UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

AMERICAN IMMIGRATION COUNCIL, :

et al., :

:

Plaintiffs, : Civil Action No.: 19-2965 (RC)

:

v. : Re Document Nos.: 28, 30, 51

:

U.S. CUSTOMS AND BORDER PATROL, :

et al., :

:

Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION AS MOOT; GRANTING IN PART AND 

DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ RENEWED MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGEMENT; GRANTING 

IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ RENEWED CROSS-MOTION FOR SUMMARY 

JUDGMENT

I. INTRODUCTION

Plaintiffs American Immigration Council and Tahirih Justice Center filed this suit to 

require Defendants the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), U.S. Citizenship and 

Immigration Services (“USCIS”), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (“CBP”) to respond 

appropriately to Plaintiffs’ Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) requests. The requests 

concern a program for using CBP agents to conduct credible fear interviews, which is a part of 

the asylum-seeking process. This Court previously granted in part and denied in part the parties’ 

cross-motions for summary judgment and ordered Defendants to submit several FOIA 

Exemption 5-related documents to the Court for in camera review. Am. Immigr. Council v. U.S. 

Customs & Border Patrol, 590 F. Supp. 3d 306, 335 (D.D.C. 2022). Defendants subsequently 

submitted these documents, and the parties agreed that the Court could resolve the dispute 
2

concerning these documents based on the existing briefing. Having now inspected these 

documents, the Court will order Defendants to disclose some (but not all) of them. 

II. BACKGROUND

The Court assumes familiarity with the facts of this dispute. See Am. Immigr. Council, 

590 F. Supp. 3d at 315–17. Following the Court’s prior decision, Defendants delivered the 

disputed Exemption 5 documents to the Court for in camera review. Defendants also filed a 

corrected supplemental Vaughn index explaining their reasons for withholding these documents. 

See Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index, ECF No. 50-1. At the June 7, 2022 status conference, the 

parties agreed that the Court could resolve the propriety of Defendants’ Exemption 5 

withholdings in these documents without any supplemental briefing. The Court will therefore 

treat the parties’ positions concerning these in camera documents as renewed cross-motions for 

summary judgment. This dispute is ripe for decision. 

Also pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Reconsideration. Defs.’ Mot. 

for Reconsideration, ECF No. 51. This motion concerns the Court’s prior decision on the issue 

of the withheld names of U.S. Border Patrol agents under FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id. at 1. 

The parties have since represented to the Court that they settled this issue on their own. See Joint 

Status Report ¶¶ 1–3 (Feb. 28, 2023), ECF No. 67. Therefore, the Court denies Defendants’ 

Motion for Reconsideration as moot. See Min. Order (Aug. 1, 2022). The sole remaining issue 

is the propriety of Defendants’ Exemption 5 withholdings in the in camera documents.1

1 The Court’s prior decision also ordered CBP to “conduct a search reasonably calculated 

to uncover all relevant documents from the expedited requests[.]” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. 

Supp. 3d at 322. This issue appears resolved, so the Court will not consider it. See Joint Status 

Report ¶ 4 (Feb. 28, 2023) (representing that “[t]he sole matter in dispute is the documents 

before the Court for in camera review”). 
3

III. LEGAL STANDARD

The purpose of FOIA “is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the functioning of a 

democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the governors accountable to 

the governed.” NLRB. v. Robbins Tire & Rubber Co., 437 U.S. 214, 242 (1978). FOIA was 

intended “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency action to the light of 

public scrutiny.” Dep’t of the Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). FOIA requests thus provide individuals with the opportunity to obtain access to 

federal agency records, except to the extent that such records are protected from public 

disclosure by one of nine exemptions. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3), (a)(4)(B), (b), (c); see also 

NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 136 (1975); Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 

847 F.3d 735, 738 (D.C. Cir. 2017). 

Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that summary judgment shall be 

granted “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the 

movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see, e.g., Alyeska 

Pipeline Serv. Co. v. EPA, 856 F.2d 309, 314 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (concluding that unsubstantiated 

claims of factual controversies cannot defeat a summary judgment decision in a FOIA case).

FOIA cases are typically resolved through summary judgment because in FOIA cases there is 

rarely any factual dispute; instead, these cases center on how the law is applied to the records at 

issue. See Pinson v. Dep’t of Just., 236 F. Supp. 3d 338, 352 (D.D.C. 2017) (“FOIA cases 

typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.” (quoting Defs. of 

Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009))). Accordingly, in a FOIA 

suit, an agency is entitled to summary judgment “if no material facts are genuinely in dispute and 

the agency demonstrates ‘that its search for responsive records was adequate, that any 
4

exemptions claimed actually apply, and that any reasonably segregable non-exempt parts of 

records have been disclosed after redaction of exempt information.’” Prop. of the People, Inc. v. 

Off. of Mgmt. and Budget, 330 F. Supp. 3d 373, 380 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Competitive Enter. 

Inst. v. EPA, 232 F. Supp. 3d 172, 181 (D.D.C. 2017)). “This burden does not shift even when 

the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment because ‘the Government ultimately 

has the onus of proving that the documents are exempt from disclosure,’ while the ‘burden upon 

the requester is merely to establish the absence of material factual issues before a summary 

disposition of the case could permissibly occur.’” Hardy v. ATF, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 162 

(D.D.C. 2017) (brackets omitted) (quoting Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d 

898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999)). 

In a FOIA suit, the court shall determine a motion for summary judgment de novo. See 5 

U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); Life Extension Found., Inc. v. IRS, 915 F. Supp. 2d 174, 179 (D.D.C. 

2013). Therefore, when assessing non-disclosure decisions in a FOIA action, the court may rely 

solely on “affidavits or declarations if they describe ‘the justifications for nondisclosure with 

reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the 

claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by 

evidence of agency bad faith.’” Life Extension Found., 915 F. Supp. 2d at 179 (quoting Mil. 

Audit Project v. Casey, 656 F.2d 724, 738 (D.C. Cir. 1981)); see also Pronin v. Fed. Bureau of 

Prisons, No. 17-cv-1807, 2019 WL 1003598, at *3 (D.D.C. Mar. 1, 2019). “Ultimately, an 

agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or 

‘plausible.’” Scudder v. CIA, 254 F. Supp. 3d 135, 140 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc. 

v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 715 F.3d 937, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (internal citations omitted)). However, 

exemptions are to be “narrowly construed,” Bloche v. Dep’t of Def., 370 F. Supp. 3d 40, 50 
5

(D.D.C. 2019) (quoting Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1115 (D.C. Cir. 2007)), and “conclusory 

and generalized allegations of exemptions are unacceptable,” Prop. of the People, Inc., 330 F. 

Supp. 3d at 380 (quoting Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114–15). Accordingly, an agency must do more 

than provide “summary statements that merely reiterate legal standards or offer ‘far-ranging 

category definitions for information.’” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Just., 955 F. Supp. 2d 4, 13 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting King v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 830 F.2d 210, 

221 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). “When an agency invokes an exemption, it must submit affidavits that 

provide the kind of detailed, scrupulous description of the withheld documents that enables a 

District Court judge to perform a de novo review.” Tokar v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 304 F. Supp. 3d 

81, 89 (D.D.C. 2018) (cleaned up).

IV. ANALYSIS

Exemption 5 of FOIA protects “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters that 

would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5 

U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). The Supreme Court and the D.C. Circuit have construed Exemption 5 to 

exempt documents “normally privileged in the civil discovery context.” Sears, 421 U.S. at 149; 

see also Martin v. Off. of Special Couns., 819 F.2d 1181, 1184 (D.C. Cir. 1987). Exemption 5 

thus “‘incorporates the traditional privileges that the Government could assert in civil litigation 

against a private litigant’—including the presidential communications privilege, the attorneyclient privilege, the work product privilege, and the deliberative process privilege.” Brown v. 

Dep’t of State, 317 F. Supp. 3d 370, 376 (D.D.C. 2018) (quoting Loving v. Dep’t of Def., 550 

F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also Baker & 

Hostetler LLP v. U.S. Dep’t Com., 473 F.3d 312, 321 (D.C. Cir. 2006). 
6

For the deliberative process privilege—the sole privilege at issue here—to apply, the 

record must “bear on the formulation or exercise of agency policy-oriented judgment.” 

Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1435(D.C. Cir. 1992). An 

agency typically cannot withhold “[p]urely factual material . . . unless it reflects an ‘exercise of 

discretion and judgment calls.’” Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 

504, 513 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Mapother v. Dep’t of Just., 3 F.3d 1533, 1539 (D.C. Cir. 

1993)). The party invoking the privilege must establish that the record is both predecisional and 

deliberative. See Prop. of the People, 330 F. Supp. 3d at 382. “A document is predecisional if it 

was ‘prepared in order to assist an agency decisionmaker in arriving at his decision,’ rather than 

to support a decision already made.” Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1434 (quoting 

Renegotiation Bd. v. Grumman Aircraft Eng’g. Corp., 421 U.S. 168, 184 (1975)). A document 

can still be predecisional even if it postdates a particular agency decision, so long as the 

document concerns “agency choices about what rationales, justifications, and limitations to 

provide—and which to leave out—in articulating an important agency decision,” because 

“[d]ebate and discussion about such statements precede—are predecisional to—the actual 

determination of how best both to define the scope and contours of the new policy, and to 

persuasively communicate its terms and rationale to the public.” Campaign Legal Ctr. v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Just., 34 F.4th 14, 24 (D.C. Cir. 2022). A document is deliberative if “it reflects the 

give-and-take of the consultative process.” Coastal States Gas Corp. v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 

F.2d 854, 866 (D.C. Cir. 1980); accord Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 

350, 362 (D.C. Cir. 2021). In other words, it is deliberative if it was “prepared to help the 

agency formulate its position.” Campaign Legal Ctr., 34 F.4th at 23 (citation omitted). 
7

“[T]he agency invoking the deliberative process privilege must show (1) ‘what 

deliberative process is involved,’ and (2) ‘the role played by the documents in issue in the course 

of that process,’” and “should also explain (3) the ‘nature of the decisionmaking authority vested 

in the officer or person issuing the disputed document,’ and (4) the ‘relative positions in the 

agency’s chain of command occupied by the document's author and recipient.’” Jud. Watch, 

Inc., 20 F.4th at 54 (citation omitted) (quoting Senate of the Com. of P.R. ex rel. Judiciary 

Comm. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 823 F.2d 574, 585–86 (D.C. Cir. 1987)). The Court will first 

consider the disputed DHS documents and then turn to the disputed USCIS documents. 

A. DHS Documents

1. “Issue paper regarding U.S. Border Patrol Credible Fear Program, dated May 16, 2019” 

(DHS-001-0973-1739 to -1742)

The first document in dispute is an issue paper dated May 16, 2019 regarding the U.S. 

Border Patrol’s Credible Fear Pilot Program. The Court’s previous decision asked Defendants to 

“more clearly show (1) ‘what deliberative process is involved,’ and (2) ‘the role played by the 

documents in issue in the course of that process,’” and “should also explain (3) the ‘nature of the 

decisionmaking authority vested in the officer or person issuing the disputed document,’ and (4) 

the ‘relative positions in the agency’s chain of command occupied by the document’s author and 

recipient.’” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 325 (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc., 20 F.4th at 

54 (citation omitted)). The Court finds that Defendants have failed to show that this document is 

predecisional and deliberative. 

For starters, this document is not predecisional because it merely “embod[ied] or 

explain[ed] a policy that the agency adopt[ed].” Id. (quoting Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 362)). 

Nothing in these pages provides evidence describing “what decision or policy this document was 

leading towards.” Id. Instead, the document provides an overview of Defendants’ credible fear 
8

pilot program as it was “already established” and being “implement[ed].” Id. at 328 (citation 

omitted). The document provides training details (such as group sizes, curriculum, locations, 

and schedules), interview requirements, and plans for expanding the pilot program. Although 

Defendants assert that the document was subsequently revised on April 27, 2020, “[t]he fact that 

the document is a non-final draft does not on its own demonstrate that the document is 

predecisional.” Id. at 325. Put differently, no amount of subsequent drafts would make this 

document any more predecisional because this document is not predecisional to begin with. 

Nor is the document deliberative. “A document that serves only to explain an existing 

agency policy ‘cannot be considered deliberative.’” Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 367 (citation 

omitted). Here, “[t]he government has failed to identify any deliberative component” to the 

document; nor could it, because the document “simply describe[s] already-made and in-place 

policy choices.” Id. To give just one example, the document summarizes the training of a group 

of U.S. Border Patrol officers that had already begun weeks before the document’s inception. 

Defendants maintain that this document “was one of the main documents being used to 

consolidate anticipated decision points and consideration for the pilot program, including 

specifically identifying information and policy discussions that were under consideration but had 

yet been decided upon.” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 1.2 But the document does not read 

that way at all; it does not reflect or suggest the existence of a “give-and-take” that is indicative 

of the “consultative process.” Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 362 (citation omitted). The document’s 

timeline of events, which contains green highlights indicating “completed” and red highlights 

indicating “pending,” is also not deliberative because these highlights provide purely factual 

descriptions of the implementation of the pilot program. See Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 

2 Page cites of this index refer to the ECF pagination. 
9

3d at 325 (“Statuses of action items, without more, could be considered facts that do not 

necessarily reflect any deliberation or give-and-take.”). Finally, although Defendants aver that 

this issue paper was a draft, “drafts must also be deliberative in content” to qualify for the 

deliberative process privilege, and this draft is not. Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 367. Thus, 

information in this document is not exempt under Exemption 5. 

2. “Draft Briefing Memo” (DHS-001-0973-2747 to -2770)

DHS describes this document as a “24-page draft briefing memo titled ‘CBP Migration 

Statistics - Fiscal Year 2019 Year to Date.’” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 326 

(quoting 3d Pavlik-Keenan Decl. at 9). It “contains a draft water mark on all pages, is undated, 

and contains placeholders throughout for input from certain DHS employees.” Id. It also has 

“redline edits and bubble comments throughout” and “reflects internal discussions between DHS 

employees, including information DHS may have determined was confidential and not 

appropriate for release.” Id. DHS claims that the document “contain[s] non-finalized statistics, a 

plan for the dissemination of this information, and draft talking points for the briefing on these 

statistics.” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 2. In addition, “[t]he draft document also contains 

the non-finalized draft news release and the draft media advisory.” Id.

This document is predecisional. Defendants explain that “[t]he process at issue is the 

decision of what to say during the briefing and how to announce the statistics[.]” Id. The 

strategic decisions being discussed in this document were not yet final: as evidence, the entire 

document has the watermark “DRAFT,”; some sections contain highlighting prompting different 

individuals to fill in additional information; some statistics are highlighted for confirmation or 

further update; and there are several unresolved comment bubbles. Because this document was 
10

“prepared in order to assist an agency decisionmaker” in the press briefing, it was predecisional. 

Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1434.

The document is also deliberative. Disclosing these talking points and related 

information would “reveal the give and take of the consultative process.” Am. Immigr. Council, 

590 F. Supp. 3d at 330. Because the document was prepared for high-level officials’ media 

remarks, they “would have been reviewed at high levels within those components.” Corrected 

Suppl. Vaughn Index at 2. Although some of the information in this document seems factual—

such as statistics about border crossings and medical costs—these are “facts and statistics that 

best show some policy in a favorable light” and thus “would reveal the agency’s deliberative 

process.” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 330; see also Advancement Project v. U.S. 

Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 549 F. Supp. 3d 128, 139 (D.D.C. 2021) (“[B]ecause an agency’s 

public relations efforts ‘often require a prudent selection and presentation of factual 

information,’ divulging even ‘facts’ from [the agency’s] communications plans ‘would in all 

likelihood reveal the agency’s deliberations about how to present those facts.’” (quoting Am. Ctr. 

for L. & Just. v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 330 F. Supp. 3d 293, 306 (D.D.C. 2018))). For example, 

one comment bubble in the talking points proposes adding language describing the statistics in a 

way that portrays the agency’s actions in a more favorable light. The document also provides the 

speaker(s) key messages and objectives for the press briefing, including anticipated media 

questions and proposed responses. 

The Court also finds that disclosure of this document would cause reasonably foreseeable

harm under the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016. See Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 369; 5 U.S.C. § 

552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I). The Vaughn index explains that disclosure of this draft would “inhibit the 

candid discussion of issues between employees” such as “deliberations about media strategy for 
11

future releases of CBP statistics, the release of which is frequent, and talking points on such 

statistics.” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 2. The Court agrees that revealing the details of 

Defendants’ internal deliberations about how to present these statistics and discuss their actions 

in the context of the hotly debated field of immigration policy would harm the deliberative 

process that Exemption 5 seeks to protect. See Campaign Legal Ctr., 34 F.4th at 23 (“[T]he 

[deliberative process] privilege is designed to improve governmental decisionmaking by 

encouraging public servants to speak candidly with one another and to fully flesh out the reasons 

for and against potential agency actions before they are taken.”). Thus, Defendants are entitled 

to withhold information in this document under Exemption 5. 

3. “Draft Outline” (DHS-001-0973-2742 to -2746)

Defendants describe this document as “a 5 page working draft document titled 

‘Department of Homeland Security Strategy to Address Crisis at the Southern Border Draft 

Outline.’” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 1. Defendants represent that this document is a 

“working version” that it is “not the final version of the document,” although “no final version of 

the document exists.” Id.

This document is predecisional. Defendants aver that the undated “document is a 

working draft version of an internal communications strategy and proposed six month timeline to 

bolstering security circulating for review and comment between DHS senior leaders[.]” Id. As 

further evidence that this document “was ‘prepared in order to assist an agency decisionmaker in 

arriving at his decision,’ rather than to support a decision already made,” Petroleum Info. Corp., 

976 F.2d at 1434 (citation omitted), Defendants explain that “[t]his document is a precursor to 

the development of a plan to share with the White House,” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 1. 

Even though no final version of the document exists, “the draft is still a draft and thus still pre-
12

decisional.” Nat’l Sec. Archive v. C.I.A., 752 F.3d 460, 463 (D.C. Cir. 2014); see id. (“A 

privilege contingent on later events—such as whether the draft ultimately evolved into a final 

agency position—would be an uncertain privilege, and as the Supreme Court has said, an 

uncertain privilege is ‘little better than no privilege at all.’” (quoting Upjohn Co. v. United 

States, 449 U.S. 383, 393 (1981))).

This document is also deliberative. The outline describes various goals to address the 

crisis at the southern border, going into detail about objectives and actions to meet those goals. 

True to its description—“an internal communications strategy,”—it was “circulating for review 

and comment between DHS senior leaders, specifically senior leaders associated with the DHS 

Office of Strategy, Policy and Plans and attorneys with the DHS Office of the General Counsel.” 

Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 1. The outline, which “proposed actions as to steps DHS 

should take to address the crisis at the Southern Border, and big-picture departmental strategies 

to address border security/foreign policy as to a number of countries” was subject to deliberation. 

Id.

The Court also finds that disclosure of this document would cause reasonably foreseeable 

harm. Defendants have shown that disclosure “would mislead the public and inhibit the candid 

and forthright discussion of issues between senior leaders[.]” Id. at 2. The Court finds that 

forcing Defendants to disclose draft outlines describing their yet-to-be finalized strategies for 

tackling immigration challenges would chill the candid exchange of ideas on this heated topic. 

Thus, Exemption 5 protects information in this document from disclosure.3

3 Defendants also raise two new arguments: (1) that “the attorney-client privilege also 

applies to this document because these communications are between DHS senior leaders and 

their counsel”; and (2) that “some information contained in this document is confidential, law 

enforcement sensitive, the disclosure of which may cause harm to US national security pursuant 

to FOIA Exemption 7(E).” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 1–2. Because the Court finds 
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4. “CBP meeting mk edits Clean v1.1” (DHS-001-0973-CBP-16 to -23)

This document is “an internal DHS document entitled ‘Issues for Discussion between 

CBP and USCIS,’ which consists of 8 pages of confidential, internal communications pertaining 

to a number of immigration programs and initiatives.” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at

327 (quoting 3d Pavlik-Keenan Decl. at 11). The document consists of background on various 

topics with USCIS talking points for each topic. 

This document is predecisional. The author was an USCIS official, and the recipient was 

another USCIS official “who had authority to discuss this wide range of pending issues needing 

a decision with CBP.” Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 3. The talking points “helped prepare 

the USCIS attendees” for a discussion between USCIS and CBP concerning “decisions and 

policies on 10 separate initiatives.” Id. The document’s background information helped “to 

inform the USCIS officials involved in the discussion with CBP officials of these initiatives, in 

advance of a decision being made as to how these issues would be resolved.” Id. Although it is 

unclear whether this document is in draft form, see Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 327, 

that is not dispositive in this context. Given that talking points are “typically documents 

‘prepared by [government] employees for the consideration of [government] decision-makers’ in 

determining how to respond,” even the “final” version of talking points may be protected 

because “the ‘final decision’ of the agency was what the senior official . . . ultimately said.” Am. 

Ctr. for L. & Just. v. United States Dep’t of Just., 392 F. Supp. 3d 100, 106 (D.D.C. 2019)

(alterations in original) (citation omitted). The talking points here “helped prepare the USCIS 

attendees” for their meeting with CBP, Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 3—nothing suggests 

Defendants’ withholding proper under the deliberative process privilege, it need not consider 

these new arguments. 
14

that they were adopted by “verbatim recitation” or as an express statement of the agency’s 

position, Am. Ctr. for L. & Just., 392 F. Supp. 3d at 108; see also Ctr. for Pub. Integrity v. Fed. 

Election Comm’n, 332 F. Supp. 3d 174, 180 (D.D.C. 2018) (“A meeting agenda prepared before 

the meeting is necessarily predecisional and inherently deliberative in that staff are suggesting 

the topics to be discussed at the meeting.”).

The document is also deliberative. It “reflect[s] a part of the give-and-take between the 

drafter and the [USCIS attendees] leading up to [their] external interactions.” Am. Ctr. for L. & 

Just., 392 F. Supp. 3d at 106. The document’s title—“CBP meeting mk edits Clean v1.1”—also 

shows that these talking points were edited and refined. The document is also deliberative in the 

sense that the USCIS attendees, as with anyone referencing talking points, “may elect to use all, 

some, or none of the talking points prepared for [them].” Am. Ctr. for L. & Just. v. U.S. Dep’t 

Just., 325 F. Supp. 3d 162, 173 (D.D.C. 2018). In short, the talking points are deliberative 

because they were “prepared to help the agency formulate its position.” Campaign Legal Ctr., 

34 F.4th at 23 (citation omitted). 

Release of this document would cause reasonably foreseeable harm. DHS has explained 

that the initiatives under consideration in the talking points “remain under DHS/USCIS/CBP 

consideration currently,” so the release of premature, non-finalized agency positions on sensitive 

immigration topics “would cause harm to DHS’[s] position in litigation, confusion to the public 

regarding regulatory actions, and hinder the candid discussion of issues among employees.” 

Corrected Suppl. Vaughn Index at 3. Thus, Defendants’ withholding of information in this

document under Exemption 5 is proper. 
15

B. USCIS Documents4

USCIS Bates 3-13 consists of two issue papers: USBP Credible Fear Pilot Program (May 

8, 2019) and USBP Credible Fear Pilot Program (April 17, 2019) (together, Bates 3-11) and 

another issue paper focused on CBP employee training (May 1, 2019) (Bates 12-13). The Court 

previously found that Defendants’ withholding of these documents was unjustified because they 

had not adequately explained how they were predecisional or deliberative. Now, as then, the

Court still finds that Defendants have not shown that these documents are entitled to Exemption 

5’s deliberative process privilege. 

The April 17, 2019 and May 8, 2019 issue papers are quite similar to the May 16, 2019 

issue paper described above in the Court’s analysis of the DHS documents. Each of these 

documents describes how the pilot program works and contains a list of action items followed by 

notation indicating the status of these action items. The May 8, 2019 issue paper is most similar 

to the May 16, 2019 issue paper in that both apparently originated after the pilot program had 

already kicked off. As with the May 16, 2019 issue paper, the May 8, 2019 issue paper merely 

“embod[ied] or explain[ed] a policy that the agency adopt[ed]” by “explaining actions to be 

taken in implementing an already established pilot program.” Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. 

Supp. 3d at 325, 328 (first part quoting Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 362)). Thus, it is predecisional. 

The April 17, 2019 issue paper also concerns the pilot program but focuses on preliminary steps 

leading up to the launch of the program. Its predecisional nature is a closer call because by 

4 Defendants also delivered USCIS Bates 66-67 to the Court for in camera review. The 

Court has no occasion to analyze these pages because Plaintiff never disputed the withholding of 

these specific pages. Compare March 27, 2020 Production Part 1 Vaughn Index at 14–15, ECF 

No. 28-4 (explaining basis for withholding USCIS Bates 66-70), with Mem. of P. & A. in 

Support of Pls.’ Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. and Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. at 10, ECF No. 

29-2 (listing withholdings in dispute). 
16

implying that the pilot program had not yet kicked off, it supports the notion that the contours of 

the program were still not final. On the other hand, even if the program was not finalized, the 

document may be final with respect to preliminary steps Defendants planned to take to initiate 

the program. Indeed, Defendants did not say whether this document “describing how [the steps 

leading up to the launch of] the pilot program would work ended up being adopted by the 

agency, in which case [the document] would not necessarily continue to be predecisional.” Id. at 

329 (quoting Reps. Comm., 3 F.4th at 362). 

The May 1, 2019 issue paper—the one centered on CBP employee training—is also a 

closer call because it indicates that the training plan requires additional approval, which supports 

Defendants’ argument that this document is predecisional. But once again, Defendants did not 

indicate whether any supposed additional approval merely adopted this version as the final 

version of the training plan. To muddle matters further, as with last time, Defendants’ Vaughn

index “lists [these] three documents in the same entry,” making it difficult for the Court to 

carefully consider each issue paper on its own. Id. at 328. The Court need not dwell on the 

question of whether the April 17 and May 1 issue papers are predecisional, however, because in 

all events it finds that these issue papers are not deliberative. 

These documents are not deliberative for the same reasons the Court described before. 

See Am. Immigr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 328–29. Defendants still failed to show how these 

issue papers “reveal the deliberative process used to evaluate the Pilot Program, the status of 

such an internal review, and the methods utilized to conduct such review.” Id. at 329; Corrected 

Suppl. Vaughn Index at 4. Now, as then, “[t]he documents are described as documenting how 

the pilot program, including its training, would work; there is no indication that they contain the 

drafters’ impressions or evaluations of the program.” Am. Immgr. Council, 590 F. Supp. 3d at 
17

329. Because Defendants have not given the Court “a clear understanding of what deliberative

process is asserted and the relationship between the document and that deliberative process,” the 

Court finds that Exemption 5 does not apply here. Id. at 326. Thus, Defendants cannot withhold 

information under Exemption 5 from USCIS Bates 3-13. 

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motion for Reconsideration (ECF No. 51) is 

denied as moot, Defendants’ Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 28) is granted 

in part and denied in part; and Plaintiffs’ Renewed Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF 

No. 30) is granted in part and denied in part. An order consistent with this Memorandum 

Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: April 3, 2023 RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge