[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 10-10100

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D.C. Docket No. 1:07-cv-03116-JOF

EVANGELINA FORSBERG,

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JAMES PEFANIS,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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No. 14-15036

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D.C. Docket No. 1:07-cv-03116-CC

EVANGELINA FORSBERG, 

 Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

JAMES PEFANIS,

 Defendant-Appellant.

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Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Georgia

_______________________

(December 11, 2015)

Before WILSON and WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judges, and BUCKLEW*

,

District Judge.

WILLIAM PRYOR, Circuit Judge: 

After Evangelina Forsberg sued James Pefanis, her boss, for inappropriately 

touching her and making lewd comments in front of a coworker, Pefanis filed in 

his defense a false statement purportedly from that coworker. Pefanis later pleaded 

guilty to conspiracy to obstruct justice for this misconduct. In these appeals, we 

must decide whether the district court abused its discretion by considering the 

witness’s later declaration when it granted Forsberg’s motion for sanctions, 

whether it abused its discretion by striking Pefanis’s answer as a sanction, whether 

section 1985, 42 U.S.C. § 1985, permits punitive damages when the jury did not 

award compensatory damages, and whether the district court abused its discretion 

by denying Pefanis’s motion for relief from the judgment. We consolidate the 

appeals and affirm.

 * The Honorable Susan C. Bucklew, United States District Judge for the Middle District of 

Florida, sitting by designation.

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I. BACKGROUND

The district court struck Pefanis’s answer after finding that he submitted a 

false statement purportedly from a witness who denied seeing the inappropriate 

conduct. In making its determination, the district court considered two declarations

from the witness, David Popke, denying that he made the statement and declaring 

that, contrary to the false statement, he saw Pefanis grope Forsberg. In 2009, the 

district court tried the case to a jury on the well-pleaded allegations of Forsberg’s 

complaint, and the jury returned a verdict against Pefanis. As part of that verdict, 

the jury awarded punitive damages, but not compensatory damages, for violating 

section 1985. Pefanis appeals this judgment, as amended in other respects, in no.

10-10100. We have already dismissed the appeals of the other appellants. 

In 2010, a grand jury indicted Pefanis based on the false statement. In 2011, 

he pleaded guilty to conspiracy to obstruct justice. In the plea agreement, Pefanis

admitted that he knew the statement was false and had been submitted to the

district court and that he testified falsely that Popke “provided [Pefanis] with the 

information that was put into” the statement. 

In 2014, Pefanis filed a motion for relief from the judgment on the ground 

that Forsberg and her attorneys committed fraud on the court. The district court 

denied his motion, and he appeals that denial in no. 14-15036.

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II. DISCUSSION

We divide our discussion into four parts. We first discuss the consideration 

of Popke’s declarations by the district court; second, the decision to strike 

Pefanis’s answer; third, the award of punitive damages; and fourth, the denial of 

Pefanis’s motion for relief from the judgment.

A. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Considering Popke’s

Declarations.

Pefanis contends that the district court abused its discretion by proceeding 

without live testimony from Popke on an “outcome-determinative issue that was 

contested and completely fact-based,” but Pefanis identifies no legal rule that the 

district court misapplied. “When a motion relies on facts outside the record, the 

court may hear the matter on affidavits or may hear it wholly or partly on oral 

testimony or on depositions.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 43(c). 

Pefanis cites several cases about the Due Process and Confrontation Clauses, 

but he does not explain how he was deprived of any rights under either, so we 

consider his arguments forfeited. See Hamilton v. Southland Christian Sch., Inc., 

680 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir. 2012). He also cites a decision about the right to an 

evidentiary hearing, but he received one in this case.

The closest Pefanis comes to citing an applicable rule is Locklin v. Switzer 

Bros., 348 F.2d 244 (9th Cir. 1965), but that decision is easily distinguished. In 

Locklin, the district court granted a motion for “civil contempt for violation of an 

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injunction against infringement of [a] patent” based on affidavits, instead of

holding a trial. Id. at 245. The Ninth Circuit reversed based on factors unique to the 

context of patents, id. at 245 & n.2, and because “issues not overly apparent in the 

absence of cross-examination were not thoroughly explored and presented,” id. at 

246. Neither reason applies here.

Pefanis next argues that the district court unreasonably applied Rule 43(c) 

because live testimony is necessary for an issue that is outcome determinative, 

contested, and factual, but he declined several opportunities to depose Popke, both 

before and after the evidentiary hearing. Pefanis cannot now complain that the 

district court abused its discretion for proceeding, as Pefanis did, with only 

declarations from Popke. Nor are we even convinced that this was an outcomedispositive issue; Forsberg still had to try her claims to a jury on the complaint, and 

the jury in fact awarded no damages for several of the claims. 

Pefanis makes two other arguments in passing, neither of which is

meritorious. First, he asserts that Forsberg failed to justify Popke’s absence from 

the courtroom, but the district court noted that Popke was in Texas. Second, 

Pefanis argues that the trial court “essentially decided that the affidavit was 

truthful, despite contrary live evidence offered by the non-moving party.” But this 

argument does not prove that the district court erred by considering the statement.

To the extent that Pefanis wishes to challenge this factual finding, he has forfeited 

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the argument by failing to develop it or cite any authority. Hamilton, 680 F.3d at 

1319.

B. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Striking Pefanis’s 

Answer.

“A court may impose sanctions for litigation misconduct under its inherent 

power.” Eagle Hosp. Physicians, LLC v. SRG Consulting, Inc., 561 F.3d 1298, 

1306 (11th Cir. 2009). We review for abuse of discretion the decision of a district 

court to impose sanctions under its inherent power. Id. at 1303. 

Pefanis challenges the decision to strike his answer on four grounds, but we 

cannot say that the district court abused its discretion. First, Pefanis argues that the 

sanction was inappropriate because “the Defendants achieved nothing by creating a 

false, unsworn statement that was never used to gain any advantage in court” and 

the statement was inadmissible, but Pefanis admitted in his plea agreement, which 

is part of the record on appeal, that the statement was submitted in connection with 

a motion for sanctions and listed as a pretrial exhibit. Second, Pefanis asserts that 

any false document must be introduced into evidence before sanctions may be 

imposed, but he cites no authority stating such a rule. It would be strange to require 

a district court to wait until false evidence is introduced at trial before sanctions are 

appropriate, all the while wasting the time and resources of the court and the 

opposing party. Third, Pefanis argues that forged evidence alone is insufficient to 

strike an answer unless the party is left with “no case.” But false evidence is 

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sufficient cause for sanctions, see e.g., Combs v. Rockwell Int’l Corp., 927 F.2d 

486, 488 (9th Cir. 1991) (dismissing a case as a sanction for an altered deposition 

transcript), and the Popke statement was important to Pefanis’s case because it 

discredited Forsberg’s accusations. Fourth, Pefanis argues that Forsberg was not 

harmed by the statement, but those “who lie, evade and fail to tell the whole truth 

obviously enjoy an advantage over honest litigants. The victimized opponent winds 

up . . . consuming substantial resources to respond to and ‘undo’ the victimizer’s 

lies and distortions.” Chemtall, Inc. v. Citi-Chem, Inc., 992 F. Supp. 1390, 1409

(S.D. Ga. 1998). Prejudice can consist of having to “vigorously attempt[] to pry . . . 

information” from the deceitful party, Jaffe v. Grant, 793 F.2d 1182, 1190 (11th 

Cir. 1986), and Forsberg had to pay a private investigator to find Popke in Texas

and procure the declarations. 

Pefanis makes two other arguments, both of which he has forfeited by failing 

to develop them. Pefanis argues that monetary sanctions would have been 

appropriate as a lesser alternative and the court failed to make findings “about who

allegedly forged the Popke statement,” but he makes only a “passing reference” to 

these points in his brief and fails “to make arguments and cite authorities in 

support,” Hamilton, 680 F.3d at 1319. Moreover, the district court reviewed 

several authorities and found that “there [was] no sanction short of striking of the 

answer to adequately address the issue of fabricated evidence.”

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C. Section 1985 Permits Punitive Damages in the Absence of Compensatory 

Damages.

Pefanis next argues that the jury could not award punitive damages for a 

violation of section 1985 without also awarding compensatory damages. Whether 

section 1985 permits punitive damages when the jury does not award 

compensatory damages is a question of law that we review de novo. See Boyd v. 

Homes of Legend, Inc., 188 F.3d 1294, 1298 n.9 (11th Cir. 1999). The district 

court committed no error.

Section 1985 permits a “party so injured or deprived [under the statute to] 

have an action for the recovery of damages occasioned by such injury or 

deprivation, against any one or more of the conspirators.” 42 U.S.C. § 1985. As the 

Seventh Circuit wrote about section 1981a, “Nothing in the plain language [of the 

statute] conditions an award of punitive damages on an underlying award of 

compensatory damages.” Hennessy v. Penril Datacomm Networks, Inc., 69 F.3d 

1344, 1352 (7th Cir. 1995); see also Timm v. Progressive Steel Treating, Inc., 137 

F.3d 1008, 1010 (7th Cir. 1998) (“Extra-statutory requirements for recovery should 

not be invented.”). We have explained that “[a]n award of punitive damages is 

authorized in a civil rights case if ‘the defendant was motivated by an evil motive 

or intent, or there [was] reckless or callous indifference to federally protected 

rights,’” Davis v. Locke, 936 F.2d 1208, 1214 (11th Cir. 1991) (quoting Anderson 

v. City of Atlanta, 778 F.2d 678, 688 (11th Cir. 1985)), and we upheld an award of 

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punitive damages under section 1983 in that case even though “no award for 

compensatory damages was made,” id.

D. The District Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Denying the Motion 

for Relief from the Judgment.

We are unpersuaded by Pefanis’s arguments that the district court abused its 

discretion by denying his motion for relief from the judgment because of fraud on 

the district court by Forsberg and her lawyers. “Where relief from a judgment is 

sought for fraud on the court, the fraud must be established by clear and 

convincing evidence.” Booker v. Dugger, 825 F.2d 281, 283 (11th Cir. 1987). 

Pefanis fails to quote, cite, or even describe evidence of fraud on the district court.

It is logically untenable that moving—successfully—for sanctions and contempt 

can by itself constitute fraud on the court, and he does not allege any fraud in 

Forsberg’s motions. Pefanis argues that Forsberg and Popke committed perjury, 

but perjury is not fraud on the court. See Travelers Indem. Co. v. Gore, 761 F.2d 

1549, 1552 (11th Cir. 1985). Failure to disclose material facts also is not fraud on 

the court. See Rozier v. Ford Motor Co., 573 F.2d 1332, 1338 (5th Cir. 1978). 

Pefanis argues that Forsberg and her counsel committed fraud on the district court 

because Pefanis never admitted to sexually assaulting Forsberg or forging the 

document, but he cites no evidence that they told the court otherwise. And the 

remainder of Pefanis’s unsubstantiated allegations about false statements, 

harassment, tampering, and false affidavits are “[c]onclusory averments of the 

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existence of fraud” that do not suffice to prove that the district court abused its 

discretion. Booker, 825 F.2d 281, 283–84 (quoting DiVito v. Fid. & Deposit Co. of 

Md., 361 F.2d 936, 939 (7th Cir. 1996)).

III. CONCLUSION

We AFFIRM the sanction, the award of punitive damages, and the denial of 

relief from the judgment. 

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