IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 14-0285

Filed April 16, 2014

IN THE INTEREST OF M.R.B. and D.J.S.,

Minor Children,

H.S., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Floyd County, Karen Kaufman 

Salic, District Associate Judge. 

A mother appeals the permanency order transferring guardianship of her 

children to their maternal grandmother. AFFIRMED. 

David Kuehner of Eggert, Erb, Mulcahy & Kuehuer, P.L.L.C., Charles City, 

for appellant mother. 

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Bruce Kempkes, Assistant Attorney 

General, and Normand Klemesrud, County Attorney, for appellee.

Cynthia Schuknecht of Noah, Smith & Schuknecht, P.L.C, Charles City, 

for minor children.

Considered by Vogel, P.J., and Tabor and McDonald, JJ.
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TABOR, J.

A mother, Heather, appeals the permanency order transferring 

guardianship of her sons, who are ages seventeen and seven, to their maternal 

grandmother. She argues the juvenile court violated her right to a fair hearing by

extensively questioning her from the bench. 

The Department of Human Services (DHS) started working with this family

in February 2012, following reports of methamphetamine manufacturing in 

Heather’s home. The DHS sought removal of the children, M.R.B. and D.J.S., 

after Heather tested positive for drugs on February 20, 2013. 

On February 22, 2013, the State filed a child in need of assistance (CINA)

petition, alleging the mother’s drug use resulted in the children not receiving 

adequate care under Iowa Code section 232.2(6) (2013). The juvenile court held 

an adjudicatory hearing on April 11, 2013, at which the parties stipulated to the 

CINA adjudication. The DHS placed the children in the home of their maternal 

grandmother, where they remained throughout the case.

The court held disposition hearings on May 161and October 24, 2013, but 

Heather did not attend. The court found Heather was resisting substance abuse 

services and was not forthcoming about her actions. The court also found the 

condition of Heather’s home was unsafe for the return of the children. 

The permanency hearing at issue in this appeal occurred on February 13, 

2014. The juvenile court faced the following options: return the children home, 

continue the dispositional order for six months, direct the State to start

termination of parental rights proceedings, or transfer guardianship to a suitable 

 

1 From May until June of 2013, the mother’s whereabouts were unknown. 
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person. See Iowa Code § 232.104(2). At the hearing, the juvenile court adopted 

the DHS recommendation to appoint the children’s maternal grandmother as

guardian. The juvenile court did not transfer jurisdiction to the district court 

because it wanted to continue to monitor whether the older brother was attending 

high school. The State defends the permanency order on appeal.2 

Heather testified at the permanency hearing. After examination by her 

attorney, the State’s attorney, and the GAL, the juvenile court engaged in its own

questioning of the witness. The court asked a total of thirty-one questions of the 

mother. The questions inquired into the frequency of her visits with the children, 

her participation in mental health and drug treatment programs and other

community services. The court then asked the attorneys, “[B]ased on my 

questions, do you have anything else with respect to this witness?” The 

attorneys did not have any further questions for Heather.

On appeal, Heather argues the juvenile court violated her due process

rights to a fair hearing by engaging in the protracted questioning. Her attorney 

claims to have preserved error on this issue “by contesting the factual basis for

the finding at hearing and filing a timely Notice of Appeal.”

The State contends the mother did not properly preserve error. We agree

with the State. First, “the notice of appeal has nothing to do with error

preservation.” See Thomas A. Mayes & Anuradha Vaitheswaran, Error 

Preservation in Civil Appeals in Iowa: Perspectives on Present Practice, 55 

Drake L.Rev. 39, 48 (Fall 2006). Second, contesting the underlying factual basis 

 

2 On March 24, 2014, the guardian ad litem (GAL) filed a joinder with the State’s 

position, noting the older brother, D.J.S., opposes reunification with his mother. The 

GAL also asserts reunification would not be in the children’s best interest. 
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for the permanency order did not preserve error on the mother’s evidentiary or

constitutional claims advanced on appeal. See In re A.B., 815 N.W.2d 764, 773

(Iowa 2012) (explaining “general rule that appellate arguments must first be 

raised in the trial court applies to CINA and termination of parental rights cases”); 

see also In re K.C., 660 N.W.2d 29, 38 (Iowa 2003) (“Even issues implicating 

constitutional rights must be presented to and ruled upon by the district court in 

order to preserve error for appeal.”).

Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.614(c), patterned after a federal rule of evidence, 

requires counsel to object at the time of the judge’s questioning. The rule 

provides:

a. Calling by court. For good cause in exceptional cases, the court 

may, on its own motion or at the suggestion of a party, call witnesses, and 

all parties are entitled to cross-examine witnesses thus called.

b. Interrogation by court. When necessary in the interest of justice, 

the court may interrogate witnesses, whether called by the court or by a 

party.

c. Objections. Objections to the calling of witnesses by the court or 

to interrogation by it may be made at the time or at the next available 

opportunity when the jury is not present.

Iowa R. Evid. 5.614. 

The federal advisory committee notes to subsection (c) discuss the 

requirement of a timely objection. “The provision relating to objections is 

designed to relieve counsel of the embarrassment attendant upon objecting to 

questions by the judge in the presence of the jury, while at the same time 

assuring that objections are made in apt time to afford the opportunity to take 

possible corrective measures.” Federal courts have held a post-trial motion does 

not suffice to preserve errors of judicial interference. United States v. Smith, 452 

F.3d 323, 331 (4th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Godwin, 272 F.3d 659, 672 
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(4th Cir. 2001)); see also United States v. Vega, 589 F.2d 1147, 1153 (2d Cir. 

1978) (noting original version of rule 614 included an automatic objection, but 

was criticized because “Judges are not so sensitive that counsel should be 

reluctant to make a proper objection merely because the question came from the 

bench”). We are persuaded by the federal precedent because Iowa’s rule

5.614(c) tracks its federal model. See State v. Paredes, 775 N.W.2d 554, 561 

(Iowa 2009) (holding when our rule of evidence is identical in all relevant aspects 

to its federal counterpart, “interpretations of the federal rule are often persuasive 

authority for interpretations of our state rule”). If the drafters of our rule did not 

want to require error preservation, they could have revised the federal rule as at 

least one other state has done. See N.C. Gen. Stat. Ann § 8C-1, Rule 614 

(2013) (“No objections are necessary with respect to the calling of a witness by 

the court or to questions propounded to a witness by the court but it shall be 

deemed that proper objection has been made and overruled.”).

We conclude the mother did not preserve error on the question whether 

the judge’s questioning was “necessary in the interest of justice” under rule 

5.614(b) or whether the interrogation violated her due process rights. The 

juvenile court specifically asked the mother’s attorney if she had any further 

inquiry in light of the judge’s questions, and the attorney declined to take any 

curative measures. The failure of the mother’s attorney to object at the hearing 

waived her right to complain on appeal. Because the mother raises no other 

issues concerning the permanency order, we affirm the juvenile court.

AFFIRMED.