National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

Economic Benefits to Local Communities from

National Park Visitation and Payroll, 2009

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/SSD/NRR—2011/281
ON THE COVER

Visitor takes in view of Jordan Pond, Acadia National Park, Maine.

NPS/Ray Radigan
Economic Benefits to Local Communities from

National Park Visitation and Payroll, 2009

Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/SSD/NRR—2011/281

Daniel J. Stynes 

Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1222

January 2011

U.S. Department of the Interior

National Park Service

Natural Resource Program Center

Fort Collins, Colorado
ii

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that 

address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National 

Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and 

environmental constituencies, and the public. 

The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource 

management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse 

audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management 

applicability.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the 

information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended 

audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. 

This report received formal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly 

involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data, and whose background and expertise 

put them on par technically and scientifically with the authors of the information.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not 

necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the 

Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Social Science Division (www.nature.nps.gov/

socialscience/index.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website 

(http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM). 

Please cite this publication as:

Stynes, D. J. 2011. Economic benefits to local communities from national park visitation and 

payroll, 2009. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/SSD/NRR—2011/281. National Park 

Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 999/106327, January 2011
iii

Contents

Page

Figures and Tables......................................................................................................................... iv

Executive Summary........................................................................................................................ v

Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1

2009 Updates .................................................................................................................................. 1

Recreation Visits............................................................................................................................. 2

Visitor Spending ............................................................................................................................. 3

Local Impacts of Visitor Spending ................................................................................................. 4

Economic Significance ............................................................................................................... 6

Economic Impacts....................................................................................................................... 6

National Economic Significance of NPS Visitor Spending............................................................ 7

Impacts of NPS Payrolls................................................................................................................. 8

State-by-State Impact Estimates..................................................................................................... 9

Methods........................................................................................................................................... 9

Errors and Limitations .................................................................................................................. 11

References..................................................................................................................................... 15

Appendices.................................................................................................................................... 17
iv

Figures and Tables

Page

Figure 1. Distribution of National Park Visitor Spending ............................................................. 4

Table 1. National Park Visitor Spending in the Local Area by Segment, 2009............................. 3

Table 2. National Park Visitor Spending by Segment, 2009 ......................................................... 4

Table 3. Economic Significance of National Park Visitor Spending to Local 

Economies, 2009............................................................................................................................. 5

Table 4. Economic Impacts of National Park Visitor Spending on Local 

Economies, 2009............................................................................................................................. 5

Table 5. Economic Significance of National Park Visitor Spending on National 

Economy, 2009 ............................................................................................................................... 7

Table 6. NPS Payroll Impacts on Local Economies, 2009 ............................................................ 8

Table 7. Combined Impacts on Local Economies–Visitor Spending and Payroll......................... 9
v

Executive Summary 

The National Park System received 285.6 million recreation visits in 2009. Park visitors spent 

$11.89 billion in local gateway regions (within roughly 60 miles of the park). Visitors staying 

outside the park in motels, hotels, cabins and bed and breakfasts accounted for 56% of the total 

spending. Over half of the spending was for lodging and meals, 15% for gas and local 

transportation, 9% for groceries, and 14% for other retail purchases.

The contribution of this spending to the national economy is 247,000 jobs, $9.15 billion in labor 

income, and $15.58 billion in value added1

Parks also impact the local region through the NPS payroll. In Fiscal Year 2009 the National 

Park Service employed 26,121 people with a total payroll of $1,618 million in wages, salaries,

and payroll benefits. Including the induced effects of the spending of NPS wages and salaries in 

the local region, the total local economic impacts of park payrolls are $2.32 billion in labor 

income, $2.52 billion in value added, and 38,175 jobs (including NPS jobs).

. The direct effects of visitor spending are at the local 

level in gateway regions around national parks. Local economic impacts were estimated after 

excluding spending by visitors from the local area (9.7% of the total). Combining local impacts 

across all parks yields a total local impact including direct and secondary effects of 149,500 jobs, 

$4.32 billion in labor income, and $7.33 billion value added. The four local economic sectors 

most directly affected by non-local visitor spending are lodging, restaurants, retail trade, and 

amusements. Visitor spending supports 44,000 jobs in restaurants and bars, 37,600 jobs in 

lodging establishments, almost 20,000 jobs in retail and wholesale trade, and 8,600 jobs in 

amusements. 

 1 National estimates use IMPLAN multipliers for the U.S. economy. These are larger than estimates in the 2008 

report (Stynes, 2009) where national estimates were reported as the sum of impacts on local economies. 

1

Introduction

This report provides updated estimates of National Park Service (NPS) visitor spending for 2009

and estimates the economic impacts of visitor spending and the NPS payroll on local economies. 

Visitor spending and impacts are estimated using the Money Generation Model version 2 

(MGM2) model (Stynes et. al. 2000) based on calendar year 2009 park visits, spending averages 

from park visitor surveys, and local area economic multipliers. Impacts of the NPS payroll are 

estimated based on fiscal year (FY) 2009 payroll data for each park.

Visitor spending impacts are estimated for all park units with visitation data. Payroll impacts are 

estimated for all parks including administrative units and parks without visit count data. Impacts 

measure the direct and secondary effects of visitor spending and park payrolls in terms of jobs, 

income, and value added.

2

Impacts are estimated at both the national and local level. Most spending directly associated with 

park visits occurs in gateway regions around each park. Impacts of this spending on the local 

economies are estimated using local input-output models for each park. Local regions are defined 

as a 60-mile radius

Direct effects cover businesses selling goods and services directly to 

park visitors. Secondary effects include indirect effects resulting from sales to backward-linked 

industries within the local region and induced effects from household spending of income earned 

directly or indirectly from visitor spending. Impacts of construction activity and park purchases 

of goods and services are not included.

3

2009 Updates

around each park. To estimate impacts on the national economy, spending 

within roughly 60 miles of the park is applied to the national input-output model. System-wide 

totals covering impacts on local economies are also estimated by summing the spending and 

local impact estimates for all park units. Results for individual park units are reported in the 

Appendix. 

The 2009 estimates reflect new visitor surveys at ten parks. In 2008/2009 visitor surveys were 

conducted at Everglades NP, Fort Larned NHS, Grand Teton NP, Homestead NM of America, 

James A. Garfield NHS, Minuteman Missile NHS, Perry’s Victory and International Peace 

Memorial, Sleeping Bear Dunes NL, Women’s Rights NHP, and Yosemite NP.

4

 2 Jobs include full-time and part-time jobs. Seasonal positions are adjusted to an annual basis. Labor income covers 

wages and salaries, including income of sole proprietors and payroll benefits. Value added is the sum of labor 

income, profits and rents, and indirect business taxes. It can also be defined as total sales net of the costs of all nonlabor inputs. Value added is the preferred economic measure of the contribution of an industry or activity to the 

economy.

New visitor 

spending and impact estimates were also developed for Denali NP (Stynes and Ackerman 2010). 

Spending and visitor profiles for these parks were updated based upon the survey data. For other 

parks, spending profiles from 2008 were price adjusted to 2009 using Bureau of Labor Statistics 

3 The 60-mile radius is a general average representing the primary impact region around most parks. The radius is 

closer to 30 miles for parks in urban settings and as large as 100 miles for some western parks. Economic multipliers 

are based on regions defined as groupings of counties to approximate a 60-mile radius of the park. 4 These studies are conducted by the Visitor Services Project (VSP) at the University of Idaho. Reports for 

individual parks are available at their website: http://www.psu.uidaho.edu/vsp.reports.htm
2

consumer price indices for each spending category. Consumer prices remained fairly stable 

between 2008 and 2009 except for a drop of 7% in lodging and a 27% drop in fuel prices. Visit 

and overnight stay figures for all parks were updated to 2009 (NPS 2010). 

Multipliers for all parks were re-estimated using IMPLAN version 3.0 and 2008 county 

economic data. Local regions were defined to include all counties within 60 road miles of each 

park. Estimates in previous years for most parks were based on “generic multipliers” derived 

from input-output models estimated with IMPLAN using 2001 county-level data. Distinct 

multipliers for local regions were based on the population of the region. Job estimates were 

adjusted for price changes over time using the general consumer price index. 

Multipliers are based on IMPLAN’s trade flow models. This change is an improvement over the 

econometric models in version 2.0 and will alter estimates of secondary effects for local regions.

The updated employment multipliers using 2008 data are on average about 30% lower than 

previous estimates using MGM2 generic multipliers that were based on IMPLAN version 2.0. 

Lower job to sales ratios for most sectors reflect significant structural changes in the U.S. 

economy since 2001. In most cases, reductions in the number of jobs to produce a given level of 

output were greater than what would be expected just from price changes. 

Recreation Visits

The National Park System received 285.6 million recreation visits in 2009. Visitor spending was

estimated by dividing visitors to each park into segments with distinct spending patterns and 

applying spending averages based on surveys of park visitors at selected parks. As spending 

averages are measured on a party day basis (party nights for overnight trips), the NPS counts of 

recreation visits are converted from person entries to a park to party days in the area by applying 

average party size, length of stay, and park re-entry factors. This adjusts for some double 

counting of visits. To the extent possible, spending not directly related to a park visit is 

excluded.

5

In 2009 there were 14.59 million recreation overnight stays in the parks, representing 3.4% of all 

visits. Twenty-nine percent of park visits were day trips by local residents, 41% were day trips 

from 60 miles or more,

6 and 30% involved an overnight stay near the park. Visitor spending 

depends on the number of days spent in the local area and also the type of lodging on overnight 

trips. Non-local day trips account for 34% of the party days spent in the local area, local day trips 

28%, and overnight stays 38%. Sixty-five percent of all overnight stays by park visitors are in 

motels, lodges, or bed and breakfasts outside the park; another 18% are in campgrounds outside 

the park; and 12% are inside the park in NPS campgrounds, lodges, or backcountry sites.

 5 For example, spending during extended stays in an area visiting relatives, on business, or when the park visit was 

not the primary trip purpose is excluded. For most historic sites and parks in urban areas, spending for one day or 

night is counted for each park entry. Where several park units are within a 60-mile radius, adjustments are made for 

those visiting more than one park on the same day. 

6 Day trips include pass-thru visitors not spending a night within 60 miles of the park as well as stays with friends 

and relatives and in owned seasonal homes.
3

Visitor Spending

Visitor spending averages cover expenses within the local region, excluding park entry fees. 

Spending averages for each segment are derived from park visitor surveys at selected parks over 

the past nine years. Bureau of Labor Statistics price indices for each spending category are 

applied to adjust all spending to 2009 dollars. 

NPS System-wide spending averages for 2009 are given in Table 1 for seven distinct visitor 

segments. A typical park visitor party on a day trip spends $39 if a local resident and $66 if nonlocal (Table 1).

Table 1. National Park Visitor Spending in the Local Area by Segment, 2009 ($ per party per day/night)

Visitor Segment

Spending category

Local

Day Trip

Non-local 

Day Trip

NPS 

Lodge

NPS 

Camp

Ground

Backcountry 

MotelOutside 

Park

CampOutside 

Park

Motel, hotel, B&B 0.00 0.00 156.63 0.00 5.88 101.31 0.00 

Camping fees 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.48 2.61 0.00 25.54 

Restaurants & bars 13.05 20.38 78.26 15.09 8.71 67.76 16.42 

Amusements 4.13 8.46 24.39 8.58 4.58 20.61 16.87 

Groceries 6.28 7.35 13.04 18.87 6.01 16.84 11.85 

Gas & oil 6.45 15.11 22.00 19.68 11.92 17.04 17.85 

Local transportation 0.51 1.20 4.37 1.43 0.61 3.39 1.29 

Retail Purchases 8.23 13.53 32.46 12.82 12.23 29.44 22.22 

Total 38.66 66.04 331.16 96.94 52.56 256.38 112.05 

On a party night basis, spending by visitors on overnight trips varies from $52 for backcountry 

campers to $331 for visitors staying in park lodges. Campers spend $112 per night if staying 

outside the park and $97 if staying inside the park. Spending averages at individual parks vary 

from these System-wide averages due to differences in local prices and spending opportunities. 

For example, while non-local visitors on day trips spent $37 per party at Badlands NP in 2009, 

their counterparts at Grand Canyon spent $140.

In total, park visitors spent $11.89 billion in the local region surrounding the parks in 2009.

7

Lodging and restaurant/bar expenses each account for about a quarter of the spending. 

Transportation expenses (mainly auto fuel) account for 15%, groceries 9%, other retail purchases 

14%, and recreation and entertainment 10% (Figure 1). 

Local residents account for 9.7% of this spending (Table 2). Visitors staying in motels and 

lodges outside the park account for 56% of the total spending while non-local visitors on day 

trips contribute 20% of all spending. 

 7 Spending figures exclude airfares and other trip spending beyond 60 miles of the park. Purchases of durable goods 

(boats, RVs) and major equipment are also excluded. Special expenses for commercial rafting trips, air overflights 

and other special activities are not fully captured for all parks. 
4

Table 2. National Park Visitor Spending by Segment, 2009

Segment

Total Spending

($ Millions)

Percent of 

Spending

Local Day Trip 1,152 9.7%

Non-local Day Trip 2,387 20.1%

Lodge/Cabin-In Park 393 3.3%

Camp-In Park 277 2.3%

Backcountry Campers 33 0.3%

Motel-Outside Park 6,673 56.1%

Camp-Outside Park 789 6.6%

Other Overnight Visitors 190 1.6%

Total 11,893 100%

Figure 1. Distribution of National Park Visitor Spending

Local Impacts of Visitor Spending

Local economic impacts of visitor spending are estimated in the MGM2 model using multipliers 

for local areas around each park. Multipliers capture both the direct and secondary economic 

effects in gateway communities around the parks in terms of jobs, labor income, and value 

added. National totals are calculated as the sum of the local impacts for 356 park units that have 

counts of visitors. 

Both economic significance and economic impacts were estimated. The economic significance 

estimates in Table 3 measure the impacts of all visitor spending ($11.89 billion), including that 

of local visitors. Economic impacts in Table 4 exclude spending by local visitors, estimating the 

impacts of the $10.74 billion spent by visitors who do not reside within the local region. 

Lodging, 26%

Restaurants, 

25%

Recreation, 

10%

Auto/ transp., 

15%

Groceries, 9%

Retail 

Purchases, 14%
5

Table 3. Economic Significance of National Park Visitor Spending to Local Economies, 2009

Sector/Spending category

Sales 

($ Millions) Jobs 

Labor Income 

($ Millions)

Value Added

($ Millions)

Direct Effects

Motel, hotel cabin or B&B 2,897 34,711 984 1,791

Camping fees 239 2,871 71 126

Restaurants & bars 3,031 50,146 1,068 1,580

Amusements & Entertain. 1,185 9,632 258 449

Other vehicle expenses 136 1,623 51 76

Local transportation 270 5,235 107 153

Grocery stores 260 4,236 110 169

Gas stations 315 3,413 96 218

Other retail 808 13,936 354 528

Wholesale Trade 280 1,535 106 182

Local Manufacturing. 235 477 31 41

Total Direct Effects 9,657 127,814 3,237 5,313

Secondary Effects 4,725 35,670 1,528 2,752

Total Effects 14,382 163,483 4,765 8,065

Notes: Economic significance covers all $11.89 billion in spending of park visitors in the local region, including that of 

local visitors. Jobs include full-time and part-time jobs with seasonal positions adjusted to an annual basis. Labor

income covers wages and salaries, including income of sole proprietors and payroll benefits. Value added is the sum 

of labor income, profits and rents, and indirect business taxes.

Table 4. Economic Impacts of National Park Visitor Spending on Local Economies, 2009

Sector/Spending category

Sales

 ($ Millions) Jobs 

Labor Income 

($ Millions)

Value Added

($ Millions)

Direct Effects

Motel, hotel cabin or B&B 2,897 34,711 984 1,791

Camping fees 239 2,871 71 126

Restaurants & bars 2,647 44,040 930 1,376

Amusements & Entertain. 1,057 8,629 231 400

Other vehicle expenses 122 1,463 46 68

Local transportation 268 5,192 107 152

Grocery stores 213 3,506 90 138

Gas stations 271 2,971 82 187

Other retail 693 12,002 304 453

Wholesale Trade 231 1,292 87 150

Local Manufacturing 176 361 23 31

Total Direct Effects 8,817 117,038 2,955 4,872

Secondary Effects 4,232 32,425 1,367 2,460

Total Effects 13,048 149,463 4,321 7,332

Note: Economic impacts cover the $10.74 billion spent by non-local visitors.
6

Economic impact measures attempt to estimate the likely losses in economic activity to the 

region in the absence of the park. Should the park opportunities not be available, it is assumed 

that local residents would spend the money on other local activities, while visitors from outside 

the region would not have made a trip to the region.

8

Economic Significance

Spending by local residents on visits to the 

park do not represent “new money” to the region and are therefore generally excluded when 

estimating impacts. Local resident spending is included in the economic significance measures, 

as these capture all economic activity associated with park visits, including local and non-local 

visitors. 

The $11.89 billion spent by park visitors within 60 miles of the park (Table 2) has a total 

economic effect (significance) of $14.4 billion in sales, $4.8 billion in labor income, and $8.0 

billion in value added. Visitor spending supports about 163,500 jobs in gateway regions. Total 

effects may be divided between the direct effects that occur in businesses selling goods and 

services directly to park visitors and secondary effects that result from the circulation of this 

money within the local economy.

9

Direct effects are $9.66 billion in sales, $3.24 billion in labor income, $5.31 billion in value 

added, and 128,000 jobs. The local region captures 81% of all visitor spending as direct sales. 

Note that direct sales of $9.66 billion is less than the $11.89 billion in visitor spending as most of 

the manufacturing share of retail purchases (groceries, gas, sporting goods, souvenirs) is not 

included. It is assumed that most of the producer price of retail purchases immediately leaks out 

of the region to cover the cost of goods sold. Sales figures for retail and wholesale trade are the 

margins on retail purchases. 

The average sales multiplier across all local park regions is 1.49. For every dollar of direct sales 

another $ .49 in sales is generated in the local region through secondary effects.

Economic Impacts

Excluding $1.15 billion dollars spent by local residents on park visits reduces the total spending 

to $10.74 billion (Table 2) for the impact analysis. Local visitors represent about 29% of all 

visits but less than 10% of all visitor spending. The total effects of visitor spending excluding 

locals is $13.05 billion in sales, $4.32 billion in labor income, $7.33 billion in value added, and 

149,500 jobs. The economic sectors most directly affected are lodging, restaurants, retail trade,

and amusements. Visitor spending supports almost 44,000 jobs in restaurants and bars, 37,600 

jobs in lodging sectors, almost 20,000 jobs in retail and wholesale trade, and 8,600 jobs in 

amusements. 

 8 To the extent possible, spending not directly associated with a park visit is also excluded. For example, only one 

night’s expenses are counted for visitors in the area primarily on business, visiting relatives, or visiting other 

attractions. For parks with visitor surveys, spending attributed to a park visit was estimated based on the percentage 

of visitors identifying the park visit as the primary purpose of the trip. 

9 Secondary effects include indirect effects of businesses buying goods and services from backward-linked local 

firms and induced effects of household spending of their earnings. 
7

National Economic Significance of NPS Visitor Spending

The contribution of NPS visitor spending to the national economy can be estimated by applying the 

spending totals to multipliers for the national economy. This circulates spending that occurs within 

gateway regions around national parks within the broader national economy, capturing impacts on 

sectors that manufacture goods purchased by park visitors and additional secondary effects.

The estimates do not include spending by park visitors at home for durable goods such as 

camping, hunting and fishing equipment, recreation vehicles, boats, and other goods used on 

trips to the national parks. The estimates also exclude airfares and other en route spending that 

occurs more than 60 miles from the park. Since many long-distance trips involve multiple 

purposes and often visits to multiple parks, it is difficult to capture these expenses without 

double counting or attributing spending not directly related to a national park visit. 

With the above exclusions, the contribution of visitor spending to the national economy is 

247,000 jobs, $9.15 billion in labor income, and $15.58 billion in value added (Table 5)10. With 

the exception of manufacturing activity and a portion of activity in wholesale trade, the direct 

effects of visitor spending accrue to local regions around national parks.

11

Compared to the contribution to local economies (Table 4), an additional 83,500 jobs are 

supported nationally by NPS visitor spending, primarily due to the greater indirect and induced 

effects at the national level. The sales multiplier for NPS visitor spending at the national level is 

2.68, compared to an average of 1.49 for local regions around national parks. 

Table 5. Economic Significance of National Park Visitor Spending on National Economy, 2009

Sector/Spending category

Sales 

($ Millions) Jobs 

Labor Income 

($ Millions)

Value Added

($ Millions)

Direct Effects

Motel, hotel, cabin or B&B 2,897 34,711 984 1,791

Camping fees 239 2,871 71 126

Restaurants & bars 3,031 50,146 1,068 1,580

Amusements & Entertain. 1,185 9,632 258 449

Other vehicle expenses 136 1,623 51 76

Local transportation 270 5,235 107 153

Grocery stores 260 4,236 110 169

Gas stations 315 3,413 96 218

Other retail 808 13,936 354 528

Wholesale Trade 450 2,209 171 294

Local Manufacturing 1,722 3,842 254 337

Total Direct Effects 11,314 131,852 3,525 5,721

Secondary Effects 19,077 115,104 5,627 9,863

Total Effects 30,391 246,956 9,152 15,584

 10 These estimates use national multipliers to estimate secondary effects. This is a change from the 2008 report 

where national economic effects were estimated as the sum of local impacts using local area multipliers. 11 Local economic ratios are therefore used to estimate the direct effects. National multipliers are used to estimate 

secondary effects. With the exception of wholesale trade and manufacturing sectors, the national direct effects 

(Table 5) are therefore the same as the local direct effects (Table 4). 
8

Impacts of NPS Payrolls

National park units also impact local economies through their own spending, especially NPS

payrolls. Payroll impacts were estimated for FY 2009. In FY 2009 the National Park Service 

employed 26,121 people12

Table 6. NPS Payroll Impacts on Local Economies, 2009

with a total payroll of $1,618 million in wages, salaries, and payroll 

benefits (Table 6). Induced effects of the NPS payroll were estimated using multipliers for 

IMPLAN sector 439 (federal government payroll), with an adjustment for a share that IMPLAN 

assigns to capital depreciation. Including the induced effects of the spending of NPS wages and 

salaries in the local region, the total local economic impact of park payrolls in 2009 was $2.32

billion in labor income, $2.52 billion in value added, and 38,175 jobs. 

Jobs

Labor Income 

($ Millions)

Value Added 

($ Millions)

NPS Payroll 26,121 1,618 1,618

Induced Effects 12,053 698 899

Total Local impacts 38,175 2,316 2,517

Impacts of park payrolls for each park unit were estimated by applying economic multipliers to 

wage and salary data to capture the induced effects of NPS employee spending on local 

economies. The overall employment multiplier for NPS jobs is 1.46. For every two NPS jobs, 

another local job is supported through the induced effects of employee spending in the local 

region. There are additional local economic effects from NPS purchases of goods and services 

from local suppliers and from construction activity. These impacts were not estimated. 

The visitor spending and payroll impacts may be combined, as park admission fees and most 

other visitor spending accruing to the National Park Service were omitted from the visitor 

spending figures to avoid double counting.

13 Using the visitor spending impact estimates from 

Table 4, which exclude spending of local visitors, the combined total impacts including 

secondary effects are $6.64 billion in labor income, $9.85 billion in value added, and 187,600

local jobs. Visitor spending accounts for 80% of the total jobs and 74% of the total value added

(Table 7). 

 12 The number of employees is estimated as an annual average for each park, so that seasonal positions are converted 

to annual equivalents. However, the job estimates include both full-time and part-time positions. 13 There will be some double counting of camping fees as payments to concessionaires could not be fully sorted out 

from payments to the National Park Service. 
9

Table 7. Combined Impacts on Local Economies–Visitor Spending and Payroll

Impact Measure

Visitor 

Spending

Impactsa NPS Payroll

Impacts

Combined

Impacts

Visitor 

Spending 

Share

Direct Effects

Jobs 117,038 26,121 143,159 82%

Labor Income ($ Millions) $2,955 $1,618 4,573 65%

Value Added ($ Millions) $4,872 $1,618 6,490 75%

Total Effects

Jobs 149,463 38,175 187,637 80%

Labor Income ($ Millions) $4,321 $2,316 6,637 65%

Value Added ($ Millions) $7,332 $2,517 9,849 74%

a Excludes spending by local visitors

State-by-State Impact Estimates

Economic impacts of individual parks can be aggregated to the state level with a few 

complications. While most parks fall within a single state, there are 20 park units with facilities 

in more than one state. For these parks, shares of visits were assigned to each state based on 

percentages provided by the NPS Public Use Statistics Office. It was assumed that spending and 

economic impacts are proportional to where recreation visits are assigned.

Estimates of recreation visits, spending, and local economic impacts for each state and U.S. 

territory are given in Table A-4 in the Appendix. States receiving the greatest economic effects 

from NPS visitor and payroll spending are Washington, D.C.; California; Arizona; North 

Carolina; Virginia; and Utah. Regional totals are given in Table A-5.

It should be noted that the state and regional totals represent an accumulation of local impacts 

within roughly 60 miles of each park. The total economic effects on each state or region would 

be much larger if we included all spending of NPS visitors within each state and used statewide 

multipliers instead of local ones to capture the secondary effects. As noted earlier, impacts 

reported here do not include long-distance travel, airfares, or purchases made at home for items 

that may be used on trips to national parks. 

Methods 

Spending and impacts were estimated using the MGM2. NPS public use statistics for calendar 

year 2009 provide estimates of the number of recreation visits and overnight stays at each park. 

For each park, recreation visits were allocated to the seven MGM2 segments,

14

 14 Visits are classified as local day trips, non-local day trips, and overnight trips staying in campgrounds or hotels, 

lodges, cabins, and bed and breakfasts. For parks with lodging facilities within the park, visitors staying in park 

lodges, campgrounds, or backcountry sites are distinguished from those staying outside the park in motels or nonNPS campgrounds. Visitors staying with friends or relatives, in owned seasonal homes, or passing through without a 

local overnight stay are generally treated as day trips. 

converted to 

party days/nights spent in the local area and then multiplied by per-day spending averages for 

each segment. Spending and impact estimates for 2009 are made individually for each park unit 
10

and then summed to obtain national totals for impacts on local regions. Impacts on the national 

economy are also estimated by applying all visitor spending to multipliers for the national 

economy.

Spending averages cover all trip expenses within roughly 60 miles of the park. They therefore 

exclude most en route expenses on longer trips, as well as airfares and purchases made at home 

in preparation for the trip, including costs of durable goods and equipment. Spending averages 

vary from park to park based on the type of park and the regional setting (low, medium, or high 

spending area). 

The segment mix is very important in estimating visitor spending, as spending varies 

considerably across the MGM2 segments. Segment shares are estimated based on park overnight 

stay data and, where available, park visitor surveys. For park units that lack recent visitor 

surveys, estimates are made by generalizing from studies at similar parks or based on manager or 

researcher judgment.

For parks with VSP (Visitor Services Project) studies over the past nine years, spending averages 

are estimated from the visitor survey data at each park.

15

The observed spending patterns in park visitor studies are then used to estimate spending 

averages for other parks that lack visitor spending surveys. This procedure will not capture some 

spending variations attributable to unique characteristics of a given park or gateway region—for

example, the wider use of public transportation at Alaska parks or extra expenses for special 

commercial attractions in or around some parks, such as rafting trips, air overflights, and other

tours. When visitor studies are conducted at individual parks, these unique situations are taken 

into account. For example, river runners were treated as a distinct segment at Grand Canyon 

National Park (Stynes and Sun 2005). 

Averages estimated in the surveys were 

price adjusted to 2009 using BLS price indices for each spending category. Sampling errors for 

the spending averages in VSP studies are generally 5–10% overall and can be as high as 20% for 

individual visitor segments.

Multipliers for local regions around national parks were applied to the spending totals to translate 

spending into jobs, income, and value added and also to estimate secondary effects. All MGM2 

multipliers were re-estimated this year using IMPLAN ver 3.0 and 2008 economic data

(Minnesota IMPLAN Group 2010).

With the exception of parks with new visitor surveys in 2008 or 2009, no changes were made in 

party sizes, lengths of stay, or re-entry factors between 2008 and 2009. MGM2 model parameters 

for individual parks are adjusted over time as new park visitor studies are conducted or other 

relevant information becomes available.

Impacts of park payrolls were estimated for each park by applying local area multipliers to NPS 

wage and salary figures for FY 2009. Multipliers capture the induced effects of park employee 

spending by re-circulating their income as household spending within the local economy. Payroll 

 15 Detailed impact reports for parks that have included economic questions in their VSP studies are available at the 

MGM2 (http://web4.canr.msu.edu/mgm2/) or NPS social science websites 

(http://www.nature.nps.gov/socialscience/products.cfm#MGM2Reports).
11

benefits were not re-circulated in estimating secondary effects of park employee spending, but 

the direct payroll benefits are included in total value added. Multipliers for IMPLAN sector 439 

(federal government payroll) were applied to wages and salaries at each park to estimate induced 

effects.

16

The number of employees for each park was estimated by totaling the number of distinct social 

security numbers in each pay period and dividing by the number of pay periods. The figure is 

therefore an annual average. Four seasonal jobs for three months count as one job. No distinction 

is made between part-time and full-time employees. Jobs, salary, and payroll benefits are 

assigned to the park where the employee’s time was charged, which may differ from their duty 

station.

Local impacts of park purchases of supplies and services or construction activities were 

not included in the analysis. 

Spending and impact totals for states were developed from the 2009 estimates by summing the 

results for all units in a given state using the mailing address for the park to identify the state. 

Twenty parks have facilities in more than one state. For these parks, visitors and spending were 

allocated to individual states based on shares used by the NPS Public Use Statistics Office for 

allocating visits to states. For example, visits to Great Smoky Mountains NP were split 44% to 

North Carolina and 56% to Tennessee. It should be noted that these allocations may not fully 

account for where the spending and impacts occur. There are also many other parks with 

facilities in a single state but located within 60 miles of a state border. A portion of the spending 

and impacts for these parks may accrue to nearby states. For example, the local region for SaintGaudens NHS includes counties in both Vermont and New Hampshire (Stynes 2008), but all 

impacts in this report are assigned to New Hampshire since the visitor surveys do not identify 

exactly where spending may have occurred within the local region.

Errors and Limitations

The accuracy of the spending and impact estimates rests largely on the input data, namely (1) 

public use recreation visit and overnight stay data; (2) party size, length of stay, and park re-entry 

conversion factors; (3) visitor segment shares; (4) spending averages; and (5) local area 

multipliers.

Public use data provides reasonably accurate estimates of visitor entries for most parks. Some 

visitors may be missed by the counting procedures, while others may be counted multiple times 

when they re-enter a park more than once on a single trip. Accurate estimates of park re-entries, 

party sizes, and lengths of stay in the area are needed to convert park entries to the number of 

visitor or party days in the region. Visitors staying overnight outside the park pose significant 

problems as they tend to be the greatest spenders and may enter the park several times during 

their stay. Similarly, visitors staying inside the park may enter and leave several times during 

their stay and be counted each time as a distinct visit. Re-entry factors adjust for these problems 

to the extent possible.

 16 Multipliers were adjusted by a factor of 1.1359 to account for the share of federal payroll that IMPLAN assigns to 

capital depreciation.
12

For multi-purpose trips, it is difficult to determine what portion of the spending should be 

attributed to the park visit. This is especially a problem for historic sites and parks in urban areas 

or parks in multiple-attraction destinations. For parks with visitor surveys, the proportion of days 

and spending counted was decided based on stated trip purposes and the importance of the park 

in generating the trip to the region.

Parkways and urban parks pose special difficulties for economic impact analyses. These units

have some of the highest number of visits while posing the most difficult problems for 

estimating visits, spending, and impacts. The majority of visits to these types of units were 

assumed to be local or non-local day trips, and only one night of spending was counted for 

overnight trips. Due to the high numbers of visits at these units, small changes in assumed 

spending averages or segment mixes can swing the spending estimates by substantial amounts. 

Clusters of parks within a single 60-mile area pose additional difficulties. For example, the many 

monuments and parks in the Washington, D.C., area each count visitors separately. Similar 

difficulties exist for clusters of parks in Boston, New York, and San Francisco. To avoid double 

counting of spending across many national capital parks, we must know how many times a 

visitor has been counted at park units during a trip to the Washington, D.C., area. For parks in 

the National Capital Region, we currently assume an average of 1.7 park visits are counted for 

local day trips, 3.4 visits for non-local day trips, and 5.1 park visits on overnight trips. The nonlocal visitor spending total for the National Capital Region in 2009 was $1.17 billion. This is 

14% of the Travel Industry Association tourist spending estimate of $8.3 billion for Washington,

D.C., in 2008 (USTA 2010).

NPS units in Alaska also pose special problems for economic analysis. Spending opportunities 

near Alaska parks are limited and for many visitors the park visit is part of a cruise or guided 

tour, frequently purchased as a package. Most visitors are on extended trips to Alaska, making it 

difficult to allocate expenses to a particular park visit. Lodging, vehicle rentals, and air expenses 

frequently occur in Anchorage, many miles from the park. Also, many Alaska parks are only 

accessible by air or boat, so spending profiles estimated from visitor surveys at parks in the 

lower 48 states do not apply well. Due to the prominence of cruise lines and package tours, 

special studies are required to estimate the proportion of visitor spending that stays in the local 

regions around national park units in Alaska. In this report, Alaska statewide multipliers are used

to estimate impacts for parks in Alaska. 

Estimates for Katmai and Denali are based on recent studies (Fay and Christensen 2010; Stynes

and Ackerman 2010). Both of these studies made adjustments to the number of park visits. 

Spending was based on a 2006 visitor survey at Katmai (Littlejohn and Hollenhorst 2008). Fay 

and Christensen estimated $48 million in spending by Katmai visitors within Alaska in 2006, of 

which $10.8 million was reported in the local park area. The 2006 Denali visitor survey did not 

include spending questions. Spending was therefore estimated using an engineering approach 

based on local room taxes, rail passengers, and other local data sources. This has the advantage 

of grounding the estimates in local economic data. Based on the study, the 2008 visitor spending 

estimate for Denali NP was increased from $43.8 million to $154 million (Stynes and Ackerman 

2010). The revised Denali estimate includes $50 million in transportation spending (air, rail, bus, 

car rentals), most of which accrues to firms outside the local region, and also $17.7 million in 

tour revenues. Since virtually all tourism activity in the Denali area is associated with park visits, 
13

the impact estimates were validated against local employment and sales figures. These two 

studies illustrate some of the difficulties of estimating impacts for Alaska parks.

Similar studies at other Alaska parks would likely yield different estimates from those reported 

here, especially if spending beyond the local region were included. A visit to one or more 

national parks is an important part of the trip for most Alaska visitors. One could therefore argue 

to count a substantial portion of tourism spending in Alaska as related to national park visits. The 

U.S. Travel Association estimated tourist spending in Alaska at $2.1 billion in 2008 (USTA

2010). This is ten times what we have included as spending by park visitors in the local regions 

around Alaska national parks. Including spending in Alaska outside the local regions would 

significantly increase the estimates; however, deciding which spending to include would be 

somewhat subjective. 

15

References

Fay, G., and N. Christensen. 2010. Katmai National Park and Preserve economic impact analysis 

and model documentation. Report to National Parks and Conservation Association and National 

Park Service. 

Littlejohn, M. and S. Hollenhorst. 2008. Katmai National Park and Preserve visitor study,

summer 2006. Visitor Service Project Report #182. University of Idaho Park Studies Unit, 

Moscow, Idaho.

Minnesota IMPLAN Group Inc. 2010. IMPLAN Pro Version 3.0, user’s guide. Stillwater, 

Minnesota. 

National Park Service (NPS). 2010. Statistical abstract, 2009. Natural Resource Report 

NPS/NRPC/NRR-2010-039. Natural Resource Program Center, Public Use Statistics Office,

Denver, Colorado.

Stynes, D. J. 2008. Impacts of visitor spending on the local economy: Saint-Gaudens National 

Historic Site, 2004. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation, and Resource Studies,

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

———. 2009. National park visitor spending and payroll impacts, 2008. Report to National Park 

Service. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resource Studies, Michigan 

State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

Stynes, D. J. and A. Ackerman. 2010. Impacts of visitor spending on the local economy: Denali 

National Park and Preserve, 2008. Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and 

Resource Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

Stynes, D. J., D. B. Propst, W. H. Chang, and Y. Sun. 2000. Estimating regional economic 

impacts of park visitor spending: Money Generation Model Version 2 (MGM2). Department of 

Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

Stynes, D. J. and Y. Sun. 2005. Economic impacts of Grand Canyon National Park visitor 

spending on the local economy, 2003. Department of Park, Recreation and Tourism Resources, 

Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. 

U.S. Travel Association (USTA). 2010. The power of travel, economic impact of travel and 

tourism. Available at http://www.poweroftravel.org/statistics/.

17

Appendices

Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local 

Economies, CY 2009......................................................................................... 18

Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009.............. .. 27

Table A-3. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, 

Administrative Units and Parks without Visit Counts, FY 2009.......................................35

Table A-4. Impacts of NPS Visitor Spending and Payroll on Local Economies 

by State, 2009.................................................................................................38

Table A-5. Impacts of NPS Visitor Spending and Payroll on Local Economies 

by Region, 2009..............................................................................................40

Table A-6. Allocations to States for Multi-state Parks............................................... .. 41
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

18

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace 

NHP 221,111 0 7,448 6,937 115 3,131 5,247

Acadia NP 2,227,698 136,046 161,489 159,106 2,763 65,809 110,965

Adams NHP 253,656 0 15,867 14,779 217 8,312 13,858

Agate Fossil Beds NM 12,694 0 740 735 13 257 428

Alibates Flint Quarries NM 2,918 0 140 131 2 41 66

Allegheny Portage Railroad 

NHS 118,931 0 5,723 5,330 87 2,051 3,422

Amistad NRA 2,573,966 32,205 71,260 62,041 938 18,228 30,924

Andersonville NHS 136,267 0 4,590 4,275 72 1,642 2,765

Andrew Johnson NHS 63,296 0 3,046 2,837 46 1,199 2,026

Antietam NB 378,966 0 18,070 16,303 229 8,568 14,507

*Apostle Islands NL 170,202 27,589 18,203 17,833 301 6,190 10,222

Appomattox Court House NHP 185,443 0 8,923 8,311 129 3,054 5,219

*Arches NP 996,312 54,274 99,918 99,918 1,544 32,630 55,576

Arkansas Post NMEM 32,160 0 1,083 1,009 18 310 529

Arlington House, Robert E. Lee 

MEM 603,773 0 37,769 35,179 403 16,372 27,316

Assateague Island NS 2,129,658 112,681 139,828 132,995 1,981 54,536 93,670

Aztec Ruins NM 38,234 0 1,151 1,115 16 389 668

*Badlands NP 933,918 46,255 21,323 21,323 327 7,672 12,904

Bandelier NM 212,544 13,937 9,061 8,764 98 2,107 3,534

Bent's Old Fort NHS 28,131 0 948 883 13 264 446

Bering Land Bridge NPRES 1,054 1,986 316 316 3 112 199

Big Bend NP 363,905 170,616 15,391 14,736 219 4,746 8,374

Big Cypress NPRES 812,207 29,025 93,637 91,801 1,359 47,228 79,169

Big Hole NB 49,822 0 1,678 1,563 27 542 933

Big South Fork NRRA 686,747 69,420 26,794 23,434 324 7,063 11,985

Big Thicket NPRES 100,509 2,722 6,600 6,272 90 2,938 5,130

Bighorn Canyon NRA 205,293 14,253 5,773 5,058 79 1,934 3,326

Biscayne NP 437,745 8,317 27,368 27,038 342 11,802 20,213

Black Canyon of the Gunnison 

NP 171,451 14,524 7,861 7,482 106 2,416 4,192

Blue Ridge Parkway 15,936,316 149,616 315,552 288,542 4,046 83,761 141,357

Bluestone NSR 45,904 0 1,883 1,647 20 372 612

Booker T. Washington NM 21,216 0 1,021 951 15 378 640

Boston African American NHS 298,519 0 18,674 17,393 217 9,023 14,954

Boston NHP 2,155,026 0 73,268 70,865 901 37,822 63,084

Brown V. Board of Education 

NHS 19,228 0 925 862 15 408 693

Bryce Canyon NP 1,216,377 149,965 99,405 98,468 1,529 29,914 51,693

Buck Island Reef NM 47,341 3,920 3,103 2,953 45 926 1,580

Buffalo National River 1,522,586 112,493 44,793 39,493 541 12,871 22,134

Cabrillo NM 767,687 0 48,023 44,730 587 19,342 32,875

Canaveral NS 1,001,665 2,081 65,972 62,670 986 31,161 53,179
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

19

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Cane River Creole NHP 27,411 0 1,319 1,229 20 428 716

Canyon de Chelly NM 826,425 55,114 39,238 36,603 512 11,317 19,409

Canyonlands NP 436,241 90,033 33,625 33,297 460 11,371 19,785

Cape Cod NS 4,311,949 22,562 153,073 122,040 1,649 55,556 94,619

Cape Hatteras NS 2,282,543 86,765 108,482 103,105 1,551 38,547 66,529

Cape Krusenstern NM 1,810 1,775 543 543 6 188 327

Cape Lookout NS 601,954 36,813 41,696 39,774 642 13,386 22,782

Capitol Reef NP 617,208 35,489 34,290 34,102 604 11,275 19,473

*Capulin Volcano NM 50,935 0 1,339 1,315 17 329 567

Carl Sandburg Home NHS 83,550 0 4,020 3,745 56 1,378 2,318

Carlsbad Caverns NP 432,639 114 22,702 22,137 323 6,420 10,992

Casa Grande Ruins NM 76,350 0 2,134 2,003 21 470 761

Castillo de San Marcos NM 667,783 0 41,773 38,909 517 14,672 25,263

Castle Clinton NM 4,080,152 0 72,733 50,415 540 23,397 38,816

Catoctin Mountain Park 440,294 36,394 21,584 20,185 230 9,347 15,538

Cedar Breaks NM 492,353 910 16,591 15,455 247 5,660 9,650

Chaco Culture NHP 37,376 4,766 1,011 971 13 280 475

Chamizal NMEM 215,852 0 13,503 12,577 212 4,918 8,556

Channel Islands NP 348,745 55,663 29,569 28,145 365 13,337 22,268

Charles Pinckney NHS 43,447 0 2,091 1,947 30 811 1,401

Chattahoochee River NRA 2,830,655 0 80,596 54,183 662 23,437 39,570

*Chesapeake & Ohio Canal 

NHP 3,751,681 4,770 46,931 30,180 392 15,326 25,527

Chickamauga & Chattanooga 

NMP 992,448 1,951 47,777 44,506 693 20,134 34,235

Chickasaw NRA 1,238,484 72,332 15,831 12,297 164 3,236 5,529

Chiricahua NM 60,851 8,997 3,028 2,840 37 862 1,463

Christiansted NHS 114,743 0 3,865 3,600 54 1,112 1,891

City of Rocks NRES 96,649 0 6,367 6,048 84 1,974 3,323

Clara Barton NHS 10,986 0 687 640 7 298 497

*Colonial NHP 3,324,751 0 56,896 52,318 777 19,515 34,135

Colorado NM 400,266 16,586 19,439 18,143 257 6,282 10,675

Congaree NP 122,970 3,978 2,767 2,454 46 1,109 1,895

Coronado NMEM 106,409 0 3,584 3,338 47 1,249 2,124

Cowpens NB 224,394 0 10,798 10,057 171 4,330 7,403

*Crater Lake NP 446,516 80,053 32,862 31,880 512 12,034 20,410

*Craters of the Moon NM & 

PRES 194,046 14,150 5,735 5,676 80 1,685 2,890

Cumberland Gap NHP 883,663 16,415 42,681 39,790 637 12,746 21,449

Cumberland Island NS 77,588 17,087 5,019 4,791 75 2,264 3,862

Curecanti NRA 953,169 56,971 38,219 33,453 442 10,117 17,463

Cuyahoga Valley NP 2,589,288 2,293 54,286 39,127 571 16,438 27,618

*Dayton Aviation Heritage NHP 58,301 0 2,895 2,740 52 1,258 2,134

De Soto NMEM 246,608 0 15,427 14,369 238 7,419 12,587
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

20

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Death Valley NP 828,574 212,955 40,255 38,602 422 10,225 16,953

Delaware Water Gap NRA 5,213,030 109,764 108,578 94,196 1,144 33,491 59,337

*Denali NP & PRES 358,041 89,858 154,721 154,721 2,319 77,394 125,922

Devils Postpile NM 110,212 5,144 3,752 3,503 51 1,341 2,250

Devils Tower NM 391,023 13,860 13,278 12,390 196 4,586 7,835

Dinosaur NM 203,862 44,883 6,631 6,203 75 1,989 3,462

Dry Tortugas NP 52,011 13,003 4,390 4,194 48 1,649 2,860

Edgar Allan Poe NHS 17,463 0 1,092 1,017 15 541 907

*Effigy Mounds NM 78,177 0 4,374 4,193 77 1,335 2,247

*Eisenhower NHS 64,212 0 3,950 3,919 61 1,361 2,301

El Malpais NM 123,290 461 4,340 4,180 68 1,759 2,994

El Morro NM 48,245 3,123 1,611 1,544 21 425 739

Eleanor Roosevelt NHS 54,393 0 894 554 8 212 358

Eugene O'Neill NHS 3,783 0 237 220 3 118 200

*Everglades NP 900,882 33,249 162,343 157,552 2,361 83,059 139,886

Federal Hall NMEM 204,880 0 12,816 11,937 132 6,356 10,636

Fire Island NS 569,667 38,735 31,519 27,657 345 13,478 22,747

First Ladies NHS 10,466 0 655 610 10 223 374

Flight 93 NMEM 149,668 0 7,202 6,708 105 2,442 4,079

Florissant Fossil Beds NM 64,251 0 3,092 2,880 38 1,091 1,863

Ford's Theatre NHS 658,271 0 20,773 19,046 222 9,228 15,561

Fort Bowie NHS 9,641 0 464 432 6 135 228

Fort Caroline NMEM 288,606 0 18,054 16,816 262 7,955 13,535

Fort Davis NHS 50,968 0 1,717 1,599 23 475 823

Fort Donelson NB 203,456 205 6,855 6,385 100 2,046 3,469

Fort Frederica NM 296,117 0 14,249 13,272 191 5,012 8,515

Fort Laramie NHS 56,923 0 1,917 1,786 28 607 1,049

*Fort Larned NHS 27,443 0 1,430 1,416 25 496 830

Fort Matanzas NM 793,253 0 49,622 46,219 614 17,428 30,009

Fort McHenry NM & HS 605,870 0 37,900 35,301 452 14,003 23,593

Fort Necessity NB 197,271 710 6,043 5,310 77 1,680 2,819

Fort Point NHS 1,385,134 0 86,647 80,706 873 39,526 66,804

Fort Pulaski NM 435,661 10 20,964 19,526 295 8,179 14,012

Fort Raleigh NHS 338,212 0 11,392 10,611 170 4,226 7,317

Fort Scott NHS 28,544 0 961 896 15 278 466

Fort Smith NHS 63,540 0 3,057 2,848 51 1,061 1,778

*Fort Stanwix NM 93,170 0 3,294 3,152 46 1,161 1,922

Fort Sumter NM 785,604 5 17,188 15,284 208 5,379 9,139

Fort Union NM 11,070 0 237 227 3 65 109

Fort Union Trading Post NHS 15,141 0 989 959 15 300 512

Fort Vancouver NHS 1,017,326 0 48,953 45,596 773 23,830 40,319

Fort Washington Park 339,370 0 10,710 9,819 115 4,758 8,022

Fossil Butte NM 18,693 0 630 586 9 188 324
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

21

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt 

Memorial 2,591,241 0 81,773 74,973 875 36,326 61,254

Frederick Douglass NHS 43,483 0 1,372 1,258 15 610 1,028

Frederick Law Olmsted NHS 5,007 0 313 292 4 151 251

Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania 

NMP 906,175 0 43,604 40,614 569 14,223 24,670

Friendship Hill NHS 31,454 0 1,968 1,833 28 632 1,074

Gates of the Arctic NP & PRES 9,975 4,638 2,993 2,993 32 1,043 1,821

Gateway NRA 9,010,522 8,933 157,979 64,208 707 33,515 56,166

Gauley River NRA 113,185 4,738 4,515 3,944 56 1,436 2,415

General Grant NMEM 100,874 0 6,310 5,877 65 3,129 5,237

George Rogers Clark NHP 103,284 0 4,970 4,629 77 1,423 2,402

*George Washington Birthplace 

NM 113,083 0 2,501 1,579 24 459 792

George Washington Carver NM 38,899 0 1,872 1,743 29 599 996

George Washington MEM 

PKWY 6,938,309 0 28,526 4,156 46 1,762 2,936

*Gettysburg NMP 1,013,002 23,993 61,207 60,729 951 21,082 35,648

Gila Cliff Dwellings NM 43,016 0 1,092 1,052 15 271 465

Glacier Bay NP & PRES 438,361 16,635 3,217 3,217 41 1,267 2,190

Glacier NP 2,031,348 379,619 97,371 93,711 1,432 34,629 60,975

Glen Canyon NRA 1,960,345 1,580,992 152,205 152,205 1,790 47,106 77,666

Golden Gate NRA 15,036,372 78,110 269,028 113,337 1,479 59,191 100,282

*Golden Spike NHS 45,334 0 2,075 2,027 34 727 1,217

Governors Island NM 325,840 0 27,906 26,508 295 14,371 24,074

*Grand Canyon NP 4,348,068 1,269,839 405,226 405,226 5,521 139,112 233,404

Grand Portage NM 76,025 60 8,190 8,149 130 2,762 4,781

*Grand Teton NP 2,580,081 552,358 397,322 393,913 5,928 144,997 250,741

Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS 20,099 0 677 631 11 253 438

Great Basin NP 84,974 29,988 3,831 3,671 49 979 1,672

Great Sand Dunes NP & PRES 289,955 51,292 10,114 9,497 137 2,979 5,082

Great Smoky Mountains NP 9,491,437 400,832 799,608 774,996 11,112 282,668 487,083

Greenbelt Park 188,043 23,176 12,097 11,334 129 5,235 8,689

Guadalupe Mountains NP 198,882 19,076 13,014 12,390 189 3,520 6,047

Guilford Courthouse NMP 290,368 9 13,972 13,014 224 5,881 9,830

Gulf Islands NS 4,132,674 28,601 109,611 62,907 883 22,385 38,484

Hagerman Fossil Beds NM 27,263 0 799 698 11 242 413

Haleakala NP 1,109,104 17,231 72,989 69,359 813 30,159 51,784

Hamilton Grange NMEM 150 0 9 9 0 5 8

Hampton NHS 39,334 0 2,461 2,292 29 909 1,532

Harpers Ferry NHP 275,044 0 9,977 9,123 129 3,838 6,425

Harry S Truman NHS 28,384 0 1,776 1,654 25 887 1,542

Hawaii Volcanoes NP 1,233,105 114,170 82,654 78,783 1,076 35,599 61,322

Herbert Hoover NHS 162,886 0 7,838 7,300 121 2,857 4,890
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

22

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt 

NHS 123,033 0 2,416 2,128 30 835 1,409

*Homestead National 

Monument of America 71,301 0 2,078 1,946 35 708 1,171

Hopewell Culture NHP 34,179 0 1,151 1,072 17 347 581

Hopewell Furnace NHS 53,186 0 2,559 2,384 37 1,058 1,777

Horseshoe Bend NMP 72,232 0 3,476 3,237 52 1,054 1,790

Hot Springs NP 1,284,707 9,615 84,596 80,373 1,334 27,397 46,761

Hovenweep NM 27,855 1,628 1,358 1,269 18 435 757

Hubbell Trading Post NHS 99,267 0 4,777 4,449 61 1,223 2,184

Independence NHP 3,967,694 0 148,929 133,374 1,889 67,773 113,569

Indiana Dunes NL 1,944,568 28,117 54,878 38,438 542 12,681 21,284

Isle Royale NP 14,653 42,864 1,798 1,798 26 546 945

*James A. Garfield NHS 17,100 0 510 466 7 211 357

Jean Lafitte NHP & PRES 335,075 0 16,124 15,018 210 7,083 12,086

Jefferson National Expansion 

Memorial 2,360,109 0 91,834 80,868 1,182 33,015 54,952

Jewel Cave NM 129,595 0 6,236 5,808 98 2,236 3,813

Jimmy Carter NHS 69,972 0 2,357 2,195 36 678 1,139

John D Rockefeller Jr. MEM 

PKWY 1,139,923 28,489 5,981 5,501 72 1,780 3,024

*John Day Fossil Beds NM 130,925 275 5,648 5,563 74 1,480 2,574

John F. Kennedy NHS 16,333 0 1,022 952 12 494 818

John Muir NHS 34,516 0 2,159 2,011 28 907 1,535

Johnstown Flood NMEM 114,350 0 6,272 5,804 104 2,425 4,077

*Joshua Tree NP 1,304,471 266,226 32,525 28,395 334 9,688 16,055

Kalaupapa NHP 30,654 0 1,475 1,374 16 586 1,003

Kaloko-Honokohau NHP 166,380 0 8,006 7,457 101 3,323 5,699

*Katmai NP & PRES/Aniakchak

NM & PRES 43,035 4,744 9,601 9,488 93 2,386 3,920

Kenai Fjords NP 218,358 2,099 6,706 6,610 89 2,734 4,777

Kennesaw Mountain NBP 1,372,228 0 41,049 35,669 477 16,294 27,591

*Kings Mountain NMP 277,576 87 9,220 8,251 135 2,871 4,943

Klondike Gold Rush NHP 

Alaska 880,512 5,006 21,897 21,633 266 8,364 14,481

Klondike Gold Rush NHP 

Seattle 54,219 0 3,392 3,159 46 1,638 2,783

Knife River Indian Villages NHS 29,390 0 990 922 17 371 624

Kobuk Valley NP 1,879 1,966 564 564 6 196 342

Korean War Veterans Memorial 3,117,046 0 98,366 90,187 1,053 43,697 73,683

Lake Chelan NRA 34,554 16,049 1,400 1,304 18 658 1,124

Lake Clark NP & PRES 9,711 3,321 2,913 2,913 31 1,008 1,752

Lake Mead NRA 7,668,689 984,797 265,672 225,958 2,394 79,416 130,221

Lake Meredith NRA 1,080,644 37,606 43,024 37,554 492 11,127 17,920

Lake Roosevelt NRA 1,382,663 140,047 39,623 34,884 498 11,754 19,809
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

23

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Lassen Volcanic NP 365,639 98,931 14,678 13,400 185 4,912 8,170

Lava Beds NM 129,639 10,154 4,236 4,048 55 1,251 2,115

LBJ Memorial Grove on the 

Potomac 333,368 0 20,854 19,424 223 9,040 15,082

Lewis & Clark NHP 225,846 0 10,868 10,122 151 3,126 5,316

Lincoln Boyhood NMEM 182,172 0 8,766 8,165 135 2,649 4,515

Lincoln Home NHS 464,074 0 23,591 23,166 373 9,669 16,020

Lincoln Memorial 5,255,570 0 165,853 152,062 1,775 73,676 124,235

Little Bighorn Battlefield NM 302,811 0 10,200 9,500 158 3,823 6,588

Little River Canyon NPRES 189,251 0 8,727 8,290 142 2,828 4,799

Little Rock Central High School

NHS 60,103 0 2,892 2,694 44 1,235 2,067

Longfellow NHS 39,065 0 1,880 1,751 23 811 1,357

Lowell NHP 565,960 0 35,404 32,976 432 15,280 25,564

Lyndon B. Johnson NHP 98,218 0 6,144 5,723 77 2,290 3,928

Maggie L Walker NHS 9,853 0 224 120 2 55 94

Mammoth Cave NP 503,856 88,876 32,303 30,577 525 11,514 19,202

Manassas NBP 578,383 0 7,442 7,120 82 2,720 4,605

*Manzanar NHS 89,190 0 8,496 8,435 100 2,531 4,368

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller NHP 31,129 0 1,498 1,395 20 560 955

Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS 650,343 0 40,682 37,893 495 18,128 30,786

Martin Van Buren NHS 23,216 0 437 382 5 130 211

Mary McLeod Bethune Council 

House NHS 21,811 0 688 631 7 306 516

Mesa Verde NP 550,377 92,438 39,224 37,573 529 13,053 22,258

Minute Man NHP 1,096,024 0 68,562 63,860 836 29,590 49,506

*Minuteman Missile NHS 36,777 0 2,352 2,352 40 920 1,564

Missouri National Recreational 

River 186,313 0 8,592 8,162 171 2,352 3,986

Mojave NPRES 528,865 2,180 10,780 9,402 112 3,875 6,356

*Monocacy NB 34,553 0 2,418 2,247 27 1,048 1,796

Montezuma Castle NM 601,465 0 28,942 26,957 411 13,337 22,862

Moores Creek NB 68,864 481 2,313 2,154 37 827 1,442

Morristown NHP 298,060 0 14,342 13,359 171 6,245 10,554

*Mount Rainier NP 1,151,654 169,439 32,908 31,373 431 11,972 19,958

Mount Rushmore NMEM 2,260,192 0 71,635 67,420 1,039 23,780 40,273

Muir Woods NM 779,880 0 48,785 45,440 571 23,645 40,133

Natchez NHP 218,126 0 10,496 9,776 136 2,795 4,900

Natchez Trace PKWY 5,934,363 19,071 84,820 30,714 409 8,450 14,150

National Capital Parks-Central 3,678,876 0 116,096 106,443 1,242 51,573 86,964

National Capital Parks-East 1,272,212 0 40,148 36,809 430 17,835 30,074

Natural Bridges NM 92,023 6,406 4,499 4,205 58 1,189 2,084

Navajo NM 77,901 2,723 3,772 3,519 46 1,140 1,938

New Bedford Whaling NHP 279,803 0 17,503 16,303 241 7,370 12,463
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

24

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

New Orleans Jazz NHP 80,828 0 3,889 3,623 51 1,709 2,915

*New River Gorge NR 1,144,318 10,996 43,790 41,253 491 8,931 14,809

Nez Perce NHP 176,238 0 5,936 5,529 94 1,939 3,269

Nicodemus NHS 2,978 0 129 126 2 28 46

Ninety Six NHS 50,689 0 2,439 2,272 37 726 1,231

Niobrara NSR 68,058 0 3,139 2,981 62 859 1,456

Noatak NPRES 2,474 2,221 742 742 8 259 452

North Cascades NP 26,972 14,646 1,660 1,590 22 803 1,368

Obed Wild and Scenic River 212,933 1,644 8,755 7,663 116 2,590 4,304

Ocmulgee NM 110,819 0 5,333 4,967 86 2,005 3,399

*Olympic NP 3,276,459 342,573 113,699 104,398 1,552 36,338 61,751

Oregon Caves NM 88,496 6,322 4,090 3,809 62 1,461 2,450

Organ Pipe Cactus NM 330,064 19,382 16,082 15,022 231 7,460 12,789

Ozark National Scenic 

Riverways 1,308,718 139,239 55,445 49,046 696 15,931 27,883

Padre Island NS 642,163 69,701 41,965 39,961 641 16,193 27,266

Palo Alto Battlefield NHP 41,599 0 1,401 1,305 22 499 841

Pea Ridge NMP 68,746 0 3,308 3,081 55 947 1,617

Pecos NHP 34,522 0 721 698 11 293 497

Pennsylvania Avenue NHS 256,874 0 8,106 7,432 87 3,601 6,072

*Perry's Victory and 

International Peace MEM 154,457 3,058 11,605 11,605 201 4,726 7,961

Petersburg NB 162,722 0 7,830 7,293 122 2,923 5,069

Petrified Forest NP 631,613 5,734 41,608 39,524 593 12,739 21,925

Petroglyph NM 118,688 0 4,789 3,904 67 1,797 3,066

*Pictured Rocks NL 448,215 28,417 18,199 17,894 300 4,158 7,139

Pinnacles NM 171,112 9,524 3,208 2,687 31 1,087 1,864

Pipe Spring NM 49,433 0 2,379 2,216 31 773 1,310

Pipestone NM 69,539 0 2,889 2,805 46 1,143 1,963

Piscataway Park 234,186 0 7,390 6,776 79 3,283 5,536

Point Reyes NS 2,170,646 41,230 85,751 78,206 966 39,334 66,016

President's Park 1,475,182 0 46,553 42,682 498 20,680 34,872

Prince William Forest Park 368,365 57,226 19,330 14,657 165 6,707 10,849

Pu'uhonua o Honaunau NHP 397,665 0 19,135 17,823 242 7,942 13,622

Puukohola Heiau NHS 99,042 0 4,766 4,439 60 1,978 3,393

Rainbow Bridge NM 113,460 0 5,460 5,085 64 1,611 2,719

Redwood NP 444,426 14,561 21,644 19,605 272 6,234 10,418

Richmond NBP 134,634 0 9,235 8,344 135 3,903 6,656

Rio Grande Wild and Scenic 

River 947 4,661 92 90 1 24 42

Rock Creek Park 2,076,500 0 65,529 60,080 701 29,110 49,086

Rocky Mountain NP 2,822,325 170,871 229,032 221,896 3,316 89,975 155,157

Roger Williams NMEM 50,397 0 3,153 2,936 46 1,496 2,487

Ross Lake NRA 288,458 63,811 8,807 7,875 107 3,876 6,592
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

25

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Russell Cave NM 24,087 0 1,159 1,080 17 337 569

Sagamore Hill NHS 53,800 0 3,365 3,135 39 1,541 2,600

Saguaro NP 665,234 1,599 21,608 15,030 203 5,364 9,075

Saint Croix NSR 564,326 88,928 16,328 14,423 222 5,904 9,942

Saint Paul's Church NHS 14,432 0 903 841 9 448 749

*Saint-Gaudens NHS 34,558 0 1,277 1,176 19 507 867

Salem Maritime NHS 723,088 0 45,233 42,131 549 17,133 28,763

Salinas Pueblo Missions NM 37,848 0 936 902 14 386 657

San Antonio Missions NHP 1,567,667 0 58,843 52,697 784 23,147 39,192

San Francisco Maritime NHP 4,152,497 11,208 82,915 61,353 620 27,472 46,037

San Juan Island NHP 274,642 0 17,180 16,002 207 5,558 9,433

San Juan NHS 1,069,673 0 51,472 47,942 683 16,485 29,297

Santa Monica Mountains NRA 501,573 144 19,545 13,020 171 6,213 10,378

Saratoga NHP 89,366 0 3,010 2,804 36 979 1,639

Saugus Iron Works NHS 10,529 0 659 613 8 314 521

Scotts Bluff NM 121,391 0 3,795 3,100 57 1,091 1,793

*Sequoia NP/ Kings Canyon 

NPa 1,279,341 259,107 88,967 81,613 1,209 32,694 55,342

Shenandoah NP 1,120,981 293,200 63,174 56,080 797 21,246 37,441

Shiloh NMP 404,134 0 13,613 12,679 206 4,315 7,407

Sitka NHP 246,866 0 4,709 4,652 57 1,798 3,112

*Sleeping Bear Dunes NL 1,165,836 112,221 107,165 104,441 1,803 45,168 78,134

Springfield Armory NHS 17,779 0 1,112 1,036 15 506 847

Statue of Liberty NM 3,829,483 0 159,908 144,144 1,582 74,022 123,900

Steamtown NHS 65,144 0 2,194 2,044 34 902 1,495

Stones River NB 189,952 0 9,140 8,514 128 4,331 7,275

Sunset Crater Volcano NM 187,397 0 9,017 8,399 109 2,814 4,735

Tallgrass Prairie NPRES 23,713 0 1,094 1,039 17 296 500

Thaddeus Kosciuszko NMEM 3,357 0 210 196 3 104 174

Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace 

NHS 14,390 0 900 838 9 446 747

Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural 

NHS 11,735 0 734 684 11 307 507

Theodore Roosevelt Island

Park 141,559 0 8,855 8,248 95 3,839 6,404

Theodore Roosevelt NP 586,928 26,814 26,987 25,664 455 8,790 14,671

Thomas Edison NHP 27,061 0 1,693 1,577 20 764 1,284

Thomas Jefferson Memorial 2,337,868 0 73,777 67,643 789 32,774 55,264

Thomas Stone NHS 6,268 0 392 365 5 127 218

Timpanogos Cave NM 138,571 0 8,668 8,074 137 3,881 6,555

Timucuan Ecological & Historic 

PRES 1,195,171 0 58,878 46,062 703 21,384 36,354

Tonto NM 60,534 0 2,913 2,713 42 1,368 2,349

Tumacacori NHP 40,637 0 1,369 1,275 18 477 811

Tuskegee Airmen NHS 58,417 0 2,811 2,618 41 804 1,364
Table A-1. Spending and Economic Impacts of National Park Visitors on Local Economies, CY 2009

(continued)

26

Park Unit

Public Use Data

Visitor Spending 

2009

Impacts of Non-Local Visitor 

Spending

2009 

Recreation 

Visits

2009 

Overnight 

Stays

All 

Visitors

($000's)

NonLocal 

Visitors 

($000's) Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added

($000's)

Tuskegee Institute NHS 31,360 0 1,509 1,406 22 432 732

Tuzigoot NM 106,250 0 5,113 4,762 73 2,356 4,039

Ulysses S. Grant NHS 40,703 0 2,546 2,372 35 1,001 1,668

Upper Delaware SRR 258,311 0 7,419 6,488 87 2,164 3,661

USS Arizona Memorial 1,276,868 0 47,928 42,922 622 21,473 35,988

*Valley Forge NHP 1,449,228 1,500 50,699 36,396 558 21,170 35,725

Vanderbilt Mansion NHS 380,460 0 5,297 3,094 41 1,136 1,905

Vicksburg NMP 584,105 0 28,107 26,179 403 10,239 17,206

Vietnam Veterans Memorial 4,437,771 0 140,045 128,400 1,499 62,212 104,903

*Virgin Islands NP 415,847 102,750 50,019 50,019 867 19,612 33,760

Voyageurs NP 222,429 48,971 10,285 9,825 166 3,581 6,013

Walnut Canyon NM 128,299 0 6,174 5,750 75 1,927 3,242

War in the Pacific NHP 271,608 0 9,149 8,521 98 3,966 6,617

Washington Monument 676,002 0 21,333 19,559 228 9,477 15,980

Washita Battlefield NHS 10,527 0 397 373 6 117 199

Weir Farm NHS 19,386 0 1,213 1,130 13 538 909

Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity 

NRA 853,812 49,624 34,180 29,906 432 11,067 18,334

White House 616,890 0 19,468 17,849 208 8,648 14,583

White Sands NM 471,167 1,751 15,970 15,666 243 4,678 8,076

Whitman Mission NHS 52,605 0 1,772 1,650 25 583 989

William Howard Taft NHS 18,802 0 1,176 1,096 17 519 866

Wilson's Creek NB 156,230 0 7,518 7,002 128 3,042 5,070

Wind Cave NP 587,868 2,103 38,719 36,783 525 14,213 24,109

Wolf Trap NP for the 

Performing Arts 466,752 0 29,198 27,196 312 12,657 21,116

*Women's Rights NHP 20,620 0 1,284 1,284 19 468 789

World War II Memorial 4,118,528 0 129,970 119,163 1,391 57,736 97,357

Wrangell-St Elias NP & PRES 59,966 0 2,551 2,551 30 973 1,757

Wright Brothers NMEM 476,291 0 16,043 14,943 240 5,951 10,304

Wupatki NM 233,284 0 11,225 10,456 136 3,503 5,895

*Yellowstone NP 3,295,187 1,275,647 296,989 296,989 4,369 114,135 197,993

*Yosemite NP 3,737,472 1,700,869 352,223 348,071 4,495 122,993 211,376

Yukon-Charley Rivers NPRES 6,432 15,562 5,281 5,281 58 1,880 3,339

*Zion NP 2,735,402 306,593 123,710 122,609 2,198 51,144 85,516

a Sequoia and Kings Canyon national parks are combined for the economic analysis. Recreation visits for the two 

parks are reduced to reflect double counting between the two parks.

* For these parks, results are based on a visitor survey at the designated park. For other parks, visitor characteristics 

and spending averages are adapted from national averages for each park type, adjusted for surrounding populations 

and spending opportunities. 

Notes: Non-local visitors live outside a roughly 60-mile radius of the park. Jobs include part-time and full-time jobs 

with seasonal jobs adjusted to an annual basis. Impacts include direct and secondary effects of visitor spending on 

the local economy. Labor income covers wages and salaries, payroll benefits, and incomes of sole proprietors in the 

local region. Value added includes labor income, profits and rents, and indirect business taxes. 
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009

27

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Abraham Lincoln Birthplace NHP 878,507 190,036 22 28 1,272 1,640

Acadia NP 6,677,550 1,677,932 150 193 9,713 12,138

Adams NHP 1,434,458 292,844 30 39 2,210 3,053

Agate Fossil Beds NM 338,375 80,622 10 12 474 572

Allegheny Portage Railroad NHS 1,350,436 406,372 27 35 2,021 2,511

Amistad NRA 2,064,776 606,945 42 50 2,880 3,309

Andersonville NHS 994,556 246,788 21 26 1,407 1,720

Andrew Johnson NHS 508,129 111,247 11 15 736 949

Antietam NB 2,905,658 763,116 61 77 4,426 5,805

Apostle Islands NL 2,318,735 665,407 47 58 3,293 3,879

Appomattox Court House NHP 1,033,645 283,679 24 29 1,477 1,796

Arches NP 1,011,889 275,600 25 28 1,382 1,581

Arkansas Post NMEM 464,236 119,473 12 14 643 763

Arlington House, Robert E. Lee MEM 769,627 210,436 21 24 1,117 1,369

Assateague Island NS 3,560,847 890,866 85 107 5,225 6,692

Aztec Ruins NM 1,043,571 265,532 24 30 1,486 1,829

Badlands NP 3,474,787 938,180 80 98 5,046 6,190

Bandelier NM 3,533,231 1,073,088 92 92 4,622 4,666

Bent's Old Fort NHS 797,597 188,860 21 23 1,059 1,202

Bering Land Bridge NPRES 175,078 35,999 2 3 248 318

Big Bend NP 5,220,692 1,537,186 131 148 7,206 8,213

Big Cypress NPRES 4,738,644 1,383,969 89 118 7,277 9,386

Big South Fork NRRA 3,037,337 849,594 65 76 4,225 4,929

Big Thicket NPRES 2,112,217 597,271 50 60 3,138 3,960

Bighorn Canyon NRA 2,501,171 684,423 48 63 3,690 4,635

Biscayne NP 2,669,134 756,603 50 69 4,179 5,567

Black Canyon of the Gunnison NP 1,108,886 279,483 27 31 1,491 1,710

Blue Ridge Parkway 10,999,619 3,170,041 238 272 15,131 17,126

Bluestone NSR 54,720 18,965 1 1 74 74

Booker T. Washington NM 615,243 190,304 12 16 920 1,138

Boston African American NHS 447,055 88,198 14 17 652 854

Boston NHP 5,772,559 1,553,922 100 126 8,830 11,448

Brown V. Board of Education NHS 728,863 226,284 14 19 1,142 1,486

Bryce Canyon NP 3,230,921 884,748 89 99 4,365 4,908

Buck Island Reef NM 269,476 66,931 6 7 360 409

Buffalo National River 5,047,085 1,408,258 142 164 7,076 8,353

Cabrillo NM 1,200,789 310,235 27 33 1,751 2,203

Canaveral NS 2,481,265 648,854 54 72 3,820 5,097

Cane River Creole NHP 610,404 166,544 15 18 864 1,028

Canyon de Chelly NM 1,520,607 355,908 37 41 2,003 2,278
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

28

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Canyonlands NP 5,289,500 1,429,949 131 149 7,266 8,444

Cape Cod NS 6,321,862 1,565,911 130 165 9,320 12,039

Cape Hatteras NS 5,631,861 1,465,968 134 168 8,201 10,409

Cape Lookout NS 1,834,345 386,336 44 52 2,413 2,804

Capitol Reef NP 1,762,492 487,643 38 47 2,448 2,859

Capulin Volcano NM 487,733 134,462 12 13 651 710

Carl Sandburg Home NHS 806,968 184,783 21 25 1,119 1,356

Carlsbad Caverns NP 4,132,049 1,082,310 97 110 5,617 6,436

Casa Grande Ruins NM 703,545 199,565 16 16 905 910

Castillo de San Marcos NM 1,899,676 539,524 42 49 2,698 3,238

Castle Clinton NM 243,804 69,132 5 6 371 475

Catoctin Mountain Park 2,282,936 586,874 48 56 3,277 4,025

Cedar Breaks NM 535,223 118,365 13 17 753 940

Chaco Culture NHP 1,458,899 356,749 30 34 1,953 2,222

Chamizal NMEM 1,306,051 372,181 32 39 1,891 2,312

Channel Islands NP 4,475,875 1,200,513 82 102 6,615 8,313

Charles Pinckney NHS 328,167 95,067 6 9 492 626

Chattahoochee River NRA 2,071,693 535,329 40 49 3,004 3,738

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal NHP 6,843,745 1,835,516 140 164 9,899 12,142

Chickamauga & Chattanooga NMP 2,147,150 560,287 45 59 3,218 4,170

Chickasaw NRA 2,832,709 821,610 73 86 4,038 4,800

Chiricahua NM 1,034,874 272,846 21 24 1,388 1,560

Christiansted NHS 630,107 150,717 13 15 836 950

City of Rocks NRES 41,325 10,599 2 2 56 64

Clara Barton NHS 359,093 108,670 10 11 532 649

Colonial NHP 4,229,472 1,246,335 81 100 6,032 7,291

Colorado NM 1,366,327 307,727 36 42 1,866 2,236

Congaree NP 978,501 274,648 24 30 1,475 1,885

Coronado NMEM 850,848 292,771 17 21 1,281 1,542

Cowpens NB 454,647 115,518 14 17 673 864

Crater Lake NP 4,285,783 1,065,099 97 118 6,017 7,244

Craters of the Moon NM&PRES 1,077,175 308,595 22 24 1,459 1,615

Cumberland Gap NHP 2,414,610 748,052 57 67 3,448 4,026

Cumberland Island NS 1,442,751 474,678 28 37 2,246 2,853

Curecanti NRA 2,531,819 642,097 54 62 3,408 3,909

Cuyahoga Valley NP 8,344,998 2,192,501 181 223 12,253 15,366

Dayton Aviation Heritage NHP 1,223,244 294,365 24 32 1,786 2,274

De Soto NMEM 437,547 118,858 11 14 692 941

Death Valley NP 6,381,352 1,681,585 142 142 8,088 8,140

Delaware Water Gap NRA 7,204,207 1,781,616 124 157 10,372 12,820
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

29

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Denali NP & PRES 11,072,456 2,285,804 221 224 13,454 13,614

Devils Postpile NM 417,004 89,840 11 13 576 705

Devils Tower NM 891,877 218,685 21 25 1,253 1,524

Dinosaur NM 2,233,006 586,410 51 57 3,035 3,500

Dry Tortugas NP 779,984 222,950 15 18 1,120 1,371

Edgar Allan Poe NHS 271,729 86,518 5 6 441 588

Effigy Mounds NM 965,307 194,337 28 33 1,292 1,549

Eisenhower NHS 804,362 237,742 15 18 1,137 1,330

El Malpais NM 1,179,132 340,545 28 37 1,816 2,364

El Morro NM 583,114 149,967 15 16 786 903

Eleanor Roosevelt NHS 287,878 54,411 9 10 394 493

Eugene O'Neill NHS 325,732 83,652 8 9 497 655

Everglades NP 17,297,688 4,813,052 327 431 26,324 34,022

Federal Hall NMEM 312,103 57,676 12 13 444 578

Fire Island NS 3,438,656 751,172 66 82 4,988 6,444

Florissant Fossil Beds NM 718,270 195,775 18 21 1,027 1,248

Ford's Theatre NHS 0 0 4 4 0 0

Fort Bowie NHS 310,178 75,623 7 8 410 461

Fort Caroline NMEM 1,551,451 418,092 36 46 2,326 2,984

Fort Davis NHS 887,036 223,257 21 23 1,178 1,336

Fort Donelson NB 799,740 238,010 20 22 1,118 1,283

Fort Frederica NM 536,375 168,856 11 14 792 957

Fort Laramie NHS 1,185,542 305,932 28 33 1,649 1,965

Fort Larned NHS 732,621 218,788 17 20 1,063 1,269

Fort Matanzas NM 79,247 35,523 1 1 126 148

Fort McHenry NM & HS 1,400,734 339,726 31 36 1,953 2,358

Fort Necessity NB 972,988 298,331 18 23 1,425 1,721

Fort Point NHS 487,698 111,023 10 11 699 886

Fort Pulaski NM 897,561 201,942 26 31 1,281 1,624

Fort Raleigh NHS 216,042 55,899 6 7 314 399

Fort Scott NHS 915,968 211,817 20 24 1,230 1,443

Fort Smith NHS 611,398 166,618 13 17 876 1,059

Fort Stanwix NM 819,222 244,581 20 23 1,188 1,412

Fort Sumter NM 1,290,333 317,255 29 37 1,880 2,405

Fort Union NM 737,642 168,508 23 26 997 1,179

Fort Union Trading Post NHS 553,617 118,692 13 15 740 874

Fort Vancouver NHS 1,464,174 362,197 33 44 2,260 3,044

Fossil Butte NM 480,586 123,451 10 13 658 771

Frederick Douglass NHS 375,829 64,022 12 13 507 630

Frederick Law Olmsted NHS 1,166,948 308,432 20 26 1,779 2,309
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

30

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania NMP 2,835,463 763,431 53 63 3,940 4,687

Friendship Hill NHS 409,181 141,293 9 11 615 739

Gates of the Arctic NP & PRES 1,489,835 311,788 37 46 2,115 2,712

Gateway NRA 18,877,891 4,268,553 369 442 27,644 35,711

Gauley River NRA 414,723 174,912 10 12 659 786

General Grant NMEM 232,872 69,316 6 6 358 457

George Rogers Clark NHP 634,530 176,135 14 16 874 1,005

George Washington Birthplace NM 1,200,388 319,841 29 32 1,620 1,861

George Washington Carver NM 616,870 154,103 15 18 861 1,031

George Washington MEM PKWY 5,875,697 1,619,396 123 143 8,542 10,468

Gettysburg NMP 4,971,287 1,166,555 84 103 6,725 7,915

Gila Cliff Dwellings NM 148,745 27,759 3 4 186 209

Glacier Bay NP & PRES 4,499,148 1,062,623 79 104 6,507 8,310

Glacier NP 12,521,600 2,872,611 310 387 17,757 22,343

Glen Canyon NRA 8,670,047 2,338,753 184 212 11,927 13,783

Golden Gate NRA 14,870,743 3,635,181 273 346 22,378 29,417

Golden Spike NHS 583,982 161,466 13 16 835 1,004

Governors Island NM 662,689 152,418 13 16 973 1,256

Grand Canyon NP 26,843,707 7,310,659 584 671 37,069 42,919

Grand Portage NM 727,313 190,453 17 20 996 1,160

Grand Teton NP 11,483,430 2,949,919 264 310 15,862 18,850

Grant-Kohrs Ranch NHS 966,425 269,430 23 29 1,431 1,798

Great Basin NP 2,142,767 557,479 50 53 2,782 3,024

Great Sand Dunes NP & PRES 1,501,867 435,452 32 38 2,115 2,455

Great Smoky Mountains NP 15,245,723 4,447,249 345 406 21,589 25,557

Greenbelt Park 777,027 176,820 16 19 1,092 1,347

Guadalupe Mountains NP 1,921,908 545,501 48 53 2,607 2,910

Guilford Courthouse NMP 576,041 170,266 14 18 893 1,158

Gulf Islands NS 5,379,089 1,426,352 119 151 7,803 9,757

Hagerman Fossil Beds NM 450,793 122,917 10 12 635 757

Haleakala NP 4,234,717 1,067,594 103 126 6,150 7,796

Hamilton Grange NMEM 89,568 27,538 2 3 138 177

Hampton NHS 950,918 233,495 27 31 1,329 1,603

Harpers Ferry NHP 5,069,979 1,430,814 116 135 7,245 8,699

Harry S Truman NHS 868,404 257,938 20 28 1,491 2,101

Hawaii Volcanoes NP 7,700,300 1,993,211 163 213 11,325 14,475

Herbert Hoover NHS 900,408 223,127 21 27 1,303 1,643

Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt NHS 1,093,821 294,076 27 32 1,585 1,961

Homestead National Monument of 

America 879,381 256,348 22 28 1,306 1,621

Hopewell Culture NHP 737,445 159,776 18 21 998 1,198
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

31

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Hopewell Furnace NHS 1,111,965 273,867 21 28 1,636 2,102

Horseshoe Bend NMP 516,125 144,444 12 15 731 872

Hot Springs NP 3,100,565 873,230 71 88 4,423 5,303

Hovenweep NM 363,107 117,580 7 9 527 621

Hubbell Trading Post NHS 671,573 151,241 13 14 853 938

Independence NHP 11,893,785 3,303,503 218 291 18,800 25,240

Indiana Dunes NL 6,281,485 1,771,447 125 162 9,262 11,568

Isle Royale NP 3,147,724 717,326 64 78 4,244 5,006

James A. Garfield NHS 359,814 94,253 9 11 528 662

Jean Lafitte NHP & PRES 3,322,403 953,149 74 92 4,990 6,316

Jefferson National Expansion 

Memorial 8,009,618 2,372,199 191 232 11,916 14,760

Jewel Cave NM 875,889 186,831 25 30 1,234 1,553

Jimmy Carter NHS 913,313 291,944 22 26 1,310 1,527

John D Rockefeller Jr. MEM PKWY 349,101 109,967 6 7 502 590

John Day Fossil Beds NM 1,026,044 260,289 24 26 1,330 1,426

John F. Kennedy NHS 292,480 74,153 5 7 443 575

John Muir NHS 665,368 179,031 14 17 993 1,269

Johnstown Flood NMEM 469,704 149,487 9 12 713 888

Joshua Tree NP 5,518,494 1,495,340 127 145 7,711 9,076

Kalaupapa NHP 2,376,934 645,007 47 60 3,498 4,421

Kaloko-Honokohau NHP 1,191,089 338,334 29 37 1,782 2,269

Katmai NP & PRES/Aniakchak NM & 

PRES 2,442,606 549,096 43 43 2,992 2,992

Kenai Fjords NP 2,210,793 481,679 47 59 3,157 4,043

Kennesaw Mountain NBP 984,484 266,531 19 25 1,510 1,989

Kings Mountain NMP 750,197 189,938 18 22 1,047 1,257

Klondike Gold Rush NHP Alaska 2,195,523 494,602 40 52 3,151 4,031

Klondike Gold Rush NHP Seattle 405,547 114,873 13 15 635 847

Knife River Indian Villages NHS 569,474 157,615 13 17 844 1,056

Lake Clark NP & PRES 1,646,564 410,560 30 39 2,403 3,063

Lake Mead NRA 16,207,935 4,368,172 379 425 22,365 25,849

Lake Meredith NRA 2,144,373 654,967 53 56 2,919 3,110

Lake Roosevelt NRA 3,238,907 824,078 73 89 4,544 5,474

Lassen Volcanic NP 4,237,927 1,016,514 90 114 6,107 7,674

Lava Beds NM 1,830,118 490,228 43 49 2,532 2,941

LBJ Memorial Grove on the Potomac 25,733 7,376 2 3 38 46

Lewis & Clark NHP 1,100,217 273,312 29 32 1,470 1,669

Lincoln Boyhood NMEM 613,633 165,558 15 18 862 1,030

Lincoln Home NHS 2,083,722 518,926 51 61 2,942 3,560

Little Bighorn Battlefield NM 922,995 227,811 22 28 1,337 1,686
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

32

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Little River Canyon NPRES 860,193 252,916 20 25 1,246 1,508

Little Rock Central High School NHS 500,568 124,173 10 13 721 893

Longfellow NHS 807,055 188,376 16 19 1,162 1,470

Lowell NHP 5,567,845 1,371,249 105 130 8,089 10,211

Lyndon B. Johnson NHP 2,426,394 687,084 55 65 3,518 4,284

Maggie L Walker NHS 458,771 117,088 11 13 679 868

Mammoth Cave NP 6,170,575 1,404,935 178 205 8,409 9,979

Manassas NBP 1,894,070 515,632 32 38 2,693 3,259

Manzanar NHS 801,047 194,522 17 19 1,046 1,163

Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller NHP 1,223,269 268,618 27 34 1,752 2,232

Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS 1,836,657 415,590 35 43 2,605 3,255

Martin Van Buren NHS 794,826 181,091 16 19 1,103 1,331

Mary McLeod Bethune Council 

House NHS 447,460 104,164 10 12 631 778

Mesa Verde NP 5,449,208 1,314,773 130 152 7,521 9,005

Minute Man NHP 1,993,640 490,868 41 50 2,896 3,656

Missouri National Recreational River 448,288 108,321 10 12 601 693

Mojave NPRES 3,592,918 1,053,408 69 85 5,392 6,736

Monocacy NB 1,161,961 347,092 25 29 1,706 2,089

Montezuma Castle NM 1,364,853 385,271 31 41 2,138 2,850

Moores Creek NB 222,492 64,266 5 7 327 407

Morristown NHP 1,665,951 424,248 35 42 2,442 3,097

Mount Rainier NP 10,299,687 2,296,200 243 293 14,488 18,004

Mount Rushmore NMEM 3,712,752 999,885 90 113 5,447 6,812

Muir Woods NM 585,126 149,818 13 16 878 1,140

Natchez NHP 893,195 275,631 20 22 1,216 1,341

Natchez Trace PKWY 7,184,044 2,396,950 152 174 10,209 11,512

National Capital Parks-Central 13,898,613 3,469,315 294 342 19,845 24,400

National Capital Parks-East 7,725,635 2,039,544 150 177 11,142 13,674

Natural Bridges NM 348,119 89,136 8 8 456 504

Navajo NM 646,538 134,394 16 18 851 992

New Bedford Whaling NHP 408,880 98,325 9 11 600 773

New Orleans Jazz NHP 288,103 92,987 7 9 443 558

New River Gorge NR 5,337,040 1,634,102 113 113 6,971 6,971

Nez Perce NHP 1,732,026 475,560 37 46 2,471 2,969

Nicodemus NHS 257,703 77,600 6 6 335 335

Ninety Six NHS 342,333 89,067 10 11 474 562

Niobrara NSR 485,134 152,071 10 13 685 785

North Cascades NP 6,663,772 1,787,412 158 195 10,177 13,390

Obed Wild and Scenic River 446,714 132,246 9 11 637 751

Ocmulgee NM 732,264 153,068 18 22 1,024 1,284
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

33

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Olympic NP 10,860,889 2,666,175 239 288 15,042 18,092

Oregon Caves NM 1,036,519 228,552 26 32 1,455 1,805

Organ Pipe Cactus NM 2,372,589 743,245 44 61 3,807 5,076

Ozark National Scenic Riverways 4,856,832 1,419,557 103 129 7,071 8,389

Padre Island NS 3,300,551 792,177 77 97 4,768 5,992

Palo Alto Battlefield NHP 477,377 143,044 11 14 708 870

Pea Ridge NMP 968,374 256,886 28 33 1,349 1,600

Pecos NHP 1,393,337 423,878 29 39 2,158 2,784

Perry's Victory and International

Peace MEM 870,806 240,466 20 25 1,288 1,610

Petersburg NB 2,202,738 591,951 42 55 3,225 4,083

Petrified Forest NP 2,615,955 696,888 54 62 3,577 4,132

Petroglyph NM 1,272,955 307,602 29 39 1,914 2,529

Pictured Rocks NL 1,675,001 370,556 34 34 2,060 2,117

Pinnacles NM 2,308,236 604,675 48 56 3,287 4,013

Pipe Spring NM 715,826 182,411 17 20 1,009 1,221

Pipestone NM 533,685 123,301 15 19 782 1,014

Piscataway Park 7,725,635 2,039,544 150 177 11,142 13,674

Point Reyes NS 6,627,521 1,787,002 129 160 10,039 12,994

Prince William Forest Park 1,993,217 607,680 42 49 2,956 3,609

Pu'uhonua o Honaunau NHP 1,162,760 321,980 28 35 1,731 2,207

Puukohola Heiau NHS 898,003 197,052 21 27 1,285 1,653

Rainbow Bridge NM 73,863 18,866 2 2 101 116

Redwood NP 6,699,121 1,838,607 141 169 9,421 11,106

Richmond NBP 1,855,909 526,294 41 51 2,798 3,565

Rio Grande Wild and Scenic River 116,817 58,480 2 3 185 208

Rock Creek Park 3,734,163 939,574 87 100 5,339 6,563

Rocky Mountain NP 13,723,833 3,442,917 324 394 19,713 24,615

Roger Williams NMEM 326,495 93,085 8 10 522 703

Russell Cave NM 222,357 50,309 7 7 300 355

Sagamore Hill NHS 1,158,536 291,290 27 32 1,719 2,209

Saguaro NP 3,169,689 893,045 82 96 4,519 5,387

Saint Croix NSR 2,725,335 718,612 59 75 4,037 5,131

Saint-Gaudens NHS 864,005 221,621 17 22 1,232 1,522

Salem Maritime NHS 1,942,962 463,935 48 56 2,732 3,349

Salinas Pueblo Missions NM 1,042,509 243,317 30 39 1,559 2,065

San Antonio Missions NHP 2,297,323 734,589 53 67 3,567 4,560

San Francisco Maritime NHP 5,753,703 1,506,341 89 109 8,449 10,649

San Juan Island NHP 670,452 167,545 15 18 919 1,078

San Juan NHS 3,588,932 840,828 109 125 4,944 5,838

Santa Monica Mountains NRA 5,559,259 1,574,251 122 147 8,300 10,408
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

34

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Saratoga NHP 1,306,382 358,677 29 33 1,822 2,126

Saugus Iron Works NHS 578,438 149,836 13 16 874 1,128

Scotts Bluff NM 663,331 170,846 17 20 934 1,118

Sequoia NP/ Kings Canyon NP 15,722,306 3,879,539 374 442 22,081 26,747

Shenandoah NP 9,919,997 2,855,440 228 283 14,752 18,158

Shiloh NMP 1,530,352 393,632 37 45 2,131 2,557

Sitka NHP 1,361,599 329,938 28 35 1,978 2,523

Sleeping Bear Dunes NL 3,726,444 740,602 83 108 5,316 6,922

Springfield Armory NHS 861,531 195,666 16 21 1,290 1,710

Statue of Liberty NM 9,097,865 2,188,968 189 224 13,454 17,342

Steamtown NHS 3,586,149 1,036,761 64 88 5,484 7,020

Stones River NB 1,208,443 255,104 30 38 1,820 2,448

Tallgrass Prairie NPRES 675,684 169,799 16 18 893 994

Thaddeus Kosciuszko NMEM 114,865 40,898 3 4 191 253

Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace NHS 187,774 54,771 5 6 287 368

Theodore Roosevelt Island Park 66,534 20,900 2 2 99 121

Theodore Roosevelt NP 2,054,004 551,591 55 66 2,917 3,498

Thomas Edison NHP 1,655,722 410,551 34 41 2,429 3,097

Thomas Stone NHS 221,619 36,262 8 9 287 348

Timpanogos Cave NM 1,172,951 232,195 42 50 1,698 2,230

Tonto NM 636,800 181,071 13 18 1,009 1,362

Tumacacori NHP 1,006,555 268,445 20 25 1,438 1,746

Tuskegee Airmen NHS 405,156 98,070 13 15 548 643

Tuskegee Institute NHS 473,125 108,796 11 13 635 746

Tuzigoot NM 17,623 4,159 1 1 27 36

Ulysses S. Grant NHS 615,926 147,268 19 22 881 1,100

Upper Delaware SRR 2,069,292 508,227 36 44 2,829 3,358

USS Arizona Memorial 1,814,760 459,134 42 55 2,784 3,714

Valley Forge NHP 4,573,460 1,243,673 77 105 7,193 9,651

Vanderbilt Mansion NHS 869,606 195,876 25 29 1,222 1,521

Vicksburg NMP 1,937,915 521,945 49 59 2,786 3,383

Virgin Islands NP 3,211,780 878,498 70 84 4,551 5,351

Voyageurs NP 3,419,330 925,911 70 88 4,931 5,996

Washita Battlefield NHS 352,977 113,270 10 12 503 580

Weir Farm NHS 746,735 194,404 14 17 1,079 1,340

Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity NRA 3,558,926 953,617 93 112 5,155 6,331

White House 5,991,783 1,462,053 125 146 8,522 10,485

White Sands NM 1,124,072 300,904 28 32 1,522 1,730

Whitman Mission NHS 568,157 136,418 11 14 793 957

William Howard Taft NHS 487,704 139,495 9 12 739 938
Table A-2. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, FY 2009 (continued)

35

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Park Unit Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income

($000’s)

Value 

Added

($000’s)

Wilson's Creek NB 1,590,327 429,461 35 47 2,390 3,059

Wind Cave NP 3,161,867 867,056 83 98 4,610 5,689

Wolf Trap NP for the Performing Arts 2,765,905 617,599 67 76 3,877 4,783

Women's Rights NHP 932,734 249,282 18 22 1,315 1,574

Wrangell-St Elias NP & PRES 3,753,084 721,511 68 88 5,263 6,767

Wright Brothers NMEM 396,676 88,741 10 13 563 719

Wupatki NM 2,404,585 611,873 51 60 3,320 3,911

Yellowstone NP 29,735,534 7,863,220 662 786 41,461 49,474

Yosemite NP 37,756,060 9,282,227 922 1,031 50,684 58,133

Yukon-Charley Rivers NPRES 1,220,787 283,954 33 40 1,761 2,250

Zion NP 8,418,948 2,270,333 211 265 12,203 15,059

Notes: Jobs include part-time and full-time jobs with seasonal positions adjusted to an annual basis. NPS jobs, 

salary, and benefits are assigned to the unit where the employee’s time was charged, which may differ from their duty 

station. Economic impacts include NPS payroll and jobs plus the induced effects of NPS employee spending of their 

wages and salaries in the local region.
Table A-3. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, Administrative Units and Parks 

without Visit Counts, FY 2009

36

Park Unit

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added 

($000's)

Administration Team Coord, PGSO 10,354,541 2,323,772 159 213 15,150 17,208

Ala Kahakai NHT 158,403 47,197 2 3 226 245

Alaska Regional Office 4,629,810 1,024,094 65 90 6,586 7,400

Alaska Support Office 9,862,732 2,159,416 159 190 12,884 13,811

American Memorial Park 572,252 167,064 14 16 812 883

Anchorage Interagency Visitors Center 436,893 71,892 10 12 597 674

Appalachian NST 753,965 201,879 10 14 1,108 1,240

Associate Reg Dir, Administration 9,258,881 2,189,753 143 195 13,312 14,941

Biological Resources Mgmt Division 1,890,663 478,990 26 37 2,750 3,083

Blackstone River Valley NHC 741,263 209,780 13 17 1,100 1,231

Boston Harbor Islands NRA 790,277 159,749 18 22 1,109 1,248

Boston Support Office 897,639 220,327 12 17 1,299 1,457

Cedar Creek and Belle Grove NHP 192,962 39,230 2 3 278 317

Center For Urban Ecology 269,526 66,070 7 8 390 437

Chesapeake Bay Program Office 1,153,855 308,515 17 24 1,695 1,898

Chihuahuan Desert Network 207,255 65,083 3 5 314 351

Columbia Cascades So 5,426,292 1,362,297 80 109 8,084 9,163

Denver Service Center 20,616,057 5,210,418 471 585 29,976 33,603

Ebey's Landing NHRES 273,953 72,442 6 7 381 415

Erie Canalway NHC 251,763 72,322 7 8 356 387

Fairbanks Interagency Visitors Center 365,350 84,186 10 11 496 541

Flagstaff Areas 1,232 124 3 3 2 2

FLETC (Fed Law Enforcement Tng Ctr) 1,860,272 636,648 70 81 2,871 3,199

Glen Echo Park 295,686 85,543 8 9 419 455

Gloria Dei Church NHS 25,046 7,266 2 2 36 39

Great Falls Park 744,693 193,921 19 23 1,088 1,220

Great Lakes Network 706,208 193,089 17 21 1,041 1,166

Greater Yellowstone Network 393,179 102,030 7 10 574 644

Harpers Ferry Center 9,222,555 2,223,750 169 207 12,621 13,755

Heartland Network 487,503 153,829 10 13 739 825

Historic Preservation Training Ctr

(HPTC) 2,531,697 627,480 60 73 3,669 4,114

Horace Albright Training Ctr 1,008,894 260,091 16 22 1,472 1,650

Ice Age NST 330,233 81,631 7 8 454 495

Intermountain Nr-Pro 868,875 218,333 20 25 1,262 1,415

Intermountain Regional Office 22,187,720 5,276,223 344 466 31,929 35,833

Keweenaw NHP 1,112,428 262,305 26 30 1,472 1,577

Land Acquisition Project Office 393,142 99,203 5 7 586 664

Lewis & Clark NHT 963,981 299,212 17 21 1,386 1,505

Manhattan Sites 993,349 270,404 18 24 1,464 1,638
Table A-3. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, Administrative Units and Parks 

without Visit Counts, FY 2009 (continued)

37

Park Unit

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added 

($000's)

Mather Training Ctr 930,576 231,424 14 19 1,349 1,513

Midwest Archeological Center 1,470,625 349,313 32 40 2,171 2,463

Midwest Regional Office 13,889,952 3,619,634 206 282 20,305 22,749

Minidoka Internment NM 160,411 41,769 6 6 223 242

Mississippi NR&RA 1,606,264 425,662 33 41 2,415 2,735

Museum Resources Ctr 543,144 125,428 8 11 778 873

National Capital Regional Office 3,621,499 824,331 78 98 5,175 5,812

National Interagency Fire Center 4,091,184 1,195,005 61 82 6,263 7,076

National Mall 4,427,568 1,045,392 99 123 6,364 7,143

National Parks Of New York Harbor 566,346 120,489 8 11 801 900

National Trails System, Santa Fe 1,432,509 389,627 22 30 2,164 2,449

Natl Ctr For Rec & Conservation 1,211,389 316,969 15 22 1,772 1,985

NER Historic Architecture Program 691,084 149,374 12 15 1,005 1,143

North Country NST 304,816 75,909 6 8 453 514

Northeast Education Services Center 122,768 36,591 1 2 189 213

Northeast Museum Services Center 814,259 225,594 14 18 1,234 1,396

Northeast Regional Office 20,930,160 4,904,373 298 408 30,830 34,991

Northern Colorado Plateau Network 759,843 219,208 17 21 1,132 1,266

Northern Great Plains Network 319,840 94,680 7 9 479 535

NP Of American Samoa 822,525 185,784 20 23 1,113 1,214

Office Of The Chief Information Officer 7,422,718 1,801,349 77 118 10,718 12,024

Office Of The Director 79,848,520 19,243,638 1,150 1,591 115,162 129,210

Office Of Wyoming State Coordinator 106,783 25,410 1 2 158 179

Old Post Office Tower 365,117 103,526 8 10 542 606

Olmstead Center For Landscape 

Preservation 760,084 214,211 16 20 1,156 1,307

Overmountain Victory NHT 80,079 15,981 1 2 115 131

Pacific Island Support Office 837,866 190,275 11 16 1,228 1,395

Pacific West Regional Office 8,870,699 2,048,323 155 202 13,036 14,800

Parashant NM 652,418 178,293 12 15 986 1,116

Pinelands NRES (Interp Pgm) 147,395 40,485 3 3 223 252

Potomac Heritage NST 117,882 36,672 3 4 178 199

Presidio Of San Francisco 8,161,022 2,428,719 148 193 12,232 13,668

Rocky Mountain Network 428,887 113,653 7 10 629 704

Roosevelt-Vanderbilt Headquarters 1,879,037 482,961 31 42 2,740 3,071

Rosie the Riveter WW II Home Front 

NHP 546,345 126,913 10 13 783 879

Saint Croix Island International HS 189,879 35,901 4 5 271 309

Salt River Bay NHP & Ecological PRES 339,730 89,335 8 9 510 578

Sand Creek Massacre NHS 328,223 88,284 10 11 495 560

SE Archeological Center 1,556,256 364,635 35 43 2,292 2,602
Table A-3. Payroll Impacts of National Park Units on Local Economies, Administrative Units and Parks 

without Visit Counts, FY 2009 (continued)

38

Park Unit

Park Payroll Impacts of Park Payroll

Salary

Payroll 

Benefits

NPS 

Jobs

Total 

Jobs

Labor 

Income 

($000's)

Value 

Added 

($000's)

Selma To Montgomery NHT 198,437 46,119 8 9 292 331

Sonoran Desert Network 502,582 156,084 11 13 760 848

Southeast Regional Office 16,244,085 4,295,007 234 320 24,416 27,646

Southern Arizona Group 567,432 152,056 10 13 855 968

Southern Colorado Plateau Network 636,732 201,481 11 14 966 1,078

Southern Plains Network 210,401 50,240 3 5 303 340

Spanish Colonial Research Center 107,542 35,397 2 3 169 190

Strategic Planning Division 285,988 71,887 3 5 415 466

United States Park Police 64,380,961 22,578,493 988 1,343 99,916 111,243

Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM 161,498 56,913 6 7 257 289

Washington Training Ctr 476,816 87,470 6 8 660 744

Western Archeological & Conservation 

Center 552,290 133,342 13 15 817 927

Western Arctic National Parklands 1,637,761 363,559 27 36 2,392 2,718

Yucca House NM 69,899 24,894 3 3 111 125

Notes: Jobs include part-time and full-time jobs with seasonal positions adjusted to an annual basis. NPS jobs, 

salary, and benefits are assigned to the unit where the employee’s time was charged, which may differ from their duty 

station. Economic impacts include NPS payroll and jobs plus the induced effects of NPS employee spending of their 

wages and salaries in the local region.
Table A-4. Impacts of NPS Visitor Spending and Payroll on Local Economies by State, 2009

39

State

Recreation 

Visits 

Non-Local 

Visitor 

Spending 

($000's)

Jobs from 

Non-Local 

Visitor 

Spending

Payrollrelated Jobs Total Jobs

Alabama 790,752 18,781 303 96 399

Alaska 2,278,474 216,224 3,039 1,072 4,111

American Samoa 39 39

Arizona 10,713,122 659,180 8,911 1,336 10,247

Arkansas 3,031,842 129,498 2,043 328 2,371

California 35,023,586 1,054,833 13,357 4,073 17,430

Colorado 5,443,039 336,956 4,900 1,893 6,793

Connecticut 19,386 1,130 13 17 29

District of 

Columbia 35,695,833 966,189 11,310 5,126 16,436

Florida 9,495,437 552,809 8,093 931 9,024

Georgia 6,475,874 199,024 2,736 672 3,408

Guam 271,608 8,521 98 98

Hawaii 4,312,818 222,157 2,930 556 3,487

Idaho 494,196 17,952 269 172 442

Illinois 464,074 23,166 373 61 434

Indiana 2,230,024 51,232 753 197 950

Iowa 241,063 11,494 198 60 257

Kansas 101,906 4,337 74 88 162

Kentucky 1,630,944 76,593 1,265 321 1,586

Louisiana 443,314 19,869 281 118 399

Maine 2,227,698 159,106 2,763 198 2,960

Maryland 3,445,530 155,549 2,035 537 2,572

Massachusetts 9,772,738 384,992 5,102 723 5,824

Michigan 1,628,704 124,132 2,130 250 2,380

Minnesota 650,156 27,990 453 205 658

Mississippi 6,582,890 76,254 1,086 258 1,344

Missouri 3,933,043 142,684 2,096 476 2,572

Montana 4,455,469 269,523 4,031 886 4,917

Nebraska 273,444 8,763 167 133 301

Nevada 5,836,491 173,140 1,845 387 2,232

New Hampshire 34,558 1,176 19 22 40

New Jersey 5,828,477 94,657 1,144 282 1,427

New Mexico 1,659,574 62,474 909 543 1,452

New York 17,327,234 340,054 3,820 1,016 4,836

North Carolina 18,198,530 707,241 10,317 636 10,953

North Dakota 631,459 27,545 487 98 585

Ohio 2,882,593 56,716 875 324 1,199

Oklahoma 1,249,011 12,670 170 98 268

Oregon 891,783 51,375 798 207 1,005

Pennsylvania 8,885,894 295,605 4,325 1,277 5,602

Puerto Rico 1,069,673 47,942 683 125 808

Rhode Island 50,397 2,936 46 10 57

South Carolina 1,504,680 40,265 627 128 755

South Dakota 4,134,663 141,846 2,201 351 2,552

Tennessee 7,777,790 501,305 7,265 447 7,712

Texas 6,938,238 247,074 3,690 677 4,367

Utah 8,755,401 565,592 8,551 897 9,448
Table A-4. Impacts of NPS Visitor Spending and Payroll on Local Economies by State, 2009 (continued)

40

State

Recreation 

Visits 

Non-Local 

Visitor 

Spending 

($000's)

Jobs from 

Non-Local 

Visitor 

Spending

Payrollrelated Jobs Total Jobs

Vermont 31,129 1,395 20 34 54

Virgin Islands 577,931 56,572 966 122 1,088

Virginia 22,953,894 493,128 6,806 1,192 7,998

Washington 7,559,552 247,832 3,679 962 4,641

West Virginia 1,803,552 57,779 720 478 1,198

Wisconsin 452,365 25,044 412 112 523

Wyoming 6,117,188 570,480 8,523 808 9,331

Total 285,279,020 10,740,784 149,706 32,056 181,762

Notes: Payroll-related jobs include NPS jobs and the induced effects of the NPS payroll on the local economy, 

covering parks with visit counts (Table A-2) as well as administrative units and parks without visit counts (Table A-3). 

Total job impacts include those supported by non-local visitor spending and the NPS payroll. For 20 parks with 

property in more than one state, activity is allocated using the proportions in Table A-6.
Table A-5. Impacts of NPS Visitor Spending and Payroll on Local Economies by Region, 2009

41

Region

Recreation 

Visits 

Non-Local 

Spending 

($ Millions)

Jobs from 

Non-Local 

Visitor 

Spending

Payrollrelated Jobs Total Jobs

Alaska 2,278,474 216,224 3,039 1,072 4,110

Harpers Ferry 207 207

Intermountain 42,882,594 2,647,522 38,816 7,018 45,834

Midwest 20,644,870 773,839 12,250 2,684 14,935

National Capital 47,717,757 1,166,805 13,682 2,173 15,856

Northeast 54,240,906 1,674,460 22,857 4,556 27,413

Pacific West 56,357,028 1,833,863 23,602 6,504 30,105

Southeast 61,157,391 2,428,072 35,459 3,975 39,434

Washington Office 3,868 3,868

Total 285,279,020 10,740,784 149,705 32,056 181,762

Notes: Payroll-related jobs include NPS jobs and the induced effects of the NPS payroll on the local economy, 

covering parks with visit counts (Table A-2) as well as administrative units and parks without visit counts (Table A-3). 

Total job impacts include those supported by non-local visitor spending and the NPS payroll.
Table A-6. Allocations to States for Multi-state Parks

42

Park State Share

Assateague Island NS MD 33%

Assateague Island NS VA 67%

Bighorn Canyon NRA WY 46%

Bighorn Canyon NRA MT 54%

Big South Fork NRRA KY 41%

Big South Fork NRRA TN 59%

Blue Ridge Parkway VA 38%

Blue Ridge Parkway NC 62%

Chickamauga & Chattanooga NMP GA 50%

Chickamauga & Chattanooga NMP TN 50%

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal NHP WV 6%

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal NHP MD 9%

Chesapeake & Ohio Canal NHP DC 85%

Cumberland Gap NHP KY 93%

Cumberland Gap NHP VA 7%

Delaware Water Gap NRA PA 29%

Delaware Water Gap NRA NJ 71%

Dinosaur NM UT 26%

Dinosaur NM CO 74%

Gateway NRA NJ 20%

Gateway NRA NY 80%

Glen Canyon NRA AZ 8%

Glen Canyon NRA UT 92%

Great Smoky Mountains NP NC 44%

Great Smoky Mountains NP TN 56%

Gulf Islands Nat Seashore MS 25%

Gulf Islands Nat Seashore FL 75%

Hovenweep NM CO 44%

Hovenweep NM UT 56%

Lake Mead NRA AZ 25%

Lake Mead NRA NV 75%

Natchez Trace Parkway AL 7%

Natchez Trace Parkway TN 13%

Natchez Trace Parkway MS 80%

National capital Parks East MD 10%

National capital Parks East DC 90%

Saint Croix Nat scenic river MN 50%

Saint Croix Nat scenic river WI 50%

Upper Delaware SRR NY 50%

Upper Delaware SRR PA 50%

Yellowstone NP WY 49%

Yellowstone NP MT 51%
The Department of the Interior protects and manages the nation’s natural resources and cultural heritage; provides scientific and 

other information about those resources; and honors its special responsibilities to American Indians, Alaska Natives, and affiliated 

Island Communities.

NPS 999/106327, January 2011
National Park Service

U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 150

Fort Collins, CO 80525

www.nature.nps.gov

EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA TM