SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY

APPELLATE DIVISION

DOCKET NO. A-5572-17T2

JAMES WATKINS,

Plaintiff-Appellant/

Cross-Respondent,

v.

AMANDA HOWARD,

f/k/a AMANDA WATKINS,

Defendant-Respondent/

Cross-Appellant.

__________________________

Argued September 25, 2019 – Decided

Before Judges Koblitz and Mawla.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, 

Chancery Division, Family Part, Bergen County, 

Docket No. FM-02-14666-92.

Steven Resnick argued the cause for appellant/ crossrespondent (Ziegler, Zemsky & Resnick, attorneys; 

Steven Resnick and Ruth Kim, on the briefs).

Paul Joseph Concannon argued the cause for 

respondent/cross-appellant (Dario Albert Metz & 

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE

APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the 

internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

October 21, 2019
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Eyerman, LLC, attorneys; John E. Finnerty and Paul 

Joseph Concannon, on the briefs).

PER CURIAM

Plaintiff James Watkins appeals from June 27 and 29, 2018 post-judgment 

orders, which denied his motion to terminate alimony and life insurance based 

upon cohabitation, for discovery and a plenary hearing. Defendant Amanda 

Howard cross-appeals from the June 27 order, which denied her request for 

counsel fees. We affirm on the appeal, but reverse and remand on the crossappeal.

We take the following facts from the record. The parties married in 1968,

and divorced in 1993. Two children were born of the marriage, who are 

emancipated. The Judgment of Divorce incorporated a property settlement 

agreement (PSA). Relevant to this appeal, paragraph nineteen of the PSA stated 

plaintiff would pay defendant $3000 per month in permanent alimony. It also

stated the "alimony payments shall continue until the death of [defendant], death 

of [plaintiff], re-marriage of [defendant,] or the [defendant]'s entry into a 

relationship tantamount to marriage." 

Five months after the judgment of divorce, plaintiff remarried and moved 

to Cape May County. Defendant remained in Bergen County. The parties'
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daughter lives with her family in Massachusetts, and their son resides with his 

family in Colorado. 

Defendant began a dating relationship with K.C.

1

in 1998, which 

continues to present day. In 2009, plaintiff sought a reduction or termination of 

alimony based upon his retirement, a financial change in circumstances 

occasioned by his wife's illness and defendant's increased earnings, and 

defendant's cohabitation with K.C. 

Regarding the cohabitation, plaintiff alleged defendant and K.C. were 

spending four-to-five nights per week at each other's residence. He alleged they

vacationed together and were involved in various aspects of each other's social 

and family lives. In 2000, K.C. escorted defendant down the aisle at her 

daughter's wedding and appeared in family photos from the wedding. He also 

accompanied defendant to the birth of her first grandchild in 2003. In 2006, he 

attended another grandchild's first birthday. In 2008, he attended Christmas 

with defendant at her daughter's house. Plaintiff alleged the grandchildren 

referred to K.C. as "grandpa [K]" and K.C. took on a grandfatherly role. 

Defendant admitted the dating relationship with K.C., but denied he was 

a live-in boyfriend. She certified "[t]he facts are . . . there is a man I date, and 

 

1 We utilize K.C.'s initials to protect his privacy because he is not a party.
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during most weekends we spend one night together either at my apartment or 

his apartment." She admitted traveling with K.C. to visit each other's families, 

but denied sharing expenses or financial resources with K.C.

The court denied plaintiff's request to terminate alimony, finding plaintiff 

did not establish a prima facie case of cohabitation. However, the court reduced 

plaintiff's alimony to $2250 per month based upon his retirement. 

In 2018, plaintiff filed another motion to terminate his alimony and life 

insurance obligations retroactive to 2014, based on defendant's cohabitation. 

Defendant cross-moved to deny plaintiff's motion, enforce the life insurance 

obligation, and sought counsel fees and costs. 

Plaintiff's application alleged the same facts as the 2009 motion, with a 

few updates. Plaintiff attached a two-page certification from each of the parties' 

children, which repeated plaintiff's narrative that defendant and K.C. were in a 

dating relationship. The certification from the parties' daughter claimed K.C. 

drove defendant to Massachusetts to visit her family, and repeated that K.C. 

participated in her wedding, was present for the birth of her child, and her 

children referred to him as "[g]randpa." 

The new facts alleged in the daughter's certification asserted K.C. 

accompanied defendant on vacation to visit defendant's son in Colorado in 2013.
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The certification also alleged K.C. attended her aunt's eightieth birthday with 

defendant in 2017. The certification further stated: "In the summer of 2017, I 

came to New Jersey with my husband and my children to visit my family. My 

children stayed at [K.C.'s] home, with my mother and [K.C.]. My husband and 

I stayed at my mother's one-bedroom condominium only a few miles away." 

The son's certification mostly mirrored the daughter's.

Plaintiff's certification alleged K.C. moved to within approximately threequarters of a mile from defendant's home in 2016. He alleged K.C. and 

defendant had access to each other's residences, but offered nothing to prove his 

claim. Plaintiff's certification attached a photograph posted by a grandchild 

taken during a 2014 trip to Colorado to visit the parties' son, referring to K.C. 

and defendant as his "grandparents." Plaintiff claimed the parties' fifteen-yearold granddaughter effectively sees K.C. as defendant's husband. 

Moreover, plaintiff alleged, "[d]efendant does not drive. [K.C.] is solely 

responsible for transporting [defendant] anywhere she needs to go." He argued

"defendant is dependent upon [K.C.]," and "[b]y being solely responsible for her 

transportation, he is effectively responsible for all of her . . . expenses" 

associated with transportation. He alleged defendant and K.C. "share in the 

costs for travel and meals during [their] trips."
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Defendant denied these assertions noting neither plaintiff nor their 

children lived close enough to witness her driving habits. She certified she

"drive[s] all the time, but do[es] not like to drive on highways, and therefore,

usually use[s] car services." Additionally, she stated when she and K.C. are on 

a trip together, involving highway driving, he drove. Defendant certified she 

often travels alone and in those instances, travels by air or train.

Defendant certified she is not dependent on K.C. for transportation. She 

noted her vehicle is titled, registered, and insured in her name. She drives it 

roughly five-to-six days a week, including shopping in town, running errands, 

traveling to the gym, and visiting dentists and doctors — all of whom are located

near her residence. Defendant offered certifications from two close friends who

witnessed her driving routine. 

Defendant denied she and K.C. shared any living expenses. She certified 

when they do go out for meals together, they "try to share the costs fairly." She 

attached her apartment lease, renter's insurance policy, utility and cable bills, 

rent payment checks, auto insurance declaration page, auto repair receipts, and 

bank statements demonstrating she paid the expenses herself. 

The motion judge denied the relief requested by plaintiff and defendant. 

He found "[i]t is un-controverted [defendant] and [K.C.] maintain separate 
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abodes. . . . It is un-controverted [they] do not comingle their finances. And 

that one does not pay the debts of the other." The judge found no other objective 

indicia defendant and K.C. enjoyed a relationship tantamount to a marriage.

Addressing plaintiff's evidence of cohabitation, the judge found the 

children's certifications had little probative value other than confirming 

defendant and K.C. sometimes visit the children together. The judge concluded 

plaintiff "has not made a prima facie showing . . . [K.C.] actually supports 

[defendant]. His only allegation in that regard is that [K.C.] drives [her] 

everywhere, and argues therefore, . . . [K.C.] covers [her] transportation costs." 

He concluded it "makes sense that she does not like to drive on the highways 

. . . and [plaintiff] has not shown otherwise that she drives herself." The judge 

noted the grandchildren referring to K.C. as "grandpa" was no more significant 

than a child referring to a parent's good friend as "uncle." The judge concluded

it was "a term of affection rather than a term of a familial relationship."

Comparing the evidence presented with the evidence presented at 

plaintiff's 2009 motion, the judge concluded: 

The mere passage of time does not rise to the 

level of changed circumstances to warrant the 

modification of alimony. Given the foregoing, I do not 

find that [plaintiff] has made a prima facie showing that 

[defendant] . . . is in a [marital-]type relationship to 
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warrant the termination of alimony, or to warrant 

further discovery in that regard. 

The judge denied defendant's request for counsel fees, noting only that plaintiff's

application was not made in bad faith and therefore each party would be 

responsible for their own counsel fees. 

I.

"Appellate courts accord particular deference to the Family Part because 

of its 'special jurisdiction and expertise' in family matters." Harte v. Hand, 433 

N.J. Super. 457, 461 (App. Div. 2013) (quoting Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394, 

412 (1998)). "We do not disturb the factual findings and legal conclusions of 

the trial judge unless . . . convinced that they are so manifestly unsupported by 

or inconsistent with the competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence 

as to offend the interests of justice." Gnall v. Gnall, 222 N.J. 414, 428 (2015) 

(internal quotations omitted) (alterations in original) (citing Cesare, 154 N.J. at 

412). "We will reverse only if we find the trial judge clearly abused his or her 

discretion[.]" Clark v. Clark, 429 N.J. Super. 61, 72 (App. Div. 2012). The 

same standard of review applies to a trial court's determination of counsel fees. 

Barr v. Barr, 418 N.J. Super. 18, 46-47 (App. Div. 2011). Conversely, "all legal 

issues are reviewed de novo." Ricci v. Ricci, 448 N.J. Super. 546, 565 (App. 

Div. 2017) (citing Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 568 (App. Div. 2013)). 
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II.

Plaintiff argues he provided ample evidence defendant and K.C. were in a 

relationship tantamount to marriage by socializing, attending family and 

personal events together, and residing close to one another. He argues,

notwithstanding the PSA's terms, alimony should have been terminated due to 

defendant's cohabitation, which constituted a change in circumstances. He 

asserts the parties' conflicting certifications warranted discovery and a plenary 

hearing. 

"The duties of former spouses regarding alimony are always subject to 

review or modification by our courts based upon a showing of changed 

circumstances." Miller v. Miller, 160 N.J. 408, 419 (1999) (quoting Lepis v. 

Lepis, 83 N.J. 139, 145 (1980)). However, "[a] prima facie showing of changed 

circumstances must be made before a court will order discovery of an exspouse's financial status." Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157. While a prima facie showing 

of cohabitation can be difficult to establish because the readily available 

evidence is often also consistent with a less serious dating relationship, it is still 

a prerequisite to ordering discovery and a hearing. See Landau v. Landau, __ 

N.J. __, __ (App. Div. 2019) (slip op. at 17) (citing Konzelman v. Konzelman, 

158 N.J. 185, 191-92 (1999). 
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Whether the relationship between a dependent spouse and third party is 

tantamount to marriage or cohabitation requires an analysis of the economic 

benefits of the relationship. Garlinger v. Garlinger, 137 N.J. Super. 56, 65 (App. 

Div. 1975); see also Reese v. Weis, 430 N.J. Super. 552, 571 (App. Div. 2013) 

(holding modifications of alimony are warranted when the dependent spouse 

economically benefits from cohabitation). 

A modification based on a cohabitation is appropriate when: (1) the third 

party contributes to the dependent spouse's support; or (2) the third party resides 

in the dependent spouse's home without contributing anything toward the 

household expenses. Gayet v. Gayet, 92 N.J. 149, 153 (1983) (discussing 

Garlinger, 137 N.J. Super. at 61). "In short, this scheme permits modification 

for changed circumstances resulting from cohabitation only if one cohabitant 

supports or subsidizes the other under circumstances sufficient to entitle the 

supporting spouse to relief." Id. at 153-54. "[T]he inquiry regarding whether 

an economic benefit arises in the context of cohabitation must consider not only 

the actual financial assistance resulting from the new relationship, but also 

should weigh other enhancements to the dependent spouse's standard of living 

that directly result[s] from cohabitation[.]" Reese, 430 N.J. Super. at 557-58. 
11 A-5572-17T2

Furthermore, "[i]n addition to intimate or romantic involvement, indicia 

of cohabitation may 'include, but are not limited to, living together, intertwined 

finances such as joint bank accounts, sharing living expenses and household 

chores, and recognition of the relationship in the couple's social and family 

circle.'" Id. at 570 (citing Konzelman, 158 N.J. at 202). 

"[W]here . . . the affidavits do not show the existence of a genuine issue 

of material fact, the trial judge . . . may decide the motion without a plenary 

hearing." Shaw v. Shaw, 138 N.J. Super. 436, 440 (App. Div. 1976) (Cf. 

Skillman v. Skillman, 136 N.J. Super. 348, 350 (App. Div. 1975). Conflicting 

certifications giving rise to a genuine dispute of material facts can establish a 

prima facie showing because "they must be examined with an appreciation that 

if supported by competent evidence they would establish a prima facie cause of 

action." Conforti v. Guliadis, 128 N.J. 318, 328 (1992). However, 

"[c]onclusory allegations [should] . . . be disregarded. Only statements to which 

a party could testify should be considered." Lepis, 83 N.J. at 159. 

The evidence plaintiff presented in his second application to terminate 

alimony on the basis of cohabitation virtually mirrored the evidence presented 

in the 2009 application. The evidence failed to establish a prima facie showing 

of either a physical cohabitation or a financial interrelationship demonstrating 
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defendant no longer needed alimony. At best, the plaintiff's proofs showed K.C. 

and defendant occasionally vacationed together, shared meals, and K.C. drove 

defendant on long distance trips. 

The certifications plaintiff provided from the parties' children contained 

limited information that did not establish cohabitation, but instead provided 

supposition regarding defendant's relationship with K.C. Indeed, beyond 

observing K.C. drive defendant to Massachusetts or accompany her on a trip to 

Colorado, the certifications contained the same information presented to the 

court in 2009. And because each child resided far from defendant's residence,

their assertions that defendant did not like to drive and K.C. was responsible for 

the couple's driving were conjectural.

On the other hand, defendant's certification attached a variety of objective 

proofs, including copies of her bills and finances, and certifications from her 

close friends. This evidence readily rebutted the absence of objective evidence 

proffered by plaintiff of an alleged economically interdependent relationship 

and the claim defendant relied upon K.C. for transportation. 

Therefore, the motion judge's finding that there was no prima facie 

evidence of cohabitation or "a relationship tantamount to marriage," was 
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supported by the substantial, credible evidence in the record. The decision to 

deny plaintiff discovery and a plenary hearing was not an abuse of discretion.

III.

On the cross-appeal, defendant argues the motion judge should have 

awarded her counsel fees. She argues he failed to consider the Rule 5:3-5(c) 

factors. 

Rule 5:3-5(c) states: 

[T]he court in its discretion may make an allowance . . . 

on final determination, to be paid by any party to the 

action . . . on any claim for . . . alimony . . . [or] 

enforcement of agreements between spouses[.] . . . In 

determining the amount of the fee award, the court 

should consider . . . the following factors: (1) the 

financial circumstances of the parties; (2) the ability of 

the parties to pay their own fees or to contribute to the 

fees of the other party; (3) the reasonableness and good 

faith of the positions advanced by the parties both 

during and prior to trial; (4) the extent of the fees 

incurred by both parties; (5) any fees previously 

awarded; (6) the amount of fees previously paid to 

counsel by each party; (7) the results obtained; (8) the 

degree to which fees were incurred to enforce existing 

orders or to compel discovery; and (9) any other factor 

bearing on the fairness of an award. 

Pursuant to Rule 5:3-5(c), a judge must make factual findings, which 

"adequately justify the denial of [an] application for counsel fees." Reese, 430

N.J. Super. at 586.
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The motion judge only addressed whether plaintiff made the application 

in good faith. Rule 5:3-5(c) requires the motion judge to consider more than a 

party's good faith. The record here lacks an assessment of the other eight factors 

required by the rule. For these reasons, we reverse and remand the counsel fee 

determination to the motion judge to make findings consistent with this opinion.

Affirmed in part, reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain 

jurisdiction.