UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION


Washington, D.C. 20549







FORM 10-Q/A


Amendment No.1







x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934





For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2009





OR





 ̈
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIESEXCHANGE ACT OF 1934





Commission file number 000-33393





Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.


(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)





Delaware

94-3306718(State or other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)

I.R.S. Employer Identification No.





7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 750


Bethesda, Maryland 20814


(Address of Principal Executive Offices)





(240) 497-9024


(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)





Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No  ̈





Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted  pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T(§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ̈ No  ̈





Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act





Large accelerated filer ̈
Accelerated filer ̈
Non-accelerated filer ̈
Smaller reporting companyx(do not check if a smaller reporting company)





Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes  ̈ No x





As of May 14, 2009, the total number of shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, outstanding was 45,069,872.













Explanatory Note:





Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) is filing this amendment on Form 10-Q/A (this “Amendment”) to its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) on May 20, 2009.  This Amendment is filed in order to re-file the entire Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 in light of comments from the staff of the Commission in connection with its review of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2009 and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2010.





We have restated:





·
our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet as of March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit;


·
our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in General and administrative expenses to reflect a change in valuation of certain equity issuances during the quarter end March 31, 2009 and increasing amounts reported in Loss from operations, Net loss and Net loss per share – basic and diluted.





As a result of these restatements, amounts recorded in our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the period ended March 31, 2009 have also been corrected.  Our total Net Cash used in Operating Activities in the period remain unchanged.  The restatement also impacts the disclosures in Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 4 -Controls and Procedures.





The restatement relates to common stock issued for consulting services related to financing activities.  Based on our initial review of the relevant accounting guidance, we determined the fair value for the stock issued for these services using the price of the stock issued to arms length, non-affiliated sophisticated investors in financing transactions concluded during the term of the consulting agreements.  Following discussion with the Securities & Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) and reviewing the literature cited by the Commission we have determined that the fair value of the stock issued for these consulting services should be the closing price of the stock on the date the stock was issued.  This restatement records the change in valuation.





This Amendment continues to reflect circumstances as of the date of the original filing of the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and we have not updated disclosures contained herein to reflect events that occurred at a later date, except for items related to the restatement.










TABLE OF CONTENTS





NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.





TABLE OF CONTENTS





PagePART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATIONItem 1. Financial StatementsCondensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and March 31, 2009 (unaudited)

3Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2009 and the period from March 18, 1996 (inception) to March 31, 2009

4Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2009 and the period from March 18, 1996 (inception) to March 31, 2009

5Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

6Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

17Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

24Item 4T. Controls and Procedures

25PART II — OTHER INFORMATIONItem 1. Legal Proceedings

26Item 1A. Risk Factors

27Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

37Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

37Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

37Item 5. Other Information

37Item 6. Exhibits

37SIGNATURES

38INDEX TO EXHIBITS

39


2





Part I — Financial Information





NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.


(A Development Stage Company)





Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


(in thousands)


(unaudited)





December 31,

2008


March 31,

2009(Restated)AssetsCurrent assets:Cash

$
16


$
566Accounts receivable


1



1Prepaid expenses and other current assets


1,057



709Total current assets


1,074



1,276Property and equipment:Laboratory equipment


29



29Office furniture and other equipment


82



82Construction in Progress


387



389498



500Less accumulated depreciation and amortization


(104
)


(104
)Property and equipment, net


394



396Deposit and other non-current assets


12



6Total assets

$
1,480


$
1,678Liabilities And Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)Current liabilities:Accounts payable

$
3,420


$
3,746Accounts payable, related party


656



2,178Accrued expenses


1,298



1,127Accrued expense, related party


905



1,362Notes payable, net of warrant related discount ($603 and $119 at December 31, 2008 and March 31,   2009)


2,047



2,531Note payable to related parties, net of warrant related discount ($46 and $22 at December 31, 2008 and March 31,   2009)


5,454



5,478Total current liabilities


13,780



16,422Long term liabilitiesConvertible notes payable, net of discount ($73)


—



687Total long term liabilities


—



687Total liabilities


13,780



17,109Stockholders’ equity (deficit):Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized and none issued and outstandingCommon stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2008 and March 31, 2009 and 42,492,853 and 45,069,872 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2008 and March 31, 2009, respectively


42



44Common stock issuable 688,679 shares at March 31, 2009,


—



1Stock subscription receivable


—



(365
)Additional paid-in capital


152,308



154,100Deficit accumulated during the development stage


(164,626
)


(169,246
)Cumulative translation adjustment


(24
)


35Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)


(12,300
)


(15,431
)Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)

$
1,480


$
1,678





See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.


3


NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.


(A Development Stage Company)





Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations


(in thousands, except per share data)


(Unaudited)





Three Months Ended

March 31,


Period from

March 18,

1996

(Inception) to

March 31,2008


2009


2009(Restated)


(Restated)Revenues:Research material sales

$
—


$
—


$
550Contract research and development from related parties


—



—



1,128Research grants and other


—



—



1,061Total revenues


—



—



2,739Operating costs and expenses:Cost of research material sales


—



—



382Research and development


3,062



2,492



59,817General and administrative


2,603



1,377



50,421Depreciation and amortization


22



—



2,344Loss on facility sublease


—



—



895Asset impairment loss and other (gain) loss


—



—



2,056Total operating costs and expenses


5,687



3,869



115,915Loss from operations


(5,687
)


(3,869
)


(113, 176
)Other income (expense):Warrant valuation


—



—



6,759Gain on sale of intellectual property and property and equipment


—



—



3,664Interest expense


(12
)


(751
)


(22,902
)Interest income and other


74



—



1,218Net loss


(5,625
)


(4,620
)


(124,437
)Issuance of common stock in connection with elimination of Series A and Series A-1 preferred stock preferences


—



—



(12,349
)Modification of Series A preferred stock warrants


—



—



(2,306
)Modification of Series A-1 preferred stock warrants


—



—



(16,393
)Series A preferred stock dividends


—



—



(334
)Series A-1 preferred stock dividends


—



—



(917
)Warrants issued on Series A and Series A-1 preferred stock dividends


—



—



(4,664
)Accretion of Series A preferred stock mandatory redemption obligation


—



—



(1,872
)Series A preferred stock redemption fee


—



—



(1,700
)Beneficial conversion feature of Series D preferred stock


—



—



(4,274
)Net loss applicable to common stockholders

$
(5,625
)

$
(4,620
)

$
(169,246
)Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders — basic and diluted

$
(0.13
)

$
(0.11
)Weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net loss per share


42,346



43,385





See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.


4





NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.


(A Development Stage Company)





Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


(in thousands)


(Unaudited)





Three Months Ended

March 31,


Period from

March 18, 1996

(Inception) to

March 31,2008


2009


2009(Restated)


(Restated)Cash Flows from Operating Activities:Net Loss

$
(5,625
)

$
(4,620
)

$
(124,437
)Reconciliation of net loss to net cash used in operating activities:Depreciation and amortization


22



—



2,344Amortization of deferred financing costs


—



—



320Amortization debt discount


—



509



18,873Accrued interest converted to preferred stock


—



—



260Accreted interest on convertible promissory note


—



—



1,484Stock-based compensation costs


1,097



96



6,888Stock and warrants issued for services and financing costs


—



138



138Warrant valuation


—



—



(6,759
)Asset impairment loss and loss (gain) on sale of properties


—



—



(1,325
)Loss on facility sublease


—



—



895Increase (decrease) in cash resulting from changes in assets and liabilities:Accounts receivable


—



—



(1
)Prepaid expenses and other current assets


28



354



11Accounts payable and accrued expenses


(221
)


248



4,888Related party accounts payable and accrued expenses


(410
)


1,979



3,540Accrued loss on sublease


—



—



(265
)Deferred rent


—



—



410Net Cash used in Operating Activities


(5,109
)


(1,296
)


(92,736
)Cash Flows from Investing Activities:Purchase of property and equipment, net


(128
)


(2
)


(5,003
)Proceeds from sale of property and equipment


—



—



258Proceeds from sale of intellectual property


—



—



1,816Proceeds from sale of marketable securities


—



—



2,000Refund of security deposit


—



—



(3
)Transfer of restricted cash


—



—



(1,035
)Net Cash used in Investing Activities


(128
)


(2
)


(1,967
)Cash Flows from Financing Activities:Proceeds from issuance of note payable


—







2,650Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable






760



760Proceeds from issuance of note payable to related parties


—



—



11,250Repayment of note payable to stockholder


—



—



(6,700
)Proceeds from issuance of convertible promissory note and warrants, net of issuance costs


—



—



13,099Repayment of convertible promissory note


—



—



(119
)Borrowing under line of credit, Northwest Hospital


—



—



2,834Repayment of line of credit, Northwest Hospital


—



—



(2,834
)Payment on capital lease obligations


—



—



(323
)Payments on note payable


—



—



(420
)Proceeds from issuance Series A cumulative preferred stock, net


—



—



28,708Proceeds from exercise of stock options and warrants


—



—



228Proceeds from issuance common stock, net


—



1,029



49,372Payment of preferred stock dividends


—



—



(1,251
)Mandatorily redeemable Series A preferred stock redemption fee


—



—



(1,700
)Deferred financing costs


—



—



(320
)Net Cash provided by Financing Activities


—



1,789



95,234Effect of exchange rates on cash


(46
)


59



35Net increase (decrease) in cash


(5,283
)


550



566Cash at beginning of period


7,861



16



—Cash at end of period

$
2,578


$
566


$
566Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information — Cash paid during the period for interest

$
12


$
—


$
1,879Supplemental schedule of non-cash financing activities:Issuance of common stock in connection with elimination of Series A and Series A-1 preferred stock preferences

$
—


$
—


$
12,349Modification of Series A preferred stock warrants


—



—



2,306Modification of Series A-1 preferred stock warrants


—



—



16,393Warrants issued on Series A and Series A-1 preferred stock dividends


—



—



4,664Equipment acquired through capital leases


—



—



285Common stock warrant liability


—



—



11,841Accretion of mandatorily redeemable Series A preferred stock redemption obligation


—



—



1,872Beneficial conversion feature of convertible promissory notes


—



73



8,332Conversion of convertible promissory notes and accrued interest to Series D preferred stock


—



—



5,324Conversion of convertible promissory notes and accrued interest to Series A-1 preferred stock


—



—



7,707Conversion of convertible promissory notes and accrued interest to common stock


—



—



269Issuance of Series C preferred stock warrants in connection with lease agreement


—



—



43Issuance of common stock for license rights


—



—



4Issuance of common stock and warrants to Medarex


—



—



840Issuance of common stock to landlord


—



—



35Issuance of common stock for finders fee


—



93



93Deferred compensation on issuance of stock options and restricted stock grants


—



—



759Cancellation of options and restricted stock


—



—



849Financing of prepaid insurance through note payable


—



—



491Stock subscription receivable


—



365



845





See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.


5





Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc.


(A Development Stage Company)





Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements


(unaudited)





1.
Basis of Presentation





The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiary, NW Bio Europe Sarl (collectively, the “Company”). All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008. The year-end condensed balance sheet data was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). All normal recurring adjustments which are necessary for the fair presentation of the results for the interim periods are reflected herein. Operating results for the three month periods ended March 31, 2009 and 2008 are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full year.





The independent registered public accounting firm’s report on the financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008 states that because of recurring operating losses, net operating cash flow deficits, and a deficit accumulated during the development stage, there is substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. A “going concern” opinion indicates that the financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.





2.
Restatement of Financial Statements





We have restated:





·
our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit;


·
our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in General and Administrative Expenses to reflect a change in valuation of certain equity issuances during the quarter end March 31, 2009 and increasing amounts reported in Loss from Operations, Net Loss and Net Loss per share – basic and diluted.





As a result of these restatements, amounts recorded in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the period ended March 31, 2009 has also been corrected.  Our total cash flows from operations in these periods remain unchanged. The restatement impacts the disclosures in Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 4 -Controls and Procedures.





The restatement relates to common stock issued for consulting services related to financing activities.  Based on our initial review of the relevant accounting guidance, we determined the fair value for the stock issued for these services using the price of the stock issued to arms length, non-affiliated sophisticated investors in financing transactions concluded during the term of the consulting agreements.  Following discussion with the Securities & Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) and reviewing the literature cited by the Commission we have determined that the fair value of the stock issued for these consulting services should be the closing price of the stock on the date the stock was issued.  This restatement records the change in valuation.





The following table summarizes the effects of the restatement adjustments on our previously issued Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets for the period ended March 31, 2009:





As Previously

Reported


Adjustments


As RestatedAdditional paid-in capital

$
154,056


$
44


$
154,100Deficit accumulated during the development stage


(169,202
)


(44
)


(169,246
)




6





The following table summarizes the effects of the restatement adjustments on our previously issued Condensed Statements of Operations for the period ended March 31, 2009:





Three months ended March 31, 2009


Inception to March 31, 2009As Previously

Reported


Adjustments


As Restated


As

Previously

Reported


Adjustments


As RestatedGeneral and administrative

$
1,333


$
44


$
1,377


$
50,377


$
44


$
50,421Loss from operations


(3,825
)


(44
)


(3,869
)


(113,132
)


(44
)


(113,176
)Net loss


(4,576
)


(44
)


(4,620
)


(124,393
)


(44
)


(124,437
)Net loss applicable to common stockholders


(4,576
)


(44
)


(4,620
)


(169,202
)


(44
)


(169,246
)Net loss per share applicable to common stockholders - basic and diluted


(0.11
)






(0.11
)





The following table summarizes the effects of the restatement adjustments on our previously issued Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the period ended March 31, 2009:





Three months ended March 31, 2009

Inception to March 31, 2009As Previously

Reported

Adjustments

As Restated

As

Previously

Reported

Adjustments

As RestatedNet loss

$
(4,576
)

$
(44
)

$
(4,620
)


(124,393
)


(44
)


(124,437
)Stock-based compensation costs


190



(94
)


96



6,982



(94
)


6,888Stock and warrants issued for services and financing costs


-



138



138



-



138



138





3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies





The significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements are disclosed in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.





Recent and adopted Accounting Pronouncements





In December 2007, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) ratified the consensus reached by the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) on Issue No. 07-1 (“EITF 07-1”), Accounting for Collaborative Arrangements . EITF 07-1 was effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2009 and will be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented for all collaborative arrangements existing as of the effective date. EITF 07-1 defines collaborative arrangements and establishes reporting requirements for transactions between participants in a collaborative arrangement and between participants in the arrangement and third parties. The Company adopted EITF 07-1 effective January 1, 2009 which had no effect on the consolidated financial statements.





In February 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (FSP No. 157-1) which excludes SFAS No. 13, “Accounting for Leases” and certain other accounting pronouncements that address fair value measurements under SFAS 13, from the scope of SFAS 157.  In February 2008, the FASB issued FSP No. 157-2 (FSP FAS 157-2), which provides a one-year delayed application of  SFAS 157 “Fair Value Measurements”   for nonfinancial assets and liabilities, except for items that are recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis (at least annually).  Therefore the Company was required to adopt SFAS 157 as amended by FSP FAS 157-1 and FSP FAS 157-2 on January 1, 2009, the beginning of the Company’s fiscal year, as related to nonfinancial assets and liabilities, which did not have an impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.





On April 9, 2009 the FASB issued several Staff Positions, as listed below, relating to fair value accounting, impairment of securities, and disclosures.  All of these FSP’s are effective for interim and annual periods ending after June 15, 2009; entities may early adopt the FSP’s for the interim and annual periods ended after March 15, 2009.  The Company did not early adopt any of these FSP’s and expect that adoption will not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.





·
FSP FAS 157-4“Determining Fair Value When the Volume and Level of Activity for the Asset or Liability Have Significantly Decreased and Identifying Transactions that are Not Orderly.”


·
FSP FAS 115-2“Recognition and Presentation of Other-Than-Temporary Impairments;”and


·
FSP FAS 107-1, “Interim Disclosures about Fair Value of Financial Statements.”


7


In May 2008, the FASB issued Staff Position No. APB 14-1, Accounting for Convertible Debt Instruments that may be Settled in Cash upon Conversion (Including Partial Cash Settlement) (“FSP APB 14-1”). FSP APB 14-1 states that convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement) are not addressed by paragraph 12 of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 14 and that issuers of such instruments should account separately for the liability and equity components of the instrument in a manner that will reflect the entity’s nonconvertible debt borrowing rate when interest cost is recognized in subsequent periods. FSP APB 14-1 was effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008, and must be applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The Company adopted this standard  on January 1, 2009 which had no effect on the consolidated financial statements.





In June 2008, the FASB ratified EITF Issue No. 07-5, Determining Whether an Instrument (or an Embedded Feature) is Indexed to an Entity’s Own Stock (“EITF 07-5”). EITF 07-5 provides that an entity should use a two-step approach to evaluate whether an equity-linked financial instrument (or embedded feature) is indexed to its own stock, including evaluating the instrument’s contingent exercise and settlement provisions.  EITF 07-5 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008.  The Company adopted EITF 07-5 effective January 1, 2009, which had no effect on the consolidated financial statements.





In June 2008, the FASB issued EITF Issue No. 08-4, Transition Guidance for Conforming Changes to Issue No. 98-5 (“EITF 08-4”).  The objective of EITF 08-4 is to provide transition guidance for conforming changes made to EITF Issue No. 98-5, Accounting for Convertible Securities with Beneficial Conversion Features or Contingently Adjustable Conversion Ratios that result from EITF Issue No. 00-27, Application of Issue No. 98-5 to Certain Convertible Instruments, and SFAS Issue No.  150,  Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity. EITF 08-4 was effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2008. The Company adopted EITF 08-4 effective January 1, 2009, which had no effect on the consolidated financial statements.





In June 2008, the FASB issued FSP EITF Issue No. 03-6-1, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities (“FSP EITF 03-6-1”) . FSP EITF 03-6-1 provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method.  FSP EITF 03-6-1 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008.   The Company adopted EITF 03-6-1 effective January 1, 2009, which had no effect on the consolidated financial statements.





4. Fair Value Measurements





The Company adopted SFAS 157 which applies to certain accounting standards that require or permit fair value measurements on January 1, 2008.





SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. SFAS 157 clarifies that fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.  As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions, SFAS 157 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:





Level 1:  Observable market inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.





Level 2:  Observable market inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly;    and





Level 3: Unobservable inputs where there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own





As of March 31, 2009, the Company did not hold any assets and liabilities which were required to be measured at fair value.





The Company adopted SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities”, which provides entities the option to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value.  The Company has currently chosen not to elect the fair value option for any option for any items that are not already required to be measured at fair value in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.





5. Stock-Based Compensation Plans





The Company has share-based compensation plans under which employees and non-employee directors may be granted options to purchase shares of Company common stock at the fair market value at the time of grant. Stock-based compensation cost is measured by the Company at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period which is generally the vesting period. For options and warrants issued to non-employees, the Company recognizes stock compensation costs utilizing the fair value methodology prescribed in SFAS 123 (revised 2004), Share Based Payment (“SFAS 123(R)”) over the related period of benefit.


8





The stock-based compensation expense related to stock-based awards under SFAS 123(R) totaled approximately $1,096,700 and $190,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2009, respectively. As of March 31, 2009, the Company had $4.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock-based awards granted under all equity compensation plans.





There were no stock options granted during the three month periods ended March 31, 2009 and 2008.





Stock Option Plans





The Company established a stock option plan, which became effective on June 22, 2007 (the “2007 Stock Option Plan”). In April 2008, the Company increased the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2007 Stock Option Plan by an additional 519,132 shares of its common stock for an aggregate of 6,000,000 shares of its common stock, par value $0.001 per share (“Common Stock”), reserved for issue in respect of options granted under the plan. The plan provides for the grant to employees of the Company, its parents and subsidiaries, including officers and employee directors, of “incentive stock options” within the meaning of Section 422 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and for the grant of non-statutory stock options to the employees, officers, directors, including non-employee directors, and consultants of the Company, its parents and subsidiaries. To the extent an optionee would have the right in any calendar year to exercise for the first time one or more incentive stock options for shares having an aggregate fair market value, under all of the Company’s plans and determined as of the grant date, in excess of $100,000, any such excess options will be treated as non-statutory options.





6. Liquidity





The Company has experienced recurring losses from operations, and, as of March 31, 2009, had working capital deficit of $15.1 million and a deficit accumulated during the development stage of $169.2 million.





Since 2004, the Company has undergone a significant recapitalization pursuant to which Toucan Capital Fund II, L.P. (“Toucan Capital”) loaned the Company an aggregate of $6.75 million and Toucan Partners, LLC (“Toucan Partners”) loaned the Company an aggregate of $4.825 million (excluding $225,000 in proceeds from a demand note that was received on June 13, 2007 and repaid on June 27, 2007). The Board’s Chairperson is the managing director of Toucan Capital and the managing member of Toucan Partners. During this period of time, the Company also borrowed funds from certain members of management. In addition, the Company raised capital in March 2006 through a closed equity financing with unrelated investors (the “PIPE Financing”) and in June 2007 sold shares of Common Stock to foreign institutional investors. In May 2008, the Company borrowed $4 million from Al Rajhi Holdings W.L.L. (“Al Rajhi”), which beneficially owns greater than 10% of our issued and outstanding common stock. On August 19, 2008, the Company borrowed $1 million from Toucan Partners. On October 1, 2008, the Company borrowed $1 million from SDS Capital Group SPC, Ltd. (“SDS”).   On November 6, 2008, the Company borrowed an additional $1 million from SDS and $650,000 from a group of private investors. Additionally on December 22, 2008, the Company borrowed $500,000 from Toucan Partners. On February 10, 2009 the Company received $700,000 from Al Rajhi through the purchase of 1,000,000 shares of common stock at $0.70 per share.   During March 2009, the Company borrowed $760,000 from a group of private lenders (“Private Lenders”).  On March 27, 2009, the Company received $0.7 million from a group of investors (“2009 Private Investors”) through the sale of approximately 1.4 million shares of its common stock.





Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners





Toucan Capital loaned the Company an aggregate of $6.75 million during 2004 and 2005. On January 26, 2005, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Toucan Capital pursuant to which it purchased 32.5 million shares of the Company’s Series A cumulative convertible preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $0.04 per share, for a net purchase price of $1.276 million, net of offering related costs of approximately $24,000. In April 2006, the $6.75 million of notes payable plus all accrued interest due to Toucan Capital were converted into shares of the Company’s Series A-1 cumulative convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A-1 Preferred Stock”).





Toucan Partners loaned the Company $4.825 million in a series of transactions. From November 14, 2005 through March 9, 2006, the Company issued three promissory notes to Toucan Partners, pursuant to which Toucan Partners loaned the Company an aggregate of $950,000. In addition to the $950,000 of promissory notes, Toucan Partners provided $3.15 million in cash advances from October 2006 through April 2007, which were converted into convertible notes (the “2007 Convertible Notes”) and related warrants (the “2007 Warrants”) in April 2007. In April 2007, the three promissory notes were amended and restated to conform to the 2007 Convertible Notes. Payment was due under the notes upon written demand on or after June 30, 2007. Interest accrued at 10% per annum, compounded annually, on a 365-day year basis. The principal amount of, and accrued interest on, these notes, as amended, was convertible at Toucan Partners’ election into common stock on the same terms as the 2007 Convertible Notes.





The Company and Toucan Partners also entered into two promissory notes to fix the terms of two additional cash advances provided by Toucan Partners to the Company on May 14, 2007 and May 25, 2007 in the aggregate amount of $725,000, and issued warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s capital stock to Toucan Partners in connection with each such note. These notes and warrants are on the same terms as the 2007 Convertible Notes and 2007 Warrants and the proceeds of these notes enabled the Company to continue to operate and advance programs while raising additional equity financing.


9





During the fourth quarter of 2007, the Company repaid $5.3 million of principal and related accrued interest due to Toucan Partners pursuant to the convertible notes.





On August 19, 2008, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Toucan Partners, under which Toucan Partners provided the Company with debt financing in the amount of $1.0 million (the “Toucan Loan”). Under the terms of the Toucan Loan, the Company received $1.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $1,060,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $60,000). The Toucan Loan had a term of six months. On February 19, 2009, Toucan Partners agreed to extend the term of the loan, the terms and  period of the extension are currently being negotiated by management. The note may be paid at any time without a prepayment penalty and the term may be extended in Toucan Partners discretion upon the Company’s request. Since February 20, 2009 the Company has been accruing interest related to the Toucan Loan on the same terms as those included in the original agreement. At March 31, 2009, the carrying value of the Loan was $1,073,000. The Company amortizes the discount using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. During the three month period ended March 31, 2009, the Company recorded interest expense related to the amortization of the discount of $29,000. Toucan Partners may elect to have the original issue discount amount paid at maturity in shares of common stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the ten trading days prior to the execution of the loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Toucan Loan did not result in a beneficial conversion feature.





On December 22, 2008, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement and Promissory Note with Toucan Partners.   Under the Note, Toucan has loaned the Company $500,000 (the “Toucan December Loan”).  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Note is six months, with a maturity date of June 22, 2009.  The Note may be prepaid without the consent of Toucan.   The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note.  In connection with the Note, the Company issued to Toucan Partners a warrant to purchase 132,500 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.40 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board on December 22, 2008.  The warrant expires 5 years from the date of issuance.





Upon issuing the Note to Toucan Partners, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $453,000 and $47,000, respectively, in accordance with APB Opinion No. 14, Accounting for Convertible Debt and Debt Issued with Stock Purchase Warrants ” (“APB 14”).  The fair value of the note was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS No. 150, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Characteristics of both Liabilities and Equity (“SFAS 150”) and EITF 00-19, Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed to, and Potentially Settled in, a Company's Own Stock ("EITF 00-19"), with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of five years, volatility of 197%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.





Conversion of Preferred Stock and Related Matters





On June 1, 2007, the Company issued to Toucan Capital a new warrant to purchase the Company’s Series A-1 Preferred Stock (“Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant”) in exchange for the cancellation of all previously issued warrants to purchase Series A-1 Preferred Stock (or, at the election of Toucan Capital, any other equity or debt security of the Company) held by Toucan Capital. The new Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant is exercisable for 6,471,333 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock plus shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital (with each such Series A-1 Preferred Share convertible into 2.67 shares of common stock at $0.60 per share), compared to the 3,062,500 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (with each such Series A-1 Preferred Share convertible into 2.67 shares of common stock at $0.60 per share) that were previously issuable to Toucan Capital upon exercise of the warrants being cancelled.





Also on June 1, 2007, the Company and Toucan Capital amended Toucan Capital’s warrant to purchase Series A Preferred Stock (the “Toucan Capital Series A Warrant”) to increase the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock that are issuable upon exercise of the warrant to 32,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock (plus shares of Series A Preferred Stock attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital) from 13,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock.





In connection with the modifications of the Series A and Series A-1 Preferred Stock warrants, the Company recognized reductions in earnings applicable to common stockholders in June 2007 of $2.3 million and $16.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the warrant modifications was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield of 0%, risk-free interest rate of 5.0% volatility of 398%, and a contractual life of seven years.





On June 15, 2007, the Company, Toucan Capital, and Toucan Partners entered into a conversion agreement (“Conversion Agreement”) which became effective on June 22, 2007 upon the admission of the Company’s common stock to trade on Alternative Investment Market (“AIM”) (“Admission”).


10





Pursuant to the terms of the Conversion Agreement (i) Toucan Capital agreed to convert and has converted all of its shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock (in each case, excluding any accrued and unpaid dividends) into common stock and agreed to eliminate a number of rights, preferences and protections associated with the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference entitling Toucan Capital to certain substantial cash payments and (ii) Toucan Partners agreed to eliminate all of its existing rights to receive Series A-1 Preferred Stock under certain notes and warrants (and thereafter to receive shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock), and the rights, preferences and protections associated with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference that would entitle Toucan Partners to certain substantial cash payments. In return for these agreements, the Company issued to Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners 4,287,851 and 2,572,710 shares of common stock, respectively. In connection with the issuance of these shares, the Company recognized a further reduction of earnings applicable to common stockholders of $12.3 million in June 2007.





Under the terms of the Conversion Agreement (i) the Toucan Capital Series A Warrant is exercisable for 2,166,667 shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A Preferred Stock (plus shares of common stock, rather than shares of Series A Preferred Stock, attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock previously held by Toucan Capital that were converted into common stock upon Admission, subject to the further provisions of the Conversion Agreement as described below) and (ii) the Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant became exercisable for an aggregate of 17,256,888 shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (plus shares of common stock, rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock previously held by Toucan Capital that were converted into common stock upon Admission), subject to further provisions of the Conversion Agreement as described below.





As noted above, the 32,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital converted, in accordance with their terms, into 2,166,667 shares of common stock and the 4,816,863 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital converted, in accordance with their terms, into 12,844,968 shares of common stock.





Under the terms of the Conversion Agreement, Toucan Capital also agreed to temporarily defer receipt of the accrued and unpaid dividends on its shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock of an amount equal to $334,340 and $917,451, respectively, until not later than September 30, 2007. In September 2007, we paid these dividends in full to Toucan Capital.





As a result of the financings described above, as of March 31, 2009, Toucan Capital held:





•
an aggregate of 19,299,486 shares of common stock;





•
warrants to purchase 14,150,732 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.60 per share; and





•
warrants to purchase 7,884,357 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.15 per share.





As a result of the financings described above, as of March 31, 2009, Toucan Partners and its managing member Ms. Linda Powers held:





•
an aggregate of 2,572,710 shares of common stock;





•
warrants to purchase 8,832,541 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.60 per share; and





•
warrants to purchase 132,500 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.40.





The investments made by Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners were made pursuant to the terms and conditions of a Recapitalization Agreement originally entered into on April 26, 2004 with Toucan Capital. The Recapitalization Agreement, as amended, originally contemplated the investment of up to $40 million through the issuance of new securities to Toucan Capital and a syndicate of other investors to be determined.





The Company and Toucan Capital amended the Recapitalization Agreement in conjunction with each successive loan agreement. The amendments generally (i) updated certain representations and warranties of the parties made in the Recapitalization Agreement, and (ii) made certain technical changes in the Recapitalization Agreement in order to facilitate the bridge loans described therein.





Through June 22, 2007, the Company accrued and reimbursed certain legal and other administrative costs on Toucan Capital’s behalf pursuant to the Recapitalization Agreement. Subsequent to June 22, 2007, Toucan Capital has incurred costs on behalf of the Company, primarily related to travel expenses and fees incurred in connection with efforts to investigate and establish DCVax ® businesses in other locations overseas. In addition, effective July 1, 2007, the Company commenced accruing rent expense related to the sublease for its Bethesda, Maryland office space from Toucan Capital. During the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company recognized approximately $1.0 million of general and administrative costs related to this Recapitalization Agreement, rent expense and other costs incurred by Toucan Capital on the Company’s behalf. Approximately $175,000 of these costs relate to activities which took place prior to 2007. During the year ended December 31, 2006 the Company recognized $1.3 million of general and administrative costs related to the Recapitalization Agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the Conversion Agreement, the Recapitalization Agreement was terminated on June 22, 2007.


11





As of March 31, 2009, Toucan Capital, including the holdings of Toucan Partners, beneficially owned of 21,872,196 shares of our capital stock, representing approximately 48.5% of our outstanding common stock.





Private Placement





On March 30, 2006, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a group of accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell an aggregate of approximately 2.6 million shares of its Common Stock, at a price of $2.10 per share, and to issue, for no additional consideration, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of approximately 1.3 million shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The PIPE Financing closed and stock was issued to the new investors in early April and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $5.5 million, before cash offering expenses of approximately $442,000. The total cost of the offering recorded, including both cash and non-cash costs, was approximately $837,000. The relative fair value of the Common Stock was estimated to be approximately $3.7 million and the relative fair value of the warrants was estimated to be $1.8 million as determined based on the relative fair value allocation of the proceeds received. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.





In connection with the securities purchase agreement, the Company issued approximately 67,000 warrants to its investment bank valued at approximately $395,000. The fair value of the warrants issued to the investment banker was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model based on the following assumptions: risk free interest rate of 4.8%, contractual life of five years, expected volatility of 382% and a dividend yield of 0%.





The warrants expire five years after issuance, and are initially exercisable at a price of $2.10 per share, subject to adjustments under certain circumstances.





On January 16, 2009 the Company received $700,000 from Al Rajhi Holdings through the purchase of 1,000,000 shares of its common stock at $0.70 per share.  The Company granted Al Rajhi Holdings piggyback registration rights for the shares issued under the sale of securities.  The Securities Purchase Agreement contains the usual representations, warranties and covenants.





On March 27, 2009, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2009 Purchase Agreement”) with a group of accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell an aggregate of approximately 1.4 million shares of its common stock, at a price of $0.53 per share, and to issue, for no additional consideration, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of approximately 207,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The financing closed and stock was issued to the new investors in early April and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million, before cash offering expenses of approximately $36,000. The total cost of the offering recorded, including both cash and non-cash costs, was approximately $176,000. The relative fair value of the common stock was estimated to be approximately $0.6 million and the relative fair value of the warrants was estimated to be $140,000 as determined based on the relative fair value allocation of the proceeds received. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.





Placement of Common Stock with Foreign Institutional Investors





On June 22, 2007, the Company placed 15,789,473 shares of its Common Stock with foreign institutional investors at a price of £0.95 per share. The gross proceeds from the placement were approximately £15.0 million, or $29.9 million, while net proceeds from the offering, after deducting commissions and expenses, were approximately £13.0 million, or $25.9 million. The net proceeds from the placement are being used to fund clinical trials, product and process development, working capital needs and repayment of certain existing debt.





Shareholder Loan





On May 12, 2008, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Al Rajhi, under which Al Rajhi provided the Company with debt financing in the amount of $4.0 million (the “Loan”). Under the terms of the Loan, the Company received $4.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $4,240,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $240,000). The Loan had an original term of six months. On November 14, 2008 Al Rajhi agreed to extend the term of the Loan on terms that are currently being negotiated.  Since November 14, 2008 and until the terms of negotiation and execution of necessary documents are complete the Company has been accruing costs related to the Loan on the same terms as those included in the original loan agreement. The note may be paid at any time without a prepayment penalty and the term may be extended in Al Rajhi’s discretion upon the Company’s request. At March 31, 2009, the carrying value of the Loan was $4,440,000.  During the three month period ended March 31, 2009, the Company recorded interest expense including amortization of the original issue discount of $119,000. Al Rajhi may elect to have the original issue discount amount paid at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the ten trading days prior to the execution of the Loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Loan did not result in a beneficial conversion feature on the maturity date of the Loan.




12




Other Loans
 
 On October 1, 2008, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement (the “SDS Loan”) and Promissory Note (the “Note”) with SDS.   Under the Note, SDS loaned the Company $1.0 million.  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Note is six months, with a maturity date of April 1, 2009. SDS agreed to extend the term of the Note on terms that are currently being negotiated.   Since April 2, 2009 the Company has been accruing interest related to the SDS Loan on the same terms as those included in the original agreement. The Note may not be prepaid without the consent of SDS.  The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note.  In connection with the Note, the Company issued to SDS a warrant (the “Investment Warrant”) to purchase 299,046 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.53 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the AIM on October 1, 2008.  The Investment Warrant expires 5 years from the date of issuance.
 
 In addition to the Investment Warrant, under the terms of the Note, the Company issued SDS an additional warrant as a placement fee (the “Placement Warrant”) to purchase 398,729 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $0.53 per share.  The Placement Warrant, which is in substantially the same form as the Investment Warrant, also expires 5 years after issuance.
 
 Upon issuing the note to SDS, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $625,000 and $375,000, respectively, in accordance with APB 14.  The fair value of the note was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS No. 150, and EITF 00-19, with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of five years, volatility of 194%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 2.87%.
 
 On dates between October 21, 2008 and November 6, 2008, the Company entered into Loan Agreements (the “Private Investor Loans”) and Promissory Notes (the “Private Investor Promissory Notes”) with SDS and a group of private investors (the “Private Investors”).  Under the Private Investor Promissory Notes, SDS loaned the Company $1 million and the Private Investors loaned the Company $650,000 for an aggregate of $1.65 million. The Private Investor Promissory Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Private Investor Promissory Notes is six months, with maturity dates in April 2009. Management is in discussion with the Private Investors concerning extension of the Notes. Since the maturity dates of the Notes the Company has been accruing interest related to the Private Investor Loans on the same terms as those included in the original agreements. The Private Investor Promissory Notes may be prepaid at the discretion of the Company any time prior to maturity.  The Private Investor Promissory Notes contain customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Private Investor Promissory Notes.  The Company granted SDS and the Private Investors piggyback registration rights for any shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued to such investors upon exercise of the warrants issued to them in connection with the Private Investor Promissory Notes.  Additionally, SDS received certain rights relating to subsequent financings, subject to the Company’s right to pre-pay SDS and avoid the rights being triggered.
 
 In connection with the Private Investor Promissory Notes, the Company issued to SDS and the Private Investors warrants to purchase, in the aggregate, 2,132,927 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.41 per share.  The Warrants expire three years from the date of issuance.
 
 Upon issuing the notes to SDS, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $1,053,000 and $597,000, respectively, in accordance with APB 14.  The fair value of the notes and warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS 150 and EITF 00-19, with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of three years, volatility of 158%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 1.86%.
 
 During March 2009, the Company entered into Convertible Loan Agreements and Promissory Notes with a group of Private Lenders (“Private Lenders”). Under the Note the Private Lenders have loaned the Company $650,000.  The Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest at the rate of 6% per year. The term of the Notes is two years, with a maturity dates in March 2011.   The Notes may not be prepaid without the consent of Private Lenders.  The Notes contain customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Notes. The conversion feature of the Loan Agreements allows the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock and not cash or other consideration. The Private Lenders may elect to have the total principal and accrued interest or any fraction thereof paid at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the five trading days prior to the execution of the Loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Loans resulted in a beneficial conversion feature with a relative fair value of $73,000 attributable to the beneficial conversion feature.
  13
  On March 26, 2009, the Company entered into Convertible Loan Agreement and Promissory Note with a Private Lender (“Private Lender”). Under the Note the Private Lender has loaned the Company $110,000.  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 6% per year. The term of the Note is two years, with a maturity date of March 25, 2011.   The Note may not be prepaid without the consent of Private Lender.  The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note. Upon receiving a request from the Private Lender for conversion the Company may elect to settle the instrument in cash or pay the total principal and accrued interest or any fraction thereof  at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the five trading days prior to maturity.  The Company has assessed the note under the terms of FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1 and concluded that the amount of the loan attributable to equity is immaterial.  The intrinsic value of the note did not result in a material beneficial conversion feature.
 
 Going Concern
 
 As of May 9, 2009, the Company had approximately $0.1 million of cash on hand. The Company will need to raise additional capital in the near future to fund its clinical trials and other operating activities. The Company is in discussions with multiple parties regarding potential funding transaction. However, these parties are not obligated to provide such financing.
 
 The Company will require additional funding before it achieves profitability and there can be no assurance that its efforts to seek such funding will be successful. The Company may raise additional funds by issuing additional common stock or securities (equity or debt) convertible into shares of Common Stock, in which case, the ownership interest of its stockholders will be diluted. Any debt financing, if available, is likely to include restrictive covenants that could limit the Company’s ability to take certain actions. Further, the Company may seek funding from Toucan Capital or Toucan Partners or their affiliates or other third parties. Such parties are under no obligation to provide the Company with any additional funds, and any such funding may be dilutive to stockholders and may contain restrictive covenants. The Company is currently exploring additional financings with several other parties; however, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to complete any such financings or that the terms of such financings will be attractive to the Company. If the Company ’ s capital raising efforts are unsuccessful, its inability to obtain additional cash as needed could have a material adverse effect on the Company ’ s financial position, results of operations and the Company ’ s ability to continue its existence. The Company ’ s independent registered public accounting firm has indicated in its report on the Company ’ s consolidated financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 that there is substantial doubt about the Company ’ s ability to continue as a going concern.
 
 7. Net Income (Loss) Per Share Applicable to Common Stockholders
 
 Effective June 19, 2007, all shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding were combined and reclassified on a one-for-fifteen basis (the “Reverse Stock Split). The effect of the Reverse Stock Split has been retroactively applied to all periods presented in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
 
 For the three months ended March 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, options to purchase 940,000 and 4,760,000 shares of Common Stock and warrants to purchase 35 million and 32 million shares of Common Stock were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because they were antidilutive.
 
 8. Related Party Transactions
 
 Cognate Agreement
 
 On July 30, 2004, the Company entered into a service agreement with Cognate Therapeutics, Inc. (now known as Cognate BioServices, Inc., or Cognate), a contract manufacturing and services organization in which Toucan Capital has a majority interest. In addition, two of the principals of Toucan Capital are members of Cognate’s board of directors and, on May 17, 2007, the managing director of Toucan Capital was appointed to serve as a director of the Company and to serve as the non-executive Chairperson of the Company’s Board of Directors. Under the service agreement, the Company agreed to utilize Cognate’s services for an initial two-year period, related primarily to manufacturing DCVax® product candidates, regulatory advice, research and development preclinical activities and managing clinical trials. The agreement expired on July 30, 2006; however, the Company continued to utilize Cognate’s services under the same terms as set forth in the expired agreement. On May 17, 2007, the Company entered into a new service agreement with Cognate pursuant to which Cognate will provide certain consulting and, when needed, manufacturing services to the Company for its DCVax®-Brain Phase II clinical trial. Under the terms of the new contract, the Company paid a non-refundable contract initiation fee of $250,000 and committed to pay budgeted monthly service fees of $400,000, subject to quarterly true-ups, and monthly facility fees of $150,000. The Company may terminate this agreement with 180 days notice and payment of all reasonable wind-up costs and Cognate may terminate the contract in the event that the brain cancer clinical trial fails to complete enrollment by July 1, 2009. However, if such termination by the Company occurs at any time prior to the earlier of the submission of an FDA biological license application/new drug application on the Company’s brain cancer clinical trial or July 1, 2010 or, such termination by Cognate results from failure of the brain cancer clinical trial to complete patient enrollment by July 1, 2009, the Company is obligated to make an additional termination fee payment to Cognate equal to $2 million.
  14
  During the three months ending March 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, the Company recognized approximately $2.0 million and $1.8 million of research and development costs related to these service agreements. As of March 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008, the Company owed Cognate approximately $2.6 million and $1.1 million respectively.
 
 Toucan Capital
 
 In accordance with a recapitalization agreement dated April 26, 2004 between the Company and Toucan Capital, as amended and restated on July 30, 2004 and further amended ten times between October 22, 2004 and November 14, 2005, pursuant to which Toucan Capital agreed to recapitalize the Company by making loans to the Company, the Company accrued and paid certain legal and other administrative costs on Toucan Capital’s behalf. Pursuant to the terms of the Conversion Agreement discussed above, the recapitalization agreement was terminated on June 22, 2007. Subsequent to the termination of the recapitalization agreement, Toucan Capital continues to incur costs on behalf of the Company. These costs primarily relate to consulting costs and travel expenses incurred in support of the Company’s international expansion efforts. In addition, since July 1, 2007, the Company has paid and recorded rent expense due to Toucan Capital Corporation, an affiliate of Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners, for its office space in Bethesda, Maryland.
 
 During the three months ending March 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, the Company recognized approximately $0 and $150,000 of general and administrative costs related to the recapitalization agreement, rent expense, as well as legal, travel and other costs incurred by Toucan Capital on the Company’s behalf. At March 31, 2009 and December 31, 2008, accrued expenses payable to Toucan Capital amounted to $0.1 million and $0.4 million, respectively, and are included in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
 
 Toucan Partners
 
 See “Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners” in Note 5 above.
 
 Al Rajhi
 
 See “Shareholder Loan” in Note 5 above.
 
 9. Contingencies
 
 Private Placement
 
 On March 30, 2006, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a group of accredited investors pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of approximately 2.63 million shares of its Common Stock, at a price of $2.10 per share (the “PIPE Shares”), and issued, for no additional consideration, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of approximately 1.3 million shares of Company’s Common Stock (the “Warrant Shares”).
 
 Under the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to register for resale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) both the PIPE Shares and the Warrant Shares. The Company also agreed to other customary obligations regarding registration, including matters relating to indemnification, maintenance of the registration statement, payment of expenses, and compliance with state “blue sky” laws. The Company may be liable for liquidated damages if the registration statement (after being declared effective) ceases to be effective in a manner, and for a period of time, that violates the Company’s obligations under the Purchase Agreement. The amount of the liquidated damages payable to the investors is, in aggregate, one percent (1%) of the aggregate purchase price of the shares per month, subject to a cap of ten percent (10%) of the aggregate purchase price of the shares.
 
 As of April 30, 2009, the Company’s registration statement ceased to be effective. The Company has not yet filed a post-effective amendment to the registration statement. Liquidated damages will accrue at a rate of approximately $550 per day until a post effective registration statement is filed and becomes effective.  Liquidated damages accrued through March 31, 2009 for previous periods during which the registration statement was not effective amount to the aggregate of approximately $180,000.
 
 Legal Proceedings
 
 SOMA Arbitration
 
 We signed an engagement letter, dated October 15, 2003, with Soma Partners, LLC, or Soma, a New Jersey-based investment bank, pursuant to which we engaged them to locate potential investors. Pursuant to the terms of the engagement letter, any disputes arising between the parties would be submitted to arbitration in the New York metropolitan area. A dispute arose between the parties. Soma filed an arbitration claim against us with the American Arbitration Association in New York, NY claiming unpaid commission fees of $186,000 and seeking declaratory relief regarding potential fees for future transactions that may be undertaken by us with Toucan Capital. We vigorously disputed Soma’s claims on multiple grounds. We contended that we only owed Soma approximately $6,000.
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  Soma subsequently filed an amended arbitration claim, claiming unpaid commission fees of $339,000 and warrants to purchase 6% of the aggregate securities issued to date, and seeking declaratory relief regarding potential fees for future financing transactions which may be undertaken by us with Toucan Capital and others, which could potentially be in excess of $4 million. Soma also requested the arbitrator award its attorneys’ fees and costs related to the proceedings. We strongly disputed Soma’s claims and defended ourselves.
 
 The arbitration proceedings occurred from March 8-10, 2005 and on May 24, 2005, the arbitrator ruled in our favor and denied all claims of Soma. In particular, the arbitrator decided that we did not owe Soma the fees and warrants sought by Soma, that we would not owe Soma fees in connection with future financings, if any, and that we had no obligation to pay any of Soma’s attorneys’ fees or expenses. The arbitrator agreed with us that the only amount we owed Soma was $6,702.87, which payment we made on May 27, 2005.
 
 On August 29, 2005, Soma filed a notice of petition to vacate the May 24, 2005 arbitration award with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. On December 30, 2005, the Supreme Court of the State of New York dismissed Soma’s petition.
 
 On February 3, 2006, Soma filed another notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. On December 6, 2006, we filed our brief for this appeal and on December 12, 2006, Soma filed its reply brief. On June 19, 2007, the Appellate Division, First Department of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, reversed the December 30, 2005 decision and ordered a new arbitration proceeding. On July 26, 2007, we filed a Motion for Leave to Appeal with the Court of Appeals of the State of New York and on August 3, 2007 Soma filed its reply brief. On October 16, 2007, the Court of Appeals of the State of New York denied our motion to appeal. A new arbitration hearing took place in New York on May 13-15, 2009.  Management is unable to assess the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome resulting from the arbitration at this time. We intend to continue to vigorously defend ourselves against the claims of Soma.
 
 Lonza Patent Infringement Claim
 
 No change from previous filings.
 
 Stockholder Class Action Lawsuits
 
 On August 13, 2007, a complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington naming the Company, the Chairperson of its Board of Directors, Linda F. Powers, and its Chief Executive Officer, Alton L. Boynton, as defendants in a class action for violation of federal securities laws. After this complaint was filed, five additional complaints were filed in other jurisdictions alleging similar claims. The complaints were filed on behalf of purchasers of the Company’s Common Stock between July 9, 2007 and July 18, 2007 and allege violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. The complaints seek unspecified compensatory damages, costs and expenses. On December 18, 2007, a consolidated complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington consolidating the stockholder actions previously filed. The putative securities class action lawsuit, In re Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. Securities Litigation , No. C-07-1254-RAJ was settled with prejudice January 8, 2009.  The Company has agreed to pay in settlement US$1 million.  In accordance with the stipulation the insurance company has directly deposited the $1,000,000 in a court controlled escrow account. The settlement must be approved by the Court.  Management is unable to determine when the Court will approve the settlement.  Additional details about the settlement can be found in the formal settlement documents, which are available from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.  The case alleged that the Company misrepresented certain facts that resulted in the artificial inflation of the price of Northwest Biotherapeutics publicly-traded common stock between April 17, 2007 and July 18, 2007.  The Company disputes the allegations of the lawsuit, and denies that there was any such misrepresentation or that the shares of Northwest Biotherapeutics common stock were artificially inflated.  Nevertheless the Company is settling the lawsuit to avoid potentially expensive and protracted litigation.
 
 We have no other legal proceedings pending at this time.
 
 10. Subsequent Events
 
 On May 2, 2009, the Company received $88,000 from Toucan Partners as a short term loan. The terms of the short term loan are currently being negotiated. The Company is exploring additional financing transactions with several other parties, which it hopes to complete during 2009. However, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to complete any of the financings, or that the terms for such financings will be favorable to the Company.
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  Item. 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
 The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes to those statements included with this report. In addition to historical information, this report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such forward-looking statements are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. The words “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “anticipate,” and similar expressions are used to identify forward-looking statements, but some forward-looking statements are expressed differently. Many factors could affect our actual results, including those factors described under “Risk Factors” elsewhere in this report. These factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from those presently anticipated by us. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.
 
 Restatement of Financial Statements
 
 We have restated:
 
 ·
our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit;
 ·
our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2009 by increasing amounts reported in General and Administrative Expenses to reflect a change in valuation of certain equity issuances during the quarter end March 31, 2009 and increasing amounts reported in Loss from Operations, Net Loss and Net Loss per share – basic and diluted.
 
 As a result of these restatements, amounts recorded in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the period ended March 31, 2009 has also been corrected.  Our total cash flows from operations in these periods remain unchanged. The restatement impacts the disclosures in Item 2 - Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Item 4 -Controls and Procedures.
 
 The restatement relates to common stock issued for consulting services related to financing activities.  Based on our initial review of the relevant accounting guidance, we determined the fair value for the stock issued for these services using the price of the stock issued to arms length, non-affiliated sophisticated investors in financing transactions concluded during the term of the consulting agreements.  Following discussion with the Securities & Exchange Commission (the “Commission”) and reviewing the literature cited by the Commission we have determined that the fair value of the stock issued for these consulting services should be the closing price of the stock on the date the stock was issued.  This restatement records the change in valuation.
 
 Overview
 
 Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. was formed in 1996 and incorporated in Delaware in July 1998. We are a development stage biotechnology company focused on discovering, developing, and commercializing immunotherapy products that safely generate and enhance immune system responses to effectively treat cancer. Currently approved cancer treatments are frequently ineffective, can cause undesirable side effects and provide marginal clinical benefits. Our approach in developing cancer therapies utilizes our expertise in the biology of dendritic cells, which are a type of white blood cells that activate the immune system. Our primary activities since incorporation have been focused on advancing a proprietary dendritic cell immunotherapy for prostate and brain cancer, together with strategic and financial planning, and raising capital to fund our operations.
 
 We have two basic technology platforms applicable to cancer therapeutics: dendritic cell-based cancer vaccines, which we call DCVax®, and monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapeutics. DCVax® is our registered trademark. Our DCVax® dendritic cell-based cancer vaccine program is our main technology platform.
 
 We completed an initial public offering of our common stock on the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) in December 2001 and an initial public offering of our common stock on the Alternative Investment Market (“AIM”) of the London Stock Exchange in June 2007.
 
 As described in further detail elsewhere in this report, since 2004 we have undergone a significant recapitalization pursuant to which (i) Toucan Capital Fund II, L.P. (“Toucan Capital”) loaned us an aggregate of $6.75 million, which notes payable and accrued interest thereon were converted into shares of our Series A-1 cumulative convertible preferred stock (the “Series A-1 Preferred Stock”) in April 2006 and subsequently converted into common stock in June 2007; and (ii) Toucan Partners, LLC (“Toucan Partners”) loaned us an aggregate of $4.825 million (excluding $225,000 in proceeds from a demand note that was received on June 13, 2007 and repaid on June 27, 2007), which borrowings have, in a series of transactions, been converted into convertible notes with an aggregate outstanding principal of $4.825 million and related warrant coverage. In the fourth quarter of 2007, we repaid all of the remaining outstanding principal and accrued interest pursuant to these convertible notes in the aggregate amount of $5.3 million to Toucan Partners.
  17
  In addition, on January 26, 2005, Toucan Capital purchased 32.5 million shares of our Series A cumulative convertible preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) at a purchase price of $0.04 per share, for a net purchase price of $1.276 million, net of offering related costs of approximately $24,000. In June 2007, this Series A Preferred Stock was converted into common stock.
 
 On March 30, 2006, we sold approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock at a purchase price of $2.10 per share and raised aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $5.5 million in a closed equity financing with unrelated investors (the “PIPE Financing”). The total cost of the offering recorded, including both cash and non-cash costs, was approximately $837,000.
 
 On June 22, 2007, we placed 15,789,473 shares of our common stock with foreign institutional investors at a price of £0.95 per share. The gross proceeds from the placement were approximately £15.0 million, or $29.9 million, while net proceeds from the offering, after deducting commissions and expenses, were approximately £13.0 million, or $25.9 million.
 
 On May 12, 2008, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Al Rajhi, under which Al Rajhi provided the Company with debt financing in the amount of $4.0 million (the “Loan”). Under the terms of the Loan, the Company received $4.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $4,240,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $240,000). The Loan had an original term of six months. On November 14, 2008 Al Rajhi agreed to extend the term of the Loan on terms that are currently being negotiated.  Since November 14, 2008 and until the terms of negotiation and execution of necessary documents are complete the Company has been accruing costs related to the Loan on the same terms as those included in the original loan agreement. The note may be paid at any time without a prepayment penalty and the term may be extended in Al Rajhi’s discretion upon the Company’s request. At March 31, 2009, the carrying value of the Loan was $4,440,000.  During the three month period ended March 31, 2009, the Company recorded interest expense including amortization of the original issue discount of $119,000. Al Rajhi may elect to have the original issue discount amount paid at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the ten trading days prior to the execution of the Loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Loan did not result in a beneficial conversion feature on the maturity date of the Loan.
  On August 19, 2008, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Toucan Partners, under which Toucan Partners provided the Company with debt financing in the amount of $1.0 million (the “Toucan Loan”). Under the terms of the Toucan Loan, the Company received $1.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $1,060,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $60,000). The Toucan Loan had a term of six months. On February 19, 2009, Toucan Partners agreed to extend the term of the loan, the terms and  period of the extension are currently being negotiated by management. The note may be paid at any time without a prepayment penalty and the term may be extended in Toucan Partners discretion upon the Company’s request. Since February 20, 2009 the Company has been accruing interest related to the Toucan Loan on the same terms as those included in the original agreement. At March 31, 2009, the carrying value of the Loan was $1,073,000. The Company amortizes the discount using the effective interest method over the term of the loan. During the three month period ended March 31, 2009, the Company recorded interest expense related to the amortization of the discount of $29,000. Toucan Partners may elect to have the original issue discount amount paid at maturity in shares of common stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s common stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the ten trading days prior to the execution of the loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Toucan Loan did not result in a beneficial conversion feature.
 
 On October 1, 2008, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement (the “SDS Loan”) and Promissory Note (the “Note”) with SDS.   Under the Note, SDS loaned the Company $1.0 million.  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Note is six months, with a maturity date of April 1, 2009. SDS agreed to extend the term of the Note on terms that are currently being negotiated.   Since April 2, 2009 the Company has accrued interest related to the SDS Loan on the same terms as those included in the original agreement The Note may not be prepaid without the consent of SDS.  The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note.  In connection with the Note, the Company issued to SDS a warrant (the “Investment Warrant”) to purchase 299,046 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.53 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the AIM on October 1, 2008.  The Investment Warrant expires 5 years from the date of issuance.
 
 In addition to the Investment Warrant, under the terms of the Note, the Company issued SDS an additional warrant as a placement fee (the “Placement Warrant”) to purchase 398,729 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price equal to $0.53 per share.  The Placement Warrant, which is in substantially the same form as the Investment Warrant, also expires 5 years after issuance.
 
 Upon issuing the note to SDS, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $625,000 and $375,000, respectively, in accordance with APB 14.  The fair value of the note was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS No. 150, and EITF 00-19, with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of five years, volatility of 194%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 2.87%.
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  On dates between October 21, 2008 and November 6, 2008, the Company entered into Loan Agreements (the “Private Investor Loans”) and Promissory Notes (the “Private Investor Promissory Notes”) with SDS and a group of private investors (the “Private Investors”).  Under the Private Investor Promissory Notes, SDS loaned the Company $1 million and the Private Investors loaned the Company $650,000 for an aggregate of $1.65 million. The Private Investor Promissory Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Private Investor Promissory Notes is six months, with maturity dates in April 2009. Management is in discussion with the Private Investors concerning extension of the Notes. Since the maturity dates of the Notes the Company has been accruing interest related to the Private Investor Loans on the same terms as those included in the original agreements. The Private Investor Promissory Notes may be prepaid at the discretion of the Company any time prior to maturity.  The Private Investor Promissory Notes contain customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Private Investor Promissory Notes.  The Company granted SDS and the Private Investors piggyback registration rights for any shares of the Company’s Common Stock issued to such investors upon exercise of the warrants issued to them in connection with the Private Investor Promissory Notes.  Additionally, SDS received certain rights relating to subsequent financings, subject to the Company’s right to pre-pay SDS and avoid the rights being triggered.
 
 In connection with the Private Investor Promissory Notes, the Company issued to SDS and the Private Investors warrants to purchase, in the aggregate, 2,132,927 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.41 per share.  The Warrants expire three years from the date of issuance.
 
 Upon issuing the notes to SDS, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $1,053,000 and $597,000, respectively, in accordance with APB 14.  The fair value of the notes and warrants was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS 150 and EITF 00-19, with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of three years, volatility of 158%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 1.86%.
 
 On December 22, 2008, the Company entered into a Loan Agreement and Promissory Note with Toucan Partners.   Under the Note, Toucan has loaned the Company $500,000 (the “Toucan December Loan”).  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 12% per year. The term of the Note is six months, with a maturity date of June 22, 2009.  The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note.  In connection with the Note, the Company issued to Toucan Partners a warrant to purchase 132,500 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price equal to $0.40 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board on December 22, 2008.  The warrant expires 5 years from the date of issuance.
 
 Upon issuing the Note to Toucan Partners, the Company recognized the note and warrants based on their relative fair values of $453,000 and $47,000, respectively, in accordance with APB 14.  The fair value of the note was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The relative fair value of the warrants was classified as a component of additional paid-in capital in accordance with SFAS No. 150, and EITF 00-19, , with the corresponding amount reflected as a contra-liability to the debt.  The fair value of the warrants was determined using the Black Scholes model, assuming a term of five years, volatility of 197%, no dividends, and a risk-free interest rate of 1.53%.
 
 On January 16, 2009 the Company received $700,000 from Al Rajhi Holdings through the purchase of 1,000,000 shares of its common stock at $0.70 per share.  The Company granted Al Rajhi Holdings piggyback registration rights for the shares issued under the sale of securities.  The Securities Purchase Agreement contains the usual representations, warranties and covenants.
 
 During March 2009, the Company entered into Convertible Loan Agreements and Promissory Notes with a group of Private Lenders (“Private Lenders”).  Under the Note the Private Lenders have loaned the Company $650,000.  The Notes are unsecured obligations of the Company and accrue interest at the rate of 6% per year. The term of the Notes is two years, with a maturity dates in March 2011.   The Notes may not be prepaid without the consent of Private Lenders.  The Notes contain customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Notes. The conversion feature of the Loan Agreements allows the holder to receive shares of the Company’s common stock and not cash or other consideration. The Private Lenders may elect to have the total principal and accrued interest or any fraction thereof  paid at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the five trading days prior to the execution of the Loan agreement. The intrinsic value of the Loans resulted in a beneficial conversion feature with a relative fair value of $73,000 attributable to the beneficial conversion feature.
 
 On March 26, 2009, the Company entered into Convertible Loan Agreement and Promissory Note with a Private Lender (“Private Lender”). Under the Note the Private Lender has loaned the Company $110,000.  The Note is an unsecured obligation of the Company and accrues interest at the rate of 6% per year. The term of the Note is two years, with a maturity date of March 25, 2011.   The Note may not be prepaid without the consent of Private Lender.  The Note contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants regarding the operation of the Company’s business during the term of the Note. Upon receiving a request from the Private Lender for conversion the Company may elect to settle the instrument in cash or pay the total principal and accrued interest or any fraction thereof at maturity in shares of Common Stock, at a price per share equal to the average closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the NASD Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board during the five trading days prior to the execution of the Loan agreement.  The Company has assessed the note under the terms of FASB Staff Position No. APB 14-1 and concluded that the amount of the loan attributable to equity is immaterial.  The intrinsic value of the note did not result in a material beneficial conversion feature.
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  On March 27, 2009, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “2009 Purchase Agreement”) with a group of accredited investors pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell an aggregate of approximately 1.4 million shares of its common stock, at a price of $0.53 per share, and to issue, for no additional consideration, warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of approximately 207,000 shares of the Company’s common stock. The financing closed and stock was issued to the new investors in early April and the Company received gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million, before cash offering expenses of approximately $36,000. The total cost of the offering recorded, including both cash and non-cash costs, was approximately $176,000. The relative fair value of the common stock was estimated to be approximately $0.6 million and the relative fair value of the warrants was estimated to be $140,000 as determined based on the relative fair value allocation of the proceeds received. The warrants were valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.
 
 Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
 
 Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The critical accounting policies that involve significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements are disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008.
 
 Recent Accounting Pronouncements
 
 See Note 2 to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements in this Form 10Q
 
 Results of Operations
 
 Operating costs:
 
 Operating costs and expenses consist primarily of research and development expenses, including clinical trial expenses which increase when we are actively participating in clinical trials, and general and administrative expenses.
 
 Research and development:
 
 Discovery and preclinical research and development expenses include scientific personnel-related salary and benefit expenses, costs of laboratory supplies used in our internal research and development projects, travel, regulatory compliance, and expenditures for preclinical and clinical trial operation and management when we are actively engaged in clinical trials.
 
 Because we are a development stage company, we do not allocate research and development costs on a project basis. We adopted this policy, in part, due to the unreasonable cost burden associated with accounting at such a level of detail and our limited number of financial and personnel resources. We shifted our focus, starting in 2002, from discovering, developing, and commercializing immunotherapy products to conserving cash and primarily concentrating on securing new working capital to re-activate our two DCVax® clinical trial programs.
 
 General and administrative:
 
 General and administrative expenses include administrative personnel related salary and benefit expenses, cost of facilities, insurance, travel, legal support, property and equipment and amortization of stock options and warrants.
 
 Three Months Ended March 31, 2009 and 2008
 
 We recognized a net loss of $4.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2009 compared to a net loss of $5.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008. The decrease in net loss was primarily attributable to an decrease in research and development and general and administrative expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2009 compared to the same period in 2008.
 
 Research and Development Expense. Research and development expense decreased from $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 to $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2009. This decrease was primarily due to reduced staff and consequent reversal of stock option expense related to pre-vesting forfeitures of stock options.
 
 General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense decreased from $2.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 to $1.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2009. This decrease was primarily due to reduced staffing and stock options expense.
 
 Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization decreased from $22,000 during the three months ended March 31, 2008 to $0 for the three months ended March 31, 2009. This decrease was caused by depreciable assets reaching the end of useful lives.
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  Interest (Expense). Interest expense increased from $12,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2008 to $751,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2009. Interest expense for the three-month period ended March 31, 2009 was primarily related to the debt discount and interest expense associated with our outstanding notes payable that were outstanding during the three month period ended March 31, 2009.,
 
 Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
 Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners
 
 Since 2004, we have undergone a significant recapitalization pursuant to which Toucan Capital loaned us an aggregate of $6.75 million and Toucan Partners loaned us an aggregate of $4.825 million (excluding $225,000 in proceeds from a demand note that was received on June 13, 2007 and repaid on June 27, 2007). Our Chairperson, Linda F. Powers, is the managing director of Toucan Capital and the managing member of Toucan Partners.
 
 On January 26, 2005, we entered into a securities purchase agreement with Toucan Capital pursuant to which it purchased 32.5 million shares of our Series A Preferred Stock at a purchase price of $0.04 per share, for a net purchase price of $1.276 million, net of offering related costs of approximately $24,000. In April 2006, the $6.75 million of notes payable plus all accrued interest due to Toucan Capital were converted into shares of the Company’s Series A-1 Preferred Stock.
 
 Simultaneously with Toucan Capital’s notes payable conversion, Alton L. Boynton, our President and Chief Executive Officer, and Marnix Bosch, our Chief Technical Officer, each elected to convert the principal and accrued interest on certain convertible promissory notes held by each of them into 146,385 and 32,796 shares, respectively, of our common stock. In conjunction with the PIPE Financing, Drs. Boynton and Bosch exercised certain warrants held by each of them on a net exercise basis for 126,365 and 28,311 shares of our common stock, respectively.
 
 The $4.825 million loaned to us by Toucan Partners was advanced in a series of transactions. From November 14, 2005 through March 9, 2006, we issued three promissory notes to Toucan Partners, pursuant to which Toucan Partners loaned us an aggregate of $950,000. In addition to the $950,000 of promissory notes, Toucan Partners provided $3.15 million in cash advances from October 2006 through April 2007, which were converted into convertible notes (the “2007 Convertible Notes”) and related warrants (the “2007 Convertible Warrants”) in April 2007. In April 2007, the three promissory notes were amended and restated to conform to the 2007 Convertible Notes. Payment was due under the notes upon written demand on or after June 30, 2007. Interest accrued at 10% per annum, compounded annually, on a 365-day year basis. The principal amount of, and accrued interest on, these notes, as amended, was convertible at Toucan Partners’ election into common stock on the same terms as the 2007 Convertible Notes.
 
 Toucan Partners also entered into two promissory notes with us to fix the terms of two additional cash advances provided by Toucan Partners to us on May 14, 2007 and May 25, 2007 in the aggregate amount of $725,000, and we issued warrants to purchase shares of our common stock to Toucan Partners in connection with each such note. These notes and warrants are on the same terms as the 2007 Convertible Notes and 2007 Warrants and the proceeds of these notes enabled us to continue to operate and advance programs while raising additional equity financing.
 
 During the fourth quarter of 2007, we repaid the entire $5.3 million in principal and related accrued interest due to Toucan Partners pursuant to the convertible notes.
 
 Conversion of Preferred Stock and Related Matters
 
 On June 1, 2007, we issued to Toucan Capital a new warrant to purchase our Series A-1 Preferred Stock (“Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant”) in exchange for the cancellation of all previously issued warrants to purchase Series A-1 Preferred Stock (or, at the election of Toucan Capital, any other equity or debt security of ours) held by Toucan Capital. The Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant was exercisable for 6,471,333 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock plus shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital (with each such Series A-1 Preferred Share convertible into 2.67 shares of common stock at $0.60 per share), compared to the 3,062,500 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (with each such Series A-1 Preferred Share convertible into 2.67 shares of common stock at $0.60 per share) that were previously issuable to Toucan Capital upon exercise of the warrants being cancelled.
 
 Also on June 1, 2007, we and Toucan Capital amended Toucan Capital’s warrant to purchase Series A Preferred Stock (the “Toucan Capital Series A Warrant”) to increase the number of shares of Series A Preferred Stock that were issuable upon exercise of the warrant to 32,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock (plus shares of Series A Preferred Stock attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital) from 13,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock.
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  In connection with the modifications of the Series A and Series A-1 Preferred Stock warrants, we recognized reductions in earnings applicable to common stockholders in June 2007 of $2.3 million and $16.4 million, respectively. The fair value of the warrant modifications were determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions: expected dividend yield of 0%, risk-free interest rate of 5.0% volatility of 398%, and a contractual life of seven years.
 
 On June 15, 2007, we, Toucan Capital, and Toucan Partners entered into a conversion agreement (“Conversion Agreement”) which became effective on June 22, 2007 upon the admission of our common stock to trade on AIM (“Admission”).
 
 Pursuant to the terms of the Conversion Agreement (i) Toucan Capital agreed to convert and has converted all of its shares of the Company’s Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock (in each case, excluding any accrued and unpaid dividends) into common stock and agreed to eliminate a number of rights, preferences and protections associated with the Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference entitling Toucan Capital to certain substantial cash payments and (ii) Toucan Partners agreed to eliminate all of its existing rights to receive Series A-1 Preferred Stock under certain notes and warrants (and thereafter to receive shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock), and the rights, preferences and protections associated with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock, including the liquidation preference that would entitle Toucan Partners to certain substantial cash payments. In return for these agreements, we issued to Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners 4,287,851 and 2,572,710 shares of common stock, respectively. In connection with the issuance of these shares, we recognized a further reduction of earnings applicable to common stockholders of $12.3 million in June 2007.
 
 Under the terms of the Conversion Agreement (i) the Toucan Capital Series A Warrant became exercisable for 2,166,667 shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A Preferred Stock (plus shares of common stock, rather than shares of Series A Preferred Stock, attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A Preferred Stock previously held by Toucan Capital that were converted into common stock upon Admission, subject to the further provisions of the Conversion Agreement as described below) and (ii) the Toucan Capital Series A-1 Warrant became exercisable for an aggregate of 17,256,888 shares of common stock rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock (plus shares of common stock, rather than shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, attributable to accrued dividends on the shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock previously held by Toucan Capital that were converted into common stock upon Admission), subject to further provisions of the Conversion Agreement as described below.
 
 As noted above, the 32,500,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital converted, in accordance with their terms, into 2,166,667 shares of common stock and the 4,816,863 shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock held by Toucan Capital converted, in accordance with their terms, into 12,844,968 shares of common stock.
 
 Under the terms of the Conversion Agreement, Toucan Capital also agreed to temporarily defer receipt of the accrued and unpaid dividends on its shares of Series A Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Preferred Stock of an amount equal to $334,340 and $917,451, respectively, until not later than September 30, 2007. In September 2007, we paid these dividends in full to Toucan Capital.
 
 As a result of the financings described above, as of March 31, 2009, Toucan Capital held:
 
 •
an aggregate of 19,299,486 shares of common stock;
 
 •
warrants to purchase 14,150,732 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.60 per share; and
 
 •
warrants to purchase 7,884,357 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.15 per share.
 
 As a result of the financings described above, as of March 31, 2009, Toucan Partners held:
 
 •
an aggregate of 2,572,710 shares of common stock; and
 
 •
warrants to purchase 8,832,541 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.60 per share.
 
 •
warrants to purchase 132,500 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.40.
 
 The investments made by Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners were made pursuant to the terms and conditions of a Recapitalization Agreement originally entered into on April 26, 2004 with Toucan Capital (the “Recapitalization Agreement”). The Recapitalization Agreement originally contemplated the investment of up to $40 million through the issuance of new securities to Toucan Capital and a syndicate of other investors to be determined.
  22
  We and Toucan Capital amended the Recapitalization Agreement in conjunction with each successive loan agreement. The amendments generally (i) updated certain representations and warranties of the parties made in the Recapitalization Agreement, and (ii) made certain technical changes in the Recapitalization Agreement in order to facilitate the bridge loans described therein.
 
 In accordance with the Recapitalization Agreement, we accrued and paid certain legal and other administrative costs on Toucan Capital’s behalf. During the three months ended March 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, we recognized approximately $0 and $150,000 of general and administrative costs related to the Recapitalization Agreement and certain other costs incurred by Toucan Capital on our behalf. Pursuant to the terms of the Conversion Agreement, the Recapitalization Agreement was terminated on June 22, 2007.
 
 As of March 31, 2009, Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners collectively, held 21,872,196 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 48.5% of our outstanding common stock. Further, as of March 31, 2009, Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners and Ms. Linda Powers collectively, beneficially owned (including unexercised warrants) 52,872,326 shares of our common stock, representing a beneficial ownership interest of approximately 69.5%.
 
 Other Financings
 
 On November 13, 2003, we borrowed an aggregate of $335,000 from certain members of our current and former management. These notes were either been repaid or converted into common stock prior to December 31, 2006.
 
 On March 30, 2006, we sold approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock at a purchase price of $2.10 per share and raised aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $5.5 million in a closed equity financing with unrelated investors (the “PIPE Financing”). The total cost of the offering recorded, including both cash and non-cash costs, was approximately $837,000.
 
 On June 22, 2007, we placed 15,789,473 shares of our common stock with foreign institutional investors at a price of £0.95 per share. The gross proceeds from the placement were approximately £15.0 million, or $29.9 million, while net proceeds from the offering, after deducting commissions and expenses, were approximately £13.0 million, or $25.9 million.
 
 On May 9, 2008 the Company entered into a loan agreement with Al Rajhi Holdings, under which the Company received $4.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $4,240,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $240,000) for a period of six (6) months.
 
 On August 19, 2008, the Company entered into a loan agreement with Toucan Partners, under which the Company received $1.0 million in return for an unsecured promissory note in the principal amount of $1,060,000 (reflecting an original issue discount of six percent, or $60,000) for a period of six months.
 
 On October 1, 2008 we entered into a loan agreement with SDS Capital for $1.0 million for a term of six (6) months at 12%. In connection with the loan the Company issued SDS warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock.  The warrants have a term of five years from the issuance date.
 
 On October 22, 2008 we entered into a loan agreement with a group of private investors and SDS Capital for $1.65 million for a term of six (6) months at 12%. In connection with the loan the Company issued the private investors and SDS warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock.  The warrants have a term of five years from the issuance date.
 
 On December 22 2008, we entered into a loan agreement with Toucan Partners for $500,000 with a term of six months at 12% interest. In connection with the loan the Company issued Toucan Partners a warrant to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock.  The warrants have a term of five years from the issuance date.
 
 On January 16, 2009 we entered into a securities purchase agreement for $700,000 with Al Rajhi Holdings who purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock at $0.70 per share.
 
 During March 2009, we entered into loan agreements with a group of private lenders for $760,000 for a term of two years at 6% per annum.
 
 On March 27, 2009, we sold approximately 1.4 million shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.53 per share and raised aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million in a closed equity financing with unrelated investors.
 
 As of May 9, 2009, we had approximately $0.1 million of cash on hand. We need to raise additional capital to fund our clinical trials and other operating activities. We are exploring additional financing transactions with several other parties, which we hope to complete later this year. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any of the financings, or that the terms for such financings will be favorable to us.
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  We are seeking additional funds through the issuance of additional common stock or other securities (equity or debt) convertible into shares of common stock, which could dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders. We may seek funding from Toucan Capital or Toucan Partners or their affiliates or other third parties. Such parties are under no obligation to provide us any additional funds, and any such funding may be dilutive to stockholders and may contain restrictive covenants that could limit our ability to take certain actions. If our capital raising efforts are unsuccessful, our inability to obtain additional cash as needed could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and our ability to continue our existence. Our independent registered public accounting firm has indicated in its report on our financial statements included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2008 that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
 
 Sources of Cash
 
 During the three months ended March 31, 2009, we received $700,000 from Al Rajhi Holdings for a purchase of 1,000,000 shares of our common stock at $0.70 per share; $760,000 from private lenders in the form of promissory notes with a term of two years at 6% per annum; and  approximately $329,000, net of funding costs, from a closed equity financing with unrelated investors
 
 Uses of Cash
 
 We used $1.3 million in cash for operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2009, compared to $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008. The decrease in cash used in operating activities was a result of reduced staffing and completion of initiation of manufacturing start-up, initiating the Phase II clinical trial for DCVax®-Brain and preparations for the commercialization of DCVax®-Brain in Switzerland.
 
 We utilized $2,000 in cash for investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2009 compared to $128,000 used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2008. The cash utilized during the three-month period ended March 31, 2008 consisted of purchases of property and equipment primarily for computer and other equipment.
 
 On March 21, 2008, we executed a sublease agreement with Toucan Capital Corporation, an affiliate of Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners, for our new corporate headquarters located at 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 750, Bethesda, Maryland 20814. This sublease agreement was effective as of July 1, 2008 and expires on October 31, 2016, unless sooner terminated according to its terms. Previously, we had been occupying our Bethesda headquarters under an oral arrangement with Toucan Capital Corporation, whereby we were required to pay base rent of $32,949 per month through December 31, 2008. Under the sublease agreement, we are required to pay base rent of $34,000 per month during 2008, which monthly amount increases by $1,000 on an annual basis, to a maximum of $42,000 per month during 2016, the last year of the term of the lease. In addition to monthly base rent, we are obligated to pay operating expenses allocable to the subleased premises under Toucan Capital Corporation’s master lease. During the three months ended March 31, 2009 and March 31, 2008, we paid $0 and approximately $300,000 to Toucan Capital Corporation pursuant to this sublease agreement.
 
 Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
 
 Market Interest Rate Risk
 
 Our exposure to market risk is presently limited to the interest rate sensitivity of our cash which is affected by changes in the general level of U.S. and Swiss interest rates. We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of our investment activities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive without significantly increasing risk. To minimize risk, we maintain our cash in interest-bearing instruments, primarily money market funds. Due to the short-term nature of our cash, we believe that our exposure to market interest rate fluctuations is minimal. A hypothetical 10% change in short-term interest rates from those in effect at March 31, 2009 would not have a significant impact on our financial position or our expected results of operations. Our interest rate risk management objective with respect to our borrowings is to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows. Our debt is carried at f rate of interest Of interest between 6 and 12 % per annum. We do not have any foreign currency or other derivative financial instruments.
 
 Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
 
 As a corporation with contractual arrangements overseas, we are exposed to changes in foreign exchange rates. These exposures may change over time and could have a material adverse impact on our financial results. At this time we do not have a program to hedge this exposure.
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  Item 4T. Controls and Procedures
 
 Controls and Procedures
 
 We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating these disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management necessarily is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
 
 Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures
 
 We evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC. Disclosure controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
 Based on the evaluation, our President and Chief Executive Officer after evaluating the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)), have concluded that, subject to the inherent limitations noted in this Part II, Item 9A, as of March 31, 2009, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to the existence of several material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as discussed below.
 
 Subsequently, we became aware of an additional material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting; namely that  our policies in relation to valuation of common stock  issued as compensation for consulting services were not in compliance with accounting guidance.  A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented on a timely basis.  This material weakness resulted in the amendment to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the three months ended March 31, 2009, in order to restate the financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2009.  As a result of this material weakness, our management did not revise its earlier conclusion and continues to conclude that our disclosure controls and procedure were not effective as of March 31, 2009.
 
 Material Weaknesses Identified
 
 In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the year ended December  31, 2008, certain significant deficiencies in internal control became evident to management that, in the aggregate, represent material weaknesses, including,
 
 (i) Lack of a sufficient number of independent directors for our board and audit committee. We currently only have one independent director on our board, which is comprised of two directors, and on our audit committee, which is comprised of one director. Although we are considered a controlled company, whereby a group holds more than 50% of the voting power, and as such are not required to have a majority of our board of directors be independent. It is our intention to have an majority of independent directors in due course.
 
 (ii) Lack of a financial expert on our audit committee. We currently do not have an audit committee financial expert, as defined by SEC regulations on our audit committee as defined by the SEC.
 
 (iii) Insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting functions due to limited personnel. During the three month period ended March 31, 2009, we had one person on staff that performed nearly all aspects of our financial reporting process, including, but not limited to, access to the underlying accounting records and systems, the ability to post and record journal entries and responsibility for the preparation of the financial statements. This creates certain incompatible duties and a lack of review over the financial reporting process that would likely result in a failure to detect errors in spreadsheets, calculations, or assumptions used to compile the financial statements and related disclosures as filed with the SEC. These control deficiencies could result in a material misstatement to our interim or annual consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.
 
 (iv) Insufficient corporate governance policies. Although we have a code of ethics which provides broad guidelines for corporate governance, our corporate governance activities and processes are not always formally documented. Specifically, decisions made by the board to be carried out by management should be documented and communicated on a timely basis to reduce the likelihood of any misunderstandings regarding key decisions affecting our operations and management.
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(v) Inadequate approval and control over transactions and commitments made on our behalf by related parties. Specifically, during the year certain related party transactions were not effectively communicated to all internal personnel who needed to be involved to account for and report the transaction in a timely manner. This resulted in material adjustments during the quarterly reviews and annual audit, respectively, that otherwise would have been avoided if effective communication and approval processes had been maintained.
  As part of the communications by Peterson Sullivan, LLP, (“Peterson Sullivan”), with our Audit Committee with respect to Peterson Sullivan’s audit procedures for fiscal 2008, Peterson Sullivan informed the audit committee that these deficiencies constituted material weaknesses, as defined by Auditing Standard No. 5, “An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting that is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements and Related Independence Rule and Conforming Amendments,” established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”).
 
 Plan for Remediation of Material Weaknesses
 
 We intend to take appropriate and reasonable steps to make the necessary improvements to remediate these deficiencies. We intend to consider the results of our remediation efforts and related testing as part of our year-end 2009 assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.
 
 We have implemented certain remediation measures and are in the process of designing and implementing additional remediation measures for the material weaknesses described in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Such remediation activities include the following:
 
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We plan to recruit one or more additional independent board members to join our board of directors in due course. Such recruitment will include at least one person who qualifies as an audit committee financial expert to join as an independent board member and as an audit committee member.
 
 •
We are attempting to hire additional qualified and experienced accounting personnel to perform the month-end review and closing processes as well as provide additional oversight and supervision within the accounting department. We are in the process of establishing more rigorous review procedures. In addition, we have changed our accounting system to make it simpler and more appropriate for a company our size.
 
 •
We are initiating a formal commitment review process to establish and document the accounting events and methodology at the time the transactions are entered into, so that there is a clear understanding of what events will trigger an accounting event and establish the amounts to be recognized for each event.
 
 •
We are initiating a formal monthly reporting and approval process with our related parties to ensure timely provision of information affecting our quarterly and annual consolidated financial statements.
 
 In addition to the foregoing remediation efforts, we will continue to update the documentation of our internal control processes, including formal risk assessment of our financial reporting processes.
 
 Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting
 
 There were no significant changes in internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2009 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financing reporting.
 
 Part II — Other Information
 
 Item 1. Legal Proceedings
 
 From time to time, we are involved in claims and suits that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Although management currently believes that resolving any such claims against us will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position or results of operations, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties and management’s view of these matters may change in the future. In addition to any such claims and suits, we are involved in the following legal proceedings.
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  SOMA Arbitration
 
 We signed an engagement letter, dated October 15, 2003, with Soma Partners, LLC, or Soma, a New Jersey-based investment bank, pursuant to which we engaged them to locate potential investors. Pursuant to the terms of the engagement letter, any disputes arising between the parties would be submitted to arbitration in the New York metropolitan area. A dispute arose between the parties. Soma filed an arbitration claim against us with the American Arbitration Association in New York, NY claiming unpaid commission fees of $186,000 and seeking declaratory relief regarding potential fees for future transactions that may be undertaken by us with Toucan Capital. We vigorously disputed Soma’s claims on multiple grounds. We contended that we only owed Soma approximately $6,000.
 
 Soma subsequently filed an amended arbitration claim, claiming unpaid commission fees of $339,000 and warrants to purchase 6% of the aggregate securities issued to date, and seeking declaratory relief regarding potential fees for future financing transactions which may be undertaken by us with Toucan Capital and others, which could potentially be in excess of $4 million. Soma also requested the arbitrator award its attorneys’ fees and costs related to the proceedings. We strongly disputed Soma’s claims and defended ourselves.
 
 The arbitration proceedings occurred from March 8-10, 2005 and on May 24, 2005, the arbitrator ruled in our favor and denied all claims of Soma. In particular, the arbitrator decided that we did not owe Soma the fees and warrants sought by Soma, that we would not owe Soma fees in connection with future financings, if any, and that we had no obligation to pay any of Soma’s attorneys’ fees or expenses. The arbitrator agreed with us that the only amount we owed Soma was $6,702.87, which payment we made on May 27, 2005.
 
 On August 29, 2005, Soma filed a notice of petition to vacate the May 24, 2005 arbitration award with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. On December 30, 2005, the Supreme Court of the State of New York dismissed Soma’s petition.
 
 On February 3, 2006, Soma filed another notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. On December 6, 2006, we filed our brief for this appeal and on December 12, 2006, Soma filed its reply brief. On June 19, 2007, the Appellate Division, First Department of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, reversed the December 30, 2005 decision and ordered a new arbitration proceeding. On July 26, 2007, we filed a Motion for Leave to Appeal with the Court of Appeals of the State of New York and on August 3, 2007 Soma filed its reply brief. On October 16, 2007, the Court of Appeals of the State of New York denied our motion to appeal. A new arbitration hearing took place in New York on May 13-15, 2009. Management is unable to assess the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome resulting from the arbitration at this time. We intend to continue to vigorously defend ourselves against the claims of Soma.
 
 Lonza Patent Infringement Claim
 
 No change from previous filings.
 
 Stockholder Class Action Lawsuits
 
 On August 13, 2007, a complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington naming the Company, the Chairperson of its Board of Directors, Linda F. Powers, and its Chief Executive Officer, Alton L. Boynton, as defendants in a class action for violation of federal securities laws. After this complaint was filed, five additional complaints were filed in other jurisdictions alleging similar claims. The complaints were filed on behalf of purchasers of the Company’s Common Stock between July 9, 2007 and July 18, 2007 and allege violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. The complaints seek unspecified compensatory damages, costs and expenses. On December 18, 2007, a consolidated complaint was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington consolidating the stockholder actions previously filed. The putative securities class action lawsuit, In re Northwest Biotherapeutics, Inc. Securities Litigation, No. C-07-1254-RAJ was settled with prejudice January 8, 2009. The Company has agreed to pay in settlement US$1 million. In accordance with the stipulation the insurance company has directly deposited the $1,000,000 in a court controlled escrow account. The settlement must be approved by the Court. Management is unable to determine when the Court will approve the settlement. Additional details about the settlement can be found in the formal settlement documents, which are available from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. The case alleged that the Company misrepresented certain facts that resulted in the artificial inflation of the price of Northwest Biotherapeutics publicly-traded common stock between April 17, 2007 and July 18, 2007. The Company disputes the allegations of the lawsuit, and denies that there was any such misrepresentation or that the shares of Northwest Biotherapeutics common stock were artificially inflated. Nevertheless the Company is settling the lawsuit to avoid potentially expensive and protracted litigation.
 
 We have no other legal proceedings pending at this time
 
 Item 1A. Risk Factors
 
 Our business, operations and financial condition are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This section discusses factors that, individually or in the aggregate, we think could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. Our business, operations or financial condition could be materially adversely affected by the occurrence of any of these risks.
  27
  We will need to raise additional capital, which may not be available.
 
 As of May 9, 2009, we had approximately $0.1 million of cash on hand. We will need additional capital to support and fund the research, development and commercialization of our product candidates and to fund our other operating activities. We are negotiating additional financing with several other parties, which we hope to complete later this year. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any of the financings, or that the terms for such financings will be attractive. If we are unable to obtain additional funds on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail or cease certain of our operations. We may raise additional funds by issuing additional common stock or securities (equity or debt) convertible into shares of common stock, in which case, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted. Any financing, if available, is likely to include restrictive covenants that could limit our ability to take certain actions. Further, we may seek funding from Toucan Capital or Toucan Partners or their affiliates or other third parties. Such parties are under no obligation to provide us any additional funds, and any such funding may be dilutive to stockholders and may contain restrictive covenants. If we are unable to obtain sufficient additional capital in the near term, we may cease operations at any time.
 
 We are likely to continue to incur substantial losses, and may never achieve profitability.
 
 We have incurred net losses every year since our formation in March 1996 and had a deficit accumulated during the development stage of approximately $169.2million as of March 31, 2009. We expect that these losses will continue and anticipate negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future. Despite the receipt of approximately $25.9 million of net proceeds from an offering of our common stock on AIM in June 2007, receipt of loan proceeds between May 2008 and March 2009 of $8.9 million and equity infusions in 2009 of $1.1 million we will need additional funding, and over the medium term we will need to generate revenue sufficient to cover operating expenses, clinical trial expenses and some research and development costs to achieve profitability. We may never achieve or sustain profitability.
 
 Our auditors have issued a “going concern” audit opinion.
 
 Our independent auditors have indicated in their report on our December 31, 2008 financial statements that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. A “going concern” opinion indicates that the financial statements have been prepared assuming we will continue as a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Therefore, you should not rely on our consolidated balance sheet as an indication of the amount of proceeds that would be available to satisfy claims of creditors, and potentially be available for distribution to stockholders, in the event of liquidation.
 
 As a company in the early stage of development with an unproven business strategy, our limited history of operations makes an evaluation of our business and prospects difficult.
 
 We have had a limited operating history and we are at an early stage of development. We may not be able to achieve revenue growth in the future. We have generated the following limited revenues: $529,000 in 2003; $390,000 in 2004; $124,000 in 2005; $80,000 in 2006; $10,000 in 2007; $10,000 in 2008; and $0 in 2009. We have derived most of these limited revenues from the sale of research products to a single customer, contract research and development for related parties, research grants and royalties from licensing fees generated from a licensing agreement. Our limited operating history makes it difficult to assess our prospects for generating revenues.
 
 We may not be able to retain existing personnel.
 
 We employ four full-time employees. The uncertainty of our business prospects and the volatility in the price of our common stock may create anxiety and uncertainty, which could adversely affect employee morale and cause us to lose employees whom we would prefer to retain. To the extent that we are unable to retain existing personnel, our business and financial results may suffer.
 
 We may not be able to attract expert personnel.
 
 In order to pursue our product development and marketing plans, we will need additional management personnel and personnel with expertise in clinical testing, government regulation, manufacturing and marketing. Attracting and retaining qualified personnel, consultants and advisors will be critical to our success. There can be no assurance that we will be able to attract personnel on acceptable terms given the competition for such personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and healthcare companies, universities and non-profit research institutions. The failure to attract any of these personnel could impede the achievement of our development objectives.
  28
  We must rely at present on a single relationship with a third-party contract manufacturer, which will limit our ability to control the availability of our product candidates in the near-term.
 
 We rely upon a single contract manufacturer, Cognate. The majority owner of Cognate is Toucan Capital, one of our majority stockholders. Cognate provides consulting services and is the manufacturer of our product candidates. We have an agreement in place with Cognate pursuant to which Cognate has agreed to provide manufacturing and other services in connection with our pivotal Phase II clinical trial for DCVax ® -Brain. The agreement requires us to make minimum monthly payments to Cognate irrespective of whether any DCVax ® products are manufactured. The agreement does not extend to providing services in respect of commercialization of the DCVax ® -Brain product, nor for other clinical trials or commercialization of any of our other product candidates. If and to the extent we wish to engage Cognate to manufacture our DCVax ® -Brain for commercialization or any of our other product candidates (including DCVax ® -Prostate) for clinical trials or commercialization, we will need to enter into a new agreement with Cognate or another third-party manufacturer which might not be feasible on a timely or favorable basis. The failure to timely enroll patients in our clinical trials will have an adverse impact on our financial results due, in part, to the minimum monthly payments that we make to Cognate.
 
 Problems with our contract manufacturer’s facilities or processes could result in a failure to produce, or a delay in production, of adequate supplies of our product candidates. Any prolonged interruption in the operations of our contract manufacturer’s facilities could result in cancellation of shipments or a shortfall in availability of a product candidate. A number of factors could cause interruptions, including the inability of a supplier to provide raw materials, equipment malfunctions or failures, damage to a facility due to natural disasters, changes in FDA regulatory requirements or standards that require modifications to our manufacturing processes, action by the FDA or by us that results in the halting or slowdown of production of components or finished products due to regulatory issues, the contract manufacturer going out of business or failing to produce product as contractually required or other similar factors. Because manufacturing processes are highly complex and are subject to a lengthy FDA approval process, alternative qualified production capacity may not be available on a timely basis or at all. Difficulties or delays in our contract manufacturer’s manufacturing and supply of components could delay our clinical trials, increase our costs, damage our reputation and, if our product candidates are approved for sale, cause us to lose revenue or market share if it is unable to timely meet market demands.
 
 Our success partly depends on existing and future collaborators.
 
 We work with scientists and medical professionals at academic and other institutions, including UCLA, the University of Pennsylvania, M.D. Anderson Cancer Centre and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Centre, among others, some of whom have conducted research for us or have assisted in developing our research and development strategy. We do not employ these scientists and medical professionals. They may have commitments to, or contracts with, other businesses or institutions that limit the amount of time they have available to work with us. We have little control over these individuals. We can only expect that they devote time to us as required by our license, consulting and sponsored research agreements. In addition, these individuals may have arrangements with other companies to assist in developing technologies that may compete with our products. If these individuals do not devote sufficient time and resources to our programs, or if they provide substantial assistance to our competitors, our business could be seriously harmed.
 
 The success of our business strategy may partially depend upon our ability to develop and maintain our collaborations and to manage them effectively. Due to concerns regarding our ability to continue our operations or the commercial feasibility of our personalized DCVax ® product candidates, these third parties may decide not to conduct business with us or may conduct business with us on terms that are less favorable than those customarily extended by them. If either of these events occurs, our business could suffer significantly.
 
 We may have disputes with our collaborators, which could be costly and time consuming. Failure to successfully defend our rights could seriously harm our business, financial condition and operating results. We intend to continue to enter into collaborations in the future. However, we may be unable to successfully negotiate any additional collaboration and any of these relationships, if established, may not be scientifically or commercially successful.
 
 We are involved in legal proceedings that could result in an adverse outcome, or that could otherwise harm our business. In addition, future litigation could be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.
 
 We are party to various legal actions, as more fully described below under Item 3.” Legal Proceedings.” These pending legal proceedings include a dispute with Soma Partners, LLC, an investment bank, regarding certain fees Soma claims it is entitled to under an engagement letter with us. The patent infringement claim filed against us by Lonza Group AG alleging infringement of certain patents relating to recombinant DNA methods, sequences, vectors, cell lines and host cells was settled May 6, 2008 and is more fully described below. In addition, a consolidated class action complaint has been filed against us alleging violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, based on certain of our public announcements regarding the status of certain regulatory approvals for our DCVax ® -Brain vaccine in Switzerland was also settled and more fully described below. We also cooperated in a formal SEC investigation into the same matter which after thorough investigation by the SEC was closed by the SEC without action. We can provide no assurances as to the outcome of the pending Soma Partners legal proceedings.
 
 The defense of these or future legal proceedings could divert management’s attention and resources from the needs of our business. We may be required to make substantial payments or incur other adverse effects, in the event of adverse judgments or settlements of any such claims, investigations, or proceedings. Any legal proceeding, even if resolved in our favor, could result in negative publicity or cause us to incur significant legal and other expenses. Actual costs incurred in any legal proceedings may differ from our expectations and could exceed any amounts for which we have made reserves.
  29
  Clinical trials for our product candidates are expensive and time consuming and their outcome is uncertain.
 
 The process of obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals for new therapeutic products is expensive, lengthy and uncertain. It can vary substantially, based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product involved. Accordingly, any of our current or future product candidates could take a significantly longer time to gain regulatory approval than we expect or may never gain approval, either of which could reduce our anticipated revenues and delay or terminate the potential commercialization of our product candidates.
 
 We have limited experience in conducting and managing clinical trials.
 
 We rely on third parties to assist us in managing and monitoring all our clinical trials. Our reliance on these third parties may result in delays in completing, or failure to complete, these trials if the third parties fail to perform under the terms of our agreements with them. We may not be able to find a sufficient alternative supplier of these services in a reasonable time period, or on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we were unable to obtain an alternative supplier of these services, we might be forced to curtail our Phase II clinical trial for DCVax ® -Brain.
 
 Our product candidates will require a different distribution model than conventional therapeutic products.
 
 The nature of our product candidates means that different systems and methods will need to be followed for the distribution and delivery of the products than is the case for conventional therapeutic products. The personalized nature of these products, the need for centralized storage, and the requirement to maintain the products in frozen form may mean that we are not able to take advantage of distribution networks normally used for conventional therapeutic products. If our product candidates are approved, it may take time for hospitals and physicians to adapt to the requirements for handling and storage of these products, which may adversely affect their sales.
 
 We lack sales and marketing experience and as a result may experience significant difficulties commercializing our research product candidates.
 
 The commercial success of any of our product candidates will depend upon the strength of our sales and marketing efforts. We do not have a sales force and have no experience in sales, marketing or distribution. To fully commercialize our product candidates, we will need a substantial marketing staff and sales force with technical expertise and the ability to distribute these products. As an alternative, we could seek assistance from a third party with a large distribution system and a large direct sales force. We may be unable to put either of these plans in place. In addition, if we arrange for others to market and sell our products, our revenues will depend upon the efforts of those parties. Such arrangements may not succeed.
 
 Even if one or more of our product candidates is approved for marketing, if we fail to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, independently or with others, our business will be seriously harmed.
 
 Competition in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industry is intense and most of our competitors have substantially greater resources than us.
 
 The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. Several companies, such as Dendreon Corporation, Immuno-Designed Molecules, Inc., Celldex Therapeutics, Inc., Ark Therapeutics plc, Oxford Biomedica plc, Argos Therapeutics, Inc. and Antigenics, are actively involved in the research and development of immunotherapies or cell-based cancer therapeutics. Of these companies, we believe that only Dendreon and Ark Therapeutics are carrying-out Phase III clinical trials with a cell-based therapy. To our knowledge no DC-based therapeutic product is currently approved for commercial sale. Additionally, several companies, such as Medarex, Inc., Amgen, Inc., Agensys, Inc., and Genentech, Inc., are actively involved in the research and development of monoclonal antibody-based cancer therapies. Currently, at least seven antibody-based products are approved for commercial sale for cancer therapy. Genentech is also engaged in several Phase III clinical trials for additional antibody-based therapeutics for a variety of cancers, and several other companies are in early stage clinical trials for such products. Many other third parties compete with us in developing alternative therapies to treat cancer, including: biopharmaceutical companies; biotechnology companies; pharmaceutical companies; academic institutions; and other research organizations.
 
 Most of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing than we do. In addition, many of these competitors are actively seeking patent protection and licensing arrangements in anticipation of collecting royalties for use of technology they have developed. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to our programs.
 
 We expect that our ability to compete effectively will be dependent upon our ability to: obtain additional funding; successfully complete clinical trials and obtain all requisite regulatory approvals; maintain a proprietary position in our technologies and products; attract and retain key personnel; and maintain existing or enter into new partnerships.
  30
 
 Our competitors may develop more effective or affordable products, or achieve earlier patent protection or product marketing and sales. As a result, any products developed by us may be rendered obsolete and non-competitive.
 
 Our intellectual property rights may not provide meaningful commercial protection for our research products or product candidates, which could enable third parties to use our technology, or very similar technology, and could reduce our ability to compete in the market.
 
 We rely on patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws to limit the ability of others to compete with us using the same or similar technology in the United States and other countries. However, as described below, these laws afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights to the extent necessary to sustain any competitive advantage we may have. The laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and we may encounter significant problems in protecting our proprietary rights in these countries.
 
 We have 33 issued and licensed patents (9 in the United States and 23 in other jurisdictions) and 134 patent applications pending (19 in the United States and 115 in other jurisdictions) which cover the use of dendritic cells in DCVax ® as well as targets for either our dendritic cell or fully human monoclonal antibody therapy candidates. The issued patents expire at various dates from 2015 to 2026.
 
 We will only be able to protect our technologies from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. The patent positions of companies developing novel cancer treatments, including our patent position, generally are uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions, particularly concerning the scope and enforceability of claims of such patents against alleged infringement. Recent judicial decisions in the United States are prompting a reinterpretation of the limited case law that exists in this area, and historical legal standards surrounding questions of infringement and validity may not apply in future cases. A reinterpretation of existing U.S. law in this area may limit or potentially eliminate our patent position and, therefore, our ability to prevent others from using our technologies. The biotechnology patent situation outside the United States is even more uncertain. Changes in either the patent laws or the interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may, therefore, diminish the value of our intellectual property.
 
 We own or have rights under licenses to a variety of issued patents and pending patent applications. However, the patents on which we rely may be challenged and invalidated, and our patent applications may not result in issued patents. Moreover, our patents and patent applications may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technologies or from developing competing products. We also face the risk that others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or design around our patented technologies.
 
 We have taken security measures to protect our proprietary information, especially proprietary information that is not covered by patents or patent applications. These measures, however, may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information. We seek to protect our proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements with employees, partners and consultants. Nevertheless, employees, collaborators or consultants may still disclose our proprietary information, and we may not be able to protect our trade secrets in a meaningful way. In addition, others may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information or techniques or otherwise gain access to our trade secrets.
 
 Our success will depend substantially on our ability to operate without infringing or misappropriating the proprietary rights of others.
 
 Our success will depend to a substantial degree upon our ability to develop, manufacture, market and sell our research products and product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties and without breaching any licenses entered into by us regarding our product candidates.
 
 There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries generally. Infringement and other intellectual property claims, with or without merit, can be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and can divert management’s attention from our core business. For example, Lonza Group AG filed a complaint against us in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland alleging patent infringement which was recently settled with prejudice without any monetary consideration (more detailed description under Legal Proceedings). In addition, we may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our products infringe their intellectual property rights. This risk is exacerbated by the fact that there are numerous issued and pending patents in the biotechnology industry and the fact that the validity and breadth of biotechnology patents involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved.
 
 Competitors may assert that our products and the methods we employ are covered by U.S. or foreign patents held by them. In addition, because patents can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our products may infringe. There could also be existing patents of which we are not aware that one or more of our products may inadvertently infringe.
  31
 
 If we lose a patent infringement claim, we could be prevented from selling our research products or product candidates unless we can obtain a license to use technology or ideas covered by such patent or we are able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. A license may not be available at all or on terms acceptable to us, or we may not be able to redesign our products to avoid infringement. If we are not successful in obtaining a license or redesigning our products, we may be unable to sell our products and our business could suffer.
 
 We may not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates or there may be a delay in obtaining such approvals.
 
 Our products and our ongoing development activities are subject to regulation by governmental and other regulatory authorities in the countries in which we or our collaborators and distributors wish to test, manufacture or market our products. For instance, the FDA will regulate the product in the U.S. and equivalent authorities, such as the European Medicines Agency (“EMEA”), will regulate in other jurisdictions. Regulatory approval by these authorities will be subject to the evaluation of data relating to the quality, efficacy and safety of the product for its proposed use.
 
 The time taken to obtain regulatory approval varies between countries. Different regulators may impose their own requirements and may refuse to grant, or may require additional data before granting, an approval, notwithstanding that regulatory approval may have been granted by other regulators. Regulatory approval may be delayed, limited or denied for a number of reasons, including insufficient clinical data, the product not meeting safety or efficacy requirements or any relevant manufacturing processes or facilities not meeting applicable requirements.
 
 Further trials and other costly and time-consuming assessments of the product may be required to obtain or maintain regulatory approval.
 
 Medicinal products are generally subject to lengthy and rigorous pre-clinical and clinical trials and other extensive, costly and time-consuming procedures mandated by regulatory authorities. We may be required to conduct additional trials beyond those currently planned, which could require significant time and expense. For example, the field of cancer treatment is evolving, and the standard of care for a particular cancer could change while we are in the process of conducting the clinical trials for our product candidates. Such a change in standard of care could make it necessary for us to conduct additional clinical trials, which could delay our opportunities to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates.
 
 As for all biological products, we may need to provide pre-clinical and clinical data evidencing the comparability of products before and after any changes in manufacturing process both during and after product approval. Regulators may require that we generate data to demonstrate that products before or after any change are of comparable safety and efficacy if we are to rely on studies using earlier versions of the product. DCVax ® -Brain has been the subject of process changes during the early clinical phase of its development and regulators may require comparability data unless they are satisfied that changes in process do not affect the quality, and hence efficacy and safety, of the product.
 
 We plan to rely on our current DCVax ® -Brain Phase II clinical trial as a single study in support of regulatory approval. While under certain circumstances, both EMEA and the FDA will accept a Phase II study as a single study in support of approval, it is not yet known whether they will do so in this case. If the regulators do not consider the Phase II study adequate on its own to support a finding of efficacy, we may be required to perform additional clinical trials in DCVax ® -Brain. There is some possibility that changes requested by the FDA could complicate the licensing application process.
 
 Only the data for DCVax ® -Brain has been discussed with European regulators. On an informal basis, a number of European national regulators have indicated that additional pre-clinical and clinical data could be required before the DCVax ® -Brain product would be approved. However, it is not clear whether such data will be required until formal scientific advice is sought from the EMEA, which is the regulator that will ultimately review any application for approval of this product. Unless the EMEA grants a deferral or a waiver, we may also be obliged to generate clinical data in pediatric populations.
 
 The FDA previously identified a number of deficiencies regarding the design of our original proposed Phase III clinical trial for DCVax ® -Prostate. We believe we remedied these deficiencies in the new trial design for a 600-patient Phase III clinical trial, which was cleared by the FDA in January 2005. However, we now intend to split this single 600-patient Phase III trial into two separate 300-patient Phase III trials. These revisions in trial design may cause delay in the development process for DCVax ® -Prostate. It is not yet known whether the FDA will consider the two-trial design sufficient for marketing approval, or whether the agency will require us to design and carry out additional studies. If, after the Phase III studies are carried out, the FDA is not satisfied that its concerns were adequately addressed, those studies could be insufficient to demonstrate efficacy and additional clinical studies could be required at that time.
 
 Any delay in completing sufficient trials or other regulatory requirements will delay our ability to generate revenue from product sales and we may have insufficient capital resources to support its operations. Even if we do have sufficient capital resources, our ability to generate meaningful revenues or become profitable may be delayed.
  32
  Regulatory approval may be withdrawn at any time.
 
 After regulatory approval has been obtained for medicinal products, the product and the manufacturer are subject to continual review and there can be no assurance that such approval will not be withdrawn or restricted. Regulators may also subject approvals to restrictions or conditions, or impose post-approval obligations on the holders of these approvals, and the regulatory status of such products may be jeopardized if we do not comply. Extensive post-approval safety studies are likely to be a condition of the approval and will commit us to significant time and expense.
 
 We may fail to comply with regulatory requirements.
  Our success will be dependent upon our ability, and our collaborative partners’ abilities, to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements, including regulators’ current good manufacturing practices (“cGMP”) and safety reporting obligations. The failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, total or partial suspension of regulatory approvals, refusal to approve pending applications, recalls or seizures of products, operating and production restrictions and criminal prosecutions.
 
 We may be subject to sanctions if we are determined to be promoting our investigational products prior to regulatory approval or for unapproved uses.
 
 Laws in both the U.S. and Europe prohibit us from promoting any product that has not received approval from the appropriate regulator, or from promoting a product for an unapproved use. If any regulator determines that we have engaged in such pre-approval, or off-label promotion, through our website, press releases, or other communications, the authority could require us to change the content of those communications and could also take regulatory enforcement action, including the issuance of a warning letter, requirements for corrective action, civil fines, and criminal penalties. In the event of a product liability lawsuit, materials that appear to promote a product for unapproved uses may increase our product liability exposure.
 
 We may not obtain or maintain orphan drug status and the associated benefits, including marketing exclusivity.
 
 We may not receive the benefits associated with orphan drug designation. This may result from a failure to achieve or maintain orphan drug status or the development of a competing product that has an orphan designation for the same indication. In Europe, the orphan status of DCVax ® -Brain will be reassessed shortly prior to the product receiving any regulatory approval. The EMEA will need to be satisfied that there is evidence that DCVax ® -Brain offers a significant benefit relative to existing therapies for the treatment of glioma if DCVax ® -Brain is to maintain its orphan drug status.
 
 New legislation may have an adverse effect on our business.
 
 Changes in applicable legislation and/or regulatory policies or discovery of problems with the product, production process, site or manufacturer may result in delays in bringing products to market, the imposition of restrictions on the product’s sale or manufacture, including the possible withdrawal of the product from the market, or may otherwise have an adverse effect on our business.
 
 The availability and amount of reimbursement for our product candidates and the manner in which government and private payers may reimburse for our potential products is uncertain.
 
 In many of the markets where we intend to operate, the prices of pharmaceutical products are subject to direct price controls (by law) and to drug reimbursement programs with varying price control mechanisms.
 
 We expect that many of the patients in the United States who may seek treatment with our products that may be approved for marketing will be eligible for coverage under Medicare, the federal program that provides medical coverage for the aged and disabled. Other patients may be covered by private health plans or may be uninsured. The Medicare program is administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Coverage and reimbursement for products and services under Medicare are determined pursuant to regulations promulgated by CMS and pursuant to CMS’s subregulatory coverage and reimbursement determinations. It is difficult to predict how CMS will apply those regulations and subregulatory determinations to novel products such as ours.
 
 Moreover, the methodology under which CMS makes coverage and reimbursement determinations is subject to change, particularly because of budgetary pressures facing the Medicare program. For example, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (the “Medicare Modernization Act”), enacted in 2003, provided for a change in reimbursement methodology that has reduced the Medicare reimbursement rates for many drugs, including oncology therapeutics. Even if our product candidates are approved for marketing in the U.S., if we are unable to obtain or retain coverage and adequate levels of reimbursement from Medicare or from private health plans, our ability successfully to market such products in the U.S. will be adversely affected. The manner and level at which the Medicare program reimburses for services related to our product candidates (e.g., administration services) also may adversely affect our ability to market or sell any of our product candidates that may be approved for marketing in the U.S.
  33
 
 In the U.S., efforts to contain or reduce health care costs have resulted in many legislative and regulatory proposals at both the federal and state level, and it is difficult to predict which, if any, of these proposals will be enacted, and, if so, when. Cost control initiatives by governments or third party payers could decrease the price that we receive for any one or all of our potential products or increase patient coinsurance to a level that makes our product candidates unaffordable for patients. In addition, government and private health plans are more persistently challenging the price and cost-effectiveness of therapeutic products. If third-party payers were to determine that one or more of our product candidates is not cost-effective, this could result in refusal to cover those products or in coverage at a low reimbursement level. Any of these initiatives or developments could prevent us from successfully marketing and selling any of our potential products.
 
 In the E.U., governments influence the price of pharmaceutical products through their pricing and reimbursement rules and control of national health care systems that fund a large part of the cost of such products to consumers. The approach taken varies from member state to member state. Some jurisdictions operate positive and/or negative list systems under which products may only be marketed once a reimbursement price has been agreed. Other member states allow companies to fix their own prices for medicines, but monitor and control company profits. The downward pressure on health care costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has become very intense. As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products, as exemplified by the role of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the U.K. which evaluates the data supporting new medicines and passes reimbursement recommendations to the government. In addition, in some countries cross-border imports from low-priced markets (parallel imports) exert commercial pressure on pricing within a country.
 
 DCVax ® is our only technology in clinical development.
 
 Unlike many pharmaceutical companies that have a number of products in development and which utilize many technologies, we are dependent on the success of our DCVax ® platform and, potentially, our CXCR4 antibody technology. While DCVax ® technology has a number of potentially beneficial uses, if that core technology is not commercially viable, we would have to rely on the CXCR4 technology, which is at an early pre-clinical stage of development, for our success. If the CXCR4 technology also fails, we currently do not have other technologies to fall back on and our business could fail.
 
 We may be prevented from using the DCVax ® name in Europe.
 
 The EMEA has indicated that DCVax ® may not be an acceptable name because of the suggested reference to a vaccine. Failure to obtain the approval for the use of the DCVax ® name in Europe would require us to market our potential products in Europe under a different name which could impair the successful marketing of our product candidates and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
 
 Competing generic medicinal products may be approved.
 
 In the E.U., there exists a process for the approval of generic biological medicinal products once patent protection and other forms of data and market exclusivity have expired. If generic medicinal products are approved, competition from such products may reduce sales of our products. Other jurisdictions, including the U.S., are considering adopting legislation that would allow the approval of generic biological medicinal products.
 
 We may be exposed to potential product liability claims, and insurance against these claims may not be available to us at a reasonable rate in the future, if at all.
 
 Our business exposes us to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the testing, manufacturing, marketing and sale of therapeutic products. Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover claims against us or may not be available to us at an acceptable cost, if at all. Regardless of their merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in decreased demand for a product, injury to our reputation, withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers and loss of revenues. Thus, whether or not we are insured, a product liability claim or product recall may result in losses that could be material.
 
 We store, handle, use and dispose of controlled hazardous, radioactive and biological materials in our business. Our current use of these materials generally is below thresholds giving rise to burdensome regulatory requirements. Our development efforts, however, may result in our becoming subject to additional requirements, and if we fail to comply with applicable requirements we could be subject to substantial fines and other sanctions, delays in research and production, and increased operating costs. In addition, if regulated materials were improperly released at our current or former facilities or at locations to which we send materials for disposal, we could be liable for substantial damages and costs, including cleanup costs and personal injury or property damages, and incur delays in research and production and increased operating costs.
 
 Insurance covering certain types of claims of environmental damage or injury resulting from the use of these materials is available but can be expensive and is limited in its coverage. We have no insurance specifically covering environmental risks or personal injury from the use of these materials and if such use results in liability, our business may be seriously harmed.
  34
  Toucan Capital and Toucan Partners beneficially own a majority of our shares of common stock and, as a result, the trading price for our common stock may be depressed and these stockholders can take actions that may be adverse to the interests of other investors.
 
 As of April 14, 2009, Toucan Capital, its affiliate, Toucan Partners and its managing member, Ms. Linda Powers, collectively beneficially owned an aggregate of 21,872,196 shares of our common stock, representing approximately 48.5 percent of our outstanding common stock. In addition, as of April 14, 2009, Toucan Capital may acquire an aggregate of approximately 22.0 million shares of common stock upon exercise of warrants and Toucan Partners may acquire an aggregate of approximately 9.0 million shares of common stock upon the exercise of warrants. This significant concentration of ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock because investors often perceive disadvantages in owning stock in companies with controlling stockholders. Toucan Capital has the ability to exert substantial influence over all matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election and removal of directors and any proposed merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. In addition, a managing member of Toucan Capital is a member of the Board. In light of the foregoing, Toucan Capital can significantly influence the management of our business and affairs. This concentration of ownership could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control, or impeding a merger or consolidation, takeover or other business combination that could be favorable to investors.
 
 Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws and stockholder rights plan may delay or prevent a change in our management.
 
 Our Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended (the “Certificate of Incorporation”), Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (the “Bylaws”) and stockholder rights plan contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in our management team. Some of these provisions:
 
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authorize the issuance of preferred stock that can be created and issued by the Board without prior stockholder approval, commonly referred to as “blank check” preferred stock, with rights senior to those of the common stock;
 
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allow the Board to call special meetings of stockholders at any time but restrict the stockholders from calling special meetings;
 
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authorize the Board to issue dilutive common stock upon certain events; and
 
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provide for a classified Board.
 
 These provisions could allow our Board to affect the rights of an investor since the Board can make it more difficult for holders of common stock to replace members of the Board. Because the Board is responsible for appointing the members of the management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt to replace the current management team.
 
 There may not be an active, liquid trading market for our common stock.
 
 Our common stock is currently listed on the Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board, or OTCBB, and on AIM, which are generally recognized as being less active markets than NASDAQ, the stock exchange on which our common stock previously was listed. You may not be able to sell your shares at the time or at the price desired. There may be significant consequences associated with our stock trading on the OTCBB rather than a national exchange. The effects of not being able to list our securities on a national exchange include:
 
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limited release of the market price of our securities;
 
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limited news coverage;
 
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limited interest by investors in our securities;
 
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volatility of our stock price due to low trading volume;
 
 •
increased difficulty in selling our securities in certain states due to “blue sky” restrictions; and
 
 •
limited ability to issue additional securities or to secure additional financing.
  35
  The resale, or the availability for resale, of the shares placed in the PIPE Financing could have a material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.
 
 The PIPE Financing, completed in March 2006, included the private placement of an aggregate of approximately 2.6 million shares of common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of approximately 1.3 million shares of common stock. In connection with the PIPE Financing, we agreed to register, and subsequently did register, the resale of the shares of common stock sold in the PIPE Financing and the shares underlying the warrants issued in the PIPE Financing. The resale of a substantial number of the shares placed in the PIPE Financing or even the availability of these shares for resale could have a material adverse impact on our stock price.
 
 Because our common stock is subject to “penny stock” rules, the market for the common stock may be limited.
 
 Because our common stock is subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules, broker-dealers may experience difficulty in completing customer transactions and trading activity in our securities may be adversely affected. Under the “penny stock” rules promulgated under the Exchange Act, broker-dealers who recommend such securities to persons other than institutional accredited investors must:
 
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make a special written suitability determination for the purchaser;
 
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receive the purchaser’s written agreement to a transaction prior to sale;
 
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provide the purchaser with risk disclosure documents which identify certain risks associated with investing in “penny stocks” and which describe the market for these “penny stocks” as well as a purchaser’s legal remedies; and
 
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obtain a signed and dated acknowledgment from the purchaser demonstrating that the purchaser has actually received the required risk disclosure document before a transaction in a “penny stock” can be completed.
 
 As a result of these rules, broker-dealers may find it difficult to effectuate customer transactions and trading activity in our common stock may be adversely affected. As a result, the market price of our common stock may be depressed, and stockholders may find it more difficult to sell our common stock.
 
 The price of our common stock may be highly volatile.
 
 The share price of publicly traded biotechnology and emerging pharmaceutical companies, particularly companies without earnings and consistent product revenues, can be highly volatile and are likely to remain highly volatile in the future. The price at which our common stock is quoted and the price which investors may realize in sales of their shares of our common stock will be influenced by a large number of factors, some specific to us and our operations and some unrelated to our operating performance. These factors could include the performance of our marketing programs, large purchases or sales of the shares, currency fluctuations, legislative changes and general economic conditions. In the past, share class action litigation has often been brought against companies that experience volatility in the market price of their shares. Whether or not meritorious, litigation brought against us following fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock could result in substantial costs, divert management’s attention and resources and harm our financial condition and results of operations.
 
 Our business could be adversely affected by animal rights activists.
 
 Our business activities have involved animal testing. These types of activities have been the subject of controversy and adverse publicity. Some organizations and individuals have attempted to stop animal testing by pressing for legislation and regulation in these areas. To the extent the activities of such groups are successful, our business could be adversely affected. Negative publicity about us, our pre-clinical trials and our product candidates could have an adverse impact on our sales and profitability.
 
 The requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and other U.S. securities laws reporting requirements impose cost and operating challenges on us.
 
 We are subject to certain of the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in the U.S. and the reporting requirements under the Exchange Act. These laws require, among other things, an attestation report of our independent auditor on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, currently expected to begin with our annual report for the year ended December 31, 2009, as well as the filing of annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and periodic reports on Form 8-K following the happening of certain material events. To meet these compliance deadlines, we will need to have our internal controls designed, tested and operational by early 2009 to ensure compliance with applicable standards. We initiated the process of documenting and evaluating our internal controls and financial reporting procedures in early 2008. This process is ongoing and will continue to likely be time consuming and will result in us having to significantly change our controls and reporting procedures due to our small number of employees and lack of governance controls. Most similarly-sized companies registered with the SEC have had to incur significant costs to ensure compliance. Moreover, any failure by us to comply with such provisions would be required to be disclosed publicly, which could lead to a loss of public confidence in our internal controls and could harm the market price of our common stock.
  36
 
 Our management has identified significant internal control deficiencies, which management and our independent auditor believe constitute material weaknesses.
 
 In connection with the preparation of our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2008, certain significant internal control deficiencies became evident to management that, in the aggregate, represent material weaknesses, including:
 
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lack of a sufficient number of independent directors on our audit committee;
 
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lack of a financial expert on our audit committee
 
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insufficient segregation of duties in our finance and accounting function due to limited personnel;
 
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insufficient corporate governance policies; and
 
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inadequate approval and control over transactions and commitments made on our behalf by related parties.
 
 As part of the communications by our independent auditors with our audit committee with respect to audit procedures for the year ended December 31, 2008, our independent auditors informed the audit committee that these deficiencies constituted material weaknesses, as defined by Auditing Standard No. 5, “An Audit of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting that is Integrated with an Audit of Financial Statements and Related Independence Rule and Conforming Amendments,” established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB. We intend to take appropriate and reasonable steps to make the necessary improvements to remediate these deficiencies but we cannot be certain that we will have the necessary financing to address these deficiencies or that we will be able to attract qualified individuals to serve on our Board and to take on key management roles within the Company. Our failure to successfully remediate these issues could lead to heightened risk for financial reporting mistakes and irregularities and a further loss of public confidence in our internal controls that could harm the market price of our common stock.
 
 Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
 
 On January 16, 2009 we entered into a securities purchase agreement for $700,000 with Al Rajhi Holdings who purchased 1,000,000 shares of our common stock at $0.70 per share.
 
 On March 27, 2009, we sold approximately 1.4 million shares of common stock at a purchase price of $0.53 per share and raised aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $0.7 million in a closed equity financing with unrelated investors.
 
 On March 27, 2009 we issued 199,661 shares of common stock to a consultant in respect of advisory services related to capital fundraising activities between October 2008 and March 2009. The common stock was valued at $138,000 based on the closing market price on the date of issuance of the shares.
 
 The proceeds were used for general business purposes.
 
 Item 3. Defaults upon Senior Securities
 None
 
 Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
 
 None
 
 Item 5. Other Information
 
 None
 
 Item 6. Exhibits
 
 3.1

Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.1)(1)3.2

Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (3.1)(2)3.3

Amendment to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.2)(2)
  37
  3.4

Amendment to Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.4)(3)*31.1

Certification of President (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer), Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*32.1

Certification of President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 (1)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Registrant’s registration statement Form S-1 (File No. 333-67350) on July 17, 2006.
 
 (2)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 22, 2007.
 
 (3)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 28, 2008.
  *
Filed herewith.
  SIGNATURES
 
 Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INCDated: April 6, 2011
By:
/s/ Alton L. BoyntonAlton L. BoyntonPresident and Chief Executive OfficerPrincipal Executive Officer

Principal Financial and Accounting Officer
 
 By:
/s/ Linda M. PowersLinda M. PowersDirector and ChairmanBy:
/s/ Robert FarmerRobert FarmerDirector
  38
 
 NORTHWEST BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.
 (A Development Stage Company)
  EXHIBIT INDEX
  3.1

Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.1)(1)3.2

Third Amended and Restated Bylaws (3.1)(2)3.3

Amendment to the Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.2)(2)3.4

Amendment to Seventh Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (3.4)(3)*31.1

Certification of President (Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer), Pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.*32.1

Certification of President, Chief Executive Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 (1)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Registrant’s registration statement Form S-1 (File No. 333-67350) on July 17, 2006.
 
 (2)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K on June 22, 2007.
 
 (3)
Incorporated by reference to the exhibit shown in the preceding parentheses filed with the Post-Effective Amendment No. 2 to the Registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 on January 28, 2008.
  *
Filed herewith.




39