributes to less than the potential amount of use and 

disturbance. Several water sources on private land in pasture 2 along with evenly dispersed woody 

draws decreases the concentration of disturbances within individual draws that facilitates Healthy 

conditions of the measured site on NFS land.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution, but with a limited potential to enhance the proportion of High herbaceous 

structure and the herbaceous structure distribution in general. Based on a review of on-the-ground 

knowledge (use mapping and other walk-throughs), it was determined that this allotment is likely 

addressing herbaceous structure goals in the south-southeastern portions of pasture 1.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States would continue under 

current management. Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 24 percent 

after adjusting for cow size contributes to high utilization, with potentially low plant vigor assisting 

the spread of invasive grasses. Invasive grasses that now constitute large portions of both pastures 

are of low palatability during most of the grazing season and contribute to selective and potentially 

excessive use of the native component. The degree of this effect increases with increasing 

proportions of the invasive component. Reported attainment of High structure in the allotment 

supports the occurrence of low invasive grass utilization in areas distant from the primary water 

sources.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Though existing management has been determined by the IDT to be 

addressing herbaceous structural goals, existing management actions would not enhance or ensure 

grouse nesting habitat on an annual basis. On an alternating yearly basis, when pasture 1 is subject 

to twice-over grazing, the proportion of High structure may not be ensured in the southern portion 

of pasture 1, but this may require monitoring to validate. A potential longer-term issue affects the 

management of Kentucky bluegrass. This could have longer-term consequences such as decreased 

quality and quantity of grouse nesting habitat due to nature of the weak-stemmed bluegrass to lay 

down over winter and lose cover value by spring.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 375 federal AMs.

 Annually changing season of use within the grazing rotation.

 Adding a stock tank in southern end of pasture 1.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Establishing drift fence in pasture 1 to deflect livestock from woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Annually 

changing the season of use within the grazing rotation would not affect Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution, as this type of management is occurring presently. 

Installing a stock tank in the southern end of pasture 1 would change the distribution of livestock in 

this portion of the pasture because there is no livestock water development in this area of the 

pasture. It would shift grazing pressure that normally occurs more on the northern end of the pasture 

to the southern end. The additional tank would also provide the permittee flexibility in water 

management so that livestock use could be shifted from the northern to the southern end of the 

pasture as water is turned on or off during the grazing season.

Adaptive Options – Fencing out high-value woody draws would have little to no change in 

livestock distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be 

available for livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing 

pressure may occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and associated 

fence maintenance costs to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Establishing a drift fence in pasture 1 would not change the distribution of livestock in this pasture 

much; however, it would force livestock to take an alternate route around the woody draw.

Livestock would still have access to the woody draw because the whole woody draw would not be 

fenced out.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or both because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change 

the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the 

current forage harvest level.

Riparian – There are no initial or adaptive actions proposed for riparian management.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Construction of an additional stock tank at the south end of pasture 1 to augment 

existing reservoirs located along the west-central pasture boundary would decrease the amount of 

secondary range with a high potential for increased livestock disturbances within woody draws on 

the east side of the pasture. Thus, conditions of the Healthy and At Risk woody draws would have 

the potential to decrease with a closer water source.

Switching from a modified deferred rotation to a straight deferred rotation would have minimal 

effects on woody draw conditions because the seasons and length of pasture use would not be 

appreciably different.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

regeneration of desired woody species and increase woody draw conditions by removing or 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, decreased disturbances within 

woody draws associated with decreases in Authorized Use could be negated by increased 

disturbances resulting from the proposed water tank. Exclusion of livestock disturbances through 

fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but increasing 

litter and invasive grass layers that would occur with the removal of grazing could impede the 

regeneration of woody species. Additionally, fencing of one woody draw would have a high 

potential to result in increased livestock disturbance and decreased conditions within adjacent 

unfenced woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Installing a stock tank in the south portions of pasture 1, in combination with 

maintaining the Authorized Use, would result in an appreciable loss of assumed High herbaceous 

structure in the south end of the pasture .Increasing the structure on the north side could result in 

homogenizing herbaceous structure throughout the pasture. However, management flexibility could 

be recognized by adding water in this general location of pasture 1 which could aid in managing 

Kentucky bluegrass.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

increasing and ensuring the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and

improve the overall herbaceous structure distribution. Fencing woody draws would have a relatively 

small effect on the overall herbaceous structure distribution but would be relative to the size and 

location of the exclosure. Placing a drift fence is projected to have only negligible effects to the 

overall herbaceous structure distribution, but somewhat similar to fencing out a woody draw. The 

spatial arrangement of structure may be altered depending on the location of the structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The additional stock tank proposed at the south end of pasture 1 would contribute 

to the increased evenness of livestock grazing and potentially increase the use of invasive grasses, 

or at least decrease the rate of litter accumulation in areas distant from the existing reservoirs 

located along the west central pasture boundary. However, poor coordination of the grazing season 

with high palatability of invasive grasses would continue to contribute to high utilization of the 

native component. The desired mosaic of grazing pressure would be reduced by the additional water 

development, and relatively late seral stages of Sandy ecological sites along the ridge at the south 

end of the pasture would have the potential to shift towards early seral stages.

Switching to a deferred rotation from the modified deferred rotation would perpetuate selective 

utilization of the native grass component because the seasons and length of pasture use would 

remain similar to current conditions.

Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in longterm control of Kentucky bluegrass and increased maintenance of native plant communities without 

consistently coordinating the grazing season with the production and palatability of invasive and 

native grass components in each pasture.
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Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Installing a stock tank in the south portion of pasture 1, in combination with 

maintaining the Authorized Use, would not enhance grouse nesting habitat. The water source would 

turn the area into primary range from its relative secondary range status. The action could also 

reduce use on the north side of the pasture and result in homogenizing habitat throughout the 

pasture. However, management flexibility is recognized, and adding water in this general location 

of pasture 1 could aid in managing Kentucky bluegrass, which is not a preferred species for nesting 

grouse or other ground nesting species.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

ensuring and enhancing grouse nesting habitat within the allotment. Although reducing the 

Authorized Use, combined with the grazing system, could promote Kentucky bluegrass, which does

not provide preferred habitat for many upland birds. Fencing woody draws would have a relatively 

small effect on grouse nesting cover as they typically nest in the uplands. Placing a drift fence is 

projected to have only negligible effects to grouse nesting habitat, somewhat similar to fencing out 

a woody draw. The spatial arrangement of habitat may be altered depending on the location of the 

structure.

Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Develop a spring in pasture 1 on the southwest quarter of Section 3, T143N, R99W.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – This action needs to be reviewed by an engineer and hydrologist to assure that the 

area has potential for a reliable spring development. A field visit was conducted by the Forest 

Service hydrologist and range specialist on April 22, 2010 to assess the potential of a spring 

development (see Project Record, Specialist Reports and Notes, Watershed Report for details). If 

the site is a viable location for a spring development, an effect of this action would be that livestock 

would have an additional source of water in the vicinity of the existing reservoir located just down 

the drainage from this area of the pasture. Livestock grazing distribution would not change much, if 

at all, since there is another livestock water source in the vicinity. Another effect of this action 

would be the cost of installation and maintenance of the spring development. Lastly, depending 

upon the amount of collection area developed for the spring, the reservoir downstream, especially 

during dry hot periods, would be less likely to be a reliable water source.

Riparian 

Initial Actions – Developing the unnamed spring in pasture 1 would have the following effects.

The amount of spring discharge was unable to be determined during the site visit, but if developed 
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and a significant level of water is removed from the pooled area, the riparian habitat would diminish 

in area and function in relation to the loss of water.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Development of a spring in the southwest portion of pasture 1 to supplement 

several dugout ponds along the west-central pasture boundary would have a neutral or slight 

beneficial effect on woody draw conditions because all draws are located along the east side of the 

pasture. Along with dugout ponds, the spring development would contribute to maintaining use 

along the west side of the pasture and minimize use among woody draws on the east side. However, 

an additional water source proposed at the south end of the pasture would contribute to increased 

woody draw disturbances compared to current conditions, and the spring development would only 

slightly decrease this potential.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – It is not expected that a spring development near an existing water source will 

have an appreciable effect to the herbaceous structure distribution, but this depends on the exact

location of the spring development. The water tank may be “fresher” than the reservoir and be more 

desirable, but that is expected to be minor, except in dry years when it may have a stronger effect.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Developing a spring in the southwest quarter of pasture 1 would not have an 

appreciable effect on seral stages or the maintenance of native plant communities because the 

western edge of the pasture is currently the primary use area, and there would be minimal change in 

livestock distribution and utilization.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is expected that the proposed spring development would have no additional 

appreciable effects to sharp-tailed grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Implement two-pasture deferred rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 347 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 375 federal AMs 
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converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 431 federal AUMs. The effect of setting an 

Authorized Use limit at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 20 percent reduction 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation would be a change from current management because 

livestock would not be allowed to return to the pasture a second time. Livestock use would be 

extended in each pasture, and because of changes in forage quality as the growing season 

progresses, livestock distribution would be expected to change slightly as well. Because there would 

not be a second livestock use period in one of the pastures, herbaceous species would have a longer 

recovery period in between livestock grazing periods.

Riparian – There are no initial or adaptive actions proposed for riparian management.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 20 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would increase the potential for maintenance or improvement 

of woody draw conditions as a result of decreased livestock browsing and trampling disturbances.

Fencing portions of one or more of three primary woody draws would maximize the potential for 

improved conditions by excluding all livestock disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of 

desired trees and shrubs. However, increased litter and invasive grasses with the removal of 

livestock grazing would decrease or slow the rate of potential woody draw improvement, and 

fencing of one woody draw would have the potential of increasing disturbances within adjacent 

unfenced draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The decreased Authorized Use and the proposed deferred rotation system should 

continue to improve and ensure, in the short term, the existing IDT determination that this allotment 

is addressing herbaceous structure objectives. However, longer term management could be 

necessary to manage Kentucky bluegrass.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The 20 percent decrease in Authorized Use and implementation of a deferred 

rather than modified deferred rotation would have little or no effect on the current trend of 

increasing invasive grasses and decreasing native communities. Palatability of invasive grasses 

would continue to be poorly coordinated with grazing seasons in each pasture at least every other 

year, and remaining native grass components would continue to experience selective grazing that 

would assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It appears that sharp-tailed grouse habitat could be enhanced under this alternative 

over the next 10 to 15 years due to the changed Authorized Use level and the change to a twopasture deferred grazing system. However, relative to the quality of nesting habitat provided by 

Kentucky bluegrass, the longer-term picture could change depending on the invasive grass 

prevalence and expansion rate in the allotment, especially in pasture 1.
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ALLOTMENT 244

Table 244.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

244 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

554 100

Total allotment acres 570 100

NFS acres 554 97

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 16 3

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

236

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

241

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

2
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Table 244.2 — Allotment 244 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Whitetail Creek flows through part of this 

allotment. The ‘98 survey rated the creek at 

PFC. The 2004 and 2006 surveys rated the 

creek at FAR-D.

Move creek back towards PFC. 

Woody 

draws

Approximately 75 percent of the sampled 

woody draws were Healthy, and 25 percent 

were At Risk. At Risk woody draws exhibit 

low regeneration and sapling count, 

impacted shrub layer, and stock use.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory and enhance shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.31

2004 Stations percent: Low-65/

Moderate-35/High-0

Manage for additional Moderate 

and High structure on 

biologically capable habitats.

Seral stages Two pastures respectively contain 32 

percent and 47 percent broken land. Both 

broken and unbroken land consist of 

intermixed and intermingled invasive and 

native grasses.

Limit the expansion of invasive 

grasses and maintain or increase 

the proportion of native grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek within 1 mile of 

this allotment. A total of approximately 

482 acres of the allotment overlaps within 

the 1 mile proximity radius of this lek.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.
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Table 244.3 — Allotment 244 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 236 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 222 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Two-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 236.

 Annually change season 

of use within the grazing 

rotation.

 Cross-fence pasture 2, 

north to south. Crossfencing will create a 

crested wheatgrass 

pasture on the east side 

of pasture 2, which will 

be grazed early. The 

additional pasture, 

created through the 

cross fence, allows the 

implementation of a 

two-pasture deferred 

grazing rotation between 

remaining pastures.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Move the south 

boundary fence to 

Whitetail Road.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 236.

 Annually change season 

of use within the 

grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Move the south 

boundary fence to 

Whitetail Road.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 241.

 Cross-fence pasture 2, 

north to south. Crossfencing will create a 

crested wheatgrass 

pasture on the east side 

of pasture 2, which will 

be grazed early. The 

additional pasture, 

created through the 

cross fence, allows the 

implementation of a 

two-pasture deferred 

grazing rotation 

between remaining 

pastures.

Adaptive Options

 Treat pasture 2 (west) 

as a riparian pasture,

grazing it from 15 to 30 

days per year 

maximum.

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Move the south 

boundary fence to 

Whitetail Road.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified 

in allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3

years then once every 5

years if a positive trend 

has been established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 244 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 570 acres in size with 544 acres of NFS lands. Currently, 

this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 30 head for 8 months by the MGA. This allotment has 

been divided up into two pastures. Pasture 1 is 334 acres and contains both private and NFS lands; 

pasture 2 is 236 acres and contains solely NFS lands. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 244-1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water 

developments within this allotment include a spring and reservoir.

This allotment is managed by a two-pasture, deferred rotation with a typical turn-in date of May 1st.

Each pasture is usually grazed for approximately 4 months. The plant composition in the allotment 

is intermixed crested wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and native species. In pasture 2, the plant 

composition is particularly challenging due to the domination of introduced species on the eastern

side. Whitetail Creek dissects the pasture, approximately in the middle, with its associated riparian 

vegetation. The western side of the pasture is a mix of introduced and native herbaceous species.

The topography in pasture 2 determines where the livestock access the three distinct areas of plant 

composition mentioned above.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U FAR-NA FAR-D NF Total

244-02 Whitetail Creek (2) 0.26 0.26

244-02 Whitetail Creek (3) 0.51 0.51

Whitetail Creek (Reaches 2 and 3) flows through pasture 2 of Allotment 244. The upper 0.3 mile 

has a functionality rating of PFC. The lower 0.5 mile had a functionality rating of PFC in 1998, but 

was rated as Functional at Risk in the 2006 survey. Consequently, the IDT gave this reach a 

functionality rating of FAR-D, even though the riparian function was close to PFC.

Problems noted in the lower reach included:

 Livestock trampling evident along accessible banks,

 Plant diversity very low,

 Banks contained some bare patches, leaving them susceptible to erosion and collapse,

 Width/depth ratio was high, perhaps from repeated livestock entry and egress from the channel.

Woody Draws – Six of eight sampled woody draws across the allotment were Healthy while two 

sites were At Risk. All three sampled woody draws in pasture 1 were Healthy, and observations of 

other draws in the pasture indicated similar conditions. One woody draw contained a developed 

spring, but with only moderate impacts to the immediately surrounding area compared to most 

similar developments. Three of five woody draws in pasture 2 were Healthy and two were At Risk.
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The At Risk communities occurred along the corridor of Whitetail Creek, which is the primary area 

of use in the pasture.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, there was one random sampled VOR transect in this allotment. It 

measured as a Low structure transect. The station averages were 65 percent in Low and 35 percent 

in Moderate. No High structure stations were measured. This transect was not resurveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Approximately 32 percent of pasture 1 is composed of several parcels of broken 

land dominated by crested wheatgrass with intermixed invasive and native grasses. Pasture 

observations indicate varying amounts of crested wheatgrass, Kentucky and Canada bluegrass, and 

smooth brome mixed with native grasses throughout areas of unbroken land. Cover of sweet clover 

can be very high during some years. A sere plot in broken land in the northeast quarter of the 

pasture was at a mid seral stage with crested wheatgrass, blue grama, and light amounts of 

bluegrass. A belt transect in unbroken land in the northwest quarter of the pasture, and a Robel 

transect in the southwest quarter, reported western wheatgrass, bluegrass, and needle-and-thread as 

the dominant species.

The east half of pasture 2 contained a reservoir surrounded by broken land dominated by crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass. The central area of the pasture is characterized by the drainage corridor 

of Whitetail Creek with smooth brome dominance along open terraces. A small plateau overlooking 

the creek constitutes the west edge of the pasture with intermixed invasive and native grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known lek within 1 mile of this allotment. A total of 

approximately 482 acres of the allotment overlaps within a 1-mile radius of this lek.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek, as described in the Existing Condition,

would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result 

from the establishment of riparian vegetation, which would capture sediment and build stream 

banks.
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Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. However, existing and potential increases of invasive grasses as assisted by increasing litter 

with the removal of livestock grazing would slow or decrease the degree of woody draw 

improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure. Over time, it is probable that invasive species may dominate 

the allotment, decreasing the quantity and quality of High herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist increases of bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased 

maintenance of native plant communities during the next 10 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in High structure from removal of livestock disturbance would 

initially enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time the 

decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging opportunities. Also, over time, nesting and 

brooding quality would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive 

grasses, especially Kentucky bluegrass, that would expand within the pastures. Currently, the 

intermixed nature of native and introduced species is likely not negatively impacting habitat 

appreciably.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 236 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek, as described in Existing Condition, would 

continue.

Woody Draws – Continuation of current management would maintain 75 percent of the sampled 

woody draws in a Healthy condition. The greatest woody draw disturbances and At Risk conditions 

would continue along the corridor of Whitetail Creek. Low palatability of crested wheatgrass and 

invasive grasses in the pasture uplands every other year would contribute to increased use and 

disturbances of woody draws along the creek.
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Herbaceous Structure – Based on one random VOR transect located in pasture 1 and the 

Authorized Use relative to the initial estimated carrying capacity, current management is projected 

to continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous structure distribution with a limited potential to 

improve the proportion of High herbaceous structure and distribution. 

Seral Stages – Apparent trends of increasing invasive grasses would continue under current 

management. The deferred rotation results in poor coordination of the grazing season with high 

palatability of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass in each pasture during alternate years. Early season 

grazing periods during alternate years in each pasture, have the potential of utilizing crested 

wheatgrass early in the season and the native component later in the season. However, the 

intermingled nature of these components increases the potential for premature grazing of the native 

component that can decrease plant vigor and assist spread of the invasive component. There is also 

a high potential for selective and excessive grazing of the native component during large portions of 

the grazing season in both pastures when palatability of invasive grasses decreases during mid-June, 

thereby conferring a competitive disadvantage to the invasive component. Authorized and reported 

use 12 percent greater than initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting for cow size 

compounds the effect of selective native grass grazing.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Based on one random VOR transect located in pasture 1 and the Authorized 

Use relative to the initial estimated carrying capacity, current management is projected to continue 

to facilitate the existing herbaceous structure distribution. High structure grassland habitat is not 

projected to be enhanced due to an Authorized Use level that is 12 percent higher than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity, though the rotation (deferred rotation) and the timing (May 1st through 

December) also contribute to the assessment. This strategy would not allow for regrowth on the first 

pasture and would remove herbaceous structure gained during the summer in the second pasture.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 236 federal AMs.

 Annually changing the season of use within the grazing rotation

 Cross fencing pasture 2, north to south. Cross fencing will create a crested wheatgrass pasture 

on the east side of pasture 2, which will be grazed early. The additional pasture allows the 

implementation of a two-pasture deferred grazing rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Moving the southern boundary fence to Whitetail Road.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Annually 
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changing the season of use within the grazing rotation would not affect Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution as this type of management is occurring presently. 

Cross fencing pasture 2 from north to south will create a crested wheatgrass pasture on the eastern

side. This pasture will be grazed early to defer grazing of the remaining pastures containing mainly 

native species. The remaining two pastures would have a deferred rotation system implemented 

providing the opportunity for initial growth and/or regrowth of existing herbaceous species. This 

action would also confine/restrict livestock to a smaller area to even out the distribution in the two 

smaller pastures.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Moving the southern boundary fence would provide additional forage to livestock when grazing the 

eastern side of pasture 2. Because the additional acreage added to the pasture is minimal, AMs 

should not be adjusted. Due to the small acreage changes in livestock distribution would not be 

expected. The cost of moving the southern boundary would also be an effect of this action.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two, because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock. However, the amount of forage harvested

would be less than the current levels.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Annually change season of use within the grazing rotation. Cross fencing pasture

2, north to south. Cross fencing will create a crested wheatgrass pasture on the east side of pasture

2, which will be grazed early. The additional pasture allows the implementation of a two-pasture

deferred grazing rotation

These actions would decrease overall forage consumption in riparian areas and should provide 

longer recovery intervals between grazing periods benefitting riparian conditions. 

A concern with this allotment is the amount of time the livestock use the pastures. The entire 

allotment is 570 acres. Meyers (1989) found that riparian areas tended to be degraded when pastures 

are used more than 30 continuous days. Exceeding the 30 days in the riparian pasture could negate 

some of the benefits of creating a riparian pasture due to increased bank damage from hoof action 

and overgrazing. 

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws in pasture 2 in the vicinity of Whitetail 

Creek could have a negative effect on riparian conditions because of additional livestock use in the 

riparian corridor for cover. Longer periods in the riparian area would result in over grazing and 

bank damage from hoof action. Fencing high-value woody draws in pasture 1 would have no effect 

on riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek due to pasture separation.
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Moving the southern boundary fence to Whitetail road would distribute livestock use more and have 

no effect on riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. 

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation, which reduces overland 

flow, further benefitting riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A reduction in overland flow 

would reduce stream velocities and allow for the establishment of riparian vegetation to build 

stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Whitetail Creek would be achieved in 2 to 5 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Splitting pasture 2 into two pastures with broken land in the east pasture would 

have the potential of decreasing Healthy conditions of the one woody draw that would occur in the 

east pasture due to increased use in the area. However, the majority of increased use would occur at 

the upper end of the draw below a reservoir due to steep drainage slopes with dense woody structure 

that impede livestock access along the lower half of the drainage. Woody draw conditions along the 

corridor of Whitetail Creek in the newly created west pasture would persist in an At Risk condition 

because the season of use, and livestock distribution along the creek corridor would remain similar 

to current conditions. There would be some potential for increased disturbance due to the decreased 

pasture size. Healthy woody draw conditions would persist in pasture 1 because management would 

remain relatively unchanged.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

regeneration of desired woody species and increased woody draw conditions by removing or 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances 

through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but 

regeneration of woody species could be impeded by increasing litter and invasive grasses that 

would occur with the removal of grazing. Additionally, fencing of one woody draw would have a 

high potential to result in increased livestock disturbance and decreased conditions within adjacent 

unfenced woody draws.

Relocating the south boundary fence would enlarge pasture 2 by as much as 20 acres and potentially 

include additional woody draw and riparian habitat depending on the fence location. The 

reintroduction of grazing in these areas would decrease current conditions in at least a portion of the 

draws, but could disperse current use and facilitate increased conditions of At Risk draws along the 

central and north end of the pasture.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Implementing a crested wheatgrass pasture and grazing early could potentially 

improve fall herbaceous structure due to potential regrowth of the crested wheatgrass unit.

However, Angell (1997) indicates negative effects to tiller density and standing crop of crested 

wheatgrass under heavy stocking rates, thereby negatively affecting herbaceous structure. The 

Authorized Use level is approximately 12 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying 

capacity. This would contribute to limiting the proportion of High herbaceous structure, overall, due 

to its impact on residual cover levels.
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Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use downward would improve the potential for 

increasing the proportion of High herbaceous structure within the allotment and improve the overall 

herbaceous structure distribution in general by increasing residual cover. Fencing woody draws 

could affect herbaceous structure relative to size of the exclosure. If southeastern boundary fence is 

moved, it could help offset any potential livestock adjustments.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Splitting pasture 2 into two pastures with broken land and crested wheatgrass in 

the east pasture for early season grazing would increase the utilization of invasive grasses and halt 

the premature use of native grasses in the west half of the pasture as well as pasture 1. However, the 

deferred rotation implemented with pasture 1 and the west half of pasture 2 starting in early to midJune would maintain poor coordination of the grazing season with the palatability of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass in these pastures, thereby maintaining selective use of the native 

component and assisting the spread of invasive grasses. Authorized Use that is 12 percent greater 

than initial estimated carrying capacity and assumes equal utilization of all forage would compound 

the degree and effect of selective use of the native component.

Adaptive Options – Relocating the south fenceline of pasture 2 closer to the road edge would add 

as many 20 acres to the pasture and decrease the apparent level of excessive stocking, but would not 

alter the apparent trend of increasing invasive grasses.

Fencing woody draws to exclude grazing would result in increased plant litter that can assist the 

spread or increase of invasive grasses, but this would not have an appreciable effect on plant 

composition and current trends outside the fence exclosure.

Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in long-term control of 

Kentucky bluegrass or increased maintenance of native plant communities without consistently 

coordinating the grazing season with the production and palatability of the invasive and native grass 

components in each pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – A slight potential improvement in spring cover could be realized with the 

establishment of a crested wheatgrass pasture. However, Authorized Use could negate improvement 

and turn-in dates could also decrease structure with a later turn out preferred because of potential 

disruption to nesting grouse hens and their habitat. The implementation of a deferred rotation would 

likely maintain the herbaceous structure distribution due to no reduction in Authorized Use and the 

timing and length of use in the non-crested wheat pastures.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, potentially increasing the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure, there would be a commensurate enhancement in grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat. Fencing woody draws could potentially affect grouse nesting habitat relative to size of the 

exclosure. If southeastern boundary fence is moved, it could help offset any potential livestock

adjustments.
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Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Dropping the initial action of cross fencing pasture 2 north to south.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – Dropping the initial action of cross fencing pasture 2 north to south would have 

the effect of continuing current management in the allotment. Authorized Use and livestock 

distribution would be the same as described under Alternative 2.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following 

exception: The initial actions in Alternative 3 would be deleted. Riparian condition along Whitetail 

Creek would continue as described in the existing condition above.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – As discussed under Alternative 3, dividing pasture 2 into two pastures would not 

have an appreciable effect on At Risk woody draw conditions that occur along Whitetail Creek in 

the west side of the pasture, so dropping this proposal would have no effect on the condition of 

these draws. Increased disturbances at the upper end of the Healthy woody draw that extends into 

the east side of the pasture would be avoided by not splitting the pasture.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The effects of this action would be similar to those described under Alternative 2.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Not separating the east half of pasture 2 that is dominated by crested wheatgrass 

and implementing early season grazing would perpetuate the low utilization of about half the forage 

component in the pasture and contribute to concentrated use along the terraces and lower slopes of 

Whitetail Creek for a longer period of each grazing season. However, regardless of whether pasture 

2 is split into two pastures, the apparent trend of increasing invasive grasses and decreasing 

maintenance of native plant communities on the west side of the pasture and across most of pasture 

1 would persist.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The effects of this action would be similar to those described under Alternative 2.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Treat pasture 2 (west) as a riparian pasture, grazing it from 15 to 30 days per year maximum.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 241 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 236 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 271 federal AUMs. The effect of setting an 

Authorized Use limit at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 11 percent reduction 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing season when 

planning the rotation for the allotment.

Adaptive Options – Treating pasture 2 (west) as a riparian pasture would allow more control of the 

grazing pressure along Whitetail Creek and would change the distribution within the two pastures 

because the duration of livestock use would be limited to a very short period of time. An analysis of 

the available AUMs for the remaining pastures would be needed to see if those pastures would be 

able to absorb the additional livestock use, otherwise an adjustment in Authorized Use would be 

necessary. The initial cost of the installation of the cross fence would also be an effect of this action.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Alternative 4 is identical to Alternative 3, except the Authorized Use would 

change from 236 AMs to 241 AUMs. The effects of Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 as 

described above.

Adaptive Options – The effects of Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the following 

exception: Treat pasture 2 (west) as a riparian pasture, grazing it from 15 to 30 days per year. The 

amount of time livestock are on the riparian corridor of Whitetail Creek would be reduced below 30 

days. If livestock use on the riparian corridor is less, condition would improve by minimizing 

trailing and trampling of stream banks, allowing for riparian vegetation recovery.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing the level of Authorized Use by 11 percent after adjusting for cow size 

would facilitate the maintenance or slight improvement of current woody draw conditions by 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances that would assist the regeneration and growth of 

desired woody species. As discussed under Alternative 3, splitting pasture 2 into two pastures 

would result in the persistence of livestock concentrations and At Risk woody draw conditions 
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along Whitetail Creek, and the proposed level of reduction would not be sufficient to achieve 

Healthy conditions in this area.

Adaptive Options – Using the west half of pasture 2 as a riparian pasture for 15- to 30-day grazing 

periods would facilitate improved conditions of At Risk woody draws along Whitetail Creek by 

decreasing the period of browsing and trampling disturbances by 50 to 75 percent, assuming the 

number of livestock would not be appreciably increased.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Implementing an Authorized Use adjustment to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could improve fall herbaceous structure due to potential regrowth, improved standing crop, 

and improved tiller production over heavy use in crested wheatgrass stands. 

Adaptive Options – Using the west side of pasture 2 as a riparian pasture with shortened grazing 

periods could increase High structure levels due to decreased length in grazing events resulting in 

increased levels of residual cover.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – As discussed under Alternative 3, cross fencing pasture 2 would increase the 

utilization of crested wheatgrass in the east half of the pasture but would not decrease the spread of 

invasive grasses in the remaining pastures. Decreasing Authorized Use by 11 percent under 

Alternative 4 and implementing a deferred rotation would not change these effects because grazing 

seasons would remain poorly coordinated with invasive grass palatability during most of the grazing 

season in each pasture and contribute to selective/excessive use of the native component.

Adaptive Options – Using the west side of pasture 2 as a riparian pasture with shortened grazing 

periods would increase opportunities for native grass and wetland plant development along portions 

of the Whitetail Creek corridor that are not dominated by smooth brome. Creation of the riparian 

pasture would have minimal influence on the apparent trend of increasing invasive grasses in the 

adjacent uplands because grazing seasons would remain poorly coordinated with invasive grass 

palatability on a frequent, annual basis. Decreased use of the west pasture would contribute to 

increasing litter that would facilitate the spread or increase of invasive grasses. Increasing invasive 

grass trends in pasture 1 would not change because management would remain similar to current 

conditions. The shortened grazing season in the riparian pasture would result in decreased levels of 

allotment use unless stocking levels are increased in other pastures, but this would contribute to 

adverse effects of selective native grass utilization in these pastures.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – By adjusting the Authorized Use, potentially increasing the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure by increasing the residual cover level, there would be commensurate 

enhancement in grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Adaptive Options – Using the west side of pasture 2 as a riparian pasture with shortened grazing 

periods could increase High structure levels due to decreased length of grazing events, resulting in 

potential enhanced levels of grouse nesting habitat. 
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ALLOTMENT 248

Table 248.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

248 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

616 100

Total allotment acres 617 100

NFS acres 616 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 1 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

312

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

261

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

2
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Table 248.2 — Allotment 248 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None 

Woody draws There are no woody draws in the allotment. None

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.45; 1.9

2004 Stations percent: Low-50/Moderate-50/

High-0

2005 Transects: 1.68; 2.28

2005 Stations percent: Low-37.5/Moderate62.5/High-0

**Manage allotment to 

maintain meeting structure 

objectives. 

Seral stages Three of four sample sites were at an Invaded 

Grass State and the fourth site was 

approaching this state.

Limit the expansion of 

invasive grasses and 

increase the proportion of 

native grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two sharp-tailed grouse leks within 

one mile of the allotment. Within the 

allotment, there are less than 40 acres of 

overlap within the one mile proximity radius 

of these leks.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.

** Based on a review of field notes and observations, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure 

objectives.
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Table 248.3 — Allotment 248 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 312 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 259 federal

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Recently, twiceover rotation, historically, 

two-pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Class(s) of Livestock:

Cow/calf pairs or Yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 312.

 Continue current 

management.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 312.

 Implement a 2-pasture 

deferred rotation starting May 

1

st

.

Adaptive Options

 Monitor species composition 

and adjust starting date if 

initial action does not decrease 

Kentucky bluegrass.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 248 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 617 acres and contains 616 acres of NFS lands. Currently, 

this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 52 head for 6 months by the MGA. This allotment has 

been divided up into two approximately equal pastures. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 248.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water 

developments within this allotment include two reservoirs. 

The current rotation is a two-pasture modified twice-over rotation beginning May 15th and lasting 

through approximately the beginning of November. Historically, the rotation was a modified twopasture deferred rotation. In recent years, the livestock class has changed back and forth from 
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cow/calf pairs to yearlings, and increased livestock numbers with a shortened grazing season has 

been approved. The plant composition consists of dominantly introduced species such as Kentucky 

bluegrass and crested wheatgrass with intermixed native species throughout the allotment.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – No woody draws were present in the allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, two randomly selected VOR transects were surveyed in 

herbaceous dominated habitat types. One was measured in the Low structure class (dominant 

species: western wheatgrass) and the other in the Moderate structure class (dominant species: 

Kentucky bluegrass/threadleaf sedge). The consolidated station averages showed an even split 

between Low and Moderate structure stations at 50 percent each. No High structure stations were 

measured.

Both transects were remeasured in 2005, with both in the Moderate structure class. The 

consolidated station averages were 37.5 percent in the Low structure class and 62.5 percent in the 

Moderate structure class. No High structure stations were measured. Kentucky and Canada 

bluegrass were the dominant species on both transects.

The VOR sampling intensity did not capture the apparent lightly used area in the western portion of 

pasture 2. This area was reported by the range personnel use-mapping exercise and visually 

assessed as High structure, and this classification was agreed to by the members of the IDT.

Seral Stages – Broken land was not identified in the allotment, but plant composition is at or 

approaching an Invaded Grass State throughout most of the pasture acreage. Kentucky and Canada 

bluegrass averaged 45 percent of the grass production on two Claypan ecological sites sampled by 

NDSU in pasture 1 during late May/early June. Western wheatgrass was co-dominant. A Robel 

transect and belt transect located between the two NDSU sites recorded similar plant dominance. A 

pace transect measured in 1978 on the east side of the pasture resulted in 15 percent relative 

frequency of bluegrass, but this site was not remeasured because drift fences and a holding pen had 

been constructed and the transect location could not be confidently located.

Bluegrass constituted 59 percent of the grass production on a Loamy ecological site in pasture 2 

sampled at the end of May by NDSU. Crested wheatgrass and smooth brome were also present 

along the transect, but western wheatgrass and sedge were co-dominant species. Canada bluegrass 

comprised 82 percent of the relative grass cover on a sere plot measured along a low ridgeline near 

the center of the pasture. A nearby Robel transect and a belt transect on the east side of the pasture 

recorded bluegrass and western wheatgrass as the dominant species. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two sharp-tailed grouse leks within 1 mile of the allotment. In the 

allotment, there are less than 40 acres of overlap within the 1-mile proximity radius of these leks. 

Despite the IDT determination that this allotment is meeting herbaceous structure objectives, the 

quality of the structure is in doubt. This allotment is dominated by Kentucky and Canada bluegrass 
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as aptly demonstrated by the VOR transects and the NDSU sample plot data. These species do not 

hold their cover value over a typical winter in North Dakota.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, resulting in no contribution 

toward CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be Forest Service

responsibility. There is potential for the spread of noxious weeds because of reclamation of the 

removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible for the control of 

noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease due to the 

removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial streams in this allotment. There are no riparian 

issues in the allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – The removal of livestock grazing would result in an increase in High 

structure within the allotment. Kentucky bluegrass would continue to provide high amounts of litter 

contributing to fall readings of High structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate the accumulation of plant litter 

and rapid transitions to Invaded Grass States where they have not already occurred. Bluegrass 

would attain overwhelming dominance across the allotment in less than 10 years and the 

maintenance of native plant communities would be lost.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Given the questionable value of bluegrass species to nesting and brooding 

hens, this allotment is unlikely to provide significant habitat enhancement for sharp-tailed grouse 

nesting and brooding hens.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 312 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs or yearlings are run in a modified two-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 
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weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial streams in this allotment. There are no riparian 

issues in the allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to facilitate the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution, which is assumed to be meeting herbaceous structure distribution objectives. 

Kentucky bluegrass is expected to continue to provide High herbaceous structure throughout the 

allotment in the fall in most years, while the allotment overall is projected to address the herbaceous 

structure objectives.

Seral Stages – The upward trend of bluegrass would continue under current management with 

further transitions to Invaded Grass States. The rate of transitions would be slower than Alternative 

1 because livestock grazing would impede the accumulation of plant litter that assists the spread of 

bluegrass.

High stocking levels associated with Authorized Use 38 percent above initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size have contributed to excessive use and decreased vigor of the 

native component that has and would continue to assist the spread of invasive grasses. Excessive 

use of the native component occurs with low palatability of invasive grasses during much of the 

grazing season that results in selective grazing of the native component, further assisting the spread 

of invasive grasses. Selective grazing of the native component would have increased in pasture 2 

when it was consistently the second pasture of use, and where invasive grasses appear to have 

gained the greatest degree of dominance.

Premature grazing of native grasses with the mid-May turn-in date that decreases plant vigor would 

also have assisted the spread of invasive grasses. Current turn-in dates create the potential for early 

season use of the invasive component and later season use of the native component, but the grazing 

system does not facilitate this event at sufficient frequency or intensity to halt or reverse the trend of 

increasing invasive grasses and decreasing native grasses. Recent promotion of a deferred rotation 

now alternates the degree of selective grazing in each pasture, but the end result will be more equal 

dominance of invasive grasses across the allotment. Reported achievement of High structure 

objectives are influenced by the relatively low utilization of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – For an indeterminate timeframe, this allotment could potentially be 

providing nesting and brooding habitat in portions of the allotment. It is projected, however, the 

continued expansion of the bluegrass species would continue to displace native species and 

potential nesting habitat for grouse would appreciably decrease in quality and quantity.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 312 federal AMs.

 Continuing current management.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

fewer grazing days, or a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount 

of forage harvested would be less than the current forage harvest levels.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial streams in this allotment. There are no known 

riparian issues in the allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Same as Alternative 2.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward could further increase the amount of 

High herbaceous structure and ensure the allotment is meeting the herbaceous structure objectives.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Proposed management is the same as current management, and the effects are 

discussed under Alternative 2.

Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in longterm control of invasive grasses or increased maintenance of native plant communities without 

consistently coordinating the grazing season with the production and palatability of the invasive and 

native grass components in each pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Same as Alternative 2.

Adaptive Options – Reducing Authorized Use would continue the downward trend in habitat 

quality and quantity of spring nesting habitat via the probable continuing trend of bluegrass 

expansion. Bluegrass retains no height-density cover value over the winter.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation starting May 1st.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Monitoring species composition and adjust starting date if initial action does not decrease 

Kentucky bluegrass.

Range

Initial Actions – Implementing a two-pasture deferred rotation starting May 1st would address the 

mixed plant composition of native and introduced species. Close monitoring of the native species 

would be required so that early grazing pressure of the native species doesn’t start to negatively 

affect the native herbaceous species. Livestock distribution changes should be minimal given the 

relatively small size of the pastures.

Adaptive Options – Monitor species composition and adjust the starting date if the actions do not 

decrease Kentucky bluegrass. It would not have an effect on Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution.

Riparian – There are no intermittent or perennial streams in this allotment. There are no riparian 

issues in the allotment.

Woody Draws – There are no woody draws in this allotment.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Given the Authorized Use level compared to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity and the May 1st start, there will be increased utilization of the invasive species. However, 

since the grazing in the early pasture would continue for 3 to 4 months, potential regrowth 

opportunities may not be appreciably different than existing management, therefore generally 

maintaining the current levels of herbaceous structure.

Adaptive Options – In combination with the deferred system from the initial actions, adjusting 

Authorized Use could further increase the amount of assumed High herbaceous structure but 

facilitate bluegrass expansion in the allotment at the same time. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The trend of increasing invasive grasses and decreasing native plant communities 

would persist under this alternative. Advancing the turn-in date by about 2 weeks to May 1st would 

increase the utilization of invasive grasses during the first half of the grazing season in the first 

pasture of use. However, decreasing palatability of invasive grasses during the second half of the 

grazing period in the first pasture would increase selective use of native grasses, and would be 

compounded by levels of Authorized Use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 38 
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percent. Selective use of the native component would occur throughout the grazing season in the 

second pasture of the rotation, and this situation would be reversed between pastures during 

alternate years. Consistent implementation of the deferred rotation would remain impaired by the 

need to open gates between pastures to ensure water access during some years. The result would not 

be appreciably different from current management. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the turn-in date or level of Authorized Use while continuing the 

deferred rotation and 6 month grazing season would have no effect on the trend of increasing 

invasive grasses for reasons described above.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – For an indeterminate timeframe, portions of the allotment could potentially be 

providing sharp-tailed grouse nesting and brooding habitat. It is projected, however, that under this 

alternative, the trend in expansion of the bluegrass species would continue to displace native 

species, and potential nesting habitat for grouse would decrease in quality and quantity as a result.

Adaptive Options – Reducing Authorized Use would continue the downward trend in habitat 

quality and quantity of spring nesting habitat given the probable continuing trend of bluegrass 

expansion. Bluegrass retains no height-density cover value over the winter, which would typically 

be beneficial for nesting grouse hens seeking existing cover. 
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ALLOTMENT 249

Table 249.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

249 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

622 100

Total allotment acres 622 100

NFS acres 622 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

204

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

194

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

1

Table 249.2 — Allotment 249 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

Sampled woody draws were Healthy. Maintain current woody draw 

conditions.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives 

2004 Transects: 1.0

2004 Stations percent: Low-100/Moderate-0/

High-0

Manage for additional Moderate 

and High structure on 

biologically capable habitats.

Seral stages Native plant communities dominate with a mosaic 

of seral stages. Issues of rangeland health/plant 

composition are associated with two water tanks 

located on ridgelines. 

Maintain native plant 

communities and mosaic of 

utilization and seral stages to 

achieve objectives. Impede 

invasive grass establishment.

Sharp-tailed

grouse

There is one grouse lek on the allotment. The 1-

mile proximity radius overlaps nearly the entire 

allotment with approximately 618 acres.

Manage to enhance sharp-tailed 

grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat by increasing the quality 

and quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically capable 

sites.

Remarks Some leafy spurge and Canada thistle noted along road.
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Table 249.3 — Allotment 249 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 204 

federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 205 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: One-pasture 

(3.5 month season).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs or 

Yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

204.

 Manage existing tank 

system to rotate use. 

 Change season of use –

Alternate turn-in dates over 

a 3-year period. First year 

turn in starts June, second 

July, and third August.

 Rotate salt and supplement 

to pull livestock off ridge 

tops.

Adaptive Options

 Add a stock tank in the 

southwest quarter of 

allotment.

 Compress season of use.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Add Allotment 158 into the 

grazing rotation.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 194.

 Manage existing tank 

system to rotate use. 

 Change season of use –

Alternate turn-in dates 

over a 3-year period. First 

year turn in starts June, 

second July, and third 

August.

 Rotate salt and 

supplement to pull 

livestock off ridge tops.

Adaptive Options

 Add a stock tank in the 

southwest quarter of 

allotment or move a tank 

to southwest quarter.

 Compress season of use.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Add Allotment 158 into 

the grazing rotation.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 249 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 622 acres of NFS lands and contains one pasture. 

Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 68 head for 3 months by the MGA. Current 

AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 249.1. This allotment is located in the Badlands 

geographic area. There has been a recent change in ownership of base property (2007), and there 

have been two different permittees in the last 5 years. In review of the AWs, the allotment was 

grazed from June 5th to September 5th, with 68 head during the 2003 and 2004 grazing seasons. In 

2005, non-use was approved for the grazing season. In 2006, there was a change in permittee and 51

cow/calf pairs grazed from June 1

st to September 30th during the 2006 and 2007 grazing seasons.

Review of past notes in the 2210 file indicates there have been some concerns with the ridge tops 

(uplands) within this allotment. The major ecological sites, based on the NRCS soils map, on these 

ridge tops are thin loamy to shallow loamy. During the 2004 grazing season, the permittee was 

asked to remove his livestock early due to the amount of forage utilized on the ridges. Field visits 

were conducted at that time by Forest Service range staff and the MGA director on the areas of 

concern, who found that there was a more than desirable amount of blue grama and threadleaf sedge 

on these sites. Although desirable species were there, they were not getting a chance to express 

themselves in a normal fashion. The rest of the allotment was in good condition. The location of the 

two livestock water developments creates a challenge in preventing livestock from accessing these 

ridge tops. The permittee and the owner of the base property were informed of the concerns on the 

allotment and changes were made as described in the 2006 and 2007 grazing season. In 2006 and 

2007, the permittee made efforts to move supplements around and utilize the stock tanks by turning 

them on and off to help with the distribution of livestock.

Also during the 2006 season, the permittee and the owner of the base property were informed about 

leafy spurge and Canada thistle growing along the roadside and the threat of it migrating into the 

woody draw on the south side of Blacktail Road. The Billings County Weed board has made an 

effort to treat these areas of infestation. The percentage of control is unknown at this time.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment. However, during field visits in 

2006 and 2007, leafy spurge and Canada thistle were found along Forest System Road 703.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Three sampled woody draws were Healthy. Two of the sampled sites were at the 

low range of Healthy and precariously located along a two-track and livestock trails leading to 

water tanks along two ridgelines. These travel routes adversely affect hydrologic characteristics 

along portions of the adjacent drainage due to rutting that intercepts runoff to the woody 

communities. Concentrated runoff has also contributed to downcutting along portions of the 

drainages, but this affords a degree of protection from livestock disturbances due to decreased 

access. Rocky Mountain juniper woodlands occupied north aspect slopes above woody draw 

drainages.
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Herbaceous Structure – There is one randomly placed VOR transect in the allotment. In 2004 it 

was measured as Low structure. All stations were in the Low structure class and no Moderate or 

High structure stations were measured. Dominant vegetation along the transect was clubmoss and 

western wheatgrass. This transect was not resurveyed in 2005. It is also recognized that the ridge 

tops are heavily grazed.

Seral Stages – Native grass communities dominated across the single pasture of the allotment. A 

Robel transect, belt transect, and field observations indicated high utilization and early seral stages 

with dominance of blue grama, sedges, and clubmoss along the two ridgelines containing water 

tanks. Patches of annual brome were also present on the ridges, and extensive trailing impacts occur 

in sandy soils on some of the ridge slopes. Based on the proportional area of the ridgelines, there is 

likely to be an excess of early seral stages compared to desired conditions. A sere plot in secondary 

range near the south boundary of the pasture with lower utilization was at a mid-late seral stage.

Pasture observations indicate a relatively high potential for the occurrence of late seral stages in 

secondary range influenced by slope positions or long distance to water.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known lek on the allotment. The 1-mile proximity radius 

overlaps approximately 618 acres of the 622 acre allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draws would improve from current conditions at the low range of Healthy 

with the removal of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the 

regeneration and growth of desired woody species. Natural restoration or improvement of 

hydrologic characteristics along two of the sampled sites would increase the potential for improved 

woody draw conditions. Existing invasive grasses within portions of the woody draws, and potential 

increases of these species as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, 

would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure, particularly along the ridge tops.
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Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages that would be most notable along the ridgelines that are heavily utilized. High amounts 

of clubmoss along the ridges would impede or slow the development of late seral stages. Increases 

of plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing would improve conditions for the establishment 

or spread of invasive grasses that occur in light amounts or localized areas, but native plant 

communities would persist for an extended period, barring heavy disturbances or invasive plant 

introductions.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would likely enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. Given the 

relatively early seral state of the ridge-tops, this may take an indeterminate amount of time to reach 

High structure, but the ridge tops could serve in other capacities, such as loafing and brooding 

habitat, as they advance through the seral and structural phases.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 204 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs or yearlings are run 3.5 months on one pasture.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions at the low range of Healthy would persist under current 

management. The potential exists for downward trends along portions of two of the sampled sites 

due to their position along livestock and management travel routes that contribute to browsing and 

trampling disturbances and adverse effects to hydrologic characteristics of the associated drainages.

Authorized Use and currently reported use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 21 

percent would maintain the potential for relatively high woody draw disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to promote an increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure and the overall herbaceous structure in general. Retaining the current 

Authorized Use level is projected to continue to promote a lack of residual standing crop/biomass.

Seral Stages – The current proportion of seral stages that have the potential to meet objectives 

would be maintained under present management. However, the level of reported and Authorized 

Use that is 21 percent greater than initial estimated carrying capacity may inhibit the development 
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of late seral stages except in the most distant or steep secondary range. Levels of utilization in 

primary areas of use such as the ridgelines would maintain early seral conditions, with some 

indicators of poor rangeland health such as high clubmoss and the spread or increase of invasive 

grasses. The June through September grazing season is appropriate for the native species 

composition, but annual repetition of the same grazing season with current levels of use can

decrease plant vigor and production by providing insufficient opportunity for the completion of 

critical growth stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, notably the Authorized Use level that is 30 

percent greater than initial estimated carrying capacity after adjusting for cow size, would not 

enhance High structure grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat in this allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 204 federal AMs.

 Managing existing tank system to rotate use. 

 Changing season of use – Alternate turn-in dates over a 3-year period. First year turn in starts 

June, second July, and third August.

 Rotating salt and supplement to pull livestock off ridge tops.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adding a stock tank in the southwest quarter of allotment.

 Compressing season of use.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Adding Allotment 158 into the grazing rotation.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 

use of these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be 

harvested at different times of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Managing the existing stock tank system to rotate use would alter grazing pressure around the south 

tank site. Current management allows livestock to use both tanks; however, livestock prefer the 

south tank more than the north and this is where most of the grazing pressure occurs. Livestock 

would be forced to use one or the other because tanks would be turned off at certain times of the 

grazing season. There would also be an increase in the intensity of management between the 

permittee and Forest Service throughout the grazing season in making adjustments as needed in 

utilization levels in areas grazed when one or the other tank is in use. Tank management would not 

have an effect on Authorized Use because the same amount of AMs would be available.
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Annually changing the season of use would not have an effect on the Authorized Use because the

same amount of AMs would be available for livestock grazing. Changes in distribution of livestock 

would be minimal because of the size and topography of the pasture. However, there would be 

differences in the palatability of herbaceous species throughout the growing season and timing of 

livestock grazing would increase grazing pressure in areas of the pasture with the most palatable 

species. Herbaceous plant species would be grazed during different growth stages through the year, 

which would allow for proper recovery time before and after grazing.

Rotating salt and supplement to pull livestock off of ridge tops would reduce the grazing pressure 

on the ridge tops and increase grazing pressure in the area(s) supplements are placed. However, due 

to the topography and size of this allotment, overall livestock distribution would not be affected.

Adaptive Options – Adding a stock tank in the southwest quarter of the allotment would allow the 

manager to utilize three tanks and would even out the use throughout the pasture, reducing grazing 

pressure on the ridge tops where the existing livestock water developments exist.

Compressing season of use would provide herbaceous species more time for initial growth and 

recovery because of the low frequency of grazing by livestock. However, there would be an 

increase in intensity because of the increased livestock numbers. There would be no affects on 

Authorized Use because the same amount of AMs would be available; however, they would be 

harvested in a shorter time period than the existing 3.5 months.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Adding Allotment 158 pastures into the rotation with Allotment 249 would add additional native 

pastures and would add additional recovery time with a compressed season because the duration of 

livestock within the pasture would be less than the 3.5 months. There would be no changes in 

Authorized Use because federal AMs would still be available; however, they would be harvested at 

different periods of the grazing season. Each allotment would still be managed as two separate 

allotments through the MGA.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – As discussed under Alternative 2, current levels of reported and Authorized Use 

should result in the persistence of Healthy woody draw conditions, but with the potential for 

gradually decreasing conditions of woody draws situated along livestock and vehicle trails.

Staggering the turn-in date by 1 month every year would be unlikely to have an appreciable 

influence on woody draw conditions because temperatures and insect pests would remain similar to 

current grazing seasons. Increased upland plant vigor and production facilitated by the staggered 

grazing seasons, as well as more frequent grazing during periods of fall regrowth, might contribute 

to increased use of the uplands and decreased woody draw disturbances. However, extended green 

periods and other woody draw amenities would continue to attract livestock during a large portion 

of the grazing season. Moving salt and supplement off the ridgelines could contribute to increased 
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disturbances within woody draws in the adjacent valleys, but could be avoided by proper selection 

of the mineral locations. Managing the two water tanks to rotate utilization around the two 

ridgelines would tend to equalize the degree of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances in 

woody draws nearest to the ridges unless the tanks are managed to achieve a range of utilization and 

grazing disturbance.

Adaptive Options – Adding a water tank in the southwest quarter of the allotment would increase 

browsing and trampling disturbances of woody draws occurring in this area. Because the affected 

woody draws comprise a large portion of samples in the allotment, the proportion of 100 percent 

Healthy woody draws would have a high potential to decrease to less than 80 percent.

Compressing the season of use with increased livestock numbers would increase the evenness of 

livestock grazing across the pasture with potentially increased disturbance and decreased woody 

draw conditions. Although more time would be available for the recovery of browsed woody plants, 

annual repetition of browsing would impede successful regeneration or sapling advancement to 

larger size classes.

Adding the allotment into the rotation with Allotment 158 would result in a compressed grazing 

season with effects described above.

Decreasing the level of Authorized Use would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would contribute to the increased 

regeneration of woody species.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity level by 17 percent

after adjusting for cow size. This alternative proposes to rotate livestock utilizing the tank system, 

supplements, and changing season of use. It is projected that the proposed and existing Authorized 

Use level of this alternative would not be overcome by rotating spatially—water and supplements,

or temporally—season of use, and will not achieve appreciably higher productivity that would aid in

higher residual standing crop in the fall.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use is the most effective tool available to begin to 

adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project goals. Adding a stock tank would distribute 

the livestock more evenly in the allotment but result in more homogenized herbaceous structural 

conditions as well. Shortening the season, increasing stocking, or providing a longer recovery time, 

would not be able to overcome the Authorized Use. Plus, it is doubtful that the shortened season 

would provide a long enough time for regrowth to occur. As the Authorized Use level is reduced, 

there could be longer-term benefits to composition on the ridge tops that could eventually result in 

improved herbaceous structure on the ridge tops. Integrating this allotment into 158 could 

potentially provide benefits to herbaceous structure, again, in accordance with an improved 

Authorized Use and initial estimated carrying capacity balance in addition to potential growing 

recovery timeframes.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Staggering the turn-in date by about 1 month during successive years would 

contribute to maintaining plant vigor and increase the potential for achieving the desired proportion 
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of seral stages by increasing opportunities for plants to complete critical growth stages. Greater 

management of the two stock tanks and placement of mineral supplement would decrease or stagger 

utilization within primary use areas and contribute to rangeland health. Continuation of reported and 

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 21 percent after adjusting for 

cow size would have the potential to decrease these benefits.

Adaptive Options – Adding a third stock tank in the southwest quarter of the 640-acre pasture 

would increase the evenness of livestock grazing and reduce secondary range and mid-late seral 

stages measured in this area. Livestock disturbances around all three tanks would remain relatively 

high and early seral stages along the ridgelines of the existing two tanks would persist.

Compressing the season of use with increased livestock numbers would increase the evenness of 

grazing with potential reductions in secondary range and late seral stages. However, shorter and 

staggered grazing seasons would provide opportunities for plant recovery and the completion of 

critical growth stages with the potential for maintaining current seral conditions. Increased grazing 

distribution would assist in impeding the accumulation of plant litter that has the potential to occur 

in secondary range and that can facilitate the establishment of invasive grasses. The effects of 

adding the pasture to the rotation with the several pastures of Allotment 158 would be the same as a 

compressed grazing season.

Decreasing Authorized Use would decrease the level of utilization and livestock grazing 

disturbances, thereby increasing plant vigor and facilitating shifts towards late seral stages.

Sufficiently reduced levels of use would contribute to increased plant litter with the potential of 

facilitating invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Despite the Low structure recorded for the one VOR transect in the allotment, it is 

assumed that suitable nesting sites do exist in some areas of the allotment, as evidenced by the 

presence of a lek on the allotment. Increasing distance from the water sources to the edges of the 

allotment and on some of the grassy slopes are a couple such opportunities for nesting grouse. 

However, given the status of the ridge tops, existing nesting habitat options are currently limited on 

these sites. This alternative proposes to rotate livestock utilizing the tank system, supplements, and 

changing season of use. It is projected that the proposed and existing Authorized Use level of this 

alternative would not be overcome by rotating spatially—water and supplements, or temporally—

season of use, and will not achieve appreciably higher productivity that would aid in improving 

spring grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, potentially increasing the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure, there would be a commensurate enhancement in potential grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat. Adding a stock tank could aid the ridge tops but at the expense of the increased 

distribution across the allotment and homogenized vegetation. Shortened season and increased 

stocking could aid the ridge tops if Authorized Use and initial estimated carrying capacity is 

balanced. However, it is debatable if enough time would be permitted for sufficient regrowth to 

occur under this tool. By integrating Allotments 158 and 249, as long as the Authorized Use is 

balanced with the initial estimated carrying capacity, it seems that the increased number of pastures 
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adds potential management flexibility. For example, improved timing and the use of other grazing 

systems, such as rest rotation, could be provided.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Add a stock tank in the southwest quarter of allotment or move a tank to southwest quarter.

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 194 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 204 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 235 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 17 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Adaptive Options – If one of the existing stock tanks is moved to the southwest quarter of the 

allotment, livestock distribution would change since there would be water in the southwest quarter 

to pull livestock use to that area. Also, there would no longer be two livestock water developments 

in the northeast quarter of the pasture. The action may cause livestock distribution to be more 

evenly distributed throughout the allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 17 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by 

decreasing the level of browsing and trampling disturbances that would assist the regeneration of 

desired woody species.

Adaptive Options – The effects of adding a stock tank to the southwest quarter of the pasture were 

discussed under Alternative 3. The potential of also removing one of the existing tanks from 

ridgelines in the northeast quarter of the pasture would not have an appreciable effect on the 
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expected decrease in the proportion of Healthy woody draws. The current tank locations do not 

have a large effect on existing woody draws, but the new tank location would increase livestock 

disturbances within Healthy draws. The effects of other Adaptive Options were discussed under 

Alternative 3.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – By balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity,

there should be positive movement of the allotment towards herbaceous structure objectives. 

Adaptive Options – Moving one of the livestock tanks in the southwest quarter of the 640-acre 

pasture could increase the evenness of livestock grazing and remove or reduce secondary range, but 

to an appreciably less degree than adding an additional tank to the allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 17 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would decrease livestock grazing disturbances and facilitate 

increased plant vigor and shifts towards late seral stages.

Adaptive Options – The effects of adding a stock tank to the southwest quarter of the pasture were 

discussed under Alternative 3. However, the potential of also removing one of the existing tanks 

from ridgelines in the northeast quarter of the pasture would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages 

in the surrounding area. Therefore, decreasing seral stages around the new tank location would be 

countered by increased stages around the old tank location, depending on travel routes and the tank 

chosen for removal, and contribute to the maintenance of current seral stage proportions across the 

pasture. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – With the reduction of Authorized Use and potential development of later seral 

vegetation community through the use of the additional tools of rotations and distribution, this 

alternative should eventually enhance grouse nesting brooding habitat.

Adaptive Options – Moving one of the livestock tanks in the southwest quarter of the 640-acre 

pasture could increase the evenness of livestock grazing and remove or reduce secondary range, but 

to an appreciably less degree than adding an additional tank to the allotment. 
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ALLOTMENT 256

Table 256.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

256 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

5504 99

Newly acquired NFS lands with 

unassigned Management Area

82 1

Total allotment acres 6160 100

NFS acres 5586 91

State land acres 218 4

Private land acres 355 5

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1591

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1678

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 256.2 — Allotment 256 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian PFC surveys conducted in 2004 and 2006 rated

a majority of Blacktail Creek and the unnamed 

tributary to Blacktail as NF with a small portion 

rated as FAR-NA and PFC.

Start streams back toward 

PFC.

Woody 

draws

Of the woody draws sampled, 50 percent were 

Healthy and 50 percent were At Risk. At Risk 

woody draws had low or no regeneration, and a 

heavily impacted or missing shrub layer. Water 

developments near woody draws are having an 

adverse effect on woody draws.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory and enhance 

shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.51; 2.83; 1.64; 1.1; 1.01; 

1.81; 1.0

2004 Stations percent: Low-62.14/Moderate37.14/High-0.71

2005 Transects: 1.25

2005 Stations percent: Low-60/Moderate-40/

High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Three sample sites were at mid seral stages and 

one site was at a late-mid stage. Two 

remeasured ecoplot sites exhibited an increase 

of invasive grasses and one of the sites was 

approaching an Invaded Grass State.

Maintain native grass 

communities and limit or 

decrease the extent of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one grouse lek on the allotment and 

one additional lek within 1 mile of the 

allotment. The 1-mile proximity radius for these 

two leks overlaps the allotment with 

approximately 1,584 acres.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks Black henbane along creek. 

Sensitive population of Dakota buckwheat (Eriogonum visheri A. Nels.) in 

allotment.
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Table 256.3 — Allotment 256 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 1,591 federal

AMs.

 Three-year average permitted use 

is 1,381 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in (common 

allotment).

 Rotation: Seasonlong and twopasture deferred rotation (two 

herds).

 Class(s) of livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs.

 See allotment map in Appendix B 

for current range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 1,591.

 Construct approx. 1.5 miles of fence 

south of Blacktail Creek in pasture 2 

to create a riparian pasture. 

 Drill a stock well in the northwest 

quarter of Section 24 in pasture 2; 

construct approx. 1.5 miles of water 

pipeline to supply two stock tanks, 

one located in the new riparian 

pasture and one in the southeast 

quarter of Section 24.

 Create a four-pasture deferred 

rotation utilizing Allotments 230 

pasture 1, Allotment 288 pasture 2, 

Allotment 256 pasture 2, and the 

proposed riparian pasture in 

Allotment 256. 

 Fence existing reservoir and portion 

of adjacent woody draw in Section 

25 in pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Utilize herding to move livestock off 

of Blacktail Creek.

 In pasture 2, create water gaps. 

Harden gaps and trail crossing 

Blacktail Creek in Section 24.

 In pasture 3, cut encroaching 

junipers and use the material to 

control livestock access to Blacktail 

Creek. Drift fences could also be 

used in combination with the native 

materials. 

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 1,678.

 Construct approx. 1.5 miles of 

fence south of Blacktail Creek in 

pasture 2 to create a riparian 

pasture. 

 Drill a stock well in the northwest 

quarter of Section 24 in pasture 2; 

construct approx. 1.5 miles of 

water pipeline to supply two stock 

tanks, one located in the new 

riparian pasture and one in the 

southeast quarter of Section 24.

 Create a four-pasture deferred 

rotation utilizing Allotment 230 

pasture 1, Allotment 288 pasture 

2, Allotment 256 pasture 2, and 

the proposed riparian pasture in 

Allotment 256. 

 Fence existing reservoir and 

portion of adjacent woody draw in 

Section 25 in pasture 2.

 In pasture 3, on Blacktail Creek, 

construct a 76-acre riparian 

exclosure. No grazing of exclosure 

for first 3 years 

 Suspend waived 154 AUMs 

associated with pasture 3 that have 

been historically non-used.

 In pasture 3, utilize drift fences, 

native materials (i.e., encroaching 

juniper trees), rocks to control 

access to Blacktail Creek.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody draws.

 Utilize herding to move livestock 

off of Blacktail Creek.

 In pasture 2, create water gaps. 

Harden gaps and trail crossing 

Blacktail Creek in Section 24.

 Create riparian pasture in pasture 

3.

 Riparian Exclosure: At end of year 

3, conduct vegetation survey. If 

survey reveals that vegetation and 

stream channel condition can 

withstand some grazing, initiate a 

late or dormant season compressed 

prescribed graze. Prescribed 

grazing would be identified in the 

AOI.
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Construct three riparian exclosures 

in pasture 2 on Blacktail Creek. 

The exclosures are 38, 19, and 27 

acres in size, respectively 

(Reaches 14,15,16)

 In pasture 3, construct a 23-acre 

riparian exclosure on Blacktail 

Creek (Reach 18)

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment Worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once every 3 to 

5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly Functioning 

Condition survey once every 3 years 

then once every 5 years if a positive 

trend has been established.

 Collect vegetative composition data 

once every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 256 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 6,160 acres in size and contains private, state, and NFS 

lands with 5,586 acres of NFS lands. This allotment is a common allotment, and is divided into 

three pastures. The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided among six permittees. Permittees in 

this allotment do not all run together in one herd, therefore the historical management is essentially 

treating each pasture as its own allotment. Only one out of the six permittees grazes in all three 

pastures at this time. Currently, the common is permitted through each permittee’s associated 

headquarters permit by the MGA. Current AMs provided by NFS lands is 1,591. This allotment is 

located in the Badlands geographic area. Water developments within this allotment include a spring 

development, a well and stock tank, and several reservoirs.

Pasture 1 is approximately 2,188 acres in size. Two permittees run in this pasture, and the current 

management changes the season of use by going in early one year, May 15th, and late the following 

year, August 1st. In a normal year, this pasture is stocked with 208 head for 3 months. Water 

facilities include two reservoirs and a well with a stock tank. Use in the northwestern/west portions 

of this pasture is very light and limited due to the topography. Also, there are deep drainages going 

into Blacktail Creek that limit livestock access. Native species composition and litter cover is 

generally pretty good throughout this pasture; however, there is a large expression of blue grama in 

areas of heavier use. Distribution of livestock indicated that the heaviest used areas are concentrated 

around the water facilities and Blacktail Road.
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Pasture 2 is the smallest of the three pastures at approximately 1,848 acres in size, and three out of 

the six permittees run in this pasture. Approximately 64 head normally are turned out into this 

pasture around May 15th. Around June 10th, an additional 24 head are turned out. The length of the 

grazing season varies from year to year; however, livestock are normally removed from the 

allotment around October10th for weaning. Two of the three permits, in a normal year, bring 

approximately 94 head back into the pasture around October 25th, and graze until December 15th.

Although the Forest Service range staff did not spend a lot of time in this pasture for distribution 

mapping, the topography of the northern half and some of the southern half is rough, which limits 

the distribution of livestock. The southeastern portion of this pasture receives the heaviest of use 

due to water and topography. Water facilities within the pasture include a developed spring north of 

Blacktail Creek, which has a very slow flow watering approximately 15 to 25 head at best, 

according to the permittees, and two reservoirs south of Blacktail Creek, both of which were 

cleaned out in 2007.

Pasture 3 is approximately 2,107 acres in size, and two of the six permittees have numbers allocated 

to this pasture. The number of head allocated to this pasture is 125. For at least the last 10 years one 

of the permittees has not run the 44 head allocated to him. This pasture has been grazed with 60 to 

88 head for the last four grazing seasons. The livestock in this pasture are normally rotated between 

this pasture and pasture 1 in a two-pasture deferred rotation. The topography of the northern half 

and some of the southern half is rough enough to limit the distribution of livestock. The 

southeastern portion of the pasture receives the heaviest use due to water and topography. The 2210 

file shows that there are four reservoirs in the pasture; however, the reservoir in the northwest 

quarter of section 11 is silted in and nonfunctional. The other three reservoirs are seasonal, so 

livestock use Blacktail Creek as the primary water source.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment. However, during a PFC survey 

along Blacktail Creek in 2006, black henbane was found growing along the creek bank.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 5.5 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 23.8 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from 

these acres is approximately 1.5 and 6.5 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

256-02 Blacktail Cr (3) 0.09 0.09

256-02 Blacktail Cr (4) 1.76 1.76

256-02

Unnamed Trib to 

Blacktail (9) 0.45 0.45

256-02

Unnamed Trib to 

Blacktail (10) 0.75 0.75

256-03 Blacktail Cr (4) 1.83 1.83
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256-03 Blacktail Cr (5) 0.7 0.7

Blacktail Creek (reach 4) flows through pastures 2 and 3 of Allotment 256 (Figure 256.1). In 

addition, an unnamed tributary (reaches 9, 10) flows north through pasture 2 into Blacktail Creek.

Brooks (2005) rated the unnamed tributary reach as NF (reach 9) and the unnamed tributary (reach 

10) as FAR-NA. Blacktail Creek was resurveyed by the interdisciplinary team in 2006. The team 

gave a functionality rating of NF to most of Blacktail Creek, except for the lower 0.7-mile reach in 

pasture 3 that had a functionality rating of FAR-NA and reach 3 which was at PFC.

Problems noted in these reaches include:

 Presence of noxious weed, black henbane, on point bars.

 Point bars largely devoid of vegetation; riparian vegetation is very patchy.

 Vegetation cover is sparse and inadequate to protect channel and banks from incision and 

erosion. The banks have almost continuous bare ground.

 Excess sediment is coming from uplands and forming large fans at nearly every tributary 

confluence.

 Channel is very wide and cobble-lined, suggesting very flashy hydro-period and very high rates 

of sedimentation and sediment transport.

 Historical incision of about 5 to 7 meters (15 to 20 feet) is evident from the position of mature 

cottonwoods. Furthermore, there are signs of recent, ongoing channel incision.

 There is no regeneration of cottonwood trees and only a single patch of peach leaf willows

(Salix amygdaloides Anderrs.).

Figure 256.1 — Reach 4 of Blacktail 

Creek is incised and shows evidence of 

continued channel incision.
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Figure 256.2 — Examples of Healthy, on the left, and At Risk, on the right, woody 

draws in Allotment 256.

Woody Draws – Rocky Mountain juniper was the dominant woodland type throughout the 

allotment, but of 18 sampled green ash woody draws, half were Healthy and half were At Risk 

(Figure 256.2). Topographic constraints that control livestock distribution and the presence of 

developed reservoirs were major factors affecting woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, seven randomly selected VOR transects were surveyed. Three 

were measured in the Low structure class, and four were measured in the Moderate class. No High 

structure transects were measured. The consolidated station averages were Low structure stations at 

62 percent and Moderate stations at 37 percent. Approximately 1 percent of the stations were 

measured in the High category ( > 5.5 inches).

One transect was resurveyed in 2005. It surveyed in the Low structure class. The actual 

measurement was slightly higher than the 2004 reading. The station data showed 60 percent of the 

stations were Low and 40 percent were Moderate. No High structure stations were measured.

Seral Stages – Numerous ecoplots, Robel transects, belt transects, and field observations indicated 

a predominance of native plant communities at mid seral stages with high amounts of blue grama 

and/or buffalo grass. Invasive grasses primarily involving bluegrass and lesser amounts of annual 

brome occurred along roadways, reclaimed well sites, and some primary use areas. Blacktail Creek 

extends through the center of the allotment and the creek corridor and adjacent tributaries are 

primary areas of use. Significant portions of all three pastures contained steep rugged topography 

with barren south aspect slopes and north aspect slopes of dense Rocky Mountain juniper that are 

minimally utilized by livestock.

Kentucky bluegrass occurred at a frequency of 36 percent on a Claypan ecological site sampled by 

NDSU in pasture 1, but constituted less than 3 percent of the grass production from the clipped 

plots. This site was rated at a mid seral stage with western wheatgrass, blue grama, sedge, 

Junegrass, and relatively low production. A remeasured ecoplot north of the NDSU sample site 

remained at a mid seral stage between 1998 and 2008, but frequency of Kentucky bluegrass 

increased from 0 to 15 percent. A cluster of six adjacent ecoplots were also at mid seral stages with 

absent or light amounts of invasive grasses during the late 1990s.
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Relative grass canopy cover of bluegrass increased from 16 percent to 30 percent between 1998 and 

2008 on a remeasured ecoplot in pasture 2. Seral stage decreased from late-mid to mid and the site 

was approaching an Invaded Grass State. Two nearby ecoplots were at mid seral stages during 

1998. A Robel transect along Blacktail Road recorded crested wheatgrass as the dominant species, 

while a belt transect and Robel transect in secondary range in the north half of the pasture recorded 

native grass dominance suggestive of mid seral stages.

A sere plot in pasture 3 was at a late-mid seral stage with light amounts of bluegrass. Species 

recorded along two of three Robel transects were suggestive of mid seral stages while the third 

transect was suggestive of earlier stages and contained bluegrass. A belt transect on the west side of 

the pasture was suggestive of mid to late seral stages.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one grouse lek on the allotment and one additional lek within 1

mile of the allotment. The 1-mile proximity radius for these two leks overlaps the NFS portions of 

the allotment with approximately 1,584 acres.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed two years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructure. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Blacktail Creek and the unnamed tributary as described in 

the existing condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation, which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure.
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Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages. Increased litter accumulation that would occur with the removal of grazing would assist 

the spread of invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States in portions of the allotment,

but native grass communities would persist for an extended period in large areas of the allotment 

with less abundant invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would likely enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over 

time (more than 10 to 15 years) the decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging opportunities. 

Also, over time (>10 to 15 years), nesting and brooding quality would decrease because of lower 

quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that could invade the pastures.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by turn-in (Common Allotment) grazing association permits, and 

Authorized Use is 1,591 federal AMs.

 There are three cow/calf herds that run in this allotment. One in pasture 2 seasonlong, one in 

pasture 1 in a deferred rotation with the associated headquarters allotment, and one in a deferred 

rotation with pastures 1 and 3.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek and the unnamed tributary, as described 

in the existing condition, would continue.

Woody Draws – Woody draw proportions of about 50 percent Healthy and 50 percent At Risk 

would persist under current management. High degrees of woody draw disturbance occur with 

seasonlong grazing, rough topography that results in livestock trailing along drainages, and the 

close proximity of developed water sources. Although reported use is significantly less than 

Authorized Use, several woody draws exhibit a lack of tree and shrub regeneration and have the 

potential to revert to grass or shrub communities. Potentially increased stocking to the level of 

Authorized Use would increase the level of woody draw disturbances and decrease the proportion 

of 50 percent Healthy woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to promote an increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure and the overall herbaceous structure in general. Retaining the current 

Authorized Use level is projected to continue to promote a lack of residual cover in the surveyed 
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transect areas. However, AOI/AW data indicates that recent planned use has been less than the 

initial estimated carrying capacity.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would perpetuate the predominance of mid 

seral conditions with the potential for gradually increasing invasive grasses. Potentially, increased 

stocking to the level of Authorized Use would result in shifts towards early seral stages with an 

increased potential to assist invasive grass spreading. The initial estimated carrying capacity is 

likely to be high as a result of lower forage production than production estimates used to estimate 

carrying capacity, and steep slopes and long distances to water affecting a large portion of the 

allotment. Areas of late seral stages have the potential to occur in poorly accessible areas or distant 

secondary range with potential communities of little bluestem and prairie sandreed.

Other impediments to the development of late stages and facilitation of invasive grass spreading 

occur with premature turn-in dates for native grass communities, seasonlong grazing, and high 

utilization within primary use areas. Indications of poor range condition were evident in primary use 

areas (Figure 256.3) and are influenced by the topography and relatively poor soils.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions, notably the projected high Authorized Use 

levels, would not enhance High structure grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat in this allotment.

Figure 256.3 — Four photos indicate various trailing impacts that decrease 

hydrologic function and the ability to produce vegetation.

Final photo illustrates high utilization of grassland communities in primary use areas.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,591 federal AMs.

 Constructing approximately 1.5 miles of fence south of Blacktail Creek in pasture 2 to create a 

riparian pasture. 

 Drilling a stock well in the northwest quarter of section 24 in pasture 2, constructing 

approximately 1.5 miles of water pipeline to supply two stock tanks, one located in the new 

riparian pasture and one in the southeast quarter of Section 24.

 Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation utilizing Allotment 230 pasture 1, Allotment 288 

pasture 2, Allotment 256 pasture 2, and the proposed riparian pasture in Allotment 256. 

 Fencing existing reservoir and portion of adjacent woody draw in Section 25 in pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Utilize herding to move livestock off of Blacktail Creek.

 In pasture 2, creating water gaps. Harden gaps and trail crossing Blacktail Creek in Section 24.

 In pasture 3, cut encroaching junipers and use the material to control livestock access to 

Blacktail Creek. Drift fences could also be used in combination with the native materials.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorizing 1,591 federal AMs would appear to be the same as existing condition; 

however, this authorization would be an increase in the amount of AMs harvested because one of 

the permittees has not utilized the allocated AMs available to him for at least the last 10 years. The 

federal AMs have been waived back to the MGA, who in turn have reallocated the AMs. Currently, 

the Forest Service is not approving these AMs for annual authorization, so the 154 AMs would be 

subtracted from the initial Authorized Use to reflect 1,437 federal AMs. Other than these 154 AMs, 

the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the use of these 

federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be harvested at 

different times of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Constructing a mile and a half cross fence south of Blacktail Creek would create an additional 

pasture, which would increase the intensity of livestock management within pasture 2. Because the 

pasture would be split into two separate pastures, AMs available in each pasture would be 

determined and would identify the number of grazing days for each pasture with the number of 

livestock to be grazed. Distribution of livestock would change because livestock would be confined 

to individual pastures and would no longer have free access to the entire pasture. Distribution

throughout the two pastures would be more even than the existing spot grazing occurring by 

livestock. The duration and time of livestock grazing would force livestock to utilize species that 

are undesirable at different periods of the growing and grazing season. Additional livestock water 

would be required because of the locations of existing livestock water developments. 
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Drilling a livestock water well, constructing a pipeline, and placing two tanks would provide 

reliable livestock water throughout the grazing season in both pastures. The existing water 

development in the proposed riparian pasture would not supply enough water for the number of 

livestock grazing the current pasture, and is the only water source north of Blacktail Creek besides 

the creek itself. Utilization levels would increase around the new developments; however, the level 

of utilization would relate to the duration and number of livestock grazing the pastures.

Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation would not change the distribution of livestock in the 

smaller pastures because of the size and topography of the pastures. The larger pasture’s, Allotment 

256 pasture 2, livestock distribution would change because of the change in timing of grazing, 

forage quality of graminoid species, climatic conditions during grazing period, and the initial action 

of splitting the pasture into two pastures. The amount of federal AMs harvested would not change 

from the existing conditions; however, the forage would be harvested during different parts of the 

growing season. A four-pasture deferred rotation would change the season of use within the 

pastures and would allow for proper recovery and initial growth of individual native graminoid 

species throughout periods of the growing season. Two of the three permittees would be combining 

herds into one herd rather than splitting livestock into different herds.

Fencing of the existing reservoir and portion of the adjacent woody draw would assist in controlling 

the distribution of livestock in pasture 2 because the existing reservoir would no longer be 

accessible to livestock when gates are shut causing the livestock to have to use an alternate watering 

source. There will be a cost to install these fences, and there will be additional cost of maintenance 

of the fence to prevent livestock access to the reservoir and woody draw.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences, and there will be additional 

cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Due to the size of pastures 2 and 3, the use of herding would directly affect the distribution of the 

livestock away from Blacktail Creek. Herding is effective in disturbing typical distribution and 

would move livestock away from currently heavily grazed areas to less utilized areas. Over time,

this would result in increased forage availability for livestock grazing due to the sites recovering 

from the heavy grazing pressure that currently exists. Initial start-up cost of hiring a rider or the 

permittees’ time would create additional costs. Livestock grazing would occur in areas of secondary 

range.

Creating water gaps and hardening gaps and trails crossing Blacktail Creek in Section 24 would not 

change overall livestock distribution within pasture 2 because of the topography of the pasture, and 

livestock would still move freely across Blacktail Creek. Livestock would typically prefer the 
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hardened gaps and trails due to the stability of the crossing, and livestock use would also increase in 

the areas where gaps were placed.

Using natural materials and drift fences would decrease the amount of access points to Blacktail 

Creek by livestock in pasture 3, because the materials or fences would prevent livestock from using 

the current access points. Changes in overall livestock distribution in pasture 3 would be minimal 

because of the size and topography; however, use around the existing access points would decrease 

over time. Livestock would still have the ability to move freely up and down Blacktail Creek if all 

access points were not blocked by the natural materials or drift fences.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The creation of a riparian pasture to limit the time when livestock can access the 

stream in pasture 2 would improve riparian conditions in this reach. The new water sources 

developed in the riparian pasture and in pasture 2 to pull livestock away from the riparian corridor 

would benefit riparian conditions by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in 

the riparian area, allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation would provide some flexibility in reducing the duration of 

livestock grazing near Blacktail Creek. If an increase in herbaceous production should occur near 

the creek, then a reduction in overland flow would occur. A reduction in overland flow delivered to 

the creek would result in a reduction in stream velocities, allowing for the establishment of riparian 

vegetation which would rebuild stream banks.

Fencing of the existing reservoir and a portion of the adjacent woody draw would assist in 

controlling the distribution of livestock in pasture 2, which could benefit riparian conditions along 

Blacktail Creek and the unnamed tributary by controlling the amount and timing of use in the creek 

corridors.

It is expected that desired conditions on Blacktail Creek and unnamed tributary in pasture 2 would 

be achieved in a period from 10 to 15 years.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions 

along Blacktail Creek and the unnamed tributary because there would be no expected change in 

livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow and would further benefit the riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek and the 

unnamed tributary. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced 

stream velocities, allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation that would build stream 

banks.

Herding livestock out of the riparian area would benefit the riparian corridor by minimizing bank 

sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in the riparian area, allowing for herbaceous and woody 

riparian vegetation recovery.

Hardening the watering areas and gaps of Blacktail Creek would benefit stream conditions through 

this reach by protecting banks from livestock trampling and trailing.
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The addition of drift fences and native materials (e.g., juniper trees, rocks) in critical areas along the 

stream to control access should reduce impacts to the banks from hoof action and provide additional 

time for riparian plants to recover.

It is expected that desired conditions on Blacktail Creek and the unnamed tributary would be 

achieved in a period from 5 to 10 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Woody draw conditions would have a high potential to increase within a riparian 

pasture created by splitting pasture 2 into two pastures. The reduced intensity and season of grazing 

within the riparian pasture required to achieve and maintain PFC conditions would provide a high 

potential for improved woody draw conditions in the riparian pasture, north half of pasture 2.

Woody draw conditions in the south half of pasture 2 would have a lower potential to improve as a 

result of using the two pastures in a four-pasture deferred rotation with two pastures of other 

allotments. Increased livestock density associated with the shorter grazing season and decreasing 

pasture size would increase the evenness of grazing disturbances across the pasture, thereby 

maintaining or increasing the potential for high browsing and trampling disturbances within woody 

draws. Increased periods without browsing provided by the deferred rotation would not be sufficient 

for woody species to recover from and escape future browsing disturbances due to their relatively 

slow growth response.

Constructing a fence around a portion of an Unhealthy woody draw adjacent to a reservoir in the 

south half of pasture 2 would improve conditions by removing livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances. Fencing of the reservoir would allow the management of livestock distribution by 

controlling water access, thereby increasing the potential for improved conditions of other nearby 

woody draws.

Drilling a new water well and constructing a water tank in each of the new pastures created by 

splitting pasture 2 would contribute to increased browsing and trampling disturbances and 

decreased conditions in adjacent woody draws in both pastures.

Current management would continue in pastures 1 and 3. These pastures contained the greatest 

proportion of woody draws, and At Risk conditions of more than half of the sample sites would 

persist. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would contribute to decreasing 

woody draw conditions. Delaying turn-in by 2 weeks appropriate for the native grass-dominated 

allotment would not appreciably improve woody draw conditions because this period represents a 

small portion of the total grazing season and use should be relatively low due to cooler temperatures 

and fewer insect pests.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

regeneration of desired woody species and improve woody draw conditions by removing or 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances 

through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but 

regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive grass layers that 

would occur with the removal of grazing. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential 

to increase disturbances within adjacent unfenced woody draws.
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Livestock herding, construction of drift fences, hardening stream crossings, and piling of juniper 

slash to decrease livestock disturbances and improve riparian conditions along Blacktail Creek 

would facilitate improved conditions and increasing extent of woody draw patches along the creek 

margins.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity, which could be 

amplified by the rough terrain. Creating a riparian pasture and integrating pasture 2 into a fourpasture deferred rotation could be beneficial to composition and herbaceous structure but would be 

limited due to the Authorized Use level. Fencing the reservoir and associated woody draw would

aid herbaceous structure in the area around the development due to the loss of the attractant, (i.e.,

water source) depending on the size of the exclosure. But this could also lead to more use around 

other attractants. It is assumed that access into the reservoir would be given under specific time 

frames.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to adjust the herbaceous structure distribution because of an increase in residual cover. 

Utilizing herding could further contribute to homogenizing herbaceous structure across the pasture 

because of the focus of moving livestock to ensure that overuse doesn’t occur in one area. Effects of 

fencing specific woody draws would be relative to the size and location of the exclosure(s) but is 

expected to result in minimal effects because of the small amount of woody draws projected to be 

fenced. Using on-site, encroaching juniper trees to aid in controlling livestock use in woody draws 

could result in an increase in herbaceous dominated areas with increased potential forage for cattle 

and herbage for grassland structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Shifts towards late seral stages would be facilitated in the proposed riparian 

pasture created by splitting pasture 2 into two pastures. Shorter grazing periods or decreased 

stocking levels implemented in the riparian pasture to achieve and maintain PFC conditions along 

Blacktail Creek would result in decreased grazing disturbances within the upland herbaceous 

communities with an increased potential for the development of late seral stages.

Implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation with the newly created pastures and two pastures of 

other allotments would increase opportunities for the development of late seral stages in the new 

pastures. Although increased livestock density associated with shorter grazing seasons would 

increase the evenness of grazing disturbances in the new pastures, shorter and fluctuating grazing 

seasons of the deferred rotation would increase opportunities for plant recovery and the completion 

of critical growth stages, which would increase plant vigor and potential shifts towards late seral 

stages. Increased evenness of livestock grazing would contribute to decreased accumulation of plant 

litter, which can assist the spread of invasive grasses. An exception may occur in the riparian 

pasture, where decreased levels of use might be required to maintain PFC conditions along Blacktail 

Creek.

Drilling a new water well and constructing pipelines to supply two water tanks in each of the new 

pastures created by splitting pasture 2 would result in high grazing and trampling disturbances 
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around the tanks with shifts to early seral stages and the potential spread of invasive grasses around 

the tanks and pipeline corridors.

Delaying turn-in by 2 weeks would halt premature grazing of native grasses in all pastures and 

assist increased plant vigor at current levels of reported use. However, continuation of current 

stocking levels and seasonlong use in pasture 3, and to a lesser extent in pasture 1, would decrease 

the potential for shifts towards late seral stages and maintain the potential for increasing invasive 

grasses. Potentially, increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that is usually appreciably 

greater than reported use would also impede potential increases in plant vigor and seral 

development.

Fencing the reservoir and woody draw at the south end of pasture 2 would create the potential for 

development of late seral stages along the perimeter of the exclosures, but invasive grasses would 

have a high potential to increase and dominate in this area due to their present occurrence or 

conditions of woody draw habitats that are readily invaded. Managing access to the reservoir would 

assist in controlling livestock distribution and the potential for excessive utilization in the 

surrounding area.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages in 

proportion to the amount of reduction compared to currently reported levels of use. Sufficiently 

large decreases in actual use would facilitate increased litter accumulation that would have the 

potential of assisting the spread and increased dominance of invasive grasses.

Implementing a variety of measures to decrease livestock access along Blacktail Creek would 

contribute to increased grazing disturbances in the uplands, with the potential of impeding the 

development or maintenance of late seral stages. Fencing woody draws would not have an 

appreciable effect on upland seral conditions due to the smaller size of the fence exclosures. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity. Higher levels of 

livestock use would limit residual cover and habitat for grouse. However, recent AOI/AW data 

suggests that the allotment is currently operated at lower levels than the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, which could be amplified by the rough terrain. Creating a riparian pasture and integrating 

pasture 2 into a four-pasture deferred rotation with other allotments may be beneficial to grouse 

nesting habitat, assuming improvement to the herbaceous structure distribution, though higher VOR 

readings may not be prevalent due to the presumed Authorized Use level. Fencing the reservoir 

(Section 25) and associated woody draw could aid grouse nesting habitat in the area around the 

development due to the loss, or perhaps management, of the attractant (i.e., water source). This 

could also lead to more use around other water sources, reducing grouse habitat potential. Creating 

new water could contribute to increased potential for homogenization of herbaceous structure and, 

subsequently, grouse habitat.Management flexibility could be realized as well, but there are no 

detailed plans at this time. There are no apparent proposed changes to management in pastures 1 

and 3 where the grouse lek occurs. In these pastures, it is expected that current management would 

retain a limited amount of potential grouse nesting habitat.
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Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could be the most effective tool available to 

begin to enhance grouse nesting habitat because of increasing levels of residual cover. Utilizing 

herding could further contribute to homogenizing potential grouse habitat because of the focus of 

moving livestock to ensure that overuse doesn’t occur in one area compared to another area of 

under-utilization. Effects of fencing specific woody draws would be relative to the size and location 

of the exclosure(s) but is expected to result in minimal effects to grouse nesting due to the small 

amount of woody draws projected to be fenced. Using on-site, encroaching juniper trees to aid in 

controlling livestock use in woody draws could result in an increase in herbaceous dominated areas 

with increased potential forage for cattle and potential grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 In pasture 3 on Blacktail Creek, constructing a 76-acre riparian exclosure. No grazing of 

exclosure for first 3 years.

 Suspending waived 154 AUMs associated with pasture 3 that have been historically non-used.

 In pasture 3, utilizing drift fences, native materials (i.e., encroaching juniper trees), rocks to 

control access to Blacktail Creek.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Creating a riparian pasture in pasture 3.

 Riparian exclosure: At end of year 3 conduct vegetation survey. If survey reveals that vegetation 

and stream channel condition can withstand some grazing, initiate a late or dormant season 

compressed prescribed graze. Prescribed grazing would be identified in the AOI.

 Constructing three riparian exclosures in pasture 2 on Blacktail Creek. The exclosures are 38, 

19, and 27 acres in size, respectively (Reaches 14, 15, 16).

 In pasture 3, constructing a 23-acre riparian exclosure on Blacktail Creek (Reach 18).

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,678 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,591 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,830 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to an 8 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 
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to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Constructing a 76-acre exclosure in pasture 3 on Blacktail Creek would remove approximately 34 to 

37 AUMs from livestock grazing for 3 years. Authorized Use for the first 3 years would be adjusted 

for the loss of AUMs because forage within the exclosure would not be available to livestock.

Livestock distribution changes would be minimal because of the size and location of the exclosure 

in relation to the overall size of pasture 3.

Suspending the waived 154 AUMs associated with pasture 3 would not have an effect on livestock 

grazing in pasture 3 because they have not been used for at least 10 years according to the permittee 

who waived the AUMs back to the MGA. MGA would no longer collect grazing fees for the 154 

AUMs.

Utilizing drift fences or native materials to control livestock access to Blacktail Creek would 

decrease the amount of access points to Blacktail Creek by livestock in pasture 3 because the 

materials or fences would prevent livestock from using the current access points. Changes in overall 

livestock distribution in pasture 3 would be minimal because of the size and topography; however, 

use around the existing access points would decrease over time. Livestock would still have the 

ability to move freely up and down Blacktail Creek if all access points were not blocked by the 

natural materials or drift fences.

Adaptive Options – Creating a riparian pasture in pasture 3 would allow more control of the 

grazing pressure along Blacktail Creek and would change the distribution within the two pastures 

because the duration of livestock use would be limited to a very short period of time. An analysis of 

the available AUMs for the remaining pastures would be needed to see if those pastures would be 

able to absorb the additional livestock use; otherwise an adjustment in Authorized Use would be 

necessary. The initial cost of the installation of the cross fence would also be an effect of this action.

At the end of 3 years, the riparian exclosure initiated in the initial action would now become a 

riparian pasture, which would become available to livestock grazing. The AUMs removed would be 

reinstated and managers would have the ability to choose when and how much livestock grazing 

would occur in the riparian pasture, if vegetative surveys show that the riparian area can withstand 

livestock grazing. Grazing within the riparian pasture would be administered through the AOI.

Creating three additional riparian exclosures in pasture 2 would remove available AUMs from 

livestock grazing, because the forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Livestock distribution changes would be minimal because of the size and 

topography of pasture 2. However, livestock grazing pressure would switch to the uplands, because 

forage in the riparian areas would no longer be available. There will be a cost to install these fences 

and as a result there will be additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access 

to the riparian exclosures.

An additional riparian exclosure in pasture 3 would remove approximately 23 acres and associated 

AUMs from livestock grazing. Because the forage within the exclosure would no longer be 

available, and considering the size of the exclosure, there would be minimal adjustments in the 
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available AUMs within pasture 3. Livestock distribution changes would be minimal because of the 

overall size, topography, and location of existing livestock water developments.

Implementing all riparian exclosures within pastures 2 and 3 would remove forage that is currently 

available to livestock. Because forage is being removed from livestock, adjustments in Authorized 

Use would be made. Grazing pressure would change along Blacktail Creek from the existing 

condition because livestock would not have free access to all existing livestock crossings along 

Blacktail Creek. The fences associated with the exclosures would funnel livestock to areas 

unfenced. 

Riparian

Initial Actions – The 76-acre riparian exclosure proposed for pasture 3 would provide the best 

opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time by excluding 

livestock from the riparian corridor in the area treated. Typically areas recommended for exclosures 

have been chronically overgrazed or trampled by livestock trailing, and there is currently 

insufficient vegetation to protect banks and channels from erosion. The use of riparian pastures and 

exclosures has proven to be effective in the Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian 

response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and 

controlling sediment loads.

Suspending the waived 154 AUMs associated with pasture 3 would not have an effect on riparian 

conditions along Blacktail Creek because the related livestock use has not occurred in a long period.

It is expected that desired conditions on Blacktail Creek and unnamed tributary would be achieved 

in a period from 5 to 10 years.

Adaptive Options – The riparian exclosures proposed for pasture 2 and 3 would provide the best 

opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time by excluding 

livestock from the riparian corridor in areas treated and preventing the related effects such as 

trailing and trampling. Typically, areas recommended for exclosures have been chronically 

overgrazed or trampled by livestock trailing, and there is currently insufficient vegetation to protect 

banks and channels from erosion. The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven to be 

effective in the Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures 

along Ash Coulee) in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. The 

creation of a riparian pasture in pasture 3 would provide greater control of animal distribution by 

limiting the length of season and determining the season of use of riparian areas.

It is expected that desired conditions on Blacktail Creek and unnamed tributary would be achieved 

in a period from 2 to 5 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 8 percent would have minimal effect on woody 

draw conditions because the level of potential use would remain greater than use reported for most 

years. The proposal of suspending 154 AUMs associated with non-use in pasture 3 by one of the 

permittees would result in a total decrease in Authorized Use of 16 percent after adjusting for cow 

size, and would affect a greater or more consistent reduction in actual use for pasture 3, with an 

increased potential for improved woody draw conditions.
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Creating a 76-acre riparian pasture in pasture 3 would facilitate the improvement or expansion of 

woody draw patches that occur along the margins of the exclosure due to a 3-year rest period and 

relatively low grazing levels thereafter to facilitate the maintenance or trend towards PFC 

conditions.

Adaptive Options – The effects of fencing additional woody draws, creating several additional 

riparian pastures or exclosures, hardening stream crossings, herding livestock off Blacktail Creek, 

and decreasing Authorized Use would all provide a degree of benefit to woody draw communities 

by decreasing or removing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances as discussed under 

Alternative 3. However, additional decreases in Authorized Use would likely be required to account 

for the acreage of pasture affected by several potential riparian exclosures in order to avoid 

increased grazing disturbance throughout the remainder of the allotment that would contribute to 

decreased conditions of unfenced woody draws.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – By setting Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity, there could be 

movement of the allotment towards herbaceous structure objectives. However, recent AOI/AW data 

indicate that the allotment has been operating below the initial estimated carrying capacity. Creating 

a small riparian pasture in pasture 3, 76 acres, with no grazing for the first 3 years may create a 

negligible amount of High herbaceous structure due to the size of the allotment compared to the size 

of the pasture, the expected configuration, and the focus being on the improvement of the riparian 

area. Suspending the 154 AUMs within pasture 3 could contribute to improving the amount of 

residual cover. Utilizing various tools to control access to Blacktail Creek could increase use around 

existing water developments, homogenizing herbaceous structure in these areas. No management 

changes are apparently proposed for pastures 1 and 2 except for the AUM adjustment. However, as 

noted elsewhere, recent planned levels of use (via AOIs/AWs) indicate operations are below the 

Authorized Use level after adjusting for initial estimated carrying capacity and cow size. Therefore, 

effects to herbaceous structure from the adjustment to AUMs would be limited and perhaps be 

similar to existing conditions

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

adjust herbaceous structure towards meeting project objectives because of potential positive 

changes in residual cover. However, recent AOI/AW data suggests that allotment is currently 

operating below the initial estimated carrying capacity. Therefore, depending on how much below 

initial estimated carrying capacity the allotment is operating, appreciable changes to herbaceous 

structure may not be expected initially. Creating another riparian pasture in pasture 3 would have 

similar effects as the initially created riparian pasture in the Initial Actions: it is not expected that an 

appreciable amount of potential upland habitat types would be available to improve the herbaceous 

structure distribution. Creating a 23-acre riparian exclosure in pasture 3 would, again, contribute a 

negligible amount of potential upland habitat toward the herbaceous structure distribution. Creating 

three small riparian exclosures in pasture 2 would have, generally, the same effects as the 

aforementioned riparian pastures in pasture 3. These pastures may be somewhat permanent due to 

the small sizes and general lack of upland habitat potential.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 8 percent would have minimal effect to seral 

conditions because the level of potential use would remain greater than use reported for most years.

The proposal of suspending 154 AUMs associated with non-use in pasture 3 by one of the 

permittees would result in a total decrease in Authorized Use of 16 percent after adjusting for cow 

size, and would affect a greater or more consistent reduction in actual use for pasture 3 with the 

potential of facilitating shifts towards late seral stages.

Constructing a 76-acre riparian pasture/exclosure along Blacktail Creek in pasture 3 would have a 

small affect on upland seral conditions because the exclosure would comprise less than 4 percent of 

the pasture.

Adaptive Options – Construction of several additional riparian pastures would contribute to 

increased use of upland herbaceous communities with the potential to impede the development of 

late seral stages unless stocking levels are decreased accordingly. Decreasing the level of 

Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages in proportion to the amount of 

reduction in actual use and decreased grazing and trampling disturbances.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Sharp-tailed grouse habitat would be enhanced under this alternative over the next 

10 to 15 years due to the changed Authorized Use level. However, recent AOI/AW data indicate 

that the allotment has been operated below the initial estimated carrying capacity which may nullify 

or limit the amount of improvement in grouse habitat from the initial changes in Authorized Use.

Creating a small riparian pasture in pasture 3 with no grazing for the first 3 years may create a small 

amount of grouse habitat. However, the riparian pasture could promote an ecological trap for grouse 

due to its location, shape, and vegetative composition that may receive increased attention from 

predators (Manzer and Hannon 2005). Suspending the 154 AUMs within pasture 3 could contribute 

to improving the amount of residual cover and improve potential grouse nesting habitat within that 

pasture. Utilizing various tools to control access to Blacktail Creek could increase use around 

existing water developments, homogenizing habitat structure in these areas. No management 

changes are apparently proposed for pastures 1 and 2 except for the AUM adjustment, which would 

likely result in no changes to the herbaceous structure distribution; therefore, the change will not 

enhance grouse nesting habitat. Recent planned use indicates operations are below the initial 

estimated carrying capacity at this time.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could be the most effective tool available to 

improve residual herbaceous structure and enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Creating another riparian pasture in pasture 3 could have similar effects as the initially proposed 

riparian pasture proposed in the Initial Actions. It is not expected that an appreciable amount of 

potential upland habitat types would be available to improve the herbaceous structure distribution.

The construction of three riparian exclosures in pasture 2, entailing approximately 84 acres, and one 

in pasture 3, of about 23 acres, may have similar effects as the riparian pasture in the proposed 

Initial Action. These even smaller exclosures could create ecological traps for grouse by promoting 

increased attention from predators. 
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ALLOTMENT 258

Table 258.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

258 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

5393 96

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

213 4

Total allotment acres 5792 100

NFS acres 5605 97

State land acres 7 0

Private land acres 180 3

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

2071

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1694

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

2
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Table 258.2 — Allotment 258 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian The 98/99 survey rated Ash Coulee Creek 

as FAR-NA and FAR-D.

The 2006 survey rated the creek as PFC for 

2 miles and FAR-D for 0.5 miles.

Move FAR-D reach of Ash 

Coulee Creek towards PFC.

Woody 

draws

86 percent of the sampled woody draws are 

Healthy and 14 percent are Unhealthy due 

to low regeneration.

Maintain current woody draw 

conditions.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.69; 1.15; 2.34; 1.74; 1.1; 

1.46; 1.3; 1.05; 1.53; 1.3.

2004 Stations percent: Low-60.5/Moderate35.5/ High-4

2005 Transects: 1.0; 1.38; 1.13

2005 Stations percent: Low-85/Moderate15/

High-0 

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High structure 

on biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages Of five sample sites, four were at mid seral 

stages and one was at a late seral stage. All 

sites contained light to moderate amounts of 

invasive grass, but there is a moderately 

high potential for seral objectives to be met.

Maintain dominance of native 

grass communities and limit or 

decrease the spread of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known sharp-tailed grouse leks 

within the allotment. One lek is within a 1-

mile radius of the allotment. The 

approximate overlap encompasses 840 

acres.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by increasing 

the quality and quantity of 

High vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites.

Remarks Approx. 2 acres of Canada thistle, leafy spurge, and burdock are being 

treated.

Sensitive plant species blue-eyed Mary (Collinsia parviflora Dougl. ex 

Lindl.) and Hooker’s Townsendia were found in this allotment; however the 

populations are not being affected by livestock grazing.
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Table 258.3 — Allotment 258 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

2071 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 1510 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in 

(Common Allotment).

 Rotation: Two-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 2071.

 Manage livestock tank 

system to better 

distribute livestock.

 Extend pipeline 

proposed in Allotment 

136 and place tank in 

north central portion 

of pasture 1 to draw 

cattle away from Ash 

Coulee Creek.

 Create a 3-acre 

riparian exclosure by 

installing a fence in 

the southwest quarter 

of the northeast 

quarter of Section 13 

north of Ash Coulee 

Creek; allow 

prescribed grazing 

once riparian area has 

reached PFC (or if 

excess litter builds up) 

as directed by the 

AOI/AW.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

 Add a tank to the 

existing rangeland 

pipeline in the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 7.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 2071.

 Manage livestock tank 

system to better 

distribute livestock.

 Extend pipeline 

proposed in Allotment 

136 and place tank in 

north central portion 

of pasture 1 to draw 

cattle away from Ash 

Coulee Creek.

 Create a 3-acre 

riparian exclosure by 

installing a fence in 

the southwest quarter 

of the northeast 

quarter of Section 13 

north of Ash Coulee 

Creek; allow 

prescribed grazing 

once riparian area has 

reached PFC (or if 

excess litter builds up) 

as directed by the 

AOI/AW.

 On native pastures,

defer turnout until the 

second or third week 

of May.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

 Add a tank to the 

existing rangeland 

pipeline in the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 7.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 1694.

 Manage livestock tank 

system to better 

distribute livestock.

 Extend pipeline 

proposed in Allotment 

136 and place tank in 

north central portion 

of pasture 1 to draw 

cattle away from Ash 

Coulee Creek.

 Create a 3-acre 

riparian exclosure by 

installing a fence in 

the southwest quarter 

of the northeast 

quarter of Section 13 

north of Ash Coulee 

Creek; allow 

prescribed grazing 

once riparian area has 

reached PFC (or if 

excess litter builds up) 

as directed by the 

AOI/AW.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Add a tank to the 

existing rangeland 

pipeline in the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 7.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned management 

identified in allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections 

to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5

years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3

years then once every 

5 years if a positive 

trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 258 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 5,792 acres in size and contains private, state, and NFS 

lands with 5,605 acres of NFS lands. This allotment is a common and is divided into two pastures.

The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided among five permittees. Currently, the common is 

permitted through each permittees’ associated headquarters permit by the MGA; however, one 

permittee has no associated headquarters allotment and is issued a turn-in permit for the common.

The present AMs, including NFS lands, state land and private lands, allocated to this allotment are 

2,140; however, in the past 5 years there have been drought reductions of which 3 of those 5 years 

the permittees have taken voluntary reductions. They have been running between 1,300 and 1,500 

AMs. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 258-1. This allotment is located 

in the Badlands geographic area. Water developments within this allotment include a spring 

development, a well and pipeline system with stock tanks, and reservoirs. The current management 

has been a two-pasture deferred rotation.

Pasture 1 is the larger of the two pastures with approximately 3,825 acres. The northern portion of 

this pasture is fairly rough with badlands topography. This portion of the pasture has been affected 

by a fire that occurred in the late 1980’s, which is the same fire that had effects in Allotment 135.

There is evidence that the north-facing slopes contained Rocky Mountain juniper, but now these 

areas consist of herbaceous and deciduous woody species. The northern portion of this pasture also 

has areas that have a mixture of native and crested wheatgrass. Crested wheatgrass areas are very 

noticeable. These communities are from old reclaimed oil roads and well pads. Livestock 

distribution is affected by the topography in this pasture, so the south portion of this pasture 

receives the majority of the grazing pressure and therefore, has a good dominant blue grama 
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expression in the plant community. In the south portion of this pasture desirable species such as 

needle and thread grass, western wheatgrass, and green needle grass within and adjacent to the blue 

grama flats can be located. Crested wheatgrass is also present along Forest System Road 738 and in 

areas that have been disturbed by oil and gas activity. The very eastern portion of Section 8 does 

receive heavier grazing than the north-central portion of the allotment; however, topography again 

plays a role in this. Again, blue grama expresses itself well in this eastern portion, and one will also 

find crested wheatgrass and some Japanese brome in areas of disturbance.

Pasture 2 is approximately 1,967 acres in size. This pasture is fairly well watered, and distribution 

of livestock is more even throughout, with the exception of the far south portion of the pasture,

where it gets into more of the rough badland topography. Pasture 2 also has the majority of Ash 

Coulee running through the North portion of the pasture. On a September 8, 2004 visit, livestock 

were dispersed throughout the pasture. Cattle were observed on the north-facing slopes going down 

into Ash Coulee.

Common to both pastures is the number of gullies or steep drainages that can be found. These 

drainages alter the distribution of the livestock. If livestock access one side of the drainage, they 

need to go all the way back down to the road and cross to get to the other side. Due to this 

condition, livestock trailing is very evident in certain areas of both pastures.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 

two acres of leafy spurge, Canada thistle, and burdock. There are scattered patches of Canada thistle 

within the old burn area, but they’re difficult to access. The Billings County weed board has been 

informed of these infestations and has made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 104.9 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 68.4 acres of oil and gas pads and access 

roads have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from 

these acres is approximately 28.7 and 18.6 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

Allotment-Pasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U FAR-NA FAR-D NF Total

258-02 Ash Coulee (0) 1.13 1.13

258-01 Ash Coulee (1) 0.06 0.06

258-01 Ash Coulee (2) 0.32 0.32

258-02 Ash Coulee (1) 1.15 1.15

258-02 Ash Coulee (2) 0.13 0.13

258-02 Ash Coulee (3) 0.8 0.8

Ash Coulee (reaches 0, 1, 2 and 3) flow through Allotment 258. In the 1998 and 1999 surveys, these 

reaches of Ash Coulee had functionality ratings of FAR-NA and FAR-D. Small livestock 

exclosures (Figure 258.1a and b) were constructed along the most severely degraded reaches of Ash 

Coulee. The IDT resurveyed Ash Coulee in 2006 and gave a functionality rating of FAR-D to 0.5 

miles of channel and a functionality rating of PFC to 2.0 miles of channel. Much of the 

improvement in the past decade is attributed to the livestock exclosures, which have permitted 
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414 | Chapter 3

establishment of adequate riparian vegetation to stabilize banks, reduce erosion, and decrease 

sediment transport.

The degraded reach occurs in a fenced corner where Ash Coulee flows from pasture 2 into pasture 1 

and then back into pasture 2. Livestock tend to bunch in this reach. Problems with this reach 

include:

 Lack of regeneration of woody plants, especially willows and cottonwood trees.

 Poor conservation of water in the riparian zone due to high, flashy stream flows.

 Paucity of riparian plants to stabilize banks and to prevent erosion.

 Excessive erosion of point bars.

 Lateral bank migration from bank sloughing.

 Invasion of upland plants (such as the weakly rooted Kentucky bluegrass) into riparian zone due 

to poor conservation of rangeland and riparian moisture.

Ash Coulee reach 0 was rated as FAR-NA in the 1998 survey and was not reevaluated in 2006.

Figure 258.1a — The reaches of Ash Coulee 

within livestock exclosures have attained 

riparian functionality ratings of PFC in less 

than 5 years. Riparian vegetation has established 

on the banks and effectively trapped sediment that 

is transported from reaches upstream of the 

exclosures. Leafy spurge infestations have nearly 

completely disappeared within the exclosures as 

desired riparian vegetation and high soil moisture 

have largely driven the noxious weed out of the 

exclosure reaches.

Figure 258-1b. — Within the exclosures, the 

channel of Ash Coulee is aggrading, channel 

width depth ratios have been modified, the 

floodplain has been rebuilt, flood processes 

have been restored, and moisture is stored in 

the alluvial banks. The floodplain is regularly 

inundated with floodwaters (note the return flow 

rilling across the natural levee). The two livestock 

exclosures along Ash Coulee prove that rapid 

riparian recovery is possible when livestock 

access to stream channels is carefully controlled.
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Woody Draws – Woody draw communities were sparse relative to the size of the pastures and 

usually occurred as small patches, with more extensive Rocky Mountain juniper woodlands 

occurring on steep north aspect slopes. Of seven woody draw samples, 86 percent were Healthy and 

14 percent were Unhealthy.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, 10 randomly selected herbaceous dominated VOR transects were 

surveyed. Six transects were measured in the Low structure class and four transects were measured 

in the Moderate class. No High structure transects were measured. The consolidated station 

averages were Low structure stations at 61 percent and Moderate stations at 36 percent. 

Approximately 4 percent of the stations were measured in the High category ( > 5.5 inches).

Three of these transects were resurveyed in 2005. All three measured in the Low structure class. 

Two of three transects showed a lower VOR than the 2004 reading. The station data showed 85 

percent of the stations were Low and 15 percent were Moderate. No High structure stations were 

measured.

Seral Stages – Of five NDSU and sere plots, four were at mid seral stages and one was at a late 

stage. The allotment contained minimal area of broken land, but oil and gas related disturbances 

were relatively high and contributed to areas of crested wheatgrass and annual brome. Road 

networks and associated culverts have contributed to several deeply downcut drainages that have 

lowered water tables, impaired hydrologic function, and inhibited livestock distribution in some 

areas of the allotment. Significant portions of both pastures, but especially the north half of pasture 

1, contained barren land and rugged topography that impede livestock access and distribution. Short 

grass species of blue grama and sedges often dominate primary use areas in both pastures.

An NDSU sample plot on a Loamy ecological site in pasture 1 was at a mid-early to early seral 

stage with high amounts of blue grama, sedge, and clubmoss. Needle-and-thread was the dominant 

late seral grass from biomass clippings, and Kentucky and Canada bluegrass constituted about 11

percent of the grass production. A sere plot on the west side of the pasture was at a late-mid seral 

stage with only light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome. Several Robel transects and 

belt transects supported the dominance of native grasses with occasional areas of bluegrass, and 

Figure 258.1c — Outside the livestock 

exclosures, the channel of Ash Coulee 

has a high width depth ratio, high 

rates of channel and bank erosion, 

high rates of sediment transport, and 

very little riparian vegetation.
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tended to suggest mid seral stages of western wheatgrass, blue grama, or needle-and-thread, and 

sedge.

Two NDSU samples on Claypan ecological sites in pasture 2 were at mid seral stages with 

dominance of western wheatgrass and needle-and-thread. Bluegrass and lesser amounts of annual 

brome comprised about 7 percent of the average grass production from the clipped plots.

Intermediate wheatgrass was also present. A sere plot in pasture 2 was at a mid seral stage with 

dominance of western wheatgrass, blue grama, needle-and-thread, and high amounts of moss.

Similar to pasture 1, a belt transect and several Robel transects supported the dominance of native 

grasses with occasional areas of invasive grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known sharp-tailed grouse leks within the allotment. One lek 

is within 1-mile radius of the allotment. The approximate overlap encompasses 840 acres.

Effects of Alternative 1

Initial Actions:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Ash Coulee, as described in the existing condition, would 

improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result from 

the establishment of riparian vegetation, which would capture sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws –At Risk and Healthy woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of 

desired woody species. The relatively small extent of existing woody draw patches would have an 

increased potential to increase in extent. Invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential 

increases of these species as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing,

would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an appreciable increased 

opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure and a decrease in the 

amount of Low herbaceous structure on biologically capable habitats.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts toward late 

seral stages. Increased litter accumulation that would occur with the removal of grazing would assist 
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the spread of invasive grasses, but native grass communities would persist for an extended length of 

time in large areas of both pastures due to the currently low proportion or extent of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time 

(>10 to 15 years) the potential decrease in forb diversity could decrease grouse foraging 

opportunities. Also, over time (>10 to 15 years), nesting and brooding quality could also decrease 

because of lower quality habitat associated with potential invasive grasses that could invade the 

pastures.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by turn-in (Common Allotment) grazing association permits, and 

Authorized Use is 2071 federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Ash Coulee, as described in the existing condition, would 

continue.

Woody Draws – Consistent stocking at levels reported during 2005 through 2008 according to 

annual fluctuations in precipitation and plant production would facilitate the persistence of 86 

percent Healthy woody draw conditions. Increased stocking at the present level of Authorized Use, 

which exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 41 percent after adjusting for cow size, would 

increase browsing and trampling disturbances and decrease woody draw conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management would continue to perpetuate the herbaceous 

structure distribution with a limited potential to improve the herbaceous structure distribution. 

Retaining the current Authorized Use level is projected to continue to promote a lack of residual 

cover although recent AOI/AW data indicates that the allotment is operating below the initial 

estimated carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. The two-pasture deferred rotation does 

not generally promote regrowth.

Seral Stages – Continued stocking at levels reported during 2005 through 2008 that have been at or 

less than initial estimated carrying capacity would result in the persistence of mid to mid-early seral 

stages in primary use areas. Turn-in dates during May that are premature for native grasses during 

most years would impede plant vigor, production, and the development of late seral stages. The 

initial estimated carrying capacity likely exceeds true carrying capacity because adjustments were 
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not implemented for steep slopes and long distances to water, which are particularly influential in 

this allotment. Current forage production in primary use areas is likely to be lower than assumptions 

used to estimate carrying capacity, potentially contributing to an overestimate of carrying capacity.

Potentially, increased stocking towards the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 41 percent would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages and increase the 

potential for invasive grass expansion.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions would not enhance grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat. Retaining the current Authorized Use level is projected to continue to promote a 

lack of residual cover even though recent AOI/AW data indicates that the allotment is operating 

below the initial estimated carrying capacity after accounting for cow size. The two-pasture 

deferred rotation does not promote regrowth and enhancement of grouse habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 2,071 federal AMs.

 Managing livestock tank system to better distribute livestock.

 Extending pipeline proposed in Allotment 136 and placing a tank in north-central portion of 

pasture 1 to draw cattle away from Ash Coulee Creek.

 Creating a 3-acre riparian exclosure by installing a fence in the southwest quarter of the 

northeast quarter of Section 13 north of Ash Coulee Creek; allow prescribed grazing once 

riparian area has reached PFC (or if excess litter builds up) as directed by the AOI/AW.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Adding a tank to the existing rangeland pipeline in the southwest quarter of Section 7.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage.

Managing livestock tanks to better distribute livestock would reduce livestock grazing pressure 

within the surrounding areas of the existing tanks. It would create a rotation within the pasture by 

manipulating the water availability in a particular area. However, this would increase the intensity 

of management because if tanks were left off or on too long, excess grazing pressure in areas where 

the stock tanks are on could occur. Stock tank management would allow areas of the pastures to be 

deferred and would allow a recovery period for herbaceous species before being grazed. Livestock 

would still have access to the whole pasture; however, due to the topography, size of pastures, 

location of existing developments, and existing gullies, livestock would be more likely to graze in 

the area surrounding the water development(s) left on. 

Extending the pipeline proposed in Allotment 136 and adding a stock tank to the northern end of 

pasture 1 would allow for more flexibility in stock tank management, reducing grazing pressure in 
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heavily grazed areas along Ash Coulee Creek, and evening out the grazing pressure throughout the 

pasture. Currently there are no water developments in the proposed area of the pasture. A permittee 

within the common is currently placing supplements and herding livestock to this area; however, the 

permittee has had limited success in the early portion of the grazing season due to topography, 

climatic conditions, distance to reliable water, and supplemental needs of the livestock compared to 

the latter portion of the grazing season.

Creating a 3-acre riparian exclosure in the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of Section 13 

north of Ash Coulee creek would not have any effect on Authorized Use or the distribution of 

livestock within this pasture because of the small size of the proposed exclosure. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences, and there will be the

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Adding a tank in the southwest quarter of Section 7 would aid in controlling livestock grazing 

pressure in areas of the associated pasture because tanks could be turned off and on. It would also 

be another tool to draw livestock away from Ash Coulee Creek and reduce the grazing pressure 

along Ash Coulee Creek.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Managing the livestock tank system to better distribute livestock would benefit 

riparian conditions along Ash Coulee Creek by shortening the period of use on the riparian corridor.

If livestock use on the riparian corridor was shorter, conditions would improve by minimizing 

trailing and trampling allowing for riparian vegetation maintenance or recovery.

Developing rangeland water and the installation of a stock tank in pasture 1 would move livestock 

concentration away from the riparian stream corridor and improve riparian conditions. Riparian 

conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area, allowing for 

herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

The riparian exclosure is a direct attempt to improve riparian conditions along Ash Coulee Creek by 

protecting stream banks and riparian vegetation from excess livestock use. Two other exclosures 

along Ash Coulee have led to rapid improvement in riparian conditions. A similar improvement is 

likely here.

There are no specific actions proposed to restore Ash Coulee reach 0 to desired conditions.

It is expected that desired conditions on Ash Coulee Creek, pasture 1 would be achieved in a period 

from 5 to 10 years.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions 

along Ash Coulee Creek because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and 

the distance of separation.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow and would further benefit the riparian conditions along Ash Coulee Creek. A 

reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities, allowing 

for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Developing rangeland water and the installation of a stock tank in Section 7 would move livestock 

concentration away from the riparian stream corridor and improve riparian conditions. Riparian 

conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area, allowing for 

herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

It is expected that desired conditions on Ash Coulee Creek would be achieved in a period from 5 to 

10 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Existing woody draw conditions of 86 percent Healthy would likely persist under 

levels of use reported during 2004 through 2008, which are adjusted according to annual 

fluctuations in precipitation and plant production, and that have ranged from slightly to greatly less 

than initial estimated carrying capacity. Potentially, increased stocking at the level of Authorized 

Use, which is 41 percent greater than estimated carrying capacity, would increase browsing and 

trampling disturbances and decrease woody draw conditions.

Adding a fourth water tank in pasture 1 would increase the evenness of livestock distribution and 

utilization with the potential for decreasing the extent of secondary range. Depending on final 

location of the tank, browsing and trampling disturbances would increase and conditions would 

decrease in any adjacent woody draws. Managing the existing and proposed water sources to 

control livestock distribution could alleviate high or excessive woody draw utilization around 

individual water sources, but portions of Ash Coulee Creek and areas around a dugout pond and 

developed spring would require fencing or reclamation for maximum effectiveness of water tank 

management. Several permittees graze separate livestock herds in the allotment while maintaining 

the deferred rotation between the two pastures, with each permittee likely grazing different portions 

of each pasture. Potentially, decreased use and increasing woody draw conditions around Ash 

Coulee and other watering sites would be countered by increased use and decreasing conditions 

around the new water tank.

Constructing a 3-acre riparian pasture along a short segment of Ash Coulee Creek would facilitate 

improved conditions of the riparian system and small woody draw patches along the margins of the 

fenced exclosure by decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

regeneration of desired woody species and increase woody draw conditions by removing or 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances 

through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but 

regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive grass layers that 
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would occur with the removal of grazing. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential 

to result in increased disturbance within adjacent unfenced woody draws.

Adding a fifth water tank in the southwest quarter of Section 7 in pasture 1 would increase the 

evenness of livestock grazing but would not appreciably effect the proportion of 86 percent Healthy 

woody draws because of the low development of woody draw patches in this area.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 29 percent after accounting for cow size. Recent AOI/AW data indicate that the 

allotment is generally operating under the initial estimated carrying capacity. The rough terrain 

(which may not be accounted for in the initial estimated carrying capacity) found in large portions 

of this allotment could be contributing to resource issues such as herbaceous structure due to its 

effect on the distribution of livestock and the forage resources. Creating a riparian exclosure could 

create positive results in herbaceous structure within the exclosure but would include very limited 

amounts of potentially suitable habitats due to its small size (3 acres). Adding a water tank to the 

northern portion of pasture 1 could homogenize herbaceous structure due to increased livestock 

dispersal. Managing the water tank system could promote management flexibility; however, it does 

not appear that a management system is proposed at this time, so the effects of such are unknown.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project goals. Adding a water tank in 

Section 7 would further homogenize herbaceous structure because of the density of existing water 

sources currently paralleling Ash Coulee. Fencing specific woody draws could have effects relative 

to the size and location of the exclosure but is expected to be negligible due to the already existing 

positive woody draw health rating within the allotment and the small amount of woody draws to be 

fenced in the context of a larger allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Continued stocking at currently reported levels that have generally been 

appreciably less than initial estimated carrying capacity would result in the persistence of high 

utilization and the predominance of mid to mid-early seral stages in primary use areas. Potentially 

increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 

41 percent would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages and increase the potential for spreading 

invasive grasses. Delaying turn-in dates until June 1st would increase plant vigor and production of 

native grasses by providing greater opportunity for the completion of critical spring growth stages, 

but would be unlikely to facilitate shifts towards late seral stages in primary use areas. Resistance to 

invasive grass establishment or spreading may increase with the resulting increase in plant vigor.

Adding an additional water tank in pasture 1 would increase the evenness of livestock grazing and 

reduce the mosaic of grazing pressure. Potential decreases in grazing disturbance around existing 

water sources would be countered by increased disturbance around the new tank. However, adverse 

effects to native plant communities associated with the new tank could be avoided by placing it in 

an area of broken land/crested wheatgrass at the north end of Section 7. Based on the assumption of 

different portions of the pasture acreage allocated to different permittees and livestock herds, 
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management of the tank system would likely result in even or moderate utilization around each of 

the tank locations.

Constructing a 3-acre riparian exclosure along Ash Coulee Creek would increase plant vigor and 

facilitate shifts towards late seral stages along the perimeter of the exclosure by decreasing grazing 

disturbances, but would have a high potential to result in an increase of invasive grasses as assisted 

by increased plant litter.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential for facilitating 

increased plant vigor, production, and shifts towards late seral stages, but reductions of about 40 

percent would be required to achieve a consistent reduction in actual use compared to currently 

reported use.

Adding another water tank to pasture 1 would further decrease the mosaic of grazing pressure and 

seral stages, with slight decreases in grazing disturbances around existing tanks countered by 

increased disturbance around the new tank.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity, though recent 

AOI/AW data indicate that the allotment is generally operating under the initial estimated carrying 

capacity after accounting for cow size. The rough terrain (which may not be accounted for in the 

initial estimated carrying capacity) found in large portions of this allotment could be contributing to 

resource issues such as a lack of residual cover for nesting grouse. Creating a riparian pasture would 

create negligible increases in nesting habitat due to the very small size (3 acres). Adding a water 

tank to the northern portion of pasture 1 could homogenize herbaceous structure due to increased 

livestock dispersal. Managing the water tank system could promote management flexibility and 

grouse habitat; however, at this time a management plan isn’t known, so the effects of such are 

unknown at this time.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to adjust grouse nesting habitat towards meeting project goals. Adding a water tank in Section 

7 would further homogenize herbaceous structure, maintaining residual cover levels, due to the 

density of existing water sources currently paralleling Ash Coulee. Fencing specific woody draws 

could have effects relative to the size and location of the exclosure(s) but is expected to be minimal 

due to the already existing positive woody draw health rating within the allotment and the small 

amount of woody draws to be fenced in the context of a larger allotment.

Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 On native pastures deferring turnout until the second or third week of May.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – This action would not be any different than current management for this 

allotment. In most years given average climatic conditions, livestock grazing would begin on native 

grasses before range readiness has been reached.

Riparian

Initial Actions – This alternative is the same as Alternative 3 except for an adjustment in the timing 

of turnout. The effects are the same as Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Allowing continued turn-in onto the native dominated pasture during mid-May 

would not have an appreciable influence on woody draw conditions because cooler temperatures 

and fewer insects during the latter half of May result in relatively low levels of woody draw use 

compared to the remainder of the summer grazing season.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The effects of not allowing turnout on native pastures until the second or third 

week of May is not different than current management. This action would continue the low 

potential to achieve a balanced herbaceous structure distribution on the allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Premature grazing of native grasses during May can contribute to decreased plant 

vigor, production, and shifts towards early seral stages. These effects can be compounded when 

repeated on an annual basis and with frequent years of below normal precipitation. Continuation of 

May turn-in dates would contribute to the persistence of mid and mid-early seral stages and increase 

the susceptibility of plant communities to invasive grass establishment or spreading within primary 

use areas. There is an excess of underutilized crested wheatgrass and invasive grass pastures in 

other allotments within the project area that could be effectively utilized in the current or similar 

situations where permittees desire an early season pasture, and where an early season pasture could 

contribute to improvement of native dominated pastures.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – On native pastures, deferring turnout until the second or third week of May would 

have the same effects as described in Alternative 3.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.
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INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,694 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 2,071 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 2,382 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 29 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use from 2,071 AMs to 1,694 AUMs should help improve 

the uplands vegetation, which in turn reduces overland flow and would benefit the riparian 

condition along Ash Coulee as described above.

It is expected that desired conditions on Ash Coulee would be achieved in a period from 5 to 10 

years.

Adaptive Options – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

It is expected that desired conditions on Ash Coulee would be achieved in a period from 5 to 10 

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – The effects of adding another water tank, managing the tank system, and creating 

a small riparian exclosure were discussed under Alternative 3. Decreasing Authorized Use by 29 

percent according to initial estimated carrying capacity and adjustments for cow size would create 

potential levels of use 3 to 55 percent greater than use reported during 2005 through 2008. Current 

woody draw conditions would be maintained with recently reported levels of use, but would have 

the potential to decrease with consistent stocking at the proposed level of Authorized Use.

Adaptive Options – The general effects of fencing woody draws, decreasing Authorized Use, and 

adding a second additional water tank in pasture 1 were discussed under Alternative 3. Decreases in 

Authorized Use would have an increased potential to maintain or improve woody draw conditions 

due to the lower starting point from which reductions would occur.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to approximate the initial estimated carrying 

capacity and accounting for cow size could result in an improvement in the potential to improve the 

herbaceous structure distribution within the allotment if it is assumed the allotment was being 

operated at this level. However, AOI/AW information indicates that the permittee(s) already operate 
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approximately at, or below, the initial estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size. 

Therefore, adjusting the Authorized Use to a level that is already being operated at (or perhaps

lower) would not likely alter herbaceous structure conditions at this time.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The effects of adding another water tank, managing the tank system, and creating 

a riparian pasture were discussed under Alternative 3. Decreasing Authorized Use by 29 percent 

according to initial estimated carrying capacity and adjustments for cow size would create potential 

levels of use 3 to 55 percent greater than use reported during 2005 through 2008. Current seral 

stages or trends in plant composition would be maintained at recently reported levels of use, but 

shifts towards early seral stages would occur with consistent stocking at the proposed level of 

Authorized Use.

Adaptive Options – Further decreases in Authorized Use would have an increased potential to 

maintain or increase seral stages due to the lower starting point from which reductions would occur.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use to approximate the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could result in an improvement in the potential to enhance grouse nesting habitat within the 

allotment if it is assumed the allotment was being operated at the Authorized Use level. However, 

AOI/AW information indicates that the permittee(s) already operate approximately at, or below, the 

initial estimated carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size. Therefore, adjusting the 

Authorized Use to a level that is already being operated at (or less) would not likely alter residual 

cover conditions, thus no enhancement of grouse nesting conditions would occur at this time.
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ALLOTMENT 272

Table 272.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

272 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

2956 100

Total allotment acres 2979 100

NFS acres 2956 99

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 23 1

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1473

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1472

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 272.2 — Allotment 272 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

50 percent of the sampled woody draws are 

At Risk and 50 percent are Unhealthy. 

In the At Risk woody draws seedling/saplings 

are present but they are being continually 

grazed back. Unhealthy woody draws exhibit 

greater livestock trailing and less tree 

regeneration than the At Risk draw and only 

patchy shrub layers.

Establish tree regeneration 

and promote seedling/ 

sapling survival.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.09; 1.51; 2.49; 1.69; 1.0; 

1.85; 1.08; 1.49

2004 Stations percent: Low-60.6/Moderate39.4/ High-0

2005 Transects: 1.39

2005 Stations percent: Low-65/Moderate-35/

High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Of five sample sites, three were at mid seral 

stages and two were at Invaded Grass States.

Broken land comprised 15 to 61 percent of 

the three pastures and varying mixtures of 

native and invasive grasses characterized 

vegetation across the allotment.

Maintain or increase the 

proportion of native grass 

communities and limit or 

decrease the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek within the allotment. 

There are three known leks within 1 mile of 

the allotment encompassing approximately 

1881 acres within the 1-mile proximity 

radius.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks Approximately 5 acres of Canada thistle and burdock.
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Table 272.3 — Allotment 272 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

1473 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 

1363 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in 

(common allotment).

 Rotation:

Complementary 

(spring pastures and 

seasonlong summer 

pasture).

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 1473.

 Fence woody draw 

located in the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 30 with 

temporary electric 

fence.

 In pasture 1,

construct a 

rangeland water 

pipeline starting at 

the wellhead in 

Section 33, 

proceeding through 

Sections 28, 29, 30, 

and 33. Install four 

livestock tanks, one 

in each section.

 After construction of 

the pipeline is 

complete, reclaim 

the dugout located in 

the southeast quarter 

of Section 29 pasture 

1 and the reservoir 

located in the 

northwest quarter of 

the southeast quarter 

of Section 30 pasture 

2.

 Control livestock 

distribution through 

management of 

access to tanks and 

reservoirs.

Adaptive Options

 Fence additional 

area in high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 1473.

 In pasture 1,

construct a 

rangeland water 

pipeline starting at 

the wellhead in 

Section 33, 

proceeding through 

Sections 28, 29, 30, 

and 33. Install four 

livestock tanks, one 

in each section.

 Control livestock 

distribution through 

management of 

access to tanks and 

reservoirs.

 Develop a spring in 

pasture 2 in the 

northwest quarter of 

the southwest 

quarter of Section 

30, T143N, R99W.

Adaptive Options

 Fence additional 

area in high-value 

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 1472.

 Fence woody draw 

located in the 

southwest quarter of 

Section 30 in pasture 

2 with a temporary 

electric fence.

 Construct 2.25 miles 

of rangeland water 

pipeline (also see 

Allot. 221) starting 

at the wellhead in 

Section 33 pasture 1,

and install a 

livestock tank in

Section 29 and one 

in Section 30. 

 Manage tank system 

to rotate use in 

pasture 1. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence additional 

area in high-value 

woody draws in 

pasture 2.

 Extend rangeland 

water pipeline and 

install a livestock 

tank in Section 28 

and Section 33. 

 Fence or remove 

dugouts and 

reservoirs, as 

necessary, to control 

animal distribution.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned 

management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment 

inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5

years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction 

Readings annually 

for 3 years then 

reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data 

once every 3 to 5

years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 272 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 2,979 acres in size and contains both private and NFS 

lands with 2,956 acres of NFS lands. This allotment is a common and is divided into three pastures.

The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided among five permittees. Currently, the common is 

permitted through two of the permittees’ associated headquarters permit by the MGA; however, 

three permittees have no associated headquarters allotments and are issued a turn-in permit for the 

common. The pastures themselves range in size from 270 to 2,332 acres. Current AMs provided by 

NFS lands can found in Table 272.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic 

area. Water developments within this allotment include a livestock well and stock tank, reservoirs, a 

dugout, and a spring.

The current management plan for this allotment is to split up the herd into two to allow early 

grazing of pastures 2 and 3, typically May 1st to June 16th. The two herds eventually converge into 

pasture 1 and graze the rest of the season until usually November 30th, although some permittees 

remove their livestock before this date. Plant composition in pastures 2 and 3 is dominated by 

introduced species, especially crested wheatgrass. Pasture 1 has more of a mixed native species 

component, but Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass can be dominant in areas.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 5

acres of Canada thistle and burdock. The Billings County weed board has been informed of these 

infestations and has made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.
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Figure 272.1 — At Risk and Unhealthy woody draws in pasture 2. Although 

periodic regeneration is evident in photo b from the stand of medium aged trees, high 

trailing and trampling disturbances have resulted in a lack of recent regeneration and 

understory structure.

In pasture 2, in the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 30, T143N, R99W there 

was some riparian vegetation and long-term water sign at the lower end of a woody draw where the 

water table was near the surface. The length of the wet portion of the draw, which could be referred 

to as an unnamed spring, was approximately 200 feet in length. The location was adjacent to the 

allotment boundary fence and at the lowest portion of the pasture. Water collected at this location 

would have to be pumped and piped to the rest of the pasture to supply stock tanks.

Woody Draws – Only two woody draws were present in the allotment and occurred in pasture 2.

One was At Risk and the other was Unhealthy (Figure 272.1). Although tree saplings were present 

in both draws, they exhibited evidence of multiple browsing and the general absence of trees in the 

next age classes indicated a lack of successful recruitment.

Herbaceous Structure – In the fall of 2004, eight herbaceous dominated transects were surveyed. 

Four of the transects were Low structure and four were Moderate structure. No High structure 

transects were measured. The consolidated station averages showed 60 percent of the stations were 

in the Low class and 40 percent in the Moderate class. No stations were measured in the High 

structure class.

One of those transects was resurveyed in 2005 and was measured in the Low structure class. It 

improved approximately three-tenths of an inch from 2004. Station averages were 65 percent Low 

structure and 35 Moderate structure. None were measured in the High structure class.

In September of 2006, members of the IDT subjectively located two VOR transects in what was 

thought to have the highest potential height-density readings in pasture 1. One transect was recorded 

as 2.3 inches (Moderate class) and the other was 3.68 inches (High structure class). However, after 

checking through the rest of the allotment, it was the judgment of the members of the IDT present 

that the allotment did not have sufficient quantities of High herbaceous structure for the allotment to 

address the herbaceous structure distribution objectives. The station average for these two transects 
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was 12.5 percent in Low herbaceous structure with the balance, 87.5 percent, in Moderate 

herbaceous structure. No stations were measured in the High structure class.

Seral Stages – Several plant composition measurements and field observations indicated relatively 

widespread bluegrass invasions and a general intermixing of native and invasive grasses throughout 

the three pastures of the allotment. Broken land constituted 15 to 25 percent of pastures 1 and 2 and 

61 percent of pasture 3.

An NDSU sample on a Loamy ecological site in the southeast portion of pasture 1 was at an 

Invaded Grass State with dominance of Kentucky bluegrass that constituted 55 percent of the grass 

production from clipped plots. Needle-and-thread and Junegrass were the dominant native species 

and comprised about 42 percent of the grass production. A resampled ecoplot north of the NDSU 

plot indicated relative grass canopy cover of Kentucky bluegrass increased from 2 percent to 20 

percent between 1998 and 2007. However, relative canopy cover of green needlegrass increased by 

a similar amount and seral stage increased from 

early to mid. Two sere plots on Thin Claypan 

(Figure 272.2) and Loamy ecological sites along 

the west side of the pasture were at mid seral 

stages with invasive grasses comprising 13 to 17 

percent of the relative grass canopy cover. Another 

sere plot on a Shallow Loamy ecological site on a 

plateau along the north central area of the pasture 

was at or approaching an Invaded Grass State with 

almost 40 percent of the relative grass basal cover 

composed of invasive grasses. Dominant plant 

species recorded from seven Robel transects, two 

belt transects, and six additional ecoplots 

substantiated the general pattern of intermixed 

native and invasive grasses across the pasture.

There is a high potential for invasive grasses 

proportions to have increased among the ecoplots 

since the initial measurements in 1998, similar to the 

re-measured ecoplot discussed above. However, a repeated pace transect in a small patch of broken 

land on the west boundary of the pasture was one of the few measurements in the project area that 

indicated a decrease of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass between 1979 and 2009. The combined 

relative plant frequency of these species decreased by about 50 percent between sample years. Total 

plant frequency decreased from 75 percent to 45 percent, while plant litter and moss increased two 

and eight-fold respectively.

As evidenced by several ecoplots and field observations, the north half of pasture 2 consisted of 

broken land with crested wheatgrass dominance on low hills and Kentucky bluegrass dominance 

along broad shallow swales. These sites were at Planted Invaded or Invaded Grass States. A belt 

transect and Robel transect measured near one of the ecoplots indicated little change from 

dominance of crested wheatgrass, blue grama, and needle-and-thread. Field observations also 

Figure 272.2 — Sere plot in 

southwestern portion of pasture 1 

revealing high level of utilization 

during October 2008. Dominant 

species were blue grama, western 

wheatgrass, and Canada bluegrass.
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indicated bluegrass and/or crested wheatgrass dominance in large areas in the south half of the 

pasture.

About 61 percent of pasture 3 consisted of broken land. Dominant species recorded along a belt 

transect in broken land included crested wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and blue grama, while a 

Robel transect about 450 feet distant on unbroken land recorded sedge, prairie sandreed, and 

Kentucky bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known lek within the allotment and three leks occur within 1

mile of the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition of the unnamed spring in pasture 2 as described in the existing 

condition would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Conditions of the two woody draws in pasture 2 would improve with the removal 

of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth 

of desired woody species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing 

or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock and favorable climatic conditions, there 

would be an immediate appreciable increased opportunity for the development of High and 

Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the 

allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would have the potential to facilitate 

shifts towards late seral stages, but high amounts of existing invasive grasses would rapidly increase 

with accumulating plant litter and result in only short-term maintenance of any developing late seral 

native plant communities. The current extent of invasive grasses throughout most of the allotment 

would result in transitions to Invaded Grass States in less than 10 years where this has not already 

occurred. Crested wheatgrass would persist in areas of broken land, but gradually constitute
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deceasing proportions of the plant composition with increases in bluegrass and smooth brome. The 

maintenance of native plant communities in unbroken land would be lost.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time 

(perhaps greater than 10 to 15 years) the decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging 

opportunities. Also, over time (perhaps >10 to 15 years), nesting and brooding quality and quantity 

would also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses (e.g.,

Kentucky bluegrass) that would continue to invade the pastures.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by turn-in (common allotment) grazing association permits, and 

Authorized Use is 1473 federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a complementary system (spring pastures and seasonlong summer 

pasture).

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition of the unnamed spring in pasture 2 as described in the existing 

condition would continue.

Woody Draws – At Risk and Unhealthy conditions of the two woody draws in pasture 2 would 

persist or deteriorate under current management. The scarcity of woody draws in the pasture and 

levels of use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 15 percent after adjusting for cow 

size ensures at least a moderate degree of livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Grazing 

periods from early to mid-May through the end of June or early July have been sufficient to result in 

high woody draw disturbances and poor conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to perpetuate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution with limited potential to promote an improvement. Retaining the 

current Authorized Use level, along with the season long use of pasture 1, is projected to continue to 

promote a lack of residual cover. Due to regrowth, the early season pastures should contribute to the 

High structure portion of the herbaceous structure distribution, but data in pasture 2 from 2004 

would not support that conclusion.

Seral Stages – Invasive grasses would continue increasing under current management with 

additional transitions to Invaded Grass States. The intermixed and intermingled nature of invasive 

and native grasses throughout the three pastures complicates effective utilization of the invasive 
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Figure 272.3 — Crested wheatgrass stands along south end of pasture 1 during the 

spring of 2010. Large amounts of standing dead material are indicative of low 

utilization during 2009.

grass component without premature grazing of the native component. Use of pastures 2 and 3 early 

in the season provides an opportunity for utilization of invasive grasses, but more consistent turn-in 

dates at the beginning of May and turn-off dates by mid June would have the potential to enhance 

native grass vigor by concentrating a greater portion of use on the invasive component. Palatability 

of invasive grasses decreases during the latter half of the grazing period in these pastures and 

increases the potential for selective and excessive use of the native component. Stands of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass at the north end of pasture 2 exhibited minimal utilization during 2010 

and support the conclusion of low utilization of the invasive component, at least in areas distant 

from water. High stocking levels associated with Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated 

carrying capacity by 15 percent have the potential to compound the effects of selective native grass 

utilization that may be assisting the spread of invasive grasses. Adverse premature use of native 

species has the potential to be compensated by relatively long recovery periods without grazing 

during years of adequate precipitation, but field observations indicate that Kentucky bluegrass is 

increasing in pastures 2 and 3.

Delaying turn-in until mid-June in pasture 1 provides additional time for native grass growth before 

grazing is initiated, but low palatability of the invasive grass component ensures selective use of the 

native component for most of the grazing season. Authorized Use that exceeds estimated carrying 

by 15 percent after adjusting for cow size compounds the effect of selective native grass utilization 

that can decrease plant vigor and assist the spread of invasive grasses. Similar to pasture 2, field 

observations indicated minimal use of crested wheatgrass stands and support the assumption of an 

underutilized invasive component (Figure 272.3). However, bluegrass was observed to have been 

utilized in one of the three sere plots.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Current management is projected to continue to limit the potential to 

enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat. Retaining the current Authorized Use level, along 

with the season long use of pasture 1, is expected to continue to produce a lack of residual cover.

Due to regrowth, the early season pastures should contribute to grouse habitat, but data from 2004 

would not support that general conclusion.
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Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,473 federal AMs.

 Fencing woody draw located in the southwest quarter of Section 30 with temporary electric 

fence.

 In pasture 1, constructing a rangeland water pipeline starting at the wellhead in Section 33, 

proceeding through Sections 28, 29, 30, and 33. Installing four livestock tanks, one in each 

section.

 After construction of the pipeline is complete, reclaiming the dugout located in the southeast 

quarter of Section 29 pasture 1 and the reservoir located in the northwest quarter of the 

southeast quarter of Section 30 pasture 2.

 Controlling livestock distribution through management of access to tanks and reservoirs.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing additional area in high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use will remain the same as current management, 

the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. 

Fencing the woody draw with a temporary electric fence would temporarily affect livestock grazing 

pressure within the woody draw because livestock would be excluded from accessing the woody 

draw. Overall livestock distribution within the pasture would not be affected by the temporary 

electric fence if kept to a small acreage.

Constructing a range water pipeline system, adding range stock tanks, and using the existing fenced 

reservoirs would provide managers the flexibility of implementing water management, which would 

manipulate the current grazing pattern within the pasture. This action would provide opportunity for 

initial growth and/or regrowth, especially within the summer pasture as livestock are pulled to 

different areas of the pasture throughout the growing season.

Reclaiming the reservoirs would not affect livestock distribution because reservoirs are being 

replaced by a range water pipeline in the initial action for this pasture. Due to the size of the 

reclamation sites Authorized Use would not be affected.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and there will be the

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 
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Use would not change the distribution of the livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian – There are no initial or adaptive actions proposed for riparian management.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Fencing the At Risk woody draw in pasture 2 would remove livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances and facilitate the regeneration of desired trees and shrubs, including the 

advancement of heavily browsed saplings to larger size classes, whereupon the fence could be 

moved to another section of the woodland or the adjacent Unhealthy woodland. Increasing plant 

litter and invasive grass layers that would occur with the removal of livestock grazing could impair 

regeneration of woody species, and fencing of one woody draw or portion thereof would increase 

disturbances and decrease conditions within the adjacent woody draw.

Extending an existing water pipeline and constructing four water tanks would include a new a tank 

on the fenceline of pasture 2 and Allotment 221 pasture 3. This tank would contribute to decreased 

livestock disturbances and increased woody draw conditions because the tank would be located 

further from the draws than an existing reservoir that would be reclaimed. However, the scarcity of 

woody draws in the pasture, along with an undeveloped spring at the lower end of the Unhealthy 

draw, would ensure a level of continued woody draw disturbances.

Adaptive Options – Fencing additional portions of the At Risk woody draw or the Unhealthy draw 

or decreasing Authorized Use would result in the removal or decrease of livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species and increase 

woody draw conditions. Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the 

fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but increasing plant litter and invasive 

grass layers that would occur with the removal of livestock grazing would impede the regeneration 

of woody species. Decreasing Authorized Use would be less effective for woody draw improvement 

because only two draws were present in pasture 2 and would continue to experience relatively high 

degrees of use unless the reduction is disproportionally high relative to achieving other resource 

objectives.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Assuming a cow size adjustment, Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated 

carrying capacity by approximately 13 percent, which contributes to limiting the herbaceous 

structure distribution, notably High herbaceous structure, due to reduced residual cover. Adding 

four water tanks, one in pasture 2 and the other three in pasture 1, could promote a more even 

distribution under the Authorized Use level. Management flexibility, via tank management, could 

potentially be used to contribute to management of the herbaceous structure distribution. However, 

it is assumed, in the absence of a specific plan, that moderate use, or even use, will continue to be 

the management emphasis, contributing to the homogenous herbaceous structure distribution. The 

reclaimed reservoir in pasture 2 would be replaced by one of the four new tanks. The reclaimed 

dugout in pasture 1 would also be replaced by one of the new water tanks. The effects may be minor 

adjustments in distribution of livestock and perhaps seasonal use patterns since the reclaimed water 

sources may be seasonal in nature. Temporarily fencing the woody draw would have minor affects 
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to herbaceous structure due to minor changes, if any, to livestock distribution and timing, as well as 

the relatively small area expected to be fenced within the pasture. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to immediately adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project and Grassland Plan 

objectives. Adjusting Authorized Use would have positive affects for increasing residual cover 

levels. Fencing woody draws could have effects relative to the size and location of the exclosure but 

is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative small amount of woody draw habitats within the 

allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Extending an existing water pipeline and constructing three new water tanks in 

pasture 1 and one tank in pasture 2 would provide a more reliable source of water compared to as 

many as seven variously functioning reservoirs, but would be not appreciably improve plant 

composition or seral stages across the allotment. Management of flow to the water tanks could 

control the level of utilization and facilitate the development of late seral stages and High structure, 

but it is more likely that tank management would increase the evenness of livestock distribution and 

utilization unless extended periods of non-use are specified around alternating water tanks. The 

main impediment to improving plant composition in the pasture involves the intermixture of native 

and invasive grasses. Invasive grass palatability is decreasing at the time of turn-in during early to 

mid June in pasture 1 and results in selective use of the native component during most of the 

grazing season. Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 15 percent after 

adjusting for cow size, and seasonlong grazing in the pasture, would compound the effects of 

selective native grass utilization and assist the continued increase of invasive grasses. Disturbances 

associated with constructing more than 2 miles of pipeline for the water tanks would contribute to 

the establishment and spread of invasive grasses.

Adding a tank at the north end of pasture 2 would increase the utilization of crested wheatgrass and 

Kentucky bluegrass in this area, but decrease their use in the south half of the pasture, with the 

resulting increase in plant litter likely to facilitate increased invasive grass dominance or transitions 

to Invaded Grass States.

The precise tank locations have not been determined, but the potential would exist for placing some 

of the tanks within stands of crested wheatgrass or large bluegrass populations to avoid high grazing 

and trampling disturbance and shifts towards early seral stages within native plant communities.

However, this would not alter the larger trend of increasing invasive grasses across the allotment.

Two reservoirs would be reclaimed in conjunction with the new tanks, but five additional reservoirs 

would have the potential of decreasing the effectiveness of water tank management to control 

livestock distribution, unless they are already fenced.

Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in 

improving plant composition or facilitating a shift towards late seral stages without coordinating the 

grazing season with the palatability and production of invasive and native grasses in each pasture.

Sufficient decreases in Authorized Use would increase the accumulation of plant litter that would 
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facilitate invasive grass spreading, while increases in use would compound adverse effects of native 

grass selection unless the grazing season is coordinated with high palatability of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – With four additional livestock tanks (two are replacement for reclaimed sources) 

and the proposed Authorized Use level (which exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

approximately 13 percent, after accounting for cow size) is not expected to alter the amounts of 

residual standing crop that would remain at the end of the grazing season. This would continue to 

homogenize residual cover. Management flexibility, via tank management, could potentially be 

manipulated to contribute to enhancing grouse herbaceous habitat. However, it is assumed, in the 

absence of a specific plan, that moderate use (or even use) will continue to be the management 

emphasis and would not enhance grouse habitat due to the continued homogenization of herbaceous 

structure. Reclaiming a reservoir and a dugout should have minor influences on residual cover since 

both are being replaced by new water tanks. The effects may be minor adjustments in distribution of 

livestock and perhaps seasonal use patterns since the reclaimed water sources may currently be 

seasonal in nature. Temporarily fencing the woody draw would have minor affects to herbaceous 

structure due to little changes, if any, to livestock distribution and timing, as well as the relatively 

small area expected to be fenced.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, a potential increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure may be experienced with a commensurate enhancement in potential grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat. Fencing high-value woody draws is not expected to have appreciable 

positive or negative overall effects to herbaceous structure due to the relatively low quantity of 

woody draws in the allotment to be fenced.

Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Developing a spring in pasture 2 in the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 30, 

T143N, R99W.

 Dropping the initial action of fencing the woody draw located in the southwest quarter of 

Section 30 with temporary electric fence.

 Dropping the initial action of after construction of the pipeline is completed reclaiming the 

dugout located in the southeast quarter of Section 29 in pasture 1 and the reservoir located in the 

northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 30 in pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – This action needs to be reviewed by an engineer and hydrologist to assure that the 

area has potential for a reliable spring development. A field visit was conducted by the Forest 
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Service hydrologist and range specialist on April 22, 2010 to assess the potential of a spring 

development (see Project Record, Specialist Reports and Notes, Watershed Report for details). If 

the site is a viable location for a spring development, an effect of this action would be that livestock 

would have an additional source of water in pasture 2. The livestock grazing distribution would 

increase on the western side of this pasture. Another effect of this action would be the cost of 

installation and maintenance of the spring development.

Dropping the other two actions would have no effect on Authorized Use of livestock distribution, as 

this would be no change from current management.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Developing the unnamed spring in pasture 2 would have the following effects.

The amount of spring discharge was unable to be determined at the site visit. But if developed and a 

significant level of water is removed from the pooled area, the riparian habitat would diminish in 

area and function in relation to the loss of water.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Developing a spring in pasture 2 that is used as an early season pasture would 

result in further deterioration of the adjacent Unhealthy and At Risk woody draws as a result of 

increased livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. The general area of the spring is located 

near the photo in Figure 272.1b that revealed heavy livestock trampling disturbances and poor 

ecologic conditions along ephemeral pools receiving flow from the spring. The small size of the 

pasture, grazing periods that extend through June, and the occurrence of only two draws contribute 

to high levels of livestock disturbances. There is one existing water lot in the southeast corner of the 

pasture and a reservoir near the center of the pasture, neither of which would be reclaimed under 

this alternative. A new water tank proposed at the north end of the pasture would entirely negate the 

need and purpose for development of the spring or a fourth water source in the 369-acre pasture that 

would detract rather than contribute to achieving any resource goals. 

Proposals to not fence any woody draws would ensure the persistence or deterioration of At Risk 

and Unhealthy conditions of the two existing sites. Other proposed actions and effects would be the 

same as discussed under Alternative 3, none of which would facilitate improved woody draw

conditions.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Developing a spring in pasture 2, in addition to adding one of the four tanks, 

would contribute to homogenizing the herbaceous structure distribution across the pasture. 

Dropping the initial action of fencing woody draws would not be a change from current 

management. This would have little to no effect on the herbaceous structure distribution within 

pasture 2 due to the small size of pasture and no change in distribution from current management. 

Not reclaiming the reservoir and dugout after the new tanks are placed would increase the water 

density throughout the allotment, particularly in pastures 1 and 2. This would homogenize 

herbaceous structure to continue to favor Low and Moderate herbaceous structure. It would also 

make it less effective to manage water sources because more water sources would not have 

controlled access within the pastures.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Increased livestock disturbances in herbaceous upland communities around the 

area of the proposed spring development would not appreciably affect existing plant composition or 

seral stages due to the existing abundance or dominance of invasive grasses in the pasture.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Developing a spring in pasture 2 in addition to adding one of the four tanks from 

the other initial actions would contribute to homogenizing potential grouse habitat across the 

pasture by increasing the water density. Dropping the initial action of fencing woody draws would 

not be a change from current management. This would have little to no effect on the herbaceous

structure distribution within pasture 2 due to small size of the pasture and no changes in distribution 

from current management. Not reclaiming the reservoir and dugout after the new tanks are placed 

would also increase the water density throughout pastures 1 and 2. This would likely homogenize 

grouse herbaceous habitat and continue to favor Low and Moderate residual cover. It would also 

make it less effective to manage water sources because more water sources would not have 

controlled access within the pastures.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Constructing 2.25 miles of rangeland water pipeline (also see Allot. 221), starting at the 

wellhead in Section 33 pasture 1, and installing a livestock tank in Section 29 and one in Section 

30. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Extending rangeland water pipeline and installing a livestock tank in Section 28 and Section 33. 

 Fencing or removing dugouts and reservoirs, as necessary, to control animal distribution.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,472 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,473 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,694 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 13 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Constructing 2.25 miles of rangeland water pipeline (also see Allot. 221), starting at the wellhead in 

Section 33 pasture 1, and installing a livestock tank in Section 29 and one in Section 30 is similar to 
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the action proposed under Alternative 3, except only two stock tanks would be installed. Therefore,

the effects are expected to be the same as those described under Alternative 3 for this action.

Adaptive Options – Extending the rangeland water pipeline and installing livestock tanks would 

add additional reliable water to the pastures because the existing developments are not reliable 

throughout the grazing season and create more flexibility in stock tank management.

Fencing or reclaiming the existing dugouts and reservoirs would prevent livestock access or totally 

remove access to the existing developments. Authorized Use would not be adjusted because of the 

size of area being removed from livestock access.

Riparian – There are no initial or adaptive actions proposed for riparian management.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 13 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and cow size would not appreciably improve woody draw conditions in pasture 2 because 

only two draws were present, which results in concentrated browsing and trampling disturbances.

Grazing periods that extend through the end of June contribute to woody draw use as a result of 

increasing temperatures and insects pests and decreasing palatability of invasive grasses in the 

uplands.

The effects of fencing woody draws and adding a water tank at the north end of pasture 2 were 

discussed under Alternative 3 and would facilitate improved woody draw conditions by removing or 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances.

Adaptive Options – The effects of fencing additional woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use 

were discussed under Alternative 3.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use by reducing the AUMs by approximately 13 

percent to approximate the initial estimated carrying capacity, accounting for cow size, should result 

in an improvement in the overall herbaceous structure distribution. However, adding two water 

tanks, one in pasture 2 and the other one in pasture 1, could promote a more even distribution 

because the tanks could be available for a longer period of time than the dugout or reservoir. This 

would not necessarily be a factor in pasture 2 because of the typically early use and small size of 

this pasture. In pasture 1, depending on the location of the tank, changes in distribution could occur. 

Also, longer seasonal use may be expected with a water tank rather than a dugout. This could 

contribute to more even use around the pasture. Whereas, if the dugout dried up, less use may be 

expected in the area resulting in less use and potentially more residual cover around the dugout. 

Adjusting Authorized Use to AUMs (initial estimated carrying capacity) and adding the new tanks, 

in combination with an unknown management strategy, is not expected to make an appreciable 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution.

Adaptive Options – Continuing to adjust the Authorized Use could have the most immediate effect 

on manipulating the herbaceous structure distribution towards addressing project objectives. 

Fencing or removing dugouts or reservoirs could provide management flexibility to facilitate 

improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution by the ability to manage water. However, it is 
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assumed, in the absence of a specific plan, that increasing livestock distribution would be the 

management emphasis, contributing to the homogenous herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 13 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and cow size would have the potential of facilitating shifts towards late seral stages, but 

would be impeded by the trend of increasing invasive grasses in all three pastures. The major 

impediment to maintaining native plant communities and achieving late seral communities involves 

the intermixed nature of invasive and native grasses, which results in underutilization of the 

invasive component and selective use of the native component and has a high potential to result in 

excessive utilization and assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Constructing two new water tanks to supplement an existing tank and managing the tank system to 

rotate livestock use would not have an appreciable effect on plant composition or trends of 

increasing invasive grasses. Palatability of invasive grasses is decreasing at the time of turn-in and 

results in selective use of the native component during most of the grazing season, with a high 

potential for excessive use that can facilitate continued increases of the invasive component.

Disturbances associated with constructing more than 2 miles of pipeline for the water tanks would 

assist the establishment and spread of invasive grasses. Controlling access to several fenced 

reservoirs would increase the potential for rotating livestock through the pasture, but unfenced 

reservoirs may require fencing to increase the effectiveness of water access management.

Adaptive Options – Neither decreases nor increases in Authorized Use would be effective in 

improving plant composition or facilitating shifts towards later seral stages without coordinating the 

grazing season with the palatability and production of the invasive and native components in each 

pasture.

The effect of adding two additional tanks in pasture 1 were addressed under Alternative 3, and the 

reduction in Authorized Use under Alternative 4 would not appreciably change the effects.

Fencing or reclaiming reservoirs would increase the effectiveness of managing water access to 

control livestock distribution and utilization throughout the pasture, but would not alter the trend of 

increasing invasive grasses and decreasing native plant communities for reasons discussed above.

Fencing additional woody draws in pasture 2 would appreciably limit the amount of this habitat 

available to livestock and contribute to increased disturbances within upland herbaceous 

communities. This could have some benefit of reducing the accumulation of plant litter than can 

assist the spread of invasive grasses, but would not appreciably alter current trends in the pasture, as 

discussed under Alternative 3.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use by reducing the AUMs by approximately 13 

percent to approximate the initial estimated carrying capacity, accounting for cow size, should result 

in enhancement of grouse nesting habitat. However, adding two water tanks, one in pasture 2 and 

the other one in pasture 1 could promote a more even distribution because the tanks could be 

available for a longer period of time than the dugout or reservoir. This would not necessarily be a 

factor in pasture 2 due to the typically early use and small size in this pasture. In pasture 1, 
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depending on the location of the tank, changes in distribution could occur. Also, longer seasonal use

could be expected around a water tank rather than a dugout. This could contribute to more even use 

within pasture 1. Whereas, if the dugout dried up, less use may be expected in the area resulting in 

less use and potentially more residual cover around the dugout. Adjusting Authorized Use to AUMs 

(initial estimated carrying capacity) and adding the new tanks, in combination with an unknown

management strategy,is not expected to make an appreciable enhancement in overall grouse nesting 

habitat. The early season pastures may provide potential nesting habitat, particularly with the 

Authorized Use downward adjustment.

Adaptive Options – Continuing to adjust the Authorized Use could have the most immediate effect 

on manipulating grouse nesting habitat by altering the amount of residual cover. Fencing or 

removing dugouts or reservoirs could provide management flexibility to facilitate enhancement of 

grouse nesting habitat by the ability to manage water. However, it is assumed that in the absence of 

a specific plan, increasing livestock distribution would be the management emphasis and would

contribute to homogenous grassland habitat favoring Low to Moderate grassland habitat. 
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ALLOTMENT 277

Table 277.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

277 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

2071 75

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

697 25

Total allotment acres 4229 100

NFS acres 2768 66

State land acres 810 19

Private land acres 651 15

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1129

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1243

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 277.2 — Allotment 277 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian The 1998/99 and 2006 surveys rated Magpie 

Creek at PFC; the 2006 survey rated North Creek 

and the upper reach of Scairt Woman Draw at 

PFC, the lower reach of Scairt Woman Draw was 

rated at NF. It is unclear why the lower reach of 

Scairt Woman Draw is NF. The NF reach is a 

half mile in length.

Determine why the lower 

reach of Scairt Woman Draw 

is Nonfunctional.

Maintain PFC on Magpie 

and North Creeks. 

Woody 

draws

50 percent of the sampled woody draws were 

Healthy, 42 percent were At Risk, and 8 percent 

were Unhealthy. For both At Risk and Unhealthy 

woody draws, low or no regeneration is main 

concern. Pasture 1 has the most impacted woody 

draws.

Establish tree regeneration 

and promote seedling/ 

sapling survival.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Meeting Objectives

Moderate – Exceeding Objectives

High – Below Objectives 

This allotment is close to meeting High structure 

objectives.

2004 Transects: 1.24; 1.73; 1.64; 1.75; 1.69; 2.24

2004 Stations percent: Low-44.17/Moderate55.83/ High-0

2005 Transects: 1.49; 1.91; 2.16

2005 Stations percent: Low-35/Moderate-65/

High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral 

stages

Of eight sample sites across the allotment, five 

were at mid seral stages with moderate amounts 

of invasive grass. One sample was at a late seral 

stage without invasive grasses, but invasive 

grasses dominated two sample sites that were at 

Invaded Grass States.

Increase the maintenance and 

extent of native dominated 

communities and decrease or 

limit the extent of invasive 

grasses.

Sharptailed 

grouse

There are two known active leks within the 

allotment and another that is typically inactive or 

has very little activity associated with it 

(Knowles 2005 and personal observations). 

Another site occasionally contains dancing males 

but did not in 2010. In addition to these leks, two 

other leks are known to occur within 1 mile of 

the allotment, one very slightly. Therefore, 

overall, the projected area associated within the 

1-mile proximity radius is approximately 2,000 to 

2,400 acres.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks Approximately 23 acres of Canada thistle, burdock, and absinth wormwood 

scattered across allotment.
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Table 277.3 — Allotment 277 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed Action

Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 1,129 federal

AMs.

 Three-year average permitted use 

is 1,021 summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Modified twice-over 

rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs.

 See allotment map in Appendix B 

for current range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 1,129.

 Install stock tank in Section 24,

which would be supplied from 

the existing pipeline located in 

pasture 1.

 Fence dam in southeast quarter of 

the southwest quarter of Section 

24 to control livestock access to 

water.

 Maintain current twice over 

grazing system.

 Continue to manage tanks to 

distribute livestock.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody draws.

 Install new stock tank in pasture 

2.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 1,243.

 Install stock tank in Section 24,

which would be supplied from 

the existing pipeline located in 

pasture 1.

 Fence dam in southeast quarter of 

southwest quarter of Section 24 

in pasture 1 to control livestock 

access to water.

 Maintain current twice-over 

grazing system.

 Continue to manage tanks to 

distribute livestock.

 Continue to monitor Scairt 

Woman Draw to determine why 

lower reach is rated as 

nonfunctional.

 Move hay lot in pasture 5 from 

present location to the southwest 

corner of the pasture.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody draws.

 Adjust grazing system if structure 

and plant composition objectives 

are not met.

 Adjust stocking level to account 

for underutilized invasive grass 

component and/or over utilized 

native grass component. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once every 

3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3 years 

then reevaluate survey frequency.

 Complete Properly Functioning 

Condition survey once every 3

years then once every 5 years if a 

positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative composition 

data once every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 277 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 4,229 acres in size and contains private, state, and NFS 

lands with 2,768 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation 

inventory permit for 150 head for 8 months by the MGA. With this type of permit there is a 

potential of livestock being on NFS lands for the entire year, not just the typical May 1st to 

December 31st. Livestock are wintered on private and intermingled private and NFS lands during 

the winter months of January through April. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in 

Table 277-1. This allotment is located in both the Badlands and the Rolling Prairie geographic 

areas. Water developments within this allotment include a livestock well and pipeline system with 

stock tanks, reservoirs, and a spring development. The current livestock grazing system is a 

modified twice over rotation. 

Pasture 1 is the largest of the five pastures and is approximately 1,283 acres in size. This pasture is 

in good condition. Most of the mid and uplands have good litter cover and native species 

composition, however, there are areas with Kentucky bluegrass within the plant communities, and 

in the north and northeastern portion areas have been tilled and replanted to crested wheatgrass. The 

crested wheatgrass areas also have some native species expressing themselves, such as blue grama, 

western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and threadleaf sedge. Watering facilities nearby the woody 

draws showed signs of trailing through them. The reservoir in the northwest quarter of the southeast 

quarter of Section 23 has been reclaimed. Most of this pasture has been moderately grazed, and 

there were no serious issues within it. 

Pasture 2 is approximately 1,025 acres in size, and it too had pretty moderate grazing throughout.

The livestock appear to like hanging in the lowland areas, but there was still good species diversity 

and litter cover. The creek also had signs of beaver activity.

Pasture 5 is approximately 644 acres in size. The northeast and north central portion of this pasture 

is rough, so most of the grazing occurs in the south half of this pasture. The northeastern portion of 

this pasture has been grazed moderately. This area had a good diversity of native species and litter 

cover; however, the southeastern portion of the pasture is a little different. This pasture is normally 

used in the spring for calving so some winter feeding is taking place, and at the time had a few bulls 

in it. Livestock utilize both the creek and the spring found in the southeastern corner of this pasture.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 23

acres of Canada thistle, burdock, and absinth wormwood. A fairly good size patch of Canada thistle 

was found along the North Creek bottom during an earlier visit. The Billings County weed board 

has been informed of these infestations and has made an attempt to control some of these 

infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 3.0 

acres from livestock access. A total of approximately 2.7 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads 

have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these 

acres is approximately 1.4 and 1.2 AUMs, respectively.
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Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

277-02 North Creek (2) 1.53 1.53

277-02

Scairt Woman 

Draw(2) 0.55 0.55

277-05 Magpie Creek (1a) 2.45 2.45

Three streams traverse Allotment 277. North Creek (reach 2) flows across pasture 2 and Magpie 

Creek (reach 1a) through pasture 5. The interdisciplinary team gave both reaches a functionality 

rating of PFC in 2006.

Scairt Woman Draw (reach 2) traverses pasture 2 (Figure 277.1). The IDT gave this reach a 

functionality rating of NF in 2006. Note that the reach farther upstream in pasture 3 of Allotment 

289 has a rating of PFC (Figure 277.2). The NF condition of Scairt Woman Draw appears to be tied 

to the loss of a water table. In the upstream reach, beavers have created a series of ponds, which 

store water and nourish a robust riparian 

plant community. These ponds may 

correspond to a reach where springs 

discharge into the channel. Downstream of 

the beaver ponds, the channel appears to be 

ephemeral with no evidence of spring or 

bank discharge. The water table has dropped 

or been lost and the riparian community is 

missing. Livestock trailing is apparent along 

the channel.

Figure 277.1 — Middle reach of Scairt 

Woman Draw in Allotment 277 does not 

have any beavers. The reach has ephemeral 

stream flow, virtually no riparian vegetation, 

and a functionality rating of NF.

Figure 277.2 — Upper reach of Scairt 

Woman Draw in Allotment 289 is at PFC.

Beavers have constructed a series of ponds 

that store water and nourish riparian 

vegetation.
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Woody Draws – Of 12 woody draws sampled throughout the allotment, 50 percent were Healthy, 

42 percent were At Risk, and 8 percent were Unhealthy. All sampled woody draws in pasture 2 

were Healthy, while the majority of sampled sites in pastures 1 and 5 were At Risk. A greater 

proportion of woody draws in pastures 1 and 5 were situated along gentle terrain with increased 

livestock access compared to draws in pasture 2 that tended to occur along steep side slopes.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, six random VOR transects were surveyed in this allotment. One 

of the six averaged out in the Low structure class while the remaining five averaged in the Moderate 

class. None were measured in the High category. The consolidated station average showed 

approximately 44 percent in the Low class and 56 percent in the Moderate class. No High structure 

stations were recorded.

Three of these transects were resurveyed in 2005. One transect was surveyed in the Low structure 

class and the other two were measured in the Moderate structure class. The consolidated station 

average showed Low structure stations at 35 percent and Moderate stations took up the balance at 

65 percent. No High structure stations were recorded.

Seral Stages – Of eight sample sites across the allotment, five were at mid seral stages with 

moderate amounts of invasive grass. One sample on a Thin Loamy ecological site was at a late seral 

stage without invasive grasses, but two samples on Loamy and Shallow Loamy sites were at 

Invaded Grass States.

Broken land comprised about 240 acres, 19 percent, of pasture 1, but larger areas of the pasture are 

at or approaching an Invaded Grass State dominated by bluegrass with intermingled and intermixed 

needle-and-thread and other native grasses. Pasture observations indicate the persistence of native 

dominated areas along low ridges and upper slopes, with invasive grasses dominating along shallow 

swales and drainages. An NDSU sample plot on a Loamy ecological site at the north end of the 

pasture was at a mid seral stage but approaching an Invaded Grass State with invasive grasses 

comprising 35 percent of the grass production. An ecoplot in broken land north of the NDSU site 

was dominated by crested wheatgrass and contained 20 percent relative cover of bluegrass in 1998.

A sere plot in unbroken land in this general area of the pasture was at an Invaded Grass State with 

43 percent relative grass basal cover of Kentucky bluegrass. A remeasured pace transect in this area 

indicated relative plant frequency of bluegrass increased from 3 percent to 52 percent between 1978 

and 2009. Relative frequency of crested wheatgrass decreased from 33 percent to 16 percent, while 

needle-and-thread decreased from 33 percent to 2 percent. A sere plot at the south end of the pasture 

was at an Invaded Grass State with 45 percent relative grass canopy cover of bluegrass. Four Robel 

transects and two belt transects dispersed across the 880-acre pasture recorded dominant or high 

amounts of bluegrass intermixed with native grasses.

Pasture 2 was dominated by native grasses with no broken land. Invasive grass patches occurred 

along two-track edges and drainages, but these species also occurred lightly intermixed among 

native grasses. An NDSU sample on a Thin Loamy ecological site was at a mid-late seral stage with 

a low frequency of smooth brome that did not occur in the clipped plots. A sere plot on another

Thin Loamy ecological site was at a late-mid seral stage with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass.
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Two Robel transects and one belt transect recorded native grasses as the dominant species and were 

suggestive of mid to late seral stages.

Only 10 percent of pasture 5 was identified as broken land, but crested wheatgrass and lesser 

amounts of smooth brome and bluegrass dominated more than a third of the pasture along the 

Magpie Creek corridor. It is possible that additional portions of the pasture consist of broken land, 

but hay storage and winter feeding adjacent to Magpie Creek is equally plausible to have 

contributed to the extent of invasive grasses. An NDSU sample on a Loamy ecological site was at 

an Invaded Grass State with 66 percent of the grass production comprised of crested wheatgrass, 

invasive bluegrass, and Japanese brome. Steep, barren land constituted about 15 percent of the 

pasture, and an NDSU sample on a Thin Loamy ecological site along a bluff above Magpie Creek 

was at a mid seral stage with light to moderate invasive grasses. A sere plot on a Thin Loamy 

ecological site at the south end of the pasture was at a mid seral stage with 45 percent crested 

wheatgrass frequency.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two known active leks within the allotment and another that is 

typically inactive or has very little activity associated with it (Knowles 2005 and personal 

observations). Another site occasionally contains dancing males but did not in 2010. In addition to 

these leks, two others leks are known to occur within 1 mile of the allotment, one only very slightly. 

The overall, the projected area associated within the 1-mile proximity radius is approximately 2,000

to 2,400 acres.

Effects of Alternative 1 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along North and Magpie Creeks, as described in the existing 

condition, would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community. The riparian 

condition along Scairt Woman Draw would continue as described in the existing condition.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species, as a result of increasing 

litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the 

degree of woody draw improvement.
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Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an immediate, appreciable 

increased opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure and a 

decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages in pasture 2, but this would be impeded in pastures 1 and 5, where further transitions to 

Invaded Grass States would occur over the next 10 years with accumulating plant litter.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time,

perhaps more than 10 to 15 years, the decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging 

opportunities. Also, over time (>10 to 15 years), nesting and brooding quality and quantity would 

also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that could continue 

to invade the pastures.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1,129 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a modified twice-over rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weed control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along North and Magpie Creeks and Scairt Woman Draw, as 

described in the existing condition, would continue.

Woody Draws – A high proportion of Healthy woody draw conditions would persist in pasture 2 

under current management. Relatively short summer grazing seasons of 4to 6 weeks, cooler 

temperatures, and fewer insect pests during additional fall and early winter grazing periods, and 

steep slopes associated with many of the draws limit livestock disturbances. Three At Risk woody 

draws in pasture 1 have the potential to gradually improve as a result of a recently reclaimed 

reservoir near the confluence of the sites that should contribute to decreased browsing and 

trampling disturbances. A high proportion of woody draws in pasture 5 are likely to persist in an At 

Risk condition due to heavy winter use and gentle terrain that can contribute to high trampling 

disturbances when livestock seek thermal shelter. Frequent 1-month mid-summer rotations with 

increasing temperatures and insect pests and low invasive grass palatability contribute to additional 

woody draw disturbances in pasture 5.
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Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to perpetuate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution with limited potential to promote an increase in the proportion of 

High herbaceous structure and the overall herbaceous structure distribution in general. Retaining the 

current Authorized Use level, the current grazing rotation, and the winter grazing is projected to 

continue to promote a lack of residual cover.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management should result in the persistence of native plant 

communities in pasture 2 that appear to meet seral stage objectives. Trends of increasing invasive 

grasses, transitions to Invaded Grass States, and a loss of native species would continue in pastures 

1 and 5. Palatability of invasive grasses is frequently low during summer rotations through these 

pastures and contributes to selective and excessive use of the native component that can facilitate 

the spread of invasive grasses. Hay feeding in pasture 5, and possibly to a lesser extent in pasture 1, 

contributes to the introduction and establishment of invasive grasses. Premature grazing of native 

grasses during relatively open winters (Figure 277.3) decreases plant vigor and increases the 

susceptibility to invasive grass establishment. Multiple pasture rotations following premature spring 

grazing can further contribute to decreased plant vigor.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions would not enhance High structure grasslands 

due to the proposed Authorized Use level, the twice-over grazing rotation, and unaccounted winter 

grazing (pasture 5). Current management is projected to continue to facilitate a lack of residual 

cover, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,129 federal AMs.

 Installing a stock tank in Section 24, which would be supplied from the existing pipeline located 

in pasture 1.

 Fencing dam in southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of Section 24 to control livestock 

access to water.

 Maintaining a twice-over grazing system.

Figure 277.3 — Livestock grazing 

during April 2009 in hay feeding 

pasture of Allotment 277.
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 Continuing to manage tanks to distribute livestock.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Installing a new stock tank in pasture 2.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. 

Distribution of livestock in Section 24 would change from the existing condition due to the 

installation of a stock tank and the fencing off of the reservoir in the southeast quarter of the 

southwest quarter of Section 24. These actions would draw livestock away from the woody draws in 

this area that have been identified to be At Risk or Unhealthy. Managing the existing pipeline and 

stock tanks as a tool to distribute livestock would control grazing pressure in areas of the pasture 

allowing for proper recovery and use of desirable native herbaceous species throughout their growth

stages.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences, and as a result there will be 

additional cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Installing a new stock tank in pasture 2 would increase the number of stock tanks to control 

livestock distribution within this pasture, possibly spreading the distribution throughout the pasture

at different times of the grazing season.

Adjusting Authorized Use would require reducing the number of livestock, since this allotment 

carries an inventory permit. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the 

livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Actions proposed include installing a stock tank in Section 24, fencing a dam in 

Section 24 to control livestock access to water, and maintaining the current twice-over grazing 

system. These actions would have no effect on the desired conditions being met along North and 

Magpie Creeks.

There are no actions proposed to restore desired riparian functionality to the lower reach of Scairt 

Woman Draw because the cause of nonfunctionality is unknown at present. The natural expansion 

of beaver along Scairt Woman Draw may improve riparian functionality. This reach would be 

monitored to determine the cause(s) of riparian dysfunction. Livestock trailing and forage 

consumption in the riparian area does not appear to be a problem along Scairt Woman Draw.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions 

along Scairt Woman Draw because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and 

the distance of separation.

Developing rangeland water in pasture 2 would move livestock concentration away from the 

riparian stream corridor and improve riparian conditions. Riparian conditions would improve by 

minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area, allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian 

vegetation recovery.

The reach of Scairt Woman would be monitored to determine if the above options will have an 

effect on riparian condition.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Constructing a new water tank in the uplands of pasture 1 to replace an unreliable 

reservoir that would be fenced to control livestock access would have the potential for improving 

conditions in an adjacent small woody draw patch by decreasing livestock browsing and tramping 

disturbances. Recent management involving reclamation of a reservoir is likely to have a greater 

beneficial effect on three adjacent woody draws if browsing and trampling disturbances are 

sufficiently decreased. Management of water tanks to control livestock utilization across the pasture 

has not been effective in maintaining Healthy woody draws to date, and would not have an 

appreciable effect in the future compared to recent reclamation of the reservoir.

Management of water sources in pasture 2 would be less effective at controlling livestock 

distribution due to free water access in North Creek and intermittent access along Scairt Woman 

Draw. Magpie Creek is the primary water source in pasture 5 and is uncontrolled. Steep terrain that 

decreases the accessibility of some woody draws in pasture 2 would contribute to the persistence of 

Healthy woody draws. However, collateral herbicide impacts have occurred in some draws and 

would be expected to continue.

Potentially limiting the number of pasture rotations to two rather than three would not have an 

appreciable effect on woody draw conditions because the total length of time spent in individual 

pastures and the degree of woody draw use would not be consistently different from current 

management.

Adaptive Options – Depending on the location of a new water tank in pasture 2, adjacent woody 

draws would have the potential to decrease in condition as a result of increased browsing and 

trampling disturbances. Woody draw patches and riparian conditions along Scairt Woman Draw and 

North Creek might improve with a tank that would draw livestock away from the creeks, but they 

would remain fully accessible.

Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the regeneration of desired 

woody species and increase woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock 

disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and 

greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but increased litter and invasive grass layers that 

would occur with the removal of grazing could impede the regeneration of woody species. Fencing 

of one woody draw would have the potential of increasing livestock disturbances and decreasing 

conditions in adjacent woody draws.
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Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Assuming a cow size adjustment, Authorized Use would exceed the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by approximately 4 percent, which could be contributing to the existing

herbaceous structure distribution. Adding one water tank could promote a more even distribution 

under the Authorized Use level. Fencing the dam in the southwest quarter of Section 24 could 

potentially provide some relief around adjacent uplands, but water density would remain at more 

than two sources per section, which could contribute to homogenous use patterns. Management 

flexibility, via water management, could potentially be used to contribute to management of the 

herbaceous structure distribution. However, in the absence of a specific plan to accomplish this 

objective, it is assumed that moderate use, or even use, will be the management emphasis, 

contributing to a homogenous herbaceous structure distribution. This is apparently demonstrated in 

the current management of the water system via the lack of diversity in the herbaceous structure 

distribution where the six VOR transect averages varied by only one inch. Maintenance of the 

twice-over grazing system could also be contributing to the current herbaceous structure distribution 

by not allowing sufficient regrowth to occur with the second pass and contributing to a homogenous 

use pattern. This alternative differs from the existing condition in adding an additional stock tank 

and fencing an existing water source. This could promote an even higher degree of a homogenous 

herbaceous structure distribution.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to immediately adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project objectives. Reducing 

Authorized Use would promote more residual cover. Fencing woody draws could have effects 

relative to the size and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the 

relative small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Adding a new tank in pasture 2 

would likely contribute to increased homogenization of herbaceous structure due to the increased 

density of water developments in the pasture. Management flexibility could eventually be realized 

under rotating tanks in the context of utilizing timing and stocking rates, but no specific plan 

currently exists to accomplish this objective.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Construction of a new water tank in the uplands of pasture 1 would result in 

increased grazing and trampling disturbances and decreasing seral stages around the tank. Adverse 

effects to native plant communities could be decreased by placing the tank within an invasive grass 

dominated area, but could increase the potential for dispersal of invasive seed. Fencing the reservoir 

in the southeast quarter of the pasture and managing access along with water flow to the tanks 

would allow for control of livestock distribution and utilization across the pasture. However, the 

increasing trend of invasive grasses and frequently low palatability during the periods of grazing 

would continue to impede the potential development or maintenance of late seral stages and native 

plant communities. Management of water sources in pasture 2 would be less effective at controlling 

livestock distribution due to free water access in North Creek and intermittent access along Scairt 

Woman Draw. Magpie Creek is the primary water source in pasture 5 and is uncontrolled. 

Multiple grazing rotations would have the potential to focus on early season grazing of invasive 

grasses in pastures 1 and 5 and later season grazing of native grasses in these pastures as well as 
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pasture 2, but this would require a concerted effort that is not specified in the proposed action. Poor 

coordination of the grazing seasons with high palatability of the invasive component would 

continue to contribute to high use of the native component and assist the spread of invasive grasses 

in pastures 1 and 5, as would hay feeding in pasture 5.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would have the potential to facilitate shifts 

towards late seral stages in pasture 2, but neither decrease nor increases in stocking levels would 

improve plant composition in pastures 1 and 5 without coordinating the grazing periods with the 

palatability and production of the invasive and native grass components.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Assuming a cow size adjustment, Authorized Use would exceed the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by approximately 4 percent, which could be contributing to an underrepresentation of potential grouse nesting habitat by facilitating low levels of residual cover. Adding 

one water tank would promote a more even distribution under the Authorized Use level and also 

contribute to a lower level of residual cover for nesting grouse. Fencing the dam in the southwest 

quarter of Section 24 could potentially provide some relief around adjacent uplands, but water 

density would remain at more than two sources per section with the new water tank in place.

Management flexibility, via water management, could potentially be used to contribute to 

management of the herbaceous structure distribution. However, in the absence of a specific plan to 

accomplish this objective, it is assumed that moderate use, or even use, will be the management 

emphasis, contributing to low levels of potential grouse nesting habitat. This is also demonstrated in 

the current management of the water system via the lack of diversity in the herbaceous structure 

distribution where the six VOR transect averages varied by only 1 inch. Maintenance of the twiceover grazing system could also be contributing to the current low levels of potential grouse nesting 

habitat by not allowing sufficient regrowth to occur with the second pass and contributing to a 

homogenous structure pattern. This alternative differs from the existing condition in adding an 

additional stock tank and fencing an existing water source. This could promote lower levels of 

potential cover for nesting grouse.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, a potential increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure could be experienced with a commensurate enhancement in potential grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat. Fencing high-value woody draws is not expected to have appreciable 

positive or negative overall effects to herbaceous structure because of the relatively low quantity of 

woody draws projected to be fenced. Increased water density could homogenize herbaceous 

structure due to increased water density within pasture.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions, both initial and adaptive, are the same as Alternative 3; therefore Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.
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Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Continuing to monitor Scairt Woman Draw to determine why lower reach is rated as 

nonfunctional.

 Moving hay lot in pasture 5 from present location to the southwest corner of the pasture.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting grazing system if structure and plant composition objectives are not met.

 Adjusting stocking level to account for underutilized invasive grass component and/or 

overutilized native grass component. 

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,243 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,129 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,298 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 4 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Continuing to monitor Scairt Woman Draw to determine why the lower reach is rated as 

Nonfunctional would not have an affect on Authorized Use or livestock distribution.

Moving the existing hay lot in pasture 5 would have no effect on Authorized Use of livestock 

distribution because the hay lot is currently not affecting either of these.

Adaptive Options – Changing the grazing system would change the duration in which livestock 

graze each pasture. Livestock distribution would change in the larger pasture due to the season of 

use and forage quality of herbaceous species during the time they are grazed.

Adjusting stocking levels based on underutilized invasive grass component or over utilized native 

grass component would not be an option unless the permittee applied for a turn-in permit from the 

MGA. Because of the current inventory grazing association permit the total number of livestock on 

the allotment for the full 12 months cannot exceed the preference number. This number is based on 

the summer and winter needs of the livestock and what lands are listed on the permit for those 

needs. If a turn-in permit was applied for and approved, the permittee would no longer be able to 

winter on any NFS lands and would have to show additional lands for commensurability. The 

permittee would also have to find other pasture during the summer months, since the increased 

number of livestock would only be authorized for a shortened period of time on the allotment. 
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Riparian

Initial Actions – Moving the hay lot in pasture 5 from the present location to the southwest corner 

of the pasture should have no effect on the desired riparian conditions being met along Magpie 

Creek.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the grazing system if structure and plant composition objectives are 

not met should have no effect on desired riparian conditions being met along Magpie and North 

Creeks.

The reach of Scairt Woman would be monitored to determine if the adaptive options will have an 

effect on riparian condition.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 4 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and cow size would have minimal effect on woody draw conditions due to the low level of 

reduction.

Moving the hay lot from the terrace of Magpie Creek to the southwest corner of pasture 5 would 

have no effect on woody draws because multiple grazing rotations, winter use, summer use with 

low invasive grass palatability, and easy livestock access would continue to result in high woody 

draw disturbances.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased 

woody draw regeneration by decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion 

of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody 

draw improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and 

invasive grass layers that would occur with the removal of grazing. Fencing of one woody draw 

would have the potential of increasing disturbances within adjacent woody draws.

Adjusting stocking levels and grazing systems according to the production and palatability of the 

native and invasive grass components would have the potential to decrease woody draw use and 

improve conditions by coordinating grazing seasons with upland grass palatability and production.

Livestock would therefore be drawn to the uplands and be less attracted to the extended green 

periods within woody draws. However, livestock would continue to seek woody draws for shade 

and escape from insect pests.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level to consider AUMs and cow size should begin 

to balance the herbaceous structure distribution. With less use it is projected that there would be 

more herbaceous structure left at the end of the grazing year. Moving the hay lot from its present 

location to the southwest corner in pasture 5 would have minimal impacts to the herbaceous 

structure distribution since pasture 5 is also used during the summer months in the twice-over 

rotation.

Adaptive Options – Assessing how adjusting the grazing system may impact structure is difficult 

without specifics. Stocking rate guidelines, in terms of herbaceous structure, are outlined in 

Appendix I of the Grasslands Plan.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 4 percent would probably not have an appreciable 

effect on seral stages due to the low level of reduced use compared to currently reported use. The 

proposed reduction would not alter trends of increasing invasive grasses in pastures 1 and 5. Poor or 

infrequent coordination of multiple grazing seasons with high palatability of the invasive 

component would continue to result in selective use of the native component and assist the spread 

of invasive grasses.

Moving the hay lot from the terrace of Magpie Creek to the southwest corner of the pasture would 

continue to assist the introduction and spread of invasive grasses in the pasture during hay feeding.

Hay feeding has the potential to occur in pasture 1 when used in December and January.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the grazing system or stocking levels according to the production 

and palatability and production of the invasive and native grass components would increase the 

potential for increasing the maintenance of native plant communities and decreasing the extent or 

rate of invasive grass spread. Consistent early season grazing in pastures 1 and 5 would increase the 

utilization of invasive grass forage, and later season stocking according to the production of native 

grasses would decrease the potential for excessive use of these species that can assist the spread of 

invasive grasses.

A large portion of the use in pasture 5 presently occurs during the winter and early May, but 

frequent mid-summer use also occurs and could be managed according to production of the native 

grasses, which primarily occur outside crested wheatgrass dominant areas.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level to consider AUMs and cow size should 

enhance grouse nesting habitat. With less use it is projected there would be more residual cover left 

at the end of the grazing year. Moving the hay lot from its present location to the southwest corner 

in pasture 5 would have minimal benefits to grouse nesting habitat over existing conditions since 

pasture 5 is also used during the summer months in the twice-over rotation. Potential decreased use 

could occur in the northeast corner from the move.

Adaptive Options – Assessing how adjusting the grazing system may impact grouse nesting habitat 

is difficult without specifics. Stocking rate guidelines, in terms of herbaceous structure (i.e.,

potential grouse nesting habitat), are outlined in Appendix I of the Grasslands Plan. 
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ALLOTMENT 278

Table 278.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

278 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

472 100

Total allotment acres 473 100

NFS acres 472 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 1 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

272

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

230

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3

Table 278.2 — Allotment 278 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Whitetail Creek:

98-99 survey had this part of the reach at PFC.

2004 survey also had this part of the reach at PFC.

Maintain PFC.

Woody 

draws

Two sampled woody draws were rated, one was 

Unhealthy and one was At Risk due to lack of 

seedling/saplings and no shrub layer.

Increase seedling/sapling 

understory, and enhance shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect results

Low – Below Objectives

Moderate – Exceeding Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.73; 2.45

2004 Stations percent: Low-45/Moderate52.5/High-2.5

Manage for additional Low and 

High structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Three pastures primarily composed of broken land 

dominated by crested wheatgrass and varying 

amounts of invasive bluegrass and native grasses.

Two samples at early seral stages in pasture 1.

Decrease or limit the spread of 

invasive bluegrass and efficiently 

utilize crested wheatgrass while 

providing for community 

development.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known grouse leks inside the 

allotment. There are two known leks within 1 mile 

of the allotment. The area of the allotment that 

overlaps this 1-mile radius encompasses 

approximately 344 acres (73 percent) of the 

allotment.

Manage to enhance sharp-tailed 

grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat by increasing the quality 

and quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically capable 

sites.

Remarks Approximately 8 acres of Canada thistle and burdock. Weeds have been treated.
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Table 278.3 — Allotment 278 by alternative 

Alternative 2 -

Current 

Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

272 federal AMs.

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 254 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turnin.

 Rotation: Early 

season use by two 

herds in three 

pastures.

 Class(s) of 

livestock: Cow/calf 

pairs and/or 

yearlings.

 See allotment map 

in Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 272.

 Utilize pastures 1, 

2, and 3 as crested 

wheatgrass 

pastures. 

 Reclaim reservoir in 

pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 272.

 Utilize pastures 1, 

2, and 3 as crested 

wheatgrass 

pastures. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value

woody draws.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 230.

 Utilize pastures 1, 

2, and 3 as crested 

wheatgrass 

pastures.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value 

woody draws.

 Rehabilitate or 

fence reservoir in 

pasture 2.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned 

management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment 

inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody 

draws once every 3 

to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction 

Readings once 

every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning 

Condition survey 

once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data 

once every 3 to 5

years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 278 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 473 acres of solely NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is 

issued a private allocation turn-in permit for 272 AMs by the MGA. It is also the headquarters 

allotment associated with a common allotment, Allotment 301. This allotment has been divided into 

three pastures. The pastures range from 124 to 192 acres and are located in the Rolling Prairie 

geographic area. Water developments include a windmill well and stock tank, dugouts, and a 

reservoir. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 278.1.

Since 2004, the allotment has been grazed for approximately 30 to 35 days, depending on the year.

Pastures 1 and 2 are currently grazed together with approximately 125 cow/calf pairs from the first 

week in May until the first week in June. Pasture 3 is currently grazed with 103 to 107 yearling 

heifers from the first week in May until the first week in June. Prior to 2004, this allotment was 

issued a private allocation inventory permit for 35 head for 8 months with an additional 77 head 

from January through April on the headquarters. The plant composition in these pastures is 

dominated by crested wheatgrass, with some native species intermixed within.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there are approximately 8

acres of Canada thistle and burdock. The Billings County Weed Board has been informed of these 

infestations and has made an attempt to control some of them.

Riparian – Pasture 1 of Allotment 278 contains a short segment (0.1 mile) of Whitetail Creek 

(Reach 1). This segment has a functionality rating of PFC (see table below). The headwaters of 

Betsy Creek cross pasture 2 of Allotment 278. The interdisciplinary team examined this reach and 

noted that it was heavily trampled by livestock (Figure 278.1). However, the reach lacked evidence 

of riparian habitat as the flow is ephemeral.

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U FAR-NA FAR-D NF Total

278-01 Whitetail Creek (1) 0.10 0.10

Figure 278.1 — Headwater drainage of Betsy 

Creek in Allotment 278 does not have riparian 

habitat. It is severely trampled by livestock. The area 

is treated as a woody draw; it suffers from a lack of 

seedlings and saplings and has no shrub layer.

Woody Draws – The only woody draw present in 

pasture 1 was Unhealthy, and an adjacent alkaline fen 

occurring along Whitetail Creek was in poor 

condition with a high degree of trampling associated 
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with livestock watering. A woody draw downstream of a dugout pond in pasture 2 was At Risk. No 

woody draws occurred in pasture 3.

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, two randomly selected VOR transects were surveyed in the fall. 

Both transects were measured as Moderate. The station averages broke out as 45 percent in Low 

structure stations; 52.5 percent in Moderate structure; and 2.5 percent were High structure stations 

(>5.5 inches). No transects were resurveyed in the fall of 2005.

Seral Stages – Broken land constituted 71 percent of pasture 1, and more than 90 percent of the 

pasture is identified as a mixture of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass, with lesser amounts of native 

grasses. Crested wheatgrass constituted 78 percent of the grass production in an NDSU sample plot 

at the north end of the pasture, while red three-awn (Aristida purpurea Nutt.) and sedge constituted

18 percent of the grass production. Kentucky bluegrass occurred at a frequency of 7 percent but was 

not present in the clipped plots. Clubmoss comprised 66 percent of the relative plant basal cover. A 

sere plot in the center of the pasture exhibited similar dominance of crested wheatgrass with light 

amounts Kentucky bluegrass and native grasses. Both of these sites were at an early seral stage for 

broken land.

About one-third of pasture 2 and all of pasture 3 consisted of broken land. Field observations, Robel 

transects, and belt transects indicated plant composition similar to pasture 1, but greater prominence 

of intermingled bluegrass as well as native grass patches were observed in portions of pasture 2.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known grouse leks known inside the allotment. There are two 

known leks within 1 mile of the allotment. The area of the allotment that overlaps the 1-mile radius 

encompasses approximately 344 acres (73 percent) of the allotment.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of the reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek, as described in the existing condition,

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as a result of increasing 
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litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the 

degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an immediate and 

appreciable increased opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure 

and a decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the allotment. This alternative would 

likely be quicker than the other alternatives in reaching, and potentially exceeding High structure 

objectives. But it, too, would be out of balance with overall herbaceous structure objectives with a 

subsequent loss of Low structure within the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would result in the persistence of 

crested wheatgrass and gradual increases of native grasses and Kentucky bluegrass. The current 

light amount of native grasses would result in slow progression and would likely be impeded by 

faster increases of invasive bluegrass, as assisted by increasing plant litter with the removal of 

livestock grazing, thereby resulting in gradual transitions to Invaded Grass States.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse in the short term (<10 

to 15 years). Over time (more than 10 to 15 years), a decrease in forb diversity would decrease 

foraging opportunities because of both crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass expansion. 

Regardless of the dynamics of Kentucky bluegrass and crested wheatgrass competition, potential 

nesting quality and quantity could be reduced, perhaps past the 10 to 15 year time frame. 

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 272 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs and/or yearlings are run early in the season with two herds in three pastures.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – The existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing 

fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of 

existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weed 

control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and 

county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors 

for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek, as described in the existing condition,

would continue.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions in pastures 1 and 2 would not improve under current 

management. The general scarcity, easy accessibility, mid-summer grazing rotations, and location 

adjacent to water sources ensures continued disturbances that would impede improvement.
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Herbaceous Structure – Management changed in 2004 from a May through December use to an 

early use allotment due to the crested component. Given the Authorized Use is appreciably higher 

than the initial estimated carrying capacity, Angell (1997) demonstrated negative effects to crested 

wheatgrass under high stocking rates. However, there is a long growing season for some recovery. 

It is projected that herbaceous structure could improve in the fall from previous measurements, but 

not appreciably, due to the high Authorized Use on these sites. 

Seral Stages – Continued focus on early season use has the potential to facilitate native plant 

development, but apparent trends of increasing bluegrass among all three pastures have the potential 

to impede this result. The early grazing season is appropriately timed to the palatability of crested 

wheatgrass and bluegrass and is an improvement compared to previous management that extended 

later into the grazing season with decreasing palatability of invasive grasses. However, sporadic 

mid-summer grazing rotations in pastures 1 and 2 that have constituted half of the grazing season 

occur during low palatability of invasive grasses and contribute to selective use of the native 

component, particularly in view of the small proportion of these species measured in the NDSU plot 

and the sere plot. The occurrence of prominent clubmoss layers in portions of the allotment are 

likely contributing to low plant reproduction and forage production.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Except for the high Authorized Use relative to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity on crested wheat (Angell 1997), existing management actions could enhance High 

structure grasslands, as measured in the fall due to the extended regrowth timeframe. However, due 

to the large number of livestock for the month of May, nesting sharp-tailed grouse may suffer 

trampling and loss of habitat from the livestock activities (Newell 1987). 

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 272 federal AMs.

 Utilizing pastures 1, 2, and 3 as crested wheatgrass pastures. 

 Reclaiming reservoir in pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Utilizing all 

three pastures early as crested wheatgrass pastures would not affect Authorized Use or livestock

distribution, as this type of management is occurring now. 

Reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would not have an effect on livestock distribution because the 

reservoir is breached and is more of a mud hole. Existing, reliable livestock water is nearby.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the turn in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized 

Use would not change the distribution of the livestock. However, the amount of forage harvested 

would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed. 

Utilizing all three pastures early as crested wheatgrass pastures would not affect livestock

distribution and riparian condition along Whitetail Creek, as this type of management is occurring 

presently. 

Reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would not have an effect on riparian condition along Whitetail 

Creek due to separation in a different pasture.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition along Whitetail Creek 

because there would be no expected change in livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the upland vegetation, which reduces overland flow,

further benefitting the riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. A reduction in overland flow 

results in reduced stream velocities and allows for the establishment of riparian vegetation, which 

would build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Use of all three pastures as early season crested wheatgrass pastures would not 

achieve Healthy woody draw conditions in pastures 1 and 2. Halting sporadic twice-over use could 

contribute to decreased woody draw disturbances and slightly improved conditions as a result of 

cooler temperatures and fewer insect pests. However, the general scarcity, easy accessibility, 

location adjacent to water sources, and high levels of use compared to initial estimated carrying 

capacity would ensure continued browsing and trampling disturbances that would impede increased 

regeneration of woody species.

Reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would improve hydrologic flow and conditions in the 

downstream woody draw, but an adjacent well and water tank would ensure continued disturbance 

of the draw, which would impede woody species regeneration and improved conditions.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody 

species and improved conditions by removing livestock disturbances, but increasing litter and 

invasive grass layers that would occur with the removal of grazing could impede the regeneration of 
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woody species. Fencing of one woody draw may result in increased use of the remaining draw 

located about 0.6 miles distant.

Decreasing Authorized Use would have the potential of improving woody draw conditions by 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the amount of reduction 

required to achieve successful reproduction of woody species would be high as a result of current 

levels of use that are appreciably less than Authorized Use, the scarcity and easy accessibility of 

draws, and their location adjacent to water sources.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Management changed appreciably in 2004, and existing data could better reflect 

management previous to 2004, although structure can respond quite rapidly to changes in climate 

and management. However, the high Authorized Use relative to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity is initially proposed to be retained along with the early season use. It is projected that there 

could be some improvement in the fall over current data due to the long deferment period, but the 

high Authorized Use level could also negate meeting or moving herbaceous structure appreciably 

towards project objectives (Angell 1997). Reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 will have little 

impact to distribution of livestock due to the nearby presence of a stock tank at the windmill.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to adjust the herbaceous structure toward project objectives. Fencing specific woody draws 

could have effects relative to the size and location of the exclosure, but is not expected to be 

appreciable due to the relatively small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Utilizing the three pastures as early season crested wheatgrass pastures would 

assist the development of native grasses by removing selective grazing of these species, which

occurs during mid-summer, when palatability of crested wheatgrass and Kentucky bluegrass 

decreases. However, clubmoss would continue to impede grass regeneration in large portions of the

allotment. Although Authorized Use would remain 36 percent above initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size, relatively high levels of early season use may be necessary to 

create a trend of decreasing bluegrass and increasing native grasses. Observations in pastures 1 and 

2 suggest that current utilization is not highly excessive and the potential for premature grazing of 

native grasses would be reduced by high palatability of the invasive component and the removal of 

livestock by mid-June. Continued grazing after this date would result in increasing use of the native 

component.

Reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would not have an appreciable effect on plant composition 

because an existing well and stock tank would ensure relatively high use in this area.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would establish stocking levels closer to initial 

estimated carrying capacity and forage production measured in the NDSU plot, which would 

potentially increase plant vigor, community development, and production of both the invasive and 

native grass components. The potential degree of premature grazing of the native component would 

decrease, but increased plant litter would have the potential to facilitate the spread of invasive 

grasses. Clubmoss would persist as a major impediment to increasing production of either 
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component and would experience decreased trampling disturbances, which would maintain or 

decrease seedbed conditions.

Fencing woody draws would have no appreciable effect on plant composition due to the small size 

of the potential exclosures.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is projected that a portion of the potential gains in herbaceous structure in the 

fall could be lost by the typical grouse nesting peak period in mid-May through livestock trampling 

and forage consumption. Plus, the presence of a large concentration of livestock could discourage 

sharp-tailed grouse hens reluctant from nesting (Newell 1987). Reclamation of the reservoir would 

have minimal effects because of the proximity of the windmill.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use downward, a potential increase in the 

proportion of higher herbaceous structure readings could be experienced with commensurate 

potential enhancements in grouse nesting and brooding habitat. There would be a large number of 

livestock in the pasture during the peak grouse nesting period, as well as other ground nesting 

species, which could have negative impacts such as trampling of nest and loss of cover from other 

activities of livestock. Fencing high-value woody draws is not expected to have appreciable positive 

or negative overall effects to herbaceous structure due to the relatively low quantity of woody draws 

projected to be fenced.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Dropping the initial action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Dropping the action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would have no effect 

on Authorized Use or livestock distribution since there would be no change from current 

management.

Riparian 

Initial Actions – This alternative is the same as Alternative 3 except that reservoir would not be 

reclaimed in pasture 2. The effects are the same as Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Dropping the action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would have no effect 

on current conditions of the woody draw located adjacent to the reservoir because livestock 

disturbances would remain high as a result of an adjacent water tank. However, not reclaiming the 

reservoir would perpetuate poor hydrologic conditions of the downstream drainage in this and an 
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adjacent allotment, and the potential for including the draw within a temporary fence exclosure with 

the reclaimed reservoir would be lost.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Dropping the action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would have no 

appreciable effect on herbaceous structure since there would be no change from current 

management.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Dropping the action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would have no affect 

on plant composition due to continued high use in the area associated with an adjacent stock tank.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Dropping the action of reclaiming the reservoir in pasture 2 would have no affect 

on sharp-tailed grouse habitat since there would be no change from current management.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exception of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Rehabilitating or fencing the reservoir in pasture 2.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 230 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 272 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 313 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 26 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration when 

planning the rotation for the allotment.

Adaptive Options – Rehabilitating the existing reservoir in pasture 2 would provide an additional 

livestock water source in pasture 2 and not affect livestock distribution because of the distance from 

the existing windmill and well system. Fencing the reservoir would not affect Authorized Use 

because of the size of area that would be excluded from livestock access.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described in Alternative 3.

Adaptive Options – The effects would be the same as described in Alternative 3.
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Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 26 percent would establish levels of use 7 to 19 

percent less than currently reported, thereby providing the potential for slowly improving woody 

draw conditions. Early season use of pastures 1 and 2 would further contribute to decreased 

disturbances within woody draws as a result of cooler temperatures and fewer insect pests, but the 

use of woody draws would remain relatively high due to their location adjacent to water sources, 

their scarcity, and their easy accessibility.

Adaptive Options – The effects of all Adaptive Options were discussed under Alternative 3.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The grazing system has changed appreciably since the VOR data was collected in 

2004. The early season use is proposed to continue under this alternative. Under this alternative, 

Authorized Use would be changed to reflect AUMs under an initial estimated carrying capacity. A

projected, more moderate Authorized Use level, in combination with the longer growing season 

over pre-2004 management, could aid in achieving an increased proportion of High herbaceous 

structure as measured in the fall. This should occur in a shorter timeframe than in Alternative 3. 

Angell (1997) found that highly stocked crested wheat treatments (i.e., Alt. 3) had significantly less 

standing crop than a moderately stocked system (i.e. Alt. 4). 

Adaptive Options – Rehabilitating or fencing the reservoir in pasture 2 should result in minimal 

changes in herbaceous structure because of the proximity of the windmill site.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – The general effects of decreasing Authorized Use while managing for crested 

wheatgrass pastures was discussed under Alternative 3. The proposed 26 percent reduction in 

Authorized Use under Alternative 4 would increase plant vigor and production and decrease the 

potential degree of premature native grass use. However, increasing plant litter could assist the 

spread of Kentucky bluegrass, which would impede development of the native component.

Adaptive Options – The effects of all Adaptive Options were discussed under Alternative 3.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is projected that a portion of the projected gains in herbaceous structure in the 

fall (from the reduction in Authorized Use to initial estimated carrying capacity) could be lost 

during the typical peak grouse nesting period of mid-May through livestock trampling and forage 

consumption plus the presence of large herbivores (Newell 1987). With a reduction of 

approximately 26 percent, the effects would be less than the other alternatives.

Adaptive Options – Rehabilitating or fencing the reservoir in pasture 2 should have the same 

general effects as the other alternatives, except that this alternative would impart a reduced amount 

of impact due to the projected reduction in number of livestock. 
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ALLOTMENT 281

Table 281.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

281 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With Broad 

Resource Emphasis

555 100

Total allotment acres 681 100

NFS acres 555 81

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 126 19

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) 

on NFS lands

295

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) 

on NFS lands

270

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 4

Table 281.2 — Allotment 281 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches 

in this allotment. 

None.

Woody draws Of the sampled woody draws 20 percent were

Healthy, 60 percent were At Risk, and 20 percent 

were Unhealthy. At Risk and Unhealthy stands are 

due to low regeneration and livestock trampling.

Increase successful recruitment of 

woody species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.0; 1.25

2004 Stations percent: Low-92.5/Moderate-7.5/ High0.

Manage for additional Moderate 

and High structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages High proportion of broken land in three of four 

pastures and evidence of increasing invasive grasses 

in all pastures. One sample site in broken land was at 

a mid seral stage. 

Increase community development 

in broken land pastures. Increase 

native plant dominance and 

decrease or limit the expansion of 

invasive grasses in unbroken land. 

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within the allotment 

boundary and there are no known leks within one 

mile of the allotment. There is one lek just outside the 

one mile boundary.

Manage to enhance sharp-tailed 

grouse nesting and brooding 

habitat by increasing the quality 

and quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically capable 

sites.

Remarks Approximately 13 acres of Canada thistle, leafy spurge, and burdock.
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Table 281.3 — Allotment 281 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 295 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average permitted 

use is 268 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(Managed as turn-in).

 Rotation: Modified 

complementary deferred 

rotation. 

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs and/or 

yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 295

 Develop water source in 

pasture 1 to pull livestock 

away from woody draws.

 Annually change season of 

use in the grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Construct reservoir in 

southwestern portion of 

pasture 1. 

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Mechanically treat portion of 

pasture 6, to reduce 

clubmoss, then interseed, and 

possibly fertilize. 

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs:

270

 Develop water source in 

northeast corner of pasture 1 

to pull livestock away from 

woody draws.

 Annually change season of 

use in the grazing rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

Allotment Worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 281 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 681 acres in size and contains both private and NFS lands 

with 555 acres of NFS lands. Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 351 AMs by 

the MGA. It should be noted that although this allotment is permitted with an inventory permit, 

which typically means that livestock are somewhere on the allotment for a full 12 months, it is 
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actually managed like a turn-in permit. The permittee brings in livestock to graze sometime in the 

summer months, but brings them home to a separate ‘off permit’ location to winter the livestock. It 

is also the headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment, Lower Cherry Hollow. This 

allotment has been subdivided into four pastures which all contain some amount of NFS lands.

These pastures range in size from 83 to 322 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 281.1. This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water 

developments within this allotment include a well and livestock tank. Pasture 1 has no developed 

water, and livestock rely on a beaver dam that exists in a tributary of Whitetail Creek.

The grazing management on this allotment in recent years has been highly variable, but the 

following is what can be summarized from recent allotment worksheet grazing plans. Depending 

upon the climatic conditions for the given year either cow/calf pairs or yearlings are stocked in the 

pastures. Pastures 5 and 6 are usually grazed earlier in the season around the first week in June, and 

depending on the conditions for the year, some grazing may occur later in the fall. Livestock are 

usually turned into pastures 2 and 1 around the end of June to the middle of July respectively.

Pasture 2 usually has livestock come back into the pasture before leaving the allotment altogether 

for the year. Plant composition is primarily crested wheatgrass with some intermixed native species 

on the uplands with the draws containing a mix of Kentucky bluegrass and native species.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 

thirteen acres of Canada thistle, leafy spurge, and burdock.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Of five sampled woody draws in the allotment, 20 percent were Healthy, 60

percent were At Risk, and 20 percent were Unhealthy. Two relatively large woody draws in pasture 

1 were At Risk and Unhealthy. Browsing and trailing disturbances were evident in both draws but 

particularly along the largest draw with several beaver ponds that serve as the primary source of 

water (Figure 281.1).
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Figure 281.1 — Pasture 1, a) Heavily trampled beaver pond at lower end of woody 

draw, and b) current use of upstream beaver ponds by livestock.

Figure 281.2 — Healthy woody draw on the left and At Risk on the right in pasture 2.

Half of the woody draws in pasture 2 were Healthy, while half occurring along drainages at the 

bottom of the slopes were At Risk and contain high amounts of burdock (Figure 281.2). The single 

woody draw in pasture 5 was At Risk, and a small woody draw in pasture 6 is likely to be in a 

similar condition because it is also the only draw present. Ephemeral pools along the drainage in 

pasture 5 contribute to woody draw disturbances.
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Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, two randomly placed VOR transects were surveyed in the fall. 

Both transects measured in the Low class. The overall station average found that approximately 93 

percent of the stations were in the Low category with the remaining stations in the Moderate class. 

None were measured in the High structure class. There were no transects resurveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Broken land constituted 14 percent of pasture 1. Native grasses tended to dominate 

unbroken land with high invasive grass frequency that constituted low to moderate portions of the 

plant composition. Sweet clover can be high during some years. A belt transect near the center of 

the pasture recorded western wheatgrass as the dominant species but noted poor plant composition. 

Fewer than 70 acres of NFS land occurred in pasture 2 and primarily involved terraces of Whitetail 

Creek that are at Invaded Grass States with smooth brome and crested wheatgrass dominance. 

Most of pasture 5 and all of pasture 6 were composed of broken land with intermixed invasive and 

native grasses. A sere plot in pasture 6 was at a mid seral stage for a broken land with intermixed 

crested wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and Junegrass. Relative plant frequency of Kentucky 

bluegrass increased from 0 percent to 21 percent between 1980 and 2009 along a repeated pace 

transect at the south end of the pasture. Frequency of clubmoss increased from 3 percent to 30 

percent. Two Robel transects recorded crested wheatgrass dominance with a mix of native grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment boundary and there are no 

known leks within 1 mile of the allotment. There is one lek just outside the 1-mile boundary with 

the next closest lek a little more than 2 miles away.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would now 

be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds 

because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely 

responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread 

may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses and potential increases of these species as a result of increasing 

litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the 

degree of woody draw improvement.
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Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an immediate appreciable 

increased opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a

commensurate decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the allotment. Over time, the 

herbaceous structure distribution would likely change to the point where the imbalance in 

herbaceous structure would be reversed from what the current data indicates (low amounts of High 

structure) to where there is a low amount of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would increase the potential for shifts 

towards late seral stages among broken and unbroken land, but would be impeded by increasing 

invasive grasses facilitated by increased plant litter. Large areas of the allotment would transition to 

Invaded Grass States within ten years with decreasing maintenance of native plant species.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, over time 

(perhaps greater than 10 to 15 years) the decrease in forb diversity could decrease foraging 

opportunities. Also, over time (>10 to 15 years), nesting and brooding quality and quantity would 

also decrease because of lower quality habitat associated with invasive grasses that would continue 

to invade the pastures. 

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 295 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs and/or yearlings are run in a modified complementary deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – The low proportion of Healthy woody draws across the allotment would persist 

under current management. Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 26 

percent after adjusting for cow size, the scarcity of draws within individual pastures, easy 

accessibility, close proximity to water sources, and multiple pasture rotations contribute to high 

woody draw disturbances. 

Relatively light use reported for pasture 2 should sustain Healthy conditions of half the woody 

draws occurring on steep slopes, but At Risk sites occurring along the toeslopes would persist due 

to flat terrain and high livestock disturbances (Figure 281.2 above). Collateral impacts to woody 

species from herbicide treatments for burdock would contribute to decreasing conditions in these 
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draws. The woody draw in pasture 5 exhibited a moderately high potential for improvement but it 

was the only draw present in the pasture and would therefore continue to experience a high level of 

disturbance.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to perpetuate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution, at least in pastures 5 and 6, with limited potential to improve the 

overall herbaceous structure distribution. An Authorized Use level that exceeds the initial estimated 

carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size, by approximately 20 percent is expected to 

maintain these conditions.

Seral Stages – The apparent trend of increasing invasive grasses would continue with transitions to 

Invaded Grass States and decreasing maintenance of native species under current management. 

Seral development would be impeded by stocking at the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 26 percent after adjusting for cow size, inconsistent coordination of 

the grazing season with invasive grass palatability, and potentially excessive use of the native 

component during mid and late summer grazing seasons. Multiple rotations through pastures 5 and 

6 have a high potential to result in selective and potentially excessive use of the native component 

during the second rotation, thereby impeding native grass establishment and assisting invasive 

grasses. Premature and/or seasonlong grazing in pasture 1 during some years may have contributed 

to the current abundance of invasive grasses. Smooth brome is likely to be utilized in pasture 4 

during various grazing seasons because it remains more palatable than other invasive grasses, but it 

would remain dominant along the creek terraces without concentrated efforts to increase native 

communities.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions would not enhance High structure grasslands, 

thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat. The existing Authorized 

Use level is expected to maintain the habitat conditions.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 295 federal AMs.

 Developing a water source in pasture 1 to pull livestock away from woody draws.

 Annually changing season of use in the grazing rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Constructing a reservoir in southwestern portion of pasture 1. 

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Mechanically treating a portion of pasture 6, to reduce clubmoss, then interseeding, and possibly 

fertilizing. 

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 
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management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Annually 

changing the season of use within the grazing rotation would not affect Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution as this type of management is occurring presently on the pasture treated as native. 

Developing a water source would provide reliable livestock water in pasture 1 compared to the 

existing condition. Livestock grazing use would change in the area of the water source and would 

assist in pulling livestock away from the woody draw. However, livestock would still have access to 

the woody draw and beaver dam in the western portion of the pasture because there would be 

nothing restricting them. Due to the size of the pasture overall livestock distribution changes would 

be minimal.

Adaptive Options – Constructing a reservoir in the southwestern portion of pasture 1 would add an 

additional water source to the allotment. This would not affect the Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution because of the size of the pasture, topography, and the existing water source.

Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock distribution across the 

allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for livestock grazing.

Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may occur on 

remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and as a result there will be additional 

cost of maintenance of the fence to prevent livestock access to the woody draws.

Mechanically treating portions of pasture 6 to reduce clubmoss, then interseeding, and possibly 

fertilizing would affect Authorized Use on a temporary basis because depending on the actions 

taken some amount of rest may be required to allow establishment of target species in the pasture.

Livestock distribution may be more focused in the areas that are fertilized, but due to the small size 

of the pasture overall the livestock distribution would not change. There would be an initial cost for 

the various treatments.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the 

livestock; however, the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage 

harvested.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Developing a water source in pasture 1 would facilitate improved woody draw 

conditions by pulling livestock away from the woody draw where livestock obtain water from a 

series of beaver ponds. However, Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 

26 percent after adjusting for cow size, the scarcity of draws in the pasture, and continued access to 

the beaver ponds would contribute to continued livestock disturbances within woody draws. Warm 

temperatures and insect pests, and low palatability of the invasive grass component that would 

occur on a frequent annual basis with the proposed deferred rotation would also contribute to woody 

draw disturbances. 

The easy accessibility and scarcity of woody draws in the other three pastures would maintain 

current woody draw disturbances. The proposed deferred rotation would have the potential to 
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increase woody draw disturbances across the three pastures as a result of more frequent mid and late 

summer grazing periods with increased temperatures and insect pests and extended green periods 

relative to invasive grass uplands with low palatability. 

Adaptive Options – Constructing a reservoir in the southwest corner of pasture 1 would add to 

several beaver ponds as a water source and perpetuate Unhealthy conditions of the associated 

woody draw. 

Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased woody draw 

regeneration by decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock 

disturbances through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive 

grass layers that would occur with the removal of grazing. Fencing of the primary woody draw in 

pasture 1would increase the proportion of Healthy sites to 40 percent, but would likely result in 

increasing disturbances and decreasing conditions within the adjacent At Risk woody draw. 

Increased disturbance of adjacent draws would not occur with potential fencing of the lone draws in 

pastures 5 and 6, other than portions of the draw not included within the fence. Decreasing 

Authorized Use would be less effective than fencing for improving woody draw conditions due to 

their scarcity within individual pastures and the close proximity of water in pasture 1. 

Mechanically treating clubmoss, interseeding, and fertilizing portions of pasture 6 could increase 

plant production and palatability that could facilitate decreased woody draw disturbances by 

drawing livestock to the upland herbaceous communities. However, the single woody draw in the 

pasture would continue to be sought for shade and escape from insect pests, thereby decreasing the 

potential for improvement. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Accounting for the cow size adjustment, Authorized Use exceeds the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by approximately 20 percent which would be contributing to the 

existing herbaceous structure distribution, notably the apparent lack of a High herbaceous structure 

class from low levels of residual cover. Adding one water tank in pasture 1 could facilitate a more 

even distribution, especially under the Authorized Use level but permit rotational flexibility. 

Implementing a four pasture deferred rotation may have benefits for herbaceous structure 

distribution in the earliest pasture. However, the Authorized Use level would limit the regrowth 

potential.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to immediately adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project objectives due to 

increased levels of residual cover. Fencing woody draws, or portions of draws, could have effects 

relative to the size and location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the 

relative small amount of woody draw habitat expected to be fenced. Constructing the reservoir in 

pasture 1, in combination with the initial action of a new water source in the initial actions, would 

increase the density of water sources in the pasture creating the potential to increase the 

homogenization of the herbaceous structure within the pasture. Management flexibility, via water 

management, could potentially be used to contribute to the management of the herbaceous structure 
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distribution. However, it is assumed, in the absence of a plan, that moderate use, or even use, will 

be the management emphasis, contributing to the homogenous herbaceous structure distribution. 

Also, fencing of the reservoir would be necessary to improve the effectiveness of any potential

strategy. Mechanically treating clubmoss, then interseeding, could potentially decrease club moss 

and increase grass cover. This may have beneficial effects for residual cover levels.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Developing a water source in the uplands of pasture 1 would result in a zone of 

increased grazing and trampling disturbances and shifts towards early seral stages and annual weeds 

around the tank. Adverse impacts to native plant communities could be decreased by placing the 

tank in an area dominated by invasive grasses, but this would have the potential for spreading 

invasive seed to other portions of the pasture. 

Implementing a deferred rotation among the four pastures would continue or increase poor 

coordination of the grazing season with palatability of the invasive grass component, thereby 

increasing the potential for selective and excessive use of the native component and facilitating the 

spread of invasive grasses. This effect would be most pronounced in pastures 2, 5, and 6, and would 

be compounded by Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 26 percent 

after adjusting for cow size.

Adaptive Options – Constructing a reservoir along the drainage in the southwestern portion of 

pasture 1would perpetuate livestock distribution along the woody draw drainage and away from the 

uplands, particularly during summer grazing rotations that would occur on a frequent annual basis. 

However, invasive grasses would impede the potential development or maintenance of late seral 

stages in the uplands. 

Fencing high-value woody draws or portions thereof such as that occurring along the above 

drainage, or the singular draws occurring in pastures 5 and 6, would help shift livestock distribution 

to the uplands. Although potentially impeding the development of late seral stages, this may assist 

litter management and decrease the spread of invasive grasses. However, a portion of the livestock 

distribution in pasture 1 would shift towards the second woody draw and contribute to decreasing 

conditions. 

Mechanically treating clubmoss, interseeding crested wheatgrass, and fertilizing portions of pasture 

6 could increase plant production that could decrease the difference between Authorized Use and 

initial estimated carrying capacity. However, the deferred rotation would perpetuate poor 

coordination of the grazing season with crested wheatgrass palatability in the pasture. The 

proportion of native grasses would be reduced through seeding of crested wheatgrass, and fertilizing 

would increase the competitive advantage for invasive grasses because they exhibit greater 

responses than native grasses to increased nitrogen levels (Belsky and Gelbard 2000, Sedivec and 

Manske 1990, USNA 2006). Sedivec and Manske (1990) recommended against fertilizing pastures 

with high amounts of native grasses because of adverse effects of nitrogen and phosphorous on 

mycorrhizal fungi to which many native grasses have symbiotic relationships. Interruptions of this 

relationship can lead to decreased native plant vigor and production after growth effects of the 

fertilizer have decreased.
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Neither decreasing nor increasing Authorized Use would alter the trend of increasing invasive 

grasses without coordinating the season of use and stocking levels with the proportional 

contribution and palatability of the invasive and native grass components. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Accounting for the cow size adjustment, Authorized Use exceeds the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by approximately 20 percent, which would be contributing to the 

existing herbaceous structure distribution, notably the apparent low levels of high residual cover. 

Adding one water tank in pasture 1 could facilitate a more even distribution, especially under the 

Authorized Use level but permit rotational flexibility. Implementing a four pasture deferred rotation 

may have benefits for herbaceous structure distribution in the earliest pasture. However, the 

Authorized Use level would limit the potential.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

begin to immediately enhance grouse nesting habitat due to increasing levels of residual cover. 

Fencing woody draws, or portions of draws, could have effects relative to the size and location of 

the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable because of the relative small amount of woody 

draw habitat expected to be fenced. Constructing the reservoir in pasture 1, in combination with the 

initial action of the new water source, would increase the density of water sources in the pasture 

increasing the homogenization of residual cover within the pasture, thus decreasing the quantity and 

quality of potential nesting sites. Mechanically treating club moss then interseeding could 

potentially decrease club moss and increase grass cover. This may have beneficial effects for 

residual cover levels.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 270 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 295 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 339 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 
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Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 20 percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 20 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate improved woody draw conditions by 

decreasing livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the scarcity of woody draws 

among pastures, the close proximity of water sources in pasture1, and to a lesser extent in pasture 5, 

and frequent seasons of use during the warmest portion of the year would continue to result in high 

levels of browsing and trampling disturbances that would slow or impede woody draw 

improvement.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use level by approximately 20 percent to consider 

AUMs and account for cow size should begin to balance the herbaceous structure distribution –

with less use it is projected there would be more residual cover left at the end of the grazing year. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 20 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would have the potential to facilitate shifts towards late seral 

stages. However, the grazing seasons would remain poorly coordinated with the proportional 

contribution and palatability of the invasive and native grass components and would continue to 

assist the spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Within the context of an adjusted Authorized Use level based on an AUM and 

accounting for cow size, there should be an enhancement of grouse nesting habitat through higher 

retention levels of residual cover. 
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ALLOTMENT 282

Table 282-1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

282 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 1.31 – Backcountry 

Recreation Non-motorized 

746 7

Management Area 2.2 – Research 

Natural Areas

30 0

Management Area 3.51a – Bighorn 

Sheep Habitat With Non-Federal Mineral 

Ownership

2929 27

Management Area 3.51b – Bighorn 

Sheep Habitat With Non-Federal Mineral 

Ownership

1601 15

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

4768 44

Management Area 4.22 – River And 

Travel Corridors

733 7

Total allotment acres 12394 100

NFS acres 10807 87

State land acres 248 2

Private land acres 1339 11

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

2123

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

2859

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

6
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Table 282.2 — Allotment 282 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian 1998/99 Survey – Fantail Creek at PFC

2004 Survey – Fantail at FAR-U. Fantail Creek is 

recovering from the Fantail Fire. 

1998/99 Survey – Magpie Creek at PFC, 

2004 Survey – Magpie Creek at NF. 

2004 & 2006 Survey rated Whitetail Creek at PFC and 

NF.

The Little Missouri River borders this allotment. A field 

review by the district hydrologist indicated no riparian 

concerns.

Fantail is still being affected by 

a natural event. At this point no 

action is necessary.

Need to start Whitetail and 

Magpie Creeks on an upward 

trend toward PFC. 

Woody draws Approximately 81 percent of the woody draws sampled 

were Healthy and about 19 percent were At Risk.

Low sapling numbers, impacted shrub layer, low or no 

regeneration, and browsing typify the At Risk woody 

draws. 

Heavy leafy spurge infestations in woody draws are 

adversely affecting woody draws.

Maintain current woody draw 

conditions. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Herbaceous Transects: 1.45; 1.58; 1.61; 1.7; 1.51; 

1.31; 1.33; 1.01; 1.05; 2.85

2004 Herbaceous Stations percent: Low-68/

Moderate-28/High-2

2004 Shrub dominated Transects: 3.65; 2.54; 1.63; 5.34; 

2.83; 1.60.

2004 Shrub dominated Stations percent: Low35/Moderate-51/High-14

2005 Herbaceous Transects: 1.66; 1.0

2005 Herbaceous Stations percent: Low-60/

Moderate-40/High-0

2005 Shrub dominated Transects: 3.44; 5.70; 3.89

2005 Shrub dominated Stations percent: Low-10/

Moderate-63.3/High-26.7

**Manage allotment to maintain 

meeting structure objectives.

Seral stages Of 12 sample sites, the proportion of early, mid, and late 

seral stages was 8, 58, and 25 percent. One or 8 percent 

of the sites was at an Invaded State. 

Maintain native grass 

communities and the mosaic of 

seral stages and limit the 

expansion of invasive grasses. 

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two known leks within the allotment and there 

is one within 1 mile of the allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat

Remarks  Approximately 230 acres of noxious weeds including leafy spurge, Canada thistle, 

black henbane, and burdock. Weeds are scattered across landscape, they are being 

treated.

 Control leafy spurge infestations in woody with biological agents as preferred 

control method. Herbicides, if biological is unsuccessful

** Based on a review of field notes and observations, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure 

objectives.
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Table 282.3 — Allotment 282 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 2,123 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average permitted 

use is 1,959 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Modified deferred 

rotation. 

 Class(s) of livestock: Horses, 

cow/calf pairs and yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

2,123

 Move pasture 5 boundary 

fence to ridge top in the 

southeast portion of pasture 5.

 Continue modified deferred 

rotation system changing 

season of use within the 

rotation.

 Manage water tanks to better 

distribute use along Magpie 

Creek. 

 Reduce sagebrush 

encroachment on terrace along 

east side of pasture 6.

 Move fence from northeast 

corner of pasture 5 to the west.

 Continue to monitor Fantail 

Creek.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Create a riparian pasture 

through construction of a 

fence south of Magpie Creek 

in Sections 4, 5, 6.

 If created, the riparian pasture 

would require an additional 

water source.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

2,123

 Move pasture 5 boundary 

fence to ridge top in the 

southeast portion of pasture 5.

 Continue modified deferred 

rotation system changing 

season of use within the 

rotation.

 Manage water tanks to better 

distribute use along Magpie 

Creek. 

 Reduce sagebrush 

encroachment on terrace along 

east side of pasture 6.

 Move fence from northeast 

corner of pasture 5 to the west.

 In pasture 6, on Lower 

Magpie Creek, construct a 

167-acre riparian exclosure 

with no grazing for first 3

years. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Create a riparian pasture 

through construction of a 

fence south of Magpie Creek 

in Sections 4, 5, 6.

 If created, the riparian pasture 

would require an additional 

water source.

 If riparian vegetation has been 

established on 80 percent of 

stream banks and active 

stream cutting has ceased 

occurring then initiate late or 

dormant season prescribed 

grazing. Prescribed grazing 

would be identified in 

AOI/AW.

 Construct a 92- and 178-acre 

riparian exclosures on Magpie 

Creek in pasture 6. 92-acre 
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

exclosure is located in 

sections 4,5,9 (Reach 5). The 

178-acre exclosure is located 

in Sections 6 and 1. (Reach 8)

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition survey 

once every 3 years then once 

every 5 years if a positive 

trend has been established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 3 

to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 

2005 included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 282 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 12,394 acres including 10,807 acres of NFS lands. The 

remainder is private and state lands. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation inventory 

permit for 278 head for 8 months by the MGA. Livestock are on NFS lands the entire year, not just 

the typical May 1

st to December 31st

. Livestock are wintered on private and intermingled private 

and NFS lands during January through April. This allotment has been subdivided into six pastures,

which all contain some NFS lands. The pastures range from 739 to 4,301 acres. Current AMs 

provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 282.1. This allotment is located in the Badlands 

geographic area. Water developments within this allotment include artesian wells with stock tanks, 

livestock wells with windmills and stock tanks, dugouts, and reservoirs.

The allotment is managed as a two-pasture, deferred rotation in pastures 5 and 6 with cow/calf pairs 

from May 1

st to October 15th

. The cow/calf herd is then rotated to pasture 3 and grazes until 

December 31

st. Occasionally, the permittee takes some cattle back to pasture 6 in November to 

finish out the season. At the end of December, the cow/calf herd is then rotated into pasture 4 to 

graze through approximately the middle of February. This herd is then brought across the river to 

pasture 2 and stays until the end of May for feeding and calving. The number of cow/calf pairs 

varies depending upon the number of yearlings the permittee plans on running in a given year. The 
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yearlings usually are kept in pasture 1 during the summer grazing season with the number varying

depending on the year. The yearlings are then brought across the river to pasture 4 for winter 

grazing along with the cows. The permittee also runs horses which are divided up into three groups 

of fifteen brood mares. The horses normally utilize pastures 1, 3, and 6. Later in the season,

September and October, all brood mares are rotated into pasture 5 after the colts have been weaned. 

The horses are not rotated into this pasture earlier because of recreation activity on the Maah Daah 

Hey Trail; the permittee does not feel comfortable having his studs in this pasture during the prime 

recreation season for safety reasons.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 230

acres of leafy spurge, Canada thistle, black henbane and burdock. The Billings County Weed Board 

has been informed of these infestations and has made an attempt to control them. Biological control 

agents have been used to control leafy spurge; but due to its location along the Little Missouri 

River, the success has been poor. Herbicides are the main means of controlling these weed species.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed approximately 101.7 acres 

from livestock access. Approximately 77.8 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been 

reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 24.5 and 18.7 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC FAR-U Total

FARNA FAR-D NF

282-03 Fantail Creek (1) 0.40 0.40

282-04 Whitetail Creek (11) 0.67 0.67

282-04 Whitetail Creek (12) 0.22 0.22

282-05 Fantail Creek (1) 2.11 2.11

282-06 Magpie Creek (6) 0.47 0.47

282-06 Magpie Creek (7) 3.84 3.84

Parts of three streams flow through Allotment 282. Fantail Creek (Reach 1) flows through pastures 

3 and 5. This reach has undergone dramatic geomorphic changes following a wildfire in 1988. The 

DPG hydrologist visited Fantail Creek in 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2007. He observed that riparian 

vegetation is increasing, sedimentation rates are decreasing, sediment loads are decreasing.

Consequently, he gave the creek a functionality rating of FAR-U, although this determination was 

not part of a formal riparian survey.

Lower Magpie Creek (Reaches 6 and 7) passes through pasture 6. It has a functionality rating of NF 

along its entire length in this pasture (Figure 282.1). The channel is incised, has little riparian 

vegetation, high sediment loads, high erosion rates, and little regeneration of riparian trees or 

willows. Cottonwood and willow seedlings are present, but they are repeatedly browsed until they 

die. The riparian vegetation is heavily grazed and trampled; consequently there is little vegetation 

left to stabilize banks and reduce sediment loads.
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Lower Whitetail Creek (Reach 11 & 12) crosses pasture 4. About 0.7 miles of this reach has a 

functionality rating of NF (Figure 282.2); whereas the lower 0.2 miles of the reach has a rating of 

PFC. Problems with this reach include:

 Adverse effects from uplands related to poor road design and poor composition of plant species, 

particularly the loss of perennial, cool-season native grasses.

 Lack of riparian plant species and inadequate plant cover in riparian zone.

 Lack of regeneration, especially of riparian cottonwood trees.

 High sediment loads and high rates of channel erosion.

 Lack of vegetation on point bars.

 Historical and recent channel incision.

Woody Draws – Of 16 woody draw samples, 81 percent were Healthy and 19 percent were At 

Risk. Rocky Mountain juniper is extensive on steep north aspect slopes in large portions of the 

allotment. A 6-mile segment of the Little Missouri River (LMR) and several major tributaries occur 

in the allotment, and except for the occurrence of noxious weeds and invasive grasses, cottonwood 

woodlands along the LMR corridor were moderately Healthy with successful regeneration on active 

Figure 282.1 — Reach 7 of 

Magpie Creek in Allotment 282 

has a functionality rating of NF.

Notice the absence of water in the 

channel, the high width-depth ratio, 

the lack of riparian vegetation, and 

livestock trails in the stream 

channel.

Figure 282.2 — Reach 11 of 

Whitetail Creek in Allotment 282 

has a functionality rating of NF.

Notice the lack of riparian vegetation 

on point bars, the active erosion on the 

cut bank, the amount of sedimentation 

on the point bar.
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Figure 282.3 — Watering site on sagebrush 

terrace along Magpie Creek in pasture 6 with 

annual brome indicated by brown patches.

gravel bars. Although these communities are more appropriately treated as riparian woodlands and 

do not meet the definition of woody draw communities of this analysis, several sites sampled during 

1998 for a previous analysis were included among the sample set for completeness.

Herbaceous Structure – This allotment is considered to be meeting structure objectives (via IDT 

decision) partly due to the Authorized Use being less than the initial estimated carrying capacity. 

The results of the randomly selected VOR transects demonstrated that approximately 12.5 percent

(2 out of 16 transects) were in the High structure class and approximately 56 percent were Moderate 

structure transects, meeting the proposed drought guidelines for structure. However, the High 

structure transects were recorded in shrub communities.

Seral Stages – Upland vegetation was 

largely composed of native plant 

communities with little or no broken land 

throughout the allotment, but invasive 

grasses gained dominance along extensive 

sagebrush terraces, terraces of the LMR

and major tributaries, road corridors, 

several oil and gas related disturbances, 

and hay feeding and watering sites 

(Figure 282.3). The Big Top Research 

Natural Area (RNA) occurs in the 

southeastern corner of pasture 6, but 

natural topography and a section of drift 

fence exclude livestock access. 

Pasture 1 straddles the LMR, with a large portion of NFS lands occurring on steep slopes and 

escarpments dissected by rugged drainages supporting Rocky Mountain juniper. Private land, that 

comprises about 26 percent of the allotment, involved a broad river terrace. An NDSU plot sampled 

on a fragment of NFS land on the terrace was almost entirely comprised of planted crested 

wheatgrass that was not identified in the broken lands layer.

NFS land in pasture 2 consisted of broader, but no less rugged, uplands above the LMR. Private 

land comprised terraces of the LMR that likely receive the majority of hay feeding use during the 

winter months, but NFS land likely experiences increased use during early spring following 

snowmelt. An NDSU sample plot on a Thin Claypan ecological site (ES) along a narrow ridgeline 

was generally at a late seral stage with no invasive grasses recorded. A Robel transect along a broad 

plateau recorded blue grama, western wheatgrass, and needle-and-thread as the dominant species, 

suggesting mid seral stages.

Pasture 3 occurred on the eastern side of the LMR. An NDSU sample on a Clayey ES along the 

outer perimeter of the river terrace was approaching an Invaded Grass State with Kentucky 

bluegrass dominance and western wheatgrass co-dominance beneath dense silver sagebrush. A 

Loamy ecological site sampled by NDSU along Buckhorn Creek was at a mid seral Native Invaded 

Grass State, while a second site on a Thin Loamy ES was at an Invaded Grass State. A belt transect 
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near the sites reported similar plant composition with Kentucky bluegrass as the second species of 

dominance. Several ecoplots were present in the pasture but occurred in woodland or shrubland 

communities.

Pasture 4 also occurred on the eastern side of the LMR and contained terraces of Whitetail Creek 

below steep upland slopes. An NDSU plot midway between the creek and the base of the slopes 

contained intermingled patches of native and invasive grasses, with the latter occurring at relatively 

low frequencies along the transects but dominating the biomass from the clipped plots. Thus, plant 

composition appeared to vary from late seral Native Invaded Grass States to Invaded Grass States.

A Robel transect measured 750 feet to the west recorded native grasses and shrubs without invasive 

grasses.

Pasture 5 comprised 4,300 acres, and several data points indicated a predominance of native plant 

communities with generally light invasive grasses. Five NDSU sample sites collected in the eastern

half of the pasture are summarized below.

 Center of pasture on Sandy ES - late seral Native Invaded Grass State with 14 percent and 7

percent frequency of Kentucky bluegrass and smooth brome respectively, but no invasive 

grasses in the clipped plots.

 Three samples in the southeastern corner of the pasture - Thin Loamy and Claypan ES at mid 

seral Native Invaded Grass States with light amounts of annual brome and Kentucky bluegrass.

Loamy ES at a mid-early Native Invaded State with silver sagebrush and western wheatgrass 

but 62 percent bare ground.

 Clayey ES in the northeast corner of the pasture was at a mid seral stage for a planted site with 

blue grama and crested wheatgrass and trace amounts of smooth brome.

Relative plant frequency of Kentucky and Canada bluegrass, crested wheatgrass, and annual brome 

increased from 0 to 24 percent along a repeated pace transect between 1979 and 2009, but the site 

was located adjacent to a developed road. Five Robel transects across the center of the pasture 

recorded native species dominance but were suggestive of mid to early seral stages. Of three 

ecoplots sampled in herbaceous communities during 1998, two were at mid seral stages and one on 

a needle-and-thread/threadleaf sedge habitat type was at a late stage.

Pasture 6 comprised 3,534 acres, and measurements also indicated a predominance of native plant 

communities with generally light but frequent invasive grasses. Six NDSU sample sites dispersed in 

the northwest half of the pasture are summarized below.

 Two Thin Claypan ES in the north-central area of the pasture were at late-mid and mid seral 

Native Invaded Grass States with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome.

 A Thin Sandy ES near the center of the pasture was at a mid seral Native Invaded Grass State

with portions of the site approaching an Invaded Grass State of Kentucky bluegrass and lesser 

amounts of annual brome.

 Loamy and Claypan ES near the center of the pasture were at mid seral Native Invaded States, 

with the Loamy ES exhibiting 30 percent frequency of Kentucky bluegrass.
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 A Loamy ES in the northeast corner of the pasture was at a mid seral Native Invaded State with 

light amounts of Canada bluegrass. 

A remeasured ecoplot on a Thin Loamy ES in the northwestern corner of the pasture shifted from a 

mid to a late to mid seral stage between 1996 and 2007 with a moderate decrease in blue grama and 

increase of green needlegrass. Light amounts of smooth brome, annual brome, and Kentucky 

bluegrass were present in 2007 but not 1996. A sere plot on a Loamy ES near the center of the 

pasture was at a mid seral stage with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome. A 

repeated pace transect on the eastern edge of the pasture indicated minimal change in plant species 

frequency between 1979 and 2009, but bare ground decreased from 15 percent to 3 percent while 

litter increased by a similar amount. Of seven additional ecoplots sampled in the late 1990s from 

western wheatgrass/green needlegrass habitat types, one was at a late seral stage, four were at mid 

seral stages, and two were at Invaded Grass States with more than 70 percent of the relative grass 

canopy cover comprised of Kentucky bluegrass. Of nine ecoplots on silver sagebrush/western 

wheatgrass habitat types, one was at a late seral stage, five were mid seral, and three were early 

seral. Several of these sites exhibited exceptionally dense stands of sagebrush and low herbaceous 

cover that included light amounts of invasive grasses on three sites. One of two ecoplots from 

needle-and-thread/sedge habitat types was at a late seral stage while the other was at an early stage.

Dominant species recorded among seven Robel transects dispersed throughout the pasture were 

suggestive of mid seral stages, with two of the sites listing Kentucky bluegrass as the third dominant 

grass. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Two grouse leks exist in the allotment with significant overlap of NFS 

lands. One additional lek overlaps the allotment in the western portion.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment. Removal or maintenance of 

existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential 

for the spread of noxious weeds because of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The

Forest Service would be solely responsible for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some 

noxious weed species spread may decrease due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Fantail, Whitetail, and Magpie Creeks as described in 

Existing Condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.
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Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses, and potential increases of these species as a result of increasing 

litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for slowing or decreasing the 

degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an immediate and 

appreciable increased opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, 

and a decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the allotment. This alternative would 

likely be quicker than the other alternatives in reaching, and potentially exceeding, High structure 

objectives with the eventual result of being out of balance with overall herbaceous structure 

objectives with the subsequent loss of Low structure.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages with a loss of early and mid seral stage communities across large areas of the allotment 

dominated by native plant communities. Shifts to late seral stages would occur within 5 years 

among many communities, but could require longer periods among early seral communities that 

contain only remnants of late seral species. Areas with moderate amounts of invasive grasses would 

impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages, and transitions to Invaded Grass States 

would be assisted by increasing litter with the removal of livestock. These transitions would occur 

over 5 to 15 years depending on the current amount of invasive grasses, but even low occurrences 

of these species would have a high potential to increase in dominance and extent. This would occur 

from the west to the east side of the allotment according to the current extent and amount of

invasive grasses across the allotment.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands with the 

removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed 

grouse. However, unlike some allotments where invasive grasses are a more serious concern, it is 

projected that foraging opportunities and nesting quality will not decrease appreciably in quality and 

quantity within the planning timeframe.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 2,123 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs, yearlings, and horses are run in a modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 
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Figure 282-4. Hay feeding site in 

pasture 3.

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Fantail, Whitetail, and Magpie Creeks as described in 

Existing Condition would continue.

Woody Draws – Continuation of current management is likely to sustain existing woody draw 

conditions that satisfy objectives of the Grasslands Plan. Winter use and hay feeding on the western

side of the allotment would have the potential to result in decreasing conditions because of

trampling disturbances associated with high livestock concentrations and the spread of invasive 

grasses that can impede the regeneration of woody species.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management 

is projected to continue the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution. There would be limited 

potential to promote an increase in the 

proportion of High herbaceous structure and

improve the overall herbaceous structure. Shrub 

areas (primarily silver sage terraces) would be 

expected to continue to carry the High structure 

burden.

Seral Stages – Native grass dominated 

communities with a predominance of mid seral 

stages, but occurrences of late stages, would 

persist for an extended period across large 

portions the allotment under current 

management. No early seral communities were 

identified from the plant composition 

measurements, but Invaded Grass States were present in pastures on the western side of the 

allotment. Additional transitions would continue to be assisted by effects of hay feeding and 

premature spring grazing (Figure 282.4). Frequent, but relatively light occurrences of invasive 

grasses in other areas of the allotment would have the inherent potential to increase with eventual 

transitions to Native Invaded and Invaded Grass States. Premature spring grazing that occurs in all 

pastures on a consistent, frequent, or annual basis, as well as seasonlong grazing in pastures 1 and 6, 

can contribute to low plant vigor and increase the susceptibility to invasive grass establishment.

Although levels of reported use are less to slightly greater than initial estimated carrying capacity 

depending on whether winter use is included in the totals, rugged topography, dense juniper slopes, 

low herbaceous production within some shrub communities, and long distances to water would 

decrease the actual level of initial estimated carrying capacity and potentially contribute to greater 

utilization than expected.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat. Considering 

shrub habitat transects together with the herbaceous transects, the distribution did address project 
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objectives during a drought year with Low – 31.25 percent; Moderate – 56.25 percent; and High –

12.5 percent; but that is based on the presence of VOR readings in a shrub community. Potential 

nesting habitat for grouse appears to be limited primarily to the shrub community at this time, 

principally the silver sage community. At this time, the upland herbaceous community does not 

display vegetative structure sufficient to provide suitable habitat for nesting and brooding grouse.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 2,123 federal AMs.

 Moving pasture 5 boundary fence to ridge top in the southeast portion of pasture 5.

 Continuing deferred rotation system changing season of use within the rotation.

 Managing water tanks to better distribute use along Magpie Creek. 

 Reducing sagebrush encroachment on terrace along east side of pasture 6.

 Moving fence from northeast corner of pasture 5 to the west.

 Continuing to monitor Fantail Creek.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Creating a riparian pasture through construction of a fence south of Magpie Creek in Sections 4, 

5, 6.

 If created, the riparian pasture would require an additional water source.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Continuing a 

deferred rotation system, changing the season of use within the rotation would not affect Authorized 

Use or livestock distribution as this type of management is occurring presently on the allotment. 

Moving the interior fence between pastures 5 and 6 to the ridge top in the southeast portion of 

pasture 5 would reduce the trailing along the foot slope of the butte. However, there would be little 

to no change in livestock distribution.

Managing water tanks to better distribute livestock use along Magpie Creek would shift livestock 

distribution, and can be designed to develop a rotation within a pasture without fences. Due to the 

topography and location of livestock water developments along Magpie Creek, additional permittee 

management would need to be in place to react quickly to alleviate potential resource concerns 

along the riparian areas due to livestock grazing pressure.

Reducing sagebrush encroachment on the terrace along the east side of pasture 6 would promote 

more herbaceous forage growth and would improve native graminoid diversity due to less 

competition. Depending on how the sagebrush would be treated, livestock would have to be 

excluded from the treatment area for a period of time, which would require the installation of a 
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temporary fence. Depending on the size of the treated area available AMs would need to be adjusted 

until vegetation is re-established.

Moving the fence from the northeastern corner of pasture 5 to the west would change livestock 

distribution in pasture 6 but not in pasture 5. Because of the topography on the eastern side of 

pasture 5, livestock do not readily use this area without being herded by the. Because of the 

topography on the western side of pasture 6, livestock could easily access this area. Minor 

adjustments in the amount of available AMs in each pasture would be necessary due to the 

topography and size of the pastures after moving the fence.

Continuing to monitor Fantail Creek would not have an effect on Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Creating a riparian pasture through construction of a fence south of Magpie Creek in Sections 4, 5, 

and 6, would change livestock distribution due to the change in the size and timing of grazing in 

both pastures. This action would allow more control of grazing pressure along Magpie Creek 

because livestock would no longer have free access to the riparian areas when grazing the south 

pasture. Due to the location of the existing livestock water developments, an additional 

development would be required since livestock would no longer have access to the artesian well in 

Section 6 and the windmill/well in Section 5. Livestock grazing pressure would increase within the 

area of the new water development.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less than currently harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Moving pasture 5 boundary fence to the ridge top in pasture 5 should better 

distribute livestock and would have no effect on riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. 

Continuing the deferred rotation system and changing season of use within the rotation would 

benefit riparian conditions if the time livestock were on the creeks was reduced. If livestock use on 

the riparian corridor was reduced, conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling 

allowing for riparian vegetation recovery.

Proposed stock tank management would have no or minimal effect on riparian conditions along 

Whitetail and Magpie Creeks. All of the water developments in pasture 6 (two wells and a stock 

pond) are within 1/4-mile of Magpie Creek, so livestock would likely continue to hang along the 

creek and negative riparian impacts are likely to continue regardless of tank-management strategies.

Reducing sagebrush encroachment on the terrace on the east side of pasture 6 would benefit riparian 

conditions if an herbaceous plant community was established. Herbaceous plants are more effective 

in reducing overland flow which would benefit riparian conditions along Magpie Creek.
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Moving the fence from the northeastern corner of pasture 5 to the west should better distribute 

livestock and would have no effect on riparian conditions along Whitetail Creek. 

Repeated inspections of Fantail Creek indicate that its riparian functionality is on an upward trend 

following the 1988 wildfire there. Consequently, there is no proposed action to remediate Fantail 

Creek at this time.

It is expected that desired conditions on Fantail Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years. It is 

expected that desired conditions on Whitetail and Magpie Creeks would be achieved in several 

decades.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions 

along Magpie and Whitetail Creeks because there would be no expected change in livestock 

distribution and the distance of separation.

The creation of a riparian pasture to limit livestock access to the stream in pasture 6 should improve 

riparian conditions along Magpie Creek. The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven to 

be effective in the Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures 

along Ash Coulee) in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. The 

new water source developed in the riparian pasture to pull livestock away from the corridor would 

benefit riparian conditions by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing in the 

area and allow for herbaceous and woody vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation, which in turn reduces 

overland flow further benefitting the riparian conditions along Fantail, Whitetail, and Magpie 

Creeks. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creeks would reduce stream velocities and 

allow for the establishment of riparian vegetation to build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Fantail Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years. It is 

expected that desired conditions on Whitetail and Magpie Creeks would be achieved in 10 to 15

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Management of water tanks to control livestock distributions along Magpie Creek 

would have potential for maintaining woody draw conditions adjacent to the creek corridor, but 

could be limited by free water access along the creek during large portions of the year. 

Infrastructure maintenance involving relocations of pasture fencelines would decrease excessive 

trailing related impacts in localized areas, but could contribute to increased woody draw 

disturbances along the north boundary of pastures 5 and 6 due to increased access from pasture 6.

Reducing sagebrush encroachment on creek terraces would pull livestock to these areas due to the 

increased forage and potentially assisting slight decreases in woody draw use.

Continuing the current seasons of pasture use should maintain Healthy woody draw conditions 

among 81 percent of the sampled sites, but winter use and hay feeding has the potential to 

contribute to At Risk conditions.
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Maintaining the level of Authorized Use that is 15 percent less than initial estimated carrying 

capacity after adjusting for cow size creates the potential for increased levels of use compared to 

reported use during 2003 through 2008, and this would have the potential to decrease woody draw 

conditions. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate the 

maintenance of, or increase, woody draw conditions by decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances. Exclusion of livestock disturbances through fencing would provide the 

fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, but increasing litter and invasive grass 

layers that would occur with the removal of grazing could impede the regeneration of woody

species. Fencing of a woody draw would have a high potential to result in increased disturbances 

and decreased conditions within adjacent woody draws.

Creating a riparian pasture along Magpie Creek would facilitate the establishment of riparian 

species as well as woody draw patches along the riparian margins by decreasing the level of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would be required to maintain or achieve PFC 

ratings. However, the potential would occur for increasing disturbances and decreasing conditions 

within unfenced sections of the corridor and adjacent woody draws. Development of an additional 

water source in the pasture would probably not decrease the potential for increased woody draw 

conditions, depending on where the water is located.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Annually adjusting the season of use within the established deferred rotation and 

within the context of the current Authorized Use level, is projected to maintain the herbaceous 

structure distribution. Since the Authorized Use is unchanged, there is not expected to be any 

change in the amount of residual herbaceous structure remaining in the fall. Managing water tanks 

is not expected to be effective since available water can be found in Magpie Creek plus other 

amenities that the creek offers for livestock. Reducing sagebrush would directly reduce the amount 

of High structure because of the reduction in shrubs but should increase the initial estimated 

carrying capacity for livestock. It is possible that use may shift to the treatment area, reducing the

livestock pressure on the herbaceous communities, providing some regrowth opportunity and 

promote more heterogeneity in use patterns. Moving the pasture boundary fences is a minor impact 

and would not appreciably affect herbaceous structure. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool to begin to 

manipulate the herbaceous structure towards meeting project objectives since more residual 

herbaceous structure would remain in the fall. Fencing specific woody draws would have negative 

effects for grouse habitat relative to the size and location of the exclosure but should not be 

appreciable due to the relative small amount of woody draw habitat to be fenced. Creation of a 

riparian pasture could be expected to improve structure conditions within the riparian pasture. The 

additional water source in the riparian pasture could contribute to homogenizing the herbaceous 

structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Continuation of present pasture rotations limits the ability of herbaceous plant 
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species to complete critical growth periods in primary use areas because there is a low degree of 

pasture deferment and/or seasonlong or nearly seasonlong grazing. Premature grazing occurs in 

several pastures and is compounded by winter hay feeding periods that can result in grazing during 

relatively open winters. These practices contribute to low plant vigor and production and increase 

the susceptibility to invasive grass establishment. Although premature spring grazing would be 

limited to one of 3 years in most pastures, winter/early spring use of pastures 2 and 4 would 

continue.

Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use compared to currently reported levels 

of use would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages.

Management of water tanks to control livestock distributions along Magpie Creek would assist the 

management of forage utilization and seral stages along the creek terraces, but could be limited by 

free water access along the creek during large portions of the year.

Decreasing silver sagebrush densities along terraces of Magpie Creek in pasture 6 through fire, 

mowing, herbicide, or a combination of treatments, would increase herbaceous production and seral 

development by decreasing the competitive influence of sagebrush and snowberry that are 

excessively dense in some areas. However, a high potential exists for expansion of invasive grasses 

that are present in portions of these communities following shrub control. Invasive grass treatments 

are not conducted on the LMNG and such treatments are not included in the proposed actions.

Infrastructure maintenance involving slight relocations of pasture fencelines would contribute to 

increased grazing disturbances in a localized area along the north boundary of pastures 5 and 6, but 

would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages across the effected pastures.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages 

outside the fence due to the small size of these exclosures. Invasive grasses would have high 

potential to increase within the exclosure but are already dominant within the understory of most 

woody draws.

Creating a riparian pasture with Magpie Creek would involve almost half of pasture 6 and have a 

high potential to facilitate shifts towards late seral stages among upland habitats as a result of 

decreased grazing and trampling disturbances associated with the achievement or maintenance of 

PFC condition along the creek. The potential would exist for invasive grasses to increase with 

decreased grazing and increases in plant litter.

Adding a water source within the riparian pasture would result in increased grazing and trampling 

disturbances around the water source with shifts towards early seral stages and potential increases

of invasive grass establishment.

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages as a result of decreased 

grazing and trampling disturbances, while increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite 

effect.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Since the proposed initial actions listed are projected not to improve the 

herbaceous structure distribution, the Initial Actions would not enhance grouse nesting and
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brooding habitat. The silver shrub habitat, which carries the High structure in this allotment, would 

be directly affected by reducing the silver sagebrush in the eastern portion of pasture 6. Kobriger 

(1980) indicates that hens nest in brushy lowland draws when the quality and quantity of the 

surrounding grasslands was low. Given the low “quality” of nesting habitat in the grasslands, as 

demonstrated by the VOR data, reducing the sagebrush would reduce potential nesting habitat for 

sharp-tailed grouse hens. It is not expected that the resultant vegetative community would respond 

immediately with a later seral, High structure state: replacing the shrub community in neither 

structure nor favorable composition. The proposed rotation change is not projected to affect 

structure due to lack of a change in Authorized Use under this alternative.

Adaptive Options – By adjusting the Authorized Use, a potential increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous grasslands could be experienced with a commensurate enhancement in grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat. Fencing high-value woody draws is not expected to have appreciable overall 

effects to herbaceous grasslands due to the amount of woody draws projected to be fenced relative 

to the size of the allotment. Creation of a riparian pasture could be expected to improve nesting and 

fall-winter habitat conditions, depending on the size and configuration. 

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set at the level of Alternatives 2, 3, and 3A but adjusted for cow 

size.

 In pasture 6 on Lower Magpie Creek, constructing a 167-acre riparian exclosure. No grazing of 

exclosure for first 3 years. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 If riparian vegetation has been established on 80 percent of stream banks and active stream 

cutting has stopped occurring, then initiate late or dormant season prescribed grazing. 

Prescribed grazing would be identified in AOI.

 Constructing 92- and 178-acre riparian exclosures on Magpie Creek in pasture 6. The 92-acre 

exclosure would be located in Sections 4, 5, and 9 (Reach 5). The 178-acre exclosure would be

located in Sections 6 and 1. (Reach 8).

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 2,123 federal AUMs. The initial 

estimated carrying capacity is 2,598 AUMs. There are resource issues on the allotment that need to 

be addressed. Therefore, the initial action would be to authorize the same numbers as Alternatives 
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2, 3, and 3A, but as AUMs. The existing Authorized Use of 2,123 federal AMs converted to AUMs 

by adjusting for cow size is 2,441 federal AUMs. The effect of this authorization equates to a 13 

percent reduction from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the 

manager would have to factor in cow size when calculating the number of head and the grazing 

season duration when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Constructing a 167-acre riparian exclosure in pasture 6 on Lower Magpie Creek would remove 

approximately 85 to 87 federal AUMs which are currently available to livestock grazing. Since 

livestock grazing would not be allowed within the exclosure for the first 3 years an adjustment in 

Authorized Use would be necessary for those grazing seasons. Due to the size of the exclosure there 

would be minimal changes in livestock distribution within pasture 6 because of its overall size.

Adaptive Options – Prescribed grazing identified in the AOI within the riparian exclosures would 

increase the intensity of livestock grazing because of the livestock density within the small area.

The duration of dormant season grazing would vary yearly because of the variation of growing 

conditions and would need to be closely managed by the Forest Service and permittee.

Constructing 92- and 178-acre exclosures on Magpie Creek would remove livestock grazing within 

the exclosures. Because of the size of the exclosures and their associated available federal AUMs, 

an adjustment in Authorized Use would be necessary. Because of the overall size of pasture 6 and 

location of existing livestock water developments, there would be minimal changes in livestock 

distribution; however, intensity of grazing around the exclosures would increase.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The 167-acre riparian exclosure proposed would provide the best opportunity for 

riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time, stabilizing and building stream 

banks along Magpie Creek. The use of riparian exclosures has proven to be effective in the Little 

Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) in 

reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. No grazing would be 

allowed in the exclosure for 3 years. 

It is expected that desired conditions on Fantail and Magpie Creeks would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years. Whitetail Creek timing is the same as Alternative 3.

Adaptive Options – The 92- and 178-acre riparian exclosures proposed would provide the best 

opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time, stabilizing and 

building stream banks along Magpie Creek. The use of riparian exclosures has proven to be 

effective in the Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures 

along Ash Coulee) in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads. No 

grazing would be allowed in the exclosure for 3 years. 

It is expected that desired conditions on Fantail Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years. It is 

expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 2 to 5 years. Whitetail 

Creek timing is the same as Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent after adjusting for cow size would 
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maintain potential levels of summer use 8 to 26 percent greater than currently reported use, or 13 

percent greater to 4 percent less than total annual use that includes winter use. Therefore, there 

would be minimal improvement in woody draw conditions by the proposed reduction in Authorized 

Use.

Constructing a riparian exclosure along Magpie Creek in pasture 6 would facilitate the 

establishment of riparian species, and depending on the site location, create the potential for the 

improvement or increase in extent of woody draw communities along the perimeter of the exclosure 

as a result of decreased browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the potential would occur 

for increased disturbances and decreasing conditions within unfenced sections of the corridor and 

adjacent woody draws. 

Adaptive Options – Constructing two riparian exclosures, in addition to the one identified as an 

Initial Action and the one identified as an Adaptive Option under Alternative 3, would have similar 

potential of improving woody draw communities that occur within the exclosure. Potential grazing 

in any of these sites would likely maintain increased woody draw conditions because of relatively 

light grazing levels that would be required for PFC. However, additional fencing of the riparian 

corridor would increase the potential for more disturbances and decreasing conditions within 

unfenced sections of the corridor and adjacent woody draws. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Assuming the permittee is operating at the Authorized Use level, adjusting the 

Authorized Use to account for cow size could begin to move the herbaceous structure distribution 

towards project objectives, particularly if the sage brush reduction is implemented. Moving pasture 

fences would have minimal effect on the overall herbaceous structure objective since it is in the 

same allotment and the adjustments are minor. Managing the water sources along Magpie Creek 

could be of limited effectiveness due to the availability of water in the creek. Reducing silver sage 

would appreciably alter the existing vegetative structure condition. Currently, the silver sagebrush 

communities carry the High structure burden within the allotment while the herbaceous 

communities tend to have VORs of less than 2.0 inches. In light of the adjusted Authorized Use to 

account for cow size, continuing the grazing system while changing the season of use could 

potentially aid in advancing seral conditions, therefore improving potential for a wider diversity of 

herbaceous structure. Creation of a 167-acre riparian exclosure would not appreciably affect the 

quantity herbaceous structure, depending on the size and configuration of the exclosure. The effects 

may be mixed with much of the exclosure, likely composed of woody habitats, which are not 

considered biologically capable. Depending on the configuration, the exclosure may create an 

ecological trap for grouse.

Adaptive Options – Constructing an additional two riparian exclosures would have similar effects 

as the riparian exclosure created in the initial action. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent after adjusting for cow size would 

maintain potential levels of summer use 8 to 26 percent greater than currently reported use, or 13 
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percent greater to 4 percent less than total annual use that includes winter use. Therefore, there 

would be minimal effect on seral stages resulting from the proposed reduction in Authorized Use. 

Creating a riparian exclosure along Magpie Creek would not have an appreciable effect on upland 

seral stages because the fence would be confined to the creek corridor. Although the potential 

would exist for the development of late seral stages along the perimeter of the exclosure, likely 

increases of invasive grasses would impede this outcome. Implementing prescribed grazing within 

the exclosure, after improved riparian conditions are attained, would have some potential for 

controlling litter accumulation and the increase in invasive grasses.

Adaptive Options – Constructing as many as three additional riparian exclosures would increase 

the potential for increased use of the adjacent uplands depending on the extent of the riparian 

corridor that is fenced. Although the potential would exist for the development of late seral stages 

around the perimeter of the exclosure, likely increases of invasive grasses would impede this 

outcome, but with some potential for prescribed grazing within the exclosure to control the 

accumulation of litter and increase of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Assuming the permittee is operating at the Authorized Use level, adjusting the 

Authorized Use to account for cow size could begin to correct the imbalance of the herbaceous 

structure distribution by potentially increasing the amount of residual cover. Potential grouse 

nesting habitat would be directly affected by reducing the sagebrush in the eastern portion of 

pasture 6, and the resultant herbaceous community may not make up for the lost shrub habitat.

However, there could be improved herbaceous structure distribution in the uplands. The reduction 

in Authorized Use would contribute to the proposed rotation change and potentially advance seral 

condition, thereby improving the herbaceous structure distribution. Implementing a riparian pasture

(167 acre) could improve structure conditions within portions of the exclosure but it could also 

create an ecological trap for grouse.

Adaptive Options – Constructing an additional two riparian exclosures would have similar effects 

for grouse as the riparian exclosure created in the initial action. 
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ALLOTMENT 283

Table 283.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

283 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

1,027 98

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

21 2

Total allotment acres 2,791 100

NFS acres 1,048 38

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 1,743 62

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

300

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

340

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 283.2 — Allotment 283 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Whitetail Creek flows through a portion of 

the allotment. The 1998 survey rated it at 

PFC.

Maintain PFC

Woody 

draws

Of the sampled woody draws 100 percent 

were Healthy. 

Maintain current woody draw 

conditions. 

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.41; 1.51

2004 Station percent: Low-55/Moderate-45/

High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Two mid and one early seral stage were 

measured in broken land. Potential exists 

for late stages in unbroken land among 

secondary range.

Maintain native grass 

communities and potential 

mosaic of seral stages in 

unbroken land and limit the 

spread of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two known leks within one mile 

of the allotment encompassing less than 

160 acres within that overlap. The eastern 

portion of pasture 4 could potentially 

contribute habitat to the lek in the adjacent 

section to the east.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by increasing 

the quality and quantity of 

High vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites.

Remarks Approximately 40 acres of Canada thistle and burdock.
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Table 283.3 — Allotment 283 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 300 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 186 

summer federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Winter 

grazing/feeding for herd 

coming from common, 

Allotment 301.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

300

 Continue current 

management system and 

monitor.

 Develop rangeland well 

which may be located in 

this allotment or Allotment 

300. Construct a water 

pipeline to supply two stock 

tanks. A stock tank would 

be located in each 

allotment.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

340.

 Continue current 

management system and 

monitor.

 Develop rangeland well 

which may be located in 

this allotment or Allotment 

300. Construct a water 

pipeline to supply two stock 

tanks. A stock tank would 

be located in each 

allotment.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 283 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 2,791 acres including 1,048 acres of NFS lands.

Currently, this allotment is issued an inventory permit for 43 head for 8 months by the MGA. With 

this type of permit, livestock are on NFS lands the entire year. Livestock are wintered on private 

and intermingled private and NFS lands during January through April. It is also the headquarters 

allotment associated with a common allotment, Allotment 301. This allotment has been subdivided 

into five pastures, of which three contain some amount of NFS lands. Current AMs provided by 

NFS lands can be found in Table 283.1. This allotment is located in both the Badlands and Rolling 
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Prairie geographic areas. Water developments include a dugout and spring. It should be noted that 

the primary use is as a “home” place for livestock when they come off of the common allotment. 

Pasture 4 is the largest of the five pastures and is approximately 1,083 acres, and currently used for 

wintering and calving. The eastern portion of this pasture was tilled and planted with crested 

wheatgrass at some point. Litter cover in this area is moderate to light. South of the Magpie Road 

and the western portion of the pasture are relatively rough. Most of the use occurs in the eastern 

portion.

Pasture 1 is approximately 699 acres and is mostly deeded land, but the western-most edge of this 

pasture contains NFS land. The portion of NFS land had very little livestock use in 2004. The litter 

cover was extensive in this area of the pasture.

The last pasture that contains approximately 40 acres of NFS lands is located on the headquarters.

Due to the small amount of NFS lands and having to go through the private headquarters no tour of 

this parcel was completed.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 40 

acres of Canada thistle. The Billings County Weed Board was been informed and has made an 

attempt to control some of these infestations. Biological control agents for Canada thistle were 

released but the control was poor.

Riparian –

A short segment, of Whitetail Creek (reach 5a), crosses NFS lands in Allotment 283. This short 

segment was rated as PFC in 1998 and was not reevaluated in 2006.

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

283-01

Whitetail Creek 

(5a) 0.35 0.35

Woody Draws – The northwestern quarter of pasture 4 contained a series of steep ridges and 

moderately deep intervening drainages with woody draws occurring along the upper reaches (Table 

283.2). The main portions of three sampled woody draws in this area were Healthy. Short tributaries 

with greater livestock access that lead to the main draws tended to be At Risk. Woody draws in 

pasture 1 and the headquarters pasture that are composed of less than 20 percent NFS land were not 

sampled. However, a high proportion of sites on NFS land are likely to be in a Healthy condition 

due to relatively high woody draw densities and/or occurrences along steep slopes or the margins of 

the pasture.

Herbaceous Structure – The two randomly selected VOR transects in 2004 had VOR transect 

averages of 1.41 (Low structure) and 1.51 (Moderate structure). The station frequency of these 

transects is 55 percent Low, 45 percent Moderate, and 0 percent High. Neither transects was resurveyed in 2005.
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Seral Stages – Plant composition data is lacking for pasture 1 and the headquarters pasture, but 

most NFS land in pasture 1 occurred in rugged uplands that are reported to receive light use (Project 

Record, Specialist Reports and Notes, Range Report). A portion of Whitetail Creek extending 

through pasture 1 was rated at PFC, suggesting moderate or conservative use of the pasture. The 

headquarters pasture involved 40 acres of NFS land along Whitetail Creek that is used with 230 

acres of private land.

Broken land constituted about 6 percent of NFS land along a broad plateau on the northeastern 

boundary of pasture 4 with crested wheatgrass, bluegrass, annual brome, and needle-and-thread.

This area receives much of the use concentrated during late fall through early spring. Two NDSU 

plots on Claypan ecological sites at the north end of this area, as well as a sere plot on the westcentral boundary, are overwhelmingly dominated by crested wheatgrass, with western wheatgrass or 

blue grama alternating as the next most dominant species. However, native grasses constituted less 

than 16 percent of the grass production from the two NDSU plots and the sites that were at early 

and mid seral stages for planted crested wheatgrass. The sere plot was at a mid seral stage. Two 

Robel transects at the north and south ends of the broken land area, as well as two belt transects, 

recorded similar plant dominance.

One belt transect along a drainage bench at the north-central 

end of pasture 4 recorded dominance of needle-and-thread, 

blue grama, and sedge, suggestive of mid seral stages for the 

habitat. No additional upland plant composition data is 

available from the western side of the pasture. Although Kentucky bluegrass dominated the 

understory of a NDSU sampled woody draw on the western side of the pasture, a high density of 

tree saplings suggests light to moderate use in the surrounding area. 

Figure 283.1 — Pasture 4 with woody draws 

concentrated along upper drainages in the 

northwestern portion of the pasture. The plateau in the 

northeastern portion of the pasture receives the greatest level 

of livestock use, while rugged topography in the northwest 

and south of FSR 722 receives light use.
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Observations along benches and lower ridge slopes between the woody draw sample sites have 

indicated the presence of invasive grasses, but as the primary area of livestock use involves the 

plateau in the northeast portion of the pasture, the potential exists for late seral native communities 

in rugged secondary range on the west and south sides of the pasture (Figure 283.1).

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two leks within one mile of the allotment, encompassing less than 

160 total acres of overlap. The eastern portion of pasture 4 has potential to contribute an appreciable 

amount of grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment so no contribution towards CP 

funds would be made. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the 

responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because of 

reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek as described in the Existing Condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Healthy woody draw conditions would persist or improve with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances. Although all sampled sites were Healthy, the 

potential for increased woody species regeneration would occur, and side drainages of the main 

draws that experience greater levels of disturbance and tend to be in an At Risk condition would 

shift towards Healthy. The high density of tree saplings from the sampled woody draw mentioned 

above indicates a low effect of invasive grass dominance in the understory in regards to impeding 

woody species regeneration. Potential increases of invasive grasses with the removal of livestock 

Figure 283.2 — Looking southeast over 

pasture 4 from VOR transect 7-283-1 

starting point. (photo taken Oct 26, 2004).
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grazing should therefore not have an appreciable effect on the maintenance or improvement of 

existing conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock activities there would be an immediate and 

appreciable increased opportunity for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, 

and a decrease in the amount of Low herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate a shift, or contribute 

to the persistence, of late seral stages across large areas of the three pastures. Potential native plant 

development on the plateau of pasture 4 would be impeded by increasing bluegrass that would 

expand with increasing plant litter. Gradual coalescing of bluegrass patches would have a high 

potential to result in transitions to Invaded Grass States on the plateau of pasture 4 over the next 10 

years. Smaller patches of bluegrass observed in other portions of the pasture would have a similar 

potential to increase but potential transitions to Invaded Grass States would likely take 20 years.

Similar effects would occur in pasture 1 and the headquarters pasture according to the range of 

conditions associated with hay feeding/primary use areas and secondary range.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in Moderate and/or High structure herbaceous grasslands due 

to the removal of livestock would enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. 

Over time, however, a decrease in forb diversity would decrease foraging opportunities and the 

increasing dominance of invasive grasses would negatively impact nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 300 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are wintered here from Allotment 301 after the summer grazing season, even 

though no summer AMs are associated with this it. However, the 43 head associated with the 

summer grazing have been grazed on private the majority of the time.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing fees 

would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of existing 

range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds control 

would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and county 

weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors for the 

spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Whitetail Creek was rated as PFC in 1998 and was not 

reevaluated in 2006.

Woody Draws – Although livestock use occurs in woody draws in pasture 4, particularly adjacent 

to the plateau in the northeastern portion of the pasture, browsing and trampling disturbances were 
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relatively light or concentrated along small shallow side drainages with greater accessibility and less 

snow accumulation. Deep snow drifts during most winters, lack of water, and increasing distance 

from hay feeding areas on the eastern side of the pasture contribute to low browsing and trampling 

disturbances within the main woody draws. Steep slopes that limit the extent of livestock access 

during summer grazing periods also contribute to low disturbances. Therefore, Healthy woody 

draws would persist under current management. Similar conditions are likely to occur in pasture 1 

and the headquarters pasture.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to promote the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution, particularly in pasture 4, with limited potential to promote an 

increase in the proportion of High herbaceous structure and improve the overall herbaceous 

structure distribution within the allotment.

Seral Stages – Existing plant composition that has a high potential to be at late seral stages as a 

result of low livestock disturbances on the western and southern portions of pasture 4 would persist.

Hay feeding and high livestock concentrations along the plateau on the northeastern portion of the 

pasture would continue to impede the development of native plant diversity within the stand of 

crested wheatgrass. Hay feeding would also assist the spread of invasive grasses through direct seed 

introductions, disturbed soil conditions, and premature grazing of native grasses around the 

periphery of the plateau (Figure 283.3). The potential exists for invasive grasses to spread from the 

east to the west side of the pasture and may be assisted by lower utilization on the west that 

facilitates increased litter. Conditions in pasture 1 and the headquarters pasture have the potential to 

be similar to the western side of pastures 4 as a result of light summer stocking levels, but adverse 

effects associated with hay feeding and premature grazing may occur in portions of these pastures.
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a) b) 

c) 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management actions would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat largely 

because of unaccounted winter use.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 300 federal AMs.

 Continuing current management system and monitor.

 Developing a rangeland well which may be located in this allotment or Allotment 300. 

Constructing a water pipeline to supply two stock tanks. A stock tank would be located in each 

allotment.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range 

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

Figure 283.3 — Effects of hay feeding in 

pasture 4. Photos a and b show soil 

disturbances that assist the establishment of 

invasive grass seed. Photo c shows high 

levels of native grass utilization that 

increase the susceptibility to invasive grass 

establishment. 
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management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Continuing the 

current management system and monitoring would not affect Authorized Use or livestock 

distribution at this time. Deferring turnout until June 1st on native pastures, with the exception of 

inventory permits where early turnout would be allowed one out of 3 years, would have an effect on 

this allotment since it carries an inventory permit through the MGA and there are no pastures within 

the allotment that are designated as crested wheatgrass pastures. Wintered on this allotment are 175 

head of livestock and the effects of this proposed Design Criteria would be that 175 AMs two out of 

the 3 years would have to remain on feed or the permittee would have to find another pasture to 

graze for the month of May.

Developing a well and tank would alter the livestock grazing pressure in areas but the effects should 

be minimal.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers 

because of the inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the 

distribution of the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less than current amounts.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue with 

the initial actions proposed.

Developing a rangeland well and adding a stock tank would have no effect on the riparian condition 

along Whitetail Creek in pasture 1 because the stock tank would most likely be located in pasture 4.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Whitetail Creek would continue 

with the adaptive options proposed.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation, reducing overland flow and 

further benefitting the riparian conditions. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek 

would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation to 

build stream banks.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Continuation of current management focusing on winter use would perpetuate 

Healthy woody draw conditions measured in pasture 4, and likely to occur in the headquarters 

pasture and pasture 1. However, the potential exists for appreciably increased summer use 

compared to reported use that would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions.

Constructing a water well and adding a stock tank on the plateau of pasture 4 to augment a shallow 

reservoir in the northeast corner of the pasture would not have an appreciable effect on woody draw 

conditions due to livestock concentrations and impeded access to woody draws as a result of 

topography and snow drifts. A water tank could decrease browsing and trampling disturbances 

when a lack of snow cover allows livestock access to the draws when they utilize small pools or 

seeps along the drainages.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would not have an appreciable effect on woody 

draw condition unless the reduction was relatively high due to the large majority of use that occurs 

during the winter and is not credited towards Authorized Use. With sufficient reductions in total
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annual use, increased woody draw conditions would occur among Healthy sites as well as smaller 

and more accessible At Risk sites along short tributaries of the main sites. Increasing Authorized 

Use would increase woody draw disturbances during years or periods of low snow cover that would 

contribute to decreasing conditions. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adding a water source, retaining the management system, and the Authorized Use 

level, would continue to promote the existing herbaceous structure distribution. Depending on the 

location of the new tank, the effects to herbaceous structure would vary. If the tank is placed near 

the existing water source(s) on the northern end, changes in distribution of livestock from the 

existing condition would be minimal due to the established distribution around the existing water 

sources. If placed near the road on the southern end, or somewhere in the western portions of the 

allotment, the effect would be to further homogenize the distribution and herbaceous structure. The

management system of the allotment typically entails use during the winter months which would 

result in the loss of residual cover as measured the previous fall. The Authorized Use is 

approximately 13 percent greater than initial estimated carrying capacity. However, it appears that 

winter use is not proportionally distributed across the allotment, nor is it fully accounted for. It 

seems that pasture 4 receives much of the winter use.

Adaptive Options – It doesn’t appear that adjusting the Authorized Use would affect the 

herbaceous structure, at least initially. Given that a recent 3-year average is nearly 100 AMs less 

than the Authorized Use and the initial estimated carrying capacity. It is assumed that heavy 

unaccounted for winter use, especially in pasture 4, may be affecting herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Continuation of current management focused on winter use would perpetuate 

existing conditions described under Alternative 2. Adding a stock tank on the plateau of pasture 4 

would result in a concentrated zone of increased trampling disturbances that would be compounded 

by wet soil conditions during spring thaw. Decreased plant cover around the tank would promote 

weedy forbs and invasive annual brome, while disturbances associated with the construction of 

pipelines would increase opportunities for the establishment of more aggressive bluegrass with an 

increased potential for spreading to other portions of the pasture. 

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would probably not have an appreciable effect on 

plant composition in pasture 4, largely because winter use is not credited towards the level of 

Authorized Use. Reductions in total annual use sufficient to promote increased development of 

native plant species on the plateau would be necessarily large due to concentrated use in this area. 

Other portions of the pasture appear to experience light degrees of grazing disturbance with a high

potential for the occurrence of late seral stages. The situation is likely to be similar in the 

headquarters pasture and pasture 1. Increasing Authorized Use would primarily increase 

disturbances associated with hay feeding and premature use of native grasses that would facilitate 

shifts towards early seral stages and the spread of invasive grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use applies primarily to summer use and does not seem to fully 
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account for the winter use which could have direct and negative impacts to grouse nesting habitat. 

The high levels of winter use/feeding, especially in pasture 4, results in trampled and grazed 

vegetation, and reduces residual cover. The location of the water tank would not appreciably affect 

grouse habitat given the high levels of current winter use, especially in pasture 4.

Adaptive Options – In this allotment, adjusting Authorized Use would not move the allotment 

towards herbaceous structure objectives since the allotment is only lightly used during the summer 

grazing season. Accounting for winter use needs to occur. Potential grouse nesting cover is 

impacted by trampling and grazing during the winter months by livestock in pasture 4.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3. 

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 340 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 300 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 345 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a one percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized use by one percent would not have an effect on current 

woody draw conditions. Continuation of current management focused on winter use would 

perpetuate Healthy woody draw conditions measured in pasture 4, and likely to occur in the 

headquarters pasture and pasture 1. However, the potential exists for appreciably increased summer 

use compared to reported use that would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions.
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Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed Authorized Use would approximate the initial estimated carrying 

capacity but would not appreciably affect conditions because livestock use is focused on

unaccounted for winter use.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 1 percent according to adjustments for cow size 

and initial estimated carrying capacity would have no effect on current plant composition or trends. 

Livestock concentrations associated with hay feeding would remain high among the primary use 

areas and maintain adverse impacts of premature spring grazing and invasive grass introductions. 

Low grazing disturbances outside of hay feeding areas in pasture 4 would facilitate the maintenance 

of existing seral stages. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use appears to apply primarily to summer use and does not 

appear to fully account for the winter use. The high levels of winter use grazing and feeding, 

especially in pasture 4, results in trampled and grazed vegetation which could appreciably reduce 

potential spring grouse nesting cover. 
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ALLOTMENT 286

Table 286.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

286 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

465 100

Total allotment acres 465 100

NFS acres 465 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

278

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

236

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3

Table 286.2 — Allotment 286 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian The 2004 surveys rated Betsy Creek’s two reaches as 

NF and FAR-NA.

Start on upward trend.

Woody draws Sampled woody draw was Unhealthy due to lack of 

regeneration and no shrub layer.

Increase successful recruitment of 

woody species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.06

2004 Station percent: Low-95/Moderate-5/

High-0

2005 Transects: 1.06

2005 Station percent: Low-90/Moderate-10/

High-0

Manage for additional Moderate and 

High structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Of three sample sites, two were at mid seral stages and 

one was at an early stage. Most of the three pastures 

consist of broken land with intermixed native and 

invasive grasses.

Increase the proportion of late seral 

stages and limit the spread of 

invasive bluegrass. 

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no leks within the allotment. There are no 

known leks within 1 mile of the allotment.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on biologically 

capable sites to enhance nesting and 

brooding habitat

Remarks 2 acres of absinth wormwood in lowlands, trace of burdock.
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Table 286.3 — Allotment 286 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 278 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average permitted 

use is 161 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory 

(managed as turn-in).

 Rotation: Modified deferred 

rotation according to 

allotment worksheets, but 

truly seasonlong until fences 

are functional.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 278

 Implement three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Construct water lot between 

pastures 2 and 3. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draw.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Construct water lot between 

pastures 1 and 3.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs:

236

 Implement three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Construct water lot between 

pastures 2 and 3.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draw.

 Construct water lot between 

pastures 1 and 3.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Treat clubmoss.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3 years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3 years 

then once every 5 years if a 

positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 286 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 465 acres and contains solely NFS lands. Currently, this 

allotment is issued an inventory permit for 10 head for 8 months and 44 head for 4-1/2 months by 

the MGA. It should be noted that although this allotment is permitted with an inventory permit, 

which typically means that livestock are somewhere on the allotment for a full 12 months, it is 

actually managed like a turn-in permit. The permittee brings in livestock to graze sometime in the 

summer months, but brings them home to a separate ‘off permit’ location to winter the livestock. It
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is also the headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment, Blacktail Common, but 

because the permittee has not turned into the common for many years, they have relinquished these 

common units back to MGA. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 268.1.

This allotment is located in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water developments within this 

allotment include three reservoirs.

This allotment has been subdivided into three pastures ranging from 139 to 176 acres. Because there 

is no water source in pasture 3, the gates are left open between pastures 1 and 3 and are managed as 

one pasture. Although a review of the allotment worksheets indicate a rotation always starting in 

pasture 1 and moving to pasture 2 and in some years coming back to one or both pastures, this in 

reality is not the case. A field tour showed that the fenceline separating pastures 2 and 3 was not 

functional with barbed wire down at the intersection of all three pastures. Therefore, a more 

accurate description of the management on this allotment is a seasonlong grazing system from May 

15th through August 31

st

. All pastures show some kind of indication of prior cultivation, therefore 

the dominant vegetation is crested wheatgrass intermixed with minor components of native species,

especially blue grama. In some areas, the stand has a fair density of plants, but in other areas it thins

out and provides openings for fragile cactus and club moss. There is fair to poor litter cover, except 

in the far northeast portion of pasture 3, throughout the allotment. 

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately two 

acres of absinth wormwood and burdock. The Billings County Weed Board has been informed and 

has made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

286-01 Betsy Creek (1) 0.43 0.43

286-01 Betsy Creek (2) 0.13 0.13

286-03 Betsy Creek (2) 0.59 0.59

Betsy Creek (Reaches 1 and 2) crosses pastures 1 and 3 of Allotment 286. In pasture 1, the 

interdisciplinary team assigned a functionality rating of FAR-NA and NF; and in pasture 3, FARNA. Problems with Betsy Creek include:

 Loss of water table and short hydro period leading to a paucity of desired riparian plants in the 

riparian zone.

 Lack of regeneration of sedges and riparian shrubs and trees.

 Invasion of mesic upland plants into the riparian zone.

 Repeated patches of bare ground and sparse plant cover along meander bends.
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Figure 286.1 — Unhealthy woody draw 

conditions in pasture 1 exhibiting no shrub 

layer or recent tree regeneration and heavy 

grazing of the understory.

Woody Draws – The single woody draw community in the allotment extends through pastures 1 

and 3 and is Unhealthy (Figure 286.1). The scarcity of woody draws, easy livestock access, summer 

grazing rotations, and a water reservoir located along the boundary of pastures 1 and 3 contribute to 

high browsing and trampling disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure – There was one randomly selected VOR transect in 2004. The VOR 

transect average was 1.06 (Low structure class). The station frequency of this transect was 95 

percent Low, with 5 percent in Moderate, and no reported High. 

This transect was re-surveyed in 2005 and had the same VOR reading of 1.06. Station averages 

remained approximately the same as 2004 with 90 percent in Low structure and the remaining 10 

percent in Moderate structure stations.

Seral Stages – Broken land constituted almost 70 percent of pastures 1 and 3, and vegetation was 

consistently comprised of intermixed crested wheatgrass, bluegrass, and native grasses, generally at 

mid to early seral conditions or Invaded Grass States. Cover of clubmoss was often high. A sere plot 

in pasture 1 was at an early-mid seral stage for broken land with low development of native grasses 

and high clubmoss cover. Kentucky bluegrass comprised six percent of the relative grass basal 

cover. A belt transect in pasture 1, located on a previous ecoplot from 1998, indicated recent 

establishment and current dominance of bluegrass. Remeasurement of an ecoplot in pasture 3 

indicated that blue grama had sharply increased at the expense of all other prominent grasses, with a 

resulting decrease in seral stage from late-mid to mid-early. Relative cover of invasive bluegrass 

remained less than 3 percent. Observations of several other ecoplot sites in this area suggested 

similar shifts in plant composition with areas of increased bluegrass. 

Broken land constituted most of the 160 acres of pasture 2, where a sere plot was at a mid-early 

seral stage with a moderate mixture of grass species but more than 40 percent clubmoss cover 

(Figure 286.2). Canada bluegrass comprised about 10 percent of the relative grass canopy cover. A 
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repeated pace transect along the slope of a low ridgeline dominated by native grasses indicated 

minimal change in plant frequency other than a decrease of blue grama and an increase of sedge.

Total plant and clubmoss frequency doubled while litter decreased. A Robel transect on the eastern

edge of the pasture recorded blue grama, western wheatgrass, and bluegrass as the dominant 

species. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment. The nearest lek is less than 

1.02 miles from the allotment. However, the allotment is near enough to the lek that it could 

contribute to providing nesting habitat for grouse.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, so there be no contribution 

towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the 

responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because of 

reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Betsy Creek as described in the Existing Condition would 

improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time. Improvement would result from 

the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential increases of these species as a 

Figure 286.2 — Sere plot in 

broken land of pasture 2 at a 

mid-early seral stage with 

high utilization suggested by 

the lack of residual cover after 

livestock turn-off. 
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result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of Low 

herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist increases of bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased 

maintenance of native plant communities during the next 10 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High herbaceous grasslands from the removal of 

livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed grouse. However, 

the long-term projection (>10 to 15 years) is the site would experience declining forb diversity 

resulting in decreasing foraging opportunities and the increasing dominance of invasive grasses, 

particularly Kentucky bluegrass, which would negatively impact nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 278 

federal AMs. It should be noted that although this allotment is permitted with an inventory 

permit, it is actually managed like a turn-in permit.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a three-pasture modified deferred rotation according to allotment 

worksheets, but seasonlong grazing will be taking place until the fences are deemed functional.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Betsy Creek as described in the Existing Condition would 

continue.

Woody Draws – The woody draw extending through pastures 1 and 3 would continue to deteriorate

under current management as it is the only draw present and experiences concentrated livestock 

disturbances that have contributed to the lack of significant tree and shrub reproduction. Stocking at 

levels of Authorized Use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 36 percent after 

adjusting for cow size, and that greatly exceed currently reported use, would increase the degree of 

woody draw disturbances and decrease present conditions.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to promote the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution and provide limited opportunities to increase the proportion of High 
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herbaceous structure and improve the overall herbaceous structure distribution. Potential reasons 

include an Authorized Use level that is 26 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, although recent AOI/AW information indicates use is appreciably less than the initial 

estimated carrying capacity estimation. The seasonlong use could also be contributing to the

existing herbaceous structure conditions because no regrowth period is promoted in any of the 

pastures.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would result in the persistence of mid to early 

seral stages and a high potential for increased spreading of invasive grasses. Mid May turn-in onto 

pastures 1 and 3 creates the potential for invasive grass utilization at the beginning of the season, 

with gradual shifts towards native grasses before rotating to pasture 2 during mid-June. Decreased 

invasive grass palatability during the second rotation through pastures 1 and 3 during mid-July 

through mid-August contributes to selective use of the native component that can assist the spread 

of invasive grasses. Low invasive grass palatability in pasture 2 during the mid-June through midJuly grazing season would contribute to selective use of the native component on a consistent 

annual basis. Conversely, ineffective fencelines would potentially result in invasive grass utilization

in all three pastures until mid-June, followed by utilization of the native component as invasive 

grass palatability decreases. However, low livestock density and the intermixed nature of invasive 

and native grasses under this situation would decrease selective utilization of invasive grasses 

across the combined pastures. 

Plant composition measurements suggest forage production is less than assumptions used to 

estimate carrying capacity, and potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that 

exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 36 percent, and exceeds currently reported use by a 

greater amount, would result in shifts towards early seral stages and contribute to the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat. As noted 

above, the high Authorized Use (26 percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity) could be 

a primary reason.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 278 federal AMs.

 Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation.

 Constructing a water lot between pastures 2 and 3. 

 Adaptive Options:

 Fencing high-value woody draw.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS

 Fencing high-value woody draw.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Implementing a 

three-pasture deferred rotation would change the season of use for each pasture and provide 

opportunities for initial growth and/or regrowth of herbaceous species. Because of the size of the 

pastures, livestock distribution may not change much from the existing conditions. 

Constructing a water lot between pastures 2 and 3 would allow for a three-pasture deferred rotation 

there is not dependable water in pasture 3 currently. There would be an initial cost for fencing, and 

annual maintenance thereafter.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

happen on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install these fences and annual maintenance

thereafter.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, less grazing days, or 

a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change 

the distribution of the livestock and the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing 

amount.

Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3 would provide an alternative water source in 

pasture 3 to pull livestock away from Betsy Creek. There would be an initial cost for fencing, and 

annual maintenance thereafter.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The actions proposed to address riparian condition along Betsy Creek are as 

follows:

 Implement a three-pasture deferred rotation.

 Construct a water lot between pastures 2 and 3.

These proposed actions are not sufficient for short-term improvement in the condition of riparian 

areas along Betsy Creek. With forage in short supply, adding a water lot in the uplands would do 

little to decrease pressure on the riparian area. The riparian area is unlikely to improve under the 

proposed Authorized Use level.

It is expected that desired conditions on Betsy Creek would be achieved over a long period of time 

(several decades).
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Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should benefit riparian conditions along 

Betsy Creek because there would be no livestock disturbances.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow further benefitting riparian conditions along Betsy Creek. A reduction in overland 

flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment 

of riparian vegetation and building stream banks.

Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3 should have minimal effect on riparian conditions 

because the amount of overall livestock use should remain.

It is expected that desired conditions on Betsy Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation after constructing a water lot fence 

to make a reservoir accessible to both pastures 2 and 3 would increase the potential for improved 

woody draw conditions by decreasing the period of access to the draw. However, as only one draw 

extends through these pastures, the relative amount of use would remain high and would decrease 

the potential degree of woody draw improvement. Stocking at levels of Authorized Use that exceed 

initial estimated carrying capacity by 36 percent after adjusting for cow size would result in 

increased woody draw disturbances relative to levels of currently reported use that are appreciably 

less than initial estimated carrying capacity. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improved woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of 

livestock impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive 

grass layers. Fencing of a portion of the draw would contribute to increased disturbance within 

adjacent unfenced portions of the draw. Decreasing Authorized Use would require reductions of 

more than 50 percent to effect a change in woody draw conditions because recently reported use has 

been about half of Authorized Use and there is no indication of woody species regeneration. 

Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3 would facilitate implementation of the deferred 

rotation and would decrease the period of access to the north and south halves of the woody draw 

extending through the two pastures. However, increased livestock density in each pasture and the 

single available draw would maintain relatively high levels of disturbance with minimal potential 

for improved conditions. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation, in conjunction with construction 

of a water lot between pastures 2 and 3, could decrease the amount of Low structure through timing 

of grazing and potential regrowth in early pasture, but permitting use at the Authorized Use level 

would limit residual cover. However, recent AOI/AW data seems to indicate that the permittee is 

operating below the initial estimated carrying capacity, therefore permitting an Authorized Use at 

278 AMs would be 26 percent over the initial estimated carrying capacity and above the recent 
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operating level, and thus it would be counter-productive to improving the herbaceous structure

(particularly High) distribution.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could be the most effective tool available to 

begin to adjust the herbaceous structure towards meeting project objectives. However, since 

reported use is appreciably lower than initial estimated carrying capacity, which is lower than 

Authorized Use (15 percent), use of the tool may not be effective until well after the 10 to 15 year 

timeframe to achieve a balance between the initial estimated carrying capacity and the Authorized 

Use level. Fencing specific woody draws could have effects to the herbaceous structure distribution 

by displacement of cattle to the surrounding uplands. These effects are not expected to be 

appreciable due to the small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Constructing a 

water lot between pastures 1 and 3 would encourage more even distribution of livestock within 

these small pastures because of increased numbers with decreased time, especially in combination 

with the initial Authorized Use level, inhibiting achievement of the herbaceous structure distribution 

(particularly High) objectives, within the 10-15 year time frame.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation would not contribute to positive 

trends in plant composition due to the intermixed occurrence of invasive and native grasses in the 

three pastures. Although there would be an increased potential for native grasses in pastures 1 and 3 

to complete critical growth periods, low palatability of invasive grasses occurring during frequent 

grazing seasons in individual pastures would contribute to selective use of native grasses. Relatively 

low levels of currently reported use might result in appropriate utilization of the native component, 

but low utilization of invasive grasses would contribute to a competitive advantage that assists their 

increase. Stocking at the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 

36 percent after adjusting for cow size would increase the potential for excessive use of the native 

component, with the resulting decrease in plant vigor assisting the spread of invasive grasses. 

Constructing a water lot between pastures 2 and 3 would assist implementation of the deferred 

rotation but would not increase the maintenance of native grass communities for reasons stated 

above. 

Adaptive Options – Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3 would also assist the 

deferred rotation but would not increase the maintenance of native grass communities for reasons 

stated above.

Fencing portions of the woody draw would not have an appreciable influence on upland plant

composition due to the small size of the exclosure. Existing invasive grasses in the understory of the 

draw would have a high potential to increase within the exclosure as a result of increasing litter. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would have the potential of facilitating shifts towards late seral stages 

by decreasing the level of grazing disturbances, but reductions would have to exceed 50 percent to 

affect a decrease in recently reported levels of use. Reductions in current levels of use could assist 

the accumulation of plant litter that can facilitate the spread of invasive grasses. Neither decreases 

nor increases in use would halt the spread of invasive grasses and increase the maintenance of 
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native plant communities without coordinating the grazing season with the respective palatability 

and production of the invasive and native grass components. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation, in conjunction with construction 

of a water lot between pastures 2 and 3, could increase even use with the smaller pastures, and 

permitting use at the Authorized Use level could limit grouse nesting cover. However, recent 

AOI/AW data seems to indicate that the permittee is operating below the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, therefore permitting an Authorized Use at 278 AMs would be 26 percent over the initial 

estimated carrying capacity and appreciably above the recent operating level, and thus it would be 

counter-productive to enhancing grouse nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could be the most effective tool available to 

begin to manage for grouse nesting habitat. However, since reported use is appreciably lower than 

initial estimated carrying capacity, and lower than Authorized Use, use of the tool may not be fully 

implemented until after the 10 to 15 year timeframe to achieve a balance between the initial 

estimated carrying capacity and the Authorized Use level. Fencing specific woody draws could 

have effects to grouse nesting habitat due to displacement of cattle to the surrounding uplands. 

These effects are not expected to be appreciable due to the small amount of woody draw habitat 

projected to be fenced. Constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3 would encourage more 

even distribution of livestock within the allotment because of increased numbers with decreased 

time, especially in combination with the initial Authorized Use level, thus inhibiting grouse nesting 

habitat within the 10- to 15-year time frame.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes:

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Treat club moss.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 236 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 278 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 320 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 26 percent reduction from 
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existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Adaptive Options – Treating clubmoss would affect Authorized Use on a temporary basis because,

depending on the actions taken, some amount of rest may be required to allow establishment of 

target species in the pasture. Livestock distribution may be more focused in these areas, but due to 

the small size of the pastures overall the livestock distribution would not change. There would be an 

initial cost for the treatment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Alternative 4 is identical to Alternative 3 except the Authorized Use would be 

adjusted from 278 AMs to 236 AUMs. These proposed actions are not sufficient to see 

improvement in the condition of riparian areas along Betsy Creek in the short term. See Alternative 

3 for discussion.

It is expected that desired conditions on Betsy Creek would be achieved over a long period of time 

(several decades).

Adaptive Options – Treating clubmoss is proposed. If conversion to an herbaceous plant 

community is achieved then overland flow should be reduced. A reduction in overland flow 

delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of 

riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Betsy Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 26 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would not contribute to improved woody draw conditions 

because potential levels of use would remain 15 to 67 percent greater than typically reported use. 

Adaptive Options – The effects of fencing woody draws, constructing a water lot between pastures 

1 and 3, and adjusting Authorized Use were discussed under Alternative 3. However, further 

decreases in Authorized Use would begin to result in reduced levels of actual use compared to 

currently reported use, and would have an increased potential to facilitate improved woody draw 

conditions. 

Treating clubmoss could increase plant vigor and forage production, and attract livestock to the 

uplands, thereby decreasing the level of browsing and trampling disturbances within the woody 

draw. However, livestock would continue to be attracted to the woody draw and impede the 

development of Healthy conditions. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Even though the initial estimated carrying capacity is less than the preference 

number, allowing for an Authorized Use at 236 AUMs could still be limiting to improving residual 

cover since it exceeds the recent reported average of approximately 185 AUMs after adjusting for 

cow size, thus limiting improvement in the herbaceous structure distribution. 
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Adaptive Options – Treating clubmoss would have the potential to increase the amount of 

production and, therefore, improve herbaceous structure.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 26 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would have no affect on trends in plant composition because 

potential levels of use would remain 15 to 67 percent greater than typically reported use. 

Adaptive Options – Treating clubmoss would have the potential of increasing plant vigor and 

forage production, thereby decreasing the level of utilization at current levels of use and facilitating 

shifts towards late seral stages. However, invasive grasses would increase similar to native grasses,

and grazing seasons that are poorly coordinated with palatability of the invasive component would 

impede the development of late seral stages and maintain the potential for transitions to Invaded 

Grass States.

The effects of woody draw fencing, constructing a water lot between pastures 1 and 3, and adjusting 

Authorized Use were discussed under Alternative 3. Further decreases in Authorized Use would 

begin to result in reduced levels of use compared to currently reported use, and would have an 

increased potential to facilitate shifts towards late seral stages. However, sufficiently reduced levels 

of use would contribute to increased plant litter that would facilitate the increase of invasive 

grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Even though the initial estimated carrying capacity is less than the preference 

number, allowing for an Authorized Use at 236 AUMs could still be limiting to improving grouse 

nesting cover since the Authorized Use of this alternative still exceeds the recent reported average 

of approximately 185 AUMs after adjusting for cow size, thus limiting the enhancement of groused 

nesting habitat.

Adaptive Options – Treating clubmoss would have the potential to increase the amount of 

production and, therefore, enhance the potential for grouse nesting habitat. 
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ALLOTMENT 287

Table 287.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

287 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 2.2 – Research 

Natural Areas

115 7

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

1505 86

Newly acquired NFS lands with 

unassigned Management Area

125 7

Total allotment acres 2626 100

NFS acres 1744 66

State land acres 290 11

Private land acres 592 23

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

579

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

577

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 287.2 — Allotment 287 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian PFC surveys conducted in 2004 rated the 

unnamed tributary of Blacktail Creek as NF.

Start stream back toward 

PFC.

Woody 

draws

33 percent of sampled woody draws were 

Healthy, 50 percent were At Risk and 17 

percent were Unhealthy.

At Risk and Unhealthy woody draws are 

affected by low regeneration, no shrub layer, 

deep headcuts, and locations next to water.

Promote survival of 

seedling/saplings and 

shrubs.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.34; 1.16

2004 Stations percent: Low-61.67/Moderate38.33/High-0

**Manage allotment to 

maintain meeting structure 

objectives. 

Seral stages Native dominated communities with frequent 

invasive grass occurrences and about 10 percent 

broken land across the allotment. One measured 

sere plot was at a mid seral stage. 

Maintain native plant 

communities with a mosaic 

of seral stages and limit the 

expansion of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There is one known lek within the allotment. 

There are no known leks within one mile of the 

allotment. Overall, the projected area associated 

within the one mile proximity radius is 

approximately 1,309 acres.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks 4 acres of Canada thistle, and burdock on private, none on federal.

** Based on a review of field notes and observations, the IDT determined that this allotment was meeting structure 

objectives.
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Table 287.3 — Allotment 287 by alternative 

Alternative 2 -

Current Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

579 federal AMs 

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 575 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: 

Seasonlong.

 Class(s) of livestock: 

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

579

 Manage stock tanks to 

pull livestock away from 

woody draws and to 

control distribution. 

 Maintain current grazing 

system but change season 

of use within rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Improve upon natural 

barrier between pasture 2 

and 3 to control livestock 

access.

 Add livestock tank in 

north half of Section 26 

pasture 3 and adjust tank 

management accordingly.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Fence reservoir in pasture 

3.

Initial Actions 

 Authorized federal AMs: 

579

 Manage stock tanks to 

pull livestock away from 

woody draws and to 

control distribution. 

 Maintain current grazing 

system but change season 

of use within rotation.

 Construct an extension to 

the existing range water 

pipeline in pasture 3 into 

the northwest quarter of 

Section 26, T143N, 

R101W.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Improve upon natural 

barrier between pasture 2 

and 3 to control livestock 

access.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Fence reservoir in pasture 

3.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 577

 Manage stock tanks to 

pull livestock away from 

woody draws and to 

control distribution. 

 Maintain current grazing 

system but change season 

of use within rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Improve upon natural 

barrier between pasture 2 

and 3 to control livestock 

access.

 Add livestock tank in 

north half of Section 26 in 

pasture 3, and manage 

stock tanks accordingly.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Fence reservoir in pasture 

3.

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections 

to monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3 years 

then once every 5 years if 

a positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 287 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 2,626 acres with 1,744 acres of NFS lands, the rest being 

state and private. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation turn-in permit for 100 head 

for eight months by the MGA. This allotment has been subdivided into five pastures and of these 

five pastures three contain NFS lands. The current NFS pastures range from 153 to 608 acres.
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Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 287.1. This allotment is located in the 

Badlands geographic area. This allotment contains a spring development, a reservoir, and a 

pipeline/stock tank system for water facilities.

In the last 5 years, the current permittee has managed the allotment with increased livestock 

numbers for a shortened season (numbers vary from 200 to 115 head for 3 to 5 months) in pastures 

2 and 3. Due to the condition of the natural barrier between pastures 2 and 3, livestock normally are 

turned into pasture 2 around mid-June to the mid-July from either pasture 1 or 4, livestock have 

been seen in pasture 4 once in 5 years, and then drift into pasture 3.

Overall, this allotment has fairly good native species diversity, litter cover, with potential areas for 

High structure. Due to past and present oil activity, there are areas along the road and around oil 

pads that contain crested wheatgrass intermixed with native plant communities. A good example of 

this would be in the east side of Section 26. Salt and mineral placement has been along the road 

relatively close to the water facilities in 2004; however, the permittees have made efforts to move 

supplements away from the road and water facilities since then.

Pasture 2 is approximately 625 acres. Water facilities include a spring development and pipeline 

with a stock tank. The topography in this allotment is relatively rough compared to the other three 

pastures. Utilization around the water facilities was around 45 to 50 percent for the 2004 grazing 

season.

Pasture 3 is approximately 1,223 acres. The water facilities include a reservoir (was breached until 

November 2004) and a pipeline system with two stock tanks. Reviewing the distribution map shows 

that most of the heaviest use is centered near the water facilities, road, and the gentle rolling 

topography. To the east and north of the water facilities show a more moderate use level. In the 

moderate use areas, winter fat (Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) Howell) was thriving although grazed, but

the use was light and it was difficult to distinguish if it was from cattle or wildlife. There were 

isolated areas of red threeawn, but are not much of an issue. Trailing to the watering facilities is 

evident. The trailing going down to the reservoir in Section 26 should be monitored for erosion.

The eastern side of pasture 4 is mostly crested wheatgrass and smooth brome; however, the 

northwestern portion does have native species. It’s evident that this pasture in the past was 

cultivated and seeded back into a grass pasture/hay field.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 4/10

acre of Canada thistle and burdock. The Billings County Weed Board has been informed of these 

and has made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands has removed a total of approximately 6.1 acres from 

livestock access. No acres have been reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access.

Associated forage from these acres is approximately 1.8 and 0.0 AUMs, respectively.
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Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

287-03

Unnamed tributary to 

Blacktail Creek (9) 0.65 0.65

An unnamed tributary of Blacktail Creek (Reach 9) forms the boundary between pasture 3 of 

Allotment 287 and pasture 2 of Allotment 256. A portion of this reach totaling 0.45 miles is in 

Allotment 256. See Allotment 256 for a review of the existing conditions for this tributary reach.

Woody Draws – Five woody draw samples from pasture 1 and one sample from pasture 2 resulted 

in ratings of 33 percent Healthy, 50 percent At Risk, and 17 percent Unhealthy (Figure 287.1).

Woodland communities in pasture 4 are dominated by Rocky Mountain juniper with lesser amounts 

of green ash on north aspect slopes. These sites were not sampled but livestock use is relatively 

light as a result of infrequent use of the pasture and steep north aspect slopes.

Herbaceous Structure – This allotment was determined to be meeting structure objectives (via 

IDT decision with personal knowledge and field notes through the use mapping exercise). Two 

random VOR herbaceous dominated transects were surveyed in 2004. One showed Low structure 

and the other was Moderate. The overall station averages demonstrated that approximately 62 

percent were Low structure and 38 percent were Moderate structure. There were no High structure 

transects or stations recorded. Neither of the two transects were resurveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Native grass communities with frequent invasive grass patches tended to dominate 

throughout the three NFS pastures of this allotment. Several patches of broken land occur in 

pastures 2 and 3 and other invasive grass dominated areas occur along Forest System Road 702A on 

the west side of pasture 3, reclaimed or existing oil developments, and around developed water 

sources. Rough topography, barren landforms, and long distances to water contribute to low 

livestock use in portions of the allotment. 

Figure 287.1 — Healthy (a) and At Risk (b) woody draws in pastures 2 and 3, 

respectively. Note dominance of Kentucky bluegrass understory and lack of recent tree 

regeneration and shrub layers in the At Risk draw that is located below a water tank.
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Broken land constituted about 11 percent of 

NFS land in pasture 2 along a plateau where a 

repeated pace transect indicated an increase 

in sedge and decrease in needlegrass.

Invasive bluegrass was present in trace 

amounts during both measurement dates.

Utilization of crested wheatgrass was low in 

2009 (Figure 287.2). A Robel transect on the 

edge of broken land recorded dominance of 

sedge, needle-and-thread, and western 

wheatgrass with high amounts of bare ground.

Six parcels of broken land constituted about 10

percent of pasture 3. A sere plot on a Thin 

Loamy ecological site in unbroken land was at 

a mid-late seral stage with about 15 percent relative basal cover of invasive grasses. A nearby belt 

transect recorded bluegrass as the second species of dominance, while another belt transect about 

0.7 miles to the south recorded Junegrass, western wheatgrass, and needle-and-thread with fringed 

sage and silky wormwood (Artemisia dracunculus L.). Three Robel transects in pasture 3 supported 

the dominance of native grasses. Pasture observations indicated relatively low use but frequent 

invasive grass patches in the northeast quarter of the pasture. 

A small portion of the Mikes Creek RNA comprised most of the NFS land in pasture 4 that is much 

smaller than pastures 2 and 3. There are no records for use in the pasture but it may be infrequently 

used as a winter pasture with private land and hay feeding. Most use likely occurs along a ridgetop 

consisting of broken land and crested wheatgrass that breaks to steep native dominated slopes with 

Rocky Mountain juniper. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There is one known lek within the allotment on NFS lands. The area 

associated within the 1-mile proximity radius is approximately 1,309 acres.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Figure 287.2 — Crested wheatgrass in 

pasture 2 during the spring of 2010. Large 

amount of standing dead material is 

indicative of low utilization during 2009 

grazing season.
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Riparian – The riparian condition along the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek as described in 

the Existing Condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – The proportion of Healthy woody draws would increase with the removal of 

livestock browsing and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of 

desired woody species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws and potential increases of 

these species as a result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the 

potential for slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an increased opportunity 

for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of 

Low herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing disturbances would facilitate shifts towards late 

seral stages with a decrease and eventual loss of the desired proportion of early and mid seral 

stages. However, increased litter accumulation with the removal of livestock grazing would assist 

increases of existing bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased maintenance 

of native plant communities. Transitions could occur on a localized scale in 5 to 10 years, but could 

require more than ten years in portions of the allotment with relatively low invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The potential increase in High structure herbaceous grasslands from the 

removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed 

grouse. The long-term projection (>10 to 15 years) the allotment would eventually experience 

declining forb diversity resulting in decreasing foraging opportunities plus the increasing

dominance of invasive grasses would negatively impact nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 579 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in seasonlong grazing system.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing fees 

would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of existing 

range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds control 

would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and county 

weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors for the 

spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek as described in

the Existing Condition would continue.
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Woody Draws – The high proportion of At Risk woody draw communities would persist under 

current management in which existing conditions developed. Current levels of reported use, 

topographic constraints, the close proximity of water sources to several woody draws, and nearly 

seasonlong grazing would continue to result in high browsing and trampling disturbances. 

Potentially increased stocking at the level of Authorized Use that has exceeded typically reported 

use by 17 to 25 percent would contribute to decreasing conditions. 

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution and providing limited opportunities to ensure its maintenance or ensure the 

projected proportion of High herbaceous structure. One reason for concern includes an Authorized 

Use level that is 15 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity, accounting for cow 

size.

Seral Stages – Native-dominated communities would persist for an extended period under current 

management with a moderate potential for increasing invasive grasses. Mid June to early July turnin dates provide additional time for native plants to complete critical early season growth periods, 

thereby helping to maintain plant vigor and production. However, the late turn-in dates result in low 

palatability of crested wheatgrass that comprises about 10 percent of pastures 2 and 3, as well as 

bluegrass that is intermixed at varying proportions with native grasses in most areas of the 

allotment. Palatability of these species could be particularly decreased in pasture 3 due to somewhat 

later season grazing in this pasture, therefore contributing to selective use of native grasses. 

Infrequent use of pasture 4 likely contributes to increased use of pastures 2 and 3. Although

typically reported use has been less than initial estimated carrying capacity, adjustments have not 

been made for non-use of pasture 4 that would decrease carrying capacity. Moderate to high 

stocking conducted nearly seasonlong in pastures 2 and 3 can decrease plant vigor and increase the 

susceptibility to invasive grass establishment. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management is projected to maintain existing sharp-tailed grouse 

habitat, but will not ensure High structure herbaceous grasslands, thereby limiting the potential to 

enhance grouse nesting and brooding habitat. As noted earlier, the high Authorized Use, which is 15 

percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity, is a concern.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 579 federal AMs.

 Managing stock tanks to pull livestock away from woody draws and to control distribution. 

 Maintaining current grazing system but changing season of use within rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Improving upon natural barrier between pasture 2 and 3 to control livestock access.
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 Adding a livestock tank in north half of Section 26, pasture 3, and adjusting tank management 

accordingly.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Fencing reservoir in pasture 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. Maintaining the 

current grazing system but changing the season of use within the rotation would change the timing

of federal AMs harvest and allow for graminoid species to be grazed at different periods of the 

growing season providing opportunities for initial growth and/or regrowth of herbaceous species.

Changes in livestock distribution would be minimal because of the size of the pastures, topography, 

and location of existing water developments within the pastures.

Managing stock tanks to pull livestock away from woody draws and to control distribution would 

shift livestock grazing pressure from tank to tank as they are turned on and off. Areas within the 

pasture would have some deferment allowing the potential for initial growth and regrowth of 

herbaceous species. This would increase the intensity of permittee management to ensure that no 

one area was over utilized. Since livestock would still have access to the entire pasture, woody 

draws of concern would still have trailing due to the topography and location of existing water 

sources.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Improving the natural barrier between pasture 2 and 3 to control livestock access would initiate a 

two-pasture deferred rotation because livestock would be restricted to only one of the pastures at a 

time. Livestock distribution would change because livestock would be confined to one pasture, and 

the intensity and frequency of livestock grazing would be different from current conditions.

Extending the existing pipeline into Section 26 and adding a stock tank would allow for more 

flexibility in tank management and reduce the intensity of grazing in heavily grazed areas. It would 

also even out the livestock grazing pressure throughout pasture 3. Currently, there are no water 

developments in the proposed area of the pasture.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, less grazing days, or 

a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use

would not change the distribution of the livestock but, the amount of forage harvested would be less 

than the existing amount.

Fencing the reservoir in pasture 3 would prevent livestock from utilizing the reservoir for water.

Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for livestock grazing. Livestock 

distribution would not change due to the distance from the existing water developments and the 

topography of the pasture. Due to the location of the existing water developments, fencing off the 
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reservoir would assist in water management. If left unfenced, livestock would still utilize the 

reservoir and herbaceous species in the area.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Proposals including managing stock tanks to pull livestock away from woody 

draws and changing season of use would have minimal effect on the nonfunctional condition of the 

unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek. The equivalent level of livestock use would continue on the 

riparian corridor of the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek resulting in a continuation of effects. 

It is expected that desired conditions on the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek would be 

achieved over a long period of time (several decades).

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian condition 

along the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek because there would be no expected change in 

livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Improving the natural barrier between pastures 2 and 3 to control livestock access should benefit 

riparian conditions if the time allowed to access to the corridor is shortened. Riparian conditions 

would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area allowing for herbaceous 

and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Developing rangeland water and the installation of a stock tank in the north half of Section 26 in 

pasture 3 would help move livestock concentration away from the riparian stream corridor and 

improve riparian conditions. Riparian conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and 

trampling allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along the unnamed tributary to 

Blacktail Creek. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream 

velocities allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

Fencing the reservoir in pasture 3 should result in better livestock distribution and have minimal 

effect on riparian conditions along the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek.

It is expected that desired conditions on the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek would be 

achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Managing stock tanks to control livestock distribution likely occurs to some 

degree at present and has the potential to decrease excessive browsing and trampling disturbances 

within adjacent woody draws. However, the ability to control livestock distribution in pasture 3 

would be reduced by the two tanks that are separated by less than 2,000 feet. One of the tanks is 

situated near a cluster of At Risk woody draws, so a high degree of tank deferment would be 

necessary to facilitate improved conditions in this area. A major livestock trail extends between the 

two tanks and continues to an unfenced reservoir 1,700 feet north of the northern tank, potentially 

contributing to continued use of woody draws clustered around the tank, as well as draws around 

the reservoir. A second unfenced reservoir occurs at the north end of the pasture but does not appear 

functional. One water tank and a developed spring of questionable reliability serve pasture 2, so 
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water management might be less effective in this pasture. Although the natural barrier between 

pastures 2 and 3 is only partially effective, management of tanks in both pastures could control 

utilization of pasture 2. 

Implementing a deferred rotation between pastures 2 and 3, and possibly pasture 4, would be 

unlikely to increase the proportion of Healthy woody draw conditions. Woody draws would 

continue to experience livestock disturbances each year and potential recovery periods during half 

or a portion of the grazing season would be insufficient for woody plants to replace browsed tissue 

and increase in height before the next year or episode of browsing. Pasture 3 would continue to 

experience the majority of grazing disturbance because it is twice the size of pasture 2 and 

necessitates a longer season of use. Ineffective natural barriers between pastures 2 and 3 would 

impede implementation of the deferred rotation. 

Continuation of current levels of use would maintain existing woody draw disturbances and 

conditions. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would contribute to 

decreasing woody draw conditions. Infrequent use of pasture 4 may contribute to increased use in 

pastures 2 and 3. 

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improved woody draw conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and 

trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of 

livestock impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw 

improvement, but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive 

grass layers. Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential to result in increased 

disturbance within adjacent unfenced woody draws. 

Improving the fenceline and natural barriers between pastures 2 and 3 would facilitate the deferred 

rotation, but as discussed, the rotation is unlikely to result in appreciable improvement of woody 

draws. 

Fencing the primary or most dependable reservoir in pasture 3 would increase the effectiveness of 

water management to control livestock distribution that could assist the maintenance or slight 

improvement of adjacent woody draw conditions by controlling the level of browsing and trampling 

disturbances. 

Adding another water tank at the north end of pasture 3 could enhance livestock distribution across 

the allotment and decrease the level of browsing and trampling disturbances within woody draws 

that occur around existing tanks or current primary use areas. However, woody draws around the 

new tank location that have a high potential to be in a Healthy condition associated with secondary 

range would experience increased disturbances and decreasing condition. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – It is expected under the initial proposed actions that the herbaceous structure 

distribution would be maintained. The overall effectiveness of managing tanks to control livestock 

distribution is questionable given the distribution of tanks and the unfenced water source in pasture

3. The adaptive action of fencing the reservoir could improve the potential effectiveness of water 

management. Changing the season of use within the current grazing system (seasonlong) may not 
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affect the herbaceous structure appreciably. Though the timing of grazing would change, 

distribution is not expected to change appreciably because the water sources would still be 

attractants in late June to mid-July. Authorizing 579 AMs is 15 percent higher than initial estimated 

carrying capacity, after accounting for cow size. A high Authorized Use level typically results in 

limited opportunities to improve the proportion of High structure in the allotment and the overall 

herbaceous structure distribution. The steeper terrain on the periphery of the pastures, particularly 

pasture 3, would continue to experience lighter use in patches, and therefore carry the assumed 

levels of Moderate and High herbaceous structure. But the more gentle topography, which 

encompasses the existing water sources, would continue to experience high levels of use.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be highly effective to manipulate the 

herbaceous structure towards enhancing and ensuring structure objectives are moving towards or 

meeting objectives. Fencing specific woody draws could have effects relative to the size and 

location of the exclosure but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relatively small amount of 

woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Improving the fenceline between pastures 2 and 3 

would allow the managers to more efficiently apply a deferred rotation. The effectiveness of this to 

herbaceous structure would depend on the Authorized Use level at the time of implementation. The 

lower the Authorized Use level, the more improvement to the herbaceous structure distribution 

there could be, especially the proportion of High herbaceous structure. Placing a tank in the 

northern portion of pasture 3 would generally result in a more homogenized herbaceous structure 

distribution by impacting potential secondary range which is assumed to have a higher chance of 

carrying Moderate to High herbaceous structure. Fencing the reservoir in pasture 3 would aid in the 

proposed water management system. Possible water management scenarios could result in 

promoting a more variable cattle distribution and improved herbaceous structure heterogeneity but 

these scenarios are not outlined here.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Greater deferment between pastures 2 and 3 would increase the potential for 

maintaining existing seral stages or facilitating shifts towards late stages by increasing opportunities 

for plants to complete critical growth stages during the spring and fall in alternate years. However, 

ineffective natural barriers between pastures 2 and 3 would impede implementation of the deferred 

rotation. No specific use is proposed for pasture 4. 

Proposed stock tank management to control livestock distribution and utilization probably occurs to 

some extent at present and would have the potential of contributing to changes in the season of use 

around each tank, thereby increasing opportunities for plants to complete critical growth stages and 

increase in vigor and production. However, control of the tanks could also increase the evenness of 

livestock grazing in portions of the allotment, contrary to desired conditions of maintaining a 

mosaic of grazing pressure and seral stages. Concentrated use around the unfenced reservoir in 

pasture 3 could be accomplished by shutting off the two water tanks in the pasture, but the reservoir 

would remain accessible even when use is desired in another portion of the pasture. Water 

management would be less effective in pasture 2 and 4 due to the limited number of reliable water 

supplies. 
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Continuation of current levels of reported use would contribute to the maintenance of current plant 

composition and trends despite potential implementation of a deferred rotation. Potentially 

increased stocking at the level of Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages. 

About 10 percent of the acreage dominated by crested wheatgrass, as well as additional acreage 

with intermixed Kentucky bluegrass that are of low palatability during the majority of the grazing 

season would contribute to high utilization of the native component that decreases the potential for 

achieving late seral stages.

Adaptive Options – Improving the fenceline and natural barrier between pastures 2 and 3 would 

increase the ability to implement a deferred rotation and achieve the associated benefits of 

controlling utilization and increasing or maintaining plant vigor. 

Adding another water tank at the north end of pasture 3 would have positive and negative effects. 

Livestock distribution and the evenness of utilization would increase, thereby decreasing the mosaic 

of grazing pressure and seral stages. Pasture observations in the north and northeast portion of the 

pasture indicated intermingled patches of native and invasive grasses. Increased use in this area 

would impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages but would contribute to 

decreased litter that could slow the spread of invasive grasses. 

Fencing the primary reservoir in pasture 3 would increase the potential for water management to 

control livestock distribution and utilization, thereby influencing plant vigor, production, and seral 

development around each of the watering sites. 

Fencing woody draws would not have an appreciable influence on plant composition or seral stages 

outside the fence due to the small size of these exclosures. Invasive grasses would have a high 

potential to increase and dominate within the exclosures where herbaceous layers have not already 

transitioned to Invaded Grass States. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing the level 

of grazing and trampling disturbances, while increasing Authorized Use would have the opposite 

effect. Sufficiently decreased levels of use would facilitate increased litter accumulation with the 

potential to assist invasive grass increases.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – It is expected under the initial proposed actions that grouse habitat would be 

maintained consistent with assumptions. It is not expected that there would be enhancement of 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat under the initial actions of this alternative. It appears that 

managing the tanks could have limited utility to enhance habitat due to the distribution of tanks, an 

unfenced reservoir, and the Authorized Use level which exceeds the initial estimated carrying 

capacity by 15 percent. Changing the season of use within the current grazing system (seasonlong) 

is not expected to make appreciable changes for grouse habitat. The Authorized Use level is 15

percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity, which would typically limit the 

opportunities to improve High structure vegetation.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would have a positive impact on grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat of the adaptive actions listed. Existing Authorized Use level exceeds the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 15 percent, after accounting for cow size. Reducing the Authorized 
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Use level would allow for more residual cover to remain at the end of the year, and for potential 

carry over to the following spring. Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects to the 

structure distribution relative to the size and location of the exclosure(s) but is not expected to be 

appreciable due to the relatively small amount projected to be fenced. Improving the natural 

boundary between pastures 2 and 3 would allow the managers to effectively apply a deferred 

rotation as implied by the initial action of changing season of use within the current grazing system 

(seasonlong). The impact of this to herbaceous structure could depend on the Authorized Use level 

at the time of implementation. Fencing the reservoir in pasture 3 would allow the initial action for

tank management to be more effective and could contribute to promoting improvement in the 

herbaceous structure distribution. Adding a tank in the northern portions of pasture 3 would 

generally promote more even use across the pasture. Placing a tank in this part of the pasture would 

reduce the amount of secondary range, assumed to carry most, or all, of the High herbaceous 

structure within this allotment. Unless structure is made up elsewhere in the allotment, it is 

projected that the assumption of this allotment meeting structure objectives may no longer be valid.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Constructing an extension to the existing range water pipeline in pasture 3 into the northwestern

quarter of Section 26, T143N, R101W (this action is moved from Adaptive Options in 

Alternative 3 to Initial Actions in Alternative 3A).

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Constructing an extension to the existing range water pipeline in pasture 3 into the 

northwestern quarter of Section 26, T143N, R101W and adding a stock tank would allow for more 

flexibility in stock tank management, reduce the intensity of grazing in heavily grazed areas, and 

even out the livestock grazing pressure throughout the pasture. Currently there are no water 

developments in the proposed area of the pasture.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Developing rangeland water and the installation of a stock tank in the northern 

half of Section 26 in pasture 3 would help move livestock concentration away from the riparian 

stream corridor and improve riparian conditions. Riparian conditions would improve by minimizing 

trailing and trampling in the riparian area allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation 

recovery.

It is expected that desired conditions on the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek would be 

achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Woody Draws – The effects of this action are discussed under Adaptive Options in Alternative 3.
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Herbaceous Structure – The effects of this action are discussed under Adaptive Options in 

Alternative 3.

Seral Stages – The effects of this action are discussed under Adaptive Options in Alternative 3.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The effects of this action are discussed under Adaptive Options in 

Alternative 3.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes:

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 577 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 579 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 666 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 13 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use to 513 AUMs should help improve the uplands 

vegetation which in turn reduces overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions 

along the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek. A reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek 

would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation 

which would build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on the unnamed tributary to Blacktail Creek would be 

achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would result in potential levels of use 1-8 percent greater 

than typically reported use, thereby resulting in no effect on current woody draw conditions. Stock 

tank management could provide slight benefits to woody draw conditions as discussed under 

Alternative 3 but would be limited by the relatively close proximity of existing tanks, current 

trailing routes, and an unfenced reservoir. Effects of the deferred rotation were discussed under 

Alternative 3 and would not change with the reduction in Authorized Use.
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Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM and accounting for cow size

would strengthen the assumption made by the IDT that the allotment is meeting the herbaceous 

structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 13 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would result in potential levels of use 1 to 8 percent greater 

than typically reported use, thereby maintaining current seral stages and trends in plant composition. 

Beneficial effects of the deferred rotation and water tank management on seral stage were discussed 

under Alternative 3. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM and accounting for cow size

would appreciably move the allotment towards ensuring maintenance and enhancement of grouse 

nesting and brooding habitat. The reduction in Authorized Use should result in more residual cover 

at the end of the year to carry over to the following spring. 
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ALLOTMENT 288

Table 288.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

288 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands With 

Diverse Natural-Appearing Landscapes

467 74

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

168 26

Total allotment acres 634 100

NFS acres 634 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing (AMs) 

on NFS lands

268

Initial estimated carrying capacity (AUMs) 

on NFS lands

216

Number of pastures containing NFS lands 1

Table 288.2 — Allotment 288 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian There are no perennial or intermittent stream 

reaches in this allotment.

None

Woody 

draws

All of the sampled woody draws were At Risk 

due to lack of regeneration and impacts to shrub 

layer.

Increase seedling and sapling 

survival and reduce impacts 

to the shrub layers.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Meeting Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.14; 1.76

2004 Stations percent: Low-67.5/Moderate32.5/High-0

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Three sample sites were at mid seral stages. 

Broken land/crested wheatgrass comprises about 

25 percent of the pasture and invasive grasses are 

frequent within native communities.

Maintain native grass 

communities and decrease or 

limit the spread of invasive 

grasses. 

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within the allotment or 

within 1 mile of the allotment. The central 

ridgeline and associated ridges and herbaceous 

side slopes running approximately northeast have 

potential to contribute an appreciable amount of 

grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Manage for increased High 

vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites to 

enhance nesting and brooding 

habitat

Remarks No known noxious weeds on NFS lands.
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Table 288.3 — Allotment 288 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 268 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 207 federal

AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in.

 Rotation: Seasonlong.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

268

 Create a four-pasture 

deferred rotation utilizing 

Allotment 230 pasture 1, 

Allotment 288 pasture 2, 

Allotment 256 pasture 2, 

and the proposed riparian 

pasture in Allotment 256.

 Manage stock tanks to 

control livestock 

distribution. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Utilize a temporary electric 

or permanent fence to 

diagonally fence pasture 2 

northwest to southeast.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

216 

 Create a four-pasture 

deferred rotation utilizing 

Allotment 230 pasture 1, 

Allotment 288 pasture 2, 

Allotment 256 pasture 2, 

and the proposed riparian 

pasture in Allotment 256.

 Manage stock tanks to 

control livestock 

distribution. 

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Utilize a temporary electric 

fence to diagonally fence 

pasture 2 northwest to 

southeast to create crested 

wheatgrass pasture.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine 

next season’s management 

needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings once every 3

years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 288 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 634 acres of solely NFS lands and has one pasture. 

Currently, this allotment is issued a turn-in permit for 268 AMs by the MGA. It is also the 

headquarters allotment associated with a common allotment, Blacktail Common. Current AMs 
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provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 288.1. This allotment is located primarily in the 

Badlands geographic area with the uplands in the south/southeast portion of the allotment classified 

as being in the Rolling Prairie geographic area. Water developments within this allotment include a 

reservoir and two stock tanks off of a range water pipeline system.

Current management on this allotment consists of 30 head typically turned out into the allotment 

around May 15th and stay until approximately December 15th. An additional 64 head are turned into 

the allotment around mid-October which also stay until approximately December 15th. This 

description equates to a seasonlong grazing system that intensifies in the last two and a half months 

of the season. Plant composition in the uplands in the south/southeast is dominated by crested 

wheatgrass. Outside of this area the composition changes to a more native dominated component 

but does have a heavy expression of Kentucky bluegrass in areas.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known state 

listed noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed no acres from livestock 

access. A total of approximately 7.5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been reclaimed 

and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 0.0 and 2.3 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – All five woody draw samples were At Risk with high trailing disturbances, a lack 

of tree regeneration, and desirable shrub patches confined to localized sites. Severe channel cutting 

occurred along some drainages that resulted in poor livestock accessibility and contributed to 

increased woody species regeneration and structure. 

Herbaceous Structure – The two randomly selected VOR transects in 2004 had VOR transect 

averages of 1.14 (Low structure class) and 1.76 (Moderate structure class). The station frequency of 

these transects is 67.5 percent Low, 32.5 percent Moderate, and 0 percent High. Neither of the two

transects were re-surveyed in 2005.

Seral Stages – Approximately 78 acres was identified as broken land but a larger area 

encompassing about 160 acres, or 25 percent, on both sides of Blacktail Road was dominated by 

crested wheatgrass with intermixed native grasses and areas of bluegrass. Native grasses with 

frequent occurrences of bluegrass and other invasive grasses dominated the remainder of the 

pasture. 

A sere plot located along the edge of broken land was at a mid-late seral stage with light amounts of 

bluegrass. A repeated pace transect in broken land at the south end of the pasture indicated little 

change in species frequency between 1979 and 2009 other than an increase of sedge. Total plant 

frequency decreased while clubmoss sharply increased. Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome each 

occurred at a frequency of 14 percent on an NDSU sample plot on a Thin Claypan ecological site 

just outside the edge of broken land. These species comprised only 6 percent of the biomass from 

clipped plots and the site was at a mid-late seral stage. Another sere plot well outside of broken land 

on a Loamy ecological site was at a mid seral stage with dominance of western wheatgrass and blue 
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grama. Bluegrass and traces of crested wheatgrass constituted about 18 percent of the relative grass 

canopy cover. 

Of seven ecoplots sampled during the late 1990s along the edge of broken land or within the 

expanded area of invasive grass dominance, about 29 percent were at late seral stages while 71 

percent were at mid stages. Field observations suggest that the current proportion of late seral stages 

is likely to be lower, but two belt transects measured near previous ecoplots indicated plant 

dominance similar to the previous measurements. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment or within 1 mile of the 

allotment. The central ridgeline and associated ridges and herbaceous side slopes running 

approximately northeast have potential to contribute an appreciable amount of grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment; therefore, there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for slowing 

or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of Low 

herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate increased litter accumulation that 

would assist increases of bluegrass and transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased 

maintenance of native plant communities. Portions of the pasture would transition within 5 to 10 

years, while other areas might require as long as 15 years due to lighter occurrences of bluegrass.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands from the 

removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharp-tailed 
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grouse. The long-term projection (>10 to 15 years) is that the area would eventually experience 

declining forb diversity resulting in decreasing foraging opportunities plus the potential increasing 

dominance of invasive grasses could negatively impact nesting and brooding quality.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 268 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run seasonlong.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws – Continuation of seasonlong grazing at recently reported levels of use that exceed 

initial estimated carrying capacity by 10 to 16 percent after adjusting for cow size would result in 

the persistence or gradual decline of At Risk woody draw conditions due to the lack of successful 

regeneration. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 43 percent would contribute to declining woody draw conditions as a 

result of increased browsing and trampling disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution. It would also provide limited opportunities to improve overall herbaceous 

structure conditions and promote an increase in the proportion of High herbaceous structure. The 

Authorized Use level is 43 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity. Late season

intensification of use would reduce residual cover from potential fall measurements.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would result in the predominance of mid seral 

stages but with a moderately high potential for increased amounts of invasive grasses. Seasonlong 

grazing can limit the ability of plants to complete critical growth stages, thereby decreasing plant 

vigor, impeding the development of late seral stages, and potentially increasing the susceptibility to 

invasive grass spreading. Grazing often initiated in May could contribute to utilization of crested 

wheatgrass along Blacktail Road, but also creates the potential for premature use of native grasses 

that decreases plant vigor. Pasture observations indicate light utilization of crested wheatgrass 

(Figure 288.1), so additional grazing pressure is likely exerted on the native grass component. This 

would be particularly true when turn-in is delayed until June as a result of decreasing crested 

wheatgrass palatability. Recent levels of reported use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 10 to 16 percent after adjusting for cow size compound the degree of native grass utilization that 
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inhibits the development of late seral stages. Potentially increased stocking to the level of 

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 43 percent would contribute to 

shifts towards early seral stages and/or invasive grass spreading. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse –

Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous grasslands, thus limiting the 

potential to enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat. As noted above, the Authorized 

Use is 60 percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 268 federal AMs.

 Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation utilizing Allotment 230 pasture 1, Allotment 288 

pasture 2, Allotment 256 pasture 2, and the proposed riparian pasture in allotment 256.

 Managing stock tanks to control livestock distribution. 

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

 Utilizing a temporary electric or permanent fence to diagonally fence pasture 2 northwest to 

southeast.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 

use of these federal AMs would be different than the existing condition because forage would be 

harvested at different times of the grazing season compared to the current rotations.

Figure 288.1 — Repeated pace 

transect within broken land during 

the fall of 2009 with lightly utilized 

crested wheatgrass and grazed 

needle-and-thread, sedge, and blue 

grama in the interspaces.
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Creating a four-pasture deferred rotation would not change the livestock distribution in this 

allotment because of the size and topography. A four-pasture deferred rotation would change the 

season of use within the pastures from year to year providing opportunities for initial growth and/or 

regrowth of herbaceous species. The permittee would have to combine several herds into one herd 

to accommodate the four-pasture deferred rotation.

Managing the existing stock tanks would allow managers the flexibility of controlling livestock 

distribution and livestock grazing pressure around the area of the stock tanks. However, this would 

increase the intensity of permittee management to ensure that no one area was over utilized.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain these fences.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, fewer grazing days, 

or a combination of the two because of the management as a turn-in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock, but the amount of 

forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Utilizing a temporary electric or permanent fence to diagonally fence pasture 2, northwest to 

southeast, would assist in utilizing the crested wheatgrass when it is range ready and defer use of 

the native herbaceous species until they reach grazing readiness. There would be an initial cost of 

installing the fence along with annual maintenance of the fence.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Including the pasture in a four-pasture deferred rotation with three other 

allotments/pastures would result in the persistence or slight improvement of woody draw 

conditions. Although the season of grazing would be shorter and vary each year compared to 

current seasonlong use, the number of livestock and evenness of distribution would increase, 

thereby ensuring continued woody draw disturbances. Although woody plants would have longer 

periods to recover from browsing and trampling disturbances, longer periods are required for woody 

species to replace harvested tissue compared to herbaceous species and sapling regeneration would 

continue to be impeded. Currently reported levels of use would continue to result in relatively high 

woody draw disturbances, and potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would 

result in decreasing conditions. 

Management of two stock tanks to control livestock distribution and utilization could assist 

improved woody draw conditions around the north water tank. The south water tank occurs on a 

large plateau with broken land and a lack of adjacent woody draws, so management of this tank 

would primarily aid in pulling livestock away from the north tank. An unfenced reservoir in the 

southeast quarter of the pasture would decrease the effectiveness of tank management, and poor 

woody draw conditions around the reservoir would persist. The effectiveness of water tank 

management would also be decreased by available water along a fork of Blacktail Creek during a 

portion of the year.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improved conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of livestock 

impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, 

but regeneration of woody species could be impaired by increasing litter and invasive grass layers.

Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential to result in increased disturbance within 

adjacent unfenced woody draws. Decreasing Authorized Use would require reductions of 20 percent

or more to affect a decrease in levels of currently reported use and an increase of woody draw 

conditions. 

Constructing temporary fencing to delineate the area of broken land and crested wheatgrass along 

the Blacktail Road corridor would contribute to decreased woody draw disturbances and increased 

conditions because most of the draws would not be accessible when grazing is conducted in the 

fenced area. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – In light of an Authorized Use that is 43 percent higher than initial estimated 

carrying capacity, it is projected that implementing a deferred rotation with other allotments and a 

tank rotation would not have an appreciable positive effect on herbaceous structure. Depending on 

specific rotation dates, it is not expected that there would be sufficient growing season remaining 

for regrowth, particularly given the impacts of heavy use on plant physiology that would tend to 

impede regrowth. Rotating tanks when there is an unfenced water source and with the proposed 

Authorized Use level, will be ineffective due to, essentially, the increased use on less area of the 

allotment. The natural management tendency will be to attempt to even out the use but this will be 

difficult due to the unfenced reservoir.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool to achieve, or 

move toward, structure objectives. Under this alternative, balancing the Authorized Use with the 

initial estimated carrying capacity could go beyond the 10- to 15-year time frame. Fencing specific 

woody draws could have effects relative to the size and location of the exclosure but is not expected 

to be appreciable due to the relatively small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. 

Temporarily fencing pasture 2 to more effectively utilize non-native grasses could improve 

herbaceous structure in the non-native sites if the grazing period ends early enough for regrowth to 

occur.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Including the pasture in a four-pasture deferred rotation with three other 

allotments/pastures would facilitate increased plant development and shifts towards late seral stages 

by increasing opportunities for the completion of critical growth stages. Although livestock density 

and distribution would increase across the pasture as a result of greater livestock numbers, greater 

time would be available for plant recovery and regrowth. Increased livestock distribution could also 

assist in impeding litter accumulation that can facilitate the spread of invasive grasses. Continued 

stocking at current levels of reported use that exceed initial estimated carrying capacity by 10 to 16 

percent could impede potential seral development, particularly with regard to the stand of crested 

wheatgrass that comprises about 25 percent of the pasture and that appears to be underutilized and 
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therefore contributes to increased utilization of native grass components. Potentially increased 

stocking to the level of Authorized Use would contribute to shifts towards early seral stages. 

Managing the two stock tanks to control livestock distribution and utilization would alleviate 

excessive use around a particular tank and could be coordinated to increase use of crested 

wheatgrass when it is palatable around the southern tank. Utilization around an unfenced reservoir 

about 3000 feet to the east would remain unmanaged. Water is also present during portions of the 

year along a fork of Blacktail Creek that extends through the northeast portion of the pasture, 

thereby decreasing the effectiveness of water tank management where it is needed within native 

grass communities.

Adaptive Options – Constructing temporary fencing to delineate the area of broken land and 

crested wheatgrass along the Blacktail Road corridor would increase utilization of this forage 

component, thereby increasing plant vigor, production, and seral development of the native 

component. As the other pastures proposed in the deferred rotation are native dominated, this action 

could compliment early season use of Allotment 288 in the grazing rotation. 

Fencing woody draws would not have an appreciable effect on seral stages due to the small size of 

the exclosures, but invasive grasses would have a high potential to increase within the exclosures 

with the removal of grazing and increases in plant litter. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would assist increased plant vigor, production, and seral development 

by decreasing the level of grazing disturbances. Reductions of more than 20 percent would be 

needed to affect a decrease in levels of currently reported use. Sufficient levels of reduction would 

begin to facilitate the accumulation of plant litter that would assist the spread of invasive grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – In light of an Authorized Use that is 43 percent higher than initial estimated 

carrying capacity, it is projected that implementing a deferred rotation with other allotments and a 

tank rotation would not have an appreciable positive effect on grouse nesting habitat. Depending on 

specific rotation dates, it is not expected that there would be sufficient growing season remaining 

for regrowth, particularly given the impacts of heavy use on plant physiology that would tend to 

impede regrowth, thus limiting grouse nesting cover the following spring. Rotating tanks when 

there is an unfenced water source and with the proposed Authorized Use level, will be ineffective 

due to, essentially, the increased use on less area of the allotment. The natural management 

tendency will be to attempt to even out the use but this will be difficult due to the unfenced 

reservoir. Without an increase in High herbaceous structure, the potential for enhancing spring 

grouse nesting habitat would be limited.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could have a positive impact on grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat. Existing Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 43 percent, after accounting for cow size. Reducing the level would allow for more residual 

cover to remain at the end of the year and the potential for more carryover to the following spring to 

help meet grouse nesting needs. Under this alternative, balancing the Authorized Use with the initial 

estimated carrying capacity would go beyond 10- to 15-year time frame. Fencing specific woody 

draws could have negative effects to the structure distribution relative to the size and location of the 
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exclosure(s) but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative small amount projected to be 

fenced at this time. Temporarily fencing pasture 2 to more effectively utilize non-native grasses 

could increase the amount of High herbaceous grasslands in the non-native sites if the grazing 

period ends early enough for regrowth to occur.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes:

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3. 

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 216 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 268 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 308 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 30 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian – There are no perennial or intermittent stream reaches in this allotment.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 30 percent according to initial estimated carrying

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by 

decreasing the level of browsing and trampling disturbances. The proposed reduction would be 9 to 

14 percent less than recently reported use.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – In light of an Authorized Use that is balanced with the initial estimated carrying 

capacity, it is projected that herbaceous structure would improve due to increased residual cover 

levels at the end of the year. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 30 percent, 9 to 14 percent less than currently 
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reported use, would contribute to increased plant vigor, production, and seral development, with an 

increased potential for achieving the desired proportion of seral stages. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity could 

permit regrowth in early grazed years and the accumulation of residual cover potentially increasing 

the proportion of High herbaceous structure to carry over to spring grouse nesting cover. 
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ALLOTMENT 289

Table 289.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

289 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

2,570 55

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

2,066 45

Total allotment acres 6,929 100

NFS acres 4,636 67

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 2,293 33

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1,789

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1,862

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

6
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Table 289.2 — Allotment 289 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian A portion of North Creek runs through the 

allotment. Surveys conducted in 2006 rated it at 

PFC. 

Scairt Woman Draw flows through the 

allotment. A portion (2.1 mi.) was rated at PFC 

and the remaining (0.2 mi.) was rated at NF.

Maintain PFC.

Maintain Scairt Woman 

Draw at PFC and move NF 

portion toward PFC.

Woody 

draws

45 percent of the sampled woody draws were 

Healthy, 33 percent were At Risk, and 22 

percent were Unhealthy. 

At Risk and Unhealthy woody draws exhibit 

low regeneration, no saplings, no shrub layer, 

grazing impacts dugout, and impacts associated 

with winter feeding near woody draws.

Improve seedling 

regeneration, sapling and 

shrub survival.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.13; 1.03; 2.11; 1.18; 1.06; 

1.61; 1.41; 1.03

2004 Stations: Low-75.6/Moderate-24.4/High-0

2005 Transects: 1.54

2005 Stations percent: Low-0.0/Moderate-100/

High-0.0

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Of ten sample sites, nine were at mid seral 

stages and one was at a late seral stage. All 

samples contained light to moderate amounts of 

invasive grasses and portions of the winter 

pastures are at or approaching Invaded Grass 

States.

Maintain native plant 

communities and a range of 

seral stages while limiting 

or decreasing the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within the allotment. 

There is up to seven leks that are within a one 

mile radius of the allotment. Within the 

allotment, there is approximately 1,500 to 2,000 

acres within the 1 mile proximity radius.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks Approximately 18 acres of noxious weeds on NFS lands, 5 acres on private of 

Canada thistle and burdock. Weeds are being treated.

A Region 1 Forest Service sensitive species, Tawny crescent butterfly was 

observed in this allotment in 2005.
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Table 289.3 — Allotment 289 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 1,789 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average permitted 

use is 1,679 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Inventory (12

months).

 Rotation: Modified deferred 

rotation.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs and yearlings.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

1,789

 In pasture 3 manage 

livestock tanks to more 

effectively draw cattle away 

from woody draws. 

 Add a pipeline and a stock 

tank in both pastures 2 and 3.

 Fence south boundary of 

Section 2 and integrate new 

pasture into a two-pasture 

deferred rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Split pasture 3 with a 

north/south fence and 

implement a three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

1,862

 In pasture 3, manage 

livestock tanks to more 

effectively draw cattle away 

from woody draws. 

 Add pipeline and a stock 

tank in both pastures 2 and 3.

 Fence south boundary of 

Section 2 in pasture 2 and 

integrate new pasture into a 

two-pasture deferred 

rotation.

Adaptive Options

 Fence high-value woody 

draws.

 Split pasture 3 with a 

north/south fence and 

implement a three-pasture 

deferred rotation.

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3

years then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3 years 

then once every 5 years if a 

positive trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.
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Allotment 289 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 6,929 acres, with 4,636 acres of NFS lands, the rest 

private. Currently, this allotment is issued a private allocation inventory permit for 250 head for 

eight months by the MGA. This allotment has been subdivided into eight pastures, six containing

NFS lands. The pastures range from 81 to 2,765 acres. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be 

found in Table 289.1. This allotment is located in both the Badlands and Rolling Prairie geographic 

areas. Water developments in this allotment include reservoirs and a pipeline system with stock

tanks.

Pasture 3 is the largest of the eight pastures and has rolling prairie topography in the western half 

and badlands topography in the eastern half. The distribution map from 2004 indicates that the 

grazing pattern follows the topography. This year’s utilization in these sections is close to the 30 to 

40 percent range. There is a mosaic pattern in the soils and plant communities. The majority of this 

pasture has native herbaceous plant communities, but crested wheatgrass is present in the 

southwestern corner. The presence of crested wheatgrass is a result of historical cultivation of this 

area and reclamation of old oil and gas access roads. The permittee has been making an effort to 

move supplement around and is using water to disperse the grazing. The permittee also tries to keep 

the livestock out of the pasture until the third week of May or June 1st, due to the native herbaceous 

plant communities.

Pasture 2 is approximately 1,960 acres. This pasture is normally used in the spring and winter 

months. The northern portion of Section 14 had evidence that winter feeding took place. Section 2 

showed very little use with the exception of the southeastern corner near the reservoir.

Pasture 4 is approximately 250 acres, and is currently used as a fall pasture with some spring use. 

Because of its small size, livestock utilize the whole pasture. Topography in this pasture goes from 

a plateau area in the southern end to a steep draw. Blue grama, thread leaf sedge, needle-and-thread, 

and western wheatgrass can be found on the plateau top with prairie sandreed on the shoulder 

slopes. Depending on the aspect of the slope, little bluestem and some creeping juniper can be 

found on the shoulder/back slopes.

Pastures 7 and 8 are used jointly as breeding and calving pastures. Both pastures contain areas of 

crested wheatgrass mixed with natives to solely native stands. Pasture 6 is primarily used as a bull 

pasture, and contains 60 acres of NFS lands.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there is approximately 18 

acres of Canada thistle and burdock. The Billings County Weed Board has been informed of and 

has made an attempt to control some of these infestations.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed no acres from livestock 

access. A total of approximately 13.2 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been 

reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 0.0 and 5.3 AUMs, respectively.
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Figure 289.1 — Woody draw 

sampled in pasture 2 of 

exceptional condition and 

diverse species composition. 

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

289-02 North Creek (2) 0.33 0.33

289-03 Scairt Woman Dr (1) 2.13 2.13

289-03 Scairt Woman Dr (2) 0.22 0.22

Two streams flow in Allotment 289. North Creek (Reach 2) crosses pasture 2 and was rated PFC by 

the interdisciplinary team in 2006. Scairt Woman Draw (Reaches 1 and 2) flows in pasture 3. Most 

(2.1 miles) of Scairt Woman Draw has a functionality rating of PFC, though the lower 0.2 mile has 

a functionality rating of NF. The transition from PFC to NF coincides with the presence/absence of 

beavers. Where beavers are present and dams have been constructed, water is stored in ponds, and a 

riparian plant community is thriving. Where beavers are absent, there is no evidence of a water 

table, no water storage in the banks of the channel, and virtually no riparian plant community on the 

floodplain or stream banks.

The desired condition is to maintain PFC and to promote the welfare of beavers in this stream so 

that their range might increase into that segment of Scairt Woman Draw that is currently rated as 

NF.

Woody Draws – Across the allotment, 45 percent of sampled woody draws were Healthy, 33

percent were At Risk, and 22 percent were Unhealthy.

The lower end of a woody draw in the eastern side of pasture 2 was Healthy (Figure 289.1), while 

the upper end with greater accessibility was At Risk. A sampled woody draw at the southern end of 

the pasture was Healthy while an adjacent draw in pasture 4 was At Risk. Recent observations 

indicated Healthy conditions of other woody draws in pastures 2 and 4 that could appreciably 

increase the proportion of Healthy communities.
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Of four woody draws sampled in pasture 3, 50 percent were Healthy, 25 percent were At Risk, and 

25 percent were Unhealthy. At Risk sites were associated with relatively open terrain and easy 

livestock access.

The only woody draw present in pasture 7 occurred below a dugout pond and was Unhealthy. A 

single small woody draw was present in pasture 8 but not sampled. 

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, eight randomly selected herbaceous dominated VOR transects 

were surveyed. Six transects were measured in the Low structure class and two transects were 

measured in the Moderate class. No High structure transects were measured. The consolidated 

station averages showed Low structure stations at 75 percent and Moderate stations at 

approximately 25 percent. No stations were measured in the High structure category (>5.5 inches).

One transect was resurveyed in 2005. It was measured in the Moderate structure class. The station 

data showed 65 percent of the stations were in the Low structure class and 35 percent of the stations 

were Moderate. No High structure stations were recorded.

Seral Stages – Of ten sample sites across the allotment, nine were at mid seral stages and the tenth 

was at a late-mid stage. Light to moderate amounts of invasive grasses were present at all sample 

sites and areas of invasive grass dominance were observed among the small winter pastures and 

primary use areas of the summer pasture. 

Pasture 2 consisted of 1,324 NFS acres in two large and one small parcel divided by private land. 

Native grass communities dominated with only a 34-acre parcel of broken land occurring in the 

north section of NFS land. The only data point in the north section of NFS land involved a Robel 

transect along a plateau that recorded native cool season grasses as the four dominant species. An 

NDSU plot on a Claypan ES in the south NFS section was at a mid seral stage with 33 percent 

frequency of Kentucky bluegrass. 

Pasture 3 is the largest pasture, 2,765 acres, and is the primary pasture of summer use. Broken land 

comprised less than 5 percent of the pasture but areas of invasive grasses are scattered throughout. 

One sample site was at a late-mid seral stage and seven sites were at mid seral stages. Some mid 

seral communities were verging on early stages with high amounts of blue grama and clubmoss. 

 An NDSU sample on a Thin Loamy ES on the far west-central area of the pasture was at a mid 

seral stage but bluegrass comprised 35 percent of the total biomass. Frequency of Kentucky 

bluegrass and Canada bluegrass were 64 percent and 50 percent, respectively. Bluegrass 

dominance was observed in a large area in the northwest corner of the pasture and a Robel 

transect and belt transect on the edge of this area recorded bluegrass as the first and third 

dominant species, respectively.

 An NDSU plot in the southwest corner of the pasture on a Thin Loamy ES was at a mid seral 

stage with 23 percent frequency of both Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome. No biomass data 

were collected. 

 Two Robel transects in broken land south of the above plot recorded a mixture of invasive and 

native grasses.
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 An NDSU plot on a Claypan ES in the north-central area of the pasture was at a mid seral stage 

with dominance of blue grama and western wheatgrass. Kentucky bluegrass and annual brome 

frequency were 10 percent and seven percent respectively. Two Robel transects 1,500 feet north 

of the plot recorded blue grama and western wheatgrass as the dominant species.

 An NDSU plot on a Sandy ES in the south central portion of the pasture was at a mid seral stage 

with light amounts of invasive grasses.

 Relative plant frequency of bluegrass increased from two percent to 13 percent between 1980 

and 2010 along a repeated pace transect south of the above site. Relative plant frequency of 

western wheatgrass decreased from 33 percent to 16 percent, while needlegrass decreased from 

10 percent to one percent.

 An NDSU plot on a Loamy ES in the northeast quarter of pasture was at a mid-early seral stage 

with dominance of needle-and-thread and sedge. Frequency of Kentucky bluegrass was 50

percent and it comprised about 15 percent of the grass production. Frequency of cheatgrass and 

Japanese brome was seven percent and 10 percent, respectively. 

 Another NDSU plot on a Loamy ES in the southeast quarter of the pasture was at a mid seral 

stage with dominance of blue grama, sedge, and needle-and-thread, and 10 percent frequency of 

Kentucky bluegrass.

 A robel transect along a plateau 1,000 feet to the east recorded western wheatgrass, blue grama, 

and needlegrass, while a belt transect 3,000 feet the southeast on the same plateau recorded 

western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, and inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene var. 

stricta (Torr.) Beetle).

 Two sere plots in the southeast corner of the pasture were at late-mid and mid seral stages with 

western wheatgrass, blue grama, and needle-and-thread, and relatively light amounts of invasive 

grasses. 

Pasture 4 consisted of 250 acres and bordered the south end of pasture 2. Broken land constituted 11 

percent in the southeast corner of the pasture but crested wheatgrass dominance was observed over 

a larger area. 

NFS land comprised about 51 acres, 25 percent, of pasture 6, where field observations indicated an 

Invaded Grass State dominated by Kentucky bluegrass with needle-and-thread. 

Pasture 7 consisted of 169 acres, with 36 percent broken land. A robel transect outside of broken

land recorded western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, and Kentucky bluegrass as the three dominant 

species, while a nearby belt transect recorded Kentucky bluegrass, needle-and-thread, and 

Junegrass. 

Pasture 8 consisted of 81 acres, most of which is broken land. Relative plant frequency of Kentucky 

bluegrass increased from zero to 19 percent between 1980 and 2009, while relative plant frequency 

of crested wheatgrass decreased from 91 percent to 57 percent. Frequency of clubmoss increased 

from zero to 15 percent. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment. However, there is potentially 

up to seven leks that are within a 1-mile radius of the allotment. A couple of leks have exhibited 
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sporadic visitation in the spring while others have not been observed since 2005. Within the 

allotment, there is approximately 1,500 to 2,000 acres within the 1-mile proximity radius of these 

leks.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along North Creek and Scairt Woman Draw as described in the 

existing condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of Low 

herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages 

among native dominated communities. However, the frequent occurrence of invasive grasses 

measured or observed across the allotment suggests a high potential for shifts to Invaded Grass 

States. Increasing plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing would facilitate an increase of 

invasive grasses with transitions occurring over large portions of the allotment over the next ten 

years. Potential transitions would be delayed in areas of the allotment with less frequent invasive 

grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The projected increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands 

from the removal of livestock would, initially, appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for 

sharp-tailed grouse.
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Figure 289.2 — Winter hay feeding site at 

south end of pasture 2 observed during 

April 2009. The lack of standing plant cover 

indicates high levels of trampling and/or 

grazing during hay feeding.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by an inventory grazing association permit, and Authorized Use is 1,789 

federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs and yearlings are run in a modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – The existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing 

fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of 

existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds 

control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and 

county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors 

for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along North Creek and Scairt Woman Draw as described in the 

existing condition would continue.

Woody Draws – The current proportion of woody draw conditions would persist under existing 

management in which the conditions developed. The potential would occur for declining conditions 

among At Risk and Unhealthy sites with minimal regeneration as older trees are lost and not 

replaced. Seasonlong grazing and the relative scarcity of woody draws contribute to At Risk 

conditions in pasture 3. Winter use of pastures 2 and 4 has contributed to At Risk conditions of 

some woody draws, but Healthy communities are also present. The range of conditions is likely to 

be associated with hay feeding locations in relation to adjacent draws, and topographic features that 

result in drifting snow and inaccessibility of other draws. 

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to approximate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution. Current management would provide limited opportunities to 

improve the herbaceous structure conditions and promote an increase in the proportion of High 

herbaceous structure. An Authorized Use that is 10 percent higher than initial estimated carrying 

capacity, the unaccounted winter use, and

distribution in pasture 3, could be contributing to 

herbaceous structure conditions.

Seral Stages – Current management would result in 

the continued predominance of mid seral stages 

with a high potential for increasing invasive grasses 

as influenced within different pastures by premature 

grazing of native grasses, winter hay feeding (Figure 
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289.2), and seasonlong grazing at potentially high levels of use. Portions of pasture 3 exhibited 

relatively low production of blue grama, western wheatgrass, and clubmoss compared to the initial 

estimated carrying capacity that assumes production equal to the potential community, thereby 

creating the potential for excessive utilization in the pasture. A stand of crested wheatgrass in the 

southwest corner of pasture 3, along with areas of bluegrass dominance, are of low palatability 

during the grazing season and contribute to the level of native grass utilization. Hay feeding 

introduces seed of invasive grasses and sweet clover and contributes to the prominence of these 

species in several pastures. Although reported use is appreciably less than Authorized Use, grazing 

during relatively open periods of the winter that is not counted towards Authorized Use adds to the 

total level of utilization.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands because of the Authorized Use level, the unaccounted winter use, and distribution in 

pasture 3, thus limiting the potential to enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,789 federal AMs.

 In pasture 3, managing livestock tanks to more effectively draw cattle away from woody draws. 

 Adding a pipeline and a stock tank in both pastures 2 and 3.

 Fencing south boundary of Section 2 and integrating new pasture into a two-pasture deferred 

rotation.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Fencing high-value woody draws.

 Splitting pasture 3 with a north/south fence and implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. The timing of 

the removal of forage within the pastures would change from the existing condition because of the 

proposed initial actions. Deferring turnout until June 1st on native pastures, with the exception of 

inventory permits where early turnout would be allowed one out of 3 years, would have an effect on 

this allotment since it carries an inventory permit through the MGA and there are no pastures within 

the allotment that are designated as crested wheatgrass pastures. Wintered on this allotment is 250 

head of livestock are and the effects of this proposed Design Criteria would be that 250 AMs in 2

out of the 3 years would have to remain on feed, or the permittee would have to find other pasture to 

graze for the month of May. 

Managing livestock tanks in pasture 3 to move livestock away from the woody draws would 

improve the distribution of livestock throughout the pasture and would create a rotation which 
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would provide the opportunity for initial growth and/or regrowth native herbaceous species in areas 

that traditionally received heavier use.

Adding a stock tank in both pastures 2 and 3 would improve the distribution of livestock in both 

pastures because of the unreliable livestock water provided by reservoirs in pasture 3 and the lack of 

water developments in the northern portion of Section 2 in pasture 2. Without adding the stock tank,

the initial action of fencing the southern boundary of Section 2 would not provide any benefits 

because livestock would not have a reliable water source and a two-pasture deferred rotation would 

not be feasible. 

Fencing the southern boundary of Section 2 would create an additional summer pasture and would 

allow for a two-pasture deferred rotation to be carried out. An analysis of available AMs per pasture 

should be performed to determine the number of grazing days allowed in each pasture. Livestock 

distribution would change because livestock would be confined to a smaller area and the new 

pasture would be utilized during the summer grazing season.

Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws would have little to no change in livestock 

distribution across the allotment. Forage within the exclosures would no longer be available for 

livestock grazing. Depending on the size of the exclosure, increased livestock grazing pressure may 

occur on remaining forage. There will be a cost to install and maintain the fencing to prevent 

livestock access to the woody draws.

Splitting pasture 3 with a north/south fence and implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation 

would confine livestock to a smaller area and change livestock distribution. An analysis of available 

AMs per pasture should be performed to determine the number of grazing days allowed in each 

pasture.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers because of the 

inventory permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of 

the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Managing livestock tanks in pasture 3 to more effectively draw livestock away 

from woody draws should have minimal effect on riparian conditions along Scairt Woman Draw.

The level of use along the riparian corridor of Scairt Woman Draw would be expected to continue.

Developing rangeland water and the installation of stock tanks in pastures 2 and 3 would help move 

livestock concentration away from the riparian stream corridors and improve riparian conditions.

Riparian conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling in the riparian area 

allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Fencing the south boundary of Section 2 and integrating a new pasture into a two-pasture deferred 

rotation would benefit riparian conditions along North Creek allowing for the continuation of 

desired conditions because of reduced use.

It is expected that desired conditions on Scairt Woman Draw, reach 2, would be achieved in 10 to 

15 years.
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Adaptive Options – Fencing high-value woody draws should have no effect on riparian conditions 

along Scairt Woman Draw and North Creek because there would be no expected change in 

livestock distribution and the distance of separation.

Splitting pasture 3 with a north/south fence and implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation 

should benefit riparian conditions along Scairt Woman Draw. The three-pasture deferred rotation 

would benefit riparian conditions if the time livestock were on the creek was reduced. If livestock 

use on the riparian corridor was reduced conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and 

trampling allowing for riparian vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow which would further benefit the riparian conditions along Scairt Woman Draw. A 

reduction in overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing 

for the establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Scairt Woman Draw, Reach 2, would be achieved in 5 to 10 

years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Adding a stock tank to pastures 2 and 3 would have the potential of increasing 

browsing and trampling disturbances and decreasing conditions within adjacent woody draws, 

depending to some degree on the location of the tanks. Adding a water tank in pasture 2 could 

alleviate some use along North and Camp Creeks, but the new tank would likely be closer to woody 

draws and create the potential for decreasing conditions. Managing or controlling five existing and 

one new water tank in pasture 3 to decrease woody draw disturbances is unlikely to result in shifts 

from At Risk to Healthy conditions. The relative scarcity of woody draws in the pasture, and/or 

their occurrence along primary use or trailing areas, would ensure their continued use during the 

seasonlong grazing period. Topographic conditions appeared to be of greater influence on woody 

draw conditions compared to the distance to water, as some At Risk communities with easy access 

were located well away from water, while some Healthy communities with steeper terrain were 

located adjacent to water. Unmanaged dugout ponds and drainages with intermittent surface water 

would decrease the effectiveness of water tank management in portions of the pasture with adjacent 

woody draws. 

Fencing the north end of pasture 2 to create a deferred rotation with pasture 3 would shift the season 

of use in the new pasture from winter to summer, with an increased potential for woody draw 

disturbances and decreased conditions. High livestock density with a short grazing season would 

occur in the new 640-acre pasture to accommodate livestock numbers in the much larger area of 

pasture 3. The resulting high level of livestock distribution, along with increased woody draw 

access without drifting snow in the new pasture, would contribute to increased woody draw 

disturbances and decreasing conditions. Grazing periods in pasture 3 would be only slightly reduced 

compared to current conditions due to its four-fold greater size compared to the new pasture, and 

the relative scarcity of draws in pasture 3 would maintain relatively high levels of livestock 

disturbance. Woody draws conditions in the remaining south portion of pasture 2 would also have 
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the potential to decrease as a result of the decreased pasture size and increased density of wintering 

livestock contributing to increased trampling disturbances.

Adaptive Options – Fencing woody draws and/or decreasing Authorized Use would increase the 

potential for improved conditions by removing or decreasing livestock browsing and trampling 

disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration of desired woody species. Exclusion of livestock 

impacts through fencing would provide the fastest and greatest degree of woody draw improvement, 

but increasing plant litter and invasive grass layers could impede the regeneration of woody species. 

Fencing of one woody draw would have a high potential to result in increased disturbance within 

adjacent unfenced woody draws. Decreases in Authorized Use would have to be large to affect a 

decrease in utilization because Authorized Use appreciably exceeds reported use for 5 of 6 years 

and winter use is not credited towards the amount of total use. 

Splitting pasture 3 with a north-south fence and implementing a three-pasture deferred rotation with 

the new pasture at the north end of pasture 2 would have similar results as the two-pasture rotation 

discussed above. Increased livestock densities within the smaller pasture sizes would increase the 

evenness of livestock distribution with potentially increased browsing and trampling disturbances 

and decreased woody draw conditions compared to current management. Increased periods for 

recovery and regrowth of browsed and trampled woody plants would occur, but would not be 

sufficient to ensure successful regeneration due to slow growth response of woody plants to these 

disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Managing tanks could have some utility, though the number of unfenced 

reservoirs and potential water availability in drainages, e.g. Scairt Woman Draw, would reduce the 

effectiveness. However, distribution, intensity, or seasonality of use, could be altered some due to 

the tendency of the tanks to be situated in more of an upland setting whereas the reservoirs are in 

more of a drainage situation near draws. Managing the tanks could result in some decreased use in 

the extreme western portion of pasture 3 and in the eastern portion of pasture 3 but that is not 

detailed in the proposal at this time. Though an additional tank in pasture 3 could add some 

management flexibility, it would also promote more even use and decrease secondary range, as in 

the case of a proposed tank in pasture 2. However, the density of developed water in pasture 2, 0.3 

developed water sources per section including private is significantly lower than pasture 3, 2.3 

developed water sources per section. Fencing pasture 2 into two pastures and creating a deferred 

rotation would tend to promote more even use of the pasture and decrease secondary range by 

concentrating livestock into a smaller area, though for a shorter time frame. It is not expected that 

an adequate amount of time would be provided for appreciable regrowth by fall. The Authorized 

Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 10 percent, accounting for cow size. A high 

level of use relative to the initial estimated carrying capacity would result in reduced levels of 

residual cover.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could be the best tool to manipulate the 

herbaceous structure to be moving towards or meeting objectives. This tool would also allow for 

other management tools to be more effective. Fencing specific woody draws could have effects 

relative to the size and location of the exclosure, but is not expected to be appreciable due to the 
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relative small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced. Combined with the Section 2

portion of pasture 2, creating a three-pasture deferred rotation with a divided pasture 3 would 

promote more even use of all pastures and decrease the secondary range usage by concentrating 

livestock into a smaller area for a shorter time frame. Pasture 2 could be the most impacted since it 

is currently part of a larger pasture where portions are perhaps secondary range. It is not expected 

that an adequate amount of time will be provided for appreciable regrowth by fall under a threepasture rotation. It is possible that Moderate structure may displace some of the Low structure areas 

under this scenario.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Adding stock tanks to pastures 2 and 3 would increase grazing and trampling 

disturbances around the tanks with shifts towards early seral stages and potential increases of 

invasive grasses. Adding a sixth water tank in the 2,800-acres of pasture 3, along with intermittent 

reservoirs and at least one creek, would increase the evenness of grazing disturbances and would 

not contribute to the desired mosaic of grazing pressure and seral stages across the pasture. 

Utilization in late July less than half-way through the grazing season was estimated at 50 percent on 

an NDSU plot in the northeast quarter of pasture 3 in the general area of the proposed tank, 

suggesting minimal need for an additional tank. The sample plot was at a mid seral stage with 

invasive grasses comprising 15 percent of the grass production. Management of water tanks in the 

pasture to control livestock distribution and utilization would similarly increase the evenness of 

utilization and the predominance of mid seral stages rather than a mosaic of stages. Although water 

tanks could be managed to provide an extended period of non-use in alternating areas of the pasture 

to achieve late seral stages, this opportunity currently exists and is not specifically proposed. The 

natural tendency involves obtaining a moderate degree of use around each tank without causing 

excessive use before moving to the next tank. 

Fencing the north end of pasture 2 to create a deferred rotation with pasture 3 would shift the 

primary season of use in the new pasture from winter to summer. Along with delaying turn-in until 

June 1st, this would end adverse effects of premature grazing in the new pasture with the potential to 

increase plant vigor by allowing for the completion of critical early season growth stages. A 

deferred rotation in pasture 3 could assist in maintaining or increasing plant vigor by increasing 

opportunities for the completion of critical growth stages and recovery from grazing disturbances.

The newly created pasture by fencing the south boundary of Section 2 would be less than one-fourth 

the size of pasture 3 and would therefore offset a relatively small degree of use in pasture 3. 

Livestock density in the new pasture would be high and contribute to even livestock distribution 

across the pasture compared to winter and spring use that is likely to be concentrated around hay 

feeding areas. Thus, secondary range in this pasture with the potential for supporting late seral 

stages would decrease. Adverse effects of hay feeding and premature spring grazing at the north end 

of pasture 2 would be transferred or concentrated to the south end of the pasture, or pastures 6, 7, 

and 8, with an increased potential for shifts to early seral stages and the spread of invasive grasses. 

Grazing periods outside the winter months are partially coordinated or overlap with high invasive 

grass palatability in these pastures, but there are indications of increasing invasive grasses. 
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Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying 

capacity by 10 percent would contribute to shifts towards early seral stages. 

Adaptive Options – Splitting pasture 3 with a north-south fenceline and implementing a threepasture deferred rotation with the north end of pasture 2 would increase periods for plant recovery, 

regrowth, and the completion of critical growth stages, potentially increasing plant vigor and forage 

production. However, the evenness of livestock distribution and utilization would increase with 

increased livestock densities and smaller pasture sizes, thereby decreasing the mosaic of grazing 

pressure and seral stages and the extent of secondary range. The predominance of mid seral stages 

would persist.

Fencing woody draws would not have an appreciable effect on upland seral stages as a result of the 

small size of the exclosures. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential for shifts to late seral stages by decreasing 

the level of grazing and trampling disturbances. However, potential reductions would have to be 

large because Authorized Use appreciably exceeds reported use for 5 of 6 years and additional 

winter use is not credited towards Authorized Use. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Managing tanks could contribute to providing a mosaic of disturbance and 

contribute to increased sites of High structure. However, since there are a number of unfenced 

reservoirs intermixed with the tanks, the effectiveness of this action could be limited with the 

exception of the east-southeastern portions of pasture 3 and maybe the extreme western edge of the 

pasture 3. Adding a stock tank to pasture 2 and pasture 3 would tend to promote a more even use of 

pasture 3 and decrease secondary range in pasture 2. Depending on the location of the proposed 

tank in pasture 2, there could be impacts to a sensitive species, Tawny crescent butterfly, located in 

the southern portion of the pasture. Fencing pasture 2 into two pastures and creating a deferred 

rotation could increase evenness of use by concentrating livestock in a smaller area, though for a 

shorter time frame. It is not expected that an adequate amount of time would be provided for 

appreciable regrowth by fall, depending on rotation patterns. The Authorized Use exceeds the initial 

estimated carrying capacity by 10 percent, accounting for cow size. A high level of use relative to 

the initial estimated carrying capacity would result in reduced levels of residual cover, therefore 

potentially limiting grouse nesting habitat the next spring.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would have a positive impact on grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat. Existing Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 10 percent, after accounting for cow size. Reducing the level would allow for more residual 

cover remaining at the end of the year, and potential carry over to the following spring for grouse 

nesting habitat needs. This tool would allow for other management tools to be more effective. 

Fencing specific woody draws could have negative effects to the structure distribution relative to 

the size and location of the exclosure(s) but is not expected to be appreciable due to the relative 

small amount of woody draw habitat projected to be fenced and the localized scope of the fences. 

Creating a three-pasture deferred rotation with a divided pasture 3 with pasture 2 would tend to 

promote more even use of all pastures and decrease the secondary range usage by concentrating 
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livestock into a smaller area for a shorter time frame. Pasture 2 could be the most impacted since it 

is currently part of a larger pasture where portions are perhaps secondary range. It is not expected 

that an adequate amount of time will be provided for appreciable regrowth by fall under a threepasture rotation. It is possible that Moderate structure may displace some of the Low structure areas 

under this scenario because of an improvement over time in density of vegetation.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,862 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,789 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 2,057 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a nine percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

It is expected that desired conditions on Scairt Woman Draw, reach 2, would be achieved in 10 to 

15 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by nine percent after adjusting for cow size would 

have a minimal effect on woody draw conditions because the level of potential use would remain 

greater than reported levels of use during most years. There would be minimal potential for 

appreciably increasing the proportion of Healthy woody draws in pasture 3 where improvement is 

most needed due to the scarcity of draws that would ensure a high degree of continued browsing 

and trampling disturbances. 
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Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM and accounting for cow size

would begin to move the allotment to meeting or moving towards the herbaceous structure 

distribution through the reduction of use that would leave more residual cover.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by nine percent after adjusting for cow size would 

have minimal effect on current conditions or trends of plant composition because the level of 

potential use would remain appreciably greater than levels of use reported during most years. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Establishing the Authorized Use based on the initial estimated carrying capacity 

and accounting for cow size should permit the accumulation of residual cover and the enhancement 

of grouse nesting and brooding cover. 

ALLOTMENT 300

Table 300.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

300 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

1,300 100

Total allotment acres 1,300 100

NFS acres 1,300 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 0 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

486

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

524

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

1
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Table 300.2 — Allotment 300 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian The water lot located on Magpie Creek was 

surveyed in 2006 and rated as FAR-D. 

Move FAR-D reach of 

Magpie Creek towards PFC.

Woody 

draws

50 percent of the sampled woody draws were 

Healthy, and 50 percent were At Risk. The At 

Risk woody draws exhibited little or no 

regeneration, low saplings numbers and some 

headcutting.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody 

species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.91; 1.19; 1.19

2004 Stations percent: Low-73.3/Moderate26.6/High-0.0

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages All five sample sites were at mid seral stages 

with native grass dominance and light to 

moderate invasive grasses. Eighteen percent of 

the pasture consists of broken land.

Maintain native plant 

dominance while achieving 

desired seral proportions, 

and limit the increase of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are no known leks within the allotment. 

There are three known leks that are within a 

one-mile radius of the allotment. Within the 

allotment, there is approximately 300 to 500 

acres within the one mile proximity radius of 

these leks.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by 

increasing the quality and 

quantity of High vegetative 

structure on biologically 

capable sites.

Remarks Some absinth wormwood noted.
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Table 300.3 — Allotment 300 by alternative 

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 486 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 436 

federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in 

(common allotment).

 Rotation: Seasonlong.

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current 

range developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 486

 Develop rangeland well 

which may be located 

in this allotment or 

Allotment 283. 

Construct a water 

pipeline to supply two 

stock tanks. A stock 

tank would be located 

in each allotment.

 Once well is developed 

exclude livestock 

access to spring in the 

southeast quarter of 

Section 28.

 Rehabilitate entrenched 

livestock trails inside 

the waterlot located in 

the northeast corner of 

the allotment and create 

a water gap in the far 

northeast corner with a 

hardened livestock 

watering area.

Adaptive Options

 Cross fence allotment 

dividing the allotment 

into two pastures.

 Adjust Authorized Use

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 486

 Develop rangeland well 

which may be located 

in this allotment or 

Allotment 283. 

Construct a water 

pipeline to supply two 

stock tanks. A stock 

tank would be located 

in each allotment.

 Rehabilitate entrenched 

livestock trails inside 

the waterlot located in 

the northeast corner of 

the allotment and create 

a water gap in the far 

northeast corner with a 

hardened livestock 

watering area.

Adaptive Options

 Cross fence allotment 

dividing the allotment 

into two pastures.

 Adjust Authorized Use

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 524

 Develop rangeland well 

which may be located 

in this allotment or 

Allotment 283. 

Construct a water 

pipeline to supply two 

stock tanks. A stock 

tank would be located 

in each allotment.

 Fence and reclaim 

spring in the southeast 

quarter in Section 28.

 Rehabilitate entrenched

livestock trails inside 

the waterlot located in 

the northeast corner of 

the allotment (limit 

access to water lot until 

riparian vegetation is 

reestablished).

 Remove fence on west 

side of alleyway in 

Section 27.

Adaptive Options

 Cross fence allotment 

dividing the allotment 

into two pastures.

 Extend pipeline by 

three quarters of a mile 

from new tank in 

Section 28 toward 

Magpie Creek and add 

a stock tank in Section 

27. Rehabilitate 

waterlot.

 Adjust Authorized Use.
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Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified 

in allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction Readings 

annually for 3 years 

then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 3

years then once every 5

years if a positive trend 

has been established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once 

every 3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 300 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 1,300 acres of solely NFS lands. This is a common 

allotment with one pasture. The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided up among three 

permittees. Currently, the common is permitted through each permittee’s associated headquarters 

permit by the MGA. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 300.1. This 

allotment is located in both the Badlands and Rolling Prairie geographic areas. A spring is the only

developed water source but Magpie Creek is accessible to livestock in the far northeastern corner of 

the allotment.

Distribution mapping indicated that livestock use was fairly evenly distributed throughout the 

pasture. Some of the lowland areas received heavier use than others, but overall utilization by ocular 

estimate was around 40 to 50 percent. There was a good native species component throughout the 

allotment. Crested wheatgrass exists in the areas that had oil activity, the southeastern portion of 

Section 28 and the eastern part of Section 27. Litter cover was good throughout this allotment. This 

allotment has good potential meeting the 3.5 VOR for High structure. Lowlands are comprised of 

western wheatgrass/green needlegrass. The midlands have western wheatgrass/needle-and-thread.

And the uplands have little bluestem, blue grama, and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula 

(Michx.) Torr.) that trends to threadleaf sedge, needle-and-thread, and blue grama.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known statelisted or county-listed noxious weeds within this allotment. However, during the woody draw 

surveys within this allotment a population of absinth wormwood was identified. At this time, the 

amount and number of infestations are unknown. One of the permittees has made an attempt to 

control some of these infestations with herbicide. Increased oil and gas activity and other uses on 
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576 | Chapter 3

the grasslands can provide potential for other invasive and noxious weeds. Within this allotment,

there is a potential for 11 of 12 state-listed and the county listed noxious weeds.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed no acres from livestock 

access. A total of approximately 5.0 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been reclaimed 

and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 0.0 and 1.9 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

300-01 Magpie Creek (1b) 0.12 0.12

Magpie Creek (reach 1b) flows through the northeastern corner of pasture 1 in Allotment 300. This 

corner has been fenced into a water lot that serves livestock in pasture 1 of Allotment 300, pasture 1 

of Allotment 302, and pastures 1 and 5 of Allotment 277. The interdisciplinary team gave this water 

lot a functionality rating of FAR-D in 2006.

 Identified problems with this water lot, include:

 Unacceptably high concentrations of livestock from multiple pastures in this small water lot 

over too much of the growing season with inadequate rest and recovery periods for plants;

 High levels of hill slope erosion, livestock trailing, and bank erosion;

 Heavy loss of riparian plants;

 Manure and sediment related to livestock; and

 Trampling on the banks and in the channel.

There is a developed unnamed spring and tank in the southeastern quarter of Section 28, T144N, 

R100W. There are multiple seeps located in a draw setting. The main source is collected and piped 

a short distance to a stock tank. There is livestock trampling, heavy use, and debris located in the 

potential riparian areas of the multiple seeps. The collection area is fenced but other water lot fences 

were down allowing livestock access to the spring’s complex.
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Figure 300.1 — Water lot in the northeastern corner of Allotment 300 pasture 1 is adversely 

affected by the concentration of livestock. Riparian vegetation is browsed, trampled, or 

completely missing along the banks. The banks are severely eroded from cattle trailing. Livestock 

loaf along stream and manure content is high in the channel and on banks.

Woody Draws – Of six woody draw samples, 50 percent were Healthy and 50 percent were At 

Risk. The primary water source involved a developed spring with At Risk woody draw conditions 

along the drainage bottom. Healthy conditions across the pasture were most frequent along steep 

upper slopes below ridgelines with active tree and shrub reproduction.

Figure 300.2 — Upper end of 

woody draw with high 

reproduction as evidenced by 

numerous saplings and young 

trees. 
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Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, three randomly selected herbaceous dominated VOR transects 

were surveyed. Two transects were measured in the Low structure class and one transect was 

measured in the Moderate class. No High structure transects were measured. The consolidated 

station averages were Low structure stations at 73 percent and Moderate stations at approximately 

27 percent. No stations were measured in the High structure category. No transects were resurveyed 

in 2005.

Seral Stages – Plant composition measurements indicate a predominance of mid seral stage native 

plant communities along upland plateaus and slopes with relatively light but consistent occurrences 

of invasive bluegrass. Broken land comprising about 18 percent of the pasture along the largest 

plateaus was dominated by crested wheatgrass with intermixed native grasses. There is a moderate 

potential for the occurrence of late seral stages in secondary range distant from the main plateaus. 

An NDSU sample plot on a Claypan ES near the center of broken land was at a mid seral stage for 

broken land with native grasses greatly exceeding crested wheatgrass in frequency, cover, and 

production. Fringed sage exhibited the greatest amount of species production and prohibited a late 

seral stage rating. Canada bluegrass and annual brome occurred at frequencies of 14 percent and 7 

percent respectively, but were not present in the clipped plots. Another NDSU plot along the north 

boundary of broken land on a Sandy ES was at a mid seral stage with intermixed crested wheatgrass 

and lesser amounts of Kentucky and Canada bluegrass. A sere plot north of the NDSU sample and 

just outside broken land was at a mid -early seral stage with blue grama and needle-and-thread 

dominance. A Robel transect in broken land recorded sedge and blue grama as the dominant species 

with lesser amounts of crested wheatgrass and western wheatgrass. Another Robel transect along a 

ridgeline in unbroken land recorded little bluestem and sedge as the dominant species. A repeated 

pace transect in broken land at the south end of the pasture indicated decreased frequency of crested 

wheatgrass and western wheatgrass and increased frequency of needle-and-thread. Total plant 

frequency increased between 1978 and 2009. Relative plant frequency of Kentucky bluegrass 

increased from zero to 8 percent. 

A Loamy ES on the shoulder of a plateau on the east side of the pasture was at a mid seral stage 

with moderate amounts of invasive grasses. A sere plot near broken land on a Loamy ES on this 

side of the pasture was at a mid-late seral stage with light to moderate invasive grasses. A nearby 

Robel transect was suggestive of mid seral stages, and two belt transects along upper drainage 

slopes recorded native grasses as the three dominant species. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are no known leks within the allotment. However, there are three leks 

that are within a one-mile radius of the allotment. Within the allotment, there is approximately 300

to 500 acres within the one mile proximity radius of these leks.

Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.
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Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Magpie Creek and unnamed spring as described in the 

Existing Condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing and potential increases of invasive grasses in the woody draw understory as 

assisted by increasing plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement. 

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of Low 

herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages. 

However, the accumulation of plant litter with the removal of livestock grazing would facilitate 

increases of invasive grasses and gradual transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased 

maintenance of native plant communities. Transitions would occur in portions of the pasture within 

ten years, while other areas might require as long as fifteen years due to lower amounts of invasive 

grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The projected increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands 

from the removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharptailed grouse.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit (common allotment), and 

Authorized Use is 486 federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are ran seasonlong.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – The existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing 

fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of 

existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds 

control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and 
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county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors 

for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Magpie Creek and unnamed spring as described in the 

Existing Condition would continue.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would not improve under current management in which 

they developed. The primary water source involving a developed spring at the head of a woody 

draw contributes to high browsing and trampling disturbances and At Risk conditions along the 

drainage bottom. Similar browsing and trampling disturbances resulting in At Risk conditions were 

observed along the lower reaches of several drainages with low gradients and easy livestock access, 

while the upper portion of the drainages below ridge shoulders exhibited steeper slopes that 

decreased livestock access and contributed to Healthy conditions. Seasonlong grazing contributes to 

high woody draw disturbances when livestock seek extended green periods of the understory and 

escape from heat and insect pests. Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that 

exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 7 percent after adjusting for cow size would increase 

the degree of woody draw disturbances compared to currently reported levels of use.

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to retain the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution. Current management would provide limited opportunities to 

improve herbaceous conditions and promote an increase in the proportion of High structure. An 

Authorized Use that is seven percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity would 

contribute to the existing herbaceous structure conditions.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management should result in the maintenance of native 

dominated plant communities over the next 10 to 15 years, but with the potential for increasing 

amounts of invasive grasses that consistently occurred in NDSU plots and sere plots. Early June 

turn-in dates are appropriate for the native component and allow for the completion of critical early 

season growth periods. However, crested wheatgrass in broken land and other invasive grass 

occurrences are of low palatability during the large majority of the grazing season and contribute to 

selective use of the native component with potentially excessive levels of use. Consistent grazing 

through October or November occurs during the second critical growth period and can contribute to 

a decreased ability for plants to translocate carbohydrate reserves to the root system for the 

following year's growth, with potentially decreased plant vigor impeding the development of late 

seral stages. Annual repetition of heavy seasonlong grazing can also increase the susceptibility of 

native plant communities to invasive grass establishment. Currently reported levels of use, as well 

as a greater value of Authorized Use, would qualify as heavy grazing in view of assumptions used 

to estimate carrying capacity. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat. An 

Authorized Use that is seven percent higher than the initial estimated carrying capacity would 

contribute to the existing grouse nesting habitat conditions.
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Effects of Alternative 3 

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 486 federal AMs.

 Developing a rangeland well which may be located in this allotment or Allotment 283. 

Constructing a water pipeline to supply two stock tanks. A stock tank would be located in 

each allotment.

 Once well is developed, excluding livestock access to spring in the southeastern quarter of 

Section 28.

 Rehabilitating entrenched livestock trails inside the waterlot located in the northeastern

corner of the allotment and creating a water gap in the far northeastern corner with a 

hardened livestock watering area.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Cross fencing allotment, dividing the allotment into two pastures.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage.

Developing a rangeland water well and adding a stock tank may change livestock distribution 

depending on the location of the tank. If the tank is located away from the existing spring and the 

spring is fenced, livestock distribution would change because there would be not be the attraction of 

water. 

Excluding livestock access to the spring in the southeastern quarter of Section 28, once the well is 

developed, may change livestock distribution depending on the location of the proposed tank.

Rehabilitating the entrenched livestock trails inside the water lot and creating a water gap in the far 

northeastern corner with a hardened watering area would not affect livestock distribution because 

the water lot is currently available for livestock use.

Adaptive Options – Cross fencing the allotment into two pastures would create a two-pasture

rotation system. An analysis of available AMs per pasture should be performed to determine the 

number of grazing days allowed in each pasture. Livestock distribution would change because 

livestock would be confined to a smaller area access to the entire pasture would be restricted.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, less grazing days, or 

a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use

would not change the distribution of the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less 

than the existing amount.
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Riparian

Initial Actions – The proposal to add a water source in the uplands to decrease livestock’s 

dependence on Magpie Creek for water should permit improvement in riparian conditions along 

Magpie Creek. The new water source developed to pull livestock away from the riparian corridor 

would benefit riparian conditions by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing,

allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

The exclusion of livestock from the spring’s complex in Section 28 would allow for the 

reestablishment of a portion of the associated lentic riparian habitat that has been lost from past use 

and trampling. The development would continue to be used for livestock watering, reducing a 

portion of available water for riparian habitat support.

The proposal is to rehabilitate entrenched livestock trails inside the water lot located in the 

northeastern part of the allotment and create a water gap with a hardened watering area. This should 

improve riparian conditions within this reach of Magpie Creek. Hardening the watering areas on 

Magpie Creek would benefit stream conditions through this reach by protecting banks from 

livestock trampling and trailing.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Adaptive Options – Cross-fencing the allotment, dividing it into two pastures, would benefit 

riparian conditions along Magpie Creek by reducing the livestock time of use in half. This would

benefit riparian conditions by minimizing bank sloughing, trailing, trampling, and loafing, allowing 

for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation, reducing the overland flow, 

further benefitting the riparian conditions along Magpie Creek. A reduction in overland flow would 

result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of riparian vegetation which 

would build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Constructing a water well and livestock tank that would be located in the uplands 

and fencing the developed spring at the head of a woody draw would facilitate increased conditions 

of the draw by decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances. Overflow from the spring and other 

amenities of the draw would continue to attract livestock, but the level of disturbance would be 

decreased compared to current conditions. Suitable selection of the new tank location would help 

avoid or minimize increased disturbances within other woody draws. The developed spring would 

be available for use during maintenance or repair of the proposed water well and pipeline. 

Rehabilitating entrenched livestock trails leading to a waterlot along a short segment of Magpie 

Creek in the northeast corner of the pasture would decrease erosion problems and the amount of 

stream area accessible to livestock. There would be some potential for improved conditions or 

increased extent of small woody draw and shrub patches along the perimeter of the water lot. 

Adaptive Options – Woody draw conditions would have a limited potential to improve if the 

allotment is divided into two pastures. Assuming implementation of a deferred rotation, the period 
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of potential browsing and trampling disturbances would decrease by about 50 percent. However, 

increased livestock density within the smaller pastures would increase the evenness of grazing 

disturbances, thereby contributing to increased woody draw disturbances within secondary range 

where conditions tend to be Healthy. Shorter grazing periods in each pasture would provide longer 

recovery periods for browsed woody plants, but would not be sufficient for woody species to 

replace lost tissue before the next grazing season.

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by decreasing 

browsing and trampling disturbances, with the degree of effect proportional to the decrease in use. 

Current levels of Authorized Use exceed reported use by 4 to 15 percent, so reductions would have 

to appreciably exceed the lower limit of this range to have an effect. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by seven

percent, accounting for cow size. A high level of use relative to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity would result in lower levels of residual cover. The effects of adding a stock tank while 

fencing a spring development would be dependent on the location of the tank. If tank is near the 

spring, then livestock distribution and the spatial arrangement of herbaceous structure is not 

expected to change appreciably from existing conditions. The more distant the new tank is placed 

from the spring then the distribution and the spatial arrangement of herbaceous structure would 

change as well. Rehabilitating the livestock trails around the waterlot will not alter livestock use 

patterns appreciably and therefore will not affect herbaceous structure.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool to manipulate 

herbaceous structure. Cross fencing the allotment and implementing a deferred rotation could result 

in more even livestock use due to the same number of livestock in a smaller pasture, though for 

shorter periods. This increases livestock distribution efficiency. It is not expected that an adequate 

amount of time would be provided for appreciable regrowth to occur before fall thus limiting 

herbaceous structure conditions.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Constructing a water well and livestock tank that would be located in the uplands 

would result in increased grazing and trampling disturbances and a shift towards early seral stages 

around the tank. Impacts to native vegetation could be decreased by placing the tank in an area with 

high amounts of crested wheatgrass. Placing the tank on the main plateau near the center of the 

pasture and relatively close to the developed spring would not appreciably change livestock 

distribution and would decrease effects on secondary range with the potential for supporting late 

seral communities. 

Rehabilitating entrenched livestock trails in the northeast corner of the pasture would have minimal 

effect on seral stages or plant composition across the pasture because livestock distribution would 

not change. 

Continuation of currently reported use would maintain present seral stages and plant composition, 

but with the potential for gradually increasing invasive grasses as discussed under Alternative 2. 
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Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards early 

seral stages. 

Adaptive Options – Dividing the allotment into two pastures with a deferred rotation would 

adversely affect the achievement of desired seral stages. Although decreases in the period of grazing 

would increase opportunities for the completion of critical growth stages, livestock density and 

distribution would increase within the smaller pastures and decrease the potential for maintaining a 

mosaic of stages across the allotment or late seral stages in secondary range. However, there could 

be some benefit associated with decreased plant litter that could slow the spread of invasive grasses. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing grazing 

and trampling disturbances, with the degree of effect proportional to the decrease in use. However, 

potential decreases in use would have to result in appreciably lower levels of use than currently 

reported use.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by seven

percent, accounting for cow size. A high level of use relative to the initial estimated carrying 

capacity could result in reduced levels of residual cover in the fall with less potential carryover for 

spring grouse nesting needs. The effects of developing a tank to replace a developed spring would 

depend on the placement of the tank. The closer the new tank is to the existing spring development,

the less change in livestock distribution and the spatial arrangement of potential sharp-tailed grouse 

habitat. If the tank is further away from the spring, the more the changes to livestock distribution 

and the spatial arrangement of potential sharp-tailed grouse habitat.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could have a positive impact on grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat. The existing Authorized Use level exceeds the initial estimated carrying 

capacity by seven percent, after accounting for cow size. Reducing this level would allow for more 

residual cover remaining in the fall with increased potential carry over the following spring for the

potential enhancement of grouse nesting habitat. Cross fencing the allotment and entering a deferred 

rotation could result in more even livestock use due to the livestock concentration in a smaller 

pasture, though for a shorter period, increasing livestock distribution efficiency. It is projected that 

an inadequate amount of time would be provided for appreciable regrowth of herbaceous structure 

by fall. Therefore, the action would not enhance grouse nesting cover.

Effects of Alternative 3A 

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Dropping the initial action of reclaiming the spring in the southeastern quarter of Section 28 

once the well is developed.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3.

Range 

Initial Actions – The effect of this action would be that three range water sources would be 

available for livestock in this pasture, but livestock distribution would not likely change much due 

to the topography of the pasture.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following 

exception: livestock would not be excluded from the spring’s complex in Section 28. Livestock use 

and trampling would continue on the associated lentic riparian habitat resulting in continued 

dysfunctional conditions.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Maintaining access to the developed spring would contribute to continued 

browsing and trampling disturbances in the associated woody draw, but at a decreased level 

compared to current conditions as a result of the proposed additional stock tank constructed in the 

uplands. Nonetheless, there would be a decreased potential for achieving Healthy woody draw 

conditions around the developed spring compared to Alternative 3. Suitable selection of the new 

tank location would help avoid or minimize increased disturbances within other woody draws. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Unless the new tank is located near the spring, it is probable that an additional 

water facility would encourage a more even livestock utilization and the associated spatial 

arrangement of herbaceous structure would be increasingly homogenized.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Allowing continued access to the developed spring would not appreciably affect 

existing upland conditions due to the relatively close proximity of the new tank location to the 

spring that would result in minimal change in livestock distribution within the upland habitat.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Continued use of the developed spring would not enhance grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat. Three water sources would tend to contribute to homogenizing herbaceous 

structure across the allotment with reduced levels of potential carry over for grouse nesting habitat.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Fencing and reclaiming spring in the southeast quarter in Section 28.
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 Removing the fence on west side of alleyway in Section 27.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Extending the pipeline by 3/4 mile from new tank in Section 28 toward Magpie Creek and 

adding a stock tank in Section 27. Rehabilitating the waterlot.

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 524 federal AUMs, which is the initial 

estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 486 federal AMs 

converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 559 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a six percent reduction from 

existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would have 

to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season duration 

when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Reclaiming the spring in the southeastern quarter of Section 28 may change livestock distribution 

because there would no longer be a water source, depending on the location of the proposed stock 

tank.

Removing the fence on the western side of the alleyway in Section 27 would increase the available 

forage for livestock grazing by approximately 50 acres. Livestock distribution would not be 

expected to change because of the small acreage. 

Adaptive Options – Extending a pipeline 3/4 mile from the new stock tank in Section 28, adding a 

stock tank in Section 27, and reclaiming the water lot on Magpie Creek would not affect livestock 

distribution because the new stock tank would be in the vicinity of the existing water lot.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The spring development in Section 28 would be reclaimed. The entire associated 

lentic riparian habitat would reestablish over time as result of excluding livestock use and 

trampling. 

The fence on the western side of the alleyway in Section 27 would be removed. This should better 

distribute livestock and would not have an effect on riparian conditions due to the distance of 

separation.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Adaptive Options – The addition of a stock tank in Section 27 along with the rehabilitation of the 

water lot on Magpie Creek would result in achieving desired riparian conditions in a short time by 

excluding livestock from the creek. This would provide the best opportunity for riparian vegetation 

to reestablish itself in the least amount of time as result of the exclusion and related effects such as 

trailing and trampling.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 2 to5 years.
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Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by six percent after adjusting for cow size would 

facilitate slight increases in woody draw conditions by decreasing the level of browsing and 

trampling disturbances. However, the effects would be reduced by the proposed level of Authorized 

Use that would be two percent less to eight percent greater than typically reported use. 

Reclaiming and fencing the developed spring after construction of a water well and stock tank as 

discussed under Alternative 3 would contribute to Grasslands Plan goals and objectives for restoring 

and maintaining 80 percent of spring habitats in a high ecologic condition. Browsing and trampling 

disturbances would be reduced within the woody draw below the spring, but a degree of use would 

continue due to overflow from the spring and other amenities provided by the draw. The degree of 

continued use of the draw would be influenced by the size of the exclosure and the amount of 

overflow available outside the exclosure, as well as the location of the tank proposed in the uplands. 

The proportion of sampled woody draws in a Healthy condition would have the potential to increase 

from 50 percent to 67 percent if conditions of the woody draw associated with the spring were to 

improve sufficiently.

Removing the alleyway fenceline on the east edge of the allotment would not have an appreciable 

effect on woody draw conditions due to the relatively small extent and patchy occurrence of woody 

draws in the alleyway. Woody draws were not sampled in this area, but aerial photographs do not 

suggest the occurrence of high condition draws. 

The general effects of rehabilitating entrenched trails leading to a water lot on Magpie Creek were 

discussed under Alternative 3. The additional action of limiting livestock access to the lot until 

riparian conditions improve would have the potential of increasing disturbances within woody 

draws adjacent to the proposed water tank because it would be the only water source available. 

Although the effects of concentrated use around the water tank could be temporary, it would likely 

be necessary to limit livestock access to the water lot at regular intervals to maintain desired 

riparian conditions.

Adaptive Options – Adding a second water tank to replace the water lot along Magpie Creek that 

would be reclaimed would have the potential to facilitate the development or increase the extent of 

small woody draw patches along the creek margins. However, increased disturbances around the 

new water tank would have the potential of increasing browsing and trampling disturbances in 

adjacent woody draws depending on the tank location. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Adjusting the Authorized Use based on an AUM and accounting for cow size

would contribute to achieving or moving toward structure objectives. Removing the alleyway fence 

and allowing use to return to the permittees of Allotment 300 would result in approximately a four 

percent additional land base available for forage and herbaceous structure within the allotment.

Fencing and reclaiming the spring development, along with the development of a new well, would 

maintain the two main watering sources within this allotment. The effects of reclaiming the spring 

site would be similar to just fencing the spring action in Alternative 3.
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Adaptive Options – Closing the waterlot in the extreme northeast corner and adding a tank in a 

more central location would contribute to more homogenous distribution by livestock within the 

allotment. 

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Reducing Authorized Use by 6 percent after adjusting for cow size and initial 

estimated carrying capacity would have minimal effect on seral stages because the level of 

Authorized Use would be 2 percent less to 8 percent greater than typically reported use. 

Removing the alleyway along the east side of the pasture would add acreage to the allotment and 

increase the amount of available forage production, but would not have an appreciable effect on 

stocking levels or seral stages across the 1,300-acre pasture. Increased use of the alleyway would 

facilitate shifts towards early seral stages compared to short periods of annual use that presently 

occur while moving livestock between other pastures/allotments. 

Reclaiming and fencing the developed spring would not have an appreciable effect on upland 

herbaceous vegetation relative to constructing a new water well and tank within the uplands that 

was discussed under Alternative 3. 

Rehabilitating entrenched livestock trails in the Magpie Creek water lot and limiting access until 

riparian conditions improve would decrease livestock grazing in this area of the pasture. Potential 

shifts towards late seral stages in this area would be countered by shifts towards early seral stages 

around the proposed water tank, but would contribute to maintaining a mosaic of grazing pressure 

and seral stages. The mosaic of grazing pressure would decrease when access to the water lot is 

regained, but the potential would occur for periodic closure of the lot because riparian conditions 

would regress with annual seasonlong access to the creek.

Adaptive Options – Adding a second water tank would result in shifts towards early stages around 

the tank site as a result of increased grazing and trampling disturbances. The desired mosaic of 

grazing pressure and seral stages would decrease because the evenness of livestock distribution 

across the pasture would increase. Disturbances associated with construction of the water pipeline 

and increased grazing and trampling around the tank site would have the potential to contribute to 

the establishment or increase of invasive grasses. 

Further reductions in Authorized Use would increase the potential for shifts towards late seral 

stages relative to Alternative 3 because reductions would start at a lower level of use. The effects of 

dividing the allotment into two pastures were discussed under Alternative 3 and would not be 

appreciably different with the reduction in Authorized Use. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Establishing the Authorized Use based on the initial estimated carrying capacity 

and accounting for cow size could permit more accumulation of residual cover in the fall and the

potential enhancement of grouse nesting and brooding cover in the following spring. Fencing and 

reclaiming the spring development, along with the development of a new well, would maintain the 

two main watering sources within this allotment. The effects of reclaiming the spring site would be 

similar to just fencing the spring action from Alternative 3. Removing the alley way fence would 

add approximately four percent to the allotment to potentially produce sharp-tailed nesting habitat.
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Adaptive Options – Closing the waterlot in the extreme northeast corner and adding a tank in a 

more central location would contribute to more homogenous distribution by livestock within the 

allotment and limit the potential to produce grouse nesting habitat. 
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ALLOTMENT 301

Table 301.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

301 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 1.31 – Backcountry 

Recreation Nonmotorized 

1,275 27

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

3,443 73

Total allotment acres 4,734 100

NFS acres 4,717 100

State land acres 0 0

Private land acres 17 0

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1,666

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1,734

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

3
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Table 301.2 — Allotment 301 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Magpie Ck. 

97-99 survey rated PFC,

2004 survey part PFC and part FAR-NA,

2006 survey rated at PFC except for 1/8 

mile segment which was rated FAR-D.

Need to move FAR-D reach 

towards PFC.

Woody 

draws

Of the sampled woody draws 47 percent 

were Healthy, 35 percent were At Risk and 

18 percent were Unhealthy. At Risk and 

Unhealthy woody draws exhibit low 

regeneration, no shrub layer, access by 

livestock and headcutting.

Increase successful 

recruitment of woody species.

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Exceeding Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 2.18; 1.63; 1.61; 1.61; 1.73; 

1.43; 1.39; 1.76

2004 Stations percent: Low47.78/Moderate-52.22/High-0.0

2005 Transects: 2.36; 2.48; 2.00; 3.28

2005 Stations percent: Low-10.0/Moderate88.75/High-1.25.

Manage for additional High 

structure on biologically 

capable habitats.

Seral stages Of 11 sample sites, 73 percent were at mid 

seral stages, 9 percent were at late, and 18 

percent were at an Invaded State.

Limit the spread of invasive 

grasses and maintain native 

plant communities while 

increasing the proportion of 

early and late seral stages.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are two known leks within the 

allotment. There are two known leks within 

1 mile of the allotment. One lek in the 

middle of pasture 3, which has been known 

to be active from at least 1999, recently 

became inactive. Within the allotment, there 

are approximately 3,000 to 3,500 acres 

within the 1-mile proximity radius of these 

leks.

Manage to enhance sharptailed grouse nesting and 

brooding habitat by increasing 

the quality and quantity of 

High vegetative structure on 

biologically capable sites.

Remarks Canada thistle, burdock and field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) 

identified in woody draws.
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Table 301.3 — Allotment 301 by alternative 

Alternative 2 -

Current Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 

1,666 federal AMs 

 Three-year average 

permitted use is 

1,541 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in 

(common allotment).

 Rotation: Modified 

twice-over/deferred 

rotation

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for 

current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 1,666

 Repair existing 

water developments 

which would offer 

more management 

opportunities.

 Install a cross fence 

in pasture 1 and 

implement a four 

pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Fence out two spring 

areas, install check 

valve to dump water 

back into riparian 

areas once stock 

tanks are full.

 Move existing water 

tanks away from 

seeps/boggy areas.

Adaptive Options

 Increase livestock 

numbers and shorten 

season of use.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AMs: 1,666

 Repair existing 

water developments 

which would offer 

more management 

opportunities.

 Install a cross fence 

in pasture 1 and 

implement a four 

pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Move existing water 

tanks away from 

seeps/boggy areas.

Adaptive Options

 Increase livestock 

numbers and shorten 

season of use.

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal

AUMs: 1,734

 Repair existing 

water developments 

which would offer 

more management 

opportunities.

 Install a cross fence 

in pasture 1 and 

implement a four 

pasture deferred 

rotation.

 Fence out two spring 

areas, install check 

valve to dump water 

back into riparian 

areas once stock 

tanks are full.

 Move existing water 

tanks away from 

seeps/boggy areas.

Adaptive Options

 Increase livestock 

numbers and shorten 

season of use.

 Construct a 42 acre 

riparian exclosure on 

Magpie Creek in 

pasture 1, Section 

20. (Reach 1)

 Adjust Authorized 

Use.
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Alternative 2 -

Current Management

Alternative 3 -

Proposed Action Alternative 3A Alternative 4 

Monitoring

 Review annual 

planned 

management 

identified in 

allotment 

worksheets.

 Conduct annual 

allotment 

inspections to 

monitor current 

management.

 Conduct annual fall 

tour inspections to 

determine next 

season’s 

management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws 

once every 3 to 5

years.

 Gather Visual 

Obstruction 

Readings annually 

for 3 years, then 

reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning 

Condition survey 

once every 3 years 

then once every 5

years if a positive 

trend has been 

established.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data 

once every 3 to 5

years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 

3.

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction.

Allotment 301 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 4,734 acres and contains 4,717 acres of NFS lands with 

the rest private. The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided up among two permittees.

Currently, the common is permitted through each permittee’s associated headquarters permit by the 

MGA. Current AMs provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 301.1. This allotment is located 

in the Badlands geographic area. This allotment has been subdivided into three pastures and range 

in size from 590 to 2,254 acres. Water developments include reservoirs, springs, and a dugout with 

Magpie Creek running through the northern portion of the allotment.

Prior to 1974, this allotment was part of the historic Magpie Common which included several 

permittees. Prior to 2004, the management in this allotment consisted of the permittee from 

Allotment 283 starting in pasture 1 for approximately a week and then moving to the originally 

scheduled pasture. The past four of 5 years, this permittee has tried to run a modified twiceover/deferred rotation system. The other permittee from Allotment 278 brought his livestock to the 

common area after breeding was completed. From a review of allotment worksheets, it was difficult 

to follow if this permittee would rotate into the same pastures as the other permittee.
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Pasture 1 is approximately 2,254 acres and mostly consists of rolling prairie with woody draws 

leading down into Magpie Creek. The lowlands contain Kentucky bluegrass, western wheatgrass, 

and green needlegrass with small patches of western snowberry. Litter cover was relatively good 

throughout the sites. Utilization in 2004 was heavy. The transitional areas going from the lowlands 

to the uplands contained a variety of native species such as western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread, 

green needlegrass, prairie sandreed, little bluestem, blue grama, and sideoats grama with patches of 

western snowberry. These areas also had relatively good litter cover, and use in 2004 was somewhat 

lighter on most of these sites. The uplands contain a good variety of native species and plant 

community types. Some of the species that were identified were threadleaf sedge, needle-andthread, blue grama, and little bluestem. Overall, this pasture have a good native forb component but 

there are some areas that have excessive fringed sagewort, field pussy-toe (Antennaria neglecta 

Greene), and green sagewort (Artemisia campestris L. subsp. caudata (Michx.) Hall & Clem.). In 

most of the woody draws, quaking aspen occurs frequently, especially in drainages where there is

groundwater discharge and a high water table. Beaver activity is quite noticeable in the northeastern 

portion of pasture 1. Sharp-tailed grouse were seen in this pasture during data collection efforts.

Pasture 3 is approximately 590 acres. This pasture’s plant composition is made up of mixed native 

herbaceous species with crested wheatgrass. In some areas there is more of a crested wheatgrass 

dominated plant component with some native herbaceous species. The woody draws near the water 

lot in the northwestern corner shows signs of use.

Pasture 4 is approximately 1,877 acres. The diversity of topography plays a role in livestock 

distribution with the majority of use occurring in the southeastern portion with some isolated heavy 

use areas along the eastern side to Magpie Creek. On the southern and southwestern side there is a 

good sized crested wheatgrass community. There are also isolated crested wheatgrass communities 

due to oil field activity. Most of the native communities have a good native grass-like and forb 

species components with good litter cover. There are scattered patches of western snowberry and 

Rocky Mountain juniper. The stretch of Magpie Creek in the northern portion of the pasture is in 

good condition with desired species. Young green ash trees were also growing along this stretch.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known statelisted noxious weeds or county listed weeds within this allotment. However, during the woody draw 

surveys and Forest Service range staff surveys, populations of Canada thistle, burdock, and field 

bindweed were identified. At this time the amount and number of infestations are unknown.

Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed a total of approximately 9.3 

acres from livestock access. Approximately 5 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been 

reclaimed and are, or will be, available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 3.0 and 1.6 AUMs, respectively.
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Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

301-01 Magpie Creek (2) 1.87 0.14 2.01

301-04 Magpie Creek (3) 2.04 2.04

Magpie Creek (Reaches 2 and 3) traverses pasture 1 and 4 of Allotment 301. These reaches have a 

functionality rating of PFC except for a 0.1-mile reach, which is rated as FAR-D, in the northern

end of pasture 1 near the boundary with Allotment 131 (chart above). This short segment occurs 

near the two-track stream crossing that is near a private residence in Allotment 131. The following 

was noted for this segment of stream:

 Extensive livestock trailing along the banks.

 Lots of hoof shear on banks and post-holing of riparian soil by livestock.

 An abundance of manure in and near the channel.

 Loss of water storage in banks and loss of base flow.

There are two developed springs with associated lentic riparian habitat. There is livestock use and 

trampling on the spring habitats.

Woody Draws – Of 17 woody draw samples throughout the allotment, 47 percent were Healthy, 35

percent were At Risk, and 18 percent were Unhealthy. The proportion of woody draw conditions in 

each pasture is similar to the total proportions for the allotment. Water sources involved developed 

springs and dugout ponds located along drainages where livestock concentrations have contributed 

to At Risk woody draw conditions with extensive trailing and browsing disturbances (Figure 301.2).

Figure 301.1 — Livestock 

concentrate in the reach of Magpie 

Creek immediately south of 

Allotment 131 and in the north end of 

pasture 301-1. The riparian 

vegetation is browsed and trampled 

here, the streamflow is interrupted 

here and water is confined to 

instream palustrine basins during the 

low-flow season, and fish kill is 

common in this reach during the 

heat of summer.
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Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, eight randomly selected herbaceous-dominated VOR transects 

were surveyed. Two transects were measured in the Low structure class and six transects were 

measured in the Moderate class. No High structure transects were measured. The consolidated 

station averages were Low structure stations at 47.8 percent and Moderate stations at approximately 

52.2 percent. No stations were measured in the High structure category.

Four transects were resurveyed in 2005. All four were measured in the Moderate structure class. 

The station data showed 10 percent of the stations were in the Low structure class, 88.8 percent of 

the stations were Moderate, and 1.2 percent of the stations were in the High structure class.

In September, 2006, two VOR transects were subjectively selected in some of the highest cover 

observed by members of the IDT. These transects were conducted as a result of a challenge to the 

2004 and 2005 results. One transect was measured at 3.06 inches and the other at 1.59 inches. Both 

are in the Moderate class. After measuring these transects and found to be Moderate, it was 

determined that there was not enough High structure grasslands in the rest of the allotment to fully 

address the structure objectives. 

Seral Stages – Several vegetation samples from the allotment indicate a predominance of mid seral 

stages (73 percent) with consistent invasive grass occurrences. One sample (9 percent) was at a late 

seral stage while two samples (18 percent) were at Invaded Grass States. Two sample measurements 

indicated an increasing trend of invasive grasses. 

Figure 301.2 (a), (b), and (c) —

Livestock trailing disturbances 

occurring along drainages with 

developed springs and reservoirs.
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Pasture 1 comprises about 1,718 acres, with only traces of broken land but larger areas with high 

amounts of bluegrass and annual brome. Pasture 2 is presently managed with pasture 1 as a single 

pasture, but about 300 acres (56 percent) of pasture 2 south of Magpie Road consists of rugged 

terrain distant from water that likely results in minimal livestock use. 

 An NDSU sample in the northwest portion of pasture 1 was identified as a Loamy ES but 

appeared to cross into a Thin Loamy ES as evidenced by high frequency and cover of little 

bluestem. Both ecological sites appeared to be at mid seral stages. Kentucky bluegrass and 

crested wheatgrass occurred at a frequency of 20 percent and 10 percent respectively, but 

bluegrass comprised only 5 percent of the clipped biomass plots. A nearby Robel transect 

recorded sedge and bluegrass as the dominant species.

 A remeasured ecoplot on a Thin Loamy ES about 900 feet southeast of the NDSU plot indicated 

a moderate increase of bluegrass but a larger increase in western wheatgrass and needle-andthread with decreases in sedge and blue grama. Seral stage increased from mid to late-mid 

between 1998 and 2007. 

 A remeasured pace transect along the southwest pasture boundary indicated more than a twofold increase in total plant frequency and a decrease in bare ground. Relative plant frequency of 

bluegrass increased from 7 percent to 12 percent and sedge increased from 3 percent to 20 

percent between 1978 and 2010. 

 A sere plot on a Sandy ES in the northeast quarter of the pasture was at a mid-early seral stage 

with patches of bluegrass dominance. 

 An NDSU plot on a Loamy ES along the east-central pasture boundary was at a mid-early seral 

stage with dominance of sedge, blue grama, and needle-and-thread, and 22 percent frequency of 

Kentucky bluegrass. 

 A Clayey ES at the south end of the pasture, as well as a similar site in pasture 2 (managed with 

pasture 1), were at mid seral stages with light amounts of Kentucky bluegrass. 

 A Thin Loamy ES above a drainage was at an Invaded Grass State with Kentucky bluegrass 

occurring at a frequency of 65 percent and comprising 60 percent of the total plant production. 

 Three additional Robel transects and one belt transect dispersed across the pasture recorded 

sedge or blue grama as the dominant species, suggesting mid seral stages. Bluegrass was 

recorded as the second dominant species in one of the Robel transects. 

 Four of five ecoplots measured during the late 1990s were at mid seral stages, while the fifth 

site was at a late seral stage with dominance of needlegrass, prairie sandreed, little bluestem, 

and sand bluestem.

Pasture 3 comprises about 600 acres, with 10 percent identified as broken land in the center of the 

pasture, and an additional area constituting about 14 percent of the pasture containing high amounts 

of crested wheatgrass, bluegrass, and smooth brome. Four ecoplots from the late 1990s indicated a 

predominance of early seral stages in primary habitat types and late stages in secondary habitat 

types. 

 An ecoplot in the northwest corner of the pasture measured during 1998 was at an early seral 

stage with dominance of blue grama and buffalo grass. A belt transect measured on this site in 
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2004 recorded sedge and blue grama as the dominant species, while a nearby Robel transect 

recorded threadleaf sedge and needle-and-thread, all suggestive of early to mid seral stages. 

 An ecoplot in the southeast quarter of the pasture was at an early seral stage with blue grama 

and sedge dominance and trace amounts of Kentucky bluegrass. A belt transect measured on 

this site recorded western wheatgrass and blue grama as the dominant species, suggesting an 

increase in seral stage. 

 Two ecoplots located about 500 feet northwest and 1,300 feet southwest of the above site were 

at late seral stages for little bluestem/threadleaf sedge/prairie sandreed habitat types.

Pasture 4 comprised about 1,877 acres, with 5 percent broken land. 

 An NDSU sample on a Claypan ES near the north-central portion of the pasture was at a midlate seral stage with Kentucky bluegrass comprising four percent of the grass production. Low 

total grass production and almost 40 percent bare ground prohibited a late seral rating. 

 Two Robel transects on low hills above Magpie Creek at the north end of the pasture recorded 

sedge and needlegrass as the dominant species, while another transect along Magpie Creek was 

suggestive of a late seral stage and a high condition silver sagebrush/western wheatgrass habitat 

type. Invasive grasses were not recorded as dominant species among these sites. 

 An NDSU plot identified as a Loamy ES appeared to cross into a Thin Loamy ES and was at a 

mid seral stage. No invasive grasses were measured on the clipped plots or transects. A Robel 

transect located along a broad ridgeline about 700 feet to the northwest recorded sedge and little 

bluestem as the dominant species.

 A belt transect in broken land in the southwest corner of the pasture was dominated by crested 

wheatgrass with scattered occurrences of needle-and-thread. A Robel transect just outside this 

parcel of broken land recorded sedge and blue grama as the two dominant species, with lesser 

amounts of needlegrass and western wheatgrass. 

 An ecoplot on the southern edge of the pasture adjacent to Magpie Road was at an early seral 

stage for a western wheatgrass/green needlegrass HT, while an adjacent prairie sandreed HT 

was at a late seral stage. 

 An ecoplot in the southeast corner of the pasture on the edge of broken land was at an early-mid 

seral stage with dominance of blue grama, while another ecoplot outside of broken land on a 

little bluestem/threadleaf sedge HT was at a mid-early seral stage with blue grama and buffalo 

grass dominance. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are two known leks within the allotment and two known leks within 

1 mile. One lek in the middle of pasture 3, first located in 1999, very recently became inactive.

Within the allotment, there are approximately 3,000 to 3,500 acres within the 1-mile proximity 

radius of the active leks.
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Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed after 2 years.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment so no contribution towards CP 

funds would be made. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be the 

responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because of 

reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Magpie Creek and unnamed springs as described in the 

Existing Condition would improve and evolve toward desired riparian conditions over time.

Improvement would result from the establishment of riparian vegetation which would capture 

sediment and build stream banks.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement. 

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock, there would be an increased opportunity 

for the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of 

Low herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would have the potential to facilitate shifts towards 

late seral stages. However, increasing invasive grasses and transitions to Invaded Grass States 

would occur with the removal of livestock grazing and the accumulation of plant litter, thereby 

impeding the development of late seral stages and decreasing the maintenance of native plant 

communities. Transitions would occur in portions of the allotment within ten years, while other 

areas might require as long as 15 years due to lower amounts of invasive grasses. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The projected increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands 

from the removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharptailed grouse.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn-in grazing association permit (common allotment), and 

Authorized Use is 1,666 federal AMs.
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 Cow/calf pairs are ran in a modified deferred rotation.

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.

Range – Existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would continue. Grazing fees 

would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance of existing 

range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious weeds control 

would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing association, and county 

weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would continue to be vectors for the 

spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Magpie Creek and unnamed springs as described in the 

Existing Condition would continue.

Woody Draws – The proportion of 47 percent Healthy woody draws among the sampled sites 

would persist or gradually decrease under current management in which existing conditions 

developed. Developed springs and reservoirs adjacent to woody draws would continue to result in 

high browsing and trampling disturbances that impedes the regeneration of woody species. 

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying by 10 percent after adjusting for cow size 

would contribute to the potential for high browsing and trampling disturbances. 

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue to approximate the existing 

herbaceous structure distribution and provide limited opportunities to improve the herbaceous 

structure distribution, particularly increase the proportion of High herbaceous structure. An 

Authorized Use that is 10 percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity could contribute to 

the conditions.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management and grazing rotations would maintain the 

persistence of native dominated communities with a predominance of mid seral stages in primary 

areas of use and some occurrences of late seral stages in secondary range. However, invasive 

grasses measured in most of the sample plots would have a high potential to continue increasing. 

Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity by 10 percent after adjusting for 

cow size, frequent premature spring grazing, and twice-over rotations in some pastures have the 

potential to decrease plant vigor and assist invasive grass spreading. Areas of crested wheatgrass or 

Invaded Grass States with low palatability during a large portion of the grazing season would 

compound these effects by increasing the level of native grass utilization. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands and limit the potential to enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat. An 

Authorized Use that is 10 percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity could contribute to 

the conditions by limiting residual cover.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,666 federal AMs
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 Repairing existing water developments which would offer more management opportunities.

 Installing a cross fence in pasture 1 and implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation. 

 Fencing out two spring areas, installing check valve to dump water back into riparian areas once 

stock tanks are full.

 Moving existing water tanks away from seeps/boggy areas.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Increasing livestock numbers and shortening season of use.

 Adjusting Authorized Use.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittees would be allowed to harvest the same amount of forage. However, the 

use of these AMs would be different than the existing condition.

Repairing the neglected water developments would improve the distribution of by reducing the 

distance to water which would reduce grazing pressure on current dependable water sources.

Installing a cross fence in pasture 1 would change the livestock distribution because the pasture 

would be split into two smaller pastures. Implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation after the 

installation of this cross fence would allow for more flexibility in controlling livestock distribution,

allowing for longer periods of deferment which would provide opportunities for initial growth 

and/or regrowth of herbaceous species.

Fencing out spring areas, installing check valves, and moving existing stock tanks away from 

seeps/boggy areas, would not have an effect on the livestock distribution throughout the allotment. 

However, this action would aid in diverting livestock use away from these areas.

Adaptive Options – Increasing livestock numbers and shortening the grazing season would require

permittees to find other pastures to graze “off permit” before they go back to their associated 

headquarters allotments. This action would allow for a longer recovery period for native herbaceous 

species and the flexibility in increasing the deferment of grazing. However, the same amount of 

forage would be harvested from the allotment which has the potential of changing the distribution 

due to climatic conditions and palatability of herbaceous species.

Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, less grazing days, or 

a combination of these, due to the turn-in permit for this allotment. Adjusting Authorized Use

would not change the distribution of the livestock but the amount of forage harvested would be less 

than the existing forage harvested.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Repairing existing water developments would benefit riparian conditions along 

Magpie Creek by pulling livestock away from the riparian corridor and reducing pressure on the 

creek for a water source. Riparian conditions would improve by minimizing trailing and trampling 

and allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation recovery.
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The four-pasture deferred rotation should lead to longer recovery periods and improved plant health 

and riparian conditions within the corridor. The key would be to control the length of each grazing 

period, especially in those pastures that are used during the warm season.

The exclusion of livestock from the springs would benefit associated riparian habitat by the removal 

of livestock use and trampling. Returning excess water to the riparian area would maintain riparian 

habitat at the source. 

Moving existing water tanks away from seeps/boggy areas would improve riparian conditions by 

reducing livestock trampling and use.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 10 to 15 years.

Adaptive Options – Increasing livestock numbers and shortening the season of use should benefit 

riparian conditions by reducing the duration of livestock use. Riparian conditions would improve by 

minimizing trailing and trampling and allowing for herbaceous and woody riparian vegetation 

recovery.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow further benefitting the riparian conditions along Magpie Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow would result in reduced stream velocities and allow for the establishment of riparian 

vegetation which would build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Reconstructing two developed springs by moving the water tank further from the 

spring source that would be fenced, and installing check valves that would maintain flow at the 

spring when the water tank is full, would improve ecological conditions of the springs and 

contribute to Grasslands Plan objectives for restoring or maintaining 80 percent of riparian habitat 

in high ecologic condition. Portions of woody draw habitat adjacent to the spring and within the 

fenced exclosure would also increase in condition, but trailing and browsing impacts along the 

drainages and adjacent woody draws would continue at some degree depending on final placement 

of the water tank. The tanks could be managed to control livestock access and distribution and limit 

the degree of woody draw disturbances around the reconstructed sites. However, three other 

developed springs and at least three reservoirs would remain unmanaged and contribute to 

continued woody draw impacts.

Repairing poorly functioning water developments would have the potential of increasing the 

evenness of livestock distribution, thereby decreasing woody draw disturbances in some areas but 

increasing disturbances in others. 

Splitting pastures 1 and 2 that are presently managed as one pasture, and implementing a fourpasture deferred rotation rather than the current twice-over rotation, could facilitate slight 

improvement in woody draw conditions by decreasing the period of time that livestock have access 

to draws in an individual pasture. However, potential shifts from At Risk to Healthy woody draw 

conditions would be unlikely to occur among a large portion of the sampled communities. Woody 

draw disturbances could decrease in the first pasture of the rotation as a result of cooler 
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temperatures and fewer insect pests, and would alternately benefit individual pastures according to 

the deferred rotation. However, the extended grazing season would maintain the potential for woody 

draw disturbances during the heat of summer, as well as during cooler fall temperatures when

livestock browsing of woody species can increase (Uresk 1986). Pasture 2 is only one-third the size 

of the two largest pastures and would therefore decrease the degree of shorter grazing periods 

among the other pastures. Additionally, more than half of pasture 2 consists of rugged terrain with 

the primary area of use accessed along a drainage with an extensive woody draw that is likely to be 

in a Healthy condition as a result of low levels of current use. Thus, there would be a high potential 

for decreasing woody draw conditions in this area. 

Potentially increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use that exceeds currently reported use by 

0 to 20 percent would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing the period of grazing with increased livestock numbers could 

increase the intensity of woody draw disturbances. Decreased woody draw disturbances might occur 

in the first pasture of use each season as a result of cooler temperatures and fewer insect pests, but 

the deferred rotation would result in a low frequency of this advantage among individual pastures 

and would therefore decrease the potential for improved conditions. Sufficiently shortened grazing 

seasons could alleviate fall browsing of woody species, but the increase in summer livestock density

would ensure continued woody draw disturbances. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by decreasing 

browsing and trampling disturbances, but reported levels of current use that are often less than 

Authorized Use would decrease the degree of potential benefit.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The proposed Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

10 percent accounting for cow size could limit the level of residual cover by fall. The effectiveness 

of installing a cross fence and implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation would be limited by 

the proposed Authorized Use, because of the uniformity of use associated with smaller pastures, and 

limiting regrowth periods. In addition, much of pasture 2 would be dominated by badlands terrain 

(southern portions of section 32 and eastern portion of section 29) and would be generally 

unavailable and unproductive. Fencing/installing check valves at two spring areas is not expected to 

affect herbaceous structure distribution because the water would still be available and livestock use 

would still occur. Moving stock tanks from the seeps/boggy areas is not expected to appreciably 

change the spatial arrangement or the quantities of herbaceous structure, due to the short distance 

that tanks are expected to be moved. The effects to the adjacent uplands would be displaced from 

the current location to the new location.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

manipulate herbaceous structure by increasing the amount of residual cover near the end of the 

grazing season. Increasing numbers and shortening the season could have potential to lengthen 

regrowth periods but the effectiveness to improve herbaceous structure distribution would be 

limited under the initially proposed Authorized Use level.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Reconstructing two developed springs would allow increased control of livestock 

distribution and utilization with the potential for contributing to a mosaic of desired seral stage 

proportions. However, three other springs and three reservoirs would remain unmanaged and 

decrease the potential for controlling livestock distribution across the allotment. 

Consistent stocking at the level of Authorized Use that exceeds initial estimated carrying capacity 

by 10 percent after adjusting for cow size, and that has ranged from 0 to 20 percent greater than 

reported use, would impede the development or maintenance of late seral stages. Low palatability of 

invasive grasses occurring during frequent grazing seasons in each pasture would contribute to 

selective use of native grasses and impede the development of late seral stages. 

Dividing pastures 1 and 2 with a cross fence would have only a small effect on increasing livestock 

distribution due to rugged secondary range comprising a large portion of pasture 2. However, 

implementing a four-pasture deferred rotation would increase opportunities for plant recovery and 

the completion of critical growth periods compared to the current three-pasture rotation that usually 

includes a twice-over rotation. Potential increases in plant vigor would be further assisted by 

delaying turn-in until June 1st by allowing for the completion of critical early-season growth 

periods. However, the effect of low invasive grass palatability would be increased by delaying turnin until June 1st or range readiness onto the native dominated allotment, thereby maintaining or 

increasing selective use of the native component. 

Adaptive Options – Compressing the grazing season with increased livestock numbers would 

increase the evenness of livestock distribution and potentially contribute to increased use and 

decreasing seral stages in secondary range. However, there would be an increased potential for plant 

recovery and regrowth and the completion of critical growth stages compared to the current grazing 

system. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by decreasing the level 

of grazing and trampling disturbances, but reported levels of current use that are often less than 

Authorized Use would decrease the degree of potential benefit. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The proposed Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 

10 percent, accounting for cow size, which would limit the level of residual cover that could be 

carried over the winter for grouse nesting needs. Installing a cross fence and implementing a fourpasture deferred rotation to improve potential grouse habitat would be limited by the proposed

initial Authorized Use, increased uniformity of herbaceous vegetation associated with the smaller 

pastures, and limiting regrowth periods. Fencing two spring areas is not expected to affect livestock 

distribution appreciably because the tanks will remain in the same location. Moving stock tanks 

from the seeps/boggy areas is not expected to appreciably change the spatial arrangement or the 

quantities of potential grouse habitat, due to the short distance that tanks are expected to be moved.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use would be the most effective tool available to 

manipulate herbaceous structure by increasing the amount of residual cover that could be carried 

over the winter for grouse nesting needs the following spring. Increasing numbers while shortening 
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the season could have potential to lengthen regrowth periods but the effectiveness to improve 

grouse habitat would be limited under the proposed initial Authorized Use level.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The effects of Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 with the following stated exceptions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Dropping the initial action of fencing out spring areas and installing check valve to dump water 

back into riparian areas once stock tanks are full.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects in Alternative 3A are the same as Alternative 3 except as stated 

above.

Range 

Initial Actions – This action would continue current management for the spring developments and 

would have no effect on Authorized Use or livestock distribution.

Riparian

Initial Actions – Continued livestock access to the springs would result in the existing level of 

livestock use and trampling. If the check valves were not installed, excess water would be lost 

through the over flow and not returned to maintain the riparian habitat at the source.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Wetland habitat and adjacent woody draw conditions would decrease around two 

springs that would be reconstructed without fencing and without reconstructing the plumbing 

system to maintain flow at the spring when the water tanks are full. The majority of spring flow 

would be collected and overflow the tank site onto non-wetland habitat that would be heavily 

trampled by livestock. Wetland habitat around the spring would decrease under drier conditions 

with the removal of most spring flow that would be piped to the water tank located further from the 

collection area. Furthermore, it would not be possible to control flow to the tank in order to manage 

livestock distribution in the surrounding pasture. Thus, conditions of the spring habitat and adjacent 

woody draws would remain similar or decrease relative to current conditions (Figure 301.2).

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Not placing check valves on the springs would not change livestock distribution 

and so would not generally change the existing herbaceous structure distribution.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Relocating spring fed water tanks further from the collection area without 

reconstructing the plumbing system so that flow to the tank can be controlled would remove the 

potential for managing livestock distribution and utilization and facilitating the desired proportion 

of seral stages in the affected pastures. Not fencing the site of the spring collection area and current 

wetland habitat would decrease the potential for maintaining any semblance of the wetland 
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community that remains after piping the large majority of the spring flow to the re-located water 

tank, but would have no affect on upland seral stages. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Not placing check valves on the springs would not generally change livestock 

distribution and so would not change existing grouse habitat conditions.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Constructing a 42-acre riparian exclosure on Magpie Creek in pasture 1, Section 20 (Reach 1).

Range

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,734 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,666 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,916 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a nine percent reduction in 

AUMs from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager 

would have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing 

season when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Adaptive Options – Constructing a 42-acre exclosure on Magpie Creek in pasture 1 would remove 

livestock grazing within the exclosure. Because of the size of the exclosure and their associated 

available federal AUMs, an adjustment in Authorized Use would be necessary. Due to the overall 

size of pasture 6 and location of existing livestock water developments there would be minimal 

changes in livestock distribution but grazing intensity around the exclosure would increase.

Riparian

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use is adjusted from 1,666 AMs to 1,734 AUMs. Reducing 

Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which reduces overland flow further 

benefitting the riparian conditions along Magpie Creek. A reduction in overland flow delivered to 

the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the establishment of riparian 

vegetation that build stream banks.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 5 to 10 years.

Adaptive Options – The 42-acre riparian exclosure proposed for pasture 1 would provide the best 

opportunity for riparian vegetation to reestablish itself in the least amount of time by excluding 

livestock from the riparian corridor in areas treated and the related effects such as trailing and 

trampling. Typically areas recommended for exclosures have been chronically overgrazed or 
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trampled by livestock trailing, and there is currently insufficient vegetation to protect banks and 

channels from erosion. The use of riparian pastures and exclosures has proven to be effective in the 

Little Missouri Badlands (e.g., note the riparian response within the exclosures along Ash Coulee) 

in reestablishing desired riparian vegetation and controlling sediment loads.

It is expected that desired conditions on Magpie Creek would be achieved in 2 to 5 years.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 9 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would slightly assist improved woody draw conditions by 

decreasing the level of browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the proposed level of use 

would range from nine percent greater to ten percent less than currently reported use, thereby 

reducing the potential degree of benefit. As discussed under Alternative 3, the four-pasture deferred 

rotation would be unlikely to shift At Risk woody draws to Healthy. The location of several 

developed springs and reservoirs with uncontrolled access would continue to impede improved 

conditions of adjacent woody draws. 

Adaptive Options – Constructing a 42-acre riparian exclosure in pasture 1 would facilitate the 

improvement and increase in extent of woody draw patches along the perimeter of the exclosure, 

depending on its location, by removing or greatly decreasing the frequency of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances.

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity and 

accounting for cow size could result in increased levels of residual cover at the end of the year and

an improved herbaceous structure distribution. A more balanced Authorized Use would permit the 

other tools to be more effective.

Adaptive Options – Construction of a 42-acre riparian exclosure could have mixed results but is 

expected to improve the vegetative structure conditions within the exclosure. However, the small 

size would not make an appreciable difference in the overall herbaceous structure distribution for 

this large allotment.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by nine percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate slight shifts towards late seral stages by 

decreasing the level of grazing disturbances. However, the proposed level of use would range from 

nine percent greater to ten percent less than currently reported use, thereby reducing the potential 

degree of benefit. The four-pasture deferred rotation and June 1st turn in dates would contribute 

additional benefits to plant vigor and facilitate shifts towards late seral stages as discussed under 

Alternative 3, with an increased potential to achieve seral stage objectives. The potential for 

invasive grasses to increase would persist, and decreased palatability of the invasive component 

with the delayed turn-in date would maintain or increase selective use of the native component.

Adaptive Options – Constructing a 42-acre riparian exclosure along Magpie Creek would have 

little influence on seral stages outside the exclosure. The potential would occur for the development 

of late seral stages along the perimeter of the exclosure by removing or greatly decreasing the 
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frequency of livestock grazing disturbances, but the increase in plant litter would facilitate invasive 

grass increases. 

Decreasing Authorized Use would increase the potential for shifts to late seral stages compared to 

Alternative 3 because of the lower starting point or level of Authorized Use, but invasive grasses 

would have the potential to increase with increasing plant litter at sufficiently reduced levels of use.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity and 

accounting for cow size could result in increased levels of residual cover at the end of the year for

spring grouse nesting needs the following year. A more balanced Authorized Use could permit the 

other tools to be more effective.

Adaptive Options – Construction of an approximately 42-acre riparian exclosure could have mixed 

results but is expected to improve the vegetative habitat conditions within the exclosure. However, 

the small size could create an ecological sink for individual grouse plus the small size of the 

exclosure would not make an appreciable overall positive effect for grouse habitat.
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ALLOTMENT 302

Table 302.1 — An existing summary of management areas, land ownership acreage, 

permitted livestock, initial estimated carrying capacity, and number of pastures for Allotment 

302 in the North Billings County AMP Revisions project area

Summary Acres Percent Number

Management Area 1.31 – Backcountry 

Recreation Non-motorized 

563 25

Management Area 2.1 – Special Interest 

Areas

239 11

Management Area 3.65 – Rangelands 

With Diverse Natural-Appearing 

Landscapes

545 24

Management Area 6.1 – Rangeland With 

Broad Resource Emphasis

905 40

Total allotment acres 4,398 100

NFS acres 2,253 51

State land acres 467 11

Private land acres 1,678 38

Current permitted livestock grazing 

(AMs) on NFS lands

1,044

Initial estimated carrying capacity 

(AUMs) on NFS lands

1,051

Number of pastures containing NFS 

lands

2
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Table 302.2 — Allotment 302 – Key issues, existing condition, need for action

Key Issues Existing Condition Need for Action

Riparian Magpie Creek

98-99 Survey –PFC

2004 Survey – FAR-NA

2006 Survey - PFC

Maintain PFC

Woody 

draws

50 percent of the sampled woody draws are 

Healthy, 40 percent are At Risk, and 10 percent 

are Unhealthy.

Main concern is lack of regeneration. The 

Unhealthy woody draws are associated with 

water.

Increase survival rate 

for seedlings and 

saplings

Herbaceous 

structure

Transect Results:

Low – Exceeding Objectives

Moderate – Below Objectives

High – Below Objectives

2004 Transects: 1.11; 1.2; 1.08; 1.15; 1.26; 1.91

2004 Stations percent: Low-78.3/Moderate-21.7/

High-0.0

2005 Transects: 1.85; 1.76

2005 Stations percent: Low-47.5/Moderate50/High-2.5

Manage for additional 

Moderate and High 

structure on 

biologically capable 

habitats.

Seral stages All seven sample sites were at mid seral stages 

with light to moderate amounts of invasive 

grasses. 18 and 31 percent broken land in the two 

pastures with varying mixtures of invasive and 

native grasses.

Maintain or increase 

native communities 

while increasing early 

and late seral stages.

Limit the spread of 

invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed 

grouse

There are three leks within 1 mile of the allotment 

and there are none within the allotment that are 

known to be active on a regular basis.

Manage to enhance 

sharp-tailed grouse 

nesting and brooding 

habitat by increasing 

the quality and quantity 

of High vegetative 

structure on 

biologically capable 

sites.

Remarks Trace of Canada thistle and burdock.

There is a population of black cottonwood (Populus acuminata Rydb.) on 

this allotment. 
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Table 302.3 — Allotment 302 by alternative 

*Medora Grazing Association 3-year average permitted use based on permits for the years 2005 through 2007. Year 2005 

included a mandatory drought reduction

Allotment 302 — Existing Condition

Range – This allotment is approximately 4,398 acres in size, including 2,253 acres of NFS lands.

The allocated AMs for this allotment are divided among two permittees. Currently, the common is 

permitted through each permittee’s associated headquarters permit by the MGA. Current AMs 

provided by NFS lands can be found in Table 302.1. This allotment is located in both the Badlands 

and the Rolling Prairie geographic areas. This allotment has been subdivided into two pastures and 

range from 2,013 to 2,385 acres. Water developments include reservoirs, a pipeline system with 

stock tanks, and a spring with Magpie Creek running through the southern end of the allotment.

Alternative 2 - Current 

Management

Alternative 3 - Proposed 

Action

Alternative 3A

Alternative 4 

 Authorized Use is 1,044 

federal AMs 

 Three-year average permitted 

use is 966 federal AMs.*

 Permit type: Turn-in 

(common allotment).

 Rotation: Modified deferred 

rotation

 Class(s) of livestock:

Cow/calf pairs.

 See allotment map in 

Appendix B for current range 

developments.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AMs: 

1,044

 Annually change season of 

use between pastures 1 and 2.

 Fence three reservoirs to 

control access to water in 

pasture 2.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

 Temporarily fence crested 

wheatgrass areas and early 

graze once every 3 years.

Initial Actions

 Authorized federal AUMs: 

1,051

 Change season of use 

between pastures 1 and 2.

Temporarily fence crested 

wheatgrass areas and graze 

early every third year (see 

Allotment 130).

 Fence three reservoirs to 

control access to water in 

pasture 2. Manage tank and 

reservoirs to control animal 

distribution.

Adaptive Options

 Adjust Authorized Use.

Monitoring

 Review annual planned 

management identified in 

allotment worksheets.

 Conduct annual allotment 

inspections to monitor 

current management.

 Conduct annual fall tour 

inspections to determine next 

season’s management needs.

Monitoring

 Survey woody draws once 

every 3 to 5 years.

 Gather Visual Obstruction 

Readings annually for 3

years then reevaluate survey 

frequency.

 Complete Properly 

Functioning Condition 

survey once every 5 years.

 Collect vegetative 

composition data once every 

3 to 5 years.

Monitoring

 Same as Alternative 3
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Prior to 1974, portions of this allotment were part of the historical Magpie Common which included 

several more permittees.

The current rotation has been somewhat of a deferred rotation. However, both permittees have been 

allowed to rotate through one of the pastures twice. The permittee from Allotment 130 normally 

turns onto pasture 1 around May 5th with 138 head for 15 to 16 days. The second permittee, from 

Allotment 131, turns into the common around June 1

st with 134 head and, depending on which 

pasture the other permittee starts in, rotates into the other pasture around the same time. The number 

of days each permittee grazes in the pasture varies. A review of their allotment worksheets shows

times when one would rotate pastures and the other would stay in the first pasture for several more

days. The permittee from Allotment 131 adjusts his days to come back to pasture 2 if they started in 

this pasture first. Another challenge within this allotment is the historical use in areas within each 

pasture due to the location of past/existing reservoir locations. The eastern portion of pasture 2 and 

the northern portion of pasture 1 show evidence of heavier use and also cultivation during the 

homesteading era.

Pasture 1 is the larger of the two pastures in this allotment, and consists of mostly private land with 

smaller portions of NFS and state lands. The northern NFS lands in this pasture consist of mostly 

crested wheatgrass with some native graminoid species. The evidence of past cultivation is 

persistent on the gently rolling topography. The plant community switches to a more native species 

component on the slopes leading down to Scairt Woman Draw. Distribution is the heaviest on the 

crested wheatgrass/native areas but livestock use is more moderate dropping down into Scairt 

Woman Draw. The southeastern portion containing NFS land is made up of crested wheatgrass and 

native mix with a more native species component moving into the woody draws and steeper slopes.

Pasture 2 consists of primarily NFS lands, with a smaller portion of private land. Past oil field 

activity and cultivation is prevalent in the eastern portion of this pasture. The southeast to east side 

is a mosaic of crested wheatgrass with a native understory, primarily blue grama, with a little 

western wheatgrass and needle-and-thread and clubmoss. Hillsides and hilltops have patchy 

communities of little bluestem, sideoats grama, and creeping juniper, especially the sandy 

ecological sites. The lowlands and midlands have a western wheatgrass and green needlegrass plant 

community. The high use area with crested wheatgrass made up most of southeastern to eastern area 

of the pasture. North and east of road, the plant community turns into a native mix, with small 

patches of crested wheatgrass in areas of past or existing oil activity. The northwest/western edge of 

the pasture is considerably rougher and has a more native plant community. 

Sharp-tailed grouse were observed within pasture 2 during the allotment. Western snowberry 

patches are also prevalent throughout this allotment.

The noxious weed analysis (GIS Weed Layer 1992–2004) indicated that there were no known statelisted or county-listed noxious weeds within this allotment. However, during the woody draw 

surveys, a trace of Canada thistle was identified. Increased oil and gas activity and other uses on the 

grasslands can provide potential for other invasive and noxious. Within this allotment there is a 

potential for 10 of 12 state-listed and the county-listed noxious weeds.
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Oil and gas development on NFS lands in this allotment has removed approximately 14.1 acres 

from livestock access. Approximately 22.9 acres of oil and gas pads and access roads have been 

reclaimed and are or will be available for livestock access. Associated forage from these acres is 

approximately 6.4 and 10.4 AUMs, respectively.

Riparian –

AllotmentPasture Stream (reach)

Riparian Functionality Rating (miles)

PFC Total

FARUFARNAFARD NF

302-01 Magpie Creek (1c) 0.28 0.28

302-01 Magpie Creek (2) 0.22 0.22

Magpie Creek flows through pasture 1 of Allotment 302.

Magpie Creek has a functionality rating of PFC and is at 

desired condition.

Woody Draws – Of the 10 woody draws sampled, 50

percent were Healthy, 40 percent were At Risk, and 10

percent were Unhealthy. Two woody draw samples in 

pasture 1 were Healthy and At Risk. Of eight woody draw 

samples in pasture 2, 50 percent were Healthy, 38 percent 

were At Risk, and 12 percent were Unhealthy. A population 

of black cottonwood that is uncommon on the Little 

Missouri National Grasslands occurred in one of the draws 

and was Healthy (Figure 302.1).

Herbaceous Structure – In 2004, six randomly selected 

herbaceous dominated VOR transects were surveyed. Five 

of the transects were measured in the Low structure class, and one transect was measured in the 

Moderate class. No High structure transects were measured. The consolidated station averages were 

Low structure stations at 78.3 percent and Moderate stations at approximately 21.7 percent. No 

stations were measured in the High structure category.

Two transects were re-surveyed in 2005. Both were measured in the Moderate structure class. The 

station data showed 47.5 percent of the stations were in the Low structure class, 50 percent of the 

stations were Moderate, and 2.5 percent of the stations were in the High structure class.

Seral Stages – NFS land comprises 640 acres, or 27 percent of pasture 1 (which is 2,385 acres), and 

occurs in two main parcels and two minor parcels along the pasture edges. Broken land constitutes 

about 31 percent of NFS land and occurs in each of the two large NFS parcels. 

The sample revealed that a sere plot on the edge of broken land at the north end of pasture 1 was at 

a mid seral stage, with high amounts of needle-and-thread and native grasses exceeding crested 

wheatgrass in basal cover. Light amounts of invasive grasses were present. A repeated pace transect 

in this area indicated an increase in relative plant frequency of needle-and-thread from 3 percent to 

14 percent between 1978 and 2010, and a decrease in Kentucky bluegrass from 17 percent to 12 

Figure 302.1 — Stand of black 

cottonwood in Healthy woody 

draw of pasture 2.
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percent. A Robel transect located in the interior of broken land recorded crested wheatgrass as the 

dominant species, with patches or red three-awn, Kentucky bluegrass, and needle-and-thread. 

Most broken land in the south parcel of NFS land did not appear to be seeded to crested wheatgrass, 

and a sere plot was at a mid seral stage with western wheatgrass, sedge, and blue grama dominance.

Kentucky bluegrass constituted about 13 percent of the relative grass basal cover. Relative plant 

frequency of Kentucky bluegrass increased from 3 percent to 19 percent along a repeated pace 

transect in this area between 1978 and 2010, while relative frequency of western wheatgrass 

decreased by a similar amount. A belt transect outside of broken land recorded sedge and needleand-thread as the dominant grasses. A Robel transect on a small parcel of NFS land on the west 

edge of the pasture recorded sedge and western wheatgrass as the dominant species.

NFS land comprised 78 percent of pasture 2, with about 18 percent of this consisting of broken land 

in three parcels. Vegetation samples were more numerous in this pasture and are summarized

below.

 An ecoplot in the north parcel of broken land was at a mid seral stage with equal cover of 

crested wheatgrass and blue grama. A nearby Robel transect recorded crested wheatgrass, red 

three-awn, and Kentucky bluegrass.

 An NDSU plot on a Loamy ES at the north edge of the pasture was at a mid-early seral stage 

with dominance of needle-and-thread and sedge. Bluegrass occurred at a frequency of 50

percent and comprised 14 percent of the grass production.

 An NDSU plot on a Clayey ES in the east-central portion of the pasture was at a mid seral stage 

but appeared to cross into a Thin Loamy ES. Kentucky bluegrass, Canada bluegrass, and annual 

brome frequency were 23 percent, 10 percent, and 7 percent respectively.

 An NDSU plot on a Sandy ES near the edge of broken land at the south end of the pasture was

at a mid seral stage. Sedge appeared to be overwhelmingly dominant but a diverse mixture of 

species was present and the site had experienced about 50 percent utilization. Kentucky 

bluegrass comprised about 23 percent of the grass biomass.

 An ecoplot from 1998 on the southwest corner of the above parcel of broken land was at a latemid seral stage with equal dominance of crested wheatgrass and green needlegrass. A current 

belt transect measured on this site recorded western wheatgrass, Junegrass, and sedge. 

 An ecoplot in unbroken land in the east-central portion of the pasture was at an early seral stage 

with 80 percent relative cover of blue grama. A belt transect measured at this site recorded blue 

grama, sedge, and Junegrass.

 Two additional Robel transects measured in unbroken land recorded native grasses as the 

dominant species.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – There are three leks within 1 mile of the allotment and there are none within 

the allotment that are known to be active on a regular basis. The area encompassed by the overlap is 

between 300 to 500 acres.
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Effects of Alternative 1

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 After notification to the affected permittee, all livestock would be removed 2 years later.

 Most range infrastructure would begin to be removed concurrently.

Range – A 100 percent reduction in the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association 

would occur. No grazing fees would be collected from this allotment so there would be no 

contribution towards CP funds. Removal or maintenance of existing range infrastructure would be 

the responsibility of the Forest Service. There is a potential for the spread of noxious weeds because 

of reclamation of the removed range infrastructures. The Forest Service would be solely responsible 

for the control of noxious weeds in the allotment. Some noxious weed species spread may decrease 

due to the removal of livestock as one vector source.

Riparian – The riparian condition along Magpie Creek as described in the Existing Condition 

would continue and evolve toward the potential riparian community.

Woody Draws – Woody draw conditions would improve with the removal of livestock browsing 

and trampling disturbances that would facilitate the regeneration and growth of desired woody 

species. Existing invasive grasses within woody draws, and potential increases of these species as a 

result of increasing litter with the removal of livestock grazing, would have the potential for 

slowing or decreasing the degree of woody draw improvement.

Herbaceous Structure – With the removal of livestock there would be an increased opportunity for 

the development of High and Moderate herbaceous structure, and a decrease in the quantity of Low 

herbaceous structure in the allotment.

Seral Stages – The removal of livestock grazing would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages, but 

over time and as litter accumulates with the removal of grazing, invasive grasses would increase 

and result in transitions to Invaded Grass States with decreased maintenance of native plant 

communities. Transitions would occur in portions of the allotment within 10 years, while other 

areas might require as long as 15 years due to lower amounts of invasive grasses.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – The projected increase in potential High structure herbaceous grasslands 

from the removal of livestock would appreciably enhance nesting and brooding habitat for sharptailed grouse.

Effects of Alternative 2

CURRENT ACTIONS:

 Allotment is permitted by a turn in grazing association permit (Common Allotment), and 

Authorized Use is 1,044 federal AMs.

 Cow/calf pairs are run in a two-pasture modified deferred rotation. 

 See allotment map in Appendix B for current range developments.
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Range – Continuation of the existing federal AMs permitted to the grazing association would occur.

Grazing fees would be collected from this allotment, and contribute towards CP funds. Maintenance 

of existing range infrastructure would be the responsibility of the grazing association. Noxious 

weeds control would continue to be cooperatively managed by the Forest Service, grazing 

association, and county weed boards. Livestock and the associated permit management would 

continue to be vectors for the spread of noxious weeds.

Riparian – The riparian conditions along Magpie Creek as described in the Existing Condition 

would continue.

Woody Draws – Continuation of current management would perpetuate or gradually decrease the 

proportion of 50 percent Healthy woody draws. Less than Healthy woody draws were often situated 

near developed water sources and would continue to experience high degrees of disturbance, while 

Healthy draws were located in secondary range with lower degrees of livestock use. Summer 

grazing periods with a second rotation through the first pasture of use each year would contribute to 

the degree of woody draw browsing and trampling disturbances. Consistently increased stocking to 

the level of Authorized Use would contribute to decreasing woody draw conditions compared to 

typically reported levels of use. 

Herbaceous Structure – Current management is projected to continue the existing herbaceous 

structure distribution and provides limited opportunities to improve structure distribution. An 

Authorized Use that is 14 percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity would be 

contributing to the conditions.

Seral Stages – Continuation of current management would result in the persistence of mid seral 

stages that were present in all sample plots. Multiple grazing rotations in each pasture provide some 

opportunity for plants to complete critical growth periods during alternate years. However, 

premature mid-May grazing during alternate years in each pasture has the potential to decrease 

plant vigor and production, and a second rotation later in the season can compound these effects. 

Existing invasive grasses measured in most sample sites have a high potential to increase under 

current levels of use and premature grazing. Contributions of crested wheatgrass and bluegrass that 

are of decreased palatability during frequent grazing seasons would increase the level of native 

grass utilization compared to assumptions of equal forage utilization.

Sharp-tailed Grouse – Existing management would not enhance High structure herbaceous 

grasslands, thus limiting the potential to enhance potential grouse nesting and brooding habitat. An 

Authorized Use that is 17 percent higher than initial estimated carrying capacity and the deferred 

rotation would be contributing to the conditions.

Effects of Alternative 3

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorizing 1,044 federal AMs.

 Annually changing season of use between pastures 1 and 2.

 Fencing three reservoirs to control access to water in pasture 2.
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ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 Adjusting Authorized Use. 

 Temporarily fencing crested wheatgrass areas and early grazing once every 3 years.

Range

Initial Actions – Because the initial Authorized Use would remain the same as current 

management, the permittee would be allowed to harvest the same amount. The timing of the 

removal of forage within the pastures would change from the existing condition because of the 

proposed initial actions. Annually changing the season of use between pastures 1 and 2 may change 

the distribution of livestock within the pastures, but depends on the use of other management tools, 

such as supplemental mineral/protein due to the palatability of the herbaceous species. Currently 

these pastures are made up of both crested wheatgrass and native graminoid species. Without an 

attractant, livestock would tend to avoid the areas of crested wheatgrass later in the grazing season 

and put extra grazing pressure on the native species. This action would provide opportunities for 

initial growth and/or regrowth of herbaceous species in each pasture from year to year.

Fencing off the reservoirs in pasture 2 in combination with the two-pasture deferred grazing system 

would allow the managers to adjust the timing and duration of livestock grazing within areas of 

pasture 2. 

Adaptive Options – Adjusting Authorized Use downward would result in fewer livestock numbers, 

less grazing days, or a combination of the two because of the turn-in permit for this allotment.

Adjusting Authorized Use would not change the distribution of the livestock, but the amount of 

forage harvested would be less than the current harvest.

Temporarily fencing and grazing crested wheatgrass areas early one out of every 3 years would 

allow native grasses the opportunity to reach range. Livestock distribution would change when 

temporary fencing is installed since livestock would be confined to a smaller area. Livestock 

grazing pressure would be higher within the fenced off area, and in return, other undesirable species 

may be utilized.

Riparian

Initial Actions – It is expected that desired conditions along Magpie Creek would continue with the 

initial actions proposed.

Annually changing season of use between pastures 1 and 2 would have no effect on riparian 

conditions along Magpie Creek because livestock use on the creek would not increase.

Fencing three reservoirs to control access to water in pasture 2 would have no effect on riparian 

conditions along Magpie Creek due to livestock being located in a different pasture.

Adaptive Options – It is expected that desired conditions along Magpie Creek would continue with 

the adaptive options proposed.

Reducing Authorized Use should help improve the uplands vegetation which in turn reduces 

overland flow, further benefitting the riparian conditions along Magpie Creek. A reduction in 

overland flow delivered to the creek would result in reduced stream velocities allowing for the 

establishment of riparian vegetation which would build stream banks.
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Temporarily fencing crested wheatgrass areas with early grazing once every 3 years would have no 

effect on riparian conditions along Magpie Creek because livestock use would not increase.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Switching to a deferred rotation from the modified twice-over system would not 

contribute to appreciable improvement of woody draw conditions because the majority of the 

grazing season would continue during the warm summer months when livestock are apt to seek 

woody draw amenities. The close proximity of water sources to several draws would contribute to 

the persistence of browsing and trampling disturbances. 

Fencing three reservoirs in pasture 2 would facilitate the control of livestock distribution and 

utilization with a degree of decreased browsing and trampling disturbances within adjacent At Risk 

woody draws that occur around two of the reservoirs. However, woody draws would continue to be 

sought for shade and escape from insect pests. 

Consistently increased stocking to the level of Authorized Use compared to currently reported use 

would contribute to increased woody draw disturbances and decreased conditions.

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate increased woody draw conditions 

by decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances, with the degree of effect proportional to the 

decrease in use. Planned or reported use has been appreciably less than Authorized Use during 5 of 

6 years, so reductions in Authorized Use would have to approach 40 percent to affect a decrease in 

actual use. 

Temporarily fencing crested wheatgrass for early season use once every 3 years would decrease 

livestock access to woody draws for a short portion of the grazing season. However, this would not 

be sufficient to shift from At Risk to Healthy woody draw conditions due to the low frequency and 

short influence of the action. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 14 percent, 

accounting for cow size, which could result in limiting the level of residual cover. The effectiveness 

of annually changing the season of use would be limited due to the proposed Authorized Use and 

the inadequate regrowth time available after rotating. Fencing reservoirs to control access could aid 

in water management. Possible management scenarios could result in promoting a more uneven 

livestock distribution and improved herbaceous structure heterogeneity but alternative scenarios are 

not proposed at this time. However, it is projected that the effectiveness of water management 

would be limited due to the proposed initial Authorized Use level.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could have a positive impact on the herbaceous 

structure distribution by allowing for higher residual cover levels to remain after grazing. 

Temporarily fencing the crested wheatgrass and grazing early has the potential to improve 

herbaceous structure. If the fence were retained for the grazing season to allow for the full potential 

regrowth, higher herbaceous structure could be improved. But if the temporary fence is removed 

after the focused grazing period (one every 3 years), then it is expected that some use, patch 

grazing, and trampling would occur within the stand and regrowth would not reach its potential.
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Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Switching to a deferred rotation from the modified twice-over system, along with 

delaying turn-in onto native dominated pastures until June 1st, would increase opportunities for 

plants to complete critical growth periods and increase in vigor. Potential contributions of crested 

wheatgrass and invasive grasses that would be of low palatability during the majority of the grazing 

season at least 2 of every 3 years would contribute to selective utilization of the native component 

and impede the development of late seral stages. Consistently increased stocking to the level of 

Authorized Use compared to currently reported use would facilitate shifts towards early seral stages 

with an increased potential for invasive grass spreading. 

Fencing three reservoirs and managing a water tank to control livestock access would allow for 

management of livestock distribution and utilization, but potentially decrease the mosaic of grazing 

pressure and seral stages that would contribute to the predominance of mid seral stages. 

Adaptive Options – Decreasing Authorized Use would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages by 

decreasing the level of grazing and trampling disturbances, with the degree of effect proportional to 

the decrease in use. Planned or reported use has been appreciably less than Authorized Use during 5 

of 6 years, so reductions in Authorized Use would have to approach 40 percent to affect a decrease 

in actual use. 

Temporarily fencing crested wheatgrass stands for early season grazing once every 3 years would 

have the potential of decreasing native grass utilization during the affected year, with potentially 

increased plant vigor and production. However, shifts towards late seral stages would continue to be 

impeded by selective use of the native forage component 2 of every 3 years.

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – The Authorized Use exceeds the initial estimated carrying capacity by 14 percent, 

accounting for cow size, which would result in limiting the level of residual cover with less 

potential carryover for grouse nesting needs in the spring. The effectiveness of annually changing 

the season of use would be limited due to the proposed Authorized Use level and the inadequate 

regrowth time available after rotating, resulting in limited quantities of carry over. Fencing the 

reservoirs in pasture 2 could aid in a proposed water management system. Water sources could be 

used to promote uneven livestock distribution and encourage habitat heterogeneity for grouse but 

alternative scenarios are not proposed at this time. Further, it is projected that this tool would be 

limited due to the proposed Authorized Use level.

Adaptive Options – Adjusting the Authorized Use could have a positive impact on grouse nesting 

and brooding habitat by allowing for higher levels of residual cover to be carried over the winter 

into the following spring for grouse nesting habitat. Temporarily fencing the crested wheatgrass and 

grazing early (one out of 3 years) has the potential to improve grouse habitat by increasing the 

amount of carry over in to the following spring for nesting habitat needs. If the temporary fence 

were retained for the grazing season, allowing for full potential regrowth, habitat could be improved 

within the crested wheatgrass for 1 year out of 3. But if the fence is removed after the focused 

grazing period, then it is expected that some use, patch grazing, and trampling would occur within 
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the stand(s) and regrowth would not reach its potential and less residual cover would be carried over 

to the following spring to be available for nesting needs.

Effects of Alternative 3A

The actions both initial and adaptive are the same as Alternative 3; therefore, Alternative 3A would 

have the same effects as Alternative 3 and will not be repeated here.

Effects of Alternative 4

The effects of the actions in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3 with the exceptions of the 

following changes; therefore, the analysis below focuses on the effects of those actions.

INITIAL ACTIONS:

 Authorized Use in AUMs is set based on initial estimated carrying capacity.

 Changing season of use between pastures 1 and 2. Temporarily fencing crested wheatgrass areas 

and grazing early every third year (see Allotment 130).

 Fencing three reservoirs to control access to water in pasture 2. Managing tank and reservoirs to 

control animal distribution.

ADAPTIVE OPTIONS:

 The adaptive options and effects thereof in Alternative 4 are the same as Alternative 3. 

Range 

Initial Actions – Authorized Use for this allotment would be 1,051 federal AUMs, which is the 

initial estimated carrying capacity for the allotment. The existing Authorized Use of 1,044 federal

AMs converted to AUMs by adjusting for cow size is 1,201 federal AUMs. The effect of setting 

Authorized Use at the initial estimated carrying capacity equates to a 12 percent reduction in AUMs 

from existing Authorized Use. Because AUMs are authorized in Alternative 4, the manager would 

have to factor in the size of the cow when calculating the number of head and the grazing season 

duration that can be grazed when planning the rotation for the allotment.

Changing the season of use between pastures 1 and 2 and temporarily fencing and grazing the 

crested wheatgrass areas early every third year would allow native grasses the opportunity to reach 

range readiness while the crested wheatgrass is being utilized. Livestock distribution would change 

when the temporary fence is installed since livestock would be confined to a smaller area. Livestock 

grazing pressure would be higher within the fenced off area, and in return other undesirable species 

may be utilized as a result. These actions would also provide opportunities for initial growth and/or 

regrowth of herbaceous species in each pasture from year to year.

Managing livestock tanks and fenced reservoirs would allow managers to adjust the timing and 

duration of livestock grazing within areas of the pasture thus reducing livestock grazing pressure 

within the surrounding areas of the existing water developments. However, this would increase the 

intensity of permittee management to ensure that no one area was over utilized.
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Riparian – The effects would be the same as described previously in Alternative 3.

Woody Draws

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 12 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate increased woody draw conditions by 

decreasing browsing and trampling disturbances. However, the effect of the reduction would be 

reduced by the new level of Authorized Use that would range from 45 percent greater to 12 percent 

less than typically reported use. 

Effects of the deferred rotation and fencing crested wheatgrass were discussed under Alternative 3 

and would not be appreciably different with the reduction in use. The effects of fencing three 

reservoirs, as well as managing a water tank, would be similar to the effects discussed under 

Alternative 3. 

Herbaceous Structure

Initial Actions – Balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity and 

accounting for cow size could result in increased levels of residual cover at the end of the year and 

an improved herbaceous structure distribution. A more balanced Authorized Use could permit the 

other tools to be more effective.

Seral Stages

Initial Actions – Decreasing Authorized Use by 12 percent according to initial estimated carrying 

capacity and adjustments for cow size would facilitate shifts towards late seral stages. However, the 

potential effect would be decreased by the new level of Authorized Use ranging from 45 percent

greater to 12 percent less than typically reported use. Combining livestock herds and switching to a 

deferred rotation from the modified twice-over system, along with delaying turn-in onto native 

grasses until June 1st, would increase opportunities for plants to complete critical growth periods, 

increase in vigor, and potentially shift towards late seral stages. 

Sharp-tailed Grouse

Initial Actions – Balancing the Authorized Use with the initial estimated carrying capacity and 

accounting for cow size would result in increased levels of residual cover at the end of the year and 

improved grouse nesting habitat. A more balanced Authorized Use could permit the other tools to 

be more effective.
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SHORT TERM USE/ LONG TERM PRODUCTIVITY

NEPA requires consideration of “the relationship between short-term uses of man’s environment 

and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity” (40 CFR 1502.16). As declared 

by the Congress, this includes using all practicable means and measures, including financial and 

technical assistance, in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare, to create and 

maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the 

social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans (NEPA 

Section 101). 

Alternative 1, while not having short-term uses, could result in a downward trend on long-term (>15 

years) productivity. Northern Great Plains mixed grass prairie evolved with herbivory and fire as 

disturbances that promote species diversity. Without herbivory, other disturbances such as mowing 

or prescribed burning would be required to maintain long-term productivity of plant and wildlife 

species. Alternative 2 could have long-term loss of productivity relative to the effects of invasive 

grass species invading and replacing native grass communities. This alternative may also see 

adverse long-term effects in woody draws and riparian areas, and possible sharp-tailed grouse 

populations due to the low amount of herbaceous high structure which would likely be maintained 

under this alternative. Alternatives 3 and 3A propose a series of different management actions to 

address resource concerns but maintain the current Authorized Use level. These alternatives would 

provide for some improvement for resources not at Desired Conditions. Alternative 4 utilizes a 

variety of range management actions plus sets authorize used at initial estimated carrying capacity

and adjusts for livestock weight. This alternative over the long term should improve the amount of 

high herbaceous structure and move adversely affected riparian and woody draws towards desired 

conditions. It should also slow the advance of invasives grasses. 

Alternatives 3, 3A, and 4 are adaptive management based. If implementation of initial actions, 

associated with the different resources don’t produce desired results, as determined by monitoring, 

then other management tools identified in the adaptive options for each allotment and/or the tool 

box will be available to address those concerns.

UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE EFFECTS

There are no completely unavoidable adverse effects from any of the alternatives. The only 

potentially unavoidable effect is the concern over advancing invasive grasses. The complexities of 

intermingled management, size of invaded areas, disagreement over techniques to address invasive 

grasses, etc. makes the effective treatment of invasive grasses difficult. So in the term of this 

project’s 10 to 15 years, a possible unavoidable effect may be increases in the amount of invasive 

grasses in the project area.
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IRREVERSIBLE/IRRETRIEVABLE

Irreversible commitments of resources are those that cannot be regained, such as the extinction of a 

plant or wildlife species or the removal of oil and gas. Irretrievable commitments are those that are 

lost for a period of time such as the temporary loss of timber productivity in forested areas that are 

kept clear for use as a power line rights-of-way or road. 

Existing invasive grasses are having an irretrievable effect on native plant communities. The 

alternatives would have varying degrees of potential effects on the spread of these grasses. 

Alternative 1 would remove livestock grazing in the project area. This may allow for a significant 

expansion in invasive grasses because livestock grazing is a primary tool that can be used to retard 

or possibly regress invasive grasses expansion. Alternative 2 would continue current management 

actions which would maintain or possibly see an expansion of invasive grasses. Alternatives 3 and 

3A are projected to see some improvement with the best potential results under Alternative 4. Given 

enough time and the right conditions existing invasive grasses might affect native communities to a 

point where their restoration is so difficult that it approaches an irreversible lose of native 

communities. 

OTHER REQUIRED DISCLOSURES

NEPA at 40 CFR 1502.25(a) directs “to the fullest extent possible, agencies shall prepare draft 

environmental impact statements concurrently with and integrated with ...other environmental 

review laws and executive orders.” 

The Forest Service has consulted with the North Dakota State Historic Preservation Office to ensure 

compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act. 

The project is consistent with Executive Order 12898, issued in 1994, which ordered federal 

agencies to identify and address the issues of environmental justice (i.e. adverse human health and 

environmental effects of agency programs that disproportionately impact minority and low income

populations). The environmental justice effects analysis is located in the Project Record.
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Index

A

alternative, 73, 97, 112, 132, 145, 623

alternatives, 623, 624

AM, 73, 97, 112, 145

AMs, 35, 73, 74, 112, 132, 155, 169, 203, 212, 284, 296, 307, 

323, 366, 382, 398, 496, 528, 551, 602, 607

AUMs, 14, 51, 58, 75, 98, 146, 166, 169, 183, 189, 203, 213, 

224, 285, 297, 363, 366, 400, 420, 424, 467, 497, 501, 

513, 525, 528, 539, 544, 568, 583, 603, 607, 618

C

carrying capacity, 169, 203, 501, 623

Cross fencing, 362

D

deferred rotation, 97, 189, 249, 323, 362, 375, 567, 603

E

erosion, 44, 68, 190, 358, 393, 406, 414, 488, 489, 577, 608

H

herbaceous structure, 623

I

income, 624

invasive grasses, 623, 624

issues, 624

N

noxious weeds, 393

O

overgrazing, 362

P

perennial stream, 317, 448, 614

perennial streams, 317, 448, 614

PFC, 5, 44, 67, 68, 92, 140, 161, 175, 207, 280, 293, 317, 318, 

358, 392, 413, 414, 448, 463, 488, 489, 507, 519, 534, 

561, 577, 596, 614

plant composition, 375

prescribed burn, 35, 49, 181, 249, 623

W

wildfire, 488, 497

winter feeding, 254

winter grazing, 73, 97, 112

woody draw, 132, 399, 400, 435, 453, 623

woody draws, 323, 453, 623