[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 19

- 13965 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No

. 4:16

- cv - 00801

- RH

- CAS MARIA RODRIGUEZ, NUBIA WILKINSON, QIANA NORMAN, FAYE FLANAGAN, ALISHA GRIMMAGE, et al., Plaintiffs

- Appellees,

versus MOLINA HEALT HCARE INC., Defendant,
MOLINA HEALTHCARE OF FLORIDA INC., Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ No. 19

- 13968 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 1 of 212 D.C. Docket No

. 4:18

- cv - 00194

- RH

- CAS CAROLYN DYER, Plaintiff

- Appellee,

versus MOLINA HEALTHCARE , INC.,

Defendant

- Appellant.

________________________ Appeal s from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Flori da

________________________ (March 26, 2020) Before JORDAN , LAGOA and BLACK , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: These consolidated appeals concern an award of attorney’s fees in a pair of Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) cases. The plaintiffs in both cases asserted claims under the FLSA for unpaid overtime against Molina Healthcare of Florida,
Inc. (Molina)

. The fi rst case was a class action, initiated in 2016 by class representatives Maria Rodriguez and Nubia Wilkinson (Plaintiffs)

. 1 The second

1 “A n action to recover ” under the FLSA “may be maintained against any employer . . . by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself or themselves and other employees similarly situated.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). However, “[n]o employee shall be a party plaintiff to any such action unless he gives his consent in writing to become such a party.” Id.

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 2 of 213 case was brought by Carolyn Dyer, who attempted to opt in to the class litigation after the applicable deadline. Becaus e Molina opposed Dyer’s motion to permit late opt in, the district court denied permission to opt in , and Dyer filed her own individual complaint against Molina. The district court entered a single order addressing attorney’s fees in both cases, and this Court has consolidated the appeals of both cases. The parties settled on terms allowing an award of attorney’s fees , expenses, and costs as determined by the district court

. After considering the parties’ arguments, the district court entered an order awarding attorney’s fees, attendant expenses, and taxable costs in the amount of $488,875.13. On appeal, Molina challenges the district court’s fee calculation on three primar y bases: (1) the reported hours expended by P laintiffs’ counsel were unreasonable; (2) the district court should have applied a more significant downward adjustment of the lodestar; and (3) the fee award should not have included hours expended on the separ ate individual case brought by Dyer. After review, we affirm the district court’s fee award.
I. BACKGROUND Before addressing the substance of Molina’s arguments, we briefly describe the factual background to give context for this appeal. A. Plaintiffs’ Complaint and Molina’s Answer Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 3 of 214 In December 2016, the named representative plaintiffs, Rodriguez and Wilkinson, filed their complaint in the District Court for the Northern District of Florida against Molina and its corporate parent, Molina Healthcare, Inc

. (MHI)

. The complaint alleged P laintiffs, and those similarly situated, had been unlawfully classified as exempt from the FLSA’s overtime provisions. On March 3, 2017, Molina responded to the complaint with a motion to dismiss and trans fer venue to the Northern District of Illinois, arguing a first

- filed class action pending in that court raised identical claims. In response, P laintiffs dismissed MHI

— the only defendant in the pending Illinois litigation

— from the case and filed an amende d complaint

. In light of the dismissal of MHI, the district court denied Molina’s motion to dismiss on May 24, 2017

. On July 6, 2017, f ollowing the denial of its motion to dismiss, Molina filed its answer and affirmative defenses. At that time , Molina denied liability, maintaining it had properly exempted P laintiffs from overtime pay under the
FLSA.
B . Discovery During the pendency of P laintiffs’ original complaint, the district court entered an Initial Scheduling Order directing the parties to hold a conference under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(f) and to submit a joint discovery plan. Before the parties were able to conduct a Ru le 26(f) conference, however, P laintiffs served

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 4 of 215 several discovery request s on Molina, including requests for admissions, requests for production of documents, and interrogatories. In response to these requests, Molina asked the district court for a protective order barring Plaintiffs’ discovery requests as premature and inconsistent with the court’s scheduling order. P laintiffs eventually abandoned these initial discovery requests, though they subsequently issued a new set of request s

— both col lective and on behalf of each individual named and opt

- in plaintiff

— on June 26, 2017. According to Molina, Plaintiffs served additional discovery requests on behalf of each individual plaintiff who subsequently opted in. On the same day it denied Molin a’s motion to dismiss, the district court order ed the parties to conduct a Rule 26(f) conference and file a report by July 6, 2017. It subsequently set a telephonic pretrial conference for July 10 , 2017. As noted above, Molina filed its response to P laintiffs’ amended complaint on July 6. That same day, the parties filed their Rule 26(f) report, in which Molina “maintain[ed] that plaintiffs and members of the putative collective were at all times properly classified and paid in accordance with the FLS A.” However, Molina noted that it had, in 2016, “voluntarily reclassified plaintiffs and members of the putative collective to non

- exempt/ove r time

- eligible status and has since paid them overtime accordingly.” Molina further noted it was “negotiating a series of settlements nationwide, under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL)

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 5 of 216 and the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, designed to resolve claims identical to those asserted by plaintiffs and the putative class.” In light of these developments, Molina proposed that all discovery be stayed and the parties be directed to mediate

. Plaintiffs opposed this pro posal, insisting mediation would only be appropriate after substantial discovery. Molina subsequently filed a letter formally asking the district court to stay all discovery. Molina recounted its ongoing effort to settle similar claims and argued that mu ch of the discovery Plaintiffs had to that point requested was “irrelevant given Molina’s position.” Following the July 10 telephonic conference, the district court entered a Scheduling and Mediation Order, which stated that Molina had “admitted on the record . . . that the plaintiffs were not exempt from the [FLSA] requirement to pay overtime for overtime hours worked during the two

- and three

- year period at issue.” However, because Molina did not admit that its violation of the FLSA was willful, the case was to move forward with discovery. The district court did not specifically respond to Molina’s motion to stay discovery, but it set a discover y period and ordered that the parties mediate within 14 days after the discovery

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 6 of 217 deadline . T he district court eventually set the discovery deadline (via an amended scheduling order) for July 9, 2018

. 2 In response to Plaintiffs’ continuing discovery requests on b ehalf of each new plaintiff who opted in to the case, Molina filed another motion for a protective order on October 24, 2017 , again citing the DOL settlement and the Illinois litigation as providing a framework for settlement

. Plaintiffs opposed the motio n and moved the district court to compel Molina to comply with outstanding discovery requests. After a hearing, t he district court entered an order limiting discovery on November 17, 2017

. By that time, Plaintiffs had withdrawn their pending interrogator ies, production requests, and admission requests. The district court therefore denied Molina’s motion for a protective order and Plaintiffs’ motion to compel discovery as moot. It also denied Molina’s motion to stay discovery but limited Plaintiffs to 30 interrogatories on issues applicable to all plaintiffs, up to 3 plaintiff

- specific interrogatories for each class

2 The discovery deadline was originally set at 180 days after the deadline for new plaintiffs to opt in to the case

. Once the parties agreed on the form and manner of noti ce to be sent to prospective class members, the district court entered an order approving the form of notice and setting the deadline for providing notice to class members as September 18, 2017. The court had previously set the opt

- in deadline at 60

- days after the date the notices were sent. As noted above, Appellee Dyer sought to intervene after that opt

- in deadline . Although Plaintiffs’ counsel received Dyer’s opt

- in consent f or m on December 6, 2017, the motion to allow her to opt in was not filed unti l February 15, 2018. H er request to opt in late was denied after Molina opposed the motion. She subsequently filed an individual complaint against Molina, which led to additional discovery request s . The discovery deadline in that case was September 6, 2018.

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 7 of 218 member , and production request s from up to 5 custodians of up to 20 categories of documents. Plaintiffs then issued a third set of discovery request s in line with the district court’s limitations. Molina also issued its own set of discovery requests, including requests for productio n and interrogatories seeking information from Plaintiffs and from each individual class member . As part of those interrogatories, the individual class members were asked to report the number of total hours they worked during the relevant time period. As discovery continued, however

— and particularly as the individual plaintiffs selected for trial were deposed

— certain interrogatory answers concerning hours worked proved to be untruthful.
D . Settlement In its November 2017 order, the district court also instructed Plaintiffs to serve damages disclosures under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(a). Plaintiffs initially claimed a total of approximately $11.5 million based on overtime hours worked by the 6 8 employees who were parties to the action. Plaintiffs subsequently filed amended disclosures claiming a total of over $12 million. The parties attempted to mediate and reach a settlement at least two times before eventually settling on the eve of tria l. The first attempted mediation

— which concerned only the claims in the primary class action

— occurred on May 22, 2018, but that attempt ended in an impasse. The parties attempted mediation a

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 8 of 219 second time on September 18, 2018, this time attempting to reso lve the claims in both the class action and Dyer’s individual action. This attempt too ended in an impasse. The district court eventually set a trial date of December 5, 2018. On November 29, 2018, six days before the trial and following several month s of pretrial litigation, the parties filed a Notice of Settlement. The Settlement Agreement provided for a total settlement payment of $400,000, including payments to the named plaintiffs, opt

- in plaintiffs, and Dyer for their overtime claims. In genera l, the amount paid to each individual plaintiff was much lower than the estimated damages for each plaintiff as reflected in the Rule 26(a) disclosures. Plaintiffs subsequently filed their motion for attorney’s fees, requesting a total of $510,922.00 in fees, plus $11,086.42 in costs. In support of that filing, Plaintiffs submitted declarations and logs establishing the hours worked and the reasonable hourly rates. Molina responded to the motion

— raising several of the same arguments regarding the fee calculation it now makes on appeal

— challenging the reasonableness of the claimed hours and the overall fee. The district court rejected the majority of Molina’s arguments, though it did impose a modest reduction in the number of hours expended by Plaintif fs’ counsel. The Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 9 of 2110 district court ultimately ordered Molina to pay a total fee amount of $488,875.13, including expenses and costs, which it found to be a reasonable overall fee.
II. DISCUSSION On appeal, Molina does not dispute that Plaintiffs were entitled to attorney’s fees, nor does it take issue with the hourly rate the district court used to calculate the lodestar. Rather, as noted above, Molina challenges the district court’s fee calculat ion on three bases, challenging (1) the reasonableness of the reported hours expended by plaintiffs’ counsel; (2) the appropriate adjustment of the lodestar; and (3) the inclusion of hours expended on the Dyer case. We review a district court ’ s award o f attorney ’ s fees for abuse of discretion, reviewing underlying questions of law de novo and findings of fact for clear error. Atlanta Journal & Constitution v. City of Atlanta Dep ’ t of Aviation , 442 F.3d 1283, 1287 (11th Cir. 2006). Under this standard, the district court enjoys “a range of choice . . . , so long as that choice does not constitute a clear error of judgment.” United States v. Kelly , 888 F.2d 732, 745 (11th Cir. 1989). To constitute an abuse of discretion, the distr ict court must have “fail[ed] to apply the proper legal standard or to follow proper procedures in making the determination or base[d] an award . . . upon findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” Mut. Serv. Ins. Co. v. Frit Indus., Inc. , 358 F.3d 131 2, 1322 (11th Cir. 2004). However , the district court

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 10 of 2111 must “articulate its rulings in sufficient detail to enable us to accomplish a meaningful review.” Adams v. Mathis , 752 F.2d 553, 554 (11th Cir. 1985). Here, the district court’s well

- reasoned opini on sufficiently explained its decision and addressed Molina’s salient arguments. For the reasons explained below, w e do not find that the district court abused its considerable discretion in calculating the proper fee award under the lodestar

. A . Hours Reasonably Expended in Litigation When a plaintiff prevails in a FLSA action, the district court “shall, in addition to any judgment awarded to the plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow a reasonable attorney ’ s fee to be paid by the defendant, and costs of the action.” 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). The first step in calculating a reasonable attorney's fee award is to determine the “lodestar”

— the product of multiplying reasonable hours expended times a reasonable hourly rate. Am. Civil Liberties Union of Ga. v. Barnes , 168 F.3d 423, 427 (11th Cir. 1999). The district court here found that (1) Plaintiffs’ attorneys worked the hours they claimed; (2) the claimed hourly rates were within the range customarily charged in t he district; and (3) the claimed expenses would ordinarily be passed on to the client as part of the billing for attorney’s fees. However, Molina argue d the number of hours reported by Plaintiffs’ attorneys were wholly un reasonable , and it maintains on appeal the district court abused its discretion in calculating the lodestar based on those reported hours.

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 11 of 2112 Molina point s to counsel’s failure to participate in early mediation, the repeated rafts of what Molina characterize s as unnecessary discovery, and unnecessary billing, which Molina attributes to “duplicative efforts in various phases of the litigation.” The district court considered and rejected these same arguments below, and we find it acted well within its discretion in doing so. See Kelly , 888 F.2d at 745

. A s to Plaintiffs’ supposed refusal to mediate, Molina takes issue with Plaintiffs’ resistance to Molina’s efforts to consolidate the instant litigation with a similar class action pending in the Norther n District of Illinois

. The district court noted that Plaintiffs’ counsel had achieved better results than those in the Illinois litigation , finding the Illinois litigation resulted in a recovery of just under 25% as much per employee

. The district court declined to penalize Plaintiffs’ counsel for “work[ing] harder and obtain[ing] for their clients a multiple of the amount recovered in Illi nois.” Molina dismisses the district court’s reasoning as “perfunctory” and insists the benefit to Plaintiffs and the class members of separately litigating their claims was marginal. But we find the district court’s explanation sufficient, and we

cann ot say that its rejection of Molina’s argument constitutes a clear error in judgment. See Kelly , 888 F.2d at 745. Plaintiffs certainly could have opted to consolidate their claims with those in the related Illinois litigation, but they were

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 12 of 2113 under no obli gation to do so, and we, like the district court, see no reason to penalize counsel for choosing to litigate their clients’ claims separately

. The district court also rejected Molina’s assertion that Plaintiffs’ discovery requests were unnecessary and u nreasonable , an assertion fundamentally premised

on Molina’s contention that there was never any dispute as to liability . Because Molina conceded liability, it argues, Plaintiffs ’ discovery requests concerning, for example, Molina’s alleged misclassificat ion of the class members was unjustified as was any time spent preparing those requests

. In rejecting this argument, t he district court noted that, while Molina did indeed admit liability, it did not admit willfulness, so the merits of its decision not to pay overtime remained an issue in the litigation. The district court acknowledged that Plaintiffs had withdrawn
certa in discovery requests and may have pursued some lines of inquiry that were not, at the end of the day, relevant. But, on the whole, the district court found counsel’s conduct to be “reasonable, well

- intentioned, and successful.” W e find th e district cour t’s explanation sensible

. Molina’s characterization of the nature of the dispute in the district court (i.e., that the only issue was the number of overtime hours worked) is an oversimplification . For one, it simply is not the case that there was never any dispute as to liability. Molina maintained, in both its answer and the subsequent Rule 26(f) report, that Plaintiffs and all members of the putative class were at all

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 13 of 2114 relevant times properly classified. It was not until the July 2017 teleconference that Molina formally conceded liability, and, notably, a not insignificant portion of the three rounds of discovery requests Molina now points to as unnecessary were issued prior to that formal concession. Moreover, as the district court recognized, Molin a did not admit willfulness, an issue that could have affected the ultimate damages award

. See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a) (providing for an extended three

- year limitations period where a cause of action arises out of a willful violation); 29 U.S.C. § 260 (permitt ing a court to “award no liquidated damages” where an employer shows it “had reasonable grounds for believing that [its] act or omission was not a violation of the [FLSA]”). With regard to counsel’s “unnecessary billing,” Molina points to the presence of multiple attorneys at depositions and to general “duplicative efforts in various phases of the litigation.” The district court was not persuaded that the presence of multiple attorneys at d epositions merited an adjustment in the number of reasonable hours expended. After noting Molina itself was represented by three attorneys of record, the district court explained that it was entirely rational to assign more than a single attorney to a sub stantial case such as this one. Even so, the district court , after carefully reviewing the time records submitted by Plaintiffs’ counsel, concluded an adjustment for duplication was in order. Accordingly, the

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 14 of 2115 district court’s order made a 50

- hour adjustm ent for one specific attorney and a 2%

across - the

- board adjustment for all timekeepers. Molina asks us to find the district court’s adjustment insufficient, but we decline to substitute our judgment for that of the district court judge in the absence of some clear indication in the record that there was unnecessarily duplicative billing beyond that already accounted for in the lodestar calculation . The mere fact that multiple attorneys were assigned to the case or attended depositions does not , on its o wn, make counsel’s claimed hours unreasonable. While we have in the past recognized “the possibility of unnecessary duplication,” “[a]n award for time spent by two or more attorneys is proper as long as it reflects the distinct contribution of each lawyer to the case.” Johnson v. Univ. Coll. of Univ. of Ala. in Birmingham , 706 F.2d 1205, 1208 (11th Cir. 1983). Notably, Molina has not identified

— either in its briefing here or before the district court

— the particular hours it believed were duplicative or should have been disallowed beyond asserting that multiple attorneys were present at depositions . Instead, Molina simply asserts that “counsels’ billing records evidence multiple instances of duplicative efforts” and generally points to tim e billed for “screening class members, preparing notices of opt

- ins, and drafting disclosures and written discovery responses.” Molina, as the party opposing the fee application, had an obligation to identify the hours that should be excluded

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 15 of 2116 with some de gree of specificity. See Barnes , 168 F.3d at 42 8 ( “ Those opposing fee applications have obligations, too. In order for courts to carry out their duties in this area, ‘ objections and proof from fee opponents ’ concerning hours that should be excluded must be specific and ‘ reasonably precise. ’” (quoting Norman v. Housing Auth. of Montgomery , 836 F.2d 1292, 130 1 (11th Cir. 1988))) ; see also
Norman , 836 F.2d at 1301 (“Generalized statements that the time spent was reasonable or unreasonable of course are not particularly helpful and not entitled to much weight.”)

. For example, we have revers ed a district court’s fee award where defendants, in opposition to the plaintiffs’ fee application, filed “a chart with color

coded categorization of the requesting at torneys’ time sheets detailing what the defendants alleged were excessive, unreasonable, and duplicative hours included in the application .” Barnes , 168 F.3d at 426

– 27. Having concluded the district court ’s lodestar calculation was proper , we now address Molina’s claim the district court abused its discretion in declining to further adjust the lodestar to reflect a reasonable overall fee. B. Downward Adjustment of the Lodestar A lodestar figure “is itself strongly presumed to be reasonable.” Resolution Trust Corp. v. Hallmark Builders, Inc. , 996 F.2d 1144, 1150 (11th Cir. 1993); see Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn , 559 U.S. 542, 552 (2010) (“[W]e have said that the [lodestar reasonableness] presumption is a strong one.” (quotation marks

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 16 of 2117 omitte d))

. Nonetheless, once the lodestar has been calculated, it may then be adjusted after considering other factors, such as the results obtained. Hensley v. Eckerhart , 461 U.S. 424, 434 (1983). Relevant here, when “a plaintiff has achieved only partial or limited success, the product of hours reasonably expended on the litigation as a whole times a reasonable hourly rate may be an excessive
amount. ” Id. at 436. Molina insists the district court abused its discretion in declining to further reduce the lodestar because, it contends, Plaintiffs’ claims were based on frivolous demands (as reflected in Plaintiffs’ Rule 26(a) disclosures and the sworn responses to Moli na’s interrogatories ), Plaintiffs ultimately settled for an a mount far below their initial demand, and the case was not complex and resulted in a nominal settlement amount. Here too, w e find the district court acted within the bounds of its discretionary authority in declining to further adjust the lodestar. Mol ina first argues Plaintiffs’ initial damages estimates were grossly inflated and, indeed, fabricated. The district court acknowledged that certain class members apparently made excessive claims under oath, but concluded any allegedly fraudulent
statements would only justify a reduction of the fee award if there was evidence the attorneys knew or should have known of the error. To the extent there was information available from which Plaintiffs’ counsel could have learned that the

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 17 of 2118 various class members’ es timated damages were overstated, the district court noted that Molina’s delay in providing discovery concerning the number of hours worked by individual class members may have contributed to the problem. In any case, the district court found the effect of the inflated damages claims on the hours expended to be minimal. Molina criticizes the district court’s decision not to attribute fraudulent intent to Plaintiffs’ counsel, arguing the idea that Plaintiffs’ counsel (who drafted the Rule 26(a) disclosure s interrogatory responses) was unaware of the fraudulent nature of the responses “strains credulity.” Molina overstates the degree to which the record compels the conclusion that Plaintiffs’ counsel knowingly put forward fabricated damages estimates . Tru e, the attorneys drafted the disclosures and interrogatory responses, but they apparently did so based on information obtained from their clients and in the absence of fulsome records. Thus, we cannot say the district court’s finding that Plaintiffs’ coun sel did not knowingly provide inflated or fraudulent damages estimates is clearly erroneous. See Atlanta Journal &
Constitution , 442 F.3d at 1287 ; Mut. Serv. Ins. Co. , 358 F.3d at 1322

. Molina also argues Plaintiffs ’ inflated damages claims and their subsequent refusal to reduce their demands unnecessarily contributed to the continued expenditure of fees by both sides. The district court declined to fault Plaintiffs for not agreeing to accept $400,000 until shortly b efore trial, reasoning the record does

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 18 of 2119 not support Molina’s suggestion Plaintiffs could have necessarily obtained the same result earlier or with less effort. Again, we do not find the record compels a contrary conclusion

— i.e., that Plaintiffs in bad fait h rejected substantially similar offers with the intent of unnecessarily prolonging litigation. As for the complexity of the case and the degree of Plaintiffs’ “success , ” the district court disagreed with Molina’s contention that the award in this case was “nominal , ” finding that, in fact, the recovery for these plaintiffs was “substantial.” The district court further noted that the Plaintiffs’ success should not be measured solely by the size of their recovery. Rather, the district court considered it important and beneficial to the public that the FLSA was successfully enforced: [E]ach time the FLSA is enforced, it provides an incentive for employers to obey rather than flout the statute. This was not monumental litigation, and the case was settled, producing no precedential impact. But [Molina’s] effort to denigrate the willingness of these plaintiffs

— and these attorneys

— to pursue the litigation does not withstand analysis. We find this assessment of the Plaintiffs’ relative success to be well

reasoned. W hile it is obviously true that Plaintiffs in the end agreed to a damages award far below the initial multi

- million

- dollar estimate, it is not entirely fair to limit the assessment of Plaintiffs’ success to the size of the fee award. Plaintiffs were successful in all of their claims, and, as the district court noted, there is inherent value in enforcing the FLSA. See Parker v. DeKalb Chrysler Plymouth , 673 F.2d 1178, 1180 (11th Cir. 1982) (“ The FLSA

. . . was conceived with a public

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 19 of 2120 and a private purpose: it established a set of individual rights that would create a healthier environment for all workers. ”); see also Fegley v. Higgins , 19 F.3d 1126,
1134

– 35 (6th Cir. 1994) (“ Courts should not place an undue emphasis on the amount of t he plaintiff ’ s recovery [in an FLSA case] because an award of attorney fees here encourag e s the vindication of congressionally identified policies and rights.” (quotation marks omitted)). As for the relative complexity of the case, as we discussed above, Molina’s contention that this case is and has always been a simple dispute about damages is an oversimplification. Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s decision not to adjust the lodestar and defer to its finding that the overall fee here was reasonable. C. Fees Related to Dyer Case The final issue Molina identifies with the district court’s fee award is its decision to include fees for time expended representing Appellee Dyer in her separate action against Molina. For its part, the district court would have allowed Dyer to opt in were it not for Molina’s opposition to the motion. The court therefore declined to punish Plaintiffs’ counsel for billing additional hours that were only necessary because of Molina’s tactical decision to oppose Dyer’s late opt

- in. The district court further noted it was Dyer, not Plaintiffs’ counsel, who was responsible for her failure to meet the opt

- in deadline. In any case, Dyer was

Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 20 of 2121 never obligated to opt in to the original action and was free all along to bring her

own case. The district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing separate fees for the Dyer action. Molina would place the lion’s share of the blame for the need to bring a separate action on Plaintiffs’ counsel, point ing to counsel’s apparent decision to wait until two months after receiving Dyer’s op t

- in consent form to file a motion to allow her to join the case . But we find the district court’s contrary finding to be entirely reasonable. After all, Appellee Dyer was always free to bring her own case and to employ Plaintiffs’ attorneys as counsel. We see no reason to overturn the district court’s decision on this point and penalize Plaintiffs’ counsel for representing Dyer in a separate action

. I II

. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, we affirm the district court’s fee award in favor of Plaintiffs. AFFIRMED. Case: 19-13965 Date Filed: 03/26/2020 Page: 21 of 21