DA 21-0186

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2023 MT 75N

STATE OF MONTANA,

 Plaintiff and Appellee,

 v.

DONALD R. SAGE,

 Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Third Judicial District,

In and For the County of Anaconda-Deer Lodge, Cause No. DC-18-126

Honorable Jennifer B. Lint, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, James Reavis, Assistant Appellate

Defender, Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Austin Knudsen, Montana Attorney General, Katie F. Schulz, Assistant 

Attorney General, Helena, Montana

Ben Krakowka, Anaconda-Deer Lodge County Attorney, Michelle Sievers, 

Deputy County Attorney, Anaconda, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: March 1, 2023

 Decided: May 2, 2023

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

05/02/2023

Case Number: DA 21-0186
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Justice Beth Baker delivered the Opinion of the Court. 

¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating 

Rules, we decide this case by memorandum opinion. It shall not be cited and does not 

serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this 

Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana 

Reports. 

¶2 Donald Sage appeals his sentence from the Third Judicial District Court. Sage 

argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance when he failed to recognize that 

Sage would be unable to withdraw his plea if the court imposed a parole restriction. Sage 

contends also that the State undercut the plea agreement at the sentencing hearing, resulting 

in the parole restriction, when it emphasized Sage’s past criminal conduct and urged the 

court to consider dismissed charges against Sage. We affirm without prejudice to Sage’s 

ability to bring his ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a postconviction proceeding. 

¶3 In November 2018, Anaconda-Deer Lodge Law Enforcement investigated Sage for 

alleged sexual abuse. The investigation started after Sage physically assaulted S.K., a 

sixteen-year-old boy, for confronting Sage about abusing his younger sister L.K. and her 

friends. 

¶4 L.K. knew Sage through her friend L.M., who was related to Sage. In interviews 

with law enforcement and the Butte Child Evaluation Center, L.K. reported that she visited 

Sage’s house—where he lived with his wife Marion—approximately twenty times. L.K. 
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reported that Sage would offer her and several other minor girls marijuana if they “did 

stuff” with him. 

¶5 On one occasion, L.K. and L.M.—both fourteen at the time—spent the night at 

Sage’s house. During the night, L.K. woke up to Sage naked on a nearby couch 

masturbating in front of the girls. Sage told the girls that he wanted to have sex with them. 

L.K. and L.M. ran into the bathroom, locking the door behind them. When they ventured 

out, Sage pointed a gun at the girls, threatening to shoot them if they moved. L.K. and 

L.M. escaped when Sage left the room to check on his wife. 

¶6 L.K. had a follow-up interview with the Butte Child Evaluation Center. During the 

second interview, she revealed that on two separate occasions Sage gave her alcohol. Both 

times after consuming the alcohol, L.K. fell asleep. The first time this occurred, L.K. woke 

up to Sage’s finger in her vagina. The second time, L.K. woke up with her clothes off and 

Sage’s penis touching her vagina. 

¶7 In total, five minor girls alleged crimes committed by Sage. The State initially 

charged Sage with three counts. On March 5, 2019, the State amended the charges to the 

following: Count I: Indecent Exposure (to a Minor), in violation of § 45-5-504, MCA; 

Count II: Indecent Exposure (to a Minor), in violation of § 45-5-504, MCA; Count III: 

Assault with a Weapon, in violation of § 45-5-213, MCA; Count IV: Sexual Intercourse 

without Consent, in violation of § 45-5-503, MCA; Count V: Sexual Intercourse without 

Consent, in violation of § 45-5-503, MCA; Alternate Count V: Sexual Assault, in violation 

of § 45-5-502, MCA; Count VI: Unlawful Transaction with Children, in violation of 
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§ 45-5-623, MCA; and Count VII: Unlawful Transaction with Children, in violation of 

§ 45-5-623, MCA. The State later added Count VIII: Sexual Abuse of Children, in 

violation of § 45-5-625(1)(c), MCA; and Count IX: Intimidation, in violation of 

§ 45-5-203, MCA. 

¶8 On October 8, 2019, Sage entered a plea agreement with the State. In exchange for 

the State’s dismissal of the eight other charges, Sage would plead guilty to one count of 

indecent exposure (to a minor). That charge was connected to Sage’s actions against L.K. 

Sage admitted that he was “in the nude with [his] intimate parts exposed, while L.K. was 

at [his] home” and that he knew this conduct would cause L.K. to be alarmed and feel 

abused, harassed, humiliated, or degraded. 

¶9 At the sentencing hearing, the State informed the District Court that three of the five 

minor girls did not want to proceed to trial, and the plea agreement limited additional 

trauma the girls might experience at a trial. Specific to L.K., the State explained to the 

court that she experiences “mental deficits” and a speech impediment. Neither the State 

nor L.K.’s family felt comfortable putting L.K. through trial. The State urged the court to 

follow the recommended sentence in the plea agreement: twenty years to the Montana State 

Prison with ten suspended. The State argued that the court should reject Sage’s anticipated 

request for a probationary sentence, calling Sage “a sexual predator and a career criminal.” 

It recounted Sage’s criminal history, maintaining that his past conduct demonstrated an 

inability to conform his behavior. The State hoped “that by the time [Sage] complete[d] 

this sentence . . . he will not be in a condition to prey upon anyone else.” 
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¶10 As predicted by the State, Sage’s counsel asked that the District Court impose a 

probationary sentence, a lesser sentence than what the parties agreed to in the plea 

agreement. Sage asked for probation so he could be with his wife and address his various 

medical issues. 

¶11 The court considered Sage’s “extensive criminal history with no apparent 

recognition of any need . . . to change his criminal behavior.” It found him to be 

“opportunistic” and “unrepentant.” Further, the District Court noted that Sage’s testimony 

at sentencing did not address L.K. as a victim or take accountability for his admitted 

actions. Noting the entire record, including Sage’s psychosexual offender evaluation and 

the presentence investigation report, the court sentenced Sage to twenty years of 

incarceration with ten suspended as recommended by the plea agreement. The court found 

that Sage’s willingness to victimize the “most vulnerable” justified removing him from 

society. The District Court imposed a ten-year parole restriction on the 

then-seventy-year-old Sage. The parole restriction was not requested by the State, nor did 

it appear in the plea agreement. 

¶12 Sage’s counsel urged the court to reconsider the parole restriction. Counsel 

referenced the binding nature of Sage’s plea agreement, made pursuant to 

§ 46-12-211(1)(b), MCA, emphasizing that the restriction of parole was not recommended 

in the agreement. Counsel suggested that the parole restriction gave Sage grounds to 

withdraw his plea. The District Court declined to rescind the parole restriction, noting that 
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the plea agreement was silent on the matter of parole. The court did not give Sage the 

opportunity to seek withdrawal of his plea. 

¶13 “Ineffective assistance of counsel claims raise mixed questions of fact and law 

which we review de novo.” State v. Heavygun, 2011 MT 111, ¶ 8, 360 Mont. 413, 253

P.3d 897 (citing Whitlow v. State, 2008 MT 140, ¶ 9, 343 Mont. 90, 183 P.3d 861) (other 

citation omitted). We also review de novo whether the State breached a plea agreement. 

State v. Lewis, 2012 MT 157, ¶ 13, 365 Mont. 431, 282 P.3d 679. 

¶14 Sage maintains that he experienced “two forces working against his intention to 

reserve his rights if the plea deal fell through.” Sage contends first that his trial attorney 

provided ineffective assistance by not understanding that the plea agreement’s silence on 

the matter of parole prevented Sage from withdrawing his plea in the event the court 

imposed a parole restriction. Sage argues next that the prosecutor undercut the plea 

agreement by using inflammatory descriptions of Sage, “only giving lip service to the 

bargained-for sentence.” 

¶15 The State counters that Sage’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is not 

appropriate for review because it is not a record-based claim. It urges this Court to deny 

Sage’s claim without prejudice so that he may initiate postconviction proceedings. Further, 

the State contends that the prosecutor did not breach the plea agreement “by simply 

highlighting evidence already before the court[.]” It maintains that Sage has not 

demonstrated that the prosecutor’s statements at sentencing either undermined the plea 

agreement or “constituted the State trying to avoid its obligations[.]” 
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Claim for Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

¶16 Criminal defendants are guaranteed the right to effective assistance of counsel. See 

U.S. Const. amend. VI; Mont. Const. art. II, § 24. To prove ineffective assistance of 

counsel, a defendant must demonstrate first that counsel performed deficiently, and second 

that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. Whitlow, ¶ 10 (citing Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064 (1984). 

¶17 When a defendant enters a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, pursuant to 

§ 46-12-211(1)(b), MCA, a prosecutor “agrees that a specific sentence is the appropriate 

disposition of the case[.]” If a sentencing court rejects a “(1)(b)” plea agreement, the court 

must afford the defendant the opportunity to withdraw the plea, advising that if the 

defendant persists with the plea, “the disposition of the case may be less favorable to the 

defendant than that contemplated by the plea agreement.” Section 46-12-211(4), MCA. 

¶18 In Lewis, this Court held that, absent a specific plea agreement on the point, 

sentencing courts may impose a parole restriction without offering defendants the 

opportunity to withdraw their pleas; we reasoned that if the plea agreement is silent on the 

issue of parole, imposing a parole restriction does not constitute a court’s rejection of a 

(1)(b) plea agreement. Lewis, ¶¶ 17-19. Sage maintains that his counsel performed 

deficiently by negotiating a (1)(b) plea agreement that contained no provision on parole,

without understanding that Sage could receive a parole restriction without the opportunity 

to withdraw his plea. 
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¶19 We will consider ineffective assistance of counsel claims on direct review only if 

the claim is “based solely on the record.” Heavygun, ¶ 8. “[I]f the record does not 

demonstrate ‘why’ counsel did or did not take an action which is the basis of the claim, the 

claim is more suitable for a petition for postconviction relief where a record can be more 

fully developed.” Heavygun, ¶ 11 (citing State v. Sartain, 2010 MT 213, ¶ 30, 357 Mont.

483, 241 P.3d 1032). 

¶20 Sage argues the record reveals that his counsel did not understand Lewis and that 

his claim is appropriate for direct review. Sage notes that his counsel advocated for a lesser 

sentence than the one adopted by the plea agreement, arguing that his counsel would not 

do this if he understood the nature of a (1)(b) plea agreement. Sage also points to the 

reaction from his counsel when the District Court added the parole restriction. Sage 

contends that his counsel would not have been “taken by surprise,” asking the court to 

reconsider the parole restriction if counsel understood Lewis. Sage argues also that the 

record demonstrates prejudice because Sage received a parole restriction that he was 

unaware could be imposed. 

¶21 Contrary to Sage’s arguments, the record does not demonstrate “why” Sage’s 

counsel negotiated a (1)(b) plea agreement that was silent regarding the issue of parole. 

The State offered to dismiss eight charges in exchange for one admission of guilt. It is 

plausible that the State would not agree to such a favorable deal if Sage’s counsel insisted 

that Sage should also be recommended for parole. Though counsel asked the court to 

reconsider the parole restriction, even going so far as to say that Sage should be allowed to 
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withdraw his plea, the record does not reflect whether counsel considered Lewis. The court 

did not ask counsel about Lewis, nor did anyone mention Lewis at the sentencing hearing. 

In response to counsel asking the court to reconsider the issue of parole, the court stated 

that it takes “the position when a plea agreement is silent on a parole issue that’s one of the 

things that’s left open to the court.” Without more information in the record reflecting why 

defense counsel entered a (1)(b) plea agreement or why counsel advocated for a lesser 

sentence at the sentencing hearing, we cannot determine whether counsel acted deficiently. 

See Heavygun, ¶ 22 (“[A] record which is silent about the reasons for counsel’s actions or 

omissions seldom provides sufficient evidence to rebut [the] presumption” that counsel 

acted within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.). 

¶22 Even if the record did reflect why counsel made certain decisions regarding the 

alleged deficiency, the record does not contain evidence that Sage was prejudiced. The 

State offered Sage a favorable plea, dismissing eight of the charges brought against him. 

The record does not contain evidence that Sage would have chosen to decline the favorable 

plea if he knew that he would be subject to a parole restriction. We decline to review the 

merits of Sage’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on direct appeal because it is not 

based in the record. Sage has an opportunity to pursue this claim in a postconviction 

proceeding, where a record may be fully developed. 

Claim for Breach of Plea Agreement

¶23 Sage next argues he is entitled either to withdraw his plea or to obtain a sentence 

without the imposition of the parole restriction because the prosecutor “actively undercut” 
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the State’s recommended sentence. Sage’s trial counsel did not object to the prosecutor’s 

presentation of the State’s case at the sentencing hearing, nor did Sage’s trial counsel move 

the District Court to withdraw the plea on this basis. We will review this issue for plain 

error because, though he did not preserve it for appeal, a breach of the plea agreement 

implicates Sage’s constitutional rights. See State v. Rardon, 2002 MT 345, ¶ 16, 313 Mont.

321, 61 P.3d 132. To constitute plain error, the prosecutor must have breached the plea 

agreement and in turn tainted or affected the fairness of the sentencing proceeding. Rardon, 

¶ 17. 

¶24 We consider first whether the prosecutor breached the plea agreement. Plea 

agreements “must be attended by safeguards” to ensure defendants receive “what is 

reasonably due in the circumstances.” State v. Allen, 199 Mont. 204, 208-09, 645 P.2d

380, 382 (1981) (quoting Santobello v. New York, 404 U.S. 257, 262, 92 S. Ct. 495, 498-99 

(1971)). Plea agreements are treated like contracts, obligating the State to strictly fulfill 

the terms of the agreement. State v. McDowell, 2011 MT 75, ¶ 14, 360 Mont. 83, 253 P.3d

812. Prosecutors are expected to meet “strict and meticulous standards” when plea 

bargaining, “as a plea of guilty resting in any significant degree on an unfulfilled plea 

bargain is involuntary and subject to vacation.” Allen, 199 Mont. at 209, 645 P.2d at 382. 

Prosecutors are not permitted to undermine the State’s sentencing recommendation. State 

v. Rardon, 2005 MT 129, ¶ 19, 327 Mont. 228, 115 P.3d 182. 

¶25 At sentencing, the State emphasized Sage’s inability to conform his criminal 

behavior, calling him “a sexual predator and a career criminal.” The State noted Sage’s 
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advanced age, telling the court it hoped “he will not be in a condition to prey upon anyone 

else” by the time he completed his sentence. Sage argues that these statements were made 

to convince the District Court to keep Sage “behind bars for as long as possible.” Because 

the plea agreement was silent on parole, Sage contends that the State “did not have the 

legal authority to then argue for a parole restriction in all but name.” Sage maintains that 

the State failed to adhere to its requisite standard of performance in a plea agreement; it 

should have remained silent on the issue of parole. 

¶26 Though prosecutors are expected to provide more than “lip service” in support of 

plea agreements at sentencing, we do not adhere to specific “criteria defining when a 

prosecutor has merely paid lip service . . . as opposed to when she has fairly, but strongly, 

presented the State’s case.” State v. Hill, 2009 MT 134, ¶ 29, 350 Mont. 296, 207 P.3d

307. 

¶27 In McDowell, we held that a prosecutor did not undermine the plea agreement when 

the prosecutor was forced to both advocate for the State’s recommended sentence and argue 

against the defendant’s proposed lesser sentence. McDowell, ¶ 21. The prosecutor in 

McDowell “emphasized that the crimes were premeditated, serious and that [the defendant] 

had a prior criminal history” in response to the defendant requesting a lesser sentence than 

the plea agreement proposed. McDowell, ¶ 9. Here, the prosecutor recommended that 

Sage receive a total sentence of twenty years, with ten suspended, after drawing the District 

Court’s attention to the nature of the crimes and the dismissed charges. Despite the agreed 

recommendation in the plea agreement, Sage’s counsel requested that Sage’s sentence be 
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served through probation rather than incarceration. The State was not obligated to let 

Sage’s counsel present an uncontested argument for a probationary sentence without 

advocating strongly for the court to adopt the recommended sentence in the plea agreement. 

¶28 The explicit terms of the plea agreement establish that Sage received what the State 

promised to recommend: a twenty-year commitment to the Montana State Prison with ten 

years suspended. The State did not undermine this recommendation when it strongly 

advocated for the court to adopt the plea agreement rather than Sage’s request for a 

probationary sentence. See McDowell, ¶ 21. 

¶29 A sentencing court “may consider any relevant evidence relating to the character of 

the defendant, his history, his mental and physical condition, and the broad spectrum of 

incidents making up his background.” Hill, ¶ 31. The court may consider “other acts, even 

those which are dismissed pursuant to a plea bargain agreement.” Hill, ¶ 31 (citation 

omitted). We have held that a prosecutor does not breach a plea agreement when reminding 

the sentencing court to consider evidence of which the court was already aware, including 

dismissed charges or an extensive criminal history. Hill, ¶ 31. Here, the prosecutor did 

not raise evidence that the court otherwise did not have in Sage’s psychosexual evaluation 

or presentencing investigation report. 

¶30 We conclude that the State did not breach the plea agreement when it advocated for 

the District Court to adopt the recommended sentence and argued that Sage’s request for a 

probationary sentence would be inappropriate. We therefore need not reach the second 

part of plain error review, whether the breach tainted the sentencing proceedings.
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¶31 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of our 

Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. In the opinion of the 

Court, the case presents a question controlled by settled law or by the clear application of 

applicable standards of review. We affirm the District Court’s sentence without 

prejudicing Sage’s ability to petition for postconviction relief regarding his ineffective 

assistance of counsel claim. 

/S/ BETH BAKER

We Concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON

/S/ JIM RICE