# MONTREAL PROTOCOL

ON SUBSTANCES THAT DEPLETE

THE OZONE LAYER



# UNEP

Technology and Economic Assessment Panel



# S UPPLEMENT TO THE



# IPCC/ TEAP R EPORT



# November 2005

# iii 

# S UPPLEMENT TO THE



# IPCC/ TEAP R EPORT



# November 2005

# iv DISCLAIMER

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the Technology and Economic

Assessment Panel (TEAP) co-chairs and members, the Technical and Economic

Options Committee, chairs, co-chairs and me mbers, the TEAP Task Forces co-chairs

and members, and the companies and organisations that employ them do not endorse

the performance, worker safety, or environm ental acceptability of any of the technical

options discussed. Every industrial operati on requires consideration of worker safety

and proper disposal of contaminants a nd waste products. Moreover, as work

continues - including additional toxicity evaluation - more information on health,

environmental and safety effects of a lternatives and replacements will become

available for use in selecting among the options discussed in this document.

UNEP, the TEAP co-chairs and members, the Technical and Economic Options

Committee, chairs, co-chairs and members, and the Technology and Economic

Assessment Panel Task Forces co-chairs a nd members, in furnishing or distributing

the information that follows, do not make any warranty or representation, either

express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or utility; nor do they

assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from the use or reliance upon

any information, material, or procedure contained herein.

The text of this report is composed in Times New Roman.

Co-ordination: TEAP and its TFSRS Task Force

Composition: Lambert Kuijpers

Reproduction: UNON Nairobi

Date: November 2005



# ISBN: 92-807-2733-8

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel and the Task Force on the

Supplement to the Special Report (TFSRS) co-chairs and members wish to express

thanks to all who contributed from governments, both Article 5(1) and non-Article

5(1), to IPCC members in their personal capacity, and to a number of individuals

involved in Protocol issues, without whose involvement this supplementary report to

the original assessment would not have been possible.

The opinions expressed are those of the Panel and its Task Forces and do not

necessarily reflect the reviews of an y sponsoring or suppor ting organisation.

# v 

# Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMA RY .............................................................................................................. ..........VII

1 INTRODUCT ION................................................................................................................... ..................1

1.1 R EMIT



# ............................................................................................................................... ..................1

1.2 T ASK 

# F ORCE



# ............................................................................................................................... ........2

1.3 T HE 

# S TRUCTURE OF THE 

# R EPORT 

# ........................................................................................................2

2 DESCRIPTION OF SECTORS, EMISSION SOURCES AND M ETHODS OF ASSESSMENT .....5

2.1 S ECTORS AND SOURCES 

# .......................................................................................................................5

2.2 B OTTOM



# - UP METHODS AND THE CHALLENGE OF ASSESSING ACTIVITY DATA 

# .......................................8

2.3 A TMOSPHERIC CONCENTRATIONS AND DERIVED EMISSIONS 

# (IPCC TEAP, 2005) .............................11

3 DEMAND, BANKS AND EMISSIONS IN A BAU SCENARIO, HISTORIC DATA AND 2015

EMISSIONS ...................................................................................................................... ......................15

3.1 A SSUMPTIONS 

# BAU SCENARIO 

# .........................................................................................................15

3.2 D EMAND



# , BANKS AND EMISSIONS PER SUBSTANCE AND PER SECTOR 

# .................................................15

3.2.1. General obs ervati ons ........................................................................................................... ......15

3.2.2 Specific observations re lated to th e 2002 bank s .......................................................................20

3.2.3 2015 Business-As-Usual pr ojections fo r banks ..........................................................................20

3.2.4 2015 Business-As-Usual proj ections for emissi ons....................................................................21

4 DEMAND, BANKS AND EMISSIONS IN A MI T SCENARIO, COMPARISON OF 2015 BAU

AND MI T........................................................................................................................ .........................27

4.1 A SSUMPTIONS 

# MIT SCENARIO 

# ..........................................................................................................27

4.2 D EMAND



# , BANKS AND EMISSIONS PER SUBSTANCE AND PER SECTOR 

# .................................................27

4.2.1 Difference between 2015 Business-As-Usual and Mitigation project ions for banks..................27

4.2.2 Difference between 2015 Business-As-Usual and Mitigation projections for emi ssions............29

4.2.3 Graphical presentation of the 2015 Business-As -Usual and Mitigation projections for banks

and emi ssions

.................................................................................................................. ...........30

5 MITIGATION COSTS............................................................................................................... ............35

5.1 I NTRODUCTION



# ............................................................................................................................... ..35

5.2 D ESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION COSTS FOR THE REFRIGERATION 

# /AC SECTOR 

# .......................................37

5.3 D ESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION COSTS FOR THE FOAM SECTOR 

# .............................................................38

5.4 D ESCRIPTION OF MITIGATION COSTS FOR HALON SECTOR 

# ..................................................................39

6 IMPACTS ON OZONE LAYER RECO VERY ...................................................................................41

7 DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN EMISSIONS DETERMINED FROM BOTTOM-UP

METHODS AND FROM ATMOSP HERIC MEASUR EMENTS ......................................................47

7.1 S OURCES OF UNCERTAINTY REGARDING CONSUMPTION 

# .....................................................................47

7.2 S OURCES OF UNCERTAINTY REGARDING EMISSION FACTORS 

# ..............................................................49

7.3 R ECONCILING THE DISCREPANCIES 

# ....................................................................................................51

8 CONCLUDING REMARK S............................................................................................................. .....53

9 REFERE NCES..................................................................................................................... ...................55

10 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ .......................57

K EY TO THE TABLES



# D ETAILED TABLES ON DEMAND



# , BANKS AND EMISSION DATA 

# 2002-2015

G RAPHS ON DEMAND



# , BANKS AND EMISSION DATA 

# 2002-2015

# vii 

# Executive Summary

At the twenty-fifth meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (Montreal, 27-

30 June, 2005), the EC, Norway, New Zealand and UK tabled a paper

containing two proposals, which were endorsed by the Open-ended Working

Group:

 To recommend that further consideration of the IPCC/TEAP Special

Report is placed on the agenda for the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties.

 To request TEAP to provide, by 31 October 2005, a supplementary report

to the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties that elaborates clearly the ozone

depletion implications of the issues raised in the Special Report. In

particular, the report should estimate current and projected levels of

ozone-depleting substances contained and emitted from banks, expressed

as ODP tonnes; project atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting

substances under the "Mitigation" and “Business as Usual” scenarios

that appear in the Special Report, and their associated impact on the

ozone layer; estimate costs of mitigation measures described in the report

in cost per ODP tonne.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

being phased out under the Montreal Prot ocol contribute to ozone depletion

and climate change, while hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons

(PFCs) controlled under the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol contribute only to climate change.

About 20% of ODSs have been or are being replaced with

hydrofluorocarbons, which generally have Global Warming Potentials

(GWPs) that are significantly lower than the GWPs of the ODSs they replace

and are in many cases better contained and more likely to be recovered during

servicing or at end-of-life.

The IPCC/TEAP Special Report describes the banks and emissions in all

relevant sectors in kg CO 2 

# equivalent, this being the typical way emissions are

considered for determining global warming impacts. This Supplement to the

Special Report more clearly presents the impacts on the ozone layer from the

viewpoint of emissions reductions, expressed in ODP tonnes.

The scope of the Special Report itself is limited to the sectors and applications

that have used HFCs or PFCs as substitutes for ODSs. Since HFCs have only

been used to replace approximately 20% of the previous ODS consumption,

and PFC use has been limited to a minority of specialist applications, there are

some former ODS-consuming sectors that have used little or no HFCs and

hence are not included within the scope of the Special Report. This means

that historic emissions of ODSs, assessed by using bottom-up methods per

sector in the Special Report, do not represent a complete assessment of the

historic ODS emissions. Accordingly, there is an inevitable systematic error

# viii 

# arising from comparison with emissions derived from atmospheric

measurements. However, the applications in which ODS banks have been

generated (fire protection, rigid insulating foam, refrigeration and air

conditioning) are also those, which have adopted HFCs as significant

substitutes and hence are included within the Special Report. This means that

bank assessments are likely to be reasonably complete.

A further source of systematic error is the lack of information on use patterns

of ODSs in Article 5(1) countries, resulting in it being difficult to establish

whether emissions in these regions are prompt (less than 1 year) or spread

over a longer period.

In parallel, random errors can emerge because of, for example, uncertainties

over the statistical distribution of life cycles. Most bottom-up models

function by using average life-times to determine the likely timing of

emissions. Accordingly, random errors can occur, particularly when the

assessment period is short (e.g. one year).

The results of these uncertainties are that the emissions estimates derived from

the aggregation of bottom-up assessments are not always consistent with

emissions estimates derived from atmospheric concentrations. However, the

use of several sources of information, including bottom-up estimates, reported

production and use data, plus atmospheric measurements mean that trends can

be clearly established, which give confidence in the information presented in

the Special Report and further reported in this Supplement. Additional work

will be required to further characterise the sources of these errors in order to

further improve confidence levels.

The emissions of the major banked chemicals in fire protection, refrigeration

and air conditioning equipment occur primarily during the use phase,

reflecting the more dynamic nature of the use-phase for such equipment and

the need for routine servicing. For rigid insulating foam, emissions are much

more focused during initial processing and, particularly, at end-of-life. In all

cases, the management of the decommissioning process at end-of-life is a key

determinant in ultimate emission levels.

The Supplement Report sets out the key elements of the Business-As-Usual

(BAU) case used in the Special Report and highlights key differences by

sector and by region. The assessment elaborates the fact that current ODS

recovery rates vary significantly by sector and that, within a given sector,

recovery rates tend to be significantly lower in Article 5(1) countries than in

non-Article 5(1) countries.

This assessment reveals that, in ODP tonnage terms, 70% (1,820 ODP

ktonnes) of all banked CFC and HCFC chemicals (excluding halons) were

situated in non-Article 5(1) countries in 2002. With the ongoing emission of

# ix 

# ozone depleting substances in the period until 2015, all banks are expected to

decrease. There is a huge amount of chemicals banked in foams in nonArticle 5(1) countries. Because of the more rapid emissions from

refrigeration and air conditioning equipment and the lack of slower emitting

foams in Article 5(1) countries, the proportion of the global bank in nonArticle 5(1) countries is therefore expected to increase in ODP terms by 2015

(to 75% or about 1,660 ODP ktonnes). Nevertheless, the total, global, ODS

bank is expected to dcrease from 2,600 ODP ktonnes in 2002 to 2,200 ODP

ktonnes in 2015.

Nevertheless, the increasing use of HCFCs in Article 5(1) countries could

delay the rate of recovery of the ozone layer and increase the quantity of

banked HCFCs from 37 ODP ktonnes in 2002 to 126 ODP ktonnes in 2015

under the BAU scenario.

The Mitigation Scenario in the Special Report estimated the additional

reductions in ODSs and the use of their HFC (and PFC) substitutes that can be

achieved by the year 2015 with technically feasible actions beyond those

currently required by the Montreal Protocol. The Special Report focused on

the climate benefits of such actions by presenting the results in terms of

greenhouse gas units of measure (carbon dioxide equivalents). This

Supplement Report presents the Mitigation Scenario emission reduction in

terms of ozone units of measure (ODP tonnes).

In the refrigeration and air conditioning sector, several potential measures will

be introduced progressively in the period to 2015 and will have an impact on

emission patterns, even after phasing out the use of ODSs in new equipment.

This also relates to specific servicing practices, such as recharging for

leakage, particularly in Article 5(1) countries, where ODS (CFC) based

equipment is still abundant. If measures will be implemented in the last phase

of the ODS phase-out process, their main impact will be on the level of future

HFC emissions in preference to ODSs. The main mitigation strategies likely

to have effect on ODS emissions in the mid-term (e.g., as of 2008) are those

associated with end-of-life measures in refrigeration and (mobile and

stationary) air conditioning. Recovery and possible destruction may have a

significant impact on the level of emissions released from the banks.

The slow emission rate from foams means that measures considered in the

Mitigation Scenario will have a limited effect by 2015, although there could

be incremental benefits for many years to follow. Although the Special

Report dealt with these dynamics tangentially (foam emission reductions were

projected to 2100), there was no systematic quantification of emission

abatement over such a long period.

As mitigation strategies are more widely researched, demonstrated and

commercially practised, there will be increasing precision in assessing

# x 

# specific mitigation costs. However, extreme care needs to be exercised in

applying these data to other areas. Local factors such as practical accessibility

and transport logistics can have substantial effects on the practicality and

economics of recovery and destruction. In some instances (e.g. halons), it

may also be important to leave banks available for future recycling and

critical use.

The best estimate in the Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002 (WMO,

2003) 

# projected the return of the Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine

(EESC) to 1980 values in the year 2044, assuming full compliance with the

Montreal Protocol. However, bank estimates in (WMO, 2003) are generally

lower than in the Special Report. The same calculation using the banks of

CFCs and HCFCs as estimated in this Supplement Report shows this return to

1980 values being delayed until 2046. If the further emissions from servicing

refrigeration and AC equipment, occurring in the interim, are taken into

account, the return of the EESC to 1980 values levels is estimated to be

delayed by up to another two years at maximum (2048). Destruction of all

banks in refrigeration and AC equipment as of 2008 (at end-of- life) could

result in an estimated return of the EESC to 1980 values around the year 2046.

Management of foam banks would also serve to accelerate the recovery of the

ozone layer, but quantification of this impact is difficult because much of the

emission from foam in buildings could take place at end-of-life in the period

between 2035 and 2050.

This Supplement Report provides some examples of mitigation costs, points

out the limitations on the use of this information, and highlights that the costeffectiveness of mitigation measures may depend substantially on whether

policy makers consider the co-benefits of ODS recovery and greenhouse gas

emission abatement. It is self-evident that, if these values are combined (not

always a strictly additive process), the cost-effectiveness criteria could be

satisfied in local circumstances where individual analyses might have dictated

otherwise.

In Article 5(1) countries, the current collection and recovery costs are likely to

be greater than in non-Article 5(1) countries owing to the lack of

infrastructure. Indeed, end-of-life concepts are very different in Article 5(1)

countries from the ones in non-Article 5(1) countries and the degree of re-use

is generally much higher.

# 1 

# 1 Introduction

1.1 Remit

Following a discussion on the IPCC/TEAP Special Report "Safeguarding the

Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to

Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons” at the Twenty-fifth meeting of the

Open-ended Working Group (Montreal, 27-30 June, 2005), the EC, Norway,

New Zealand, and UK tabled a CRP.8, where the first two paragraphs read as

follows:

 To recommend that further consideration of the IPCC/TEAP Special

Report is placed on the agenda for the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties.

 To request TEAP to provide, by 31 October 2005, a supplementary report

to the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties that elaborates clearly the ozone

depletion implications of the issues raised in the Special Report. In

particular, the report should estimate current and projected levels of

ozone-depleting substances contained and emitted from banks, expressed

as ODP tonnes; project atmospheric concentrations of ozone-depleting

substances under the "Mitigation" and “Business as Usual” scenarios

that appear in the Special Report, and their associated impact on the

ozone layer; estimate costs of mitigation measures described in the report

in cost per ODP tonne.

Following a discussion on the issue, the Open-ended Working Group agreed

(1) to recommend that further consideration of the IPCC/TEAP Special

Report be placed on the agenda for the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties and

(2) to request TEAP to provide, by 31 October 2005, a Supplementary Report

to the Seventeenth Meeting of the Parties that elaborates clearly the ozonedepletion implications of information already in the Special Report by

presenting it in terms of ozone-depleting potential and costs per ODP tonne.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)

being phased out under the Montreal Prot ocol contribute to ozone depletion

and climate change, while hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons

(PFCs) controlled under the United Nations Framework Convention on

Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol contribute only to climate change.

About 20% of ODSs are replaced with hydrofluorocarbons that generally have

Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) that are significantly lower than the

GWPs of the ODSs they replace and are better contained and more likely

recovered at service. Furthermore, climate protection benefits are achieved

during the ODS phase-out because refrigeration and air conditioning

engineers use the necessity of change to thoroughly redesign systems,

resulting in better efficiency, better reliability and better overall value for

consumers.

# 2 

# The IPCC/TEAP Report describes the banks and emissions in all relevant

sectors in kg CO 2 

# -equivalent, this being the typical way emissions are

considered for determining global warming impacts. This supplement to the

Special Report more clearly presents the impacts on the ozone layer from

emissions and emissions reductions, expressed in ODP tonnes.

1.2 Task Force

Following the meeting of the Open-ended Working Group, June 2005, TEAP

established a Task Force on the Supplement to the Special Report (TFSRS),

co-chaired by Lambert Kuijpers, Paul Ashford and Roberto Peixoto and

consisting of:

 

# Stephen. O. Andersen (USA, co-chair TEAP, member Steering Committee

Special Report);

 

# Paul Ashford (UK, co-chair FTOC, member TEAP, CLA Special Report);

 

# Nick Campbell (UK, member MTOC, CLA Special Report);

 

# Denis Clodic (France, member RTOC, CLA Special Report)

 

# Sukumar Devotta (India, member RTOC, CLA Special Report);

 

# David de Jager (The Netherlands, former TSU for the Special Report);

 

# Suzanne Kocchi (USA, member FTOC, LA Special Report);

 

# Lambert Kuijpers (The Netherlands, co-chair TEAP, co-chair RTOC,

member Steering Committee Special Report);

 

# Roberto Peixoto (Brazil, member RTOC, CLA Special Report)

 

# Jose Pons Pons (Venezuela, co-chair TEAP, co-chair MTOC, member

Steering Committee Special Report);

 

# Guus Velders (The Netherlands, CLA Special Report); and

 

# Dan Verdonik (USA, member TEAP, co-chair HTOC, CLA Special

Report).

Drafts were produced via email-circulation; a final review was carried out by

the TFSRS Task Force during the week of 7-11 November 2005. After this

review, this report was considered and subsequently adopted by consensus of

the UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) as

established under the Montreal Protocol.

1.3 The Structure of the Report

The structure of this Supplement to the IPCC/TEAP Report is as given below.

In individual chapters, particularly in chapters 3 and 4, the data that are

contained in the Special Report are updated and converted to ODP ktonnes.

Chapter 1, “Introduction”, presents the remit, the setting up of the Task Force

and the process followed in preparing this report.

Chapter 2, “Description of sectors”, describes sectors and emission sources,

looks at the phase in the life-time of a product when emissions mainly occur.

It presents an overview of the present status of bottom-up methods for

# 3 

# refrigeration and the uncertainties involved in the determination of banks and

emissions. It also gives some information derived from (IPCC TEAP, 2005)

on the determination of emissions from annual measurements of atmospheric

concentrations.

Chapter 3, “BAU Scenario”, looks at the demand, banks and emissions in a

Business as Usual scenario for the period 2002-2015. The assumptions for

determining banks and emissions in this scenario are given. It also gives the

relevant data on the development of the banks and related emissions (tables

with all the data and bar chart graphs can be found in the Annex to this

report). Demand, banks and emissions are considered for the world-total, and

both for the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries. This yields

insight on the percentage release from banks in different regions of the world,

where banks (and emissions) may be completely different in composition.

Chapter 4, “MIT Scenario”, looks at the demand, banks and emissions in a

Mitigation scenario. The assumptions as used in the mitigation scenario are

given, which scenario is characterised by the same banks and emissions as the

Business-As- Usual scenario in the year 2002 (tables with all the data and bar

chart graphs can be found in the Annex to this report). A comparison is made

between the size of the banks and the level of emissions in the Business-AsUsual and the Mitigation scenario in the year 2015.

Chapter 5, “Mitigation Costs”, describes the costs for the mitigation of

refrigeration, foams and halon emissions. Mitigation in this context means

that emissions of ODS should not have an impact on the recovery of the ozone

layer.

Chapter 6, “Impacts on the Recovery of the Ozone Layer”, describes the

impact of emissions on the ozone and is based on the same considerations as

chapter 2 in (IPCC TEAP, 2005).

Chapter 7, “Discrepancies between Emissions Determined”, presents

discrepancies between emissions determined from bottom-up methods and

from atmospheric measurements. It looks at the relevance of the types and the

levels of emissions, as well as at the relevance of the timing of the emissions

and emission reductions.

Chapter 8 gives “ Concluding Remarks”.

In the Annex tables and bar charts are given of the demand, the banks and

emissions for the years 2002 and 2015. These are expressed in ktonne

product, in ktonne CO 2 

# -equivalent and in ODP ktonne.

# 5 

# 2 Description of sectors, emission sources and methods of

assessment

2.1 Sectors and sources

Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) and their substitutes have been or are

being used in a wide range of products and processes that are already well

known to the ozone community. These include refrigeration and air

conditioning equipment, medical and tec hnical aerosols, rigid and flexible

foams, fire protection equipment, solvents, intermediates and process agents.

The IPCC/TEAP Special Report deals only with those products and processes,

which have selected HFCs or PFCs as full or partial substitutes for ODSs.

Hence the main chapters of that Report have focused on refrigeration and air

conditioning (chapters 4-6), rigid foams (c hapter 7), medical aerosols (chapter

8) and fire protection (chapter 9). Technical aerosols and specialist solvent

uses have also been covered (chapter 10), but to a lesser degree, reflecting the

lower levels of use of HFCs and PFCs as substitutes. An important

consequence of this scope is that the Special Report is not a comprehensive

treatise on the sources of all ODSs used historically (although the atmospheric

science inevitably covers all sources). Accordingly, there is no substantive

coverage of sectors such as non-technical aerosols that no longer depend on

fluorocarbons despite their widespread use in the second half of the 20th

century and their undeniable impact on the ozone layer.

Since this Supplementary Report is to mirror the scope of the Special Report

itself, it too does not cover all contributions to ODS emissions except within

the atmospheric science discussion (section 2.3). Although this may seem an

incomplete approach, it so happens that the sectors leading to future ODS

emissions are typically the same sectors as those leading to future HFC and

PFC emissions. This is particularly the case for refrigeration, air conditioning

and rigid foams where much of the future ODS emission will occur from

banks of refrigerant and blowing agent already accrued. As noted in the

Special Report, most of these substances (or by-products released during

manufacture) are greenhouse gases (GHGs), the emission of which will result

in a contribution to the direct positive forcing of climate. Direct emissions of

GHGs may occur during the manufacture of these substances, during the use

of these substances in products and processes, and at the end of the life of the

products containing these substances.

Indirect GHG emissions of applications of ODS and their replacements are the

GHG emissions related to the energy consumption (fuels and electricity)

during the complete lifecycle of the application (this effect is in addition to

the indirect negative radiative forcing of ODSs discussed previously).

Dependent on the characteristics of the energy system, indirect GHG

emissions may be significant as compared to direct GHG emissions, up to an

order of magnitude larger than the direct GHG emissions considered in this

# 6 

# report. As most indirect GHG emissions are related to the use-phase of the

applications concerned, energy efficiency improvements can often result in

significantly greater reductions in total GHG emissions than those generated

from a focus solely on reducing direct GHG emissions. This again depends

on the specific energy system characteristics.

The Special Report notes that the UNFCCC addresses anthropogenic

emissions by sources, and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not

controlled by the Montreal Protocol, i.e. carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous

oxide, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and

sulphurhexafluoride (SF 6 

# ). The Montreal Protocol, on the other hand,

controls not the emission but rather the production and consumption of ozone

depleting substances. Thus, the emissions due to releases of CFCs and

HCFCs present in banks (e.g. refrigeration equipment, foams) are not covered

in either the Montreal Protocol or Climate Convention. These emissions, if

uncontrolled, will make a significant future contribution to global warming,

and have relevance to the predicted recovery of the ozone layer. The

emissions from banks thus are linked to tradeoffs and are a component of a

balanced assessment of each sector included in this report.

HFCs and PFCs are now seldom used in aerosol, solvent, open-celled foam

and other applications where they are emitted immediately. In general, the

uses are focused on those applications where additional benefit can be gained

by their presence (e.g. for product safety, or thermal efficiency). This is partly

driven by the cost of these materials and partly by the recognition of the

environmental imperative to avoid emitting gases with high global warming

potential unnecessarily. Accordingly, a study of the sectors in which they are

now used not only relies on a knowledge of the production and consumption

of a chemical, but also on knowing the life cycle of the application in order to

determine whether emission will occur and, if so, when. This will vary

significantly between sectors and even between applications within sectors.

For instance, foam insulation used in buildings can have an expected lifetime

of 50 years or more. Since most of the emission, if it not prevented, will

occur at the end-of-life of the foam, there can be substantial delays in

emission which need to be factored into the atmospheric projections for ozone

recovery, as well as for climate change. Indeed, the time-related implications

of emissions may have a greater effect on ozone recovery than on climate

change because of the catalytic role of chlorine in the degradation of

stratospheric ozone.

Within the Special Report, the approach taken to time-dependence was not

totally uniform. In general, projections and the impact of possible mitigation

measures were assessed at 2015 and compared against the position understood

for 2002. Typically, the trends for intervening years were not mapped and

projections beyond 2015 were discouraged because of legitimate concerns

over the reliability of consumption data beyond this date. However, for

# 7 

# applications such as foams, it was recognised that a 15 year time-frame was

too short to reflect life-cycle implications of emissions arising from the use of

CFCs, which may have already taken place as far back as 1965 and which

continue for HCFCs and HFCs now and in the future. Accordingly, the foams

chapter in the Special Report extended its purview to 2100 in order to capture

the dynamics of on-going emissions. This is an equally important facet for

this Supplementary Report, bearing in mind the significant ODS banks that

remain in foams at this time. However, in keeping with a Business-As-Usual

and a Mitigation scenario as presented in the Special Report, this report does

not specifically calculate the impact of ODS emissions from foam out to 2100.

An additional distinction for some applications (e.g. refrigeration and fire

protection) is that equipment is serviced and replenished during its life-time.

This creates a further use and emission pattern through the life of the

equipment, which, in many cases, can be more significant than the initial

charges when the equipment is manufactured. Table 2-1 summarises the

distinctive aspects of each of the key applications covered in the Special

Report.

One other emission source, which would deserve some consideration in this

Supplementary Report, is the inadvertent creation and release of HFC-23 as a

by-product of HCFC-22 production. HFC-23 has a significant global

warming potential and its emission is linked to the strategies being adopted

under the Montreal Protocol to curb ultimate demand for HCFCs in Article

5(1) countries, which are again directly related to future HCFC-22 emissions.

Although mitigation of HFC-23 release is technically possible and

economically attractive under the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM), the availability of funds thr ough the sale of CDM credits obtained

from the reduction of HFC-23 emissions could provide a perverse incentive

for the continuation or expansion of HCFC-22 production in Article 5(1)

countries in order to generate such credits. However, the discussion on this

issue under the CDM is still ongoing and will be further dealt with at the

upcoming UNFCCC COP-11 in Montreal, December 2005. Once this

production and emission issue has been resolved there, the whole may need

further consideration under the Montreal Protocol.

# 8 Table 2-1 Distinctive aspects of current ODS and GHG emissions by key sectors

described in the IPCC/TEAP Special Report



# Life Cycle Phases of Emission*

Sector Typical

Gases Production/1 st 

# Year Use Phase

(incl. Servicing) End-of-Life

(incl. waste streams)



# Refrigeration CFC-12,

HCFC-22,

HFC-134a

HFC/HCFC

blends Factory controlled

– usually low level Higher level

dependent on

frequency of

servicing &

practices Maximum of one

charge still to be

recovered or emitted



# Stationary

A/C CFC-12

HCFC-22

HFC-134a

HFC/HCFC

blends Factory controlled

– usually low level Higher level

dependent on

frequency of

servicing &

practices Maximum of one

charge still to be

recovered or emitted



# Mobile A/C CFC-12

HCFC-22

(buses etc.)

HFC-134a Factory controlled

– usually low level Higher level

dependent on

frequency of

servicing &

practices Maximum of one

charge still to be

recovered or emitted



# Rigid Foams CFC-11

CFC-12

HCFC-141b

HCFC-142b

HFC-134a

HFC-245fa

HFC-365mfc Losses are low

where factorycontrolled but can

be higher for onsite application

(e.g. spray foam) Closed cell

nature of foams

makes losses in

this phase low

despite long

life-time Bulk of loss likely to

occur at this phase

unless

recovery/destruction

practised. Long-lived

emissions from

products disposed in

landfills



# Fire

Protection Halon 1211

Halon 1301

HFC-23

HFC-227ea

FK 5-1-12 Factory controlled

– usually low level Higher level

dependent on

frequency of

servicing &

testing practices Maximum of one

charge still to be

recovered or emitted



# Medical

Aerosols CFC-11

CFC-12

CFC-114

HFC-134a



# HFC-227ea Emission only

delayed by length

of time held in

stock Not applicable Not applicable



# Other Uses CFC-12

CFC-113

HCFC-142b

HCFC-141b

HFC-365mfc Most likely to be

used in closed

loops and may be

recovered Slow loss over

time and may

need

replenishment Destruction

techniques required

for spent materials

* Shaded cells denote most significant sources of emission.



# 2.2 Bottom-up methods and the challenge of assessing activity data

When seeking to assess emissions, it is generally necessary to develop an

understanding of use patterns and emission profiles for each use within a

# 9 

# sector over its respective lifecycle. This can be quite a complex process

depending on the sector considered.

By way of example, refrigerating equipment displays a wide variety of system

types, since use of refrigeration and air conditioning systems is very

widespread. The quality of the bottom-up method depends on good activity

(consumption or use) data. The sources of such data will depend on the nature

of the equipment and a series of possible approaches are presented in turn

(Ashford et al ., 2004a and 2004c).

(1) Stand-alone mass manufactured units

For domestic refrigerators (including freezers), air-to-air AC systems, and

chillers, annual statistical data are available and are issued either by

manufacturer associations or by specialised companies. Those data on annual

equipment sales allow the production and sale figures to be derived at the

national level for nearly all the OECD countries. For a given year at the global

level, the production of mass-produced equipment equals sales, if inventories

do not change. Based on this equality, and taking into account economic

factors such as GDP and GNP, it is possible to derive national markets of

countries for which equipment statistics are not available. Once the annual

production and markets are derived for all countries, the type of refrigerant is

determined according to regulation and manufacturer choices. Refrigerant

charges are defined depending on the refrigerating capacity. Past years are

derived for the typical lifetime of that equipment, which varies between 10 to

25 years, depending on the country. Emission factors are also determined by

equipment type and country specific circumstances.

(2) Integral parts of other mass manufactured units

No direct statistics are available for mobile air conditioning systems or

refrigeration, but a large number of data are available for the annual market

and production of cars, trucks, light commercial vehicles (LCVs), and buses

in different reference sources. A ratio of the number of vehicles equipped

with air-conditioning systems referred to the total number of vehicles is

applied on a year-by-year basis taking into account possible rapid change in

vehicle equipment. From the average lifetime of cars, and of AC systems, the

bank of refrigerant is calculated (merging all charges in the total fleet of

vehicles). Assuming likely emission rate and the bank, the annual servicing

market is determined, and then the total refrigerant emissions including endof-life emissions and fugitive emissions. The refrigerant recovery is

determined from knowledge of the volumes of equipment processed and is

adjusted for recovery efficiency.

# 10 

# (3) Purpose-built commercial systems

The steps for assessing emissions from commercial refrigeration units can be

more data intensive and usually involve:

(i) 

# the derivation of the activity data for each type of refrigerant from a

combination of refrigerant sales data and knowledge of equipment

types and their population

(ii) 

# the application of appropriate emission and recovery factors.

For retail outlets, the method chosen is typically based on food sales area

surfaces, which are the only data that can be found at the global level for both

non-Article 5(1) and Article 5(1) count ries. Emissions in past years are

estimated for the typical lifetime of the respective equipment types, which

vary between 7 and 15 years depending on the country. The percentage of the

refrigerant charge, which is emitted before servicing is used in order to define

the refrigerant recharge frequency. The lifetimes of supermarkets and

hypermarkets are typically longer than 7 years. However, the remodelling

frequency averages 7 years for non-Article 5(1) countries. This has to be

taken into account because it implies significant modifications to the

refrigerating circuits, which can lead to large refrigerant emissions depending

on the recovery efficiency. Further details on the methodology applied can be

found in (Ashford et al ., 2004c). A further treatment of uncertainties in the

refrigeration sector is included in Chapter 7.

In contrast to refrigeration where additional use of substances can occur

throughout the lifecycle during servicing, the only point of CFC, HCFC, or

HFC use for a foam is at the time of its manufacture. Although the

manufacturers of foam can also be small and highly dispersed businesses (cf

>5,000 spray foam contractors in the US alone), the bulk of blowing agent use

takes place in controlled factory environments which can be surveyed

relatively easily through trade associations and by direct contact. Even in the

case of the fragmented spray foam market, usage can often be characterised

through a series of ‘systems houses’ which act as formulators for the industry

and effectively ‘consume’ at the point of formulation.

This ability to determine, with some accuracy, the use of blowing agent at

foam manufacturing level introduces an important cross-check to the

modelling methodology in addition to the top-down sales statistics of the

refrigerant and blowing agent suppliers and the bottom-up determinations

from the stocks of buildings and equipment. However, these data are not

usually available at national level and, even where it is, it can be of fairly

limited value because the trading of insulation at regional level will often

transfer future lifecycle emissions to a different country. Further details on

the methodology applied can be found in (Ashford et al. , 2004c).

# 11 

# Confidence levels in activity data and emission factors vary by application in

the refrigeration and air conditioning sector. Table 2-2 summarises the six

different parameters assessed and confidence levels associated with each. It

should be noticed that the confidence levels can be particularly low in the case

of Article 5(1) countries, specifically for those where national statistical data

are scarce.

Table 2-2 Uncertainty level (from A to E) by characteristic or data

Domestic

refrigeration Commercial

refrigeration Refrigerated

transport Industrial

refrigeration Stationary air

conditioning Mobile air

conditioning

Market and

production 

# A B* C* B/C* A A

Lifetime 

# B/D* B A B A B

Refrigerant

type 

# A/C* B A B B** A

Refrigerant

charge 

# A B B B/C* C* A

Emission

rate 

# B/D* B/C B B/C B B/C**

Recovery

rate 

# A C B C B B/C**

* In Article

5(1) countries

lifetime,

emission rates

and

refrigerants

used are not

well known. * Calculations are

based on the

number of

retailers. The

main uncertainties

are coming from

the number of

refrigerating

equipment in

convenience

stores, and food

specialists in

Article 5(1)

countries. * Data are based

on trucks

market and

production. * Data are well

known in food

industry. Other

ones (such as the

chemical

industry) do not

communicate;

then uncertainty

regarding charge

and equipment

base is larger in

this sector. * Uncertainties

about the

average cooling

capacity of

chillers,

depending on

the country

** new

refrigerant

markets are well

known but past

distribution,

especially

between CFC11 and CFC-12

is uncertain. * Refrigerants

used in market

or production

are well known

but retrofit

process (USA

for instance) in

servicing is not

well estimated

** In countries

where “do it

yourself”

servicing

occurs,

emission rates

are difficult to

estimate



# 0 < |A| < 5% 5 < |B| < 10% 10 < |C| < 15% 15 < |D| < 20% 20 < |E| < 25%



# 2.3 Atmospheric concentrations and derived emissions (IPCC TEAP, 2005)

The average residence time of a fluorocarbon in equipment or other products

varies from less than a year to many decades, depending on the application. In

1974, at the time of the publication of the ozone-depletion hypothesis by

Molina and Rowland, fluorocarbons were mainly used in applications such as

aerosol propellants, solvents, and open-cell foams, resulting in rapid

emissions of these gases to the atmosphere within a year of sale. Since use as

propellants, and other applications with rapid emissions, have largely

disappeared in non-Article 5(1) countries and are gradually being minimised

# 12 

# in Article 5(1) countries, the current use of fluorocarbons is dominated by

their continuing use in applications with relatively slow emissions to the

atmosphere such as refrigerant and in closed-cell foam applications. The slow

emission of refrigerants and blowing agents establish banks, which can emit

fluorocarbons for prolonged periods and long after the use of the chemical has

ceased.

As noted earlier, when calculating banks of fluorocarbon and other chemicals

in refrigeration and in foams, it is necessary to study sales of equipment

and/or products, lifetime aspects, leakage during use, and end-of-life issues.

This bottom-up approach is based on data from surveys, which must be well

designed to ensure complete coverage. However, there are usually crosschecks to ensure completeness. Emission factors for refrigeration equipment

and foams have been assessed over several years. These vary significantly

according to the application and good market analysis is required to ensure the

use of appropriately weighted emission factors. The differences between the

use and the forecast emissions applying these functions are assigned to banks,

which accrue and diminish with time. Verification of the physical existence

of these banks has largely served to confirm the appropriateness of the

emission functions adopted, although year-to-year emission projections can

have significant error bars for banks that release slowly (e.g. foams),

particularly where emission projections are largely based on end-of-life

practices. These year-to-year errors (explained in greater detail in Chapter 7)

tend to be offset with time, making the level of confidence greater over a

multiyear period.

Observations of concentrations of long-lived chemicals in the atmosphere can

be used to estimate past emissions. If the lifetime of the chemical is long

enough and the rate of mixing is sufficient to ensure a more or less

homogeneous concentration in the whole lower troposphere, then past

emissions can be derived by simple inverse modelling using the change in

observed concentration and the lifetime of the chemicals (see Table TS-2 in

the Technical Summary of IPCC TEAP, 2005).

Measurements of long-lived chemicals are performed frequently and with

high accuracy in several measurement networks. The uncertainty in derived

emissions depends on the uncertainty in the trend in observed concentration

and on the uncertainty in the lifetime. Both are relatively small for most

chemicals, although deriving emission estimates from small annual changes in

relatively large numbers does carry some additional risk. Using different

measurement networks may also yield different emissions and therefore

information about the uncertainty. On this basis, the uncertainty in derived

emissions is about 10% for CFC-11 and between 1% and 6% for other longlived halocarbons.

# 13 

# As developed further in Chapter 7, the variances observed in the Special

Report between derived emissions from atmospheric observations and those

derived from bottom-up assessments arise from systematic errors (e.g. lack of

SROC completeness for ODS uses and a lack of knowledge on contemporary

use patterns for ODS in developing countries) as well as from random errors

associated with the uncertainties in the activity data and emissions factors at

sectoral level. Evidence suggests that the combination of both forms of error

is sufficient to reconcile the variances, although further work would be

valuable in characterising both systematic and random errors more fully.

# 15 

# 3 Demand, banks and emissions in a BAU scenario, historic data

and 2015 emissions

3.1 Assumptions BAU scenario

In the Special Report (IPCC TEAP, 2005) a Business-As-Usual (BAU)

scenario was developed for the projections of the demand, banks and

emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and some PFCs (where these are used as

replacements for ozone-depleting substances). In the BAU scenario different

annual market growth percentages are assumed for different regions in the

world. These projections assume that all existing measures will remain in

place, including the Montreal Protocol (phase-out) and relevant national

regulations. The Business-As-Usual case assumes the continuing application

of all existing measures and the alternative scenario(s) embody improvements

that could be implemented assuming global application of current bestpractice emission reduction techniques. As a consequence, the usual practices

and emission rates will remain unchanged up to 2015 and the recovery

efficiency will not increase. This may imply that certain alternative chemicals

penetrate to a certain (different) degree in certain markets. The large scale

destruction of banks is not included in this BAU scenario. In order to

facilitate the calculations of emissions, estimates have been made of the size

of the bank of ozone-depleting substances and fluorinated gases in equipment

and applications in 2002. Table 3.1 summarises the key assumptions of the

Business-As-Usual (BAU) projections.

The activities underlying emissions of fluorocarbons are expected to expand

significantly between now and 2015. These activities (such as the

requirements for refrigeration, air conditioning and insulation) will involve a

number of technologies, including CFCs and HCFCs. In non-Article 5(1)

countries, the use and emissions of CFCs and HCFCs will decline as obsolete

equipment is retired. In Article 5(1) countries, ozone-depleting substances

(particularly HCFCs) may be used for most of the first half of this century and

significant growth is expected.

3.2 Demand, banks and emissions per substance and per sector

3.2.1. General observations

Current emission profiles are largely determined by historic use patterns,

resulting in a relatively high contribution (now and in the coming decades)

from CFCs and HCFCs banked in equipment and foams.

Tables 3-2 and 3-3 show the banks per substance and per sector. Figure 3-1

presents the banks for the year 2002 and for the year 2015, for both the BAU

and the MIT scenario. It also gives the shares of the non-Article 5(1) and the

Article 5(1) countries in the total.16Table 3-1 Key assumptions in the Business-as-Usual (BAU) ScenarioSector Annual market growth2002−2015 (both in BAU andMIT) (% yr-1)Best practice assumptionsEU USA Japan A5(1)Refrigeration,SAC and MACEU% yr-1USA% yr-1Japan% yr-1A5(1)% yr-1Type ofReductionBAU BAU BAU BAU1 2.2 1.6 2−4.8 Substance HFC-134a / HC-600aHFC-134a HFC-134a CFC-12 / HFC-134aDomesticrefrigerationRecovery 0% 0% 0% 0%1.8 2.7 1.8 2.6−5.2 Substance R-404A HCFC-22 / R-404A HCFC / R-404A CFC / HCFCCommercialrefrigerationRecovery 50% 50% 50% 25%1 1 1 3.6−4.0 Substance HFC-NH3(35%) HCFC / HFC-NH3(60%)HCFC / HFC-NH3(35%)CFC / HCFC-22IndustrialrefrigerationRecovery 50% 50% 50% 15−25%2 3 1 3.3−5.2 Substance HFCs HCFCs / HFCs HCFCs / HFCs CFC / HCFC-22TransportrefrigerationRecovery 50% 50% 50% 0%3.8 3 1 5.4−6.0 Substance HFCs HCFCs / HFCs HCFCs / HFCs CFC / HCFC-22SACRecovery 50% 30% 30% 0%4 4 1 6.0−8.0 Substance HFC-134a / CO2(10%)as of 2008HFC-134a HFC-134a CFC / HCFC-134aRecovery 50% 0% 0% 0%MACCharge 700 g 900 g 750 g 750−900 gFoamsAbout 2% yr-1Assumptions on substance use (see Technical Summary section 4.4 (IPCC TEAP, 2005)Medical aerosols1.5–3% yr-1Partial phase-out of CFCsFire protection−4.5% yr-1(all substances) Phase-out of halonsNon-medicalaerosols andsolvents16% increase period in total CO2-weighted emissions over theperiod 2002−2015See (IPCC TEAP, 2005)

# 17 

# The largest bank of ODS (CFCs) is in foam products, which are located in the

non-Article 5(1) countries. This will remain the case between 2002 and 2015.

Banks of halons are also important, and are roughly split equally between

non-Article 5(1) and Article 5(1) countries. This will remain the case until

2015, although the size of the bank is expected to decrease. Banks of ODS

substances in refrigeration and air conditioning are relatively small (compared

to the others mentioned above) and will be much smaller in the year 2015,

mainly due to a decrease in the CFC banks, which can then only be found in

the Article 5(1) countries. Further, more detailed data are presented below.

It should be noted, that recovery efforts and the associated costs may vary

widely, to the extent that certain, large amounts of ODS in banks are virtually

unrecoverable, although still existing. However, the option for destruction

still remains open. For example, refrigerants are generally considered to be

easily recoverable but recovery of foam blowing agents can be more

complicated (see further chapter 5 in this report).

Most halon-1211 is widely dispersed in building and residential portable fire

extinguishers averaging only a few kg each. Other halon-1211 has been

centralised in military, aviation and large fire brigades. Collection of the

widely dispersed portable extinguishers may prove to be unproductive or

uneconomic in some countries. National programs that require halon owners

to donate substances and to pay for destruction have resulted in recovery of

only a small portion of estimated banks, with unreported quantities likely

emitted or lost to avoid the expense. On the other hand, national programs

offering a bounty for recovered halon a nd financing of destruction have

demonstrated higher recovery rates.

In general, emissions, i.e., bank-turnover varies significantly from application

to application: from months (e.g. solvents), several years (refrigeration

applications) to over half a century (foam insulation). The banks stored in

equipment and foams may leak during the use phase of the products they are

part of, and at the end of the product lifecycle (in case they are not recovered

or destroyed.18Table 3-2 2002 Banks of halocarbons per group of substancesProduct (kt product) ODP (kt ODP) GWP (MtCO2-eq)Banks 2002World NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesHalons 168 80 88 1,173 659 514 531 330 201CFCs 2,430 1,669 760 2,412 1,665 747 15,749 10,235 5,514HCFCs 2,651 1,997 643 194 156 37 3,841 2,773 1,062HFCs 544 494 49 0 0 0 1,103 992 86PFCs 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0Total 5,793 4,241 1,540 3,779 2,480 1,299 21,229 14,334 6,864Table 3-3 2002 Banks of halocarbons per application sectorProduct (kt product) ODP (kt ODP) GWP (MtCO2-eq)Banks 2002World NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesRefrigeration 971406 56533666 2704,7511,423 3,328Stationary AC 1,193868 32513486 482,5091,721 787Mobile AC 419352 67150108 421,9871,500 487Foams 2,9962,507 4901,9781,555 42311,2709,241 2,029Medical Aerosols 129 286 27558 17Fire Protection 19199 921,174659 514606390 216HFC-23 byproduct -- --- --- -N-M Aer./Solvents120 010 0320 0Total 5,7934,241 1,5403,7792,480 1,29921,22914,334 6,864Note: Not all banks data could be allocated to regions. ForHFC-23 by-product, non-medical aerosols and solvents no regional breakdown indemand, banks and emissions is available.19HalonsHalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACSACMACMACMACFoamsFoamsFoamsFireFireFireDevelopedDevelopedDevelopedDevelopingDevelopingDeveloping050010001500200025003000350040002002 2015 Busines-as-Usual Scenario 2015 Mitigation ScenarioBanks (ktonnes ODP)Figure 3-1 Banks of halocarbons expressed in ktonnes ODP. Breakdown per group of substances, per emission sector en perregion (non-Article 5(1)/Article 5(1) countries), for 2002,2015 Business-as-Usual Scenario, and 2015 Mitigation Scenario.

# 20 

# 3.2.2 Specific observations related to the 2002 banks

In ktonnes, the largest bank is in foams, being almost 3,000 ktonnes, of which

1,860 ktonnes are CFCs (roughly the same in ODP-ktonnes) and 1,130

ktonnes (119 ODP-ktonnes) are HCFCs. 1,445 ktonnes of CFCs, as well as

1,050 ktonnes of HCFCs (equal to 110 ODP-ktonnes) can be found in the nonArticle 5(1) countries. In the Article 5(1) countries, the CFC foams bank

amounts to 414 ktonnes (414 ODP-ktonnes), the HCFC foam bank to 76

ktonnes, or 9 ODP-ktonnes. Less than 7% of the global HCFC foam bank is

in the Article 5(1) countries.

In 2002, the second largest bank in ODP-ktonnes is in refrigeration, with 335

ODP-ktonnes (971 ktonnes). This amounts to 313 ODP-ktonnes of CFCs and

23 ODP-ktonnes of HCFCs. In this case, 256 ODP-ktonnes (82%) of CFCs

are banked in the Article 5(1) countries, as well as 14 ODP-ktonnes of HCFCs

(61%). This implies that the largest bank for refrigeration in 2002 is in the

Article 5(1) countries. A large portion (186 ODP-ktonnes) is in commercial

refrigeration in the Article 5(1) countries, next to 69 ODP-ktonnes in domestic

refrigeration.

The halon bank amounts to a total of 168 ktonnes, of which 80 ktonnes are in

the non-Article 5(1) and 88 ktonnes in the Article 5(1) countries. In ODPktonnes, however, the world total amounts to 1,173 ODP-ktonnes, of which

659 ODP-ktonnes (56%) in the non-Article 5(1), and 514 ODP-ktonnes (44%)

in the Article 5(1) countries

3.2.3 2015 Business-As-Usual projections for banks

Between 2002 and 2015, global banks of CFCs decrease from 2,430 to 1,411

ktonnes (more or less the same in ODP-ktonnes), HCFC banks increase from

2,651 to 3,317 ktonnes (194 to 247 ODP-ktonnes). HFC banks take over for a

large part since they are assumed to grow from 544 to 2950 ktonnes from

2002 to 2015.

In the non-Article 5(1) countries, CFC banks decrease from 1,669 to 1,132

ktonnes, in the Article 5(1) countries from 760 to 280 ktonnes. HCFC banks

in the non-Article 5(1) countries decrease from 1,997 to 1,479 ktonnes, or 156

to 119 ODP-ktonnes. In the Article 5(1) countries they grow from 643 to

1,822 ktonnes, or from 37 to 126 ODP-ktonnes.

In the non-Article 5(1) countries, the foams bank of CFCs decreases from

1,445 to 1,108 ktonnes, the HCFC bank from 1,050 to 986 ktonnes, which for

the latter implies that it decreases from 110 to 95 ODP-ktonnes. In the Article

5(1) countries, the foams CFC bank decreases from 414 to 198 ktonnes, the

HCFC bank increases from 76 to 516 ktonnes, or from 9 to 61 ODP-ktonnes.

# 21 

# In 2015, the bank in refrigeration is still larger than the bank in stationary air

conditioning (103 compared to 70 ODP-ktonnes), but the difference has

become much smaller. Globally, the CFC bank decreases between 2002 and

2015 from 313 to 59 ODP-ktonnes in refrigeration, the HCFC bank, however,

increases from 23 to 44 ODP-ktonnes. In the non-Article 5(1) countries, the

HCFC bank decreases from 9 to 4 ODP-ktonnes, in the Article 5(1) countries,

however, the HCFC bank increases from 14 to 41 ODP-ktonnes.

3.2.4 2015 Business-As-Usual projections for emissions

The activities underlying emissions of fluorocarbons are expected to grow

significantly between now and 2015. These activities and services (such as

refrigeration, air conditioning and insulation) will be provided by a number of

technologies and substances, including CF Cs and HCFCs. In non-Article 5(1)

countries, use and emissions of CFCs and HCFCs will decline following the

Montreal Protocol phase-out requirement (and national and regional

legislation) as obsolete equipment is retired. In Article 5(1) countries, HCFCs

can still be produced until 2040 and significant growth is expected. These

changes, and their impacts, are reflected in the data (see data in the Annex).

The fall in CFC emissions is not accompanied by a similar increase in

emissions of HFCs because of continuing trends towards non-HFC technology

and substitutes with lower GWPs. In addition, but not included in the BAU

scenario, capture and safe disposal of materials, that in the past were emitted,

is likely to increase for HFCs since the emissions of these substances are

controlled under the Kyoto Protocol. The Business-As-Usual case assumes

continuing application of all existing measures and the mitigation scenario

embodies improvements that could be implemented assuming global

application of current best practice emission reduction techniques.

Tables 3-4 and 3-5 show the emissions per substance and per sector for the

year 2002. Figure 3-2 presents the emissions for the year 2002 and for the

year 2015, for both the BAU and the MIT scenario. It also gives the shares of

the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries in the total. Where it

concerns emissions, the share of the Article 5(1) countries in the total is

relatively large, taking into account the relative distribution of the banks

between the Article 5(1) and the non-Article 5(1) countries. Significant

amounts of emissions in the Article 5(1) countries originate from refrigeration

and air conditioning and from halon equipment. The emissions will have

decreased substantially by 2015 due to smaller banks. In both the BAU and

the MIT scenario the banks are more or less the same, however, there is a

large difference in emissions due to the application of improved techniques

and the further improvement of all kind of practices.22Table 3-4 2002 Emissions of halocarbons per group of substancesProduct (kt yr-1product) ODP (kt yr-1ODP) GWP (MtCO2-eq yr-1)Emissions 2002World NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesHalons 115 66935 343016 13CFCs 17488 8616887 811,652814 838HCFCs 271133 128157 7448218 223HFCs 124103 600 0434204 11PFCs 00 000 010 0Total 580329 226252129 1222,5651,253 1,086Table 3-5 2002 Emissions of halocarbons per application sectorProduct (kt yr-1product) ODP (kt yr-1ODP) GWP (MtCO2-eq yr-1)Emissions 2002World NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesWorld NonArticle 5(1)countriesArticle 5(1)countriesRefrigeration 23285 1487213 591,061293 768Stationary AC 11575 401810 7271165 107Mobile AC 134113 216048 13749603 146Foams 5142 102418 7152116 35Medical Aerosols 129 286 27558 17Fire Protection 115 66835 343117 14HFC-23 byproduct 140 000 01950 0N-M Aer./Solvents 120 010 0320 0Total 580329 226252129 1222,5651,253 1,086Note: Not all emission data could be allocated to regions. For HFC-23 by-product, non-medical aerosols and solvents no regionalbreakdown indemand, banks and emissions is available.23HalonsHalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACSACMACMACMACFoamsFoamsFoamsMDIMDIMDIFireFireFireDevelopedDevelopedDevelopedDevelopingDevelopingDeveloping0501001502002502002 2015 Busines-as-Usual Scenario 2015 Mitigation ScenarioEmissions (ktonnes ODP yr-1)Figure 3-2 Emissions of halocarbons expressed in ktonnes yr-1ODP. Breakdown per group of substances, per emission sector enper region (non-Article 5(1)/Article 5(1) countries), for 2002,2015 Business-as-Usual Scenario, and 2015 Mitigation Scenario.

# 24 

# In 2002, the emissions of CFCs amount to 174 ktonnes per year, which

decrease to 43 ktonnes per year in 2015. Between 2002 and 2015, the

emissions of HCFCs increase from 271 to 492 ktonnes per year in 2015, or

from 15 to 26 ODP-ktonnes per year.

Between 2002 and 2015, the CFC emissions in the non-Article 5(1) countries

decrease from 88 to 17 ODP-ktonnes, in the Article 5(1) countries from 86 to

26 ODP-ktonnes per year.

HCFC emissions globally increase from 271 to 492 ktonnes per year (15 to 26

ODP-ktonnes), in the non-Article 5(1) they decrease from 7 to 5 ODP-ktonnes

per year, in the Article 5(1) countries they increase from 7 to 20 ODP-ktonnes

per year (128 to 380 ktonnes).

Halon emissions are important, but they decrease from 86 to 40 ODP-ktonnes

per year between 2002 and 2015.

Although the quantity of ODS in foams banks was by far the largest, the

annual emissions from refrigeration and mobile air conditioning, as well as

halons, are larger than foam emissions, particularly in the year 2002. Global

CFC emissions from refrigeration decrease from 65 to 12 ODP-ktonnes, in

MAC they decrease from 60 to 5 ODP-ktonnes per year, however, in foams

they decrease from 22 to 16 ODP-ktonnes per year, which makes foams the

largest CFC emitter in the year 2015.

In refrigeration, the CFC emissions in the non-Article 5(1) countries are

reduced to a very small amount, from 11 to 1 ODP-ktonne per year, in mobile

air conditioning from 47 to 0, in foams from 16 to 12 ODP-ktonnes per year

by 2015. HCFC emissions in the non-Article 5(1) countries decrease from 2

to 1 ODP-ktonne per year for refrigeration by 2015 (45 to 18 ktonnes), they

remain constant for stationary air conditioning, at 3 ODP-ktonnes. From

foam, the HCFC emissions decrease from 2 to 1 ODP-ktonne per year by

2015.

In 2015, the sum of CFC and HCFC emissions in the non-Article 5(1)

countries is equal to 22 ODP-ktonnes per year, halon emissions amount to 16

ODP-ktonnes per year, which, in fact, makes the halon bank (and resulting

emissions) management very important in the non-Article 5(1) countries,

mindful that the bank has halved between 2002 and 2015.

CFC emissions in the Article 5(1) countries decrease from 86 to 26 ktonnes

per year (or ODP-ktonnes) between 2002 and 2015. In the Article 5(1)

countries, HCFC emissions increase from 128 to 380 ktonnes, or from 7 to 20

ODP-ktonnes per year.

# 25 

# With more or less similar bank sizes, annual emissions of halons are estimated

at 35 ODP-ktonnes per year in the non-Article 5(1) countries, and 34 ODPktonnes per year in the Article 5(1) countries in the year 2002. The emissions

are reduced to 16 ODP-ktonnes in the non-Article 5(1) and to 24 ODPktonnes in the Article 5(1) countries in 2015.

In the Article 5(1) countries, CFC emissi ons from refrigeration decrease from

55 to 11 ODP-ktonnes per year between 2002 and 2015 and are the most

important emissions in 2015, followed by halon emissions. CFC emissions

from stationary and mobile air conditioning and from foams are all 3-5 ODPktonnes per year.

HCFC emissions in the Article 5(1) countries increase for refrigeration (from

87 to 302 ktonnes, or 4 to 15 ODP-ktonnes per year between 2002 and 2015),

for stationary air conditioning (33 to 60 ktonnes, or 2 to 3 ODP-ktonnes per

year) as well as from 3 to 8 ktonnes per year for foam, which implies that the

HCFC emissions from foam are about 1 ODP-ktonne per year in the year

2015.

# 27 

# 4 Demand, banks and emissions in a MIT scenario, comparison

of 2015 BAU and MIT

4.1 Assumptions MIT scenario

In (IPCC TEAP, 2005) a Mitigation (MIT) scenario was developed for the

projections of the demand, banks and emissions of CFCs, HCFCs, HFCs and

some PFCs (where these are used as replacements for ozone-depleting

substances). In the MIT scenario different annual market growth percentages

are assumed for different regions in the world, equal to the ones used in the

BAU scenario. These projections assume that all existing measures will

remain in place, including the Montreal Protocol (phase-out) and relevant

national regulations. The Mitigation case assumes improved application of all

existing measures and improvement in best-practice emission reduction

techniques. As a consequence, the usual practices and emission rates will

change during the period 2002-2015. In the case of refrigeration, the recovery

efficiency is assumed to increase in all sub-sectors; charge reductions are

assumed in different applications in certain regions of the world. In this

scenario certain alternative chemicals penetrate to a larger degree in certain

markets than assumed in the BAU scenario. However, large scale destruction

of banks is again not included in this MIT scenario. In the case of foams, the

dependency on HFCs is less than in the BAU scenario, there are

improvements in production and installation and end-of life management is

increasingly applied. In the case of medical aerosols it is assumed that there

will not be CFC inhalers on the market anymore. Where it relates to halons,

there is no difference between the MIT and the BAU scenario here. Table 4-1

summarises the key assumptions of the MIT projections

4.2 Demand, banks and emissions per substance and per sector

4.2.1 Difference between 2015 Business-As-Usual and Mitigation projections for

banks

The difference in the size of the banks is minimal between the BAU and MIT

scenario in 2015. This conclusion is related to the fact that the difference in

the banks in the two scenarios is caused by the application of non-CFC, nonHCFC, low GWP refrigerants and chemicals and by charge reduction. Given

the lifetime of some of the products these measures will only proliferate

slowly, and more importantly, are not of any influence in CFC based products

where manufacturing can be assumed to have stopped either before (in the

non-Article 5(1) countries) or in the period 2002-2015.28Table 4-1 Key assumptions in the Mitigation ScenarioSector Annual market growth2002−2015 (both in BAU andMIT) (% yr-1)Best practice assumptionsEU USA Japan A5(1)Refrigeration,SAC and MACEU% yr-1USA% yr-1Japan% yr-1A5(1)% yr-1Type ofReductionMIT MIT MIT MIT1 2.2 1.6 2−4.8 Substance HC-600a HFC-134a / HC-600a(50%)HC-600a Plus HC-600a (50% in2010)DomesticrefrigerationRecovery 80% 80% 80% 50%1.8 2.7 1.8 2.6−5.2 Substance R-404A / R-410A (50%) R-404A / R-410A (50%) R-404A / R-410A (50%) R-404A / R-410A (50%)Recovery 90% 90% 90% 30%CommercialrefrigerationCharge−30%−30%−30%−10%1 1 1 3.6−4.0 Substance HFC-NH3(70%) HCFC / HFC-NH3(80%) HCFC / HFC-NH3(70%) NH3(40−70%)Recovery 90% 90% 90% 50%IndustrialrefrigerationCharge−40%−40%−40%−10%2 3 1 3.3−5.2 Substance HFCs HCFCs / HFCs HCFCs / HFCs Plus HFCs, up to 30%TransportrefrigerationRecovery 80% 70% 70% 20−30%3.8 3 1 5.4−6.0 Substance HFCs HCFCs / HFCs HCFCs / HFCs CFC / HCFC-22 (HFCs30% in some A5(1))SACRecovery 80% 80% 80% 50%Charge−20%−20%MAC 4 4 1 6.0−8.0 Substance HFC-134a / CO2(50%) asof 2008HFC-134a / CO2(30%)as of 2008HFC-134a / CO2(30%)as of 2008CFC / HFC-134aRecovery 80% 70% 70% 50%Charge 500 g 700 g 500 g 750−900 gFoamsAbout 2% yr-1MIT HFC consumption reduction: A linear decrease inuse of HFCs between 2010 and 2015 leading to 50%reduction by 2015.Production/installation improvements: The adoption ofproduction emission reduction strategies from 2005 forall block foams and from 2008 in other foam sub-sectors.End-of-life management options: The extension of existing end-of-life measures to all appliances and steelfaced panels by 2010 together with a 20% recovery rate from other building-based foams from 2010.Medicalaerosols1.5–3% yr-1MIT Complete phase-out of CFCs−4.5% yr-1(all substances) MIT Not quantifiableFire protection+0.4% yr-1(HCFCs/HFCs/PFCs) MIT 100% implementation of reduction options (90% emission reduction)Non-medicalaerosols andsolvents16% increase period in total CO2-weighted emissions over theperiod 2002−2015MIT Not quantifiable

# 29 

# Hence, world-wide the banks for CFCs and HCFCs are roughly the same in

both scenarios; there are small differences in the domestic and commercial

refrigeration sub-sectors. HCFC banks in stationary air conditioning are

smaller in the MIT scenario (878 versus 644 ktonnes, or 43 versus 32 ODPktonnes). There is no difference in the banked chemicals in foams, as long as

it concerns ODS (on the other hand, there are small differences in HFCs

banked in foams between the two scenarios).

No major differences in the trends for bank size development during 2002-

2015 can be observed between the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1)

countries (banks in several sub-sectors are 0 to 10% smaller in the MIT

scenario). As mentioned, the exception is in the stationary air conditioning

sector where banks are 25% smaller in the non-Article 5(1) and 10% smaller

in the Article 5(1) countries, and this applies to 2015 in the MIT scenario.

4.2.2 Difference between 2015 Business-As-Usual and Mitigation projections for

emissions

World-wide, CFC emissions are 30% lower in the MIT scenario (29 versus 42

ODP-ktonnes per year); HCFC emissions are almost 40% lower (16 versus 26

ODP-ktonnes per year). Halon emissions are assumed to be the same in both

scenarios. This results in 25% lower ODP-tonnes emissions per year (the

savings expressed in ktonnes per year are larger, due to the fact that halons do

not contribute).

Relatively, the largest reduction is in the stationary air conditioning sector

with more than 50% reduction in the MIT versus the BAU scenario (6 versus

13 ODP-ktonnes per year in the BAU scenario), followed by refrigeration

with a reduction of about 40%. Reductions in the foam sector are marginal,

emissions are 6% lower in the MIT compared to the BAU scenario (17

compared to 18 ODP-ktonnes per year).

If one takes the reductions in HCFC emissions in the MIT scenario, then

largest reductions are observed in the stationary air conditioning sector, by

67% (2 versus 6 ODP-ktonnes per year). Virtually no reductions occur in the

HCFC foam sector, only some in the CFC foam sector (1 ODP-ktonne per

year).

In the non-Article 5(1) countries, the reduction in CFC emissions is minimal

(15 versus 16 ODP-ktonnes per year), much larger reductions, about 40%, are

possible in the Article 5(1) countries. This depends of course, on the

assumptions for these countries in the MIT scenario. The largest reduction

can be observed in the stationary air conditioning sector (reduction by 67% in

CFCs and HCFCs, both from 3 to 1 ODP-ktonne per year).

# 30 

# In the Article 5(1) countries, the reductions in emissions are larger for both

CFCs (14 versus 25 ODP-ktonnes per year) and for HCFCs (12 versus 20

ODP-ktonnes per year). Reductions in the specific refrigeration and AC subsectors are all in the order of 35%, except for foam (3 compared to 4 ODPktonnes of CFCs per year).

4.2.3 Graphical presentation of the 2015 Business-As-Usual and Mitigation

projections for banks and emissions

Figures 4-1 and 4-2 present the banks and emissions for 2002, and for the

BAU and MIT projections for the year 2015. The graphs have on the

horizontal axis the amounts in Mt CO 2 

# -eq, on the vertical axis the amounts in

ODP ktonnes. In both figures data are given for the world, and separately for

the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries.

In figure 4-1 it is clearly shown that the size of the foam bank is by far the

largest, both for the world and for the non-Article 5(1) countries. The

difference between the foam bank in the BAU and the MIT scenario is

minimal (due to the long life of rigid foam products).

Figure 4-1 shows that the halon banks decrease significantly on ODP tonnes,

the difference in Mt CO 2 

# -eq is minimal (due to the low GWP of halons).

World-wide, the banks of refrigeration, stationary and mobile air conditioning

decrease in ODP terms but there are only small decreases between the BAU

and MIT scenarios. The largest decrease takes place in mobile air

conditioning. In refrigeration and stationary air conditioning the bank

increase in GWP terms in the BAU scenario due to market growth and the

application of HFC mixtures with relatively high GWP. This is offset for a

large part in the MIT scenario for stationary air conditioning, and there is

decrease for refrigeration and mobile air conditioning. The same dynamics

between the BAU and MIT banks of refrigeration, stationary and mobile air

conditioning described for the world can be observed in the case of the nonArticle 5(1) countries.

In the Article 5(1) countries, the bank of halons decreases dramatically

between 2002 and 2015, and this also holds for the bank in refrigeration

equipment (mainly due to the large content of CFCs in the year 2002). The

importance of the banks in mobile and stationary air conditioning seem to be

relatively low in the Article 5(1) countries. In GWP terms the bank in

stationary air conditioning increases due to market growth (and to a small

degree due to application of HFC mixtures instead of HCFC-22). The foam

bank is much smaller here than in the non-Article 5(1) countries and decreases

to two third the amount in ODP ktonnes by the year 2015.

# 31 

# Figure 4-2 shows the emissions for the world as well as for the non-Article

5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries. Mobile air conditioning is now the topemitter in the non-Article 5(1) countries in 2002 (both in ODP and in GWP

terms), with a enormous decrease in 2015 for the BAU scenario and even

more for the MIT scenario. Refrigeration is the top emitter in the Article 5(1)

countries, with a large decrease in ODP tonnes (not so much in Mt CO 2 

# -eq) by

2015 in the BAU scenario, and a further decrease in the MIT scenario (where

the decrease in Mt CO 2 

# -eq is quite outspoken).

In ODP tonnes, the emissions from halon systems are still very significant, in

both the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries.

The emissions from foams are relatively small in 2002 but certainly not

negligible. In the non-Article 5(1) countries, the contribution of these

emissions forms the largest of all in the year 2015, not much different from

the contribution of halons in ODP terms.

Refrigeration equipment remains an important source of ODP related

emissions in the Article 5(1) countries by 2015 (where only the halon

contribution is supposed to be larger).

# 32 MIT 2015 BAU 2015 2002

BAU-2015/MIT-2015 2002



# 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500



# 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq)ODP (kt ODP)



# Refrigeration Fire protection

Mobile AC SAC Foams 

# Banks - WORLD

BAU-2015/MIT-2015

2002



# 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800



# 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq)ODP (kt ODP)



# Refrig. Fire protection

MAC SAC 

# Banks - DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

MIT 2015 BAU 2015 2002



# 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

8000 9000 10000 

# Foams

MIT 2015

BAU 2015 2002

BAU-2015/MIT-2015

2002



# 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800



# 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq)ODP (kt ODP)



# Refrigeration Fire protection

MAC

SAC Foams 

# Banks - DEVELOPING COUNTRIES



# Figure 4-1 Scatter diagram for the sectoral banks of halocarbons expressed in GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq) and

ODP (kt ODP) for 2002, and for 2015 in both the Business-As-Usual and the Mitigation Scenario.

# 33 2002

BAU-2015

MIT-2015 BAU-2015/MIT-2015 2002



# 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100



# 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq yr -1 

# )ODP (kt ODP yr-1)



# Refrigeration Fire protection

Mobile AC

SAC Foams 

# Emissions - WORLD

Medical

aerosols

MIT-2015 BAU-2015 2002

2002

BAU-2015/MIT-2015



# 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70



# 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq yr -1 

# )ODP (kt ODP yr-1)



# Refrigeration Fire protection Mobile AC

SAC Foams 

# Emissions - DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Medical

aerosols

MIT-2015 BAU-2015 2002

2002

BAU-2015/MIT-2015



# 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70



# 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq yr -1 

# )ODP (kt ODP yr-1)



# Refrigeration

Mobile AC

Stationary AC Foams 

# Emissions - DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Medical

aerosols Fire protection



# Figure 4-2 Scatter diagram for the sectoral emi ssions of halocarbons expressed in GWP (MtCO 2 

# -eq)

and ODP (kt ODP) for 2002, and for 2015 in both the Business-As-Usual and the Mitigation Scenario.

# 35 

# 5 Mitigation Costs

5.1 Introduction

The options to reduce ODS (and GHG) emissions explored in the Special

Report (IPCC TEAP, 2005) include: improved containment of substances;

reduced charge of substances in equipment; end-of-life recovery and recycling

or destruction of substances; increased use of alternative substances with a

lower or zero global warming potential; not-in-kind technologies; acceleration

of the remaining phase-outs (and less dependence on ODSs for exempted

feedstock uses, process agent applications, quarantine uses, as well as

essential CFC and critical MB uses, where the latter five applications are not

considered in this report).

In the Special Report mitigation was considered in the context of lowering

global warming impact. This implied considerations on the conversion of

equipment manufacturing to certain non-ODS and also to very low GWP

alternatives. Mitigation costs were derived for several sectors for avoiding

certain amounts of direct global warming emissions. Mitigation of global

warming contributions from substances in equipment or products was

considered via a mitigation (MIT) scenario, found in chapter 4 of this report.

The mitigation scenario assumed a high degree of recover and recycle, good

containment, charge reduction in new equipment etc. Costs of recovery and

destruction were considered in general terms in a separate chapter in the

Special Report (see chapter 11 in IPCC TEAP, 2005); the MIT scenario had

no real overall cost component attached to it.

Mitigation where it concerns mitigating the impact of (ODS) emissions on the

ozone layer (depletion or recovery) is of a different kind. Where it concerns

CFC based equipment and products, the CFC production phase-out by 1996 in

the non-Article 5(1) and by 2010 in the Article 5(1) countries is important. It

can reasonably be assumed that, as of 2005, no new CFC equipment will be

put on the market world-wide (this specifically applies to Article 5(1)

countries). CFC based equipment and products still on the market in 2002

(the starting point for the BAU and MIT scenario) will be replaced by non

CFC products in the course of a number of years. For a very significant part

this has already occurred in the non-Article 5(1) countries, it is occurring in

the Article 5(1) countries with the assistance of the Multilateral Fund. The

mitigation of the impact on the ozone layer will mainly consist of the avoiding

of emissions. Where emissions during operation (which are offset by

charging during servicing, which therefore does not add to the bank) are

difficult to avoid, mitigation actually applies here to avoiding the release of

the substances in the banks.

Clear societal value can be ascribed to preventing further emissions of ODS

and GHGs. However, quantifying this value and comparing it against the cost

# 36 

# of recovery and destruction is more difficult and there are obvious

uncertainties on both sides. It is not simple matter adding current mitigation

valuations from more general abatement strategies. Nevertheless, it would

seem inappropriate to ignore the potential environmental benefit of potentially

cost-effective measures. Accordingly, there may be a place for flexible fiscal

mechanisms, which provide incentives without prescription.

Mitigation costs for emissions from banks are significantly greater than those

costs traditionally supported for ODS phase-out. This is due to the fact that

the cost calculation for ODS phase-out takes into consideration the annual

ODS use and related phase-out in a manufacturing operation (at a cost

effectiveness of about US $5-15); this is the usual procedure followed in

projects submitted to the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund.

However, the cost of avoiding the release of emissions from banks is related

to the quantity of the substances itself, produced during a number of years and

is therefore significantly greater. Mitigation costs for the emissions from

banks may be economically justified when the additional value of greenhouse

gas reduction is accounted.

In the case of concentrated sources mitigation can be practised by:

(a) the recovery of chemicals at end of life and subsequent storage (with

possible emission at a much later stage, when the impact on the ozone

layer recovery will be negligible). However, this option is not to be

preferred because it would still mean an impact on climate at a future

stage.

(b) the recovery and collection as under (a) and subsequent destruction.

The decomposition or destruction of ozone-depleting substances, including

CFCs, HCFCs and halons (and actually also HFCs) can be achieved using

various commercially available and successfully demonstrated technologies.

A more detailed overview of destruction technologies and capabilities can be

found in (IPCC TEAP, 2005).

At the present time, the quantities of fluorinated gases destroyed by the

techniques described above are extremely low; potentially, they do not exceed

a few thousand tonnes (IPCC TEAP, 2005). In the European Union, the EU

Regulation mandates the destruction of CFCs following their recovery; this

also applies to foam insulation when recovered from dismantled equipment

(EC 2037/2000). Similarly, CFCs recove red from refrigeration and airconditioning equipment must also be de stroyed. The different technologies

involve varying costs, effluents and em issions, energy usage, and destruction

efficiencies. Further work is required to estimate whether the current number

of destruction facilities globally could cope with the quantities of fluorinated

gases recovered and destroyed. Anothe r concern would apply to regions and

countries where destruction facilities do not exist and where transport

# 37 

# regulations for hazardous wastes prevent their transfer to such facilities in

other countries (IPCC TEAP, 2005).

The costs for recovery and recovery/recycling by units for this purpose start at

approximately US $500 per tonne. Costs for collection and storage of the

recovered ODS refrigerant, including the logistics involved, can roughly be

estimated between US $1,000 and 2,000 per tonne of chemical. Dependent on

the degree of contamination and on the quantity delivered for destruction,

contaminated and unwanted refrigerant can be destroyed for US $2,500-4,500

per tonne of chemical.

As typical costs for the entire operation, US $5 per kg of product (or US

$5,000 per tonne of product) can be assumed.

In the case of HCFCs, mitigation implies the transition from ODS to non-ODS

chemicals and the conversion of manufacturing equipment (which would

imply an early phase-out compared to the existing regulations). Additionally

it implies the collection and destruction of the banks of HCFCs. Where the

costs for collection and destruction will be the same as for CFCs per kg of

substance, the costs for collection and destruction are more or less 20 times as

expensive per ODP-kg ( US $100 per ODP-kg or US $100,000 per ODP-tonne 

# ).

Here the focus is on refrigerants rather than on the blowing agent HCFC141b.

5.2 Description of mitigation costs for the refrigeration/AC sector

Refrigeration and mobile air conditioning had an estimated bank of 460

ktonnes of CFCs in 2002, and for 2015 a bank of 70 ktonnes is predicted

(world-wide). More than two thirds of this CFC bank can be found in the

Article 5(1) countries. It may be assumed that destruction of all available

CFCs would start in the year 2008; it would then concern an amount of about

280 ktonnes of CFCs world-wide. Costs for collection and destruction would

be in the order of US $1,400 million. If only 10% would be collected and

destroyed, the costs would still be in the order of US $140 million, where the

impact on ozone layer recovery may not be significant.

If one would take into account the emissions that originate during servicing

operations, these will add to the emissions from the banks (where the

servicing amount over the entire period considered may be even larger than

the amount present in the 2002 banks). It needs to be mentioned that there is

no practical method to mitigate these emissions. For the investigations of the

impacts on the ozone layer, these emissions should actually be considered

next to the banks. This will give an adequate impression of the importance of

destruction for an earlier recovery of the ozone layer compared to the delay

caused by the emissions from servicing.

# 38 

# The amount of HCFCs banked in refrigeration and stationary air conditioning

was 1,490 ktonnes of product (70 ODP ktonnes) and is predicted to be about

1,600 ktonnes of product in 2015 (this is dependent on whether the BAU or

MIT scenario is selected). Up to 2015 (the amount of HCFCs contained in

products up to 2015) collection and destruction would apply to at least 1,000

ktonnes of product, if one assumes that destruction would start in 2008. The

number is high, because in the period 2008-2015 a number of HCFC products

will be replaced by HFC products and products withdrawn from the market

would have to be treated at end of life (recovery of the chemical contained).

Destruction would imply costs in the order of US $100 billion. Taking into

account that it concerns only a percentage of the CFCs assumed to be

destroyed as of 2008, costs are enormously high. One should also take into

account that, after 2015, equipment based on HCFCs will still be marketed.

This can only be avoided if all HCFC equipment manufacturing would be

converted (which will introduce a very high cost component). Otherwise it

would add to the destruction costs in future (after the period 2008-2015).

5.3 Description of mitigation costs for the foam sector

Mitigation costs for foams need to be assessed in terms of the sub-sector of

application (i.e. appliances or buildings) and the stage in the life-cycle within

which the mitigation is proposed. An example of such an assessment is that

being conducted by the Japanese Technical Center on Construction Materials

(JTCCM) to evaluate the cost effectiveness of recovery of blowing agents

from foams in buildings. The cost-effectiveness is the subject of the fourth

and final year of the project which will conclude and report in March 2006.

Preliminary indications from previous wo rk carried out in the field (Swedish

EPA, 1995) show that recovery from traditional buildings may be

uneconomical. However, the fact that steel-faced panels could be processed

through recapture/recycle mechanical refrigerator plants may have an impact

on future achievements.

These approaches have been stimulated under the Montreal Protocol

framework, even though recovery is not mandated. Under the Multilateral

Fund, the finance made available for phase-out is typically capped at US

$15/kg for CFC-11 (Jeffs, Ashford, Albach and Kotaji, 2004). At previous

levels of activity, the mechanical recapture/recycling processes were handling

domestic refrigerators at a net cost of US $15-20/unit (UNEP TEAP, 2002),

although more recent information from the market suggests that this may have

even fallen as low as US $10/unit. With typical recovery levels of 250-325g

per unit, the cost of recapture and destruction is US $30-60 per kg of blowing

agent or US $30,000-60,000 per ODP tonne. This figure would necessarily

increase for HCFC-141b because of its lower ODP with costs increasing to

US $250,000- US $500,000 per ODP tonne.

# 39 

# As noted earlier, these figures are based on mechanical recovery through

refrigerator plants. In these instances, investment decisions will be based

primarily on CFCs, which offer the lowest recovery cost. It could therefore be

argued that later recovery of HCFCs (and indeed HFCs) should only be

treated in incremental cost terms. However, such discrimination is unlikely to

take place commercially.

5.4 Description of mitigation costs for halon sector

In 2008, the bank of halons would amount to 780 ODP ktonnes, or about 120

ktonnes of product (both halon-1301 and -1211). Available halon-1301

should be banked and managed for critical uses, but halon-1211 may be

available for destruction. The costs for destruction of halon-1211 would be

about US $500 million, which is less costly per ODP tonne than destruction of

CFCs.

At the sectoral level, collection and destruction of the halon-1301 bank is

counterproductive because available supply is necessary for critical uses.

Beyond the need to support long-term requirements for halon-1211 such as in

commercial aircraft, military applications, etc., destruction of some halon1211 might be made cost-effective relative to other ODS depending upon

economic offsets to the extreme collection difficulties. Destruction of halon

offers no benefit to climate protection due to the fact that halons are

contributing to a net global cooling effect.

# 41 

# 6 Impacts on ozone layer recovery

In the previous chapters the global banks of ozone depleting substances are

given. In this chapter their potential effects on the future ozone layer are

discussed using the existing and well-documented methods used in the

UNEP/WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion (WMO, 1999, 2003).

Observations of concentrations in the atmosphere constrain the past

emissions, but the banks are the difference between cumulative emissions and

production and have much larger uncertainties. The banks in (IPCC TEAP,

2005), which are further discussed in chapters 3 and 4 in this report are a

result of the calculations of equipment and products manufactured and

charged with certain amounts of ODSs; their uncertainties do not originate

from emission and production figures. The reported banks of CFCs and

HCFCs of Chapter 3 are considerably larger than those given in (WMO,

2003), especially for CFC-11 and CFC-12. The CFC-11 bank in 2002 is 590

ktonnes according to (WMO, 2003) compared with 1690 ktonnes according to

Chapter 3 (see also Ashford et al ., 2004c, IPCC TEAP, 2005). The CFC-12

bank in 2003 is virtually zero according to WMO (2003) compared with 710

ktonnes as follows from information given in Chapter 3.

The larger banks in Chapter 3 are characterised by significantly lower

emissions of CFC-11 and CFC-12 over the past 10 years, if compared with the

emissions reported in (WMO, 2003). The lower emissions cannot support the

observations in the atmosphere – that is, they lead to global atmospheric

concentrations about 40 ppt lower than those observed in 2002 for both CFC11 and CFC-12. However, it should be mentioned that the banks discussed

here are the banks for refrigeration, AC, foams and halons and the releases

from these banks do not represent all ODS emissions. Emissions are also

likely to result from direct-emissive applications, applications not considered

in this Supplement Report.

The uncertainty in the accumulated top-down emissions is estimated at about

3%, based on an estimated 2–3% uncertainty in observed concentrations by

different measurement networks (IPCC TEAP, 2005, Table 2-1). Based on an

inverse calculation, the accumulated emissions for 1990-2001, which are

needed to support the observations of CFC-11 and CFC-12, have an

uncertainty of about 4%, assuming an uncertainty in the observed

concentration trends of 1%. The uncertainty in cumulative production is

harder to estimate. The total 1990-2001 production of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in

(Ashford et al., 2004b and 2004c) is about 30–35% lower than in (WMO,

2003). This difference can be largely attributed to the fact that production

data not reported to AFEAS (2004) have not been taken into account,

however, they are included in UNEP production data. Because the additional

UNEP production is most likely used in rapid-release applications (IPCC

TEAP, 2005, chapter 11), it does not change the size of the bank.

# 42 

# Uncertainties in accumulated emission and production add up to the

uncertainty in the change in the bank from 1990 to 2002, which applies to

both the bank in (WMO, 2003) and the banks given in this Supplement

Report.

The virtually zero bank of CFC-12 reported in (WMO 2003) is not in

agreement with the data in Chapter 3 (see also chapter 6 of IPCC TEAP,

2005), because CFC-12 is still contained in refrigeration and mobile air

conditioning equipment currently operated.

The concept of Equivalent Effective Stratospheric Chlorine (EESC) 1 

# , as

defined in the 2002 Report of the Science Assessment Panel (WMO, 2003),

can be used to estimate the effects of the ODSs on the ozone layer. The year

of ozone layer ‘recovery’ is defined by a return to pre-1980 EESC values.

1940 1980 2020 2060 2100 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500EESC(ppt)



# Ab Baseline

E0 Zero emissions

Am Maximum P0 Zero production Pc Continued production 1980 level E0

Am Pc



# Figure 6-1 Estimates of future EESC based on the baseline scenario (Ab; solid

line), the maximum scenario (Am; long-dashed line), and the hypothetical cases of

zero emissions in 2003 and thereafter (E0), and zero production in 2003 and

thereafter of all anthropogenic ODSs (P0). Also shown are results from the

scenario with continued ODS production in the future at 1999 rates (Pc),

production that is substantially larger than allowed in the fully revised and

amended Montreal Protocol (Figure 1-23 from WMO, 2003).



# Figure 6-1 shows the EESC for different scenarios discussed in (WMO, 2003). The

maximum (Am) and zero emissions (E0) scenarios show the range of possible future

1 

# EESC is the effective halogen abundance that characterises the impact of (all types) of ODS emissions on

stratospheric ozone

# 43 

# EESC values. The hypothetical zero emissions scenario gives the lower limit of

chlorine/bromine loading governed by the destruction of ODSs in the atmosphere.

The zero emissions scenario could be considered as the mitigation scenario with

maximum impact.

Banks 2002

(ktonnes) E0

(E1) Ab scenario

(WMO, 2003) SROC/

Supplement

CFC-11 - 594 1687

CFC-12 - 0 711

HCFC-141b - 753 836

HCFC-142b - 210 224

HCFC-22 - 1317 1531

Year of return of

the EESC to 1980

levels 2034

(2039) 2044 2046

Table 6-1 Estimates of bank sizes in different scenarios and of the year of the

return of the EESC to 1980 values (E0 denotes the hypothetical case that all

emissions would stop in 2003, E1 the case when no emissions would occur from

banks)



# The maximum (Am) scenario gives the maximum EESC values based on an

estimate of the maximum allowed production under the Montreal Protocol.

The assumptions made for the maximum scenario of HCFCs in (WMO 2003)

yield significantly lower emissions and banks than given in Chapter 3. The

EESC for the maximum scenario (Am) shown in Figure 6-1 would increase

slightly taking the larger banks of Chapter 3 into account.

Table 6-1 gives the typical sizes of the 2002 banks for a number of

fluorocarbon chemicals for the baseline in (WMO, 2003) and of the banks in

the Special Report (and in this Supplement Report).

If no emissions occurred from the ODS banks as estimated in (WMO, 2003),

the date when the EESC is estimated to return to its 1980 value is 2039, or an

acceleration of about five years. Fi nally, if emissions of all ODSs were

stopped in 2003, the date when the EESC is estimated to return to its 1980

value was given as 2034 in (WMO, 2003), an acceleration of about ten years.

Both values have been given in Table 6-1. The best estimate of the year when

the EESC is projected to return to 1980 values for the baseline scenario of

(WMO, 2003) is 2044, if the banks of all ODSs are as estimated in (WMO,

2003). It needs to be mentioned that the hypothetical bank of CFC-12 in the

Ab (WMO, 2003) scenario is equal to zero, which does not reflect the real

situation (see also Chapter 3). If the sizes of the banks of CFCs and HCFCs

are as estimated in Chapter 3, this return to the 1980 values would be

estimated to occur in the year 2046. In this case, no emissions out of the foam

# 44 

# bank were considered to be of significant impact. The return of the EESC to

its 1980 value based on an estimated maximum allowed production under the

Montreal Protocol is 2048 (not mentioned in Table 6-1).

If one would take into account the emissions from servicing, which will add to

the emissions from the banks (where the servicing amount over the entire

period considered may be even larger than the amount present in the 2002

banks in certain sub-sectors), the return of the EESC to 1980 values levels

might be delayed by another two years at maximum compared to the year

2046, for the banks in the Special Report (and in this Supplement).

Destruction of all banks in refrigeration and AC equipment as of 2008

(destruction during the period after 2008 at end-of-life, the option considered

in chapter 5), may have the consequence that the return of the EESC to 1980

values will again be around the year 2046.

Some emissions of banked CFCs (such as the slow emissions of CFC-11 from

foams) could occur after ozone recovery. Such emissions would reduce the

effect of the banks on ozone recovery but would still contribute to the positive

direct radiative forcing as greenhouse gases. Thus the larger banks of some

ODSs estimated in Chapter 3 could lead to a maximum delay in ozone

recovery of the order of two to th ree years compared with the baseline

scenario.

These calculations of the effects of the banks of Chapter 3 on the EESC is

based on the emission functions of (WMO, 2003), resulting in somewhat

different emissions and banks for CFC-12 and HCFCs in 2015 than given in

Chapter 3. The effect of this on the year of recovery will be limited since

most emissions will take place anyway (and affect the ozone layer) before the

approximate year of recovery.

Thus, the changes in future ODS emissions as discussed here, within ranges

compatible with the present uncertainties in the banks, have relatively small

effects on the time at which the EESC recovers to 1980 levels and therefore

on stratospheric ozone and the indirect radiative forcing of these gases. The

absolute value for the EESC to return to its 1980 levels depends on

uncertainties in the physical and chemical processes involved resulting in

somewhat later or earlier recovery than given here (IPCC TEAP, 2005,

chapter 1). The uncertainty associated with the differences between the

scenarios discussed here is much smaller.

In this chapter the effects of the si ze of the banks of ODS on the year the

EESC drops below its 1980 level has been discussed. Clearly an ODS

scenario affects the stratospheric chlorine and bromine levels and thereby the

ozone layer also in the period up to the year of recovery. Integrating the

change in the EESC from a specific year to the year the EESC drops below its

# 45 

# 1980 level gives another measure to compare the effects of scenarios (see

WMO, 2003).

An update of scenarios of ODS and corresponding EESC calculations will be

presented in the upcoming "UNEP/WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone

Depletion: 2006".

# 47 

# 7 Discrepancies between emissions determined from bottom-up

methods and from atmospheric measurements

7.1 Sources of uncertainty regarding consumption

Efforts to model the use (consumption) and emission of ODSs and their

replacements by sector have been on-going since the mid-1990s. One of the

advantages of working with ODSs controlled under the Montreal Protocol is

that actions to quantify the historic use patterns had already been established

under both the Alternative Fluorocarbon Environmental Assessment Study

(AFEAS) and UNEP itself.

The AFEAS data originate from the major producers of ODSs and their

alternatives and have the advantage of being split by substance and sales

pattern by sector. However, one drawback is that they are only declared by

‘hemisphere’ to avoid disclosure of confidential business information. Since

AFEAS is effectively a consortium of producers, there is also the problem that

the sales from producers that are not members of AFEAS are not included.

Since all of the major historic manufacturers are members of AFEAS, this is

not a particular problem for historic data but has become more of an issue as

production of ODSs and their substitutes has extended to newer manufacturers

in Article 5(1) countries. The final point to observe on the AFEAS dataset is

that the process for the allocation of sales to sectors has never been made fully

transparent. For example, it is not clear as to what percentage of sales were to

distributors and may have ended up in applications other than those

anticipated. Additionally, there may not have been a total understanding

among sales staff as to whether sales to the foam sector were destined for

open-celled or close-celled applications.

UNEP’s data collection efforts on the other hand are reported directly by

Parties and this has provided production, consumption, import and export data

at country level. However, there has been no effort during the collection of

these data series to assess sales patterns by sector. In earlier years, where

discrepancies between AFEAS and UNEP data were relatively minor, this was

of less importance to modellers. However, as the coverage of the AFEAS

dataset has become less comprehensive, and the discrepancies between UNEP

and AFEAS datasets have become larger, the knowledge of sectoral end-use

pattern has become less complete.

To compensate for this, modellers have moved to other sources for

information, including the database of multilaterally funded projects, which

provides details of original consumption and transition strategies on a projectby-project basis. Although fairly painstaking to conduct, such analysis can

provide important clarification of use patterns in the Article 5(1) countries.

# 48 

# However, there can be some difficulties in the precise timing of transition

where, for instance, projects might be completed operationally but not

finalised contractually or vice versa . Additionally, not all the use of ODS or

ODS substitutes will be covered by funded projects. Not surprisingly,

therefore, the MLF Project database rarely provides a total explanation for the

gap between UNEP data and AFEAS assessments bearing in mind that this

gap cannot be assessed in any event at country-level because of the lack of

geographic definition in the AFEAS dataset. Other sources such as Country

Programmes, independent studies and local contacts all come into play as

sources of further corroborative data.

In the end, the sectoral modeller builds a model based only on the use, which

can be positively assigned to the sector in question. This then has to be

combined with outputs from modellers addressing other sectors to assemble a

bottom-up, globally complete picture of consumption, which can be compared

with the global UNEP dataset. It is still usual that the bottom-up approach

falls short of the UNEP total, possibly because not all actual use-sectors are

covered in any bottom-up approach. However, it is typical to see greater than

80% of historic and current annual consumption covered by these methods.

For some sectors, where there are large numbers of broadly replicated

equipment and market data are prevalent, it is possible to carry out an even

more elaborate assessment based on the equipment data themselves. Such is

the case for several types of refrigeration equipment where units are often

standardised and sold globally. A primary example would be domestic

refrigerators. Unitary air conditioners would be another. Accordingly,

bottom-up work in the refrigeration sector tends also to have a significant

component of equipment data as an additional cross-referencing factor based

on assumptions about charge levels. However, it is important that such data

are not relied upon in isolation because small errors in assumption at unitary

level can lead to substantial errors when extrapolated to a global dataset.

Similar options exist for fire fighting equipment which is a well documented

equipment market, but the same is not true for most foams (with the possible

exception of that used in domestic refrigerators) because building designs are

not uniform either regionally (both climates and building methods vary) or by

type.

In conclusion, the usage or consumption patterns, put together within bottomup models, probably represent the most complete sectoral analysis available.

This baseline is essential for adequate emissions assessment since the

lifecycle emission profiles vary so substantially. However, the lack of full

sectoral coverage continues to make the assessments incomplete. In the

HFC/PFC Special Report, the coverage was further limited by the scope of

focusing on those sectors which have selected substitutes containing HFCs

and/or PFCs. These factors are important when considering the overall

# 49 

# evaluation of consumption and emissions from a bottom-up perspective in that

report.

7.2 Sources of uncertainty regarding emission factors

It can be seen that the use of ODS, which has taken place in sectors likely to

develop banks, has been well studied but continues to be an area where global

data can be improved. However, before these data can be translated into a

meaningful assessment of emissions, there is a need to apply appropriate

emission factors to the data. Since emissions vary through the lifecycle of an

application, there is also a need to keep a disciplined record of the time series

of use rather than just the cumulative value of historic use at any given time.

In other words, it is not just sufficient to know ‘how much is in the bank’. It

is also necessary to know ‘when it entered the bank and when it is likely to

leave’.

An additional complicating factor is that specific applications within a sector

can have very different emissions profiles. This means that the use needs to

be known at sub-sectoral level in order for the appropriate emission factors to

be applied. This fact brings with it two potential sources of further

uncertainty. The first relates to the access to historical time-series of usage at

sub-sectoral (application) level. This further highlights the importance of

genuinely designed bottom-up methods, which are generally better at

characterising sub-sectoral definition. The second potential source is the

statistical variation, which will always occur in practice around an average

lifecycle characterisation. Most bottom-up models have point assumptions for

matters such as the lifetime of a product or piece of equipment. Therefore, the

retirement date of a piece of equipment is fixed by its year of manufacture. In

reality, of course, some equipment will be retired earlier and some later.

Taking the domestic refrigerator example, it is not likely that everyone who

purchased a domestic refrigerator in 1990 will have chosen to throw it away in

2005. Some will have been disposed of earlier and others will remain in

operation for much longer than the assumed 15 year average. Therefore, to

predict the end-of-life emissions for domestic refrigerators in 2005 is fraught

with the potential of substantial over-estimation or under-estimation. This is

particularly important when the bulk of emissions are assigned to end-of-life

activities, as is the case with foams. Accordingly, foam emissions can carry

with them substantial error bars when data are quoted on an annualised basis.

However, it is usually expected to be much more accurate when longer time

periods are reviewed, reflecting the fact that it is easier to predict that a given

refrigerator will be retired in a ten-year time period than it is to make the same

prediction for a one year time period. By way of example, the Table 7-1

illustrates the expected errors in emission for different foam blowing agents.

# 50 

# Table 7-1 Expected errors in emission estimates for different foam blowing agents

Blowing Agent Annual Emission Uncertainty

(2002)

(tonnes / % of bank) Key Sources in 2002 Uncertainty Level

Upper bound Lower bound

CFC-11 +10,000/ 0.6% -10,000/ -0.6% Domestic Appliance (EoL)

PU Boardstock (in-use)

PU Spray (in-use) High (for specific year)

Low

Low

HCFC-141b +10,000/ 1.2% -5,000/ -0.6% PU Boardstock (prod/use)

PU Spray (prod/use)

Dom. Appliance (prod/use) Medium (transition yr.)

High (transition plus

prod. losses)

Low

HCFC-142b +5,000/ 2.2% -0/ 0.0% XPS (prod/use)

PE rigid (prod/use) Medium (Prod. losses)

High (activity)

HFCs +2,500/ 21% -2,500/ -21% XPS (prod/use) High (HFC-152a

emission rate)



# It can be seen from the table that uncertainties need to be specified for

specific years. There may be some periods in which there is little

uncertainty year-on-year about what is happening, but others in which much

may be going on.

Then there are potential sources of uncertainty from the emission factors

themselves. These are usually assumptions based on estimates produced from

small-scale studies within a given sector. Good examples would be the

determination of blowing agent levels in refrigerators and steel faced panels

after 25 years. From measurements made on retained blowing agent and

comparisons with the original formulations, believed to have been used in

their manufacture, it is evident that losses are very low in the use phase of

these respective products (typically 0.25% per annum or less). This should

come as little surprise for foams encapsulated with sheet steel. Of course, this

assessment makes no judgement on the blowing agent that may have been lost

during the formulation of the foam system or the manufacture of the product,

which are steps that have to be assessed separately.

In the case of refrigeration equipment, the servicing (top-up) demand can be

another way of identifying the emissions from a sub-sector and backcalculating the relevant emission factors.

Based on the uncertainty levels indicated in Table 2-2, the uncertainties in

banks and emissions for each refrigeration sub-sector are summarised in Table

7-2 below:

# 51 Table 7-2 Uncertainties by sub-sector and overall

Bank Emissions *

Domestic +/- 17.5% +/- 8%

Commercial +/- 22.5% +/- 28%

Industrial +/- 27.5% +/- 33%

Transport +/- 22.5% +/- 28.5%

Stationary AC +/- 17.5% +/- 22.5%

Mobile AC +/- 12.5% +/- 18.5%

Overall +/- 19% +/- 24.5%

Note: uncertainties in emissions are on an annual basis



# 7.3 Reconciling the discrepancies

The determination of emissions via the bottom-up method has previously

revealed substantial discrepancies with the emissions calculated from

atmospheric measurements of the same chemicals. However, closer analysis

of these apparent discrepancies has found that even relatively small use of

fluorocarbons in rapidly emitting uses in Article 5(1) countries (see Section

7.1) can dominate emissions for specific chemicals (e.g. CFC-11) in specific

years (IPCC TEAP, 2005). This implies that there is a need to investigate

production data, both from producers as reported to AFEAS and from

countries as submitted to UNEP under the Montreal Protocol (Article 7 on

data reporting), in order to determine where such emissions might appear.

However, as noted previously, the key weakness in the UNEP dataset is that it

makes no provision for the recording of use patterns. Nonetheless, the

quantification of the gap between UNEP production and consumption data

and AFEAS data is essential.

The emission factors used in the AFEAS reports themselves are derived from

a consideration of the respective emission patterns and release delays for each

sector but are not always as sophisticated as those used in the bottom-up

assessments. By way of an example, the allocation of all HCFC-141b foam

sales to “closed-cell foams” may be inappropriate in view of uses in integral

skin and other more rapid-release foam applications.

This said, estimates of atmospheric concentrations based on production

statistics provided by manufacturers and national governments coupled with

historical emission factors were, until recently, a good match with the

observations, largely because of the dominance of rapid-release applications

in non-Article 5(1) countries. However, as the detailed assessment of

delayed-release applications has become more important in non-Article 5(1)

countries and the gap between UNEP data and AFEAS data has increased,

reflecting higher levels of activity in Article 5(1) countries, the lack of use

pattern data via the UNEP reporting structure is now a key impediment,

particularly where usage might be occurring in rapid-release applications.

# 52 

# The improvement of knowledge about the use of the individual chemicals,

both in the non-Article 5(1) and in the Article 5(1) countries, as well as

uncertainties in emissions factors from banks following the bottom-up method

remains a key objective. This has implications for the calculation of emission

scenarios for the period 2002-2015, in particular the contributions from

Article 5(1) countries. It may therefore be the case that the emissions are

significantly larger than calculated via the bottom-up method for refrigeration

and foams only because of additional contributions from rapid-release

applications.

In addition, the emission factors applied to HCFCs and HFCs were derived

from those developed earlier for CFCs and HCFC-22. However, there have

been considerable changes in use practices in the wake of the Montreal

Protocol and emission factors are subject to continual review. The view is

(IPCC TEAP, 2005) that variation and uncertainties in emission factors per se

are less significant overall than uncertainties in overall use pattern

distributions between rapid-release applications and the delayed-release

applications represented by refrigeration and foams.

This implies that, in the near future, further study is needed of the use patterns

for the total production forecast for the period 2002-2015 in both the nonArticle 5(1) and the Article 5(1) countries. Further study will also be needed

to make more precise estimates of future emissions from banks in

refrigeration and foams, given the accuracy of calculations of the size of the

banks and the emissions derived from them, as well as servicing practices, and

issues relating to recovery and recycling and end-of-life.

# 53 

# 8 Concluding remarks

The Special Report concludes that the remaining banked ODSs, together with

possible future ODS use in Article 5(1) countries, are significant sources of

ozone depletion emissions with a related climate change impact over the next

50-100 years. There continues to be some debate about the size of these

banks and on whether mitigation scenarios can be practically effective in

reducing emissions, from a technical and cost point of view. However, there

are already demonstrable savings being achieved in relevant sub-sectors (e.g.

domestic refrigeration) in various regions of the world.

In this Supplement Report, demand, banks and emissions are considered for

the world-total, as well as for the non-Article 5(1) and the Article 5(1)

countries separately. This will yield insight on the percentage release from

banks in different regions of the world, where banks (and emissions) may be

completely different in composition.

The time-scale for action varies by sector and, for instance, foams in buildings

containing ODS are unlikely to be reaching the waste stream in any

significant measure prior to 2015. In contrast, most CFCs will have already

been emitted from the refrigerant bank by 2015 unless action is taken to

prevent this.

The best estimate of the year when the EESC (see further chapter 6) is

projected to return to the 1980 values for the baseline scenario of (WMO,

2003) is 2044, if the banks of all ODSs are as estimated in (WMO, 2003). If

the banks of CFCs and HCFCs are as estimated in Chapter 3, this return to the

1980 values would be estimated to occur in the year 2046. Taking into

account the emissions from servicing refrigeration and AC equipment, which

will add to the emissions from the banks, the return of the EESC to 1980

values levels might be delayed by another two years, at maximum (2048).

Destruction of all banks in refrigeration and AC equipment as of 2008 (at end

of life) may lead to a return of the EESC to 1980 values around the year 2046.

Mitigation costs for emissions from banks are significantly greater than those

costs traditionally supported for ODS phase-out but may be economically

justified when the additional value of greenhouse gas reduction is accounted.

It therefore seems unlikely that it will be possible to extend mandates for

recovery unless the cost-effectiveness calculation includes greenhouse gas

benefits. At sectoral level, the halon bank would fail on both accounts due to

the high expenses involved in trying to collect small quantities widely

dispersed, as well as the fact that halons are contributing to a net global

cooling effect. For CFCs, refrigerant recovery and collection is estimated at

US $2 per ODP kg (and an additional US $3 per ODP kg for destruction) with

foam blowing agent recovery an order of magnitude greater. It should be

# 54 

# noted that these values increase further in the case of HCFC recovery (and

destruction).

There is therefore clearly need for further research on more cost-effective

destruction techniques (e.g. direct foam incineration). Where relevant, the

cost of avoiding additional banks of ODSs and GHGs, by an accelerated ODS

phase-out using appropriate alternative technologies, may be less than for

collection and destruction. An alternative technology that increases the

overall climate change impact of the application cannot be described as

appropriate.

The relationship between halon, refrigerant and blowing agent options

changes considerably if any credit is given for the greenhouse gas component

of any recovery measure. This would need to be reflected in some fiscal

incentive for destruction, possibly linked with existing emission trading

options for greenhouse gases.

Finally, in Article 5(1) countries, the implication of collection and recovery

costs are likely to be greater than in non-Article 5(1) countries owing to the

lack of infra-structure. Indeed, end- of-life concepts are very different in

Article 5(1) countries from the ones in non-Article 5(1) countries and the

degree of re-use is generally much higher.

# 55 

# 9 References

Ashford, P., D. Clodic, A. McCulloch, L. Kuijpers, 2004a: Emission profiles

from the foam and refrigeration sectors compared with atmospheric

concentrations, part 1 - Methodology and data. International Journal of

Refrigeration

, 27 (7), 687–700

Ashford, P., D. Clodic, A. McCulloch, L. Kuijpers, 2004b: Emission profiles

from the foam and refrigeration sectors compared with atmospheric

concentrations, part 2 - Results and discussion. International Journal of

Refrigeration

, 27 (7), 701–716

Ashford, P., D. Clodic, A. McCulloch, L. Kuijpers, 2004c: Determination of

Comparative HCFC and HFC Emission Profiles for the Foam and

Refrigeration Sectors until 2015. Part 1: Refrigerant Emission Profiles (L.

Palandre and D. Clodic, Armines, Paris, France, 132 pp.), Part 2: Foam Sector

(P. Ashford, Caleb Management Services, Bristol, UK, 238 pp.), Part 3: Total

Emissions and Global Atmospheric Concentrations (A. McCulloch, Marbury

Technical Consulting, Comberbach, UK, 77 pp.). Reports prepared for the

French ADEME and the US EPA.

IPCC TEAP, 2005: IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the ozone

Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues related to Hydrofluorocarbons

and Perfluorocarbons. Prepared by Working Group I and III of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Technology and

Economic Assessment Panel under the Montreal Protocol (Metz, B., L.

Kuijpers, S. Solomon, S.O. Andersen, O. Davidson, J. Pons, D. de Jager, T.

Kestin, M. Manning, and L.A. Meyer (editors). Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 488 pp

Jeffs, M., Ashford, P., Albach and Kotaji, 2004: Emerging Usage Patterns for

HFCs in the Foams Sector in the light of Responsible Use Patterns.

Proceedings of the Earth Technologies Forum, Washington, April 2004.

Swedish EPA, 1996, Stena freonatervinning Projekt SNVIII (in Swedish

only)

UNEP TEAP, 2002: Report of the Task Force on Collection, Recovery and

Storage and Report of the Task Force on Destruction Technologies. Report of

the Technology and Economic Assessment Panel April 2002, Volume 3

(consisting of Volume 3A and 3B). (W. Brunner, J. Pons and S.O. Andersen,

editors of Volume 3A, and S. Devotta, A. Finkelstein and L. Kuijpers, editors

of Volume 3B). UNEP, UNON Nairobi, ISBN 92-807-2229-8

Verdonik, D., 2005: Personal Communication on the corrected HTOC model

calculations for halon-1211, 31 October 2005

WMO, 2003: Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002. Global Ozone

Research and Monitoring Project – Report No. 47, World Meteorological

Organization, Geneva, 498 pp

# 57 

# 10 Annexes

Detailed tables on demand, banks and emission data 2002-2015

The following tables show the data that were presented in the IPCC/TEAP

Special Report on Ozone and Climate (SROC) (IPCC TEAP, 2005) and the

assessed literature supporting this report (e.g. Ashford et al. , 2004).

Please note that the tables include corrected data on banks and emissions for

halon-1211 in the fire protection sector and hence data for halons and fire

protection differ from the data reporte d in the IPCC/TEAP Special Report.

The 2002 halon-1211 emission data are changed from 17 to 8 product ktonnes

per year, whereas 2015 Business-As-Usual projections are changed from 1.6

to 4.6 product ktonnes per year

(Verdonik, 2005).

The data on demand, banks and emissions expressed in global warming

potential (GWP in MtCO 2 

# -eq) and ozone depletion potential (ODP in ODP

ktonnes) are calculated using the GWPs for direct radiative forcing for a 100-

year time horizon and ODPs as reported in (IPCC TEAP, 2005).

For HFC-23 by-product emissions, non-medical aerosols and solvents no

regional breakdown in demand, banks and emissions is available.

Key to the tables

‘Demand’ refers to the net use of fluorocarbons and their alternatives. Due to

reuse, demand data may exceed annual production data.

‘Banks’ are the total amount of substances contained in existing equipment,

chemical stockpiles, foams and other products not yet released to the

atmosphere or destroyed in destruction facilities.

‘Emissions’ refer to direct emissions only. Indirect energy-related greenhouse

gas emissions are not included in the tables.

BAU-2015: Projections for 2015 in the Business-As-Usual Scenario

MIT-2015: Projections for 2015 in the Mitigation Scenario

Red-2015: Reduction potential in 2015: difference between the

projections for the Business-As-Usual and the Mitigation

Scenario.Demand WORLDPer groupProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Halons41023CFCs169 14 8 5 1,649 125 77 48 162 13 7 5HCFCs496 551 391 160 761 905 623 282 32 31 24 8HFCs207 663 466 197 449 1,323 889 434PFCs0.11 0.02 0.02 1.0 0.2 0.2Total incl halons 876 1,228 866 363 2,869 2,353 1,589 763 217 44 31 13Total excl halons 872 1,228 866 363 2,859 2,353 1,589 763 194 44 31 13Per sectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration337 578 396 182 1,390 1,335 867 467 85 23 17 7Stationary Air Conditioning 202 300 212 88 407 512 354 158 19 9 5 4Mobile Air Conditioning 155 192 142 50 740 296 222 74 56 3 2 0Foams150 123 80 43 204 119 69 50 25 6 6Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection8 4 4 23 14 14 23 0 0HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 876 1,228 866 363 2,869 2,353 1,589 763 217 44 31 13Per subsectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Domestic Refrigeration 15 22 8 14 83 38 17 21 7 1 1 0Commercial Refrigeration 277 502 354 148 1,160 1,144 753 391 71 19 13 5Transport Refrigeration 6 8 6 2 20 23 17 6 1 0 0 0Industrial Refrigeration 39 46 28 17 127 129 79 50 6 4 3 1Stationary Air Conditioning 202 300 212 88 407 512 354 158 19 9 5 4Mobile Air Conditioning 155 192 142 50 740 296 222 74 56 3 2 0Foams150 123 80 43 204 119 69 50 25 6 6Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection8 4 4 23 14 14 23 0 0HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 876 1,228 866 363 2,869 2,353 1,589 763 217 44 31 13Demand WORLDHalonsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection41023HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal41023CFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration82 6 4 2 840 53 38 15 76 5 3 1Stationary Air Conditioning 11 3 2 2 86 26 14 12 11 3 2 2Mobile Air Conditioning 56 3 2 0 598 28 25 4 56 3 2 0Foams115611Medical Aerosols 8 2 2 69 17 17 8 2 2Fire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal169 14 8 5 1,649 125 77 48 162 13 7 5HCFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration188 378 269 109 332 671 478 194 9 19 13 5Stationary Air Conditioning 165 106 55 51 281 185 97 88 8 5 3 3Mobile Air Conditioning 3 1 1 0 5 2 2 0 0 0 0 0Foams128 50 50 136 37 37 14 6 6Medical AerosolsFire Protection0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.01HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 11 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1Total496 551 391 160 761 905 623 282 32 31 24 8Demand WORLDHFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration66 194 123 71 218 611 351 259Stationary Air Conditioning 25 190 155 35 40 301 243 58Mobile Air Conditioning 97 188 138 50 136 265 195 70Foams11 73 30 43 11 82 32 50Medical Aerosols 4 13 15 -2 6 23 26 -4Fire Protection3 4 4 12 14 14HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 1 1 1 25 27 27Total207 663 466 197 449 1,323 889 434PFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.10.1Total0.11 0.02 0.02 1.0 0.2 0.2DemandPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201552 3 2 1 515 28 17 11 51 3 2 1268 47 18 29 391 79 30 49 19 2 1 1188 505 326 179 392 1,002 607 3950.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1508 555 346 209 1,298 1,109 654 455 70 5 3 3508 555 346 209 1,298 1,109 654 455 70 5 3 3ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015113 146 85 61 329 497 260 237 6 2 2 1138 185 124 61 261 307 203 105 11 3 1 2126 137 92 45 507 193 130 63 35 0 0 0118 73 30 43 132 82 32 50 119 11 11 58 19 19 63 3 3 10 9 9 0 0 0508 555 346 209 1,298 1,109 654 455 70 5 3 3ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20156 7 1 6 9 10 2 8 0 0 0 081 110 67 43 234 396 204 192 2 1 0 04 6 4 2 13 19 14 5 0 0 0 023 23 13 10 73 73 41 32 3 2 1 1138 185 124 61 261 307 203 105 11 3 1 2126 137 92 45 507 193 130 63 35 0 0 0118 73 30 43 132 82 32 50 119 11 11 58 19 19 63 3 3 10 9 9 0 0 0508 555 346 209 1,298 1,109 654 455 70 5 3 3No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20154 2 1 1 41 16 11 5 4 1 1 06 2 1 1 43 12 6 6 6 2 1 135 0 0 0 379 0 0 0 35 0 0 0652652 3 2 1 515 28 17 11 51 3 2 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201549 19 12 7 84 32 20 12 2 1 1 0111 28 6 22 185 46 9 37 5 1 0 11 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0107121110.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.02 0.01 0.01268 47 18 29 391 79 30 49 19 2 1 1No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201560 126 72 53 205 449 229 22121 156 118 38 33 249 187 6290 137 92 45 127 193 130 6311 73 30 43 11 82 32 503 11 11 6 19 193 3 3 10 9 9188 505 326 179 392 1,002 607 395ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.10.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201541023117 10 6 4 1,134 97 60 37 111 10 6 4217 489 358 131 364 817 584 233 12 28 21 718 157 139 18 32 294 255 390.001 0.002 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01356 656 503 153 1,539 1,207 899 308 147 37 27 10352 656 503 153 1,529 1,207 899 308 123 37 27 10ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015224 431 310 121 1,060 837 608 230 79 21 15 664 114 88 26 146 205 151 54 8 6 3 229 55 49 6 232 102 91 11 21 3 2 032 50 50 0 72 37 37 0 14 6 62 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 24 1 1 13 5 5 23 0 0356 656 503 153 1,539 1,207 899 308 147 37 27 10ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20159 16 7 9 74 28 16 13 7 1 1 0197 391 287 105 926 748 549 199 69 18 13 51 2 1 0 7 4 3 1 0 0 0 017 23 16 7 53 56 39 17 3 2 1 164 114 88 26 146 205 151 54 8 6 3 229 55 49 6 232 102 91 11 21 3 2 032 50 50 0 72 37 37 0 14 6 62 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 24 1 1 13 5 5 23 0 0356 656 503 153 1,539 1,207 899 308 147 37 27 10No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20154102341023ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201578 4 3 1 799 37 27 10 72 3 2 15 2 1 1 43 14 8 6 5 2 1 120 3 2 0 219 28 25 4 20 3 2 01156112 2 2 16 17 17 2 2 2117 10 6 4 1,134 97 60 37 111 10 6 4ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015139 359 257 102 248 639 457 182 7 18 13 555 78 50 29 97 139 88 51 3 4 2 12 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 021 50 50 16 37 37 2 6 60.1 0.1 0.1 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.003 0.002 0.002217 489 358 131 364 817 584 233 12 28 21 7No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20157 69 51 18 13 161 123 384 34 37 -3 6 52 56 -46 51 46 5 9 72 65 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2 4 -2 0 4 7 -41 1 1 3 5 518 157 139 18 32 294 255 39ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.001 0.002 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.010.001 0.002 0.002 0.01 0.01 0.01No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableDemandPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 11 1 1 25 27 270.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201512 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201512 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1DemandHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 111 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1DemandHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20151 1 1 25 27 271 1 1 25 27 27ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.10.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.1Banks WORLDPer groupProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Halons168 55 55 531 229 229 1,173 457 457CFCs2,430 1,411 1,407 4 15,749 8,302 8,258 43 2,412 1,406 1,402 4HCFCs2,651 3,317 3,017 300 3,841 4,871 4,352 520 194 247 232 15HFCs544 2,950 2,613 337 1,103 5,227 4,527 700PFCs1 1 1 5 4 4Total incl halons 5,793 7,735 7,093 641 21,229 18,633 17,370 1,263 3,779 2,110 2,091 19Total excl halons 5,625 7,679 7,038 641 20,698 18,404 17,141 1,263 2,606 1,653 1,634 19Per sectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration971 1,675 1,455 221 4,751 4,157 3,548 609 335 103 98 6Stationary Air Conditioning 1,192 1,856 1,689 166 2,509 3,232 2,928 304 134 70 59 11Mobile Air Conditioning 418 671 541 131 1,987 1,076 891 185150 14 14 0Foams2,996 3,374 3,250 123 11,270 9,626 9,475 151 1,977 1,462 1,462Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection 191 126 126 606 465 465 1,174 457 457HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 5,793 7,735 7,093 641 21,229 18,633 17,370 1,263 3,779 2,110 2,091 19Per subsectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Domestic Refrigeration 157 226 140 87 1,218 664 523 141 107 37 35 2Commercial Refrigeration 606 1,193 1,087 107 2,863 2,746 2,355 391 194 44 41 3Transport Refrigeration 16 23 23 57 72 72 2 0 0Industrial Refrigeration 192 233 205 28 613 676 598 77 33 22 22 0Stationary Air Conditioning 1,192 1,856 1,689 166 2,509 3,232 2,928 304 134 70 59 11Mobile Air Conditioning 418 671 541 131 1,987 1,076 891 185150 14 14 0Foams2,996 3,374 3,250 123 11,270 9,626 9,475 151 1,977 1,462 1,462Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection 191 126 126 606 465 465 1,174 457 457HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 5,793 7,735 7,093 641 21,229 18,633 17,370 1,263 3,779 2,110 2,091 19Banks WORLDHalonsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODPper sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection 168 55 55 531 229 229 1,173 457 457HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal168 55 55 531 229 229 1,173 457 457CFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODPper sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration330 64 62 2 3,423 653 627 26 313 59 57 2Stationary Air Conditioning 84 27 27 0 631 208 208 0 84 27 27 0Mobile Air Conditioning 149 13 13 0 1,600 138 138 0 149 13 13 0Foams1,858 1,305 1,305 10,026 7,286 7,286 1,858 1,305 1,305Medical Aerosols 8 2 2 69 17 17 8 2 2Fire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal2,430 1,411 1,407 4 15,749 8,302 8,258 43 2,412 1,406 1,402 4HCFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODPper sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration461 891 825 66 810 1,582 1,466 117 23 44 41 3Stationary Air Conditioning 1,028 878 644 233 1,755 1,5361,134 402 50 43 32 11Mobile Air Conditioning 20 23 23 0 36 42 41 1 1 1 1 0Foams1,126 1,502 1,502 1,229 1,696 1,696 119 157 157Medical AerosolsFire Protection4 6 6 5 6 6 0 0 0HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 11 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1Total2,651 3,317 3,017 300 3,841 4,871 4,352 520 194 247 232 15Banks WORLDHFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODPper sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration180 720 568 153 518 1,922 1,455 467Stationary Air Conditioning 81 951 1,018 -67 123 1,488 1,586 -99Mobile Air Conditioning 249 635 505 131 350 896 712 184Foams12 566 443 123 16 644 494 151Medical Aerosols 4 13 15 -2 6 23 26 -4Fire Protection19 64 64 65 226 226HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 1 1 1 25 27 27Total544 2,950 2,613 337 1,103 5,227 4,527 700PFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODPper sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection0.5 0.5 0.5 4.1 4.3 4.3HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.1Total0.6 0.5 0.5 5 4 4BanksPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201580 40 40 330 181 181 659 349 3491,669 1,132 1,132 0 10,235 6,535 6,535 0 1,665 1,130 1,130 01,997 1,479 1,299 180 2,773 2,161 1,852 308 156 119 111 9494 2,327 2,015 312 992 4,089 3,435 6550.4 0.5 0.5 4 4 44,241 4,978 4,486 493 14,334 12,970 12,007 963 2,480 1,598 1,589 94,161 4,939 4,446 493 14,004 12,789 11,826 963 1,821 1,249 1,240 9ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015406 508 415 94 1,423 1,559 1,185 374 66 12 12 0868 1,220 1,075 146 1,721 2,060 1,805 254 86 34 25 9352 492 361 130 1,500 695 511 184 108 0 0 02,507 2,660 2,536 123 9,241 8,298 8,147 151 1,555 1,203 1,2039 11 11 58 19 19 699 87 87 390 339 339 659 349 3494,241 4,978 4,486 493 14,334 12,970 12,007 963 2,480 1,598 1,589 9ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201580 79 42 37 467 114 62 52 38 0 0 0200 285 249 36 548 990 731 258 8 2 1 012 18 18 38 58 58 0 0 0115 127 106 20 370 398 334 64 20 10 10 0868 1,220 1,075 146 1,721 2,060 1,805 254 86 34 25 9352 492 361 130 1,500 695 511 184 108 0 0 02,507 2,660 2,536 123 9,241 8,298 8,147 151 1,555 1,203 1,2039 11 11 58 19 19 699 87 87 390 339 339 659 349 3494,241 4,978 4,486 493 14,334 12,970 12,007 963 2,480 1,598 1,589 9No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201580 40 40 330 181 181 659 349 34980 40 40 330 181 181 659 349 349ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201561 10 10 0 622 95 95 0 57 8 8 050 14 14 0 354 98 98 0 50 14 14 0108 0 0 0 1,153 1 0 0 108 0 0 01,445 1,108 1,108 8,054 6,341 6,341 1,445 1,108 1,10865261,669 1,132 1,132 0 10,235 6,535 6,535 0 1,665 1,130 1,130 0ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015183 79 76 3 315 138 132 6 9 4 4 0751 405 228 177 1,265 699 397 302 36 20 11 99 4 3 0 16 6 6 1 0 0 0 01,050 986 986 1,172 1,313 1,313 110 95 954 5 5 5 5 5 0 0 01,997 1,479 1,299 180 2,773 2,161 1,852 308 156 119 111 9No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015163 418 328 90 486 1,326 958 36967 801 833 -31 102 1,262 1,310 -48235 488 358 130 331 689 505 18312 566 443 123 16 644 494 1513 11 11 6 19 1915 42 42 51 149 149494 2,327 2,015 312 992 4,089 3,435 655ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.4 0.5 0.5 4 4 40.4 0.5 0.5 4 4 4No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201588 16 16 201 48 48 514 108 108760 280 275 4 5,514 1,767 1,724 43 747 276 272 4643 1,822 1,703 119 1,062 2,701 2,490 211 37 126 121 649 622 597 25 86 1,110 1,065 450 0 0 0 0 01,540 2,740 2,591 149 6,864 5,626 5,326 300 1,299 510 500 101,452 2,724 2,575 149 6,663 5,578 5,279 300 784 403 392 10ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015565 1,167 1,040 127 3,328 2,598 2,363 235 270 91 86 6325 635 615 21 787 1,172 1,123 50 48 37 34 367 180 179 1 487 380 379 1 42 14 14 0490 714 714 0 2,029 1,328 1,328 0 423 259 2592 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 292 39 39 216 126 126 514 108 1081,540 2,740 2,591 149 6,864 5,626 5,326 300 1,299 510 500 10ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201577 148 98 50 751 550 461 89 69 37 35 2406 908 838 70 2,316 1,757 1,624 133 186 42 39 34 6 6 19 14 14 1 0 078 106 99 7 243 278 264 14 14 12 12 0325 635 615 21 787 1,172 1,123 50 48 37 34 367 180 179 1 487 380 379 1 42 14 14 0490 714 714 0 2,029 1,328 1,328 0 423 259 2592 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 292 39 39 216 126 126 514 108 1081,540 2,740 2,591 149 6,864 5,626 5,326 300 1,299 510 500 10No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201588 16 16 201 48 48 514 108 10888 16 16 201 48 48 514 108 108ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015269 54 52 2 2,801 558 532 26 256 51 48 234 13 13 0 277 109 109 0 34 13 13 042 13 13 0 448 137 137 0 42 13 13 0414 198 198 1,972 945 945 414 198 1982 2 2 16 17 17 2 2 2760 280 275 4 5,514 1,767 1,724 43 747 276 272 4ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015278 812 749 62 495 1,444 1,333 111 14 41 37 3276 473 416 57 489 837 737 100 14 24 21 311 20 20 0 20 35 35 0 1 1 1 076 516 516 57 383 383 9 61 611 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0643 1,822 1,703 119 1,062 2,701 2,490 211 37 126 121 6No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201517 302 239 62 32 596 498 9814 149 185 -36 21 226 276 -5114 147 147 1 19 208 207 10 0 0 0 0 00 2 4 -2 0 4 7 -44 22 22 14 77 7749 622 597 25 86 1,110 1,065 45ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.04 0.05 0.05 0.3 0.4 0.40.04 0.05 0.05 0.3 0.4 0.4No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableBanksPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 11 1 1 25 27 270.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201512 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201512 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 112 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1BanksHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 111 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1BanksHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20151 1 1 25 27 271 1 1 25 27 27ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonneMtCO2-eqktonne ODP2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.1 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.10.1 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.1Emissions WORLDPer groupProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Halons10 6 6 30 18 18 68 40 40CFCs174 43 30 13 1,652 338 221 117 168 42 29 13HCFCs271 492 292 200 448 828 484 344 15 26 16 10HFCs124 415 184 231 434 1,153 416 737PFCs0.11 0.02 0.02 1.0 0.2 0.2Total incl halons 580 956 512 444 2,565 2,337 1,139 1,198 252 107 85 23Total excl halons 570 950 506 444 2,535 2,319 1,121 1,198 183 68 45 23Per sectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration232 450 263 187 1,061 1,097 607 490 72 28 18 11Stationary Air Conditioning 115 198 91 108 271 370 170 200 18 13 6 7Mobile Air Conditioning 134 190 75 115 749 315 136 179 60 5 3 2Foams51 55 42 13 152 124 107 17 24 18 17 1Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection11 7 7 31 22 22 68 40 40HFC-23 by-product 14 23 2 21 195 332 33 299Non-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 580 956 512 444 2,565 2,337 1,139 1,198 252 107 85 23Per subsectorProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Domestic Refrigeration 9 13 6 7 91 65 35 30 8 5 3 2Commercial Refrigeration 185 393 230 162 837 902 494 409 56 19 12 7Transport Refrigeration 6 9 5 3 23 26 15 10 1 0 0 0Industrial Refrigeration 32 35 21 14 110 104 63 41 6 4 3 1Stationary Air Conditioning 115 198 91 108 271 370 170 200 18 13 6 7Mobile Air Conditioning 134 190 75 115 749 315 136 179 60 5 3 2Foams51 55 42 13 152 124 107 17 24 18 17 1Medical Aerosols 12 15 15 75 40 26 14 8 2 2Fire Protection11 7 7 31 22 22 68 40 40HFC-23 by-product 14 23 2 21 195 332 33 299Non-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 12 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 1Total incl halons 580 956 512 444 2,565 2,337 1,139 1,198 252 107 85 23Emissions WORLDHalonsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection10 6 6 30 18 18 68 40 40HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal10 6 6 30 18 18 68 40 40CFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration71 13 8 5 727 136 84 53 65 12 8 5Stationary Air Conditioning 13 7 3 3 99 50 24 26 13 7 3 3Mobile Air Conditioning 60 5 3 2 641 49 32 17 60 5 3 2Foams22 16 15 1 117 85 81 4 22 16 15 1Medical Aerosols8 2 2 69 17 17 8 2 2Fire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal174 43 30 13 1,652 338 221 117 168 42 29 13HCFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration132 321 202 119 232 570 359 210 7 16 10 6Stationary Air Conditioning 96 124 50 74 164 210 86 124 5 6 2 4Mobile Air Conditioning 8 11 7 4 15 19 12 7 0 1 0 0Foams24 21 17 4 32 20 17 3 2 2 2 0Medical AerosolsFire Protection0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.01HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 11 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1Total271 492 292 200 448 828 484 344 15 26 16 10Emissions WORLDHFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015Refrigeration29 115 52 63 102 391 164 227Stationary Air Conditioning 6 68 38 30 9 109 60 49Mobile Air Conditioning 66 175 65 110 93 247 92 155Foams5 18 9 9 3 18 9 10Medical Aerosols4 13 15 -2 6 23 26 -4Fire Protection0.3 1 1 1 4 4HFC-23 by-product 14 23 2 21 195 332 33 299Non-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 1 1 1 25 27 27Total124 415 184 231 434 1,153 416 737PFCsProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-1per sector2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire Protection 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1HFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and Solvents 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.10.1Total0.11 0.02 0.02 1.0 0.2 0.2EmissionsPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20155 2 2 16 8 8 35 16 1688 17 15 2 814 103 88 16 87 16 15 2133 96 38 58 218 152 59 93 7 5 2 3103 305 126 179 204 627 250 3760.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1329 419 181 238 1,253 890 405 485 129 38 33 5324 417 179 238 1,236 882 397 485 94 22 17 5ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201585 106 45 61 293 355 141 214 13 2 1 175 123 49 74 165 219 87 132 10 6 2 4113 134 41 93 603 191 59 132 48 0 0 042 42 32 10 116 96 88 8 18 13 13 -19 11 11 58 19 19 65 3 3 17 11 11 35 16 16329 419 181 238 1,253 890 405 485 129 38 33 5ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20155 5 1 4 52 7 2 5 5 0 0 056 77 30 47 162 272 96 176 4 1 0 04 6 3 3 13 20 11 9 0 0 0 019 18 10 8 66 56 32 24 4 2 1 175 123 49 74 165 219 87 132 10 6 2 4113 134 41 93 603 191 59 132 48 0 0 042 42 32 10 116 96 88 8 18 13 13 -19 11 11 58 19 19 65 3 3 17 11 11 35 16 16329 419 181 238 1,253 890 405 485 129 38 33 5No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20155 2 2 16 8 8 35 16 165 2 2 16 8 8 35 16 16ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201512 2 1 1 117 15 11 5 11 1 1 07 3 1 2 53 24 10 15 7 3 1 247 0 0 0 508 0 0 0 47 0 0 016 12 12 -1 84 64 67 -4 16 12 12 -1652688 17 15 2 814 103 88 16 87 16 15 2ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201545 18 9 9 78 31 16 15 2 1 0 063 63 18 45 105 104 30 74 3 3 1 24 2 1 1 7 3 1 2 0 0 0 021 12 10 3 29 14 12 2 2 1 1 00.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.003 0.004 0.004133 96 38 58 218 152 59 93 7 5 2 3No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalA. DEVELOPED COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201528 86 35 52 99 308 114 1945 56 30 26 7 91 48 4362 133 41 92 88 187 57 1305 18 9 9 3 18 9 103 11 11 6 19 190.3 1 1 1 3 3103 305 126 179 204 627 250 376ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.10.01 0.01 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20156 4 4 13 9 9 34 24 2486 26 15 11 838 234 133 101 81 25 14 11128 380 238 142 223 667 416 251 7 20 12 76 86 55 32 11 167 105 610.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01226 496 311 185 1,086 1,078 664 414 122 69 50 18220 492 307 185 1,072 1,068 654 414 88 45 26 18ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015148 343 218 126 768 743 467 276 59 26 16 1040 76 42 34 107 151 83 68 7 6 3 321 56 34 22 146 124 77 47 13 5 3 210 13 10 3 35 28 19 9 7 5 4 22 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 26 4 4 14 11 11 34 24 24226 496 311 185 1,086 1,078 664 414 122 69 50 18ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20154 8 4 4 39 58 33 25 4 5 3 2129 316 200 115 675 631 398 233 52 19 12 72 3 2 1 10 6 5 2 1 0 0 013 17 11 6 44 47 31 16 3 2 1 140 76 42 34 107 151 83 68 7 6 3 321 56 34 22 146 124 77 47 13 5 3 210 13 10 3 35 28 19 9 7 5 4 22 4 4 17 21 7 14 2 2 26 4 4 14 11 11 34 24 24226 496 311 185 1,086 1,078 664 414 122 69 50 18No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20156 4 4 13 9 9 34 24 246 4 4 13 9 9 34 24 24ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201560 12 7 5 610 121 73 48 55 11 7 46 3 2 1 46 26 14 12 6 3 2 112 5 3 2 133 49 32 17 12 5 3 26 4 3 2 33 22 14 8 6 4 3 22 2 2 16 17 17 2 2 286 26 15 11 838 234 133 101 81 25 14 11ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201587 302 193 109 154 538 343 195 4 15 10 533 60 32 29 59 107 56 50 2 3 2 14 9 6 3 8 16 11 5 0 0 0 03 8 7 1 2 6 5 1 0 1 1 00.01 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.001 0.001 0.001128 380 238 142 223 667 416 251 7 20 12 7No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalB. DEVELOPING COUNTRIESProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20151 29 17 12 3 84 50 331 12 8 4 2 18 12 64 42 25 18 5 60 35 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 2 4 -2 0 4 7 -40.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 16 86 55 32 11 167 105 61ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.010.001 0.001 0.001 0.01 0.01 0.01No regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableNo regional breakdown availableEmissionsPer groupHalonsCFCsHCFCsHFCsPFCsTotal incl halonsTotal excl halonsPer sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsPer subsectorDomestic RefrigerationCommercial RefrigerationTransport RefrigerationIndustrial RefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotal incl halonsO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 115 24 3 21 220 359 60 2990.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.126 40 19 21 226 369 70 299 1 1 126 40 19 21 226 369 70 299 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201514 23 2 21 195 332 33 29912 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 126 40 19 21 226 369 70 299 1 1 1ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201514 23 2 21 195 332 33 29912 17 17 32 37 37 1 1 126 40 19 21 226 369 70 299 1 1 1EmissionsHalonsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalHCFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201511 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 111 16 16 6 9 9 1 1 1EmissionsHFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalPFCsper sectorRefrigerationStationary Air ConditioningMobile Air ConditioningFoamsMedical AerosolsFire ProtectionHFC-23 by-productNon-Medical Aerosols and SolventsTotalO. NO REGIONAL BREAKDOWN SPECIFIED (World Total)ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-201514 23 2 21 195 332 33 2991 1 1 25 27 2715 24 3 21 220 359 60 299ProductGWPSROCODPSROCktonne yr-1MtCO2-eq yr-1ktonne ODP yr-12002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-2015 2002 BAU-2015 MIT-2015 Red-20150.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.10.10 0.01 0.01 0.9 0.1 0.1

# Graphs on demand, banks and emission data 2002-2015

The following graphs are based on the tables presented in the previous

section. See the introduction of section 10.1 for some general remarks

regarding the underlying data.

Legend

0 20

00



# 2 

# Non-Medical Aerosols and Solvents

HFC-23 by-product

Fire Protection

Medical Aerosols

Foams

Mobile Air Conditioning

Stationary Air Conditioning

Refrigeration 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

2002 BAU- 2015 

# PFCs

HFCs

HCFCs

CFCs

HalonsDEMAND - 2002 and 2015 Business As UsualProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams02004006008001000120014002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsFire0501001502002502002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams02004006008001000120014002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsHCFCsRefrigerationSACMACFoams0501001502002502002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developing CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams02004006008001000120014002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACMACFoamsFire0501001502002502002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015BANKS - 2002 and 2015 Business As UsualProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalHalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0100020003000400050006000700080002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams05000100001500020000250002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection050010001500200025003000350040002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0100020003000400050006000700080002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams05000100001500020000250002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationSACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection050010001500200025003000350040002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developing CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0100020003000400050006000700080002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams05000100001500020000250002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationSACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection050010001500200025003000350040002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015EMISSIONS - 2002 and 2015 Business As UsualProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalHalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23010020030040050060070080090010002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-230500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsMDIFire protectionFire protection0501001502002503002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23010020030040050060070080090010002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-230500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationSACSACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection0501001502002503002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015

Developing CountriesHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23010020030040050060070080090010002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-230500100015002000250030002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015HalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection0501001502002503002002 BAU-2015 2002 BAU-2015DEMAND - 2015 Business As Usual (BAU) and Mitigation(MIT) ScenarioProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0200400600800100012001400BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsMDIsFireFire01020304050BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0200400600800100012001400BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSAC01020304050BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developing CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0200400600800100012001400BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsMDIs01020304050BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015BANKS - 2015 Business As Usual (BAU) and Mitigation(MIT) ScenarioProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalHalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams010002000300040005000600070008000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500010000150002000025000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection05001000150020002500BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams010002000300040005000600070008000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500010000150002000025000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection05001000150020002500BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developing CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams010002000300040005000600070008000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoams0500010000150002000025000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection05001000150020002500BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015EMISSIONS- 2015 Business As Usual (BAU) and Mitigation (MIT) ScenarioProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

World TotalCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-2301002003004005006007008009001000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protectionSolventsSolvents0102030405060708090100110BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developed CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-2301002003004005006007008009001000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACFoamsFoamsFire protectionFire protection0102030405060708090100110BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015

Developing CountriesCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-2301002003004005006007008009001000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015CFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsHFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23HFC-23050010001500200025003000BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-2015HalonsHalonsCFCsCFCsHCFCsHCFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsMDIFire protectionFire protection0102030405060708090100110BAU-2015 MIT-2015 BAU-2015 MIT-20152015 Emission Reduction Potential as compared to Business As UsualProduct (in kt product) GWP (in Mt CO2-eq.) ODP (in kt ODP)

Emission ReductionHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACSACMACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-23050100150200250CFCs HCFCs HFCsHFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACSACMACMACMACFoamsFoamsHFC-230100200300400500600700800CFCs HCFCs HFCsRefrigerationRefrigerationSACSACMACMACFoamsFoamsMDI02468101214CFCs HCFCs HFCsLegendNo regional breakdownDevelopingDeveloped020002Non-Medical Aerosols and SolventsHFC-23 by-productFire ProtectionMedical AerosolsFoamsMobile Air ConditioningStationary Air ConditioningRefrigeration