# TABLE O F CONTENTS

1 0

. C ON S UM E R P RO D U C T S

............................................... 10 -1 1 0

. 1 B A C KGRO U ND

............................................... 10 -1 10.2 CONSUMER PROD UCTS US E STUDIES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -1 1 0

. 3 RE C O M M END A T I ON S

......................................... 10 -2 1 0

. 4 RE F E REN C E S F O R C HAP T E R 1 0

................................ 10 -3

# LIST OF TAB LES Table 10-1. Consumer Products Commonly Found in Some U.S. H ouseholds a



# . . . . . . . . . . 10 -4 Table 10-2. Number of Minutes Spent in Acti vities Working with or NearHousehold Cleaning

Ta ble10 -5. Num ber of Re sp on dentsIndicating th at P estici de s W ereAppli ed bya P rof ess ion al Table 10-6. Number of Respondents Reporting Pesti cides Applied by the Consumer at Home To Agents Such as Scouring Powders or Ammonia (minutes/day)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -7 Table 10-3. Number of Minutes Spent Using Any Micr owave Oven (minutes/day)

. . . . . . . 10 -7 Tabl e 1 0- 4. Numb erof R es po nd ents Us in g aHumi di fi eratHome

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -8 at H ome toEradicate Ins ect s, Ro dents , or O ther P est s at Sp eci fi ed Freq uenc ies

. . . . 10 -9 Eradicate Ins ect s, Ro dents , o r O ther P est s at Sp eci fi ed Freq uenc ies

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 -9

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 0 . CO NSUM ER PRODU CTS

1 0 . 1 BA CKGROUND Co ns umer p rod uc ts mayco ntain tox ic o r po tentiallytox ic c he mical co ns tit uentsto whic h child ren m aybeexpo sed as a result of the ir u se. Fo r ex am ple , h ou sehold cle an erscan co ntain
ammonia, alc oh ols , a cid s and o rganicso lventswhich m ayhavehe alth c on cer ns . P otenti al pathw ay s o f e xp os ureto c on sum er p rod uc ts o r ch emicals rele ase d f rom co nsumer p rod uc ts during u se inc lude inge sti on , inhalation , and dermal c ontac t. This chapterpresents i nform ation on the amount of product used, frequenc y of use, and duration of us e f or v ari ou s co ns umer p rod uc ts t yp icallyfoun d in hous eh old s. Th erearelimite d data avail able on consumer product use for the general popul ation and espe cially for chi ldren. Child ren can bein env iro nments where adultsus e h ou sehold co nsumer p rod uc ts suc h a s cle an ers , s olv ents, an d p aints. Assuch , c hil dren c anbepa ssive ly e xp os ed to c he micals in th ese products. Table 10-1 provides alist of household c onsumer products that ar e commonly found in some U.S. households (U.S. EPA, 1987). It should be noted that these ar e 1987 data and
current c on sum er u se o f s ome p rod uc ts l isted m ayhavech ange d (e .g ., aeros ol p rod uc t us e h as declined)

. The studies pr esented in the following secti ons represe nt readil y availabl e surveys for which data were col lected on the frequency and durat ion of use and amount of use of cleaning pro ducts , p ainting p rod uc ts, hous eh old so lvent prod uc ts, co smeti c and o ther perso nal care pro ducts , h ou seh old eq uip m ent, p estici de s, an d tobacco . Thereader isref erred to t he Ex posu re Factors Handbook (U .S . E PA , 1 99 7) f or a morede tai led pre sentation fo r us e o f c on sum er products for the ge neral population.

1 0 . 2 CO NSUM ER PRODU CTS USE S TUDI ES National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS). Th e U .S . E PAco lle cte d information for the general popul ation on the dur ation and frequency of sel ected act ivitie s and the time spent in sel ected microenvironments via 24-hourdiaries

. Over 9000 individual s from allag e grou psin 4 8 c ontiguousstatesparti cip ate d in NHAP S. Th e su rvey w as c on ducte d be tw een Oc tob er 1 99 2 and Septem ber 19 94

. Individualswere intervi ew ed to c ate go riz e th eir 24 -hour routin es ( diarie s) and /or an sw er f oll ow -upexpo sure q ue sti on s th at w ererel ate d to exposure event s. Demographic data, includi ng socioeconomic (gender, age , race, educat ion,
10-1

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 etc .), ge ograp hic(cens usreg ion , s tate, etc .), an d tem po ral(day o f w eek , month, sea so n) data were included i n the study (Tsang and Klepeis, 1996). Dat a were colle cted for a maxim um of 82 po ssiblemicroenv iro nments and 91 dif ferent ac tiv iti es. As part of the survey, data were als o coll ected on durat ion and frequency of use of selecte d consumer products. Because the age categories used by the study authors do not coincide with the standar dized age cat egories use d in this Handbook, the source datafrom NHAP S w erere- an alyzed byEP A to g en erate data fo r th e stan dardi zed ag e categ ori es. Th ese data are pr esented in Tabl es 10-2 through 10- 6 for age groups less than 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, 3 to < 6 y ear s, 6 to<1 1 y ear s, 11 to < 16 ye ars , and 16 to < 21 ye ars . D ata fo r su bs etsof thefirst ye ar o f l if e (e .g ., 1 to2 months , 3 to 5 months , e tc. ) are n ot availa ble . D istributi on data are pr es ente d fo r s el ec te d p er ce nt il es (whe re po ss ib le ). Othe r d at a are pr es ente d i n r an ge s o f t ime spent in an ac tivity ( e.g., working with or near a product be ing used) or r anges for the number of times an activity involving a cons umer product was performed. Total N denotes the number of respondents for that specific a ctivity category. Asdis cu sse d in previousch ap ter s o f t hisHand bo ok that us ed NHAP S a s a data so urc e, the primary advantage of NHAPS is that the data were coll ected for a lar ge number of individual s and the surve y was designed to be r epresentative of the U.S. generalpopulation. However, due to the wording of quest ions in the s urvey, preci se data ar e not avail able for consumers who spent more than 60, 120, 180, or 240 minutes (depending on the ac tivity) using
some consumer products

. This prevents accurate characte rizati on of the high range of the distri bution and may also introduc e error i nto the cal culation of the mean.

1 0 . 3 RE COM M EN DAT I ONS Due tothelargerangean d v ari ati on among c on sum er p rod uc ts and the ir e xp osure pathw ay s, it i s n ot f eas ibl e tosp eci fy rec omm en de d e xp osurevalue s ashad b een do nein o ther chapters of thi s handbook. The user is referred to the contents/references of this chapter and Ch ap ter 16 of the Exposure Factors Handbook to deriveappropri ateexpo sure f actors .

10-2

# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10. 4 R E F E R E N C E S F O R C H A P T E R 10

T sa n g , A .M .; K l ep eis, N .E

. (19 9 6 ) R es u l t s tab l es fr o m a d etail ed an aly sis of th e N ati o n al H u m an A cti v i t y P att ern Sur vey ( N H A PS) r es ponse . D r af tR epor tpr epar ed f orthe U

. S. Envi r onm ent al Pr ot ect i on A gency by Lockheed M ar t i n, C ont r actN o. 68- W 6- 001, D el i very O r derN o. 13. U

. S. EPA ( 1987)

. M ethods f oras se ss i ng expos ur e t o che m i cal s ubst ance s - V ol um e 7 - M ethods f oras se ss i ng cons um erexpos ur e t o che m i cal s ubst ance s. W as hi ngt on, D C : O f f i ce of Toxi c Subs t ance s. EPA / 560/ 5­ 85/ 007. U

. S. EPA ( 1997)

. Exposur e Fac t or s H andbook, N at i onal C ent erf orEnvi r onm ent al A ss es sment , O f f i ce of R es ear ch a n d De v e l o p me n t , W a s h i n g t o n , DC. E P A/ 6 0 0 / P

- 9 5 / 0 0 2 F C.



# 10-3

## Tabl e 10- 1. C onsumerPr oduct s C om m onl y Found i n Som e U

. S. H ouse hol ds a

C on sum er Produ ct C at egory C on sum er Produ ct C osm et i cs H ygi ene Produ ct s A dh esi ve ban dages B at h addi t i ves ( l i qui d) B ath ad d it iv es (p o w d er) C ol ogne/per f um e/ af t er s have C ont ac t l ens s ol ut i ons D e o d o ra n t/a n tip e rs p ira n t (a e ro s o l) D eodor ant/ ant i per s pi r ant( w ax a nd l i qui d) D epi l at ori es Fac i al m ake up Fi ng er nai l cosm et i cs H a ir c o lo rin g /tin tin g p ro d u c ts H a ir c o n d itio n in g p ro d u c ts H a irs p ra y s (a e ro s o l) L ip p ro d u c ts M ou t hw ash/ bre at h fr eshener Sani t ar y na pki ns and pa ds Shampoo S h av i n g cream s ( aeroso l s) Ski n cr ea m s ( non- dr ug) Ski n oi l s ( non- dr ug) S o ap (t o il et b ar) S u n s c re e n /su n ta n p ro d u c ts Tal c/body pow der( non- dr ug) T o o th p a s te W ate rl es s s k in cle an ers H ous ehol d Fur ni s hi ngs C arpet i ng D r ape r i es / cur t ai ns R ug s ( ar ea) Show ercur t ai ns V in y l u p h o lstery, fu rn itu re G a rm e n t C o n d itio n in g P ro d u c ts A n ti-s ta tic s p ra y (a e ro s o l) Lea t hert r ea t m ent( l i qui d and w ax) S h o e p o l i sh S p ra y s ta rc h (a e ro s o l) S u e d e c le a n e r/p o lish (liq u id a n d a e ro s o l) T e x tile w a te r-p ro o fin g (a e ro s o l) H ous ehol d M ai nt ena nce Pr oduct s A dhes i ve ( gene r al ) ( l i qui d) B l ea ch ( hous ehol d) ( l i qui d) B l each ( see l aund r y) C andl es C at bo x l i t t er C h a rc o a l b riq u e ts C h a rc o a l lig h te r f lu id D rain cle an er (li q u id an d p o w d er) D ish w as h er d ete rg en t ( p o w d er) D ish w a s h in g liq u id F a b r i c d y e ( DI Y) b Fabr i c r i ns e/ s of t ene r ( l i qui d)



# 10-4a 

## Tabl e 10- 1. C onsumerPr oduct s C om m onl y Found i n Som e U

. S. H ouse hol ds ( cont i nued)

C on sum er Produ ct C at egory C on sum er Produ ct H o u s e h o ld M a in te n a n c e P ro d u c ts ( cont i nued) F ab ri c rin se /so ften er (p o w d er) Fer t i l i ze r ( gar den) ( l i qui d) F ertil ize r (g ard en ) (p o w d er) F ire e x tin g u ish e rs (a e ro s o l) Fl oor pol i s h/ w ax ( l i qui d) Food pac kagi ng and pa cka ged f ood Fur ni t ur e pol i s h ( l i qui d) F u rn itu re p o lish (a e ro s o l) G ene r al cl ea ner/ di s i nf ec t ant( l i qui d) G en era l clea n er (p o w d er) G ene r al cl ea ner/ di s i nf ec t ant( ae r os ol and pump) G ene r al s pot / s t ai n r emover( l i qui d) G ene r al s pot / s t ai n r emover( ae r os ol and pump) H e rb ic id e (g a rd e n -p a tio ) (L iq u id a n d a e ro s o l) In se cticid e (h o m e a n d g ard en ) (p o w d er) I ns ec t i ci de ( hom e a nd gar den) ( ae r os ol and pump) In s e c t re p e lle n t (liq u id a n d a e ro s o l) Laundr y de t er gent/ bl ea ch ( l i qui d) L au n d ry d ete rg en t ( p o w d er) L au n d ry p re-w as h /so ak (p o w d er) Laundr y pr e- w as h/ s oak ( l i qui d) Laundr y pr e- w as h/ s oak ( ae r os ol and pump) Lubr i ca nt oi l ( l i qui d) L u b ric a n t (a e ro s o l) M at ches M et al p o l i sh O v e n c le a n e r (a e ro s o l) Pes t i ci de ( hom e) ( s ol i d) Pes t i ci de ( petdi p) ( l i qui d) P es ti cid e (p et) (p o w d er) P e s tic id e (p e t) (a e ro s o l) P es ti cid e (p et) (co ll ar) P e tro le u m fu e ls ( h o m e ( (liq u id a n d a e ro s o l) R u g c le a n e r/s h a m p o o (liq u id a n d a e ro s o l) R u g d eo d o ri ze r/ fres h en er (p o w d er) R oom deodor i ze r ( s ol i d) R o o m d e o d o riz e r (a e ro s o l) Sco uri ng pad T oi l et bo w l cl eaner Toi l erbow l deodor ant( s ol i d) W at er- t reat i n g ch em i cals ( sw i m m i n g p o o l s) H om e Bui l di ng/ I m pr ovementPr oduct s ( D I Y ) b A dhes i ves , s pec i al t y ( l i qui d) C e ilin g tile C au lk s/se ale rs/fi ll ers D ry w all/ w all b o ard F lo o rin g (v in y l) H ous e Pa i nt ( i nt er i or ) ( l i qui d) H ous e Pa i nt and St ai n ( ext er i or ) ( l i qui d) I ns ul at i on ( s ol i d) I n s u l a t i o n ( f o a m)



# 10-5a 

## Tabl e 10- 1. C onsumerPr oduct s C om m onl y Found i n Som e U

. S. H ouse hol ds ( cont i nued)

C on sum er Produ ct C at egory C on sum er Produ ct Ho m e Bu i l d i n g / I m p r o v e m e n t P r o d u c t s ( DI Y) b ( C ont i nued) P ain t/ v arn ish rem o v ers P ain t t h in n er/b ru sh cle an ers Pat chi ng / cei l i ng pl ast er R oof i ng R e f in is h in g p ro d u c ts (p o ly u re th a n e , v a rn is h e s , e tc .) S p ra y p a in ts ( h o m e ) (a e ro s o l) W al l pane l i ng W al l paper W al l pape r gl ue A ut om ob i l e- r el at ed P r od uct s A nt i fr eeze C ar po l i sh/ w ax Fu el / l ub r i cant addi t i ves G asol i ne/ di ese l fuel In te rio r u p h o lste ry /c o m p o n e n ts, s y n th e tic M o to r o il R adi at or f l ush/ cl eaner A u to m o tiv e to u c h -u p p a in t (a e ro s o l) W in d s h ie ld w a s h e r s o lv e n ts Pers on al M at er i al s C l ot hes/ shoes D ia p e rs /v in y l p a n ts Je w elry P ri n t ed m at eri al (colorpri n t , n ew sp ri n t , p h o t o g raph s) S h e e ts/to w e ls T o ys (i n t en d ed t o b e p l aced i n m o u t h s)

a A su b j ecti v e l i st i n g b ased o n co n su m er use p rofi l es. b D IY = D o ItY o u rs el f.
Sour ce : U

. S. EPA , 1987.



# 10-6

## Tabl e 10- 2. N um berof M i nut es Spenti n A ct i vi t i es W or ki ng w i t h orN earH ouse hol d C l eani ng A gent s Such as Scour i ng Pow der s orA m m oni a ( m i nut es / day)

A g e N a M in Perc ent i l es b M ax 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99 Ti m e s penti n A ct i vi t i es W or ki ng w i t h or N ea r H ous ehol d C l ea ni ng

A g en ts S u ch as S co u ri n g P o w d ers o r A m m o n ia (m in u tes/d ay ) 0 t o <1 2 0

- - - - - - - - - - - 10 1t o < 2 6 5

- - - - - - - - - - - 121 2 t o <3 5 10

- - - - - - - - - - - 30 3 t o <6 11 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 20 20 25 28 29 30 6 t o <11 21 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 10 20 20 26 28 30 11 t o <16 34 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 15 37 60 60 60 60 16 t o <21 41 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 15 30 60 132 156 180

a N = d oer samp l e si ze b Per ce nt i l es ar e t he pe r ce nt age of doer s bel ow or equa l t o a gi ven numberof m i nut es ; per ce nt i l es w er e notca l cul at ed w her e N <10.
So urc e: E PA A nal ysi s of sour ce dat a used by T sang and K l epei s ( 19 96 ) ( N H A PS dat abase)



## Tabl e 10- 3. N um berof M i nut es SpentU si ng A ny M i cr ow ave O ven ( m i nut es / day)

A g e N a M in Perc ent i l es b M ax 1 2 5 10 25 50 75 90 95 98 99

T i m e spent usi ng any m i cr ow ave ov en ( m i nu t es/ day) 0 t o <1 0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 1t o < 2 0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 t o <3 0

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 t o <6 1 1

- - - - - - - - - - - 1 6 t o <11 54 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 5 10 15 20 25 30 11 t o <16 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 1 1 1 8.3 30 30 60 16 t o <21 137 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 5 10 15 34 80 12 1

a N = d oer samp l e si ze b Per ce nt i l es ar e t he pe r ce nt age of doer s bel ow or equa l t o a gi ven numberof m i nut es ; per ce nt i l es w er e notca l cul at ed w her e N <10.
So urc e: E PA A nal ysi s of sour ce dat a used by T sang and K l epei s ( 19 96 ) ( N H A PS dat abase)



# 10-7

## Ta b l e 1 0

- 4

. Nu mb e ro f Re s p o n d e n t s Us i n g a Hu mi d i f i e ra tHo me

A g e (years) T o ta l N Frequency
A l m o st E v ery D ay 3 -5 T i m es a W eek 1 -2 T i m es a W eek 1 -2 T i m es a M o n th DK

0 t o <1 14 4 2 2 6 0 1 t o < 2 25 6 5 1 13 0 2 t o <3 30 10 5 1 14 0 3 t o <6 63 16 6 8 31 2 6 t

o < 1 1 64 15 8 6 33 2 1 1 t

o < 16 69 16 5 4 43 1 16

t o <

21 51 17 9 5 20 0

N o te : D K = D o n ' t K n o w ; R e fu s e d = R e s p o n d e n t R e fu s e d to A n s w e r; N = N u m b e r o f R e s p o n d e n ts So urc e: E PA A nal ysi s of sour ce dat a used by T sang and K l epei s ( 19 96 ) ( N H A PS dat abase)



# 10-8

## T a b le 1 0 -5 . N u m b e r o f R e sp o n d e n ts In d ic a ting th a t P e stic id e s W e re A p p lied b y a P ro fe ss io n a l at H o m e to E ra d ic a te I nse ct s, R odent s, orO t herPes t s atSpeci f i ed Fr equenc i es

Frequency A g e (years) T o ta l N No n e 1 t o 2 3 t o 5 6 t o 9 1 0 + DK 0 t o <1 15 9 4 1 1 0 0 1 t o < 2 23 13 5 3 1 1 0 2 t o <3 32 9 15 5 3 0 0 3 t o <6 80 51 22 5 2 0 0 6 t

o < 1 1 106 59 22 7 17 1 0 1 1 t

o < 16 115 68 35 4 6 0 2 16

t o <

21 87 40 36 2 5 1 3

N o te : * = M iss in g D a ta ; D K = D o n ' t k n o w ; R e fu s e d = R e s p o n d e n t R e fu s e d to A n s w e r; N = N u m b e r o f R e s p o n d e n ts So urc e: E PA A nal ysi s of sour ce dat a used by T sang and K l epei s ( 19 96 ) ( N H A PS dat abase)



## T able 10-6. N um ber of R espo nd ents R epo r t i ng Pesti ci des A pp l i ed b y t he C on sum er atH om e T o E r adicat e I nsects, R odent s, orO t herPes t s atSpeci f i ed Fr equenc i es

Frequency A g e (years) T o ta l N No n e 1 t o 2 3 t o 5 6 t o 9 1 0 + DK 0 t o <1 15 4 8 2 0 1 0 1 t o < 2 23 11 10 1 0 1 0 2 t o <3 32 18 9 2 2 1 0 3 t o <6 80 26 35 18 1 0 0 6 t

o < 1 1 106 37 49 14 1 4 1 1 1 t

o < 16 115 37 50 18 4 6 0 16

t o <

21 87 36 33 9 4 4 1

N o te : * = M iss in g D a ta ; D K = D o n ' t k n o w ; R e fu s e d = R e s p o n d e n t R e fu s e d to A n s w e r; N = N u m b e r o f R e s p o n d e n ts So urc e: E PA A nal ysi s of sour ce dat a used by T sang and K l epei s ( 19 96 ) ( N H A PS dat abase)



# 10-9