[Cite as Slane v. Hilliard, 2016-Ohio-306.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

Crystal R. Slane, : 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, : 

 No. 15AP-493 

v. : (C.P.C. No. 10CV-18165) 

City of Hilliard et al., : (REGULAR CALENDAR) 

 Defendants-Appellees. : 

 

D E C I S I O N 

Rendered on January 28, 2016 

 

Law Offices of James P. Connors, and James P. Connors, for 

appellant. 

Mazanec, Raskin & Ryder Co., L.P.A., Michael S. Loughry, 

and Robert H. Stoffers, for appellee City of Hilliard. 

The Law Offices of Raymond H. Decker, and Raymond H. 

Decker, Jr., for appellee Hilliard City School District. 

 

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas 

SADLER, J. 

{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Crystal R. Slane, appeals from a judgment of the 

Franklin County Court of Common Pleas granting motions for summary judgment filed 

by defendants-appellees, City of Hilliard and Hilliard City School District. For the reasons 

that follow, we affirm. 

I. Facts and Procedural History 

{¶ 2} During the 2007-2008 academic year, appellant was a 16-year-old student 

at Hilliard Darby High School, which is part of the Hilliard City School District 

("district"), and within the city of Hilliard ("city"). On October 16, 2007, a vehicle struck 

appellant after she entered the crosswalk at the intersection of Scioto Darby Road and 

Leppert Road. Appellant described the incident in her affidavit as follows: 
No. 15AP-493 2 

4. I parked in the development and would then walk a short 

distance to the intersection of Scioto Darby and Leppert 

Roads in order to cross the street. Traffic was heavy on 

Scioto Darby Road at that time of the morning. I attended 

what is known as the "zero" period which started at 6:50 a.m. 

The "normal" school start period was approximately an hour 

later. The school zone flashers were not activated or working 

for the zero period students. Normally the traffic is heavy 

and cars travel over the speed limit, and there were no lights 

at the intersection, so the lack of school zone flashers, street 

lights, and properly working traffic signals made me nervous 

and scared since the traffic would not slow down without the 

flashers working and it was hard to know when it was safe to 

cross the street to get to school. 

5. I would cross from the southeast corner of the intersection 

which faced the northeast corner where a signal box 

containing pedestrian signals with "WALK" and "DONT 

WALK" signals was on school property. This pedestrian 

traffic signal was supposed to light up with a WALK or 

DON'T WALK signal, sometimes on its own or sometimes in 

response to pressing a button at the corner. The signals, 

lights, pole, and box supporting them were located on the 

school property. From the start of the 2007-2008 school 

year until the day of my accident, when I was struck by a 

large SUV while trying to cross in the crosswalk, these 

pedestrian signals either never worked at all or never worked 

properly. On several occasions prior to my accident, I tried 

pressing the button to activate the signals so that I could 

safely cross the street, but the signals and button never 

worked so I stopped trying after awhile. 

* * * 

7. Both the "WALK" and "DONT WALK" pedestrian traffic 

lights did not work and it was obvious to anyone who was or 

would be at the intersection. It had been this way for at least 

several weeks or months, if not longer, and since I drove to 

school. 

* * * 

9. On October 16, 2007, I looked up to see the red lights for 

the traffic to stop in front of me, so I assumed it was safe to 

cross. I made it a few steps into the crosswalk when all the 

sudden without warning I was struck by a vehicle and 

severely injured. I broke my femur bone in my leg and the 
No. 15AP-493 3 

surgeon had to insert a rod and pins into my bone, which 

required surgery. 

{¶ 3} On June 4, 2008, appellant brought a negligence action against the city and 

Jesse J. Alfaro, the driver of the vehicle that struck her. The trial court dismissed that 

action without prejudice on June 8, 2010. When appellant refiled the action against the 

city on December 13, 2010, she added the district as an additional defendant but she did 

not refile her complaint against Alfaro.1 

{¶ 4} On June 29, 2011, the district filed a motion for summary judgment 

claiming that it was immune from liability to appellant. On August 25, 2011, the city filed 

a motion for summary judgment, also claiming immunity. The trial court initially granted 

both motions. However, on June 23, 2014, the trial court vacated both its October 9, 2013 

entry granting summary judgment in favor of the district and its October 24, 2013 entry 

granting summary judgment in favor of the city. The parties subsequently conducted 

additional discovery and submitted supplemental memoranda regarding the pending 

motions for summary judgment. 

{¶ 5} Appellant presented testimony from other witnesses who claimed that, as 

early as the beginning of the school year in August 2007, the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at 

the intersection had either not worked properly or not worked at all. For example, 

appellant submitted the affidavit of her classmate, Elizabeth Scotia Knight, who averred, 

in relevant part: 

5. * * * From the start of [the 2007] school year, I noticed that 

the pedestrian light signals were not working. They were dim 

and hard to see. They did not work very well. Sometimes they 

worked, but most often they did not work properly or not 

work at all. 

6. * * * The lights did not "beep" or make any noise even when 

working properly, so pushing the button for a walk signal did 

not help. 

{¶ 6} Another Hilliard Darby High School student by the name of Erin M. Ranney 

testified that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the intersection did not work when she 

pressed the button on the light pole. She estimated that she observed this problem with 

the signal around September 2007. 

 

1 Appellant also named American Electric Power Co. as a defendant in the refiled case, but that claim was 

later dismissed. 
No. 15AP-493 4 

{¶ 7} Evidence was also produced that in the early 2000s, the city began 

conducting periodic inspections of traffic and pedestrian signals throughout the city. 

According to William Walton, Jr., a city maintenance technician, the city inspects the 

signals at each intersection on a rotating basis at least once per year. 

{¶ 8} Concerning the flashing lights on the school zone signs, appellant deposed 

Ellette Schamp, who has served as the city's traffic engineer since 1997. According to 

Schamp, in 1998 the city installed signs in advance of the intersection of Leppert Road 

and Scioto Darby Road alerting drivers of the reduced speed limit of 20 miles per hour in 

a school zone. Schamp testified that the city activates flashing lights on the signs during 

school hours. The posted speed limit on Leppert Road and Scioto Darby Road is 35 miles 

per hour when school is not in session. According to Schamp, a timer activates the 

flashing lights a pre-determined number of minutes before the first tardy bell and then 

turns the lights off a pre-determined number of minutes after the earliest dismissal bell. 

Schamp testified that she determines the time of the first tardy bell and earliest dismissal 

bell by consulting the school district website at the beginning of each school year and 

confirming that information with a telephone call to the district. Schamp testified that the 

city does not adjust the timer to account for pre-school and after-school events. 

{¶ 9} The district's Director of Business, Jeffrey Franklin, was also deposed and 

testified that the decision when to activate the flashing lights on "school zone" signs is 

within the discretion of the city. According to Franklin, the unwritten policy adopted by 

the city is to activate the flashing lights 20 minutes before the first tardy bell. Franklin 

testified that the zero period is not part of the normal school day. 

{¶ 10} On April 13, 2015, the trial court ruled that the city and the district were 

entitled to statutory immunity and granted the motions for summary judgment. 

Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal to this court on May 13, 2015. 

II. Assignments of Error 

{¶ 11} Appellant assigns the following assignments of error for our review: 

1. The trial court erred by granting defendant City of Hilliard's 

motion for summary judgment. 

2. The trial court erred by granting defendant Hilliard City 

School District's motion for summary judgment. 
No. 15AP-493 5 

III. Standard of Review 

{¶ 12} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment "shall be rendered forthwith if 

the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, 

transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, 

show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Accordingly, summary judgment is appropriate 

only under the following circumstances: (1) no genuine issue of material fact remains to 

be litigated, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and 

(3) viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, reasonable minds 

can come to but one conclusion, that conclusion being adverse to the nonmoving party. 

Byrd v. Arbors East Subacute & Rehab. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 14AP-232, 2014-Ohio-3935, 

¶ 6, citing Harless v. Willis Day Warehousing Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 64, 66 (1978). 

{¶ 13} " '[T]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial 

court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record before the 

trial court which demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element 

of the nonmoving party's claim.' " Id. at ¶ 7, quoting Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 

292 (1996). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the nonmovant must set forth 

specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue for trial. Id., citing Dresher at 293. Because 

summary judgment is a procedural device to terminate litigation, courts should award it 

cautiously after resolving all doubts in favor of the nonmoving party. Id., citing Murphy 

v. Reynoldsburg, 65 Ohio St.3d 356, 358-59 (1992). 

{¶ 14} Appellate review of summary judgment is de novo. Id. at ¶ 5. When an 

appellate court reviews a trial court's disposition of a summary judgment motion, it 

applies the same standard as the trial court and conducts an independent review, without 

deference to the trial court's determination. Id., citing Maust v. Bank One Columbus, 

N.A., 83 Ohio App.3d 103, 107 (10th Dist.1992); Brown v. Cty. Commrs., 87 Ohio App.3d 

704, 711 (4th Dist.1993). 

IV. Legal Analysis 

{¶ 15} The trial court ruled that the city and the district could not be held liable to 

appellant because there was no dispute that the alleged negligence of the city and the 

district arose out of the performance or nonperformance of a governmental function and 
No. 15AP-493 6 

because the exceptions to immunity set out in R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) through (5) did not 

apply.

A. First Assignment of Error 

{¶ 16} In her first assignment of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred 

when it granted summary judgment in favor of the city. Appellant claims that the city was 

negligent in failing to repair the malfunctioning "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the 

intersection of Scioto Darby Road and Leppert Road, and in failing to illuminate the 

"school zone" sign for the zero period. Appellant further contends that the negligent acts 

or omissions of the city were a legal cause of her injuries and that such negligence is 

actionable under the exceptions to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) and (5). 

{¶ 17} "R.C. Chapter 2744 addresses when political subdivisions, their 

departments and agencies, and their employees are immune from liability for their 

actions." Gibbs v. Columbus Metro. Housing Auth., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-711, 2012-Ohio2271, ¶ 8, citing Lambert v. Clancy, 125 Ohio St.3d 231, 2010-Ohio-1483, ¶ 8. The 

statutory framework requires courts to employ a three-tier analysis to determine whether 

a political subdivision is entitled to immunity under R.C. 2744.02. Id., citing Smith v. 

McBride, 130 Ohio St.3d 51, 2011-Ohio-4674, ¶ 13; Lambert at ¶ 8. "The analysis begins 

with a general grant of immunity that affords the political subdivision protection from 

liability 'in damages in a civil action for injury, death, or loss to person or property 

allegedly caused by any act or omission of the political subdivision or an employee of the 

political subdivision in connection with a governmental or proprietary function.' " Gibbs

at ¶ 8, quoting R.C. 2744.02(A)(1). "However, the immunity provided by R.C. 

2744.02(A)(1) is not absolute, but is subject to various exceptions set forth in R.C. 

2744.02(B)." Smith v. Martin, 176 Ohio App.3d 567, 2008-Ohio-2978, ¶ 11 (10th Dist.). 

Consequently, "[t]he second tier of the analysis focuses on the five exceptions to immunity 

listed in R.C. 2744.02(B), which can expose a political subdivision to liability." Gibbs at 

¶ 8, citing Smith, 2011-Ohio-4674, at ¶ 14; Lambert at ¶ 9. If any of the R.C. 2744.02(B) 

exceptions apply, then the third tier of the analysis requires an assessment of whether any 

defenses in R.C. 2744.03 apply to reinstate immunity. Gibbs at ¶ 8, citing Smith, 2011-

Ohio-4674, at ¶ 15; Lambert at ¶ 9. 

{¶ 18} It is within this statutory framework that we must review the trial court's 

ruling on immunity. 
No. 15AP-493 7 

1. City of Hilliard 

a. Flashing lights on "school zone" signs 

{¶ 19} R.C. 2744.01(C)(2) defines the term "governmental function" in relevant 

part, as follows: 

(e) The regulation of the use of, and the maintenance and 

repair of, roads, highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks, 

* * * and public grounds[.] 

{¶ 20} R.C. 2744.02(B) sets forth the exceptions to the general rule of immunity in 

relevant part, as follows: 

Subject to sections 2744.03 and 2744.05 of the Revised Code, 

a political subdivision is liable in damages in a civil action for 

injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by 

an act or omission of the political subdivision or of any of its 

employees in connection with a governmental or proprietary 

function, as follows: 

* * * 

(3) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the 

Revised Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, 

death, or loss to person or property caused by their negligent 

failure to keep public roads in repair * * *. 

(4) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the 

Revised Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, 

death, or loss to person or property that is caused by the 

negligence of their employees and that occurs within or on the 

grounds of, and is due to physical defects within or on the 

grounds of, buildings that are used in connection with the 

performance of a governmental function * * *. 

(5) In addition to the circumstances described in divisions 

(B)(1) to (4) of this section, a political subdivision is liable for 

injury, death, or loss to person or property when civil liability 

is expressly imposed upon the political subdivision by a 

section of the Revised Code * * *. 

{¶ 21} Appellant first alleges that the city was negligent in the performance of a 

governmental function by failing to illuminate "school zone" signs for the zero period. 

The evidence, however, does not permit an inference that the city's negligence, if any, falls 

within the exceptions set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). 
No. 15AP-493 8 

{¶ 22} Appellant's affidavit provides in relevant part: "I attended what is known as 

the 'zero' period which started at 6:50 a.m. The 'normal' school start period was 

approximately an hour later. The school zone flashers were not activated or working for 

the zero period students." (Slane Affidavit, ¶ 4.) Based on appellant's affidavit, appellant 

sustained her injury at or before 6:50 a.m. Given the undisputed testimony of Schamp 

and Franklin, appellant sustained her injury prior to the normal school day and prior to 

the time of day when the city illuminates school zone signs. Appellant has not cited any 

statute or administrative regulation that would require the city to activate the flashing 

lights on school zone signs for pre-school activities. 

{¶ 23} Even if we were to accept appellant's argument that the city had a duty to 

activate the flashing lights for the zero period, the city's failure to do so does not fall 

within the exception to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). As noted above, R.C. 

2744.02(B)(3) states that "political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to 

person or property caused by their negligent failure to keep public roads in repair." 

(Emphasis added.) Pursuant to R.C. 2744.01(H): " '[p]ublic roads' means public roads, 

highways, streets, avenues, alleys, and bridges within a political subdivision. 'Public 

roads' does not include berms, shoulders, rights-of-way, or traffic control devices unless 

the traffic control devices are mandated by the Ohio manual of uniform traffic control 

devices." (Emphasis added.) 

{¶ 24} R.C. 4511.21(B) pertaining to speed limits within school zones provides, in 

relevant part: 

It is prima-facie lawful * * * for the operator of a motor vehicle 

* * * to operate the same at a speed not exceeding the 

following: 

(1)(a) Twenty miles per hour in school zones during school 

recess and while children are going to or leaving school during 

the opening or closing hours, and when twenty miles per hour 

school speed limit signs are erected[. ] * * * Nothing in this 

section or in the manual and specifications for a uniform 

system of traffic control devices shall be construed to require 

school zones to be indicated by signs equipped with flashing 

or other lights, or giving other special notice of the hours in 

which the school zone speed limit is in effect. 

(Emphasis added.) 
No. 15AP-493 9 

{¶ 25} Given the plain language of R.C. 4511.21(B) and 2744.02(H), flashing lights 

on school zone signs are not considered "public roads." For this reason, the exception to 

political subdivision immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) does not apply and the city 

is immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, for any negligence with regard to 

school zone signs. 

{¶ 26} Appellant has argued, in the alternative, that the exception to immunity set 

forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) applies in this case. R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) provides that "[i]n 

addition to the circumstances described in divisions (B)(1) to (4)[,] * * * a political 

subdivision is liable for injury * * * when civil liability is expressly imposed upon the 

political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code." In this regard, we note that R.C. 

723.01 imposes a duty on all municipal corporations of "care, supervision, and control of 

the public highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks [and] public grounds * * * within 

the municipal corporation." Appellant argues that this provision expressly imposes 

liability upon the city for its failure to illuminate the school zone signs for the zero period, 

and that the exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B)(5) applies. We disagree. 

{¶ 27} In 2003, R.C. 723.01 was amended to add the following language: "[t]he 

liability or immunity from liability of a municipal corporation for injury * * * allegedly 

caused by a failure to perform the responsibilities imposed by this section shall be 

determined pursuant to divisions (A) and (B)(3) of section 2744.02 of the Revised Code." 

Given the language of the amendment, even if we were to find that R.C. 723.01 expressly 

imposed liability on the city for failing to illuminate school zone signs for the zero period, 

the city is immune from liability under R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) because the flashing lights on 

school zone signs are not part of the "public roads." 

{¶ 28} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err when it 

determined that the city was immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, from 

any negligence of its employees with respect to the illumination of school zone signs. 

b. "Walk/Don't Walk" signal 

{¶ 29} The trial court concluded that appellant did not produce evidence that the 

alleged negligence of the city in failing to maintain the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the 

intersection fell within the exception to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). The 

trial court first determined that appellant failed to present evidence that the "Walk/Don't 

Walk" signal in question was part of the "public roads." In the alternative, the trial court 
No. 15AP-493 10 

determined that appellant failed to present evidence that the city had either actual or 

constructive notice that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal had malfunctioned. 

{¶ 30} Under the Political Subdivision Tort Liability Act, immunity is an 

affirmative defense. See, e.g., Jones v. Lucas Metro. Hous. Auth., 6th Dist. No. L-96-212 

(Aug. 29, 1997); Haynes v. Franklin, 135 Ohio App.3d 82 (12th Dist.1999). Accordingly, 

the burden of proof is on the political subdivision to establish general immunity. Id. See 

also Browning v. Fostoria, 3d Dist. No. 13-09-28, 2010-Ohio-2163, ¶ 18; Horen v. Bd. of 

Edn. of Toledo Pub. Schools, 6th Dist. No. L-09-1143, 2010-Ohio-3631, ¶ 33. The parties 

agree that the city is entitled to general immunity under to R.C. 2744.02(A) inasmuch as 

the maintenance and repair of public roads is a governmental function. R.C. 

2744.01(C)(2)(e). 

{¶ 31} When a political subdivision establishes general immunity, the burden then 

shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate that one of the exceptions to immunity applies. Id. 

See also Maggio v. Warren, 11th Dist. No. 2006-T-0028, 2006-Ohio-6880, ¶ 38; Brady 

v. Bucyrus Police Dept., 194 Ohio App.3d 574, 2011-Ohio-2460, ¶ 24 (3d Dist.). In this 

instance, appellant has the burden to produce some evidence that the "Walk/Don't Walk" 

signals in question are part of the "public roads" as that term is defined in R.C. 

2744.01(H). Walters v. Columbus, 10th Dist. No. 07AP-917, 2008-Ohio-4258, ¶ 20. See 

also Darby v. Cincinnati, 1st Dist. No. C-130430, 2014-Ohio-2426, ¶ 18-19. Under R.C. 

2744.01(H), " '[p]ublic roads' does not include * * * traffic control devices unless the 

traffic control devices are mandated by the Ohio manual of uniform traffic control 

devices." (Emphasis added.) 

{¶ 32} R.C. 4511.09 mandated the adoption of a uniform manual by the state 

department of transportation, and R.C. 4511.11 requires adherence thereto by local 

authorities. Royce v. Smith, 68 Ohio St.2d 106, 109 (1981); Pierce v. Ohio Dept. of 

Transp., 23 Ohio App.3d 124, 127 (10th Dist.1985). As such, the manual is an appropriate 

aid to the factfinder in determining the local authority's negligence. Elabed v. 

Lemanowicz, 8th Dist. No. 53128 (Dec. 10, 1987), citing Royce, Pierce, and Bartos v. 

Diasio, 8th Dist. No. 49104 (May 16, 1985). 

{¶ 33} In Webb v. Edwards, 165 Ohio App.3d 158, 2005-Ohio-6379, ¶ 23 (4th 

Dist.), the Fourth District issued the following commentary regarding the Ohio Manual of 

Uniform Traffic Control Devices ("OMUTCD"): 
No. 15AP-493 11 

The OMUTCD contains mandatory, advisory and permissive 

conditions, differentiated by the use of the terms "shall," 

"should" and "may." Standards include the word "shall," and 

are considered mandatory. Advisory conditions include the 

word "should" and are considered to be advisable usage, but 

are not mandatory. Permissive conditions include the word 

"may" and carry no requirement or recommendation. 

Accord Perkins v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 65 Ohio App.3d 487 (10th Dist.1989); Leskovac 

v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 71 Ohio App.3d 22 (10th Dist.1990). 

{¶ 34} In ruling on the city's motion for summary judgment, the trial court adopted 

the reasoning of the trial court in the 2008 case and held as follows: 

This Court previously held that "[t]his case does not involve a 

failure to keep a public road in repair or to remove 

obstructions from public roads. Therefore, even if Hilliard 

negligently maintained or repaired a 'walk/don't walk' signal 

at the intersection where Plaintiff was injured, that failure 

does not fall within the limited exception that R.C. 

2744.02(B)(3) provides to the general grant of immunity from 

tort liability that applies to political subdivisions." See 

March 15, 2010 Nunc Pro Tunc Decision and Entry Granting 

Motion of Defendant City of Hilliard Only for Summary 

Judgment Filed December 17, 2009. Based upon this 

persuasive authority, the Court determines that a failure to 

keep the walk/don't walk signal in repair does not fall within 

the R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) exception. 

(Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 5-6.) 

{¶ 35} The city contends that appellant "failed to introduce any evidence to the 

contrary or otherwise present any argument as to why this holding should be reversed." 

(Appellee City of Hilliard's Brief, 8.) We agree. 

{¶ 36} We note that the relevant provisions of the OMUTCD are not part of the 

trial court record in this case. We further note that appellant has not argued that the 

manual requires "Walk/Don't Walk" signals at the intersection in question. 

Consequently, appellant has failed to produce evidence that the OMUTCD mandates 

"Walk/Don't Walk" signals at the intersection of Scioto Darby Road and Leppert Road. In 

the absence of such evidence, appellant has no evidentiary support for her claim that the 

"Walk/Don't Walk" signal at the intersection is part of the "public roads" as that term is 

defined in R.C. 2744.01(H). Walters at ¶ 20 ("By its clear language, it is evident that the 

General Assembly did not intend all erected traffic control devices to be considered part of 
No. 15AP-493 12 

a public road."). Because there is no evidence that the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal at Scioto 

Darby Road and Leppert Road is part of the "public roads," the exception to immunity set 

forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3) is inapplicable. Appellant simply assumes that the 

"Walk/Don't Walk" signal is part of the "public roads," without providing any argument or 

evidence to support that assumption. 

{¶ 37} Based on the foregoing, we hold that the trial court did not err when it 

determined that the city was immune from liability to appellant, as a matter of law, from 

any negligence of its employees with respect to the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal. In so 

holding, we recognize that much of the argument in this case revolved around the issue of 

constructive notice. However, in the absence of evidence to support a finding that the 

"Walk/Don't Walk" signal is part of the "public roads," the city's notice of the alleged 

defect in the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal is irrelevant to the issue of immunity under the 

exception set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(3). Accordingly, we shall not address the trial 

court's alternative holding regarding notice. Appellant's first assignment of error is 

overruled. 

B. Second Assignment of Error 

1. Hilliard City School District 

{¶ 38} In appellant's second assignment of error, she argues that the trial court 

erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of the district. We disagree. 

{¶ 39} R.C. 2744.01(C) defines a "governmental function" in relevant part, as 

follows: 

(2) A "governmental function" includes, but is not limited to, 

the following: 

* * * 

(c) The provision of a system of public education; 

* * * 

(g) The construction, reconstruction, repair, renovation, 

maintenance, and operation of buildings that are used in 

connection with the performance of a governmental function 

* * *; 

* * * 
No. 15AP-493 13 

(u) The design, construction, reconstruction, renovation, 

repair, maintenance, and operation of any school athletic 

facility, school auditorium, or gymnasium * * *. 

{¶ 40} R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) provides an exception to immunity as follows: "political 

subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person * * * caused by the negligence of 

their employees and that occurs within or on the grounds of, and is due to physical 

defects within or on the grounds of, buildings that are used in connection with the 

performance of a governmental function." (Emphasis added.) Appellant argues that the 

district was negligent in failing to illuminate school zone signs for the zero period and in 

failing to maintain the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal. 

{¶ 41} As we have previously noted, R.C. 4511.21(B) specifically states that there is 

no requirement that school zones be equipped with flashing lights. Appellant has pointed 

to no provision in the Revised Code or the manual that would require illumination of 

school zone signs for pre-school activities such as the zero period. Moreover, there is no 

dispute in the testimony that the city assumed the responsibility for the timing of the 

flashing lights on the school zone sign in question. Similarly, there is no dispute in the 

testimony that the city assumed the responsibility for the maintenance and repair of the 

"Walk/Don't Walk" signal pursuant to its statutory obligation of "care, supervision, and 

control of the public highways, streets, avenues, alleys, sidewalks [and] public grounds 

* * * within the municipal corporation." R.C. 723.01 and 2744.02(B)(3). Ohio law 

imposes no such duty on the district. See Mussivand v. David, 45 Ohio St.3d 314, 318 

(1989) (The existence of a legal duty in a negligence action is generally a question of law.). 

{¶ 42} The trial court determined that, even if the district owed appellant a duty 

with respect to the school zone sign and the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal, the exception to 

immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) did not apply given the undisputed fact that the 

injury occurred on a public roadway and not within the grounds of buildings the district 

uses in connection with the performance of its governmental function. Appellant argues 

that the portion of public roadway where appellant sustained her injury was located on 

district grounds because it is located within a designated "school zone."2 

 

2 R.C. 4511.21(B)(1)(c) pertaining to "speed limits" provides: "As used in this section, 'school zone' means 

that portion of a street or highway passing a school fronting upon the street or highway that is encompassed 

by projecting the school property lines to the fronting street or highway, and also includes that portion of a 

state highway." 
No. 15AP-493 14 

{¶ 43} The undisputed evidence in this case establishes that the vehicle struck 

appellant while she was walking on a public roadway. Appellant did not sustain her 

injuries within or on the grounds of a school building, school athletic facility, school 

auditorium, or gymnasium. Even accepting appellant's claim that both the school zone 

sign and the "Walk/Don't Walk" signal are located on district property, there is no dispute 

in the evidence that appellant sustained her injury on a public roadway and not within or 

on the grounds of a school building, school athletic facility, school auditorium, or 

gymnasium. Appellant has provided no legal support for her contention that the 

territorial boundaries of the district include public roadways within the designated school 

zone.3 Thus, the trial court did not err when it determined that the exception to immunity 

set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) did not apply in this case, as a matter of law. 

{¶ 44} Moreover, with respect to the school zone sign, even if we were to conclude 

that there is a factual issue whether appellant sustained her injury on grounds used by the 

district in the performance of a governmental function, the physical defect exception to 

immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) applies only "if the instrumentality that caused 

[the] injury did not operate as intended due to a perceivable condition or if the 

instrumentality contained a perceivable imperfection that impaired its worth or utility." 

Jones v. Delaware City School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 5th Dist. No. 2013 CAE 01 0009, 2013-

Ohio-3907, ¶ 22, citing Leasure v. Adena Local School Dist., 4th Dist. No. 11CA3249, 

2012-Ohio-3071. See also Yeater v. Bd. of Edn., LaBrae School Dist., 11th Dist. No. 2009-

T-0107, 2010-Ohio-3684. Appellant has presented no evidence that the flashing lights on 

the school zone sign were either not operating as intended or that there was a perceivable 

imperfection with the lights that impaired their utility. Rather, when construed in a light 

most favorable to appellant, the evidence demonstrates only that the city elected not to 

activate the lights for the zero period. Accordingly, there is no issue of fact regarding the 

applicability of the physical defect exception to immunity under R.C. 2744.02(B)(4) as it 

pertains to the flashing lights on the school zone sign. 

{¶ 45} For the foregoing reasons, appellant's second assignment of error is 

overruled. 

 

3 A "city school district" is defined in R.C. 3311.02 in relevant part as follows: "The territory within the 

corporate limits of each city, excluding the territory detached therefrom for school purposes and including 

the territory attached thereto for school purposes." 
No. 15AP-493 15 

V. Conclusion 

{¶ 46} Having overruled appellant's two assignments of error, we affirm the 

judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas. 

Judgment affirmed. 

BROWN and HORTON, JJ., concur. 

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