UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 

### MAR 112015

MEMORANDUM OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

SUBJECT: BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) for Registration Review: Novaluron (124002) FROM:

THRU:

TO: Colwell Cook,**Entomologist~** Biological Analysis Branch Rafael A. Prieto, Environmental Protection

# :¥**d**

# ().. Science Information and Analysis Branch**v~** v Elizabeth Hill, Economist Economic Analysis Branch Biological and Economic Analysis Division (7503P) Arnet Jones, Chief Biological Analysis Branch Diann Sims, Chief

# M~~L...c-.,~­ Science Information and Analysis Branch Timothy Kiely, Chief 

# g):,**\~,** Economic Analysis Branch 

## vV\i \! Biological and Economic Analy is Division (7 0 ) Margaret Hathaway, Chemical Review Manager Risk Management and Implementation Branch 2 Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (7508P)


### Peer Review Panel date: February 12, 2015



### 1

### SUMMARY Novaluron was first registered in 2001. For novaluron, according to the most recent Screening Level Usage Analysis (SLUA), the crops withthe highestpounds a.i. applied are apples (9,000 pounds a.i. applied) and cotton (20,000 pounds a.i. applied). In terms ofaverage percent crop treated (PCT), the top crops are strawberries, pears, and apples. 

### INTRODUCTION The Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) Chemical Profile (BCP) provides an overview ofthe pest management roles and quantitative usage information for novaluron. The BCP includes summaries ofprevious BEAD products and available public and/or private use and usage data for novaluron to describe the role ofthis chemical in pest management. Additional information onuse is available in the novaluron Label DataReport. Information provided in¢.is BEAD Chemical Profile (BCP) may be used by stakeholders (e.g., users andregistrants), OPP risk assessors, and OPP risk managers, and the general public during the Registration Review process ofthis pesticide. 

### USE SITES Agricultural uses: Novaluron is registered for use on alfalfa, beans, Brassica (head and stem) vegetables, carrots, Swiss chard, corn, cotton, cranberry, cucurbit vegetables, fruiting vegetables, leafy greens, peanuts, pome fruits, potatoes, small fruits, sorghum, soybeans, stone fruits, sugarcane, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and turnip greens. Non-agricultural uses: Novaluron is registered for use on drainage and sewage systems; agricultural and non-agricultural uncultivated areas; aquatic, flooded and intermittently flooded areas; automobiles; animal housing; barns and feedlots; canines; commercial/institutional/ industrial premises and equipment; eating establishments; food processing plants; domestic dwellings; nonagricultural uncultivated areas; ornamental pond and swimming pools; wide area outdoortreatments; and wood protectiontreatments.


### FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION METHODS Novaluron is formulated as granular, soluble concentrate, emulsifiable concentrate, dry flowable, pelleted/tableted, and ready-to-use solution. Novaluron is applied as a bait application, band treatment, broadcast, chemigation, crack and crevice treatment, foliar treatment, perimeter treatment, spottreatment, spray, surface treatment, and as a water treatment. 

### HISTORY OF NOVALURON AND BEAD PRODUCTS Novaluron was conditionally registered in 2001. Full registrations for stone fruits and mustard greens were granted in 2009 and for snap beans, peppers, and strawberries in 2010.

2In 2006, Louisianarequested an emergency exemptionfor the use ofnovaluron on sugarcane for the control ofsugarcane borer due to weatherrelated events. BEAD was unable to conclude if these weather conditions constituted an emergency. In 2008, an emergency exemptionrequest was submitted by Florida for the use ofnovaluron for controlling sap beetles in strawberries givenpestpressures that rose after the cancellation ofmethomyl. BEAD's analysis supported this emergency claim. This emergency request was recertified in 2009 and 2010. In2009, California also requested and was granted an emergency exemption for the control oflygus bugs on strawberries in the absence ofmethomyl. Giventhese consistent findings, benefits likely exist for the use ofnovaluron as an emergency option for controlling strawberry pests inthe absence ofmethomyl, although it has not beenregistered for this crop to date. In 2011, an extension for exclusive use for novaluron was granted because novaluron was found to play a role inresistance management for each minor crop considered (i.e. less than 300,000 acres grown). 

### USAGE Usage Trends For years 2004-2012, novaluron annual usage averaged 35 thousand pounds ofactive ingredient (A.I.) treating an annual average of587 thousand acres, and an overall average application rate of 0.065 pounds A. I. per acre on the agricultural crops surveyed. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, usage, both in terms ofpounds A. I. and in terms oftotal areatreated {TAT), peaked in 2011. Usage increases overtime are due to the fact that new uses (besides the original uses ofpotatoes, pears, apples and cotton) have been registered for novaluron use. These new registrations are driving usage upward, rather than increased usage across the board. (Proprietary Data, 2004-2012) 

### FIGURE 1. Novaluron Total Pounds 

### A. I. Applied (2004-2012)

80,000

<C 

### "' -c c: ::I 0 c..

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 ' 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year Source: Proprietary Data, 2004-2012



### 3FIGURE 2. 

### Novaluron TotalArea Treat (TAT) in Acres (2004-2012)

VI Q)

.... u <( £ "O Q) +-' 

## "' Q)

.... I- 

## "' Q)

.... <( "iii +-' 0I1,600,000

0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Year Source: Proprietary Data, 2004-2012 As seen on Table 1below, cotton is the main crop for this chemical, with 67 percent oftotal pounds applied. Georgia and Louisiana are the states withthe highest usage ofnovaluron (Table 2). 

### Table 1. Crops with H" h t U 1g 

### es se ofN l ova uron - 

### p t f 

### T t l Lb Applied ercen o oa s. 2008-2012 Crop %Lbs Cotton 67 Aooles 14 Pears 8 Strawberries 5 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008-2012 

### Table2. States with Hi h t U**~** 

### es se of N l 

### ova uron- 

### p t f 

### T t l Lbs. Applied ercen o oa 2008-2012 State %Lbs Georgia 25 Louisiana 19 Washington 15

Arkansas 11 Mississippi 10 California 8 Source: Proprietary Data, 2008-2012

4Application Rates In Table 3 (below), the average application rate for novaluron ranges from 0.043 to 0.207. The highest application rate is for pears, with 0.207 lbs. AI peracre. 

### T bl 3 N



### a e 

# . I 

### ova uron

# useon

### T C op rops: A

### vera2eA I 

### Ra 2008 2012 

# .. te, 

# - Crop Pounds A. I. TotalAcres Treated* Avg. A. I. Rate (lbs a.i./acres) Cotton 141,000 3,240,000 0.043 Apples 31,000 198,000 0.155 Pears 17,000 82,000 0.207 Strawberries 11,000 142,000 0.075 *Total Acres Treated sums all acres treated for a crop, mcludmg those acres thatreceive multiple treatments. Source: EPA Proprietary Data, 2008-2012

5Geographic Distribution ofNovaluronUse Figure 3 provides a very broad geographical view ofthe average annual amount (in pounds) of novaluron applied per 1,000 acres ofcrop acres grown. The calculated values presented inthe map are not equivalentto an application rate (lb a.i./ A), therefore, the map may show areas of high use intensity that do not correspond to the states listed in Table 2 above since those are the states with the highest use oftriticonazole based onpounds active ingredient applied. Louisiana and Georgia are shownto be the states with the highest use intensity ofnovaluron in terms of application rates inthe United States. Please see Appendix I for a more detailed explanation ofthe informationpresented onthe map. 

### Figure 3. Novaluron Usage by 

### Crop Reporting District (2008-2012)

Pounds Active Ingredient per 1,000 Crop Acres Grown

- <0
.2

- 02-03

- 04-0
.7

- 0
.8-1-0

- >10 LJNOData
More information about this map is presented in Appendix A.

6CHEMICAL AND USE CHARACTERISTICS Novaluron is an insect growth regulator (IGR). It is a benzoylphenyl urea compound which inhibits the biosynthesis ofchitin during molt. This places it in Group 15 ofthe IRAC Mode of Action Classification (http://www.irac-online.org/)
. Similar to other IGRs, novaluron is most effective on immature insects. Ittends to be slow acting because it kills insects over a period of few days by disrupting their normal growth and development. Novaluron works better when ingested by insects, but it does have some contact activity. Itis effective on many different insectpests, including mosquitoes, flies, lepidopterans, beetles, and heteropterans. Since IGRs have non-neurotoxic modes ofaction and a narrowrange ofactivity, they are often very compatible withthe strategies ofintegrated pest management. ROLE OF NOV ALURON IN PEST MANAGEMENT Novaluron is recommended by several states to be used inrotation with insecticides with different modes ofaction for several crop groups to manage resistance. These include pome fruits, sweetpotato, and cole crops. Novaluron is used to control codling moth, Oriental fruit moth, white apple leafhopper, and several species ofleafrollers inpome fruit integrated pest management. North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual (2011) and the Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook (2011) include novaluron as part oftheir recommendations for apple pests. New York State Integrated Pest Management (undated) for some apple insect pests recommends using biorationals (i.e. IGRs, viruses, botariicals) early in the season as part oftheir strategies. For instance, for codling moth control the state encourages the use ofdegree-days as well as flight trap information to determine when best to use IGRs and other biorational products. Novaluron is an IGR that fits well into this strategy. Novaluron is also important in strawberry production, replacing methomyl to control heteropterans, such as Lygus bugs, and beetles, such as sap beetles. Timing ofapplications is critical so that early instar nymphs are exposed (Bolda and Zalom, 2011). While cotton has a lowpercent crop treated, it is treated withthe bulk ofnovaluron by weight. Novaluron is used in rotation and/or combination withneonicotinoids and pyrethroids to manage tarnished plantbugs, especially in the Mississippi delta states (Mississippi State University, 2015). Novaluron also confers control against some lepidopteranpests, such as the bollworm and tobacco budworm, for growers that are not using the Bt cotton (Martin, et al., 2010).
DATANEEDS The Agency currently does not have important information on novaluron. Obtaining the following information may improve future assessments conducted bythe Agency related to the use and importance ofnovaluron. Since novaluron is registered for many minor crops as well as many non-agricultural uses, the following information would be helpful for future impact analyses:

71. Site/crop specific information onthe target pests, damage, economic thresholds, besttime to treat, as well as alternatives to novaluron. 2. Site/crop specific information onthe formulation, application method, applicationrates, frequency ofapplication, and timing ofapplications. 3. Site/crop specific information on barriers ofadopting chemical and non-chemical alternatives to novaluron (e.g. price, efficacy, application methods, use restrictions, etc.). 4. Usage onnon-agricultural sites. REFERENCES Bolda, M and F Zalom. 2011. The use ofrimon (novaluron) for early season management of Lygus bugs in strawberries. Available at: http://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum":'4448
. Accessed: February 19, 2015. Martin, DE, JD Lopez, Jr., Y Lan, BKFritz, WC Hoffmann, and SE Duke. 2010. Novaluron as an ovicide for bollworm oncotton: deposition and efficacy offield-scale aerial applications. Journal ofCotton Science 14:99-106. Mississippi State University. 2015. Insect Control Guide for Agronomic Crops: Cotton. Extension Publication2471. Available at: http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2471.pdf
. Accessed: February 19, 2015. New York State Integrated Pest Management. Undated. CodlingMoth Fact Sheet. Located at: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/treefruit /pests/cm/cm.asp Accessed onMarch 30, 2011. North CarolinaAgricultural Chemicals Manual. 2011. Insect and Disease Control on Fruits. Located at: http://ipm.ncsu.edu/agchem/7-toc.pdf. Accessed on March 9, 2011. Pacific Northwest Insect Management Handbook. 2011. Apple Pest. Located at: http:// uspest.org/pnw/insects
. Accessed on March 21, 2011. Proprietary Data, 2004-2012. Screening Level Usage Analysis, June 2014.
APPENDIX A The map included herein is primarily for the use ofthe risk assessors in the Environmental Fate and E(fects Division. The map provides a verybroad geographical view ofthe amount (in pounds) ofthe active ingredient appliedper 1,000 acres of"land in farms". These data are included in the maps because risk assessors are interested inthe amount ofa pesticide used


### 8across fannland. Because ofthe definition ofLand in Fanns, as discussed below, the calculated values presented in the map are not equivalent to an application rate (lbs a. i./A). The data used to make these maps have many limitations. Any interpretation ofthe maps should considerthe underlying data and the associated limitations carefully. The smallest areas shown onthe maps within each state are Crop Reporting Districts (CRD). CRDs are defined byUSDA and each consists ofmultiple counties that have similar soils, growing conditions, and fanning practices. The CRDs within many states have roughly the same area. Because it is not feasible to conduct an agricultural survey that samples every county inthe United States, the use ofCRDs allow for a sample to be collected thatrepresent a much larger area withrelatively homogeneous agricultural characteristics. The numerator (annual average pounds applied) is based onprivate market surveys ofpesticide use in agriculture averaged overthe last five years (Proprietary Data, 2007-2011). These surveys cover about 60 crops and are targeted in states thatproduce the majority ofthe crop. Although the surveys capture most ofthe use ofa particular active ingredient in agriculture, there are several limitations to these surveys.
• States with minorproduction ofa surveyed crop are not sampled • Not all types ofpesticides are surveyed in every crop in every year • Many specialty crops with very small acreages are not included in the survey The result ofthese limitations is that CRDs that showno usage may actually have a small amount ofthe active ingredient being used. The denominator (1,000 Acres ofland in fanns) was selected from the Census ofAgriculture (USDA, 2007) to represent agricultural acreage that is actively managed and includes most ofthe areas treated withpesticides. The category "Land in Fanns" is defined bythe Census of Agriculture as being made up offour components: • Total cropland • Permanentpasture • Total woodland • Land in fannsteads, buildings, livestock facilities, ponds, roads, wasteland, etc. This category includes land inthe various USDA conservation programs. It should be noted that the Census ofAgriculture does not include grazing land rented (on a per-animal basis) from the Bureau ofLand Management orForest Service, thus it is an underestimate ofthe land being managed for agricultural purposes. The reader should payparticular attention to the figure legends and realize that a map prepared for a particular chemical is not directly comparable to a map prepared for a different chemical. Scale and units ofmeasurement do matter and may be differentbetween maps.



### 9