NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 21-1887

___________

ERNST FRANCOIS,

 Petitioner

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

_______________________

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

BIA No. A041-582-833

U.S. Immigration Judge: Mirlande Tadal

______________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

February 7, 2022

Before: GREENAWAY, JR., SCIRICA and COWEN, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: July 19, 2022)

________________

OPINION**

________________

 The Honorable Robert E. Cowen assumed inactive status on April 1, 2022, after the 

conference in this case, but before the filing of the opinion. This opinion is filed by a 

quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) and Third Circuit I.O.P. Chapter 12.

** This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

SCIRICA, Circuit Judge

Petitioner Ernst Francois appeals the decision of the Board of Immigration 

Appeals (the “Board”) denying his motion to reopen proceedings, which had previously 

resulted in a Final Order of Removal. Because the Board did not abuse its discretion in 

relying on his prior counsel’s concession of removability, we will deny his motion to 

reopen.

I.

Francois is a native and citizen of Haiti, who was admitted to the United States as 

a lawful permanent resident on March 12, 1988. Francois attended high school in New 

Jersey, and now has four U.S.-citizen children. Since coming to the United States, 

Francois has been arrested twelve times and convicted eight times. Most relevant for this 

appeal are three convictions from 1999 and 2003. On April 8, 1999, Francois was 

convicted of Possession of a Controlled Dangerous Substance with Intent to Distribute

Within 1,000 feet of School Property, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:35-7. He was sentenced to 

364 days in jail and three years’ probation. On December 19, 2003, Francois was 

convicted of Reckless Manslaughter, N.J. Stat Ann. § 2C:11-4(b)(1) and Unlawful 

Possession of a Weapon (Handgun), N.J. Stat. Ann. § 2C:39-5(b). He was sentenced to 

eighteen years’ imprisonment for the reckless manslaughter charge, and five years for the 

unlawful possession of a weapon charge. While Francois was still imprisoned as a result 

of these convictions, on January 5, 2017, DHS issued him a notice to appear alleging he 

was removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(C) by virtue of the 2003 unlawful possession 

of a weapon conviction. And on March 10, 2017, ICE issued Francois a charge of 
3

inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) and 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii) in connection 

with his 1999 controlled substance charge.

On October 5, 2017, Francois appeared with counsel before an immigration judge 

and conceded his 1999 and 2003 convictions rendered him removable under 8 U.S.C. §§ 

1227(a)(2)(C) and 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). He only argued he was not deportable under Section 

1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), because his 1999 conviction did not constitute an aggravated felony. 

On March 28, 2017, the Immigration Judge found the 1999 drug conviction constituted 

an aggravated felony, and thus sustained the charge of removability under Section 

1227(a)(2)(A)(iii).

At these two hearings, Francois was represented by Macx L. Jean-Louis. JeanLouis failed to appear for the next two scheduled hearings on May 9 and June 28, 2018. 

Francois told the Immigration Judge that, while he had been in contact with Jean-Louis as 

recently as May 7, 2018, he had “no idea” why the attorney failed to appear for these 

hearings. Certified Administrative Record at 307–08, Francois v. Garland, No. 21-1887 

(3d Cir. May 24, 2021) (“Admin. Rec.”). After the June 28, 2018 hearing, upon 

Francois’s request, the Immigration Judge removed Jean-Louis as counsel of record, and 

Francois continued pro se.1 Francois also made applications for asylum, withholding of 

removal, relief under the Convention Against Torture, and cancellation of removal.

On November 19, 2018, the Immigration Judge held a merits hearing on 

Francois’s applications for relief. Principally, Francois testified that his stepfather was a 

1 Francois later retained new counsel, who continues to represent him in this appeal.
4

member of the Tonton Macoute, a militia that supported Jean-Claude Duvalier’s regime. 

Francois also claimed his stepfather put Francois’s name in a list of Tonton Macoute 

members at some point, even though Francois never attended any Tonton Macoute 

meetings or activities. However, Francois admitted he had never seen this list himself. 

Francois also testified that when he was ten years old, a group of people he believed were 

opposed to the Touton Macoute came to Francois’s house and beat and burned his 

stepfather to death. A few years thereafter, when Francois was thirteen years old, he fled 

Haiti with his mother. Francois explained he would be in danger if he returned to Haiti 

because the post-Duvalier government and citizenry are still persecuting former Tonton 

Macoute members and their families.

On December 21, 2018, the Immigration Judge denied Francois’s applications and 

ordered his removal to Haiti. Specifically, the Immigration Judge found that Francois 

was not credible, given various inconsistencies and exaggerations in his testimony. 

Moreover, the Immigration Judge concluded that Francois’s 1999 conviction was a 

categorical aggravated felony drug trafficking offense, and thus a particularly serious 

crime rendering him ineligible for asylum and withholding of removal. With respect to 

Francois’s Convention Against Torture application, the Immigration Judge concluded 

Francois failed to demonstrate that government officials or Haitian civilians were actively 

torturing family members of the Tonton Macoute. And even if they were, Francois failed 

to demonstrate that he would be identified as, or related to, a Tonton Macoute. 

Accordingly, the Immigration Judge denied relief under the Convention Against Torture.

Francois appealed this decision to the Board. He argued the Immigration Judge 
5

failed to properly consider the evidence and applied an incorrect standard in evaluating 

his Convention Against Torture application. He also raised a conclusory ineffective 

assistance of counsel claim. Notably, Francois did not challenge the Immigration Judge’s 

determination that his convictions rendered him removable and ineligible for asylum and 

withholding of removal. Nor did he take issue with his prior counsel’s October 5, 2017 

admission of removability or the Immigration Judge’s reliance on this admission. On 

May 21, 2019, the Board rejected each of Francois’s arguments and affirmed the decision 

of the Immigration Judge. With respect to the ineffective assistance claim specifically, 

the Board found Francois failed to explain the nature of his claim and failed to meet the 

threshold requirements for establishing a claim of ineffective assistance under In re 

Lozada, 19 I&N Dec. 637 (B.I.A. 1988). Francois filed a petition to us seeking review of 

this decision. 

Meanwhile, on August 13, 2020, Francois filed a motion to reopen with the Board. 

In light of this motion, the parties jointly moved for us to dismiss his pending appeal. We 

granted this motion on August 24, 2020. Francois advanced several new arguments in his

motion to reopen. Most notably, Francois argued for the first time that none of his 

convictions constitute removable offenses, and thus he was not removable at all. 

Accordingly, he requested that the Board reopen and terminate the proceedings, or in the 

alternative remand to an immigration judge for consideration of his application for 

cancellation of removal. 

On April 23, 2021, the Board denied the motion to reopen. With respect to 

Francois’s removability, the Board did not address the substance of Francois’s argument. 
6

Instead, the Board found that his prior counsel had conceded removability under 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1227(a)(2)(C) and 1227(a)(2)(B)(i), and there were no “egregious circumstances” that 

would justify ignoring this concession. Admin. Rec. 4. Francois now appeals this 

decision to us.

II.

We have jurisdiction to review the Board’s final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1252(a)(1). To succeed on a motion to reopen, a petitioner must produce objective 

evidence showing a reasonable likelihood that he is entitled to relief. Darby v. Att’y Gen. 

of U.S., 1 F.4th 151, 160–61 (3d Cir. 2021). “As a general rule, motions to reopen are 

granted only under compelling circumstances.” Id. at 159 (quoting Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 

F.3d 556, 561 (3d Cir. 2004)). Accordingly, we review the Board’s denial of a motion to 

reopen for abuse of discretion. Contreras v. Att’y Gen. of U.S., 665 F.3d 578, 583 (3d 

Cir. 2012). We reverse only if the Board’s decision was “arbitrary, irrational, or contrary 

to law.” Id. 

“An alien is generally bound by the actions of his attorney.” Calla-Collado v. 

Att’y Gen. of U.S., 663 F.3d 680, 683 (3d Cir. 2011). This includes admissions of 

removability by an attorney, which are binding on the client absent a showing of

“egregious circumstances.” In re Velasquez, 19 I&N Dec. 377, 382 (B.I.A. 1986). This 

exception applies to only those concessions that were the result of “unreasonable 

professional judgment;” are so unfair that they produce an unjust result; or concessions 

that were untrue or incorrect. Id. at 383. This “narrow exception” is a “procedural 

doctrine that the Board has developed for exercise of the Board’s own discretion.” 
7

Guzman-Rivadeneira v. Lynch, 822 F.3d 978, 981–83 (7th Cir. 2016).

Petitioner does not dispute that his prior counsel admitted on October 5, 2017 that 

his convictions rendered him removable under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1227(a)(2)(C) and 

1227(a)(2)(B)(i). Rather, he argues that he should not be bound by this admission 

because the Board misapplied Velasquez, prior counsel’s admission was incorrect, and 

reliance on it would produce an unjust result. None of Francois’s arguments is 

persuasive.

Francois takes issue with the Board’s characterization of the standard in 

Velasquez, arguing the Board read Velasquez to require “proof of ineffective assistance of 

counsel to overcome a concession of removability.” Petitioner’s Br. 18. Petitioner is 

incorrect. The Board’s phrasing, that Francois failed to show any egregious 

circumstances “such as ineffective assistance of counsel,” makes clear they cited

ineffective assistance of counsel as an example of such an egregious circumstance, not as 

the only potential egregious circumstance. Admin Rec. 4. We see no error in the 

Board’s description of its standard.

Francois also claims the Board erred because it “failed to identify, discuss, or 

apply its enumerated exceptions to the rule.” Petitioner’s Br. 18. The Board’s discussion 

of Velasquez was admittedly brief. But this treatment of Velasquez was entirely 

appropriate given that in his brief on the motion to reopen, Francois did not argue that he 

should not be bound by his prior attorney’s admissions. Nor did he cite Velasquez or its 

standard. Indeed, he failed to make any mention of his prior attorney’s admissions.

Accordingly, the “failure” of the Board to sua sponte formulaically recite the exceptions 
8

from Velasquez and analyze each in detail does not constitute an abuse of discretion. See 

Guzman-Rivadeneira, 822 F.3d at 983 (“We see no abuse of discretion or legal error, 

particularly since [Petitioner] is attacking the Board for not applying the Velasquez

doctrine sua sponte.”). 

Francois further contends his attorney’s admission of removability qualifies under 

the second or third exception enumerated by Velasquez, that the admission would 

produce an unjust result or that it was untrue or incorrect. But Francois’s argument on 

this point does little more than repeat his substantive claim that his convictions under 

New Jersey law do not render him removable based on an application of the categorical 

approach. In effect, Petitioner claims his attorney made an unwise decision to concede an 

issue which he may have been able to argue.

2

 But even if this were true, this fact alone 

does not evince any abuse of discretion on behalf of the Board in relying on this 

concession.

III.

Because the Board did not abuse its discretion in relying on the admission of 

Francois’s prior counsel in denying Francois’s motion to reopen, we do not reach the 

arguments he makes regarding the application of the categorical approach to his prior 

convictions. Accordingly, we will deny his motion to reopen.

2 Notably, Petitioner has not brought an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.