NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE PRESIDENT’S BUDGET

FOR

Fiscal Year 2006

A Report by the Subcommittee on Networking

and Information Technology Research and Development

Committee on Technology

National Science and Technology Council

FEBRUARY 2005

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT

OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20502

February 16, 2005

MEMBERS OF CONGRESS:

I am pleased to forward with this letter the annual report on the multi-agency Networking and

Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. This Supplement to the

President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2006 is a description of activities funded by Federal NITRD agencies

in the areas of advanced networking and information technologies. Innovations in science and

technology derived from NITRD investments are continuing to play an important role in strengthening

the Nation’s economy and contributing to a secure and prosperous future.

The strength of multi-agency programs like NITRD derives from the power of leveraging funding and

research results across many agencies, achieving far more than the investments of any single agency

could produce. The effectiveness of the NITRD program depends upon a sound coordinated investment

strategy and close interagency cooperation in both planning and execution. This Budget Supplement

provides a window into the strong interagency coordination that is occurring through the NITRD

Program.

I am pleased to provide to you this timely report.

Sincerely,

John H. Marburger III

Director

February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 1

Executive Summary

This Supplement to the President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2006 offers a brief technical outline of the 2006 budget

request for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program. Now in

its 14th year, the NITRD Program is a unique collaborative enterprise of Federal agencies engaged in long-term

R&D in information technology (IT) to support Federal missions and help sustain U.S. leadership in cutting-edge

science, engineering, and technology. NITRD is the Nation’s primary source of fundamental breakthroughs in

IT R&D and advanced education and training for the new generations of IT researchers, educators, and

entrepreneurs required to maintain U.S. innovation and economic prosperity.

The NITRD agencies coordinate their IT R&D activities in the following major research areas: high-end

computing applications and infrastructure; high-end computing research and development; large-scale

networking; human-computer interaction and information management; high-confidence software and systems;

software design and productivity; and social, economic, and workforce implications of IT and IT workforce

development.

The 2006 Supplement provides a two-page review of each NITRD research area summarizing the strategic

priorities underlying the budget request, highlights of the request, interagency planning and coordination

supporting the request, and an agency-by-agency listing of 2005 and proposed 2006 activities. Coordination

highlights for 2006 include joint planning and funding of R&D in software for high-end computing; mutually

agreed-upon agency efforts to open Federal HEC resources to wider research communities; collaborative planning

and activities in optical networking; a multiagency national workshop on information integration; a joint initiative

to create a prototype real-time high-confidence operating system engineered from the ground up to achieve high

assurance, security, and reliability; and the open Expedition Workshop series on IT applications to improve

government and community services to citizens.

The NITRD Program is coordinated by the Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research

and Development, under the aegis of the National Science and Technology Council’s Committee on Technology.

The National Coordination Office (NCO) for IT R&D provides technical and administrative support for the

Program.

NOTE: To assure brevity, abbreviations and acronyms are employed throughout the Supplement and a glossary is

included for reference. In conformance with OMB style, references to years in this report are to fiscal years unless

otherwise noted.

Table of Contents

High End Computing Infrastructure and Applications (HEC I&A) .............................................................. 2

High End Computing Research and Development (HEC R&D) .................................................................. 4

Human-Computer Interaction and Information Management (HCI&IM) .................................................... 6

Large Scale Networking (LSN) ...................................................................................................................... 8

High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS) .......................................................................................... 10

Software Design and Productivity (SDP) ..................................................................................................... . 12

Social, Economic, and Workforce Implications of IT and IT Workforce Development (SEW) .14

Agency NITRD Budgets ................................................................................................................................. 16

NITRD Budget Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 17

Roster of NITRD Subcommittee .................................................................................................................... 19

Participation in the NITRD Program .............................................................................................................. 20

Glossary ........................................................................................................................................................... 21

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................... 24
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 2

High End Computing (HEC) Infrastructure and Applications (I&A)

NITRD Agencies: NSF, NIH, DOE/SC, NASA, NIST, OSD, NOAA, EPA, DOE/NNSA

HEC I&A members coordinate Federal activities in advanced computer systems, applications software, and

related infrastructure, which have become core necessities for cutting-edge discovery across all scientific and

engineering fields. HEC capabilities provide researchers with an unprecedented ability to study the most complex

entities and processes in biology, chemistry, environmental sciences, materials science, nanoscale science and

technology, physics, and many other fields. In HEC I&A, Federal agencies work collaboratively to extend the

state of the art in computing systems, science and engineering applications, and data management. Amid

increasing global competition, ongoing improvements in U.S. high-end computing capabilities are needed to keep

the Nation at the forefront of 21st century science and engineering advances and to increase our understanding in

such critical areas as air and water quality, biological systems at all scales, energy sources and conservation,

environmental and human-engineered systems, and weather and climate.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• Sustaining U.S. scientific and engineering leadership in certain areas that are supported by Federal agencies’

science and national security missions will require ongoing investment in Federal HEC facilities and

advanced computational applications over the next five years. When extrapolating the recent pace of advances

in the use of available computing power to the end of the decade, petascale systems that are more than 100

times more powerful than today’s highest-end systems may well be necessary to help meet mission needs and

maintain the U.S. at the forefront of computational science innovation. The following critical issues

documented in the “Federal Plan for High-End Computing” – developed by the High-End Computing

Revitalization Task Force (HECRTF) and presented to Congress by the Administration in May 2004 – are

being addressed in HEC agencies’ leadership computing and acquisition coordination activities in HEC I&A:

o Availability and accessibility of Federal HEC resources for leading-edge scientific researchers. During

2005 and 2006, new high-end capacity systems will be made available to the scientific research

community (e.g., NSF, DOE/SC) that will expand researchers’ access to HEC resources.

o Next-generation HEC platforms for the largest-scale scientific problems. A new generation of capability

platforms will be provided to the scientific and engineering communities (e.g., NASA, NSF, DOE/SC,

DOE/NNSA). An example of a capability platform is NASA’s new Columbia system, whose overall high

performance enables scientists to execute in a day calculations that would previously have taken months

(e.g., the simulations validating the most likely cause of the wing damage that led to the Columbia shuttle

disaster).

o Coordinated, streamlined mechanisms for benchmarking and procurement of Federal HEC systems. The

agencies are developing mechanisms for opening computing cycles on leadership-class systems to peerreviewed projects from the broad academic and industrial R&D communities, and are working

collaboratively on new performance benchmarks to more accurately predict computing system

performance on diverse scientific problems and the total cost of ownership.

• The modeling and simulation of complex scientific systems and engineering problems enabled by high-end

computing are now an essential form of research and development. Recent successes, such as NOAA’s ability

for the first time to accurately predict 72 hours in advance the unusual track of hurricane Charlie in September

2004, saving lives and property, illustrate the great positive impact of computational science on the Nation.

Such examples of national impact, many cited in the HECRTF report, motivate HEC I&A priorities.

Highlights of Request

Acquisition of prototype leadership-class machines

• NSF: Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center’s new 2,000-processor, 10-teraflop Red Storm machine will be

available for research by science discipline users requiring orders of magnitude increases in capability

• DOE/SC (ORNL): Operation of two 20-teraflop peak capability leadership-class architectures to enable

scientific discovery
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 3

• NASA (ARC): New 10,420-processor, massively parallel processing (MPP) Columbia system will be partly

available for research by all science discipline users requiring orders of magnitude increases in capability over

today’s levels

Applications

• DOE/SC: Scientific Discovery Through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program’s achievement in

establishing multidisciplinary, multi-institutional teams of computer and disciplinary scientists to develop

high-quality software applications in the physical and biological sciences will be extended through recompetition of modeling and simulation applications for scientific discovery

• DOE/SC: Competition to select a small number of university-based SciDAC institutes that can become

centers of excellence in high-end computational science in areas critical to DOE missions and software

centers for high performance computing

• DOE/SC: Successful 2004 Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment (INCITE)

program (providing competitive access to 10 percent of National Energy Research Scientific Computing

Center [NERSC] system) will be re-competed in 2006

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

Infrastructure

• DOE/SC, NOAA, NSF, OSD: Connectivity and technology delivery to universities

• DARPA, NASA, NIST, NSA, NSF: Standards

• NASA, OSD: Acquisition coordination

• DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: Capability community resources

Applications

• DOE/SC, NASA, NIH, NSF: Multiscale biological modeling

• DOE/SC, EPA, NASA, NOAA, NSF, OSD: Climate and weather applications

• NASA, NOAA, NSF, OSD: Weather research and forecasting

• EPA, NOAA: Air quality modeling

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: NSF Cyberinfrastructure Framework – supports supercomputing, data resources, and networking needs of

the broad scientific community; Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF), with addition of Red Storm at Pittsburgh

Supercomputing Center in mid-2005 (this acquisition complements the 25 teraflops already available in the ETF);

ETF moves from construction phase to operational phase

NIH: National Centers for Biomedical Computing; Multiscale Modeling Initiative for Bioscience

DOE/SC: New capacity Linux cluster at NERSC; INCITE program; scientific applications pilots; multiscale

mathematics, SciDAC re-competition; leadership-class computing

NASA: Ames Research Center – 52-teraflop Columbia system for aerospace and Earth science; funding for 2006

reflects strategic focus on large-scale system and reduction in investments in Grand Challenge Applications

NIST: IMPI; immersive visualization infrastructure; modeling of nanostructure of cement and concrete;

fundamental mathematical tools (e.g., basic linear algebra subroutines [BLAS])

OSD (HPCMPO): Additional capacity for the High Performance Computing Centers (four major shared resource

centers – ARL, ASC, ERDC, NAVO; 16 distributed centers); software applications support (Common HPC

Software Support Initiative [CHSSI], HPC Software Applications Institutes, Programming Environment and

Training, Software Protection Center)

NOAA: Facilities – Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Forecast Systems Laboratory, National Center for

Environmental Protection; acquire and optimize the use of high-performance scalable systems for research

EPA: Air quality applications – optimization for scalable systems; GEOSS – enhanced environmental codes;

metabonomics initiative – shared access to data and results; facilities – Grid deployment

DOE/NNSA: Capability systems – Purple, BlueGene/L, Red Storm; capacity systems – Linux HPC clusters;

disruptive technologies – BlueGene/L as a scalable, low-power, low-cost-per-peak-TF computing system
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 4

High End Computing (HEC) Research and Development (R&D)

NITRD Agencies: NSF, NIH, DOE/SC, DARPA, NSA, NASA, NIST, OSD, NOAA, DOE/NNSA

HEC R&D members coordinate research and development activities to optimize the performance of today’s highend computing systems and to develop future generations of high-end computing systems necessary for meeting

critical Federal agency mission and scientific and engineering needs, addressing many of society’s most

challenging large-scale computational problems, and strengthening the Nation’s global leadership in science,

engineering, and technology.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• User requirements for HEC technology in the 2010 timeframe, as documented in the HECRTF report, include

achieving high sustained application performance, building and maintaining complex software, managing

dramatically increasing volumes of data, and integrating multiscale – in space and time – multidisciplinary

simulations. The report laid out a broad R&D agenda and roadmap in hardware (including components and

subsystems), software (including tools and languages), and systems (including architectures and programming

models), and a set of R&D roadmaps that inform the HEC R&D strategy, priorities, and interagency

coordination activities.

• Government, academic, and industry participants in the HECRTF activity highlighted the need for Federal

HEC R&D as the essential underpinning for continued U.S. leadership in high-end computing. The report

concluded that a revitalized R&D effort is necessary to:

o Refill the research pipeline with new ideas and the next generations of highly trained computer scientists.

DARPA, NSF, and DOE/SC have funded HEC University Research Activity (HEC-URA) to support

R&D in software for high-end systems.

o Preserve U.S. leadership in the development of the world’s most robust and innovative high-end systems,

with the goals of orders of magnitude increases in U.S. computational capabilities and significantly

improved cost-to-performance metrics. The DARPA High Productivity Computing Systems (HPCS)

program is funding research that will enable the next generation of high-end computing systems

envisioned in 2010. These will be systems capable of petaflops of sustained operations.

o Reduce industry and end-user risk by undertaking the testing and evaluation of early prototype HEC

systems and software. The DARPA HPCS program seeks to minimize the risk to industry by funding

research activities leading to next-generation capability systems and by working with the HPCS mission

partners to acquire early versions of these systems. NSA’s continuing HEC efforts in collaboration with

other agencies in development of the Red Storm, X1e, and Black Widow supercomputers helps ensure

that these systems also will be available for acquisition by other agencies and companies.

o Strengthen R&D in HEC component and software technologies to make HEC systems easier to use. An

HPCS-associated activity is the HPCS productivity effort, which is exploring language and development

environments geared to workflows producing high-end applications.

• The HECRTF R&D strategy advances the development of robust and innovative systems and reduces

industry and end-user risk by supporting the test and evaluation of HEC systems and software technologies. It

calls for integrating hardware and software innovations to enable rapid advances in end-user applications.

This approach is key to current and future HEC R&D priorities and activities.

Highlights of Request

• DOE/SC: Re-competition of the SciDAC program, which has been successful in establishing

multidisciplinary, multi-institutional teams in applied mathematics and computer science that are developing

advanced software and computational tools for the physical and biological sciences

• DOE/SC: New competitive program to support next generation of Research and Evaluation Testbeds that

enable SciDAC teams to evaluate the promise of future computer architectures for their applications

• DARPA, DOE/SC, NSF: HEC-URA to fund university research in software specifically for high-end

computing (NSA helped plan the activity)
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 5

• DARPA, with DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: HPCS Phase III – final, full-scale

development phase of DARPA’s HPCS program

• NSA, DOE/SC (SNL and ORNL): Continue cooperative development of Black Widow and Red Storm

systems, leading to introduction in 2006 of a new generation of these systems

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: Technical and planning workshops

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NSA, OSD: Joint planning memorandum of understanding (MOU)

• DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC: NA/CSTB study, “Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing”

• DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC: Open-source software

Systems architecture activities

• DOE/SC, NASA, NIST, NOAA, NSF, OSD: Testbeds

• DARPA, with DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: HPCS Phase II

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: Blue Gene/L, Red Storm, Black Widow reviews

• DARPA, NIST, NSA, NSF: Quantum information science

Systems software development

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NSA, NSF (DOE/NNSA participates in proposal reviews): HEC-URA

• DARPA, with DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: HPCS productivity metrics

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC, NASA, NSA, NSF, OSD: Benchmarking and performance modeling

• DARPA, DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC: Scalable visualization and file system

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: Supports university-based research on formal and mathematical foundations (algorithmic and computational

science); foundations of computing processes and artifacts (software, architecture, design); emerging models for

technology and computation (biologically motivated, quantum, and nanotechnology-based computing and

design); distributed systems and next-generation software systems; data-driven science including bioinformatics,

geoinformatics, cognitive neuroscience; infrastructure development (create, test, harden next-generation systems);

and software and tools for high-end computing

DOE/SC: SciDAC Integrated Software Infrastructure Centers in applied mathematics (applied partial differential

equations and terascale tools) and computer science (component technology, scalable systems, engineering of

system performance, scientific data management); operating/runtime systems for extreme-scale scientific

computation; advanced computing research testbeds (ORNL X1e system)

DARPA: HPCS program – Phase II ends mid-2006 when full-scale development (Phase III) begins; Council on

Competitiveness HPC Initiative (with DOE/SC, DOE/NNSA) to promote industry involvement; Polymorphous

Computing Architectures program (agile, reconfigurable systems); HEC-URA support (with DOE/SC, NSF)

NSA: Architectures and systems; high-speed switches and interconnects; programming environments; quantum

information sciences; vendor partnerships; X1e/Black Widow (extend development of the NSA/OSD X1 system

to hundreds of teraflops)

NASA: Multiagency coordination activities in architectures, testbeds, and system performance assessment

NIST: Research in quantum computing and secure quantum communications

NOAA: Development of skills, algorithms, and techniques to fully utilize scalable computing for improved

environmental understanding and prediction

DOE/NNSA: Software quality engineering for longevity of codes; verification to ensure accuracy, validation of

the problem solution, certification methodology; capability computing, capacity computing; problem solving

environments; industry collaboration; tracking requirements
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 6

Human-Computer Interaction and Information Management (HCI&IM)

NITRD Agencies: NSF, NIH, DARPA, NASA, AHRQ, NIST, NOAA, EPA

Other Participants: AFRL, FAA, ONR

HCI&IM R&D aims to increase the benefit of computer technologies to humans, particularly the science and

engineering R&D community. To that end, HCI&IM R&D invests in technologies for mapping human knowledge

into computing systems, communications networks, and information systems and back to human beings, all for

the benefit of human understanding, analysis, and use. Specific R&D areas are user interaction technologies,

cognitive systems, information systems, and robotics.

Highlights of the President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• Key national priorities – including national defense, national and homeland security, large-scale scientific

research, air-traffic control, emergency planning and response, health care, space exploration, and weather

and climate prediction – typically require advanced HCI&IM technologies. Current NITRD work includes:

o Technologies for multimodal language recognition and translation, multimodal user interfaces, and

biometric identification and verification

o IT capabilities that enable people rapidly to access and understand information that may come from many

sources and in many forms (signals and audio, video, and text in diverse languages). Integrating

heterogeneous, multimodal data quickly into useful formats remains a major R&D challenge.

o Robotic vehicles and devices – such as those deployed in Afghanistan, Iraq, space exploration, urban

search-and-rescue operations, and human assistive equipment

o Cognitive systems – those able to “learn,” adapt to changing circumstances, and self-heal. HCI&IM

agencies’ R&D in systems that can adjust to keep functioning under duress is vital for battlefield

conditions and for deployability of robotic devices in hazardous or life-critical environments.

• In the information integration area, the NITRD agencies and the weather and climate modeling community

are achieving a notable advance that will provide a model for other data-intensive research fields. The

unprecedented national ESMF effort to build an interoperable infrastructure of data standards and reusable,

user-friendly software tools is enabling all researchers to access and work collaboratively with the vast stores

of U.S. climate data. Efforts such as GEOSS (EPA, NASA, NOAA, NSF) will link together strategies and

systems, including ESMF, for Earth observation across multiple scientific boundaries. Measurements of air,

water, and land made on the ground, from the air, or from space will be fused, manipulated, and mined.

Highlights of Request

• NSF, other HCI&IM agencies: National workshop on information integration – will identify key issues such

as privacy, security, interoperability, and standards in advancing the utility of heterogeneous, multimodal

information environments; goal will be to target R&D areas for coordinated NITRD efforts.

• NSF: Continue support for R&D in information integration across scientific disciplines and domains;

machine vision, speech recognition, and other robotic technologies

• DARPA, with NSF: Continue cognitive-systems work – research supported by NSF and DARPA is used in

DARPA’s Improving Warfighter Information Under Stress program

• NASA: Exploration Systems Mission Directorate will initiate research on mobile agents (human-robotics

collaborations)

• AHRQ: Continue funding multiagency initiatives to develop critical health data standards (with NLM on

medical terminology standards; with NIST on developing a U.S. health standards model and application; with

FDA on prescription drug data standards, such as an electronic labeling system)

• EPA, NOAA, NSF, and other agencies: Continue work on HCI&IM aspects of ESMF (e.g., data management

and interoperability standards; reusable, user-friendly modeling tools and utilities for researchers)

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

• NSF, with other HCI&IM agencies: Planning meeting to develop agenda and structure for 2006 information

integration workshop
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 7

• DARPA, NIST, NSA: Multiyear collaboration on Effective, Affordable, Reusable, Speech-to-text (EARS)

and Translingual Information Detection, Extraction, and Summarization (TIDES) programs

• NASA, AFRL, FAA: Collaborative work in aviation and aviation safety (NASA projects with FAA on

automated vehicle cockpits and air traffic management and risk will continue in 2006)

• AHRQ, EPA, NIH, NIST, NSF: Regular information exchanges and R&D collaborations in biomedical

research and health care data and information summarization, curation, analysis, and retrieval

• EPA, NASA, NOAA, NSF: Ongoing collaboration in climate, weather, and environmental modeling and

simulation

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: Supports university-based research on intelligent robots and machine vision technologies to help people of

all ages participate as first-class citizens in the information society; automatic multilingual speech-recognition

toolkits; systems to recognize spontaneous speech despite disfluencies and multiple speakers; information

infrastructure to enable spoken, written, and multimodal communications R&D; information integration,

especially domain-specific and general-purpose tools for integrating information from disparate sources; projects

to advance understanding of technology to enable scientific discovery and integrate research and education to

benefit technical specialists and the general public; SEIII program – an outgrowth of ITR; planning for 2006

workshop on information integration. Participates in IWGEO, the Interagency Working Group for US_GEOSS;

planning for NSF observations data to be part of GEOSS.

NIH: Curation and analysis of massive biomedical and clinical research data collections; tools to manage and use

massive new databases; tools for building and integrating ontologies; software tools for visualizing complex data

sets; curation tools; building nationwide support for standard vocabularies; information integration

DARPA: CAST; EARS; Improving Warfighter Information Intake Under Stress; TIDES

NASA: Multimodal interaction; data visualization and understanding; human-in-the-loop supervisory control (the

design of intelligent and intelligible automation, human-robotic interaction); knowledge engineering and capture;

risk management; projects in human-centered computing and intelligent data understanding end in 2005

AHRQ: Implement health information technology in rural and small communities and evaluate impact; assess

clinical, safety, quality, financial, and organizational effectiveness and efficiency; establish health care data

standards to support patient safety technologies; further develop a National Health Information Infrastructure

(NHII) that includes an Electronic Health Record System to support health care decisions by allowing authorized

users to access patient-level information and appropriate medical knowledge; state and regional demonstration

projects of electronic health information exchange using clinical data standards

NIST: Improved performance and measurement in evaluation of technologies for text retrieval, question and

answer, EARS, TIDES, TREC, document understanding, topic detection, automatic content extraction, machine

translation, meeting transcription, speaker recognition, and language recognition; fingerprint and face recognition

standards, interoperability; multimedia standards, video retrieval, visualization and virtual reality for

manufacturing, video analysis and content extraction, motion image quality; software usability reporting standard;

usability and accessibility of voting systems; roadmap for novel intelligence from massive data; user interface and

test arenas for mobile robots; digital library of mathematical functions, accessibility standards; PerMIS

conference; testbed for human interaction in smart space environment with microphones and video cameras

NOAA: Methods for cataloging, searching, viewing, and retrieving Web-based NOAA data; exploit geographic

information system (GIS) and XML to display and describe data and develop methods to distribute model data;

improve access to NWS model data subsets

EPA: Explore potential linkages between air quality and human health; develop collaborative frameworks for

shared access to data and results, joint use of applications and visualization tools, and participatory analysis across

scientific communities; evaluate distribution, management, and archiving of large data sets and the analytical

tools that illuminate the causal relationships among environmental phenomena

ONR: Focus on team collaborative behavior in IT-enabled environments and on the impact of IT on the structure

and function of teams. Other areas include: developing low-cost, easy-to-use applications of cognitive models

during system design and implementation, information visualization formats to maximize human use of content,

and developing user IT support strategies and methods to aid users when interruptions interfere with their work.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 8

Large Scale Networking (LSN)

LSN Agencies: NSF, NIH, DOE/SC, DARPA, NSA, NASA, AHRQ, NIST, OSD, NOAA, DOE/NNSA

Other Participants: DHS, FCC, USGS

LSN members coordinate Federal agency high-performance networking R&D in leading-edge networking

technologies, services, and enhanced performance including programs in advanced network components, optical

network testbeds, security, infrastructure, and middleware; grid and collaboration networking tools and services;

and engineering, management, and use of large-scale networks for scientific and applications R&D.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• By 2008, science cooperation and model development in high-energy physics, bioinformatics, weather,

astrophysics, and other areas will require near-real-time petabyte and above data transfers. Current technology

and the Internet Protocol (IP) will not scale to this level. This need is addressed by 2006 LSN coordination on

optical networking testbeds to develop the generalized multi-protocol label switching (GMPLS) protocol,

interdomain resource reservation and management, and optical networking protocols and switches.

• Secure interdomain cooperation and collaboration is hindered by lack of a scalable authentication,

authorization, and accounting protocol (AAA). In 2006, the LSN agencies will cooperatively develop an AAA

interagency testbed with the aim of later expanding the AAA protocols to larger-scale networks. They are also

developing security best practices and new technologies such as automated intrusion response.

• Optimizing application performance over networks is severely constrained by lack of visibility into the

interior of networks. Joint Engineering Team (JET) members are coordinating implementation of standard

measurement boxes and standard protocols allowing end-to-end tuning of application performance.

Highlights of Request

Promote development and coordination of Optical Networking Testbeds (ONTs): NSF’s CHEETAH and

DRAGON networks, DOE/SC’s UltraScience Net, and coordination with OMNInet, NationalLambda Rail, and

regional ONTs. These testbeds are developing GMPLS, agile circuit-switching, and interdomain control plane

tools, services, and management (e.g., resource reservation, security). Collaborative activities include:

• All: Coordination of network backup during times of stress, outage, or national emergency

• All: Coordination on OMB’s call for cybersecurity implementation

• DOE/SC, NSF: End-to-end agile networking

• DOE/SC, NSF: High speed transport protocol

• DOE/SC, NSF, others: End-to-end QoS/GMPLS

• DARPA, NSA, NSF, OSD: End-to-end network performance measurement

• DARPA, NSF, FCC: Programmable wireless networking (ProWin) and networking of

sensor systems (NOSS)

• DHS, DOE/SC, NSF, OSD: Network security research

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

• Co-funding: NSF networking research projects (e.g., cyber security, fundamental network research) receive

support from DARPA, DHS, DOE/SC, and NSA

• Workshops: Follow-up meeting on 2004 JET Roadmap Workshop co-sponsored by DOE/SC, NSF to plan

joint activities; LSN ONT Workshop, August 2004 to plan 2005-06 activities; 2005 NSF Cybersecurity

Follow-on Workshop; DOE/SC National Collaboratories Workshop to plan 2005-06 programs

• Coordination by LSN Teams:

o Joint Engineering Team (JET): DOE/SC, NASA, NIH, NIST, NOAA, NSA, NSF, OSD, USGS, with

national labs, universities, and vendors (ANL, ARSC, CAIDA, Cisco, CSC, FIU, Internet2, ISI, IU,

Juniper, MAX, NLANR, Qwest, StarLight, UIC, UMd, UNC, UW) – ONTs; engineering research

networks (JETnets); security best practices; applications testbeds (IPv6, IPv6 multicast, performance

measurement); metrics and monitoring: interdomain, end-to-end, internal network visibility;
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 9

recommendations: 9,000-byte MTU; international coordination

o Middleware and Grid Infrastructure Coordination (MAGIC) Team: DOE/SC, NIH, NIST, NOAA,

NSF, with national labs, universities, and vendors (ANL, Boeing, Cisco, Educause, Fairfield

Technology, HP, IBM, Internet2, ISI, LANL, Level3, LBL, Microsoft, PNL, UCAR, UIUC, UMd,

UWisc) – middleware and Grid tools and services; collaboration infrastructure; applications; security,

privacy (coordinate certificate authorities); standards development; international coordination

o Networking Research Team (NRT): DARPA, DOE/SC, NASA, NIST, NSA, NSF – basic research

(technology and systems); prototyping/testing optical networks (dynamic provisioning, GMPLS-based

control plane); applications; wireless, nomadic networking (ad hoc, mobile); education and training

• Information exchange: Multiagency LSN program manager participation in review panels, informational

meetings, principal investigator (PI) meetings; monthly LSN, JET, MAGIC, and NRT meetings; tactical

coordination among program managers with common interests; DOE ESSC meetings coordinated with

Internet2 Joint Techs Meetings; GMPLS working group coordinating development of inter-domain signaling

in agile optical networks

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: Sponsorship at universities of fundamental networking research (architectures, fundamental design, control

and management, innovative technologies, extensible networks, strategic research); networking of sensor systems

(network programming, hardware/software, architecture, privacy/security, protocols, and algorithms);

programmable wireless networks (dynamic spectrum management, topology discovery, robust/secure

architecture, applications development, management); CAREER awards for networking research; network

security (intrusion/attack detection and prevention, network forensics, critical systems protection, survivable

designs and protocols); infrastructure development (create, test, and harden next-generation systems); optical

networking testbeds (DRAGON, CHEETAH, applications development, security, GMPLS, interdomain services,

bandwidth on demand)

NIH: Testbed projects to demonstrate QoS, security and medical data privacy, nomadic computing, network

management, collaboratory infrastructure technology; Biomedical Informatics Research Network (BIRN)

DOE/SC: Middleware and network research (on-demand bandwidth, Grid security, transport protocols, control

plane signaling [optical networking], guaranteed end-to-end bandwidth); and network testbeds (Grid3 currently

operational); UltraScience Net (research and engineering prototype); QoS/MPLS Testbed (ESnet production

network)

DARPA: Self-aware collective systems (resilient, scalable, self-diagnosing, self-healing collections of assets);

cognitive networking (self-aware, self-managing networks)

NSA: Wired and wireless location-based services; optical routing and control; quantum communications and

quantum key distribution; high-speed information security; pricing models in networking and information

assurance

NASA: Space communications and networking (backbone networks and ad hoc networking, energy-efficient

integrated communications/networking, data and link layer applications); networking for supercomputing support;

projects in Grid computing and space communications end in 2005

NIST: Complex systems (Web service/global information systems, self-managing systems, wireless protocols for

healthcare, IP telephony): trustworthy networking (cryptographic standards and applications, smart card security,

quantum communications, next-generation protocol architecture, Internet infrastructure protection); networking

for public safety: protocols for public safety communications, indoor localization

OSD (HPCMPO): IP end-to-end performance measurement, measurement tools, IPv6 pilots, network security

(WAN firewalls and encryption), automated management, IPv6 multicast, and broadband access to Hawaii and

Alaska

NOAA: Advanced networking infrastructure including distributed Web servers; computer and network security;

applications (collaboratories, Grid computing, storm-scale simulations, wireless, remote operation)
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 10

High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS)

NITRD Agencies: NSF, NIH, DARPA, NSA, NASA, NIST, OSD

Other Participants: AFRL, ARO, DHS, FAA, FDA, ONR

HCSS activities focus on the basic science and information technologies necessary to achieve affordable and

predictable high levels of safety, security, reliability, and survivability in U.S. national security- and safety-critical

systems. These activities are essential in domains such as aviation, health care, national defense, and

infrastructure.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• Assuring the security, safety, and highly dependable performance of systems and software in critical

applications and U.S. infrastructures is one of the most significant and difficult challenges in computing and

networking R&D. The technical complexity of these systems continues to grow rapidly in two directions –

ever-larger systems of systems involving many millions of lines of code and ever-smaller embedded systems

and networks of such systems. As of 2005, the NITRD research community is in the third year of an intensive

focus on software and systems assurance arising not only from the new national security climate but also from

the rapid emergence of embedded sensor applications in industry; the growing need for secure, reliable IT

systems in health care informatics and medical devices; and the increasing complexity of large-scale systems

of systems such as the U.S. financial system.

• Agencies’ 2006 plans reflect their search for new science-based concepts, technologies, and tools that can

revolutionize not only the engineering processes for construction, testing, and certification of software, but

also the overall engineering of systems to incorporate high assurance levels at every stage of system design –

a new concept in IT R&D. The new area of hybrid and embedded systems such as medical devices offers a

rare opportunity to instantiate high assurance from the beginning, not just re-engineer legacy systems.

Highlights of Request

• NSF: Develop a new Computer Systems Research program in basic and technology research for highconfidence embedded systems, hybrid control, distributed systems; continue Cyber Trust and Science of

Design themes across the divisions of CISE Directorate

• NSF, DHS: Continue DETER/EMIST network testbed and experimental framework for network security

research launched in 2004

• DARPA, NSF: Continue four jointly funded, multi-university projects in Cyber Trust that are developing

methods for demonstrating that large software systems are free from flaws

• NSA, NSF, with NASA, NIST, and other HCSS participants: Initiate a jointly funded research project on

assured and composable, secure, real-time operating systems and middleware. The project will develop an

integrated systems and verification technology base for assured systems that are component-oriented,

configurable, and coordinated. The goal is to enable future distributed, real-time, embedded systems that

have security and assurance built in “from the ground up.”

• NSA, NSF, with other HCSS agencies: Verification Grand Challenge Workshop planning

• NIST: New activity in high-confidence methods for voting and vote counting

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

• HCSS CG and agencies: Two-part High Confidence Medical Device Software and Systems (HCMDSS)

activity – November 2004 workshop planning meeting; June 2005 national workshop on improving design,

certification, and operation (by both health care professionals and consumers) of medical device software and

systems that will result in better and more cost-effective medical care

• HCSS CG, FAA: Aviation workshop planning meeting and workshop to address safety issues in certification

of autonomous vehicles and air traffic management; goal is to formulate a research agenda that addresses

safety and security and is compatible/compliant with civilian processes.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 11

• DARPA, NIST, NSF, FAA, ONR: Support for NA/CSTB Cyber Security study

• NSA, NSF, ONR, with participation by DARPA, NASA, NIST, ARO, FAA, FDA: NA/CSTB study on

“Sufficient Evidence? Building Certifiably Dependable Systems” to assess current practices for developing

and evaluating mission-critical software, with an emphasis on dependability

• NSA, NSF, with NASA, NIST, other HCSS participants: Collaborative study and planning for 2006

initiative for a real-time research operating system using open systems technologies

• NSA, NSF, with HCSS agencies: Planning workshop for Software Verification Grand Challenge conference

• NSA, with participation by other HCSS agencies: Fifth annual HCSS conference in Spring 2005 to

showcase recent technical accomplishments, promising research activities, and future research directions, all

focused on improving the confidence of software and systems

• NIST, with participation by other HCSS agencies: Workshop on Software Assurance Metrics and Tools

Evaluation

• FDA: Collaborations on medical device safety, including with NSF on proton beam and with NSA on

unintended function checker

 2005- 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: Cyber Trust – cyber security foundations, network security, systems software, information systems;

Science of Design – assured design for software-intensive computing, information, and communications systems;

ITR – IT and high-confidence hybrid control systems for critical infrastructures such as the power grid, open

source/open verification technology; Computing Processes and Artifacts and Computing Systems Research –

assured platforms and software, and distributed, real-time, embedded computing; computational models and

assurance methods for safety-critical systems

DARPA: Self-Regenerative Systems effort to develop systems able to function fully in spite of attacks; SecurityAware Critical Software program (new in 2005) to create software that provides a comprehensive picture of

security properties and current status, presenting this information at multiple levels of abstraction and formality

NSA: R&D in trusted development (ways to achieve assured software and system designs with assured

development techniques throughout the software lifecycle) and containment (mitigating risks of systems whose

components are not assured); research in transparency (development of critical architectures and components

necessary to support information assurance) and high-assurance platform (supporting promising partnerships

through the development of new platform-level containment mechanisms and measurement capabilities)

NASA: Automated mathematical techniques for high-confidence software development; Highly Dependable

Computing Platform (HDCP) Testbed (evaluating real-time in-flight software demands); Mission Data Systems

reusable software infrastructure for 2005 Mars mission; R&D in software engineering, assurance, and verification

and validation techniques for mission-critical applications. Some aviation safety and security projects end in

2005, including efforts in flight-critical systems; 2006 projects currently being planned. The AuRA project is

exploring advanced technologies for autonomous aircraft, including efforts to ensure integrity of underlying

computational capabilities.

NIST: Continue work in e-commerce, e-health, computer forensics, test method research, security technologies,

systems and network security, management and assistance, and security testing and metrics; lead DHS and DoD

efforts to create studies and experiments to validate existing software assurance metrics and develop new metrics

AFRL: Developing the safety and security certification requirements for future Air Force applications of

unmanned aerial vehicles; forming multi-technical directorate team to participate in and contribute to a national

investment strategy plan; workshop planning meeting and full workshop anticipated in 2005

FAA: Developing a rapid quarantine capability; testing biometrics single sign-on; testing behavior-based security;

developing an information systems security architecture; establishing an integrity and confidentiality lab to test

wireless information systems security; extending COCOMO II (COnstructive COst MOdel II) to include security;

validating Web data mining to find FAA vulnerabilities

FDA: Research projects include: proton beam therapy device (safety and modeling); software for an infusion

pump with a control loop, which led to an initiative of similar control loop software for a ventilator device

(certification); blood-bank software regulation (certification); reverse engineering of C programs to look for

inconsistencies and errors in radiation treatment planning systems used in tumor treatment (forensics); unintended

function checker (forensics)
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 12

Software Design and Productivity (SDP)

NITRD Agencies: NSF, NIH, DARPA, NASA, NIST, OSD, NOAA, DOE/NNSA

Other Participants: FAA, ONR

SDP activities will lead to fundamental advances in concepts, methods, techniques, and tools for software design,

development, and maintenance that can address the widening gap between society’s need for usable and

dependable software-based systems and the ability to produce them in a timely, predictable, and cost-effective

manner. The SDP R&D agenda spans both the engineering components of software creation and the economics of

software management across all IT domains including the emerging areas of sensor networks, embedded systems,

autonomous software, and highly complex, interconnected systems of systems.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• Developing, upgrading, and maintaining software has become the most costly, time-consuming, laborintensive, risky, and frustrating aspect of IT deployment for Federal agencies and indeed all sectors of the

economy. Certifying the correct functionality, reliability, and security of products and processes that include

software adds costs and delays the deployment of new and improved capabilities. SDP R&D focuses on costeffective methods to overcome this pervasive problem at the core of computing and networking technologies.

• Because high-quality software is mission-critical for SDP agencies, they are both individually and

collaboratively creating frameworks and environments to more efficiently develop and certify such software.

The goal is to find next-generation software engineering methods, tools, and techniques that reduce the cost,

risk, and difficulties of software development and increase the reliability, security, interoperability, and even

reusability, of software components.

• The commonality of agencies’ software issues, recent advances in computer science such as aspect-based

programming, and the need for interoperability (which is facilitated by data standards) make several topics

ripe for enhanced information sharing and coordination. The capability to conduct multiscale modeling and

simulation of complex physical systems such as the Earth, the human body, and manufactured products is

needed across all science and engineering domains, but developing the necessary software is costly and

technically difficult. The SDP workshop activity will assess the state of the art and identify research needs to

advance interdisciplinary modeling techniques and tools that many communities could share.

Highlights of Request

• DOE/SC, NOAA, NSF: ESMF (component architecture with libraries and utilities to increase portability,

reusability, and performance of Earth science software applications)

• DOE/SC, NIH, NIST, NSF: Data Uniformity and Standards for Structural Bioinformatics

• DARPA, NSF: Embedded Systems Consortium for Hybrid and Embedded Research (ESCHER)

• NASA, NSF: Highly Dependable Computing and Communications Systems Research (HDCCSR)

• NASA, NIST: Systems Engineering Program

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

• Planning for a 2006 workshop on multiscale modeling and simulation of complex physical systems

• Briefings by Federal IT user agencies about issues in developing their critical large-scale software

applications

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: Supports basic research on foundations of computing processes and artifacts (advanced computational

research, software engineering, and languages), science of design (scientific study of the design of softwareintensive systems including their complex interdependencies); computer systems research (distributed systems,

embedded and hybrid systems, new-generation software); HDCCSR to advance the design, testing,

implementation, and certification of highly dependable software-based systems (with NASA)
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 13

NIH: Support four National Centers for Biomedical Computing to develop, disseminate, and train users of

biomedical computing tools and user environments; encourage collaboration between “big” and “small” science at

these Centers; create and disseminate curriculum materials to embed quantitative tools in undergraduate biology

education

NASA: Advanced software engineering technologies for modular and reusable flight software, software

verification and validation technologies for autonomous systems, and increased reliability for critical flight

control software; software systems for autonomy and intelligence; advanced software health management

technologies for fault detection, diagnosis, prognostics, information fusion, and degradation management;

advanced capabilities in modeling, simulation, and visualization; multi-agent technologies for self-scheduling

systems, distributed decision-support systems and other autonomous environments; advanced capabilities to

support management of technology; systems design and engineering analysis tools including simulation modeling

environments, system models, discipline-oriented analysis tools, parametric-based risk analysis tools, and

probabilistic risk analysis models; projects in autonomy and engineering for complex systems end in 2005

NIST: Automated design, procurement, and operation through software (mostly data) interoperability; automated

generation of test suites for XML schema; Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (with NSF); manufacturing

supply chain software interoperability; standards for ebXML; international testbeds for business-to-business

solutions; interoperability of databases for bioinfomatics, chemical properties, and properties of inorganic

materials; sharable data structures for neutron research; ontological approach using formal logic to automate

process of integrating manufacturing enterprise UnitsML; interface standards and associated conformance tests

for interoperability of manufacturing control systems architectures with security; semantically based validated

product representation scheme for seamless interoperability among computer-aided design (CAD) systems and

with systems that use CAD data; standards for exchange of instrument data and NIST Chemical Reference Data;

standards for physical and chemical product data interchange; anthropometric data standards for accurate 3-D

representation of human measurement (with the U.S. Air Force for cockpit design); ontological methods for

representation and exchange of mathematical data; 3-D representation of schema models; tools for validation and

testing of schemas

OSD (HPCMPO): Applications software development (physics-based design, modeling, simulation, testing);

institutes on battlespace topics; PET Program tools and techniques (benchmarking, remote visualization,

debugging and optimization, interactive computing environments for large datasets)

NOAA: Develop atmospheric, ocean, and coupled climate models for climate projection studies using the FMS

programming structure; ESMF; Development Test Center (with NSF/NCAR and the university community)

DOE/NNSA: Deploy software user environment for Advanced Simulation and Computing (ASC) Program’s Red

Storm system at SNL; deploy and test software components and environment for Purple and Blue Gene/L systems

at LLNL; develop high-performance open-source Linux-based environment, initially targeting capacity

computing; execute performance-related analysis of interconnects, ASC computational workload, Linux software

stacks, and capacity platforms; plan and prepare for software infrastructure of future ASC systems

FAA: Focus on developing secure, dependable software-based systems and the ability to produce them in a

timely, predictable, and cost-effective manner
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 14

Social, Economic, and Workforce Implications of IT and IT Workforce

Development (SEW)

SEW Agencies: NSF, NIH, DOE/SC, NASA, DOE/NNSA

Other Participant: GSA

SEW activities focus on the nature and dynamics of IT impacts on technical and social systems as well as the

interactions between people and IT devices and capabilities; the workforce development needs arising from the

growing demand for workers who are highly skilled in information technology; and the role of innovative IT

applications in education and training. SEW also supports efforts to transfer the results of IT R&D to the

policymaking and IT user communities in government at all levels and the private sector. The goal of SEW

research and dissemination activities is to enable individuals and society to better understand and anticipate the

uses and consequences of IT, to inform social policymaking, IT designs, and broadened participation in IT

education and careers.

President’s 2006 Request

Strategic Priorities Underlying This Request

• The President’s Information Technology Advisory Committee (PITAC) noted in 1999 that the societal

implications of the digital revolution were not yet clear and required examination. Six years later, the

revolution continues to sweep us rapidly forward, and understanding the implications so that society can make

informed choices remains a necessity. As the only NITRD agency funding basic research on the social and

economic implications of IT, NSF has already contributed significant R&D findings: explaining the

productivity paradox; expanding understanding of Internet use in the home, global e-commerce, and design

principles for scientific collaboratories; and prototyping ways to embed principles of trust in e-commerce

protocols and mechanisms.

• The NITRD Program is the Nation’s primary resource for addressing the education and training of new

generations of advanced IT researchers and technical professionals. In addition to the support for U.S.

graduate students that flows with NITRD grants to universities, the SEW agencies sponsor targeted education

and training in computational science, IT security, biomedical informatics, K-14 science subjects, and IT for

underserved communities. The Collaborative Expedition Workshop series plays a related role, connecting

people who have developed advanced IT implementations with those who are seeking to learn how to apply

these capabilities to improve government and community services – with an emphasis on open standards,

reusable components to maximize cost-effectiveness, and interoperability.

Highlights of Request

• NSF: Continue multiyear 2005 ITR projects in SEW topic areas (selected awards include infectious disease

informatics; globalization and the distribution of knowledge work; socio-technical systems for management

of biohazardous emergencies); new program in Broadening Participation for Underserved Communities in IT

Activities

• NSF, with EPA, NASA, USGS: Support for projects in eco-informatics and government decision-making

• NSF, Library of Congress: Continue 2005 initiative in digital archiving/long-term preservation

• DOE/NNSA, DOE/SC: Continue support for Computational Science Graduate Fellowship Program

• CIO Council and GSA, with SEW: Continue monthly Collaborative Expedition Workshop series

Planning and Coordination Supporting Request

As the only NITRD area focused on the implications of IT for society at large, for education, and for IT workforce

development, SEW functions as a crossroads between the IT R&D community and the larger arena of

policymakers and IT implementers. In the last several fiscal years, GSA has helped SEW expand its outreach to

other communities by co-sponsoring with the Federal CIO Council a monthly open workshop series to foster

collaboration among government and community implementers of IT and to demonstrate promising IT

capabilities emerging from Federal research. NSF co-sponsors these events and invites researchers to give

academic talks on selected topics in an attempt to bridge the gap between research and policy. The Collaborative
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 15

Expedition Workshops draw participants from Federal, state, and local government, nongovernmental

organizations, and IT developers and researchers. The focus is on emerging technologies for application in such

areas as emergency preparedness and response, environmental protection, public health and health care systems,

government information services for citizens, and agency projects under the Administration’s Federal Enterprise

Architecture initiative. Through this activity, SEW’s Universal Access Team has forged communication links

with many other Federal IT implementation efforts.

 2005 and 2006 Activities by Agency

NSF: SEW-related R&D under ITR program; research in collaboration in the sciences and for emergency

preparedness, advancing knowledge and the knowledge economy, socio-technical issues in intelligence

informatics; collaborations with the European Commission Information Society Technologies Programme;

broadening participation for underserved communities in IT activities; and expanded opportunities for innovative

education and curriculum development projects

NIH: Graduate and postdoctoral fellowship programs in bioinformatics

DOE/SC and DOE/NNSA: Computational Science Graduate Fellowship Program

NASA: Learning Technologies Project. No SEW activities reported for 2006.

GSA: Collaborative Expedition Workshop series
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 16

Agency NITRD Budgets

By Program Component Area

2005 Budget Estimates and 2006 Budget Requests

(Dollars in Millions)

High End

Computing

Infrastructure &

Applications

High End

Computing

Research &

Development

Human-Computer

Interaction &

Information

Management

Large Scale

Networking

High

Confidence

Software &

Systems

Software

Design &

Productivity

Social,

Economic, &

Workforce

Agency (HEC I&A) (HEC R&D) (HCI & IM) (LSN) (HCSS) (SDP) (SEW) Total

NSF 2005

Estimate

198.9 101.8 167.4 96.2 66.7 66.4 97.5 795

NSF 2006

Request

201.8 105.0 168.5 94.5 76.0 65.4 92.1 803

NIH 133.8 66.6 173.4 84.8 12.3 26.3 12.3 509

NIH 135.1 67.3 171.0 76.6 12.3 26.4 12.0 501

DOE/SC1 98.2 107.3 43.9 3.5 253

DOE/SC 105.7 82.0 36.2 3.5 227

DARPA2 64.3 61.2 17.2 143

DARPA2 81.0 74.4 20.8 176

NSA 53.9 1.5 57.2 113

NSA 36.9 1.5 62.2 101

NASA2 53.7 1.7 39.2 29.6 17.9 14.1 6.7 163

NASA2 34.0 14.5 13.0 12.8 74

AHRQ2 45.0 35.0 80

AHRQ2 38.0 30.0 68

NIST 3.4 0.6 7.6 4.6 18.0 4.8 39

NIST 5.4 0.6 8.6 4.6 18.0 4.8 42

OSD 2.4 19.2 22

OSD 2.5 20.0 22

NOAA 12.9 1.8 0.4 2.7 1.5 19

NOAA2 13.7 1.8 0.5 2.8 1.5 20

EPA 2.3 2.0 4

EPA 3.3 3.0 6

Subtotals 503.2 398.0 496.2 315.5 174.5 132.2 120.0 2,140

Subtotals 499.0 374.6 478.5 280.0 183.8 118.1 107.6 2,041

DOE/NNSA2 31.4 34.5 13.3 32.9 4.7 117

DOE/NNSA2 33.1 30.5 14.3 31.6 4.4 114

TOTALS2 534.6 432.5 496.2 328.8 174.5 165.1 124.7 2,256

TOTALS2 532.1 405.1 478.5 294.3 183.8 149.7 112.0 2,155

 1 For comparability to current characterizations, the 2005 DOE/SC LSN number includes $16.4 million for National Collaboratory Tools

and Pilots, which had been previously included in HCI&IM.

2 These totals supersede numbers released with the President s 2006 Budget. Discrepancies resulted from rounding and late shifts in

estimates.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 17

NITRD Budget Analysis

The President’s 2006 Budget continues the Administration’s strong support for the NITRD Program. The total

request of $2.15 billion supports cutting-edge research, development, and education by the NITRD agencies,

working in close collaboration, in: high-end computing infrastructure, applications, research, and development

(HEC I&A and HEC R&D respectively); human-computer interaction and information management

(HCI&IM); large-scale networking (LSN); high-confidence software and systems (HCSS); software design

and productivity (SDP); and social, economic, and workforce aspects of information technology (SEW).

Analysis of NITRD Investments by Agency

The President’s 2006 request for NSF is increased by $8 million over 2005. Both HEC I&A and HEC R&D

are increased, consistent with the recommendations of the HECRTF. HCSS is also increased to support NSF’s

Cyber Trust Program and other important cyber security research. These increases are balanced by slight

decreases in LSN and SEW.

The 2006 request for NIH shows a slight decrease from 2005 due to completion of testbed projects exploring

medical applications of advanced networks.

In 2006, DOE/SC will operate the two leadership-class architectures acquired in 2004 and 2005 at ORNL, with

with a limited number of very large allocations open to the scientific community. Major elements of the

DOC/SC SciDAC portfolio will be re-competed in 2006, including competitive establishment of new SciDAC

academic centers to focus on computational science areas critical to DOE missions, resulting in an increase in

HEC I&A funding. Reduction in HEC R&D funding reflects completion of the initial leadership-class system

acquisition. Funding for LSN is reduced as current efforts in Networking Research and Collaboratory Tools

and Pilots are consolidated into an integrated Distributed Network Environment focusing on basic research in

computer networking and middleware to serve DOE mission needs. Although the total DOE/SC 2006 NITRD

request shows a decrease from the 2005 enacted level, it is $1 million above the President’s 2005 request.

The request for DARPA is increased $28 million above 2005. HEC R&D is increased by $17 million to

support Phase III of the High Productivity Computing Systems program, consistent with the recommendations

of the HECRTF. HCI&IM is increased $13 million for research aimed at improving information access and

analysis for warfighters. LSN is increased by $3 million for research to improve network reliability and

resilience for military needs.

The 2006 request for NSA contains two significant budget changes. The reduction of $17 million in HEC

R&D reflects the winding down of developmental support for the Black Widow computer system. The

$5-million increase for HCSS funds the NSA part of an inter-agency effort on secure real-time operating

systems and associated middleware.

In 2006, NASA’s Vision for Space Exploration and mission needs for Return to Flight will affect its

participation in the NITRD Program. NASA will continue operating the 52-teraflop Columbia computer

acquired in 2004 and 2005 for science and engineering simulation, including providing access to this worldclass resource for the scientific community. Funding for Grand Challenge Applications will be reduced, and

HEC technology research will be completed, reducing its HEC I&A participation and ending NASA’s HEC

R&D participation. NASA will continue interagency coordination activities in architectures, testbeds, and

system performance assessment. Funding for research in intelligent systems and grid computing has been

redirected to more directly address time-critical agency mission needs related to Return to Flight and the

Vision for Space Exploration, reducing NASA participation in HCI&IM and LSN. NASA investments in

autonomous systems and robotics are no longer counted as part of SDP, and NASA funding similarly is no

longer counted as part of SEW. As a result of these reductions and redirections, NASA overall funding for

NITRD activities changes from $162.9 million in 2005 to $74.3 million in 2006.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 18

The AHRQ request is $12 million below 2005 but $25 million above 2004. Under this request, AHRQ

supports the President’s goal of driving better information technology into health care by supporting creation

of regional health information networks and developing standards for interoperable health information.

AHRQ’s funding decrease results from transferring to the new Office of the National Coordinator for Health

Information Technology (ONCHIT) responsibility for the maturing regional collaborations that assist health

care providers in the deployment of standards-based interoperable Electronic Health Records systems.

Although NIST, NOAA, and EPA have modest funding levels relative to other NITRD agencies, they leverage

their investment through collaboration with the other NITRD agencies. Reflecting the benefits of these

collaborations, NIST, NOAA, and EPA all show funding increases in HEC I&A to support scientific

applications for the agencies’ mission needs. Similarly, these agencies are increasing their efforts in HCI&IM,

reflecting their collaborations in information management research for their mission needs.

OSD has been restored to the NITRD crosscut. The OSD request is constant from 2005 to 2006, focusing on

HCSS and SDP.

The DOE/NNSA request is slightly below 2005. The primary change is a shift from HEC R&D toward HEC

I&A, reflecting NNSA priorities to better support the computational needs of its scientists and engineers.

Analysis by Program Component Area (PCA)

HEC I&A is almost constant from 2005 to 2006, with reductions in NASA offset by increases in all of the

other participating agencies.

HEC R&D is decreased by $38 million from 2005 to 2006. This results from decreases in specific DOE/SC

and NSA projects described above, though these decreases are partly offset by an increase in the DARPA

HPCS program. Long-range HEC technology research will continue at approximately the same level in 2006

as in 2005. Collaboration among agencies to carry out the HECRTF recommendations will continue in both

HEC I&A and HEC R&D.

HCI&IM funding is down $18 million from 2005 to 2006. The decrease at NASA is partly balanced by

increases in DARPA and other agencies. The AHRQ decrease from 2005 actually sustains a substantial

increase over 2004.

LSN funding decreases $29 million from 2005 to 2006. While LSN funding increases at DARPA and

DOE/NNSA, LSN funding decreases at NSF (completion of projects), NIH (completion of testbeds for

network applications), DOE/SC (consolidation of middleware activities), NASA (redirection for new

missions), and AHRQ (reduction of regional networking).

HCSS funding increases by $9 million from 2005 to 2006, reflecting multiagency focus on cybersecurity and

on more secure, reliable, and resilient systems. Notable are NSF’s lead in basic cybersecurity research and the

multiagency effort on a real-time research operating system.

SDP funding decreases $15 million from 2005 to 2006, almost entirely due to NASA’s shifts to address its

time-critical mission needs. The participating agencies will benefit from the increased involvement of OSD,

which has set a high priority on improvement of software quality.

SEW funding decreases $13 million from 2005 to 2006 because of reductions and redirections, primarily at

NASA and NSF.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 19

National Science and Technology Council

Committee on Technology

Co-Chairs

Richard Russell, Associate Director, OSTP

Phillip Bond, Undersecretary of Commerce for Technology

Subcommittee on Networking and Information Technology Research and Development

Co-Chairs

Peter A. Freeman, NSF

David B. Nelson, NCO/IT R&D

NSF

Representative

Peter A. Freeman

Alternates

Deborah L. Crawford

C. Suzanne Iacono

NIH

Representative

Michael Marron

Alternates

Michael J. Ackerman

Robert L. Martino

Judith L. Vaitukaitis

Karen Skinner

DOE/SC

Representative

C. Edward Oliver

Alternates

Daniel A. Hitchcock

Norman H. Kreisman

DARPA

Representative

Ronald J. Brachman

Alternate

Barbara L. Yoon

NSA

Representative

George R. Cotter

Alternate

James Rupp

NASA

Representative

Walter F. Brooks

Alternate

Vacant

AHRQ

Representative

J. Michael Fitzmaurice

NIST

Representative

Shashi Phoha

Alternate

Larry H. Reeker

OSD

Representative

André M. van Tilborg

Alternate

Robert Gold

NOAA

Representative

William T. Turnbull

EPA

Representative

Gary L. Walter

Alternate

Robin L. Dennis

DOE/NNSA

Representative

Robert Meisner

OMB

Representative

David S. Trinkle

NSTC

Representative

Charles H. Romine

NCO/IT R&D

Representative

David B. Nelson

Alternate

Sally E. Howe

PCA Coordinating Groups and Team Chairs

High End Computing (HEC)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

José L. Muñoz, NSF

Frederick C. Johnson, DOE/SC

Human-Computer Interaction and

Information Management

(HCI&IM) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Jean C. Scholtz, NIST

James C. French, NSF

Large Scale Networking (LSN)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Daniel A. Hitchcock, DOE/SC

George O. Strawn, NSF

LSN Teams:

Middleware and Grid Infrastructure

Coordination (MAGIC) Team

Co-Chairs

Mary Anne Scott, DOE/SC

Kevin L. Thompson, NSF

Joint Engineering Team (JET)

Co-Chairs

Douglas G. Gatchell, NSF

George R. Seweryniak, DOE/SC

Vice-Chair

Paul E. Love, Internet2

Networking Research Team (NRT)

Co-Chairs

Thomas Ndousse-Fetter, DOE/SC

Guru Parulkar, NSF

High Confidence Software and Systems

(HCSS) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Helen D. Gill, NSF

William Bradley Martin, NSA

Software Design and Productivity (SDP)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Thuc T. Hoang, DOE/NNSA

Michael Foster, NSF

Social, Economic, and Workforce

Implications of IT and IT Workforce

Development (SEW)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

Susan B. Turnbull, GSA

 Universal Accessibility Team

 Chair

 Susan B. Turnbull, GSA
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 20

Participation in Federal NITRD Activities

The following are criteria developed by the multiagency IT research program that agencies considering

participation can use to assess whether their research activities fit the NITRD profile.

NITRD Goals

• Assure continued U.S. leadership in computing, information, and communications technologies to meet

Federal goals and to support U.S. 21st century academic, industrial, and government interests

• Accelerate deployment of advanced and experimental information technologies to maintain world leadership

in science, engineering, and mathematics; improve the quality of life; promote long-term economic growth;

increase lifelong learning; protect the environment; harness information technology; and enhance national

security

• Advance U.S. productivity and industrial competitiveness through long-term scientific and engineering

research in computing, information, and communications technologies

Evaluation Criteria for Participation

Relevance of Contribution

The research must significantly contribute to the overall goals of the Federal Networking and Information

Technology Research and Development (NITRD) Program and to the goals of one or more of the Program’s

seven Program Component Areas – High End Computing Infrastructure and Applications (HEC I&A), High End

Computing Research and Development (HEC R&D), Human-Computer Interaction and Information Management

(HCI & IM), Large Scale Networking (LSN), High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS), Software Design

and Productivity (SDP), and Social, Economic, and Workforce Implications of Information Technology and

Information Technology Workforce Development (SEW) – in order to enable the solution of applications

problems that address agency mission needs and that place great demands on the technologies being developed by

the Program.

Technical/Scientific Merit

The proposed agency program must be technically/scientifically sound and of high quality and must be the

product of a documented technical/scientific planning and review process.

Readiness

A clear agency planning process must be evident, and the organization must have demonstrated capability to carry

out the program.

Timeliness

The proposed work must be technically/scientifically timely for one or more of the Program Component Areas.

Linkages

The responsible organization must have established policies, programs, and activities promoting effective

technical and scientific connections among government, industry, and academic sectors.

Costs

The identified resources must be adequate to conduct the proposed work, promote prospects for coordinated or

joint funding, and address long-term resource implications.

Agency Approval

The proposed program or activity must have policy-level approval by the submitting agency.
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 21

Glossary

AAA - Authentication, authorization, and

accounting protocol

AFRL - Air Force Research Laboratory

AHRQ - HHS’s Agency for Healthcare Research

and Quality

ANL - DOE’s Argonne National Laboratory

ARC - NASA’s Ames Research Center

ARL - Army Research Laboratory

ARSC - Arctic Region Supercomputing Center

ASC - DOE/NNSA’s Advanced Simulation and

Computing program

ASC- U.S. Air Force’s Aeronautical Systems Center

BIRN - NIH’s Biomedical Informatics Research

Network

Black Widow - See X1e

Blue Gene - an IBM supercomputing project

dedicated to building a new family of

supercomputers optimized for bandwidth, scalability

and the ability to handle large amounts of data while

consuming a fraction of the power and floor space

required by today's fastest systems.

Blue Gene/L - Scalable experimental new

supercomputing system being developed by IBM in

partnership with DOE/SC and DOE/NNSA;

expected to achieve 300-teraflops+ processing

speeds

C - C programming language

CAD - Computer-aided design

CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data

Analysis

CAREER - NSF’s Faculty Early Career

Development program

CAST - DARPA’s Compact Aids for Speech

Translation program

CHEETAH - NSF’s Circuit-switched High-speed

End-to-End ArcHitecture network

CIO - Chief Information Officer

CISE - NSF’s Computer and Information Science

and Engineering Directorate

CMS - HHS’s Centers for Medicare and Medicaid

Services

COCOMO II - FAA’s COnstructive COst MOdel II

(to include security)

CSC - Computer Science Corporation

CSR - NSF’s Computer Systems Research program

CSTB - Computer Science and Telecommunications

Board of the National Academies

DARPA - DoD’s Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency

DETER - NSF’s cyber DEfense Technology

Experimental Research network

DHS - Department of Homeland Security

DOC - Department of Commerce

DoD - Department of Defense

DOE - Department of Energy

DOE/NNSA - DOE/National Nuclear Security

Administration

DOE/SC - DOE/Office of Science

DOT - Department of Transportation

DRAGON - NSF’s Dynamic Resource Allocation

(via GMPLS) Optical Network

EARS - DARPA/NIST Effective, Affordable,

Reusable Speech-to-text program

ebXML - electronic business Extensible Markup

Language

EMIST - NSF/DHS Evaluation Methods for

Internet Security Technology project

EPA - Environmental Protection Agency

ERDC - U.S. Army’s Engineering Research and

Development Center

ESCHER - Embedded Systems Consortium for

Hybrid and Embedded Research, a joint effort of

DARPA and NSF

ESMF - Earth System Modeling Framework

ESnet - DOE/SC’s Energy Sciences network

ESSC - DOE/SC’s Energy Sciences network

(ESnet) Steering Committee

ETF - NSF’s Extensible Terascale Facility

FAA - DOT’s Federal Aviation Administration

FCC - Federal Communications Commission

FDA - HHS’s Food and Drug Administration

FIU - Florida International University

FMS - NOAA’s Flexible Modeling System

GEOSS - Global Earth Observation System of

Systems, a cooperative effort of 34 nations,

including the U.S., and 25 international

organizations to develop a comprehensive,

coordinated, and sustained Earth observation system

to help societies understand and address global

environmental and economic challenges

GMPLS - Generalized multi-protocol label

switching

Grid3 - Project funded by NSF, DOE/SC, and

universities that uses the Internet to combine the

computational resources of 26 universities and

national laboratories to serve the computing needs of

more than 10 research groups in particle physics,

astrophysics, bioinformatics, and computer science

GSA - General Services Administration

HCI&IM – Human-Computer Interaction and

Information Management, one of NITRD’s seven

Program Component Areas
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 22

HCMDSS - HCSS’s High Confidence Medical

Device Software and Systems activity

HCSS - High Confidence Software and Systems,

one of NITRD’s seven Program Component Areas

HDCCSR - Highly Dependable Computing and

Communications Systems Research program, a joint

effort of NASA and NSF

HDCP - NASA’s Highly Dependable Computing

Platform program

HEC - High-end computing

HEC I&A - HEC Infrastructure and Applications,

one of NITRD’s seven Program Component Areas

HEC R&D - HEC Research and Development, one

of NITRD’s seven Program Component Areas

HECRTF - High-End Computing Revitalization

Task Force

HEC-URA - HEC University Research Activity,

funded by DARPA, DOE/SC, and NSF

HHS - Department of Health and Human Services

HP - Hewlett Packard

HPC - High-performance computing

HPCMPO - OSD’s High Performance Computing

Modernization Program Office

HPCS - DARPA’s High Productivity Computing

Systems program

IMPI - NIST’s interoperable message-passing

interface

INCITE - DOE/SC’s Innovative and Novel

Computational Impact on Theory and Experiment

program

IP - Internet protocol

IPv6 - Internet protocol, version 6

IRS - Internal Revenue Service

ISI - Information Science Institute

IT - Information technology

ITR - NSF’s Information Technology Research

program

IT R&D - Information technology research and

development

IU - Indiana University

JET - LSN’s Joint Engineering Team

JETnets - Federal research networks supporting

networking researchers and advanced applications

development

LANL - DOE’s Los Alamos National Laboratory

LBL - DOE’s Lawrence-Berkeley National

Laboratory

LLNL - DOE’s Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory

LSN - Large Scale Networking, one of NITRD’s

seven Program Component Areas

MAGIC - LSN’s Middleware and Grid

Infrastructure Coordination Team

MAX - Mid-Atlantic Exchange

MOU - Memorandum of understanding

MPLS - Multi-protocol label switching

MPP - Massively parallel processing

MTU - Maximum transmission unit

NA - National Academies

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

NAVO - U.S. Navy’s Naval Oceanographic Office

NCAR - NSF-supported National Center for

Atmospheric Research

NCSA - NSF-supported National Center for

Supercomputing Applications

NERSC - DOE/SC’s National Energy Research

Scientific Computing Center

NHII - National Health Information Infrastructure

NIH - HHS’s National Institutes of Health

NIST - DOC’s National Institute of Standards and

Technology

NITRD - Networking and Information Technology

Research and Development

NLANR - NSF-supported National Laboratory for

Applied Network Research

NLM - NIH’s National Library of Medicine

NNSA - DOE’s National Nuclear Security

Administration

NOAA - DOC’s National Oceanographic and

Atmospheric Administration

NOSS - Networking of Sensor Systems

NRT - LSN’s Networking Research Team

NRT - NSF/CISE’s Networking Research Testbed

program

NSA - National Security Agency

NSF - National Science Foundation

NSTC - White House National Science and

Technology Council

NWS - NOAA’s National Weather Service

OMB - White House Office of Management and

Budget

OMNInet - Large-scale metro optical network

testbed supported by national labs, universities,

Canadian organizations, and vendor partners

ONR - Office of Naval Research

ONT - Optical Networking Testbeds

OSD - Office of the Secretary of Defense

ORNL - DOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory

OSTP - White House Office of Science and

Technology Policy

PCA - Program Component Area

PerMIS - NIST’s Performance Metrics for

Intelligent Systems

PET - HCPMPO’s Programming Environment and

Training program
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 23

PNL - DOE’s Pacific Northwest Laboratory

ProWin - Programmable Wireless Networking

Purple - DOE/NNSA ASC’s 100-teraflops IBM

SMP supercomputing platform under development,

in tandem with Blue Gene/L, at LLNL

QoS - Quality of service

R&D - Research and development

Red Storm - DOE/NNSA ASC’s 40-teraflops Cray

system under development at SNL

SC - DOE’s Office of Science

SciDAC - DOE/SC’s Scientific Discovery through

Advanced Computing program

SDP - Software Design and Productivity, one of

NITRD’s seven Program Component Areas

SEIII - NSF’s Science and Engineering Information

Integration and Informatics program

SEW - Social, Economic, and Workforce

Implications of IT and IT Workforce Development,

one of NITRD’s seven Program Component Areas

SMP - Symmetric multiprocessing

SNL - DOE’s Sandia National Laboratory

SSA - Social Security Administration

StarLight - NSF-supported international optical

network peering point in Chicago

TF - Teraflop(s), a trillion floating point operations

(per second)

TIDES - DARPA/NIST’s Translingual Information

Detection, Extraction and Summarization program

TREC - The DARPA/NIST Text Retrieval

Conference

UCAR - University Corporation for Atmospheric

Research

UIC - University of Illinois at Chicago

UIUC - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

UltraScience NET - DOE/SC’s experimental

research network

UMd - University of Maryland

UNC - University of North Carolina

UnitsML - XML schema for encoding units of

measurement

USGS - United States Geological Survey

UW - University of Washington

UWisc - University of Wisconsin

X1 - Cray, Inc., scalable, hybrid scalar-vector highend computing system developed with support from

NSA and OSD

X1e - NSA-supported next generation of Cray X1

known as Black Widow; under development now, is

expected to be available in 2006

XML - Extensible markup language
February 2005 NITRD Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget 24

National Coordination Office (NCO) for Information Technology Research and Development (IT R&D)

 David B. Nelson, Ph.D.

 Director

 nelson@nitrd.gov

 Sally E. Howe, Ph.D.

 Associate Director

 Executive Editor, FY 2006

 NITRD Budget Supplement

 howe@nitrd.gov

 Martha K. Matzke

 Editor, FY 2006

 NITRD Budget Supplement

Suite II-405

4201 Wilson Boulevard

Arlington, Virginia 22230

(703) 292-4873

FAX: (703) 292-9097

nco@nitrd.gov

Internet Web Site

http://www.nitrd.gov/

Acknowledgments

The 2006 NITRD Supplement to the President’s Budget was developed in a new format intended to highlight key

technical aspects of the 2006 NITRD budget request and to accelerate publication of the document. The

experiment would not have worked without the full support and timely contributions of NITRD agency

representatives. The editors extend sincerest thanks and appreciation to all.

Contributors

Michael J. Ackerman, NIH

Nekeia Bell, NCO

Bryan A. Biegel, NASA

Walter F. Brooks, NASA

Stephen Clapham, NCO

George R. Cotter, NSA

Deborah L. Crawford, NSF

J. Michael Fitzmaurice, ARHQ

Peter A. Freeman, NSF

James C. French, NSF

Helen Gill, NSF

Cray J. Henry, OSD

Daniel A. Hitchcock, DOE/SC

Thuc T. Hoang, DOE/NNSA

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

Frederick C. Johnson, DOE/SC

Frankie King, NCO

Gary M. Koob (formerly

 DARPA)

Sander L. Lee, DOE/NNSA

Ernest R. Lucier, FAA

Stephen R. Mahaney, NSF

Michael Marron, NIH

William Bradley Martin, NSA

Robert Meisner, DOE/NNSA

Grant Miller, NCO

Virginia Moore, NCO

José L. Muñoz, NSF

Larry H. Reeker, NIST

James Rupp, NSA

Jean C. Scholtz, NIST

George O. Strawn, NSF

Alan Tellington, NCO

Diane R. Theiss, NCO

Susan B. Turnbull, GSA

William T. Turnbull, NOAA

Gary Walter, EPA

Copyright Information

This is a work of the U.S. Government and is in the public domain. It may be freely distributed and copied,

but it is requested that the National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development

(NCO/IT R&D) be acknowledged.

To Request Additional Copies

To request additional copies of this Supplement to the President’s FY 2006 Budget or other publications

of the National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, please contact:

NCO/IT R&D, Suite II-405, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia 22230; (703) 292-4873;

fax: (703) 292-9097; e-mail: nco@nitrd.gov.