[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 15-13648

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 2:15-cv-00086-SPC-DNF

BRYAN O. CRANE, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant,

 versus

SECRETARY OF LABOR, 

THOMAS E. PEREZ, 

 Defendants-Appellees.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(March 29, 2017)

Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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Bryan O. Crane, proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s dismissal of 

his complaint challenging suspensions and reductions in his Federal Employees’ 

Compensation Act (“FECA”) benefits. The district court dismissed Crane’s 

complaint as barred by res judicata and, alternatively, for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction. After careful review, we affirm the dismissal of Crane’s complaint.

I. BACKGROUND

A. Federal Employees’ Compensation Act

This appeal broadly relates to Crane’s long-term dispute with the Secretary 

of Labor (the “Secretary”) about the handling of his benefits under FECA, so we 

begin by explaining this Act and federal courts’ limited jurisdiction over these 

matters.

FECA is a comprehensive workers’ compensation scheme for federal 

civilian employees who are injured or killed while performing their work duties. 

Noble v. United States, 216 F.3d 1229, 1234 (11th Cir. 2000). FECA is also “the 

federal employee’s exclusive remedy against the federal government for on-the-job 

injuries.” Id. Under FECA, “employees are guaranteed the right to receive 

immediate, fixed benefits, regardless of fault and without need for litigation, but in 

return they lose the right to sue the Government.” Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. 

United States, 460 U.S. 190, 194 (1983).

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Central to the FECA’s statutory scheme is the Secretary, who has the 

authority to administer and decide all questions arising under the FECA. Noble, 

216 F.3d at 1234. The Secretary has delegated responsibility for FECA’s 

administration and implementation to the Director of the Department of Labor’s 

Office of Worker’s Compensation Programs (“OWCP”). Id. Determinations and 

awards by OWCP with respect to claims of employees can be appealed to the 

Employees’ Compensation Appeals Board (“ECAB”), an appellate arm of the 

Department of Labor. 5 U.S.C. § 8149; Woodruff v. U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Office of 

Workers Comp. Programs, 954 F.2d 634, 637 (11th Cir. 1992). The Secretary 

retains the ability to review an award for or against payment of benefits at any time 

on his own motion, or by application. 5 U.S.C. § 8128(a).

However, FECA closes the door to judicial review of the Secretary’s 

decision to award or deny coverage under FECA. 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b)(2); 

Woodruff, 954 F.2d at 637, 639. “Conclusions of law and fact made by the 

Secretary or the ECAB are also immune from judicial review.” Woodruff, 954 

F.3d at 637. 

Nevertheless, we have recognized two potential instances in which a federal 

court may exercise jurisdiction in matters arising under FECA: (1) a clear statutory 

mandate has been violated; or (2) a colorable constitutional claim exists. See id. at 

639. Even if § 8128(b) does not bar review, however, a claimant cannot recover 

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money damages or obtain substantive relief on issues within the exclusive 

authority of the Secretary. See Czerkies v. United States Department of Labor, 73 

F.3d 1435, 1439 (7th Cir. 1996) (en banc) (“The circuits are in agreement: doorclosing statutes [like § 8128(b)] do not, unless Congress expressly provides, close 

the door to constitutional claims, provided that the claim is colorable and the 

claimant is seeking only a new hearing or other process rather than a direct award 

of money by the district court.”); see also Raditch v. United States, 929 F.2d 478, 

481 (9th Cir. 1991) (“A violation of procedural rights requires only a procedural 

correction, not the reinstatement of a substantive right to which the claimant may 

not be entitled on the merits.”). 

B. Underlying Facts

In 2000, Crane, an accountant with the United States Department of Navy, 

suffered a work-related spinal injury which left him permanently disabled. Based 

on his injury, he successfully filed a claim for benefits under FECA. 

In 2003, however, a question arose over whether Crane was totally disabled 

from work, and OWCP referred him for an independent medical examination. The 

medical examination indicated that Crane could perform light-duty work, and he 

was offered a light-duty assignment. Crane refused the assignment and instead 

appealed to ECAB, which found in Crane’s favor and awarded retroactive 

compensation. 

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In February 2009, OWCP scheduled another medical examination and told 

Crane that refusing to attend would result in suspension of his benefits. Crane did 

not attend the exam and instead told OWCP he believed it was inappropriate to 

require him to undergo additional medical examinations. OWCP suspended his 

benefits in April 2009. Crane again appealed to ECAB, which found that OWCP 

had properly suspended his FECA benefits. Thereafter, Crane elected to receive 

his disability retirement benefits from the United States Office of Personnel 

Management.

In December 2011, OWCP reconsidered its decision to suspend Crane’s 

FECA benefits, decided the suspension was erroneous, and awarded him payment 

for benefits lost from April 2009 to February 2011. He therefore elected to receive 

FECA benefits in lieu of his retirement benefits. Crane did not receive the 

retroactive benefits payment until February 2013.

Thereafter, Crane sought to expand his FECA benefits to include additional 

treatments for his disability. Specifically, Crane sought reimbursement for 

chiropractic services to correct a “spinal subluxation.” OWCP issued several 

decisions denying his claims. When OWCP denied his request for reconsideration, 

he appealed to ECAB. In June 2013, ECAB affirmed OWCP’s decision to deny 

his claim and his request for reconsideration. 

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In May 2013, the Office of Personnel Management notified OWCP that 

Crane owed over $35,000 in retirement benefit overpayments, and it asked OWCP 

to make deductions from his FECA payments until the amount that had been 

overpaid was repaid in full. After Crane requested review of that decision, the 

Office of Personnel Management told OWCP to suspend making deductions. At 

that time, OWCP had made one deduction of around $500. 

C. In 2013, Crane Sues United States and Secretary of Labor 

Crane filed suit against the United States in July 2013, broadly challenging 

the allegedly unfair and unlawful handling of his benefits under FECA from the 

time he began receiving benefits.

1

 Crane advanced the following “issues”: the 

Department of Labor (a) forced him to submit to unnecessary and unreasonable 

medical examinations; (b) repeatedly and illegally suspended or reduced his FECA 

benefits; (c) refused to reimburse him for medical expenses allowed under FECA;

(d) failed to investigate or correct misconduct and illegal behavior by OWCP and 

ECAB personnel; and (e) improperly deducted money from his FECA benefits to 

recover alleged retirement benefit overpayments. 

For relief, Crane sought a declaration that he was totally and permanently 

disabled, as well as injunctive relief barring any future independent medical 

examinations and preventing OWCP from communicating with him except for the 

 1 It appears that Crane earlier filed another federal lawsuit challenging the actions of the 

Office of Personnel Management, but this suit was dismissed for failure to perfect service. 

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purpose of paying his disability benefits. He also demanded money damages, 

including reimbursement of past and future medical expenses and an award of 

$100 million for financial, mental, and physical harm. 

On the government’s motion, the district court dismissed Crane’s complaint 

for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. The court explained that FECA bars judicial 

review of the Secretary’s decisions regarding FECA benefits, see 5 U.S.C. 

§ 8128(b)(2), except where the plaintiff presents a colorable constitutional claim, 

see Woodruff, 954 F.2d at 639. Because Crane did not allege a constitutional 

claim, the court dismissed his complaint.

Thereafter, the district court reopened the case and permitted Crane to file an 

amended complaint. Crane did so. Though largely identical to his initial 

complaint in its factual allegations and statement of the “issues,” Crane’s amended 

complaint framed his disputes with OWCP and ECAB in constitutional terms. 

Crane alleged that “FECA and the administration of FECA” deprived him of his 

rights to due process and equal protection because the “personnel assigned to carry 

out the law under FECA are lawless, corrupt, arrogant and abusive,” and they often 

mischaracterize or ignore regulations and precedent, but “[t]here is no vehicle 

within FECA or the [Department of Labor] that allows Plaintiff to independently 

challenge illegal actions or abuses of position and power by personnel 

administering FECA.” He claimed that the Department of Labor’s Office of 

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Inspector General was responsible for investigating such misconduct but that it 

refused to do so. He also alleged that his constitutional rights had been violated by 

FECA regulations governing legal representation, which make the claimant solely 

responsible for paying legal fees and require agency approval before attorneys can 

collect legal fees. These regulations, Crane asserted, made it impossible for him to 

find representation in the FECA process. Crane sought the same relief as he did in 

his initial complaint. 

The district court again concluded that FECA barred judicial review of 

Crane’s lawsuit. Surveying Crane’s allegations of due process and equalprotection violations, the court concluded that Crane was simply attempting to 

reframe his grievances with the administrative process as constitutional violations. 

The court found that Crane was afforded full due process in the consideration of 

his FECA claims, that his requested relief went to the merits of his FECA claims 

and not the procedures by which those claims were adjudicated, and that he had not 

alleged any unequal treatment that could sustain an equal-protection claim. 

Accordingly, the court dismissed Crane’s amended complaint “with prejudice.” 

D. In 2015, Crane Again Sues Secretary of Labor 

Crane did not appeal the district court’s dismissal of his 2013 lawsuit. 

Instead, Crane filed a new complaint against the Secretary of Labor in 2015, again 

arguing that his rights to due process and equal protection had been violated during 

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the FECA benefits process. Noting that he had “previously filed” the complaint in 

2013, Crane claimed that the court had jurisdiction over the new lawsuit because 

he was not challenging the constitutionality of the FECA process “as legislated,”

which he asserted was all that the court decided in the earlier case, but rather the 

constitutionality of the process “in application”—specifically the Department of 

Labor’s failure to prevent its “universally corrupt” personnel from disregarding 

FECA law and regulations. 

Despite Crane’s attempt to differentiate the present complaint, however, it is 

largely indistinguishable from his amended complaint in the previous lawsuit. 

Crane’s present complaint was based broadly on the handling of his FECA benefits 

since 2000, and he again alleged that the Department of Labor violated his rights 

by, among other things, requiring him to submit to medical examinations, 

improperly reducing or suspending his disability benefits, refusing to reimburse 

medical expenses, and improperly deducting money from his benefits. He also 

reiterated his claims that his rights to due process and equal protection had been 

violated both by the Department of Labor’s refusal to investigate misconduct of its 

personnel and by regulations that effectively deprived him of competent legal 

representation. And except for a new request that the court declare the regulations 

on legal representation unconstitutional, Crane sought the same relief as he had in 

the previous lawsuit. 

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The district court granted the Secretary of Labor’s motion to dismiss and 

dismissed the present complaint for two alternative reasons. First, the court found 

that the complaint was barred by the doctrine of res judicata. The court determined 

that res judicata applied because Crane’s constitutional claims had been resolved 

on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction in the 2013 lawsuit, that the 

parties to the present complaint were the same as the parties to the previous 

lawsuit, and that both cases arose out of the same operative nucleus of fact. 

Second, the district court alternatively found that it lacked subject-matter 

jurisdiction because Crane failed once again to state a colorable constitutional 

claim to overcome FECA’s jurisdictional bar. The court concluded that Crane’s 

claims, although couched as constitutional issues, were merely challenges to the 

decisions of the Secretary to suspend or deny coverage under FECA. The court 

noted that Crane did not request any procedural remedy, such as a new hearing, but 

instead sought substantive relief. Finding that his requests for relief confirmed that 

he was not seeking an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a 

meaningful manner, the court concluded that Crane was simply attempting to 

relitigate his FECA claims. See 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b)(2); Woodruff, 954 F.2d at 637. 

Accordingly, the court dismissed Crane’s complaint. Crane now appeals. 

II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

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We review de novo the district court’s application of the doctrine of res 

judicata. Griswold v. Cty. of Hillsborough, 598 F.3d 1289, 1292 (11th Cir. 2010). 

We review de novo the district court’s dismissal of a complaint for lack of subjectmatter jurisdiction. Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v. Osting-Schwinn, 613 F.3d 

1079, 1085 (11th Cir. 2010). 

We liberally construe the filings of pro se parties. Tannenbaum v. United 

States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). Where a pro se litigant fails to raise 

a legal claim on appeal or raises an issue in a perfunctory manner, however, he 

abandons that claim, and we will not review it. Sapuppo v. Allstate Floridian Ins. 

Co., 739 F.3d 678, 680–82 (11th Cir. 2014); Timson v. Sampson, 518 F.3d 870, 

874 (11th Cir. 2008). 

III. DISCUSSION

The doctrine of claim preclusion bars the filing of claims that were raised or 

could have been raised in an earlier lawsuit. Citibank, N.A. v. Data Lease Fin. 

Corp., 904 F.2d 1498, 1501 (11th Cir. 1990). When claim preclusion does not 

apply, the doctrine of issue preclusion “may still prevent the relitigation of 

particular issues which were actually litigated and decided in a prior suit.” Id. 

Claim preclusion and issue preclusion are collectively referred to as “res judicata.” 

Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 892 (2008). The purposes behind these doctrines 

are to protect against the expense and vexation of defending multiple lawsuits, to 

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conserve judicial resources, and to foster reliance on judicial decisions by 

minimizing the possibility of inconsistent results. Ragsdale v. Rubbermaid, Inc., 

193 F.3d 1235, 1238 (11th Cir. 1999). 

Claim preclusion applies if the following four elements are met: (1) the 

prior decision was rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; (2) there was a 

final judgment on the merits; (3) the parties were identical in both suits; and (4) the 

same cause of action is involved in both cases. Davila v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 326 

F.3d 1183, 1187 (11th Cir. 2003). The Secretary of Labor asserts that all four 

requirements were met here because (1) the court had jurisdiction to consider 

constitutional claims regarding FECA, (2) the court’s dismissal of Crane’s 

complaint was based on the substantive shortcomings of his constitutional claims, 

see id. at 1189–90 (stating that we look to the substance of the court’s dismissal, 

rather than the label it employs, in applying res judicata), (3) the parties were the 

same in both suits, and (4) both suits involved the same cause of action. Crane’s 

brief, liberally construed, challenges the fourth requirement only. Accordingly, we 

conclude that Crane has abandoned any challenge to the other three requirements. 

See Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 681.

Crane argues that the district court should have addressed his constitutional 

claims in the present complaint because they are distinct from the claims that he 

raised in his previous lawsuit. He argues that the court’s prior decision “was 

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narrowly focused on challenges to FECA, FECA process, and FECA decision,” 

which he now understands cannot be challenged in federal court. But nowhere in 

the court’s prior order, Crane argues, did the court address the Department of 

Labor’s refusal to investigate allegations of serious misconduct or his allegations 

regarding legal representation. 

For purposes of claim preclusion, two cases are really the same “claim” or 

“cause of action” if they are based on the same “nucleus of operative facts” or are 

“based upon the same factual predicate.” Griswold, 598 F.3d at 1293 (quotation 

marks omitted). As a result, claim preclusion “applies not only to the exact legal 

theories advanced in the prior case, but to all legal theories and claims arising out 

of the same nucleus of operative facts.” Wesch v. Folsom, 6 F.3d 1465, 1471 (11th 

Cir. 1993). Therefore, the doctrine bars the filing of claims that were raised or 

could have been raised in an earlier proceeding. Data Lease Fin. Corp., 904 F.2d 

at 1501. 

Here, the district court properly found that both of Crane’s lawsuits arose out 

of the same nucleus of operative facts. See Ragsdale, 193 F.3d at 1239. Both 

lawsuits are based on the same time periods, the same underlying events, and the 

same actions by the Department of Labor. Moreover, the “issues” Crane raised in 

both lawsuits are largely identical. 

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In the present lawsuit, like the previous lawsuit, Crane alleged that the 

Department of Labor had violated his rights by, among other things, requiring him 

to submit to medical examinations, improperly reducing or suspending his 

disability benefits, refusing to reimburse medical expenses, and improperly 

deducting money from his benefits. And except for a new request that the court 

declare the regulations on legal representation unconstitutional, Crane sought the 

same relief as he had in the previous lawsuit. 

Because Crane’s claims are based on the same nucleus of operative facts, 

claim preclusion operates to bar claims that were actually raised and claims that

could have been raised before in an earlier proceeding. Data Lease Fin. Corp., 

904 F.2d at 1501. The constitutional claims that Crane alleged in his 2015 

lawsuit—regarding both the Department of Labor’s lack of oversight of its 

personnel and the FECA regulations governing fees for legal representation—were 

in fact raised in his previous lawsuit. And the district court resolved these claims 

in the earlier proceeding, concluding that they were simply an attempt to put a 

constitutional gloss on Crane’s disagreements with various decisions regarding his 

FECA benefits. Whether the court was correct on that point is not at issue in this 

appeal. Crane could have, but did not, appeal the court’s determination. In any 

case, even if Crane is correct that the legal theories he advanced in the new suit are 

different, claim preclusion “applies not only to the exact legal theories advanced in 

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the prior case, but to all legal theories and claims arising out of the same nucleus of 

operative facts.” Wesch, 6 F.3d at 1471 

Accordingly, Crane has not shown that the district court erred in dismissing 

his complaint on the basis of res judicata. Therefore, we do not address the court’s 

alternative determination that Crane did not allege a colorable constitutional claim 

that could evade FECA’s jurisdiction bar. See 5 U.S.C. § 8128(b). 

IV.

For the reasons stated, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Crane’s 

complaint. 

AFFIRMED. 

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