BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION DOCUMENT

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal 

PC Code 029000 

CITRUS LEAFMINER 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 

 Office of Pesticide Programs 

Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division 

(Last updated March 15, 2010) 

This document is for informational purposes only and is representative of the Agency’s justification in 

registering products containing this active ingredient. This is not a legal document. 
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 4

II. ACTIVE INGREDIENT OVERVIEW .............................................................................. 6

III. REGULATORY BACKGROUND...................................................................................... 6

A. Classification ........................................................................................................................ 6

B. Food Clearance/Tolerances................................................................................................. 6

IV. RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................... 7

A. Active Ingredient Characterization.................................................................................... 7

B. Human Health Assessment.................................................................................................. 7

1. Toxicology Assessment..................................................................................................................................7 

2. Dose Response Assessment ...........................................................................................................................7 

3. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Consideration .................................................................................8 

4. Occupational, Residential, School and Day Care Exposure and Risk Characterization ........................8 

5. Cumulative Effects ........................................................................................................................................9 

6. Risk Characterization ...................................................................................................................................9

C. Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................. 9

1. Ecological Effects and Hazards Assessment ...............................................................................................9 

2. Environmental Fate and Ground Water Data..........................................................................................10 

3. Ecological Exposure and Risk Characterization ......................................................................................10 

4. Endangered Species Assessment ................................................................................................................10

D. Product Performance Data (Efficacy).............................................................................. 10

V. RISK MANAGEMENT DECISION................................................................................. 10

A. Determination of Eligibility for Registration .................................................................. 10

B. Regulatory Decision........................................................................................................... 11

C. Environmental Justice....................................................................................................... 11

VI. ACTIONS REQUIRED BY REGISTRANTS.................................................................. 12

A. Reporting of Adverse Effects ............................................................................................ 12

B. Reporting of Hypersensitivity Incidents .......................................................................... 12

VII. APPENDIX A: References................................................................................................. 12
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BIOPESTICIDES REGISTRATION ACTION DOCUMENT TEAM 

Office of Pesticide Programs: 

Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division 

Biochemical Pesticides Branch (BPB)

Gina Casciano Biologist / Regulatory Action Leader

Linda Hollis Branch Chief 

Colin Walsh Biologist 
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I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

The new active ingredient (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal is a technical grade synthetic straightchain lepidopteran pheromone (SCLP). This pheromone is structurally similar to, and mimics, a 

naturally occurring pheromone produced by the female citrus leafminer moth (CLM), 

Phyllocnistis citrella, to attract males for mating. The synthetic technical grade active ingredient 

(TGAI) (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal is intended to mitigate the effects of CLM by disrupting 

the normal mating cycle of CLM on citrus crops. The pesticide product will be dispensed from a 

tube in small amounts, such as droplets or dollops, either manually (i.e. spatula, caulking gun, 

back sprayer) or mechanically via tractor, all-terrain vehicle, aircraft, or other appropriate 

mechanical device. The product will not be applied through any type of irritation system. Once 

applied, droplets will cure in 2-3 hours, after which they become rain-fast and UV resistant, and 

will slowly release infinitesimal amounts of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal into the 

atmosphere. The droplet or dollop size can be varied (larger or smaller) depending on (1) the 

amount of active ingredient applied per acre (not to exceed 150 grams of active ingredient per 

acre) and (2) the duration of control required. A higher number of small droplets will emit more 

pheromone in a shorter time. Application will occur in the upper one- third of plant foliage or 

tree canopy. 

The citrus leafminer moth (CLM) Phyllocnistis citrella poses a risk of serious harm to citrus 

crops, particularly in areas where efforts to control “citrus greening” disease (also known as 

Huanglongbing or HLB), caused by an Asian citrus psyllid vector carrying Candidatus

Liberibacter asiaticus, has resulted in increased CLM populations. As CLM larvae emerge on 

citrus trees, they feed on new flush (growth) creating shallow tunnels, or mines, on the leaf’s 

upper and lower surfaces. While CLM infestation alone is not often fatal to mature trees, the 

mines that it leaves greatly increase the susceptibility of the plant to a third pest known as citrus 

canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis). The resulting infection leads to blemished fruit, premature 

fruit drop, and tree decline. The end-use product SPLAT CLMTM, containing 0.15% of the active 

ingredient Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, is intended to disrupt CLM mating, therefore 

decreasing the number of larvae to feed on plant leaves and, consequently, the susceptibility of 

the fruit tree to citrus canker. 

Pursuant to FIFRA Section 3(c)(4), EPA has provided notice of the receipt of an application to 

register the pesticides products ISCA CLM MP (manufacturing-use product), and SPLAT 

CLMTM (end-use product), which contain the active ingredient (Z,Z,E,)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, 

a mating disruptor pheromone not included in any previously registered pesticide products. The 

notice includes a profile of the active ingredient and products. The docket ID is EPA-HQ-OPP2009-0930. The Agency did not receive any comments on this notice. 

Product chemistry data requirements for both the manufacturing-use product (MP) and the enduse product (EP) were satisfied by acceptable guideline studies. EPA’s regulations at 40 CFR 

158.2050(a)(2) and 158.2060(a)(2) exempt SCLP MPs from human health and environmental 

toxicology data requirements. Data waivers submitted to address human health and 

environmental toxicology data requirements for the EP are acceptable. No risks to human health 

are expected from the use of lepidopteran pheromones based on demonstrated low toxicity in 

animal testing and expected low exposure to humans. Furthermore, adverse effects on non-target 

organisms are not expected because pheromones are released in very small quantities in the 

environment and act on a select group of insects. Thus, given that these compounds present both 

low hazard and low exposure, the Agency has determined that, when used as directed, they 
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present low risk to both humans and non-target organisms (and, in actuality, they present low 

toxicological risk to the target organism). 

On October 1, 2009, EPA announced a new policy to provide a more meaningful opportunity for 

the public to participate in major registration decisions before they occur. According to this new 

policy, EPA intends to provide a public comment period prior to making a registration decision 

for, at minimum, the following types of applications: new active ingredients, first food use, first 

outdoor use, and first residential use. 

Consistent with the new policy of making registration actions more transparent, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadecatrienal is subject to a 30-day comment period as a “new active ingredient,” the 

registration of which would result in a “first outdoor use, first food use, and first residential use.” 

 While a final decision on registration is contingent upon review and consideration of public 

comments, the Agency presently believes that based on the preliminary risk assessment and 

information submitted in support of the registration of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, it is in 

the best interest of the public and the environment to issue the registration for this active 

ingredient. The basis for this preliminary decision can be found in the risk assessment for 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, which is characterized in this BRAD. 
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II. ACTIVE INGREDIENT OVERVIEW 

Common Name: (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13- Hexadecatrienal 

Chemical Name: (7Z,11Z,13E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal 

Trade & Other Names: Citrus Leafminer Lepidoptera Pheromone 

CAS Registry Number: 888042-38-4 

OPP Chemical Code: 029000 

Type of Pesticide: Mating disrupter for citrus leafminer moth 

III. REGULATORY BACKGROUND 

On November 4, 2009, ISCA Technologies, Inc., submitted applications for registration of a 

manufacturing-use product (MP) ISCA CLM MP and end-use product (EP) SPLAT CLMTM, 

containing the active ingredient (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal at 66.5% and 0.15%, 

respectively. A notice of receipt of the application for registration of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadecatrienal as a new active ingredient was published in the Federal Register on January 27, 

2010 (75 FR 4383), with a 30-day comment period. No comments were received in response to 

this publication. 

Consistent with the new policy of making registration actions more transparent, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadecatrienal is subject to a 30-day comment period as a “new active ingredient,” the 

registration of which would result in a “first outdoor use, first food use, and first residential use.” 

 While a final decision on registration is contingent upon review and consideration of public 

comments, EPA presently believes that, based on the preliminary risk assessment and 

information submitted in support of the registration of (Z,Z,E,)-hexadecatrienal, that it is in the 

best interest of the public and the environment to register (Z,Z,E)-hexadecatrienal. The basis for 

this preliminary decision can be found in the risk assessment for (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadecatrienal, which is characterized in this BRAD. 

A. Classification 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal is a synthetic Straight-chain Lepidopteran Pheromone (SCLP) 

and is classified as a biochemical pesticide. 

B. Food Clearance/Tolerances 

Straight-chain Lepidopteran Pheromones (SCLPs) are exempt from the requirement of a 

tolerance in or on all raw agricultural commodities when applied to growing crops at a rate not to 

exceed 150 grams of active ingredient/acre/year and in accordance with good agricultural use 

practices, and in indoor post-harvest treatment in or on all stored food commodities when 

applied/used at a rate not to exceed 3.5 grams active ingredient (AI)/1,000 square feet/year 

(equivalent of 150 grams AI/acre/year), in accordance with good agricultural use practices (40 

CFR 180.1153). Pheromones are ubiquitous in the environment, and are not considered to be air 
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pollutants. During the season, where moths and/or butterflies appear, they normally emit 

pheromones and, therefore, humans are naturally exposed to these pheromones without 

knowledge and without any adverse reactions. 

IV. RISK ASSESSMENT 

A. Active Ingredient Characterization 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal is a technical grade synthetic straight-chain lepidopteran 

pheromone (SCLP). This pheromone is structurally similar to, and mimics, a naturally occurring 

pheromone produced by the female citrus leafminer moth (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella, to attract 

males for mating. The descriptions of the product formulation and production process, as well as 

the formation of impurities, were examined by the Agency and found to meet current standards. 

Packaging for these products was also adequately described and quality control/quality assurance 

procedures were adequately discussed. Acceptable results were provided regarding the 

preliminary analysis of five batches of each product. All required physical and chemical 

characteristics were adequately presented. A two-year storage stability study is ongoing and is 

expected to be completed in October, 2011. 

B. Human Health Assessment 

1. Toxicology Assessment 

The end-use product SPLAT CLMTM has a low application rate (not to exceed 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year) and expected exposure to humans is low. Adequate information and 

scientific rationales to address all toxicity requirements for this product were submitted by the 

applicant. Label requirements indicate that the product must be applied while wearing a longsleeved shirt, long pants, socks, shoes, chemical resistant gloves, and protective eyewear. 

Additionally, since there will be no direct contact with food or feed crops, there is no chance to 

develop skin sensitization through the oral route and inhalation exposure is negligible. The 

inerts in this product are all cleared for food-use and SCLP’s are exempt from the requirement of 

a tolerance. In summary, no risk to human health is expected from the use of SPLAT CLMTM. 

2. Dose Response Assessment 

SPLAT CLMTM is a paste containing 0.15% of the active ingredient (AI) (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadectrienal. The application use rate allowed by the label is 10 grams to 10 kilograms of 

undiluted product per acre, which is equivalent to 0.015 to 15 grams of AI per acre. Application 

must not exceed 150 grams of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadectrienal per acre per year. Thus, if 

applying at maximum label amount during each application, the applicator would need to apply 

at a frequentcy greater than ten times per year in order to exceed the application limit. This 

worst case scenario of 15 grams AI applied ten times per year would equate to an approximate 

daily application rate of 410 mg AI/acre/day. 
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Comparing this to typical natural exposure, codling moths during the calling period are estimated 

to release an approximate 240 ng pheromone/hr (OECD, 2002),∗ resulting in total pheromone 

release between 96 and 2,184 mg pheromone/acre/day (based on estimates of the density of 

codling moth females in severe outbreaks in orchards, between 17,000-380,000 females/acre). 

Thus, worst case year-round application of SPLAT CLMTM would be in the lower range of 

natural release by a living lepidopteran. Thus, given that the emission level of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

hexadecatrienal in SPLAT CLMTM is comparable to naturally occurring emissions of 

pheromones during an infestation, the Agency concludes that it will have no impact on human 

health, non-target organisms, or the environment. 

3. Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Consideration 

a. Dietary Exposure and Risk Characterization 

In accordance with 40 CFR 180.1153, SCLPs such as (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal are 

exempt from the requirement of a tolerance. Moreover, as discussed above regarding the human 

health assessment, the end-use product SPLAT CLMTM poses negligible toxicological hazard, 

including dietary hazard. Therefore, given the negligible dietary hazard and the limited 

possibility of dietary exposure, we conclude that there will be very low risk associated with 

dietary exposure to SPLAT CLMTM. We note that this is consistent with the conclusion of the 

OECD, which has determined that consumption of food containing residues of SCLPs presents 

no risk (OECD, 2002; http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/regtools/index.htm).∗

b. Drinking Water Exposure and Risk Characterization 

No significant drinking water exposure or residues are expected to result from the pesticidal 

usage of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal. The active ingredient (a.i) is intended for use as a 

droplet or dollop. It will be applied to terrestrial areas only, and is not applied directly to water, 

to areas where surface water is present, or to intertidal areas below the mean water mark. Aerial 

applications are allowed. If droplets of a.i. from aerial application hit surface water, minimal 

concern to drinking water would exist due to the demonstrated low toxicity of SCLPs. If used in 

accordance with EPA-approved labeling, the a.i. is not likely to accumulate in drinking water. 

As a result, dietary and drinking water exposure to residues of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal 

are expected to be minimal. 

4. Occupational, Residential, School, and Day Care Exposure and Risk 

Characterization 

 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal acts via a non-toxic mode of action on a specific target pest. 

The end-use product containing this active ingredient is intended for both agricultural and 

residential use. In agricultural use, the expected exposure to humans and food/feed crops is low 

because the product is applied early, and thus is not expected to come into contact with fruit or 

nuts that develop later in the season. In addition, the potential for dermal, eye, and inhalation 

exposure to (Z,Z,E,)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal for handlers is minimal and will be further 

mitigated if products are used according to label directions, which require the use of long-

 

∗ Series on Pesticides No. 12: Guidance for Registration Requirements for Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals 

Used for Arthropod Pest Control. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Issued: 

02/26/2002. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/regtools/index.htm 
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sleeved shirt and long pants, socks, shoes, chemical resistant gloves, and protective eyewear. 

The Agency also requires labels for products containing this active ingredient to include the 

appropriate signal word, re-entry interval, and precautionary statements. 

Outdoor residential use is expected, but the potential for dermal, eye, and inhalation exposure to 

(Z,Z,E,)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal for handlers is minimal and will be further mitigated if products 

are used according to label directions (see above). No indoor residential, school, or day care 

uses currently appear on the label for this or any other SCLP. Although possible accidental nondietary exposure at sites where children are present (residential or, perhaps, agricultural) may 

occur, the health risk is expected to be minimal based on low mammalian toxicity. No risk to 

those in occupational, residential, school, or day care exposure groups is expected from the use 

of this active ingredient in accordance with EPA accepted labeling. 

5. Cumulative Effects 

Section 408(b)(2)(D)(v) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires the 

Agency to consider the cumulative effect of exposure to (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal and to 

other substances that have a common mechanism of toxicity. These considerations include the 

possible cumulative effects of such residues on infants and children. Due to the fact that 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal has a non-toxic mode of action, there is no indication or 

evidence to suggest that this biochemical pesticide shares a common mechanism of toxicity with 

any other substance. Cumulative exposure concerns are not anticipated. 

6. Risk Characterization 

(Z,Z,E,)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal is a synthetic semiochemical that acts via a non-toxic mode of 

action on a specific insect pest. Given the low toxicity of lepidopteran pheromones in animal 

testing, and the expected low exposure to humans, no risk to human health is expected from use 

of the product SPLAT CLMTM. The Agency has considered the various routes of exposure and 

potential risks of the product and determined that the proposed use of the active ingredient does 

not pose significant risk to all populations, including infants and children. 

C. Environmental Assessment 

1. Ecological Effects and Hazards Assessment 

According to 40 CFR 158.2060 (a) (2), SCLPs applied up to a maximun use rate of 150 grams 

active ingredient/acre/year, and that are not expected to be available to avian species, are not 

required to address non-target toxicity data requirements. (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-Hexadecatrienal is a 

synthetic pheromone subject to 180.2060(a)(2), which acts on a select group of insects and has a 

non-toxic mode of action. 

 
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2. Environmental Fate and Ground Water Data 

Environmental fate data are not required for this active ingredient because it is an SCLP being 

applied at a maximum use rate of 150 grams active ingredient/acre/year and is not expected to 

available to avian species (40 CFR 158.2060). 

3. Ecological Exposure and Risk Characterization 

According to 40 CFR 158.2060 (a) (2), environmental data are not required because the active 

ingredient is an SCLP being applied at a maximum use rate of 150 grams active 

ingredient/acre/year and is not expected to available to avian species. (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-

Hexadecatrienal is a synthetic pheromone subject to 180.2060(a)(2), which acts on a select group 

of insects and has a non-toxic mode of action. 

4. Endangered Species Assessment 

Based on the fact that (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal is not toxic to non-target organisms, the 

Agency has determined it will have "No Effect" on any currently listed threatened or endangered 

species, or on any designated critical habitat 

D. Product Performance Data (Efficacy) 

Submission of product performance data (OPPTS 810.3000) is listed as a requirement for all 

pesticide products. Customarily, the Agency requires efficacy data to be submitted for review 

only in connection with the registration of products directly pertaining to the mitigation of 

disease bearing human health organisms and certain designated quarantine pests, i.g., ticks, 

mosquitoes, fleas, Mediterranean fruit flies, gypsy moths, Japanese beetles. For a list of 

organisms considered by the Agency as “public health pests”, please refer to Pesticide 

Registration Notice 2002-1 (http://www.epa.gov/PR_Notices/pr2002-1.pdf). 

V. RISK MANAGEMENT DECISION 

A. Determination of Eligibility for Registration 

Section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA provides for the registration of a new active ingredient if it is 

determined that (A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it; (B) its 

labeling and other materials required to be submitted comply with the requirements of FIFRA; 

(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse effects on the 

environment; and (D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized 

practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. 

The four criteria of the Eligibility Determination for Pesticidal Active Ingredients are satisfied by 

the science assessments evaluating the subject registration application for products containing 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal. Such products are not expected to cause unreasonable adverse 

effects on the environment, and are likely to provide protection as claimed when used according 

to label instructions. Therefore, (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal is eligible for registration for 

the labeled uses. 
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B. Regulatory Decision 

As set forth above, EPA has determined that (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal presents no issues 

of toxicological, ecological, or environmental concern, and will not cause harm to humans and 

will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment. Thus, given that (Z,Z,E)-

7,11,13-hexadecatrienal has very low toxicity and presents little if any risk to non-target 

organisms, EPA concludes that it is in the best interest of the public and the environment to issue 

the registration for this biochemical pesticide. On October 1, 2009, EPA announced a new 

policy to provide a more meaningful opportunity for the public to comment on major registration 

decisions in advance of EPA's final decision. According to this new policy, EPA intends to 

provide a public comment period prior to making a registration decision for, at minimum, the 

following types of applications: new active ingredients; first food use; first outdoor use; first 

residential use; and any registration decision for which the Agency believes there may be 

substantial public interest. 

Acute toxicity data for SCLPs, as discussed above, indicate that they be characterized as toxicity 

category III or IV. The end-use product will be characterized as toxicity category III. SPLAT 

CLMTM does not demonstrate subchronic or developmental toxicity, and it is not mutagenic or 

genotoxic. EPA has no concerns for any non-target organisms exposed to SPLAT CLMTM in 

accordance with approved label directions. EPA has not identified any toxic endpoints for nontarget mammals, birds, plants, aquatic, or soil organisms. There are no concerns for any 

threatened or endangered species. Thus, given that SPLAT CLMTM has very low toxicity and 

presents little, if any, risk to non-target organisms, EPA concludes that it is in the best interests 

of the public and the environment to issue the registration for SPLAT CLMTM. 

Consistent with the Agency’s new policy for making these registration actions more transparent, 

EPA is providing a 30-day public comment period on the registration of manufacturing-use 

product ISCA CLM MP and end-use product SPLAT CMTM, both containing the new active 

ingredient (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal. The intent of the 30-day comment period is to 

provide a more meaningful opportunity for the public to participate on major registration 

decisions before they occur. All comments will be included in the docket (EPA-HQ-OPP-2009-

0930) as they are received. 

At this time, EPA believes that the data submitted fulfill the requirements of registration for 

products containing (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal for use as a mating disrupter of the citrus 

leafminer moth at a rate not exceeding 150 grams / acre / year. EPA has no concerns for any 

non-target organisms exposed to (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal in accordance with its 

approved uses. EPA has not identified any meaningful toxic endpoints for non-target mammals, 

birds, plants, aquatic, or soil organisms; nor are there concerns for any threatened and 

endangered species. Given, the non-toxic character of (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, EPA 

supports its registration under Section 3(c)(5) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and 

Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). 

C. Environmental Justice 

EPA seeks to achieve environmental justice, the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all 

people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, in the development, implementation, 

and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. To help address potential 
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environmental justice issues, the Agency seeks information on any groups or segments of the 

population who, as a result of their location, cultural practices, or other factors, may have 

atypical, unusually high exposure to (Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal, compared to the general 

population. Please comment if you are aware of any sub-populations that may have atypical, 

unusually high exposure as compared to the general population. 

VI. ACTIONS REQUIRED BY REGISTRANTS 

The Agency has evaluated all data submitted in connection with the initial registration of 

(Z,Z,E)-7,11,13-hexadecatrienal and determined that these data are sufficient to satisfy current 

registration data requirements. No additional data are required to be submitted to the Agency at 

this time. For new uses and/or changes to existing uses, additional data may be required. 

Not withstanding the information stated in the previous paragraph, it should be clearly 

understood that certain, specific, data are required to be reported to the Agency as a requirement 

for maintaining the Federal registration for a pesticide product. A brief summary of these types 

of data are listed below. 

A. Reporting of Adverse Effects 

Reports of all incidents of adverse effects to the environment must be submitted to the Agency 

under the provisions stated in FIFRA, Section 6(a)(2). 

B. Reporting of Hypersensitivity Incidents 

All incidents of hypersensitivity (including both suspected and confirmed incidents) must be 

reported to the Agency under the provisions of 40 CFR Part 158.2050(d). 

VII. APPENDIX A: References 

OECD (2002) Series on Pesticides No. 12: Guidance for Registration Requirements for 

Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals Used for Arthropod Pest Control. Organization for 

Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Issued: 02/26/2002. Available at: 

http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/regtools/index.htm