About the National Science and Technology Council

The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) was established by Executive Order on November

23, 1993.This Cabinet-level council is the principal means for the President to coordinate science, space,

and technology policies across the Federal government. NSTC acts as a "virtual agency" for science and

technology to coordinate the diverse parts of the Federal research and development enterprise.The NSTC

is chaired by the President. Membership consists of the Vice President, Assistant to the President for

Science and Technology, Cabinet Secretaries, agency heads with significant science and technology

responsibilities, and other White House officials.

To obtain additional information regarding the NSTC, please contact the NSTC Executive Secretariat at

(202) 456-6100.The NSTC Web site is: www.nstc.gov.

About the Office of Science and Technology Policy

The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and

Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976. OSTP's responsibilities include advising the

President in policy formulation and budget development on all questions in which science and technology

are important elements; articulating the President's science and technology policies and programs; and fostering strong partnerships among Federal, state, and local governments, and the scientific communities in

industry and academe.The Assistant to the President for Science and Technology serves as the Director of

the OSTP and directs the NSTC on behalf of the President.

For additional inform a t i on about OSTP, please ca ll (202) 456-7116. The OSTP Web site is: w w w. o s t p. go v.

Cover Design

This year's cover, depicting the broad scope of Federal networking and information technology research

and development activities, was designed by National Science Foundation (NSF) designer-illustrator 

James J. Caras.

The circular graph inset on the front cover is a computer-generated macroscopic snapshot of global

Internet connectivity; it was created from real-time data collected in October 2000.This graph, reflecting

more than 600,000 IP addresses and more than one million links, shows that North America has by far

the world's greatest number of direct connections (shown as criss-crossing lines) between autonomous systems, or Internet service providers.The data for the graph were generated by Skitter, an Internet measurement tool developed by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) with support

from DARPA and NSF. Image courtesy of CAIDA.

The graphic on the back cover depicts NSF's very high performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS),

which provides advanced connectivity enabling research universities to link to the Nation's high-speed networks and academic supercomputing facilities.The image is a screen shot of a 3-D graphic generated by

Cichlid, interactive software for 3-D visualization of distributed data developed by Jeff Brown of the network measurement and analysis group at the National Laboratory for Applied Network Research

(NLANR) with NSF funding. Cichlid users can view, explore, and interact with high-quality data sets in

distributed locations as the information changes in real time and can specify various visualization formats.
NETWORKING

AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE PRESIDENT’S BUDGET

FOR FY 2002

A Report by the Interagency Working Group 

on Information Technology Research and Development

National Science and Technology Council

JULY 2001

v

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION

The New American Infrastructure .................................................................................... 1

THE RESEARCH AGENDA

Why the Nation Needs Fundamental Networking and IT R&D ....................................... 5

RESEARCH CHALLENGES

#1: Next-Generation Computing and Data Storage Technologies ............................ 8

#2: Surmounting the Silicon CMOS Barrier ............................................................. 10

#3: Versatile, Secure, Scalable Networks for the 21st Century ................................... 12

#4: Advanced IT To Sustain U.S. Strength in Science and Engineering ................... 14

#5: Ensuring Reliable, Secure Operation of Critical Systems .................................... 16

#6: Making Software for the Real World ................................................................... 18

#7: Supporting Human Capabilities and Universal Human Development ................ 20

#8: Managing and Enabling Worlds of Knowledge ................................................... 22

#9: Supporting Education and Development of a World-Class IT Workforce .......... 24

#10: Understanding the Effects of IT To Maximize the Benefits .............................. 25

PUTTING FEDERAL RESEARCH INTO ACTION

National Grand Challenge Applications ........................................................................... 27

Next-Generation National Defense and National Security Systems .......................... 27

Improved Health Care Systems for All Citizens ........................................................ 28

Creating Scientifically Accurate, 3-D Functional Models of the Human Body ......... 29

IT Tools for Large-Scale Environmental Modeling and Monitoring ........................ 29

Creating the World’s Best Infrastructure for Lifelong Learning ................................ 30

Integrated IT Systems for Crises Management ......................................................... 31

Technologies and Systems for Advanced Aviation Management ................................ 31

Table of Contents


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

NITRD Agencies and Their IT Research Interests ........................................................... 33

Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area ................................................... 34

Participation in Federal NITRD Activities ....................................................................... 36

Agency Contacts .............................................................................................................. 37

Interagency Working Group on IT R&D ......................................................................... 45

Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 46

Buy American Report ................................................................................ inside back cover


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Overview

National goals of 

networking and

information technology

R&D

T

oday, at the beginning of a new millennium, networking and

information technologies are transforming our world,

generating unprecedented American prosperity, and building

revolutionary new infrastructures for commerce, communication,

human development, national security, and scientific research. In this

remarkable period of transformation, the United States stands

preeminent as the world's information technology pioneer, research

leader, and foremost developer and deployer of cutting-edge

computing, high-speed telecommunications, and information

technology (IT) systems.

Like the road, railway, electrical, and telephone systems fostered by

Federal investment in earlier eras, networking and IT form the new

infrastructure for national development – an infrastructure more powerful,

complex, multidimensional, and far-reaching than any of its predecessors.

In the national defense and national security arenas alone, computing and

networking technologies underpin every advanced U.S. capability.

“When historians look back a decade or so hence,” Federal Reserve

Board Chairman Alan Greenspan said in a March 6, 2000, address on the

New Economy, “I suspect they will conclude we are now living through a

pivotal period in American economic history. ... It is the growing use of

information technology throughout the economy that makes the current

period unique.”

The New Economy arose from the Nation's immense industrial and

entrepreneurial enterprise. But it was Federal investment in fundamental,

long-term networking and IT research and development (R&D) that

launched the digital revolution, and that investment continues to play a

critical role in generating the technological breakthroughs the country

needs to meet vital national objectives and achieve the full promise of

information technology in such public benefits as:

• Immediate on-site medical care, in the home and at remote locations

• Reliable, failure-resistant systems for such mission-critical

applications as air-traffic control, defense, financial transactions, life

support, and power supply

• Reduction of battlefield risk for military personnel

The New American

Infrastructure

INTRODUCTION


Returns on Federal

IT investment

Catalyst for economic

growth

Technical innovation

for improved living

standards

Skilled researchers and

technical workers

• Industrial process and product modeling, visualization, and analytical

capabilities, such as in aircraft design and production, automotive

efficiency and safety, and molecular synthesis of new drugs

• Expanded e-commerce with assured security and privacy of

information

• On-demand universal access to education and knowledge resources

• Advanced computing capabilities that underpin the Nation's

leadership in science and technology, including the biotechnology

revolution, and the success of critical civilian and national security

missions of the Federal government

• More accurate weather forecasting and improved environmental

analysis and decision making

• High-performance networking and information systems for

emergency and disaster management

• Access to information anytime, anywhere, with any device

As the President's Information Technology Advisory Committee

(PITAC) noted in its 1999 report on the status of U.S. information

technology research, bipartisan support of Federal investment in

fundamental networking and information technology R&D over the last

several decades has produced “spectacular” returns for the economy and for

society generally.

The U.S. House of Representatives reached a similar conclusion in its

findings on the Networking and Information Technology Research and

Development Act (H.R. 2086), which the House passed in 2000, saying:

“Information technology is recognized as a catalyst for economic growth

and prosperity. ... Fundamental research in information technology has

enabled the information revolution.”

Senate findings on the Federal Research Investment Act (S. 2046),

passed by the Senate in 2000, concluded that “technical innovation is the

principal driving force behind the long-term economic growth and

increased standards of living of the world’s modern industrial societies. ...

Research and development across all Federal agencies have been effective in

creating technology that enhances the American quality of life.”

Both pieces of legislation also noted the unique role of Federal research

investment in training the bulk of the Nation’s scientists, engineers,

educators, and technical workers, with the Senate bill noting that Federal

research support creates “more than simply world-class research – it creates

world-class researchers.” “Fundamental research in information technology

has contributed to the creation of new industries and new, high-paying

jobs,” said the House bill. “Scientific and engineering research and the

availability of a skilled workforce are critical to continued economic growth

driven by information technology.”


Global stakes

in IT R&D

About the multiagency

research program

Participating agencies

Program Component

Areas (PCAs)

The global stakes for the U. S. in maintaining preeminence in IT R&D are

h i g h . In the past, the benefits of any single area of scientific re s e a rch might be

limited in scope – enabling, for example, d eve l o pment of one weapon or

t reatment for one disease. But inform a t i on tech n o l o gy is by its nature

p e rv a s i ve, p roviding tools, s ys t e m s , and capabilities that daily touch hundre d s

of mill i ons of citizens as well as operate the Na t i on’s most cri t i cal defense and

civilian infra s t ru c t u re s . The balanced, d i ve r s i fied portfolio of Ne tw o rking and

I n f o rm a t i on Te ch n o l o gy R&D (NIT RD) activities not on ly advances vital

Fe d e ral missions but helps the Gove rnment sustain econ omic growth and

c om p e t i t i veness and support ove ra rching public goals in educa t i on ,

e nv i ronmental management, health ca re, law enforc e m e n t , p ro d u c t i v i ty,

s c i e n t i fic re s e a rch , t ra n s p o rt a t i on safe ty, and other national pri o ri ty are a s .

NITRD is the collaborative research framework of the government

agencies whose critical missions require advanced information technology

R&D. The multiagency research effort is the successor of the High

Performance Computing and Communications Program established by

Congress in 1991.The NITRD agencies have built a 10-year record of

highly successful coordinated and collaborative accomplishments in

multiagency projects and in partnerships with industrial and academic

researchers. The multiagency approach leverages the expertise and

perspectives of scientists and technology users from agencies, Federal

laboratories, universities, and corporations who are working on a broad

range of IT research questions across the spectrum of human uses of

information technology.

The NITRD agencies are: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

(AHRQ), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),

Department of Energy (DOE) National Nuclear Security Administration

(NNSA), DOE Office of Science, Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National

Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Standards and Technology

(NIST), National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

(NOAA), National Security Agency (NSA), National Science Foundation

(NSF), and Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Science

and Technology (ODUSD [S&T]).

The major research emphases of the NITRD effort are reflected in

Program Component Areas (PCAs), which are led by Coordinating Groups

of program managers from participating agencies. These groups confer

regularly to coordinate the objectives and activities of the multiagency

projects in their specialized research areas.The PCAs are:

• High End Computing (HEC), which includes both HEC R&D and

HEC Infrastructure & Applications (I&A)

• Human Computer Interaction & Information Management

(HCI&IM)


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Interagency Working

Group on IT R&D

Program funding

About this Supplement

to the President’s

FY 2002 Budget 

Information 

on the Web

• Large Scale Networking (LSN) 

• Software Design and Productivity (SDP) 

• High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS)

• Social, Economic, and Workforce Implications of IT and IT

Workforce Development (SEW)

In addition to the PCAs, the Federal Information Services and

Applications Council (FISAC) is chartered to facilitate partnerships

between the Federal IT R&D and non-R&D communities to promote

early application of advanced computing, information, and communications

technologies within the Federal government.

NITRD activities are coordinated by the Interagency Working Group

(IWG) on IT R&D, made up of representatives from the participating

agencies.The work of the IWG and its PCA Coordinating Groups is

supported by the National Coordination Office (NCO) for IT R&D.

Funding for agency NITRD activities is implemented through standard

budgeting and appropriations processes that involve the participating

agencies and departments, the Office of Management and Budget, and the

Congress. Some activities are funded and managed by individual agencies.

Others involve multiagency collaboration, with mutual planning and mutual

defense of budgets. For some highly complex, mission-critical R&D efforts,

such as the HEC R&D program, agencies create integrated programs and

budgets and detailed management plans.

“Networking and Information Technology Research and Development” is

a Supplement to the President's FY 2002 Budget that describes the Federal

NITRD activities. As required under the High-Performance Computing

Act of 1991, the Supplement covers current work and planned directions

for FY 2002. FY 2001 budget estimates and FY 2002 requests for the

multiagency program, by PCA and by agency, are shown on pages 34-35.

This year's Supplement is organized around key research challenges that

must be overcome to ensure continuing U.S. leadership in advanced

computing and networking and in all the defense and non-defense sectors

that increasingly rely on these capabilities. The Supplement also describes

some of the significant national applications of IT that can have a

transforming impact on critical infrastructures nationwide, to the benefit of

all citizens. The Nation’s ability to deploy these powerful emerging

applications will depend, however, on many successful results of the

fundamental research in component technologies outlined in this report.

Copies of NCO publications, including this report, and links to

participating agency and related Web sites can be found at:

http://www.itrd.gov/ 


Why the Nation Needs 

Fundamental Networking and IT R&D

Information

technology’s promise

Federal role 

in the IT revolution

Long-range research,

interdisciplinary scope

N

o longer just a provider of tools for the sciences and

engineering, information technology today is the uniquely

interdisciplinary field at the core of American innovation in

every sector, from national defense to industrial production.

IT begins with fundamental research in science and engineering and

stretches across the applied scientific and engineering knowledge it takes to

design, construct, and maintain computing and telecommunications

equipment. IT encompasses the mathematics and computer science

expertise that goes into writing the complex sets of instructions – the

software – that enable digital devices to do what people want them to do.

IT also engages the thinking and imagination of scholars, students,

government and business officials, and other computer users in virtually

every field who help figure out how to harness computing and

communications capabilities to human needs, interests, and aspirations. All

these scientific and technical skills and knowledge bases working together

produce the complex digital systems that we have come to depend on in our

day-to-day lives.

Whether we are aware of it or not, we are surrounded by the results of

this multidisciplinary R&D activity, in such applications as precision

instrumentation and visualization capabilities for medical diagnosis and

treatment; inventory-management systems for agile, just-in-time

manufacturing; the Mars rover and astronomical images from the far

reaches of the universe; monitoring and management of large-scale financial

systems; standardized transmission protocols for electronic mail and audio,

video, and sound files; international air-traffic communication and control

systems; and weather forecasts based on collection and analysis of data from

real-time observations of wind, water, and other environmental systems.

Many of the most visible and influential of today’s computing and

networking capabilities originated in Federally funded research conducted

to support key missions of Federal agencies. For a sampling of the Federally

sponsored R&D that has fueled the Information Age and dynamic business

opportunities throughout the private sector, see pages 6-7.

These Federal research projects explored core technical problems that had

to be solved to advance the capabilities of computing systems, networks,

and information systems generally. The projects were not designed to result

in commercial products within six months. They achieved results over years

THE RESEARCH AGENDA

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Computing systems

• The first operational, electronic stored-program computer, the Standards Eastern

Automatic Computer (SEAC), was developed for the U.S. Air Force by the predecessor of

NIST; a similar machine, the Standards Western Automatic Computer (SWAC), built by

the agency the same year for the U.S. Navy, was the fastest in the world at the time.

• Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) technology, the basis for many of today's fastest

microprocessors, was advanced by DARPA-funded research in the 1970s and early 1980s.

• Parallel computing concepts explored by Federally supported researchers for two decades

laid the groundwork for the development of commercial high-end computing platforms in

the late 1980s and 1990s.

Networking

• The Internet grew out of ARPANET, the network invented by DARPA-funded researchers

in the 1960s.

• High-speed optical networks. Federal networking research has produced the world's first

prototype optical networks with end-to-end transmission speeds and carrying capacities a

thousand times those of the current Internet. With $276 million in funding over three

years, this research has stimulated development of new private-sector companies with a

combined value in the tens of billions of dollars.

Human-computer interaction

• The mouse and the graphical user interface (GUI), now standard to desktop computers,

These Results of Federally Funded IT Research ...



Technology transfer

Addressing challenges 

in the national interest

of experimentation and revisions that spread across the research community,

enabling many scientists to join in the problem solving. It is this ongoing

foundational research process that has generated scientific, technical, and

engineering breakthroughs that benefit us all.

Because the coordination of Federal IT research investments across many

agencies and private-sector partnerships leverages the mission-related

research, producing general-purpose, broadly useful, and interoperable

technologies, tools, and applications, NITRD has been a powerful engine of

technology transfer. This is a direct result of its focus on widely applicable

solutions to basic IT problems and its mechanisms of supporting R&D in

universities, research institutions, and collaborative partnerships with

industry. The large number of Federally funded breakthroughs subsequently

commercialized in the private sector – often by graduates of U.S. research

universities whose education was supported by NITRD funding – leverage

the Federal investments even further.

NITRD agencies address the most significant scientific and technical

challenges standing between today's networking and computing capabilities

and the affordable advanced technologies and tools that both the Federal
stem from DARPA-funded research in the late 1960s.

• The first graphical Web “browser” was developed by university-based researchers supported

by NSF; Web search engines grew out of initial research investments by DARPA and NSF.

• Java, the programming language that supports interoperability across networks, is based on

concepts first explored by Federally funded researchers.

• Speech and spoken dialogue technologies funded over decades by DARPA have led to new

customer call center concepts and more efficient service for industry worldwide.

Information management

• The world's first and largest public medical database, integrating research findings and

medical-journal citations, was developed and is managed by NIH's National Library of

Medicine.

• Relational databases – the industrial-strength software systems needed to store and manage

large quantities of information, such as financial records, census data, and business

inventories – were pioneered by university researchers funded by NSF in the 1970s.

• Machine learning research, sponsored by DOE and NSF, was employed in decoding the

human genome and also spawned the data-mining industry.

• Numerical linear algebra libraries research sponsored by DOE, DARPA,NIST, and a

number of other Federal agencies has produced high-performance libraries of numerical

linear algebra software that are used by thousands of researchers worldwide. These libraries

have become a critical part of the world's scientific computing infrastructure.

... Fueled the Information Technology Revolution



government and the Nation need to sustain U.S. world leadership in such

vital areas as:

• National defense and national security

• Science and engineering

• Biomedical research

• Health care

• High-speed networking (wireless as well as wired)

• Industrial modeling and pharmaceutical design

• Aerospace engineering and air-traffic control

• Reliable, secure, failure-resistant computing and networking systems

for national security as well as for communications, finance, health

care, industrial development, and e-commerce

• Standards, measures, and testing to assure worldwide IT

interoperability across multiple frames and applications

The sections that begin on page 8 describe 10 major research challenges

that the Federal NITRD agencies plan to work on in FY 2002.


Graphic by Janet Ward of NOAA’s

High Performance Computing and

Communications Program

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF:Support for acquisition

and development of equipment,

instrumentation, and distributed

systems for advanced research in

engineering and the sciences,

including the terascale computing

platform at the Pittsburgh

Supercomputing Center; new

device and system architectures,

technologies, and tools to assemble

nano-size components into

functional IT structures

DARPA:Prototype dataintensive systems and software;

processor in memory for rapid

data access; morphable computing

micro-architectures

NASA:Extend base of Beowulf

clusters of sovereign workstations

to achieve high- performance

computing; research to extend the

capability of single-image

supercomputing systems 

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Next-Generation Computing 

and Data Storage Technologies

For example, the world's fastest computing platform today is

DOE/NNSA's “Option White” system at the Lawrence Livermore

National Laboratory. A massively parallel system made up of 512 IBM

multiprocessor nodes, it requires 13,000 square feet of floor space and more

than 3.2 megawatts of electricity for power, cooling, and mechanical

equipment. Option White is capable of 12.3 teraops (trillions of operations

per second) in processing speed. But even such a system is not adequate for

the massive computational requirements of the most complex scientific

problems, whose solutions are critical to the missions of many Federal

agencies as well as to the Nation.

At the same time, the Nation's high-end computing sector – the

companies that produce computing platforms much faster than the standard

desktop computer – is a shrinking fraction of the U.S. marketplace.

Business purchasers of high-end machines prefer mid-range machines that

are less costly and physically demanding. As a result, the technical

challenges of developing technologies that break through today's upper-end

barriers in computing speed, storage capacity, and equipment are left

orphaned. Federal R&D bridges the gap between the products available

commercially and the requirements of critical government missions, to

sustain U.S. capabilities at the highest levels of computational performance.

Currently, the Government supports several dozen high-end computing

platforms at academic computing centers and national laboratories, along

with a number of mid-range machines, that are used by both academic and

Federal researchers. But these are not nearly enough to support the highend research and applications needs of university-based and government

scientists. Nor do they offer a viable model for scaling up to the processing

speeds and storage capacity that future advanced applications will demand.

Today's Option White platform, for example, has 160 terabytes of storage

space spread over 7,000 disk drives. This amount of storage space can hold

about six times the contents of the entire Library of Congress, but it is only

CHALLENGE #1

C

ritical Federal missions and industry needs both call for new

scientific and technical paradigms that significantly raise

high-end computational speeds, provide adaptable and

reconfigurable computing environments, and reduce the size, cost,

and power requirements of high-performance computing and data

storage equipment.
NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT



NIH: Planning for evolution to

new architectures and algorithms

for advanced biomedical

computation

DOE Office of Science:Extend

MVICH system of highperformance communications for

cluster computing at the National

Energy Research Supercomputer

Center; develop enabling

technology centers for libraries of

high-performance software

components for science applications

and critical computer science and

software issues in terascale

computing systems

NSA: Discovery and application of

methods to achieve orders of

magnitude improvement in the

computational capability needed to

derive intelligence from

mathematical and signalprocessing problems. Exploration

includes advanced microscopy,

micro spray cooling,optoelectronic

circuits,and optical tape

NIST: Prototype software library

of mathematical functions based on

client-server transactions for

computational problems such as

solving linear systems and

eigenvalue problems

NOAA: Innovative technologies

and tools for advanced scalable

computation on highly parallel

computing systems to provide

greater computing power at

substantially lower cost

ODUSD (S&T):Support for

universities’ acquisition of

equipment for defense-related

research in high-end hardware,

software, and applications

a small fraction of the scientific data that future research will call for.

Finding cost-effective solutions requires fundamental cross-disciplinary

research in disciplines such as physics, chemistry, materials science, and

electrical engineering, as well as innovations in computer science and

applied mathematics. Next-generation supercomputing architectures,

systems software, and middleware must also address interoperability needs

of both Federal agencies and the private sector. These technological

breakthroughs will also aid U.S. competitiveness.

In FY 2002, the NITRD agencies will proceed with research to increase

the delivered performance of computing systems. The goal is to produce,

by the end of this decade, systems that are capable of 1,000 times or more

the speeds of today's fastest systems, while reducing cost, energy

consumption, and footprint, and to develop interoperable systems software

and tools that will:

• Improve sustained application performance, ease of use,

manageability, and high-speed network connectivity of teraops-scale

systems 

• Be scalable (expandable) to petaops-scale systems (petaops systems

perform a thousand trillion calculations per second)

• Provide a unifying environment for high-end scientific computing

The demand for substantial increases in computing capability, to a level

many thousands of times beyond today’s systems, will continue to grow in

the years ahead. These increases cannot be attained solely by isolated

enhancements in hardware or software, no matter how dramatic such

individual improvements may be.The architecture of future

supercomputers must consist of components carefully developed,

assembled, and tuned, and must be matched by an application

development process that allows close integration with the system

architecture.This ubiquitous close integration will require substantial

breakthroughs in every area of high-end computing research.

Long-Term Research Needs

• Advanced computing concepts (including nonconventional

architectures, components, and algorithms)

• Systems software technologies (including operating systems,

programming languages, compilers, memory hierarchies,

input/output, and performance tools)

• Systems architectures that integrate device and component

technologies, systems software, and programming environments

(including device technologies, node functionalities, configuration,

software for managing highly parallel computations, and hierarchical

programming), and network connectivity

• Software component technologies for high performance computing


Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Continue exploring

quantum phase data storage and

retrieval; shared-memory

multiprocessor design;nanoscale

device and system architectures

DARPA/NSF:Investigate the

use of DNA-like molecules to

store and compute terabyte-scale

problems

DARPA:Investigate very largescale integration of photonics for

intra- and inter-chip

communication,including

processor-in-memory arrays

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Surmounting 

the Silicon CMOS Barrier

T

he complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) chip,

the two-dimensional miniature electronic map on a silicon

wafer that is the standard building block of computing

systems, is fast approaching its physical limits. That is, the electronic

signals that can be routed through its pathways are finite in quantity

and speed. Even the complex technical amassing of chips that

produced Option White demonstrates these limitations in the

machine's enormous size and power requirements. The NITRD

agencies are examining new materials and methods to create wholly

new designs for processors in computing devices. Federal missions

and private-sector IT innovation alike require both mid-term

incremental improvements in computational speeds and long-term

breakthroughs to radically new processor architectures capable of

teraops and petaops speeds.

In FY 2002, the agencies will support research at the theoretical and

empirical intersection of biology, information science, and microelectromechanical systems [Bio:Info:Micro]. Advances in photonics,

nanotechnologies, sensors, actuators, optoelectronics, digital, analog, and

mixed signal processing, and new fabrication technologies make it possible,

for example, to conceive of integrated designs in 3-D on a chip with

billions of transistors.This work focuses on designing new, modular hybrid

architectures that include fault-tolerance, programmability (including novel

approaches such as amorphous computing methods), and security features

needed in embedded systems for defense.

A related research area is biological substrate computing, the potential in

organic molecules – such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid

(RNA), and proteins – to provide vast storage and processing capacities. For

example, one gram of DNA contains 1021 DNA bases, which is equal to

108 terabytes of information storage. Breakthroughs in this area could result

in:

• High-volume, content-addressable storage

• Solutions to computationally hard problems that are not now solvable

• Self-assembly of nanostructures using DNA/RNA tiling. The

CHALLENGE #2


NSA: Continue research to

demonstrate the feasibility of

quantum computing devices and

other high-performance,

superconducting alternatives to

current silicon and gallium

arsenide technologies; architecture,

configuration, and programming

of “smart memory” chips

NIST: Research in quantum

computing,secure quantum

communication,photonics,

nanotechnologies,optoelectronics,

and new chip designs and

fabrication techniques

ODUSD (S&T): Universitybased research in quantum

communications and quantum

memory

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

nanostructures in turn could be used for nanoscience such as

molectronics (described below)

Because the timing of revolutionary breakthroughs in all these

fundamental investigations cannot be predicted, the NITRD agencies also

continue to explore superconducting materials and related technologies that

offer the potential to produce the substantial incremental improvements in

processing speeds that will be needed in the near- and mid-term.

Long-Term Research Needs

Agencies will support long-range research to explore the potential of

atomic phenomena – such as quanta of light or molecular nuclei – to serve

as high-speed processing mechanisms. This area holds great promise as a

future means of providing:

• Ultrasecure communications over optical backbone networks

• Orders of magnitude increases in the speed of algorithms such as for

searching unsorted databases or factoring large numbers

• Quantum computers that can give detailed and faithful simulations of

molecular processes and phenomena in physics

In addition, agencies will support research to attain long-term

breakthroughs in computer design and fabrication.The potential results of

these efforts include:

• Innovative computational structures, 3-D architectures, hybrid

technologies

• Reconfigurable systems on a chip, adaptive and polymorphous

computing

• Processor in memory (PIM) and other efforts to provide memory

performance commensurate with processor performance

• New computational substrates:

- Quantum computing

- Biological substrate computing

- “Smart fabric.” Using technology for interweaving battery,

fiberoptic cable, and metal connectors, scientists can produce

fabric that can be embossed with enough processors to provide

on-person processing on the order of tens of teraops (the size of

today's larger supercomputers)

- Molectronics: computation at the molecular scale, which holds

the potential of providing extremely fast, high-density

processing power for the next generation of strategic computing

for the military
SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET



Graph of global Internet

connectivity (see inside front cover

for details). Image courtesy of

CAIDA.

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Network-centric

middleware, high-performance

connections,and strategic

Internet technologies such as

network monitoring, problem

detection and resolution,

automated advanced tools for

active and intelligent networks,

and innovative access methods

such as wireless

DARPA:Active networks,

adaptive, reflective middleware,

and composable high-assurance

trusted systems for highly secure

distributed defense applications;

network modeling and

simulation

Versatile, Secure, Scalable Networks 

for the 21st Century

T

he Internet is at the heart of the IT revolution, and Federally

sponsored networking research plays a pivotal role in

generating the technological advances critical to the Net's

growth and evolution. Though the focus of Federal work is

exploration of technologies and tools to support critical agency

missions, the Federal research emphases on long-range needs –

including such vital emerging areas as smart, active networking,

automated resource discovery, and online resource access – not

surprisingly turn out to be the core research problems that must be

solved to transition the Internet into a secure, reliable, expandable,

very-high-speed knowledge and communications infrastructure for

the Nation in the new century.

Smart, active networks, for example, will be aware of changing demands

for network resources and able to adjust to meet those demands.

Automated resource discovery technologies will enable such networks to

“see” where network-intensive applications are running and supply the

necessary bandwidth; likewise, large-scale applications will seek out the

network resources they need. Active networks will also be able to adjust

when wireless devices move from place to place.

Today a new generation of these and other enabling technologies is

needed to “modernize” the Internet for rapidly growing traffic volumes,

expanded e-commerce, and the advanced applications that will be possible

only when next-generation networks are widely available. More than a third

of a billion people worldwide – 6 percent of the global population – now

use the Internet, including about 60 percent of all North Americans,

according to recent Internet surveys. With the advent of connectivity for

wireless devices and a predictable rise in users globally, the number of

Internet nodes is expected to grow to a billion or more within a few years.

An Internet of that scale will be vastly larger than architects of today’s

network protocols ever anticipated. Its operability presents many research

unknowns since there is no way to prototype a network of that size.

With the goal of assuring the Internet’s capacity for growth and

improved capabilities, the NITRD agencies have developed an ambitious

coordinated research program to:

CHALLENGE #3


NIH: Projects to develop

telemedical applications using

advanced network capabilities

such as quality of service, data

privacy and security, nomadic

computing, and network

management 

NASA: Enable ubiquitous

networking by developing

interoperable heterogeneous access

technologies including broadband

wireless,mobile wireless, satellite,

and landline

DOE Office of Science: Network

technologies to enable high endto-end performance for

applications such as distributed

visualization and petabyte-scale

data transfers

NIST: Measurement technologies

to support specification,

standardization,and testing of

protocols and software for agile

networking infrastructures

NOAA: Early adoption of

scalable network capabilities and

applications in support of severe

weather forecasting and

warning,and hazardous

materials response

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• Understand how to extend, or scale up, the network infrastructure so

that it is available anytime and anywhere, and so that it includes

ubiquitous networking that extends the network to millions and

potentially billions of new devices and chips embedded in larger

devices such as appliances, automobiles, and transportation systems

• Provide needed network services, such as management, reliability,

security, and high-speed transmission rates

In FY 2002, research sponsored by the NITRD agencies will focus on

middleware; access from the edges of the network (mobile wireless

connectivity); environments with dense arrays of sensors (sensornets) and of

embedded devices; trust, security, and privacy; and tools and infrastructure

for collaboratories. The agencies are also developing an integrated plan that

encompasses the long-range research it will take to realize the potential of

21st century networks.The following list suggests the R&D areas in which

fundamental, not just incremental, advances are required before pervasive

high speeds, security, flexible access, and reliability are standard features of

the Nation’s digital communications systems.

Long-Term Research Needs

• Fundamental network research, including:

- Optical networking (flow, burst, and packet switching; access

technologies; gigabit per second interfaces; protocol layering)

- Network dynamics and simulation (automated management,

automated resource recovery, network modeling)

- Fault tolerance and autonomous management

- Resource management (discovery and brokering, advance

reservation, co-scheduling, policy-driven allocation

mechanisms)

- Wireless technologies (technical standards for discovery, coexistence, and configuration)

- Increasing capability to support bandwidth requirements

- Enhancing and scaling networks to improve robustness and

handling of transient interactions among billions of devices and

to maximize access from the edges of the network, such as

methods for ubiquitous broadband access, tether-free

networking, security and privacy, and network management

- Understanding global-scale networks and information

infrastructure (end-to-end performance, backbone structures,

applications)

• Enabling new classes of applications (distributed data-intensive

computing; collaboration; computational steering of scientific

simulations; distance visualization; operation of remote instruments;

large-scale, distributed systems)


Large data-set visualization of

combustion produced by volumerendering software at DOE’s

Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: High-end applications

promoting collaborative research

and information sharing in

astronomy, engineering,

environmental and geosciences,

and genomics; support the

Partnerships for Advanced

Computational Infrastructure

headquartered at the National

Center for Supercomputing

Applications (University of

Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)

and the San Diego

Supercomputer Center

(University of California-San

Diego)

NASA: Develop space-based data

and analysis infrastructure, highend science collaboratories, and

interactive environments for

engineering

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Advanced IT To Sustain 

U.S. Strength in Science and Engineering

T

he Federal investments described in this report include

development and demonstration of leading-edge

computational science and networked IT systems in

engineering and the sciences. These high-performance IT

capabilities, like all important innovations, drive new waves of

exploration and discovery at the forefront of scientific and

engineering knowledge, where the U.S. must remain in the years

ahead.

High-end scientific computation and visualization technologies and tools

enable researchers to “see,” interact with, and analyze the structures and

behaviors of organic and inorganic matter more precisely than previously

possible – from the tiniest building blocks of the universe, to the tolerances

of manufacturing designs, to the properties and interactions of the

biosphere's large-scale phenomena.These exciting explorations leverage

Federal NITRD investments to attract talented researchers into

engineering and the sciences and strengthen the Nation’s leadership in

these fields.

In addition, these advanced capabilities both require and enable the

increasingly interdisciplinary scientific environments that new generations

of scientists need to master in order to solve the 21st centur y’s most

complex science problems. The work of designing, building, tuning,

integrating, and using very complex high-end computing systems and

applications is itself rigorously interdisciplinary and requires a high level of

teamwork among specialists in many disciplines.These advanced systems in

turn make possible one of the most promising new developments of our era

in scientific research – electronic collaboratories in which scientists in any

field and any location can work together in real time through distributed

networked applications.

Integrating the science and engineering of advanced computing systems

into large-scale, multilayered technological systems of systems to address

significant societal needs expands the requirement for multidisciplinary

collaboration to an even greater scale. (Descriptions of some of the

integrated technological systems that fundamental NITRD research is

aiming toward can be found in the National Grand Challenge Applications

section on pages 27-31 of this report.)

CHALLENGE #4


NIH: Demonstrate network

infrastructure technologies for

scientific collaboration; develop

tools for determining 3-D

molecular structures and methods

for displaying and analyzing

images from microscopy, magnetic

resonance, and positron emission

tomography; develop high-end

modeling and simulation

capabilities; expand biomedical

supercomputing programs

DOE Office of Science:

Partnerships, under DOE's

Scientific Discovery through

Advanced Computing program,

between computer scientists and

application scientists in global

climate research, high-energy and

nuclear physics, chemistry, and

fusion energy sciences to develop

the next generation of scientific

simulation and collaboration tools

NOAA: Research in advanced

scalable, highly parallel computing

systems and software to support

data-intensive modeling and

simulation of large-scale weather

and environmental phenomena

NIST: Computational tools for

modeling the micro-magnetic

properties of materials;

conformance tests for Virtual

Reality Modeling Language

(VRML) and standards for

making VRML accessible to the

disabled; integrate human

ergonomic simulations with

manufacturing simulations;

virtual reality environment for

evaluating machine processes

EPA: Component-based, crossmedia (e.g., air, water, soil),

multiscale modeling framework

for environmental research and

decision support

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Examples of the advanced science and engineering activities that Federal

research in high-performance IT systems seeks to enable include:

• Modeling and simulation in the biological, chemical, environmental,

material, and physical sciences, such as:

- Dynamic integrated models of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans,

fresh water, soil, and biosphere at scales ranging from

kilometers to meters

- A model of the human body and its components at scales

ranging from atoms to molecules, cells, and organs, to the

whole body

- Complete engine simulation, including combustion, chemical

mixing, and multiphase flow

- Simulation for controlled fusion to optimize the design of

future nuclear reactors

- Design of new chemical compounds for biological and

manufacturing applications

- Models of chemical, manufacturing, and assembly plants for

optimization

- Simulations of automobile crash tests for different spatial

configurations that reliably substitute for real tests

• Data assimilation, fusion, visualization, and manipulation for

modeling and simulation

• Modeling and simulation in IT, including:

- High-end computing systems

- Network dynamics

- Large-scale IT systems such as embedded systems and

distributed heterogeneous applications

• Collaboration technologies in clinical medicine, scientific research,

and professional education and training

Long-Term Research Needs

• Increasingly capable and interoperable computing systems, storage

systems, networks, software development capabilities (including

languages and tools), and human/computer interaction technologies

to enable faster, higher-resolution, more realistic 3-D simulations of

phenomena of interest to scientists, engineers, and society

• Approaches for building, understanding, and evaluating complex

interdisciplinary modeling systems

• Languages and tools that allow scientists and engineers to better

access and utilize distributed and high-end computing resources

• IT for supporting distributed interdisciplinary teams


NASA image of future space-based

communications architectures, now

under development in the agency’s

High Rate Data Delivery research

program

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Scientific principles for

construction of high-confidence

systems; innovative research in

trusted computing: safety,

security, and privacy for

Internet-enabled systems;

foundations for real-time

distributed and embedded

systems; software and modeling

technologies for hybrid discrete

and continuous systems;

innovative fault-tolerance

approaches for critical

infrastructure protection

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Ensuring Reliable, Secure Operation

of Critical Systems

T

he 1999 report of the President’s Information Technology

Advisory Committee argued that fundamental software

research must be “an absolute national priority” in Federal

networking and IT research. The Committee highlighted a reality of

the Information Age: The software running today's computing

systems and networks is a vast patchwork of often idiosyncratically

designed, insecure, and non-interoperable code whose fragility

manifests itself daily in unreliability, security breaches, performance

lapses, errors, and difficulties in upgrading.

Unlike the design of bridges and airplanes, for example, there exists

today no framework of formal scientific and engineering principles

governing software development. At the same time, the demand for

software currently exceeds our capacity to produce it, and the software that

is developed is very costly and increasingly complex, with many programs

running to millions of lines of code.That is far too many to be effectively

validated or made secure from attack with today's technology.

If all that were at stake were the frustrations of home computer users,

perhaps we could leave software development as a cottage craft rather than

a formal scientific discipline. But with software already managing such

large-scale and mission-critical systems as aircraft and air traffic, medical

devices including life-support systems, electrical power grids, international

financial networks, and advanced weaponry, funding for research in

software development methods must be continued.

The Federal NITRD agencies are undertaking the research necessary to

develop software governed by formal principles and methods and structured

so that its security and reliability can be assured through automated testing

and validation. Mission-critical systems must be able to withstand hacker,

criminal, and enemy attacks as well as unanticipated system interactions;

“self-healing” so they can continue to function after an attack or system

failure; and designed to guarantee predictably high levels of data integrity

and security.

In FY 2002, the agencies will fund research to develop and demonstrate

revolutionary high-confidence software and systems development and

assurance capabilities that balance risk, cost, and effort to achieve systems

CHALLENGE #5


DARPA: Research in highconfidence control systems; design

for robust, coordinated hybrid

control; applications of formal

reasoning to system and software

certification to reduce test effort;

management of assurance

evidence; robust management of

authority; safe semi-autonomous

cooperating systems; coherent and

manageable control by human

operators and decision makers

NASA: Develop methods and

technologies to assure reliability

and security in high-performance

software and systems 

NSA: Expand research in highassurance computing platforms,

security management

infrastructures, cryptography,

active network defense, and secure

communications and network

management

NIST: Promulgate advanced

encryption standard selected by

NIST to replace previous data

encryption standard; develop

reference data and guidelines for

face-recognition technologies; with

NSA, support the National

Information Assurance

Partnership to promote costeffective international standards

for software evaluation, testing,

and certification

ODUSD (S&T): Support

defense-related university research

in assurance foundations and

technologies, information security,

survivability technologies,

software control systems,and

public key infrastructures 

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

that behave in predictable and robust ways. The goals of this research effort

are to:

• Provide a sound theoretical, scientific, and technological basis for

assured construction of safe, secure systems

• Develop hardware, software, and system engineering tools that

incorporate ubiquitous, application-based, domain-based, and riskbased assurance

• Reduce the time, effort, and cost of assurance and certification

processes

• Provide a technological base of public domain, advanced prototype

implementations of high-confidence technologies to enable rapid

adoption

Long-Term Research Needs

• Foundations of assurance and composition:

- Rigorous modeling and reasoning about high-confidence

properties

- Interoperable methods and tools

- System composition and decomposition

- Specification

- Safety and security foundations

• Scalable fault prevention, detection, analysis, and recovery:

- Robust system architectures

- Monitoring, detection, and adaptive response

• Correct-by-construction software technologies:

- Programming languages, tools, and environments

- Systems software, middleware, and networking, including

reusable middleware services such as efficient, predictable,

scalable, dependable protocols for timing, consensus,

synchronization, and replication for large-scale distributed

embedded applications and domain-specific services

• Evidence technologies for verification and validation

• Experimentation and reference implementations:

- Assured reference implementations and assurance cases, such as

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for advanced networks,

software control of physical systems, and mobile networked

devices

- Domain-specific certification technologies, such as technologies

for cost-effective verification and validation and verified

hardware/software co-design technologies

• Forensic and diagnostic tools


Background of this illustration

produced with Cichlid software for

depicting network behavior,

developed by the National

Laboratory for Applied Network

Research (NLANR) with NSF

support

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Empirical software

engineering research to address

problems of software productivity

and product quality

DARPA:Deeply networked

systems research using modelbased integration of distributed

software for integrating

information processing and

physical process demands,and

highly complex systems that may

be composed of systems of sensors

or systems of systems

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Making Software 

for the Real World

T

he well documented, widely experienced effects of inadequate

software quality and productivity jeopardize U.S. security and

economic viability. A conspicuous example of the enormous

research challenges before us is embedded software – that is, software

operating with and controlling the physical world. Embedded

software is extremely hard to build because its design cannot be based

on an idealized model of the real world. While the primary

stakeholder is DoD (embedded software is the main reason for

significant time and cost overruns in major weapon programs and

presents a profound technical challenge for developers), embedded

software has tremendous commercial significance. Examples of this

may be found in automotive electronics (where it is predicted that the

cost of the embedded computers and software will exceed that of the

drive train and body by early 2003), consumer electronics such as

personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, television sets and

other household devices, and industrial process control systems.

Given the staggering impact of the software industry on both the private

sector – where personnel costs have reached $400 billion a year – and the

Federal government, the NITRD agencies are sponsoring fundamental

research that will lead to more cost-efficient, productive software

development methods. This will result in higher-quality software with

predictable characteristics, as well as support the construction of advanced

applications that stress and evaluate current and evolving best practices.

Tiny embedded processors lie at one end of the continuum of software

research needs, but at the other lie the largest digital systems in existence.

The National Research Council, in its Fall 2000 report “Making IT Better,”

argues that the single greatest challenge in IT research today is presented by

large-scale systems, which now power society's most complex and critical

infrastructures but which have not been the IT research community's

primary focus. Citing the growing complexity, heterogeneity, distribution,

and integration of these vast interconnected systems, the report urges that

research to improve their design, development, and operation be made a

national priority.

In large-scale systems, the validity of theoretical approaches is drastically

CHALLENGE #6


NIH:The NCI Advanced

Biomedical Computing Center

continues to develop high-end

computational methods to support

cancer research

NASA: Establish and develop

High Dependability Software

Consortium with leading

universities and industry for

proving methods and techniques

to achieve very high reliability in

mission-critical software

NIST: Research in techniques for

self-integration of manufacturing

system components to enable full

or partial interoperability in a

world where standards are

changing quickly; automated or

partially automated creation of

software using combinations of

formal methods, machine

learning,and knowledge-based

techniques

NOAA: Advanced scalable

computation research to develop

the Flexible Modeling System for

climate and atmospheric scientists

working on highly parallel

scalable systems

ODUSD (S&T): Universitybased research in data fusion in

large arrays of microsensors

(SENSORWEB), learning

technologies, solitonic information

processing, and adaptive mobile

wireless networks for highly

dynamic environments

EPA: Research and development

in component-based methods for

environmental modeling

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

challenged by scalability pressures and by the inherent heterogeneity of

components. We cannot achieve improvements without evaluating the

practical applicability of methods and techniques and actually testing them

in large-scale application platforms.

The NITRD agencies’ research program addresses the scientific

foundations of software design and investigates the related engineering

process, including substantial experimental evaluations. In FY 2002,

agency-sponsored research will focus on developing mathematical,

computer science, and engineering models to test fundamental new

directions for cost-efficient development of very high-quality software in

the emerging world of interconnectivity among heterogeneous devices,

from embedded processors to massive systems of systems.

Long-Term Research Needs

• Science of software and system design:

- Languages and compilers - e.g., domain-specific languages to

make software specification and development easy for end users

and languages that are easier to use and harder to abuse

- Effective methods for composing software and systems – better

techniques for composing, analyzing, and verifying complex

systems, and making them interoperable on widely distributed

heterogeneous systems

- Foundations for advanced frameworks and middleware –

adaptive and reflexive components, composition frameworks

and middleware, theoretical basis for the construction of

scalable distributed software systems

• Automating the engineering process:

- Methods for putting together software “components” to reduce

development time and increase reliability, including

technologies for developing distributed, autonomous and/or

embedded software; software development automation

- Integrated software and systems development process, including

methods for specifying, analyzing, testing, and verifying

software and physical systems

- Interoperability of network applications running concurrently

- Integrated configurable tool environments that enable rapid

composition and customization of integrated domain-specific

development environments

• Pilot applications and empirical evaluation:

- Technologies for embedded software applications and other

complex applications

- Empirical studies of software and systems development projects


Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Innovative IT applications

in education; collaboration

technologies for research and work

environments; assistive

technologies to enable universal

access to IT

DARPA:Dialogue-based spoken

language systems; network-based

capabilities to support "all source"

and "all language" analysis of

intelligence information

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Supporting Human Capabilities

and Universal Human Development

I

nformation technology holds the potential to help all people

enhance their individual capacities and skills.The research

agenda of the Federal IT research agencies aggressively pursues

technical innovations that bring us closer to universal access to and

easy usability of computing and communications systems.

First, human-computer interaction research aims to expand the scope of

what computing devices can contribute to human abilities, such as by

augmenting human memory, attention span, sensory perception (such as in

sight, hearing, and touch), and comprehension. A simple but powerful

example of this augmented cognition is visualization technologies, which

enable researchers to turn complex data into 2-D and 3-D graphics that

can be manipulated and analyzed. Such visualization capabilities are

revolutionizing not only scientific and engineering research but industrial

production processes as well.

Federally sponsored human-computer interaction research also focuses

on integrating advanced functionalities – that is, computing technologies

that input and output speech, translate languages, are activated by sensory

data or remote instruction, and the like – so that they best support people

performing multiple tasks in varying configurations within complex work

environments. For example, Federal research on "smart spaces" – work

environments with embedded computers, information appliances, and

multi-modal sensors – seeks to integrate these devices in ways that allow

people to perform tasks efficiently by offering unprecedented levels of

access to information and assistance from computing systems.

End user focused research seeks to re-invent such IT components as

interfaces, search engines, and communications technologies from the

standpoint of expanding the user's capabilities and ease of use.

Investigations in language technologies – such as machine translation,

speech-driven computer interactions, pattern recognition, and automated

transcription – aim to enable, for example, hands-free communication

between people and computing devices, computer-generated translations of

materials in foreign languages, computer analysis of texts, and voice

recognition and spoken-language transcription for meeting discussions.

These capabilities not only have vital applications in military and national

security settings but also have an enormous range of uses in other spheres.

CHALLENGE #7


NIH: Methods for generating,

displaying, and analyzing images

in electron and light microscopy

and a number of medical imaging

modalities including positron

emission tomography and electron

paramagnetic resonance imaging;

tools for accessing molecular

biology, biochemistry, and genetics

data

NASA: New interfaces enabling

users to visualize, manipulate,

compare, and analyze large-scale,

3-D temporal data sets

DOE Office of Science:Integrated

set of software tools to enable

scientists to remotely access and

control facilities and share largescale data sets in real time

NIST: Usability studies resulting

in new tests for evaluation of

Web pages and other applications;

testing and commercialization of

new devices for the visually

handicapped

ODUSD (S&T): Universitybased research in mobile

augmented battlespace

visualization and tutorial

dialogue for artificial intelligence

training systems

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

This research supports development of technologies, tools, and devices that

help enable all individuals to live full and independent lives, whatever their

ages or physical capacities. A key goal of universal access research is

development of multimodal design strategies – such as incorporating

speech-activated technologies – that will work across a range of

technologies, devices, and user capabilities and preferences.

In FY 2002, the NITRD agencies will sponsor research to solve

methodological and technical issues in integrating functionalities and to

develop designs and tools for diverse distributed applications. Other

projects will focus on understanding the needs of end users in work and

learning environments and modeling multimodal interactions between

users and computing devices in these environments.

Long-Term Research Needs

• Development of advanced functionalities:

- Language-engineering technologies, including translation

between languages and between spoken and written languages,

and spoken-language query systems

- Spoken, aural, and multimodal interfaces – for hands-free and

untethered computing in military and advanced aerospace

applications and for computer access for the blind

- Technologies for use of sensors in such settings as health care,

national defense, and emergency management, and for the

severely physically disabled

- Real-time interaction with databases to accelerate decision

making 

• Integration of advanced functionalities:

- Intelligent systems, such as “smart spaces,” for ubiquitous

computing with multiple interactions; collaborative mobile

agents

- Remote collaboration, visualization, and virtual-reality

environments 

- Computer-assisted prosthetics for motion, sight, and hearing;

monitoring systems; and remote consultation technologies to

increase the independence of the elderly and disabled

- Methods and technologies for modeling and sharing expertise;

models and metrics for collaborative performance of complex

tasks


Graphic by Janet Ward of NOAA’s

High Performance Computing and

Communications Program

Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF:Development of digital

library collections,including

research in architectures, tools,

and technologies for organizing,

annotating, searching,and

preserving distributed

multimedia archives; expand

online scientific data and largescale data-mining research to

accelerate use of existing data to

supplement new observations

DARPA:Deploy scalable

prototype analysis environment

in defense application with crossrepository information analysis

functionality (semantic retrieval,

indexing, value filtering,user

defined alerting, and

categorizing)

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Managing and Enabling

Worlds of Knowledge

E

arly Federal IT investments have pioneered development and

implementation of digital repositories of information and

such basic enabling technologies as search engines, record

management systems, and linkages among distributed archives.

Creating digital libraries across the range of human knowledge and

developing the technologies and tools to make that knowledge

universally available on demand is a core challenge in information

technology whose advances benefit every profession, every academic

discipline, every learner, and every citizen.

Digital libraries form the basis of the Nation's 21st century knowledge

network.The Federally supported research to decode the human genome,

for example, was accelerated by many years because researchers could create,

store, and immediately share over the Internet massive databases of genetic

information representing pieces of the enormous biological puzzle. Federal

digital libraries funding not only established major digital collections in

such areas as Earth and space sciences, the humanities, law, medicine, oral

history, and science, mathematics, and engineering education, but also spun

off search engine technologies that have become successful commercial

enterprises.

Developmental issues in the digital libraries field are growing in tandem

with today’s knowledge explosion.Their scale is suggested by a recent

University of California at Berkeley study estimating that the world now

produces between one and two exabytes (an exabyte is a billion billion 8-bit

bytes) of information annually; most of this vast output is images, sound,

and numeric data already in digital formats; only 0.003 percent represents

print documents. At the same time, barely 10 percent of all public

information ever produced in print has been digitized and made available

on the Internet. How to determine, collect, and preserve what is of value in

the world’s dizzying new digital output now joins older questions of how

and what to digitize from humanity’s pre-digital knowledge stores as issues

for archivists.

Building archives is only one step in generating the technological

framework that makes a digital library useable. It also takes advanced

technologies for managing and working with digital information, from

visualization, data fusion, and analysis capabilities to remote collaboration

CHALLENGE #8


NIH: Continue work on query by

image content to produce a reliable

method for computer-assisted 

x-ray image segmentation,

indexing, and query; establish an

information storage, curation,

analysis, and retrieval (ISCAR)

program for biological data

DOE Office of Science:Modular

electronic notebook prototype,

whiteboard, and related tools for

collaboratory sharing of scientific

data, instrumentation,and

research results

NIST: Initial Internet-accessible

repository of full structural

crystallographic data for inorganic

materials and a second repositor y

of Internet-accessible molecular

recognition knowledge; intelligent

interfaces for using existing

bioinformatics tools for protein

databases

NOAA: Extend real-time

collaborative access to chemical

disaster information by

surrounding this functionality

with synchronous collaborative

tools to enable experts nationwide

to consult while maintaining a

consistent view of the data

AHRQ:Develop Web-based

applications to improve health

data systems and quality of care;

innovative strategies for data

collection in clinical settings;

approaches for integrating quality

and outcomes data into the care

process

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

and metadata notation schemes, to advanced interoperable systems. The

NITRD effort is building on early Federal successes to develop the nextgeneration technologies that are needed to help realize the full potential of

electronic information. Today’s search engines, for example, are based on

fundamental algorithms developed 20 years ago; current search tools

cannot locate audio or image information by content description. Strategies

to assure long-term preservation of digital records constitute another

particularly pressing issue for research. As storage technologies evolve with

increasing speed to cope with the growing demand for storage space, the

obsolescence of older storage hardware and software threatens to cut us off

from the electronically stored past.

Federal agencies’ FY 2002 research efforts will include development of

large-scale digital collections in engineering, sciences, and humanities;

research to increase interoperability and integration of software in

distributed systems; protocols and tools for data annotation and

management; and research in technical issues in preservation.

Long-Term Research Needs

• Data storage and management technologies:

- Tools for collection, indexing, synthesis, and archiving

- Protocols for data compatibility, conversion, interoperability,

interpretation

- Technologies and tools for fusion of databases, such as molecules

and macromolecular structures in biology or disparate real-time

weather observations, with remote access and analysis

capabilities

- Component technologies and integration of dynamic, scalable,

flexible information environments 

- Digital representation, preservation, and storage of multimedia

collections

- Protocols and tools to address legal issues such as copyright

protection, privacy, and intellectual property management

• Usability of large-scale data sets:

- Intelligent search agents, improved abstracting and summarizing

techniques, and advanced interfaces

- Digital classification frameworks and interoperable search

architectures

- Metadata technologies and tools for distributed multimedia

archives

- Ultra-scale data-mining technologies 

- Testbeds for prototyping and evaluating media integration,

software functionality, and large-scale applications


Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: IT tools and applications

in education and training,

including approaches to

increasing IT literacy; research

on barriers to IT careers for

women and minorities; and

multidisciplinary research

opportunities for students

NIH: Expanded opportunities

for IT training,especially in

bioinformatics; individual and

program grants for advanced IT

R&D training for health

professionals

NASA: Use Internet for training

and development of engineers

and scientists in IT security and

collaborative engineering 

DOE Office of Science:

Computational Science Graduate

Fellowship Program, a

nationwide competitive program

to train the next generation of

leaders in computational science

for DOE and the Nation

NIST: Summer undergraduate

research fellowships,in

cooperation with NSF;

postdoctoral fellows and

university guest researchers

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Supporting Education and Development

of a World-Class IT Workforce

E

mployers in every sector as well as a variety of studies identify

the persistent shortage of skilled IT workers as the single

greatest threat to U.S. competitiveness over the next 10 years.

“Building a Workforce for the Information Economy,” a new report by

the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National

Research Council, concludes that the tight IT labor market will

continue for the foreseeable future and that there is no single solution

to the problem. “Coping with a tight labor market,” the report states,

“requires the best efforts of all stakeholders: employers, employees,

educational institutions, and government at all levels.”

In FY 2002, the NITRD agencies will sponsor research on issues in IT

literacy and IT workforce development, including a focus on barriers and

impediments to IT careers among women, minorities, and other

underrepresented groups. The agencies also support efforts to develop

innovative IT applications for work-related learning and broader access to

IT by expanding the high-performance infrastructure to encompass

underrepresented educational communities and students.

As researchers representing many different disciplines, NITRD

participants know firsthand that the shortage of IT researchers is already

jeopardizing their ability to carry out the research program that is crucial

for the Nation's future. To address this problem, the Federal research

community should strive to double the number of new IT researchers over

the next five years and increase the support levels for existing faculty.

Current NITRD research also addresses fundamental questions about the

efficacy of IT in education, examining theories and models of learning and

developing high-quality IT applications for learning environments.

Long-Term Research Needs

• New knowledge about cognitive development and about group and

individual learning in varied settings

• More substantial empirical data on the effects of IT systems in

education and training environments

• Software for self-instruction and collaborative learning

• Integration of information technologies in learning environments

CHALLENGE #9


Representative FY 2002

agency activities

NSF: Support for research on

effective uses of IT in education;

social and economic implications

of IT (such as e-commerce and the

digital economy; community

networking; computer-supported

collaborative work; IT and

transformations in work life;

value systems in IT design,

deployment,and consequences;

information privacy and

intellectual property; and the role

of IT in facilitating scientific

progress); issues related to

attracting and retaining a strong

workforce; technologies and tools

enabling people to use IT

regardless of age or physical

limitation; and IT in the social

and behavioral sciences

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Understanding the Effects of IT

To Maximize the Benefits

N

ew modes of learning, research, communication, commerce,

and human services are proliferating so rapidly that we as a

society have hardly paused to contemplate the changes or

analyze their effects on people and institutions. Most IT research

investments to date understandably have centered on development

of the new technologies themselves. A number of recent studies

have brought into focus, however, the need for investment in

research to identify, understand, anticipate, and address the

unintended consequences of the increasing pace of technology

transformation.

The NITRD agencies have begun a vigorous interdisciplinary research

program to look much more closely at the nature and dynamics of the

interactions between IT and social systems.This research will develop

both empirical maps of the landscape of social change and new theories

and models to describe the complex process of adaptation and interchange

between humans and large-scale technical systems.

The research agenda will address a major initial challenge: Development

of an intellectual architecture for this new multidisciplinary research area.

Researchers currently working on IT-related studies are scattered across

many different disciplines without either a single focus to draw them

together or a multidisciplinary communications network oriented to their

work. NITRD seeks to foster a national infrastructure for social,

economic, and workforce-related research and to attract additional

scholars to the work to be done. This capacity-building effort will provide

policymakers, for the first time, with current, research-based findings

about IT's societal effects.

Multidisciplinary research areas to be examined in FY 2002 include

universal participation in the digital society; information privacy and

intellectual property in the digital society; large-scale social technologies

for science, education, and work collaboration and learning; ethical

principles in socio-technical design; and technologies for independence

throughout life. Projects focus on basic research, applications, and

infrastructure topics to increase the value of IT to all sectors of society and

CHALLENGE #10


the ability of individuals and social groups to participate in and contribute

to advances in IT.

Long-Term Research Needs

• New knowledge about the interaction among people, groups,

computing applications, communications networks, and information

infrastructures across distances and in various social, cultural, legal,

economic, and ethical contexts

• New knowledge about participation in a digital society, including

such aspects as the digital economy, modes of work, Internet

governance and Internet citizenship, barriers to universal access and

participation, and cybercrime and law enforcement

• Fundamental theoretical and legal analyses and empirical studies of

intellectual property and privacy issues in the digital age

• Research on integration and uses of large-scale social technologies for

collaboration and learning in science, education, and the workplace

• Significant advances in our scientific understanding of what

technologies, tools, and applications are effective for learning

• Research on technologies for successful aging

• Studies of ethical principles in IT socio-technical designs

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

National 

Grand Challenge 

Applications

The Federal NITRD investment provides the base technologies

to ensure that the U.S. maintains its dominant position in the

application of information technologies to critical national defense

and national security needs. This Federal research provides the

national defense and national security communities with the

advanced information technologies needed to support weapons

programs, military and intelligence operations, and effective

information operations environments. Systems with these

capabilities are needed to perform the computationally intensive

fine grain simulation of new aircraft and smart weapons, and to

permit full maintenance and reliability simulation of the Nation's nuclear

weapons stockpile. NITRD will enable the efficient design and development

M

ost of the IT enabling technologies that the Nation needs – and that constitute the core

work of the Federal NITRD enterprise – are invisible to the public. It is the

combination of these component technologies in far-reaching applications that marks

the visible ultimate goal and crowning achievement of fundamental IT research. Many people

think such applications are the main focus of IT research. But as this report explains, applications

are effectively the final step in an R&D process that begins with methodical, multidisciplinary

investigations across a variety of basic and applied sciences.

The bulk of the Federal investment in IT R&D supports this fundamental research in enabling

technologies. But the NITRD agencies also propose to test and validate these technologies in

prototypes and demonstrations of advanced IT applications in future multi-year efforts. Examples

of such National Grand Challenge Applications are summarized in the following brief

descriptions. Several descriptions are devoted to specific IT applications. Others point to broad

areas of the national interest in which integration of many advanced applications is needed.

Though these areas lie beyond the scope of NITRD activities, the NITRD agencies could play a

key role in developing prototypes and testbed demonstrations in later fiscal years.

Next-Generation National Defense and National Security Systems

PUTTING FEDERAL RESEARCH INTO ACTION

Graphic from DARPA’s ubiquitous

computing research program


of robust and reliable software with the high fault tolerance and high levels of

security assurance and intrusion resistance that are vital to the Defense

command, control, communications, and intelligence infrastructure. R&D in

both microsensors and embedded and autonomous devices will enable the

modeling and the management of huge battlespaces involving hundreds of

thousands of objects in dynamic combat, support, and intelligence operations.

As a result, it will be possible to link autonomous sensor, surveillance, and

combat weapon systems to battle management and cyber warfare systems in

order to support both defensive and offensive operations with minimum risk

of casualties.

The NITRD agencies propose to develop and demonstrate new

generations of highly secure, fault-tolerant computing, networking, and

storage technologies, including high-end computing systems and distributed

autonomous and embedded devices and systems, needed in weapons systems,

battlespace, and national security applications.

Improved Health Care Systems for All Citizens

Secure high-speed networks and software that is reliable, interoperable, and

safe from intrusion will enable basic improvements in the national health care

infrastructure, such as high-confidence software for medical devices including

life-support systems; management and usability of patient information;

interactions between patients and health care providers; timely analysis of

provider and institutional quality; and hospital systems, inventory, and

procurement management.

More dramatic will be the extension of monitoring, diagnosis, care,

emergency treatment, and even surgery to citizens in remote locations, or

unable to reach the hospital, or housebound. Experimentation with

telemedicine is showing the enormous promise in combining high-speed

networking, two-way real-time video, embedded and robotic devices, and

remote visualization and instrumentation to get needed care to citizens

immediately wherever they are located.These capabilities will also make it

possible to help maintain the independence of aging citizens and of citizens

with physical limitations. In addition, this set of technologies will enable a

whole new generation of techniques and practices in medical training and

physician and health care professional continuing education.

The NITRD agencies propose to prototype and demonstrate highconfidence medical devices; multimodal systems for remote and emergency

on-site patient care; advanced home devices and services for individuals with

physical limitations; and advanced, distributed multimedia capabilities for

medical education, biomedical research, and clinical practice.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


Visualization of energy transfer in

the Blizzard of 1993 developed by

NOAA’s Geophysical Fluid

Dynamics Laboratory

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Image of the enzyme c AMP

dependent protein kinase. The

NSF-funded Molecular

Interactive Collaborative

Environment (MICE) developed

at the San Diego Supercomputer

Center enables researchers and

students to see, manipulate, and

annotate 3-D versions of complex

molecules through the Web

browsers on their own computers

Advances in computational speeds, visualization software, and data storage

capacities are bringing us closer to being able to generate large-scale 3-D

models and simulations of enormously complex phenomena such as the

human body. To suggest how computationally challenging such models are:

It is taking the world's fastest computing platforms in the Federal

government's national research laboratories to begin to create quantitatively

accurate visualizations of the Nation's nuclear weapons stockpile. It will take

substantially more computational capacity to generate a precise 3-D visual

model of the human body, starting from atoms, molecules, and cells, through

organs and the circulatory and musculo-skeletal systems.

Federally funded researchers are working today on visualizing the neuronal

structure of the brain. The scale of this problem alone is exemplified by the

fact that one cubic millimeter of cerebral cortex may contain on the order of

five billion interdigitated synapses of different shapes and sizes and a wide

variety of subcellular chemical signaling pathways. Being able to visualize,

manipulate, and test representations of structures and processes at this level

of matter will mark an invaluable innovation for both scientific research and

education.

The NITRD agencies propose to harness IT advances to create a

complete, functional digital model of the human body.

Creating Scientifically Accurate, 3-D Functional Models

of the Human Body

IT Tools for Large-Scale Environmental Modeling and Monitoring

Advanced IT modeling, simulation, visualization, and analysis tools will

also improve our ability to study and understand such complex phenomena

as global warming, food shortages, energy depletion, drought, natural

disasters, and human/environment interactions. More accurate measurement

and analysis of such phenomena will provide better information for decision

making in both the private and public sectors.

Developing a next-generation environmental monitoring, modeling, and

prediction system will require real-time monitoring and observations above

the Earth, on the Earth’s surface, and below it. Because these real-time

observations will be global in scale, the system will require high-speed digital

connectivity and high-end computing platforms. The data must then be

integrated with timely contextual knowledge in such disciplines as

geophysics, biology, chemistry, and atmospheric and oceanic sciences. A key

challenge in developing this application is the great complexity of

assimilating observational data with models. Scientists will need new


methods of visualization to understand the complexity and the spatial and

time evolution of the underlying processes. Integration and synthesis of

multidisciplinary data with advanced, high-resolution models will require

coordination of component technologies, specialized languages for scientific

software, storage strategies with very large capacities and good access

characteristics, and metadata and search capabilities that include

environmental semantics, data fusion, and data mining and/or automated

pattern recognition.

The NITRD agencies propose to develop and demonstrate climate and

environmental monitoring and modeling systems that improve

environmental decision making, such as in forecasting of dangerous weather

events, evolution of hazardous spills, ecosystem response to climate and

environment change, and earthquake impacts.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Creating the World’s Best Infrastructure for Lifelong Learning

Lifelong education, training, and development have become necessities of

the Information Age. With human knowledge estimated to be doubling

every two years and dynamic work environments calling for continuous skills

development and adaptability to new information, the ability to keep

learning is perhaps this era's core requirement for successful employment

and career development. We currently have, or will soon, the enabling

technologies in high-speed networks, software for information management,

real-time collaboration, 3-D visualization, and the like to create multifaceted

learning environments and experiences for learners of every age with every

kind of academic, vocational, or personal learning focus. IT can provide

ubiquitous access to structured knowledge (systematic course work,

laboratory activities, and rich digital libraries) as well as immersive

environments for experiencing scientific phenomena and different cultures

and environments. IT interfaces and experiences can be tailored to individual

learning styles, ages, physical and mental capacities and preferences, and

interests, with automated feedback systems to guide progress.

The NITRD agencies propose to demonstrate prototypes of advanced

learning systems for education, training, and development across age groups

and needs.


Simulation of integrated IT

controls and data-monitoring

systems in an airplane cockpit.

NASA’s Aviation Safety

Program, in partnership with the

FAA and industry, is developing

advanced technologies to increase

the safety of air travel.

NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Photo by John McColgan of the

Alaska Fire Service, taken during

August 2000 fire in Bitterroot

Valley, Montana. Fires burned

more than 7 million acres in the

U.S. in 2000, more than double

the 10-year average acreage.

Integrated IT Systems for Crises Management

In a major natural or human-caused disaster, there is a great need for an

instantaneous common communication system and a common capability for

real-time distribution of precise information, disaster guidance and

directives, situational updates and analyses, and instructions for distributed

disaster workers. To date, we have not put development of such a

coordinated crises management system on the national agenda. It is time to

bring the mobile wireless, nomadic, and satellite communications

technologies now available together with scalable wireline networking

capabilities, advanced microsensing technologies, data analysis and systemmanagement software, and with our extensive multidisciplinary experience in

crises management (for example, public health, emergency response, medical

triage, fire, and policing). Combining these capabilities would make possible

a state-of-the-art crises coordination and management system that could be

deployed immediately and effectively in any kind of catastrophic situation.

NITRD agencies propose to support creation of a collaborative,

interdisciplinary effort to develop and demonstrate this comprehensive IT

framework. Federal agencies, with state and local government and privatesector partners, have the technologies, the personnel, and the broad

experience in major environmental and other disasters to successfully build

this much-needed grand challenge application.

Technologies and Systems for Advanced Aviation Management

Few U.S. air travelers or business people who ship goods today avoid

encountering significant difficulties in air transportation. Aviation safety and

capacity have become national issues. The air transportation system is on the

verge of gridlock, with delays and cancelled flights reaching all-time highs

and passenger rage skyrocketing. As demand for air transportation continues

to increase, fueled by a strong economy and the package-delivery needs of ecommerce, the capacity of the air traffic control system to accommodate the

rapid growth is falling farther behind. It has become painfully clear that the

present air traffic control system cannot continue to be scaled up to handle

the increased capacity that will be required over the next 15 to 25 years. We

need a fundamental change in the management of the aviation system, and

information technology is the key.

High-performance computational and networking technologies, in

combination with advanced applications in visualization, modeling,

simulation, and distributed instrumentation make it possible now to design a

fully integrated, large-scale aviation system encompassing both air and


ground components. Such a next-generation IT infrastructure could help

substantially increase the capacity of the air transport system to move people

and cargo through integrated airspace operations. This integrated system

would enable real-time sharing of information from distributed sources such

as weather stations, air-traffic management systems, flight controllers,

passenger managers, and other transport-related nodes. IT challenges

include developing:

• The critical core component technologies to meet the requirements of

the air transportation system

• A virtual airspace transportation environment for simulating the air

traffic components at the system level with the requisite degree of

fidelity

• Evaluation of candidate system-level concepts and architectures

making use of the “virtual air transportation environment”

The expertise of the NITRD agencies could significantly contribute to a

Federal initiative to transform the Nation’s current air traffic control system

into an advanced integrated system of systems for the 21st century.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

AHRQ - the Agency for Healthcare Research and

Quality - focuses on research into state-of-the-art IT

for use in health care applications such as computerbased patient records, clinical decision support systems,

and standards for patient care data, information access,

and telehealth.

DARPA - the Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency - is focused on future-generations computing,

communications, and networking as well as embedded

software and control technologies, and human use of

information technologies in national defense

applications such as battlefield awareness.

DOE/NNSA - the Department of Energy National

Nuclear Security Administration - was established to

develop new means of assessing the performance of

nuclear weapon systems, predict their safety and

reliability, and certify their functionality through highfidelity computer models and simulations of weapon

systems.

The DOE Office of Science is exploring, developing,

and deploying computational and networking tools that

enable researchers in the scientific disciplines to model,

simulate, analyze, and predict complex physical,

chemical, and biological phenomena important to

DOE. The office also provides support for the

geographically distributed research teams and remote

users of experimental facilities that are critical to DOE

missions. FY 2002 is the second year of the office’s

“Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing”

(SciDAC) initiative, which is focused on the next

generation of scientific simulation and collaboration

tools for the scientific areas that are the focus of DOE

research.

EPA - the Environmental Protection Agency - has

the IT research goal of facilitating multidisciplinar y

ecosystem modeling, risk assessment, and environmental

decision making at the Federal, state, and local levels,

and by other interested parties, through advanced use of

computing and other information technologies.

NASA - the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration - is extending U.S. technological

leadership to benefit the U.S. aeronautics, Earth and

space science, and spaceborne research communities.

NIH - the National Institutes of Health - is applying

the power of computing, both to manage and analyze

biomedical data and to model biological processes, in its

goal to develop the basic knowledge for the

understanding, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of

human disease.

NIST - the National Institute of Standards and

Technology - is working with industry and with

educational and government organizations to make IT

systems more useable, secure, scalable, and interoperable;

apply IT in specialized areas such as manufacturing and

biotechnology; and encourage private-sector companies

to accelerate development of IT innovations.

NOAA - the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration - is an early adopter of emerging

computing technologies for improved climate modeling

and weather forecasting, and of emerging

communications technologies for disseminating weather

forecasts, warnings, and environmental information to

users such as policymakers, emergency managers, and

the general public.

NSA - the National Security Agency - is addressing

some of the most challenging problems in the country

in computing, storage, communications, and information

assurance in order to help ensure our national security.

NSF - the National Science Foundation - is the lead

NITRD agency, with interest in developing new

fundamental IT knowledge; applications in the

biological, chemical, geophysical, mathematical,

physical, social, and behavioral sciences and engineering;

educating world-class scientists and engineers and a

knowledgeable IT workforce; and research

infrastructure.

ODUSD (S&T) - the Office of the Deputy Under

Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology -

manages the University Research Initiative, which

focuses on IT R&D for Department of Defense

applications, research infrastructure, and science and

engineering education.

Other Federal agencies participate in networking and

information technology research and development, and

coordinate with NITRD activities, using funds that are

not budgeted under the program.

NITRD Agencies and Their IT Research Interests 
Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area

FY 2001 Budget Estimate (dollars in millions)

High End Human

Computing High End Computer Software High Social,

Infrastructure Computing Interaction and Large Design Confidence Economic,

and Research and Information Scale and Software and and 

Applications Development Management Networking Productivity Systems Workforce

Agency (HEC I&A) (HEC R&D) (HCI & IM) (LSN) (SDP) (HCSS) (SEW) Totals

NSF 240.3 71.4 108.5 97.8 39.7 46.2 37.3 641.2

DARPA 54.4 41.8 37.4 48.2 43.7 32.2 257.7

NIH 48.8 10.7 70.8 75.6 4.6 9.6 9.7 229.8

NASA 65.2 21.6 22.7 22.1 18.0 21.0 6.1 176.7

DOE Office of Science 98.8 31.5 16.4 25.9 3.5 176.1

NSA 32.9 1.9 45.6 80.4

NIST 3.5 6.2 3.2 2.0 7.5 22.4

NOAA 10.3 1.7 0.5 2.7 1.5 16.7

AHRQ 8.1 6.0 14.1

ODUSD (S&T) 2.0 2.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 10.0

EPA 3.5 0.6 4.1

Subtotalsa 524.8 213.6 272.6 287.4 111.1 163.1 56.6 1,629.2

DOE/NNSA 131.8 36.5 35.0 40.2 55.7 299.2

Totalsa 656.6 250.1 272.6 322.4 151.3 163.1 112.3 1,928.4

Notes:

a These totals include minor discrepancies from what appears in the President's FY 2002 Budget,

due to a combination of rounding and small shifts in program estimates.



SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET
Agency NITRD Budgets by Program Component Area

FY 2002 Budget Request (dollars in millions)

High End Human

Computing High End Computer Software High Social,

Infrastructure Computing Interaction and Large Design Confidence Economic,

and Research and Information Scale and Software and and 

Applications Development Management Networking Productivity Systems Workforce

Agency (HEC I&A) (HEC R&D) (HCI & IM) (LSN) (SDP) (HCSS) (SEW) Totals

NSF 249.7 65.1 104.8 98.0 39.7 46.1 39.1 642.5

DARPAb 55.5 42.7 38.2 49.2 44.6 32.9 263.1

NIH 55.1 13.7 74.6 81.1 6.0 10.1 11.4 252.0

NASA 36.1 26.0 27.8 14.4 22.4 47.1 7.0 180.8

DOE Office of Science 98.3 31.5 16.4 25.9 4.0 176.1

NSAb 33.6 1.9 46.6 82.1

NIST 3.5 6.2 3.2 2.0 7.5 22.4

NOAA 13.3 1.8 0.5 2.7 1.5 19.8

AHRQ 9.2 6.7 15.9

ODUSD (S&T)b 2.0 2.0 4.2 1.0 1.0 10.2

EPA 1.8 1.8

Subtotalsa 513.3 216.4 279.7 287.3 115.7 192.8 61.5 1,666.7

DOE/NNSA 133.8 37.0 35.5 41.1 56.5 303.9

Totalsa 647.1 253.4 279.7 322.8 156.8 192.8 118.0 1,970.6

Notes:

a These totals include minor discrepancies from what appears in the President's FY 2002 Budget,

due to a com b i n a t i on of rounding and small shifts in pro g ram estimates.

b The FY 2002 entry for DoD R&D re p resents a pro j e c t i on from enacted FY 2001 levels plus infla t i on .

FY 2002 levels are subject to change as a result of the FY 2002 Defense Budget Am e n d m e n t .



NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT


Participation in Federal NITRD Activities

The following are criteria developed by the multiagency IT research program that agencies 

considering participation can use to assess whether their research activities fit the NITRD profile.

NITRD Goals

Assure continued U.S. leadership in computing, information, and communications

technologies to meet Federal goals and to support U.S. 21st century academic, industrial, and

government interests

Accelerate deployment of advanced and experimental information technologies to maintain

world leadership in science, engineering, and mathematics; improve the quality of life;

promote long-term economic growth; increase lifelong learning; protect the environment;

harness information technology; and enhance national security

Advance U.S. productivity and industrial competitiveness through long-term scientific and

engineering research in computing, information, and communications technologies

Evaluation Criteria for Participation

Relevance/Contribution

The research must significantly contribute to the overall goals of Federal Networking and

Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD), which includes the goals of the seven

Program Component Areas – High End Computing Infrastructure and Applications (HEC I&A),

High End Computing Research and Development (HEC R&D), Human Computer Interaction and

Information Management (HCI & IM), Large Scale Networking (LSN), Software Design and

Productivity (SDP), High Confidence Software and Systems (HCSS), and Social, Economic, and

Workforce Implications of Information Technology and Information Technology Workforce

Development (SEW) – to enable solution of Grand Challenge- and National Challenge-class

applications problems.

Technical/Scientific Merit

The proposed agency program must be technically/scientifically sound and of high quality and must

be the product of a documented technical/scientific planning and review process.

Readiness

A clear agency planning process must be evident, and the organization must have demonstrated

capability to carry out the program.

Timeliness

The proposed work must be technically/scientifically timely for one or more of the multigagency

research endeavor’s Program Component Areas.

Linkages

The responsible organization must have established policies, programs, and activities promoting

effective technical and scientific connections among government, industry, and academic sectors.

Costs

The identified resources must be adequate, represent an appropriate share of the total available R&D

resources (e.g., a balance among Program Component Areas), promote prospects for coordinated or

joint funding, and address long-term resource implications.

Agency Approval

The proposed program or activity must have policy-level approval by the submitting agency.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

AHRQ

* J. M i ch ael Fi t z m a u ri c e, Ph . D. , FAC M I

Senior Science Advisor for Information

Technology, Immediate Office of the

Director

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

2101 East Jefferson Street, Suite 600

Rockville, MD 20852

(301) 594-3938

FAX: (301) 594-2168

BLS

Cathryn S. Dippo, Ph.D.

Associate Commissioner,

Office of Survey Methods Research

Bureau of Labor Statistics

2 Massachusetts Avenue N.E.,Room

4080

Washington, DC 20212

(202) 691-7372

FAX: (202) 691-7426

DARPA

Michael J. Foster

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203

(703) 696-2245

FAX: (703) 696-4534

Robert Graybill

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2220

FAX: (703) 696-4534

Gary M.Koob, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-7463

FAX: (703) 696-4534

Mari W. Maeda, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2255

FAX:(703) 696-4534

Douglas C. Schmidt, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2239

FAX: (703) 696-4534

Jean Scholtz, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-4469

FAX:(703) 696-4534

* Col. Mark Swinson

Acting Director, Information Technology

Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2247

FAX: (703) 696-4534

Janos Sztipanovits, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Information

Technology Office

Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

3701 North Fairfax Drive

Arlington, VA 22203-1714

(703) 696-2234

FAX: (703) 696-4534

DoD

* Charles J. Holland, Ph.D.

Director of Information Systems,ODUSD

(S&T)

Department of Defense

1777 North Kent Street, Suite 9030

Rosslyn, VA 22209

(703) 588-7443

FAX: (703) 588-7560

Rodger Johnson

Program Manager, Defense Research and

Engineering Network

DoD High Performance Computing

Modernization Office

1010 North Glebe Road, Suite 510

Arlington, VA 22201

(703) 812-8205

FAX: (703) 812-9701

** Cliff G. Lau, Ph.D.

Associate Director for Corporate Programs

Office of Naval Research

4015 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 209

Arlington, VA 22203

(703) 696-0366

FAX: (703) 696-0569

Agency Contacts

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate
SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

DOE

** Daniel A.Hitchcock, Ph.D.

Senior Technical Advisor for Advanced

Scientific Computing Research, Office of

Advanced Scientific Computing Research

(OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-30, Room E-225

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-6767

FAX: (301) 903-4846

Frederick C. Johnson, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-3601

FAX: (301) 903-7774

Norman H. Kreisman

Advisor, International Technology

Department of Energy, SC5

Mail Stop 3H049-FORS

Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20585

(202) 586-9746

FAX: (202) 586-7719

Thomas Ndousse-Fetter, Ph.D.

Program Manager for Networking,

Mathematical,Information, and

Computational Sciences (MICS)

Division, Office of Advanced Scientific

Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown, MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-9960

FAX: (301) 903-7774

* C. Edward Oliver, Ph.D.

Associate Director, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-30,

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-7486

FAX: (301) 903-4846

Walter M. Polansky, Ph.D.

Acting Director, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-5800

FAX: (301) 903-7774

Charles H. Romine, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-5152

FAX: (301) 903-7774

Mary Anne Scott, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-6368

FAX: (301) 903-7774

George R. Seweryniak

Program Manager, Mathematical,

Information,and Computational Sciences

(MICS) Division, Office of Advanced

Scientific Computing Research (OASCR)

Department of Energy

OASCR/MICS, SC-31

19901 Germantown Road

Germantown,MD 20874-1290

(301) 903-0071

FAX: (301) 903-7774

DOE/NNSA

* José L. Muñoz, Ph.D.

Acting Director, Office of Simulation and

Computer Science

Department of Energy, DP-14

Forrestal Building

1000 Independence Avenue, S.W.

Washington, DC 20585

(202) 586-5132

FAX: (202) 586-8005

EPA

** Robin L. Dennis, Ph.D.

Senior Science Pro gram Manager, M D - 8 0

Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park,NC 27711

(919) 541-2870

FAX:(919) 541-1379

* Steven Fine, Ph.D.

HPCC Program Manager, MD-80

Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park,NC 27711

(919) 541-0757

FAX:(919) 541-1379

EPA FedEx address:

79 T.W. Alexander Drive

Building 4201

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate




Agency Contacts

GSA

Keith Thurston

Assistant to Deputy Associate

Administrator, Office of

Governmentwide Policy

General Services Administration

1800 F Street, N.W. (MK) Room 2239

Washington, DC 20405

(202) 501-3175

FAX: (202) 501-2482

Susan B. Turnbull

Director, Center for IT Accommodation

General Services Administration

1800 F Street,N.W. (MKC) Room 2236

Washington, DC 20405

(202) 501-6214

FAX: (202) 219-1533

G. Martin Wagner

Associate Administrator for

Governmentwide Policy

General Services Administration

1800 F Street,N.W. (M) Room 5240

Washington, DC 20405

(202) 501-8880

FAX: (202) 501-8898

NASA

Ricky W. Butler

Senior Research Engineer, Airborne

Systems Competency Division,NASA

Langley Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 130

Hampton, VA 23681-2199

(757) 864-6198

FAX: (757) 864-4234

Betsy Edwards

Telecommunications Program Manager

for the Office of Space Flight

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code M

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-4639

FAX: (202) 358-3550

William J. Feiereisen, Ph.D.

Division Chief, NASA Advanced

Supercomputing (NAS) Division,

NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 258-5

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-4225

FAX: (650) 604-7324

James R. Fischer

Project Manager, Earth and Space

Sciences Project,NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code 930 – NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt,MD 20771

(301) 286-3465

FAX:(301) 286-1634

Kenneth Freeman

HPCC/NREN Project Manager,

NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 233-21

Moffett Field, CA 94035

(650) 604-1263

* Lee B. Holcomb

Chief Information Officer

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code AO

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-1824

FAX:(202) 358-3063

Anngienetta R. Johnson

Director, Program Planning and

Development Division, Office of Earth

Science

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code YF

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-4717

FAX: (202) 358-2769

Nand Lal, Ph.D.

Computer Scientist,Digital Library

Technologies,NASA Goddard Space

Flight Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code 933 – NASA/GSFC

Greenbelt, MD 20771

(301) 286-7350

FAX: (301) 286-1775

Michael R. Lowry

Senior Research Scientist and Area Chief,

Automated Software Engineering,

NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 269-2

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-3369

FAX: (650) 604-3594

** David B. Nelson, Ph.D.

Deputy Chief Information Officer

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Code AO

300 E Street, S.W.

Washington, DC 20546

(202) 358-1817

FAX: (202) 358-3063

Stephen Scott Santiago

Chief Information Officer, NASA Ames

Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 233-7

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-5015

FAX: (650) 604-6999

Michael G. Shafto, Ph.D.

Program Manager, Human-Centered

Computing,NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 269-4

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-6170

FAX: (650) 604-6009


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

John P. Ziebarth, Ph.D.

Deputy Division Chief, NAS Systems

Division,NASA Ames Research Center

National Aeronautics and Space

Administration

Mail Stop 258-5

Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000

(650) 604-2761

FAX: (650) 604-2824

NIH

NIH IT R&D Coordinator

Vacant

CIT Program:

Alan S. Graeff

Chief Information Officer, NIH, and

Director, Center for Information

Technology

National Institutes of Health

12 South Drive, MSC 5654

Building 12A, Room 3033

Bethesda,MD 20892-5654

(301) 496-5703

FAX: (301) 402-1754

** Robert L. Martino, Ph.D.

Director, Division of Computational

Bioscience and Chief, Computational

Bioscience and Engineering Laboratory,

C e n ter for Inform a t i o n Te ch n o l o gy ( C IT)

National Institutes of Health

12 South Drive, MSC 5654

Building 12A,Room 2033

Bethesda, MD 20892-5654

(301) 496-1112

FAX: (301) 402-2867

NCI program:

Carol A.Dahl, Ph.D.

Director, Office of Technology and

Industrial Relations

National Cancer Institute

National Institutes of Health

31 Center Drive, MSC 2590

Building 31,Room 11A03

Bethesda, MD 20892-2590

(301) 435-3863

FAX: (301) 496-7807

Jacob V. Maizel, Ph.D.

Biomedical Supercomputer Center,

National Cancer Institute,

Frederick Cancer Research and

Development Center

National Institutes of Health

P.O. Box B, Building 469,Room 151

Frederick,MD 21702-1201

(301) 846-5532

FAX: (301) 846-5598

NCRR program:

Michael Marron, Ph.D.

Director, Biomedical Technology

National Center for Research Resources

National Institutes of Health

One Rockledge Center

6705 Rockledge Drive, Room 6160

Bethesda, MD 20892-7965

(301) 435-0755

FAX: (301) 480-3659

** Judith L. Vaitukaitis,M.D.

Director, National Center for Research

Resources

National Institutes of Health

31B Center Drive

Building 31,Room 3B11

Bethesda, MD 20892-2128

(301) 496-5793

FAX: (301) 402-0006

NIAID program:

Richard Morris, Ph.D.

Special Expert for Bioengineering,

Bioinformatics and Emerging

Technology, Division of Allergy,

Immunology and Transplantation,

National Institute of Allergy and

Infectious Diseases,

National Institutes of Health

Room 5126

6700 B Rockledge Drive, MSC 7640

Bethesda, MD 20892-7640

(301) 594-7634

FAX: (301) 402-2571

NIBIB program:

Donna J. Dean, Ph.D.

Acting Director, National Institute of

Biomedical Imaging and

Bioengineering

National Institutes of Health

Building 1,Room 257

1 Center Drive, MSC 0170

Bethesda, MD 20892-0170

(301) 435-6138

FAX: (301) 435-7268

NIGMS program:

James C.Cassatt, Ph.D.

Director, Division of Cell Biology and

Biophysics, National Institute

of General Medical Sciences

National Institutes of Health

4500 Center Drive, MSC 4500

Bethesda, MD 20892

(301) 594-0828

FAX:(301) 480-2004

NLM program:

** Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D.

Assistant Director for High

Performance Computing and

Communications, National Library of

Medicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38A,Room B1N30

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

(301) 402-4100

FAX:(301) 402-4080

Milton Corn,M.D.

Associate Director, National Library of

Medicine, and Director,

Division of Extramural Programs

National Institutes of Health

Rockledge One Building, Suite 301

6705 Rockledge Drive

Bethesda, MD 20892

(301) 496-4621

FAX: (301) 402-2952

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


Agency Contacts

Donald A.B. Lindberg, M.D.

Director, National Library of Medicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38,Room 2E17B

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

(301) 496-6221

FAX: (301) 496-4450

David J. Lipman, M.D.

Director, National Center for

Biotechnology Information, National 

Library ofMedicine

National Institutes of Health

Building 38A,Room 8N803

8600 Rockville Pike

Bethesda, MD 20894

(301) 496-2475

FAX: (301) 480-9241

NIST

Ronald F. Boisvert, Ph.D.

Chief, Mathematical and Computational

Sciences Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8910

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8910

(301) 975-3812

FAX: (301) 990-4127

James E. Fowler

Manager, Systems Integration for

Manufacturing Applications Program

(SIMA),Manufacturing Engineering

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8260

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260

(301) 975-3180

FAX: (301) 258-9749

Martin Herman, Ph.D.

Chief, Information Access and User

Interfaces Division,Information

Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8940

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8940

(301) 975-4495

FAX:(301) 670-0939

D. Richard Kuhn

Computer Scientist,Computer Security

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930

(301) 975-3337

FAX: (301) 948-0279

* William Mehuron, Ph.D.

Director, Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8900

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8900

(301) 975-2900

Kevin L.Mills, Ph.D.

Chief, Advanced Network Technologies

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8920

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8920

(301) 975-3618

FAX: (301) 590-0932

Doug Montgomery

Manager, Internetworking Technologies

Group, Advanced Network Technologies

Division,Information Technology

Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8920

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8920

(301) 975-3630

FAX: (301) 590-0932

Steven R. Ray, Ph.D.

Chief, Manufacturing Systems

Integration Division, Manufacturing

Engineering Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8260

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260

(301) 975-3524

FAX: (301) 258-9749

** Larry H.Reeker, Ph.D.

Senior Computer Scientist,Information

Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8970

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8970

(301) 975-5147

FAX: (301) 948-1784

Robert Rosenthal

Computer Security Division,Information

Technology Laboratory

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930

(301) 975-3603

FAX: (301) 948-1233

NOAA

Ants Leetmaa, Ph.D.

Director, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics

Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Forrestal Campus, U.S. Route 1

P.O. Box 308

Princeton,NJ 08542-0308

(609) 452-6502

FAX: (609) 987-5070 

Alexander E.MacDonald, Ph.D.

Director, Forecast Systems Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

325 Broadway

Boulder, CO 80303

(303) 497-6378

FAX: (303) 497-6821


SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

* Thomas N. Pyke, Jr.

Director for HPCC

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Room 15300

1315 East-West Highway

Silver Spring, MD 20910

(301) 713-3573

FAX:(301) 713-4040

Bruce B. Ross, Ph.D.

Deputy Director, Geophysical Fluid

Dynamics Laboratory

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Forrestal Campus, U.S. Route 1

P.O. Box 308

Princeton, NJ 08542-0308

(609) 452-6504

FAX: (609) 987-5070

** William T. Turnbull

Deputy Director for HPCC

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

Room 15300

1315 East-West Highway

Silver Spring, MD 20910

(301) 713-3573

FAX: (301) 713-4040

Louis Uccellini

Director, National Centers for

Environmental Prediction

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

5200 Auth Road, Room 101

Camp Springs,MD 20746

(301) 763-8000

FAX: (301) 763-8434

NSA

Curt Boylls, Ph.D.

Deputy Director, Advanced Research and

Development Activity in 

Information Technology

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6644

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6644

(301) 688-7092

FAX:(301) 688-7410

Dean R. Collins, Ph.D.

Director, Advanced Research and

Development Activity in Information

Technology

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6530

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20750-6530

(301) 688-7092

FAX:(301) 688-7410

* George R. Cotter

Office of Corporate Assessments

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6217

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6217

(301) 688-6434

FAX:(301) 688-4980

Howard Gordon

Senior Computer Scientist

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6648

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6648

(301) 688-9513

FAX: (301) 688-9454

William Bradley Martin

Senior Computer Scientist

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6511

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20750-6511

(301) 688-1057

FAX:(301) 688-0056

Robert V. Meushaw

Technical Director, INFOSEC Research

and Technology

National Security Agency

9800 Savage Road, Suite 6529

Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-6529

(301) 688-0840

FAX: (301) 688-0255

William J. Semancik

Director, Laboratory for

Telecommunications Sciences

National Security Agency

c/o U. S. Army Research Laboratory

Adelphi Laboratory Center

2800 Powder Mill Road, Building 601,

Room 131

Adelphi, MD 20783-1197

(301) 688-1709

FAX: (301) 291-2591

NSF

S. Kamal Abdali, Ph.D.

Acting Division Director, ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8910

FAX: (703) 292-9059

William Richards Adrion, Ph.D.

Division Director, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX: (703) 292-9030

Frank D. Anger, Ph.D.

Acting Deputy Division Director and

Program Director, Software Engineering

and Languages,ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8911

FAX:(703) 292-9059

* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


Agency Contacts

William S. Bainbridge, Ph.D.

Staff Associate for Management and

Planning,Social and Economic Sciences

Division,Directorate for Social,

Behavioral,and Economic Sciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 905

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-7470

FAX: (703) 292-9068

* Ruzena Bajcsy, Ph.D.

Assistant Director, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1105

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX: (703) 292-9074

** Robert R. Borchers, Ph.D.

Division Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8970

FAX:(703) 292-9060

Lawrence E. Brandt

Program Manager, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX: (703) 292-9030

Aubrey M. Bush, Ph.D.

Division Director, Advanced Networking

Infrastructure and Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8950

FAX:(703) 292-9010

John C.Cherniavsky, Ph.D.

Senior EHR Advisor for Research,

Research,Evaluation and

Communication Division,Directorate for

Education and Human Resources

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 855

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-5136

FAX:(703) 292-9046

Frederica Darema, Ph.D.

Program Director, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX:(703) 292-9030

* Robert A.Eisenstein, Ph.D.

Assistant Director, Directorate for

Mathematical and Physical Sciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1005

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8801

FAX: (703) 292-9151

Helen Gill, Ph.D.

Program Director, ComputerCommunications Research Division,

Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1145

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8910

FAX:(703) 292-9059

Thomas J. Greene, Ph.D.

Senior Program Director, Advanced

Networking Infrastructure and Research

Division,Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8948

FAX: (703) 292-9010

Stephen M. Griffin

Program Manager, Digital Libraries

Initiative, Information and Intelligent

Systems Division, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX: (703) 292-9073

Richard Hilderbrandt, Ph.D.

Program Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8963

FAX:(703) 292-9060

Richard S. Hirsh

Deputy Division Director, Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, Va 22230

(703) 292-8970

FAX:(703) 292-9060

C. Suzanne Iacono, Ph.D.

Program Director, Computation and

Social Systems,Information and

Intelligent Systems Division, Directorate

for Computer and Information Science

and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX: (703) 292-9073
SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Clifford A. Jacobs, Ph.D.

Section Head, UCAR and Lower

Atmospheric Facilities Oversight 

Section, Atmospheric Sciences Division,

Directorate for Geosciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 775

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8521

FAX: (703) 292-9022

** Bradley D. Keister, Ph.D.

Program Director, Nuclear Physics,

Physics Division,Directorate for

Mathematical and Physical Sciences

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1015

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 306-1891

FAX: (703) 306-0566

Charles H.Koelbel, Ph.D.

Program Director, Advanced

Computational Research,Advanced

Computational Infrastructure and

Research Division,Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1122

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8962

FAX:(703) 292-9060

Michael E. Lesk, Ph.D.

Division Director, Information and

Intelligent Systems Division,Directorate

for Computer and Information Science

and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1115

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8930

FAX: (703) 292-9073

Stephen R. Mahaney

Senior Advisor for Budget, Policy, and

Planning,Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX:(703) 292-9074

** George O. Strawn, Ph.D.

Executive Officer, Directorate for

Computer and Information Science and

Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1105

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8900

FAX: (703) 292-9074

Gary W. Strong, Ph.D.

Program Director, Experimental and

Integrative Activities Division and

Information and Intelligent Systems

Division,Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1160

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8980

FAX:(703) 292-9030

Taieb F. Znati, Ph.D.

Senior Program Director, Advanced

Networking Infrastructure and Research

Division,Directorate for Computer and

Information Science and Engineering

National Science Foundation

4201 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 1175

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-8949

FAX: (703) 292-9010

Executive Office

of the President

NEC

John M. Ackerly

Special Assistant to the Director

National Economic Council

Room 235

Eisenhower Executive Office Building

17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue,

N.W.

Washington, DC 20502

(202) 456-2884

FAX: (202) 456-2223

OMB

David S. Trinkle

Program Examiner

Office of Management and Budget

Room 8225

New Executive Office Building

725 17th Street,N.W.

Washington, DC 20503

(202) 395-4706

FAX: (202) 395-4652

OSTP

Richard Russell

Chief of Staff

Office of Science and Technology Policy

Room 423

Eisenhower Executive Office Building

17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue,

N.W.

Washington, DC 20502

(202) 456-6140

FAX: (202) 456-6049

Paul D. Domich, Ph.D.

Senior Policy Analyst

Office ofScience and Technology Policy

Room 423

Eisenhower Executive Office Building

17th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue,

N.W.

Washington, DC 20502

(202) 456-6037

FAX: (202) 456-6023



* IWG Representative

** IWG Alternate


NETWORKING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Chair

Ruzena Bajcsy, NSF

NSF/CISE

Representative

Ruzena Bajcsy

Alternates

George O. Strawn

Robert R. Borchers

NSF/MPS

Representative

Robert A. Eisenstein

Alternate

Bradley D. Keister

DARPA

Representative

Mark Swinson

NIH

Representative

Vacant

Alternates

Michael J. Ackerman

Robert L. Martino

Judith L. Vaitukaitis

NASA

Representative

Lee B. Holcomb

Alternate

David B. Nelson

DOE Office of Science

Representative

C.Edward Oliver

Alternate

Daniel A.Hitchcock

NSA

Representative

George R. Cotter

NIST

Representative

William Mehuron

Alternate

Larry H.Reeker

NOAA

Representative

Thomas N. Pyke, Jr.

Alternate

William T. Turnbull

AHRQ

Representative

J. Michael Fitzmaurice

ODUSD (S&T)

Representative

Charles J. Holland

Alternate

Cliff G. Lau

EPA

Representative

Steven Fine

Alternate

Robin L. Dennis

DOE/NNSA

Representative

José L. Muñoz

OMB

Representative

David S. Trinkle

OSTP

Representative

Paul D. Domich

NCO

Representative

Cita M. Furlani

Alternate

Sally E.Howe

PCA Coordinating Groups

and Team Chairs

High End Computing and Computation

(HECC) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Robert R. Borchers,NSF

José L. Muñoz, DOE/NNSA

Human Computer Interaction and

Information Management (HCI & IM)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Gary W. Strong, NSF

Jean Scholtz, DARPA

Large Scale Networking (LSN)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

George O. Strawn,NSF

Daniel A.Hitchcock, DOE

High Performance Networking 

Applications Team (HPNAT)

Chair

William T. Turnbull,NOAA

Joint Engineering Team (JET)

Co-Chairs

Paul E. Love, Internet2

Vacant

Networking Research Team (NRT)

Co-Chairs

Mari W. Maeda, DARPA

Vacant

Software Design and Productivity (SDP)

Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Frank Anger, NSF

Douglas C. Schmidt, DARPA

High Confidence Software and Systems

(HCSS) Coordinating Group

Co-Chairs

Helen Gill,NSF

Gary Koob, DARPA

Social,Economic,and Workforce

Implications of IT and IT Workforce

Development (SEW) Coordinating

Group

Co-Chairs

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

William S. Bainbridge, NSF

Federal Information Services and

Applications Council (FISAC)

Co-Chairs

G.Martin Wagner, GSA

Lawrence E.Brandt,NSF

Digital Government Liaison

Lawrence E.Brandt,NSF

Federal Statistics Team

Chair

Cathryn S. Dippo, BLS

Information Technology for Crises 

Management Team

Chair

Anngienetta R. Johnson, NASA

Next Generation Internet Team

Chair

William T. Turnbull,NOAA

Universal Access Team

Chair

Susan B. Turnbull,GSA

Interagency Working Group on IT R&D
Acknowledgments

This Supplement to the President’s FY 2002 Budget reflects not only the scope and diversity

of Federal Networking and Information Technology Research and Development activities but the

editorial contributions of many individuals, to whom we extend sincerest thanks.

The editors thank the agency program managers who developed the research goals and

program plans highlighted in this report and the NCO colleagues who provided ready and able

support in all aspects of the production process, especially proofreading, preparation of the Web

version, and distribution. Special thanks to Norman S. Glick, recently retired from NSA, for his

continued contribution of unrivalled copyediting and proofreading skills.

Contributors

National Coordination Office (NCO)

for Information Technology Research and Development 



SUPPLEMENT TO THE PRESIDENT’S FY 2002 BUDGET

Cita M. Furlani

Director

Sally E. Howe, Ph.D.

Associate Director

 

Suite II-405

4201 Wilson Boulevard

Arlington, VA 22230

(703) 292-4873

FAX: (703) 292-9097

nco@itrd.gov

Internet Web Site

http://www.itrd.gov/

FY 2002 Blue Book

Sally E.Howe

Executive Editor

Martha K. Matzke

Editor

William S. Bainbridge, NSF

David Bernholz, NCO

George R. Cotter, NSA

Frank D. Anger, NSF

Betsy Edwards, NASA

Steven Fine, EPA

J. Michael Fitzmaurice,

ARHQ

Helen M. Gigley, NCO

Helen Gill, NSF

Norman S. Glick

(formerly NSA)

Stephen M. Griffin, NSF

Vicki L. Harris, NCO

Daniel A. Hitchcock, DOE

Charles J. Holland, DoD

Lee B. Holcomb, NASA

C. Suzanne Iacono, NSF

Norman H. Kreisman, DOE

Gary M. Koob, DARPA

Clifford G. Lau,

ODUSD (S&T)

Stephen R. Mahaney, NSF

Michael Marron, NIH

Betty McDonough, NCO

Grant Miller, NCO

Virginia Moore, NCO

José L. Muñoz, DOE/NNSA

Larry H. Reeker, NIST

Shankar Sastry

(formerly DARPA)

Frank Sledge, NCO

Gary W. Strong, NSF

Maj. James Sweeney,

ODUSD (S&T)

Col. Mark Swinson, DARPA

Janos Sztipanovits, DARPA

William T. Turnbull, NOAA

Diane R. Vellines, NCO
Abstract

The Federal agencies that participate in the Networking and Information Technology Research and

Development (NITRD) effort work collaboratively in fundamental, long-term research and development

activities to assure continuing U.S. leadership in advanced computing, networking, communications, and

information technologies. The NITRD agenda focuses on enabling Federal departments and agencies to

fulfill their missions successfully in the 21st century. This Supplement to the President’s FY 2002 Budget

summarizes the major IT research areas that the NITRD agencies will address in FY 2002 and outlines

long-term research needs in each area. The report also describes Grand Challenge National Applications

of networking and information technology that will integrate in large-scale systems the enabling

component technologies developed by the NITRD agencies.

Ordering Additional Copies

To order additional copies of this Supplement to the President’s FY 2002 Budget or other publications of

the National Coordination Office for Information Technology Research and Development, please contact:

National Coordination Office for IT R&D, Suite II-405, 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia

22230; (703) 292-4873; fax: (703) 292-9097; e-mail: nco@itrd.gov.

Buy American Report

Congress requires information concerning non-U.S. high-performance computing and communications

funding activities. In FY 2001, DARPA was the only NITRD agency that entered into grants, contracts,

cooperative agreements, or cooperative research and development agreements for IT R&D with either 1)

a company other than a company that is either incorporated or located in the U.S. and that has majority

ownership by individuals who are citizens of the U.S.,or 2) an educational institution or nonprofit

institution located outside the U.S. DARPA funded IT research-related awards of $94,900 to Universit y

College, London (UK). In FY 2001, no NITRD procurement exceeds $1 million for unmanufactured

articles, materials, or supplies mined or produced outside the U.S., or for manufactured articles, materials,

or supplies other than those manufactured in the U.S. substantially all from articles, materials, or supplies

mined, produced, or manufactured in the U.S.