UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

UHAR & COMPANY, INC., : 

 : 

Plaintiff, : Civil Action No.: 09-1698 (RMU) 

 : 

 v. : Re Document No.: 28 

 : 

MOHAN JACOB et al., : 

 : 

 Defendants. : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART THE PLAINTIFF’S 

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

I. INTRODUCTION 

This case comes before the court on the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. The 

plaintiff, Uhar & Company, Inc. (“Uhar”) is a commercial real estate broker that operates in the 

District of Columbia. The plaintiff alleges that the defendants, Mohan Jacob (“Jacob”) and 

Manna LLC, committed a breach of contract by failing to pay the plaintiff certain commissions 

pursuant to a brokerage agreement. The defendants oppose the plaintiff’s motion for summary 

judgment on three grounds. First, they contend that Manna LLC was not a party to the brokerage 

agreement. Second, they argue that the D.C. Statute of Frauds bars the plaintiff’s claim. Third, 

they maintain that they do not owe the plaintiff any brokerage commissions because the plaintiff 

did not actually perform any brokerage services. 

Because Jacob entered into the brokerage agreement as Manna LLC’s agent, the court 

concludes that Manna LLC is a party to the brokerage agreement. Further, because the 

defendants signed a written memorandum that memorializes the brokerage agreement’s essential 

terms, the court concludes that the D.C. Statute of Frauds does not bar the plaintiff’s claim. With 
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respect to these two issues, the court grants in part the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. 

Because a genuine dispute of material fact exists with regard to the plaintiff’s performance of 

brokerage services, however, the court denies in part the plaintiff’s motion. 

II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The plaintiff is a commercial real estate broker that operates in the District of Columbia. 

See Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 2. Manna LLC is a Virginia limited liability 

corporation; Jacob is its sole member. See id., Ex. 2 at 4. According to the plaintiff, Manna 

LLC is an entity through which Jacob operates as a commercial landlord in Washington, D.C. 

Id. at 2. The defendants own a parcel of commercial real estate located in Southwest D.C. Id. 

The plaintiff claims it entered into a brokerage agreement with Jacob and Manna LLC in 

order to secure a tenant for the property. Id. Under this agreement, the plaintiff claims, the 

defendants agreed to pay Uhar 3% of the property’s monthly rent in exchange for the plaintiff’s 

successful effort to procure a tenant. Id.

Although the brokerage agreement does not exist in written form, its essential terms were 

memorialized in a lease agreement that was signed by Jacob and the property’s tenant, 

Specialized Education of D.C., Inc. Pl.’s Mot. at 2. More specifically, Section 25.8 of the lease 

agreement states: 

(a) Brokerage. Landlord [Manna LLC] and Tenant warrant to the other that 

neither of them has had any dealings with any broker or agent in connection with 

the lease transactions contemplated hereby except Uhar & Company, Inc. 

(“Landlord’s Broker”) and The Meyer Group, Ltd. (“Tenant’s Broker”), who will 

be paid by Landlord in accordance with the terms of this Section 25.8. . . . 
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(c) Commissions to Landlord’s Broker. Landlord hereby agrees to pay 

Landlord’s Broker 3% of (i) each installment of Base Rent received with respect 

to the Initial Term (but not the Renewal Term), and (ii) any Termination Payment 

received in accordance with this Lease. Landlord shall remit these commission 

amounts to Landlord’s Broker within 30 days of Landlord’s receipt of funds, 

Landlord’s obligation being only to pay when paid. 

Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3. 

The plaintiff commenced this action in September 2009, arguing that it is entitled to a 

brokerage commission pursuant to the brokerage agreement that is memorialized in section 25.8 

of the lease agreement. See generally Compl. Later that month, the defendants filed a motion to 

dismiss. See generally Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot.”). In that motion, the defendants 

alleged that no written contract existed between the parties, and D.C.’s Statute of Frauds barred 

the plaintiff’s claim. See id. The court rejected both arguments, instead holding that the lease 

agreement set forth the “essential terms” of the brokerage agreement and satisfied D.C.’s Statute 

of Frauds. Mem. Op. (Mar. 3, 2010) at 8-11. 

The plaintiff now moves for summary judgment on its claim. See generally Pl.’s Mot. 

With this motion now ripe for adjudication, the court turns to the parties’ arguments and the 

relevant legal standards. 

III. ANALYSIS 

A. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment 

Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence show “that there is 

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); 
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Diamond v. Atwood, 43 F.3d 1538, 1540 (D.C. Cir. 1995). To determine which facts are 

“material,” a court must look to the substantive law on which each claim rests. Anderson v. 

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A “genuine issue” is one whose resolution could 

establish an element of a claim or defense and, therefore, affect the outcome of the action. 

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322; Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 

 In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, the court must draw all justifiable 

inferences in the nonmoving party’s favor and accept the nonmoving party’s evidence as true. 

Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. A nonmoving party, however, must establish more than “the mere 

existence of a scintilla of evidence” in support of its position. Id. at 252. To prevail on a motion 

for summary judgment, the moving party must show that the nonmoving party “fail[ed] to make 

a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case.” 

Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. By pointing to the absence of evidence proffered by the nonmoving 

party, a moving party may succeed on summary judgment. Id.

 The nonmoving party may defeat summary judgment through factual representations 

made in a sworn affidavit if he “support[s] his allegations . . . with facts in the record,” Greene v. 

Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Harding v. Gray, 9 F.3d 150, 154 (D.C. Cir. 

1993)), or provides “direct testimonial evidence,” Arrington v. United States, 473 F.3d 329, 338 

(D.C. Cir. 2006). 

B. Manna LLC is a Party to the Brokerage Agreement 

The plaintiff argues that Jacob entered into the brokerage agreement with the plaintiff as 

an agent for Jacob’s corporate principal, Manna LLC. Pl.’s Mot. at 1. Accordingly, the plaintiff 
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concludes that Manna LLC is legally bound to the terms of the brokerage agreement. Id. In 

contrast, the defendants deny that Jacob ever acted as Manna LLC’s agent. Defs.’ Opp’n at 3. 

They instead argue that Jacob was merely a “facilities manager” for Manna LLC who lacked the 

authority to bind Manna LLC to any legal agreements. Id. 

“As a legal fiction incapable of autonomous action, a corporation can carry out its affairs 

only through the acts of its agents.” Columbia Hosp. for Women Found., Inc. v. Bank of TokyoMitsubishi Ltd., 15 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 1997), aff’d sub nom. Columbia Hosp. for Women 

Found., Inc. v. Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd., 159 F.3d 636 (D.C. Cir. 1998). A corporation is 

bound by the acts of its agents so long as they act within the scope of their actual or apparent 

authority. See Columbia, 15 F. Supp. 2d at 7. If an agent who acts with actual or apparent 

authority enters into a contract on behalf of a principal, that principal is a party to the contract. 

Toledano v. O’Connor, 501 F. Supp. 2d 127, 152 (D.D.C. 2007); see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD)

OF AGENCY § 6.01. 

Accordingly, to determine whether Manna LLC is legally bound to the terms of the 

brokerage agreement, the court must resolve two questions: (1) whether Jacob was in fact Manna 

LLC’s agent, and if so (2) whether Jacob had the actual or apparent authority to enter into 

contracts on Manna LLC’s behalf. See RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY §§ 1.01, 2.01. The 

court addresses these questions in turn. 

Turning to the first question, the court notes that whether an agency relationship exists in 

a given situation depends on the particular facts of each case. District of Columbia v. Hampton, 

666 A.2d 30, 38 (D.C. 1995). A corporation generally manifests its assent to be bound by the 
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acts of individuals in its charter, certificate of incorporation, articles of organization and bylaws. 

RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 1.03 comment c. 

Here, Manna LLC is a Virginia limited liability corporation; Jacob is its sole member. 

See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 2 at 4. Manna LLC’s articles of organization expressly designate Jacob as 

Manna LLC’s “manager.” See Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 1. Furthermore, under Virginia law, this 

designation entitles Jacob to act as Manna LLC’s agent. See VA. CODE §§ 13.1-1021.1(B) 

(stating that a limited liability company may designate a manager to act as its agent through its 

articles of incorporation). 

Additional proof of Jacob’s status as an agent is found in Manna LLC’s “operating 

agreement,” which demonstrates how Manna LLC has opted to conduct its affairs. See VA.

CODE § 13.1-1023 (describing the role of an operating agreement under Virginia law). Manna 

LLC’s operating agreement specifically authorizes Jacob, as its manager, to 

do in the name of, and on behalf of, the Company all things that in its sole 

judgment, are necessary, proper, or desirable to carry out the purposes of the 

Company, including, but not limited to, the right, power, and authority . . . to 

execute any and all agreements, contracts, documents, certifications, and 

instruments necessary or convenient in connection with the development, 

management, maintenance, and operation of any properties in which the Company 

has an interest. 

 Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 2. 

The defendants do not present any salient facts that might show that Jacob lacked the 

authority to act as Manna LLC’s agent. Although the defendants characterize Jacob as a mere 

“facilities manager,” they have failed to put forth any evidence which would transform their 

contention into a genuine factual dispute that is suitable for trial. As such, the court gives very 

little weight to the defendant’s self-serving characterization of the parties’ legal relationship. See
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RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 1.02 (“Whether a relationship is characterized as agency in 

an agreement between parties or in the context of industry or popular usage is not controlling.”). 

Because the plaintiff has advanced evidence showing that Manna LLC conferred upon 

Jacob “full and complete authority” to “act for,” “in the name of” and “on behalf of” Manna 

LLC, and in light of the lack of countervailing evidence offered by the defendant, the court 

concludes that no reasonable juror could deny that a principal-agent relationship existed between 

Manna LLC and Jacob. See Cox Enterprises, Inc. v. News-Journal Corp., 2008 WL 5142417, at 

*6 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 5, 2008). Accordingly, the court grants the plaintiff’s motion for summary 

judgment inasmuch as it argues that Jacob is Manna LLC’s agent. 

Turning to the second question, the court must determine whether Jacob had the actual or 

apparent authority to enter into a contract on Manna LLC’s behalf. An agent may bind the 

principal to a contract if the agent entered into a contract while acting within the scope of his or 

her actual authority. See Columbia Hosp., 15 F. Supp. 2d at 7. The scope of a corporate agent’s 

actual authority is generally defined by the corporation’s articles of incorporation and bylaws. 

See Cox Enterprises, 2008 WL 5142417, at *6; see also RESTATEMENT (THIRD) OF AGENCY § 

1.03 comment a. 

As the court has already noted, Manna LLC’s operating agreement states that Jacob has 

the authority to “execute any and all agreements” or “contracts” “in the name of” Manna LLC. 

See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3. Jacob therefore acted squarely within the scope of his actual authority 

when he entered into a brokerage agreement on Manna LLC’s behalf. Because Jacob acted 

within the scope of his actual authority as Manna LLC’s agent, Manna LLC is bound as a party 

to the brokerage agreement. See Toledano v. O’Connor, 501 F. Supp. 2d at 152. The court 
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therefore grants the plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment inasmuch as it argues that Manna 

LLC is a party to the brokerage agreement. 

C. The Lease Agreement Satisfies the Statute of Frauds, Even if the Defendants Claim 

They Were Unaware of Its Contents When They Signed It 

The defendants argue that the lease agreement between the defendants and Specialized 

Education fails to satisfy D.C.’s Statute of Frauds because the defendants were unaware of the 

agreement’s contents at the moment they signed it. Defs.’ Opp’n at 4. Specifically, the 

defendants claim that the defendants were unaware that the lease agreement contained a 

provision relating to the plaintiff’s brokerage fees. Id. The plaintiff counters that the defendants 

signed the lease agreement and are legally bound by its terms, whether or not they were ignorant 

of the agreement’s contents. Pl.’s Reply at 1-2. 

Generally, “one who signs a contract has a duty to read it and is obligated according to its 

terms.” Tauber v. Quan, 938 A.2d 724, 732 n.29 (D.C. 2007) (citing Hollywood Credit Clothing 

Co. v. Gibson, 188 A.2d 348, 349 (D.C. 1963)); see also Nickens v. Labor Agency of Metro. 

Wash., 600 A.2d 813, 817 n.2 (D.C. 1991) (“[A]bsent fraud or mistake, one who signs a contract 

is bound by a contract which he has an opportunity to read whether he does so or not”); 

Interdonato v. Interdonato, 521 A.2d 1124, 1133 (D.C. 1987) (same). Similarly, “[a] written 

contract is the highest evidence of its terms, and it is the duty of contracting parties to acquaint 

themselves with its contents before signing.” Baltimore & O.R. Co. v. Morgan, 1910 WL 20828, 

at *6 (Ct. App. D.C. May 10, 1910). Furthermore, D.C.’s Statute of Frauds requires only that a 
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written memorandum be “signed by the party to be charged therewith or a person authorized by 

him.” D.C. CODE § 28-3502 (emphasis added). 

Here, the defendants signed the written memorandum, and no more is required to satisfy 

the D.C. Statute of Frauds. Id.; see also Coffin v. District of Columbia, 320 A.2d 301, 304 (D.C. 

1974) (holding that a work order satisfied the statute of frauds because it was “in written form, it 

include[d] the terms of the agreement, and it [was] signed . . . by the [defendant’s] agent”). If 

the defendants signed the lease without reviewing its contents, the cost of that error must be 

borne by the defendants alone. See Tauber v. Quan, 938 A.2d at 732. Ruling otherwise would 

reward those foolhardy individuals who do not read the contents of the agreements they sign. 

Baltimore, 1910 WL 20828, at *6 (“The statement of one signing [a contract], in the full 

possession of his faculties, that he did not read it, and therefore did not know what he was 

signing, will not, in law, constitute an excuse.”); Upton v. Tribilcock, 91 U.S. 45, 50 (1875) 

(noting that “contracts would not be worth the paper on which they were written” if a court 

allowed a party to withdraw from a contract whenever he or she retroactively claims ignorance 

of the contract’s provisions). In sum, ignorance may be bliss – but it is not a valid legal defense. 

Accordingly, the court concludes that the D.C. Statute of Frauds does not bar the plaintiff’s 

claim. 

D. A Genuine Dispute of Material Fact Exists Regarding the Extent to which the Plaintiff 

Engaged in Efforts to Procure a Tenant

The plaintiff argues that it is entitled to certain brokerage commissions because it 

procured a tenant for the defendants’ property. Pl.’s Mot. at 2-3. In contrast, the defendants 
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argue that the plaintiff did not engage in any meaningful efforts to obtain a tenant, see Defs.’ 

Opp’n at 2, but rather that Manna LLC found the tenant through its own efforts, id., Ex. 1 ¶¶ 18-

19. 

At the heart of the parties’ dispute is a disagreement of fact. The defendants aver that 

Uhar never performed any brokerage services. See Defs.’ Mot. at 2-3; id., Ex. 1 (Aff. of Mohan 

Jacob) ¶ 13 (“Uhar did not place a single advertisement on the internet or in a newspaper to 

attract prospective tenants for Manna’s property. Likewise, it did not show the property to any 

prospective tenants to occupy Manna’s property that I am aware of.”). In response, the plaintiff 

argues that the language of the lease agreement is conclusive proof that the plaintiff had 

successfully engaged in efforts to secure the tenant. See Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 3; Pl.’s Reply at 7-8; 

(noting that the lease states that “the Landlord must pay Uhar 3% of its installment of base rent”) 

(emphasis added); see also Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 2 ¶¶ 3, 5 (Aff. of John Uhar) (stating that the tenant 

was secured by the plaintiff’s efforts as a broker). 

When faced with two competing factual allegations, it is not the court’s role at the 

summary judgment stage to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter. Anderson, 

477 U.S. at 249. Rather, a factual dispute requires resolution at trial before a finder of fact. Id. 

The court therefore concludes that summary judgment is inappropriate at this juncture, and the 

court denies in part the plaintiff’s motion. 
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IV. CONCLUSION 

For the foregoing reasons, the court grants in part and denies in part the plaintiff’s motion 

for summary judgment. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is issued this 12th 

day of January, 2012. 

 RICARDO M. URBINA 

United States District Court Judge