100

100

50

100

100

100

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

100

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

100

50

50

100

50

50

100

50

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

Back River

COOPER RIVER

EAST BRANCH COOPER RIVER

Flag Creek

Fosters Creek

French Quarter Creek

Goose Creek

Guerin Creek

SOUTH SANTEE RIVER

Wadboo Creek

WEST BRANCH

COOPER RIVER

Alligator Creek

ASHLEY RIVER

Awendaw Creek

Creek

Bohicket Creek

Bull River

Casino Creek

Chaplins Creek

Church Creek

Clubhouse Creek

Dawho River

Dupre Creek

Edisto

River

Folly Creek

Folly River

Foster Creek

Graham

Creek

Harbor River

Hobcaw Creek

Horlbeck Creek

Horsehead Creek

INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY

James Island Creek

Key Creek

Kiawah

River

Long Creek

North Creek

NORTH

EDISTO

RIVER

Ocella Creek

Price Creek

Rathall Creek

Romain

Russel Creek

Santee Path Creek

Sett Creek

Shem Creek

SOUTH

EDISTO

RIVER St Pierre Creek

Steamboat Creek

STONO

RIVER

Creek

Toomer Creek

WADMALAW RIVER

Wagner Creek

WANDO RIVER

Coosaw

River

Mosquito Creek

Rock Creek

Saint Helena Sound

ASHLEY RIVER

Edisto River

Rantowles Creek

ESTERVILLE MINIM CREEK CANAL

NORTH SANTEE RIVER

Six Mile Creek

Wadmacon Creek

ASHEPOO RIVER

Tail Race Canal

Intracoastal Waterway

Brown

Pond

Hard Pinch

Reserve

Lake

Merkel

Leneigh

Reserve

Logan

Pond

Long Field

Pond

Lower

Reserve

Miller Dam Branch

New Tenant

Pond

Upper

Reserve

Bass

Key

Bay

Lake

Frances

Lake

Woodlawn

Moccasin

Pond

Swinton Creek

Toogoodoo

Upper

Summerhouse

Ponds

Ashley River

Bobs

Lake

Huttos

Lake

Schultz

Lake

Goose Creek

Reservoir

Bull Creek

Bull Harbor

Captain Sams

Inlet

Price

Inlet

River

Stono

Inlet

ASH

EPO

O

RIVER

Bulls Bay

Bullyard

Sound

CHARLESTON

HARBOR

Clark

Sound

Copahee

Sound

Gray

Bay

Hamlin

Sound

Hickory

Bay

Mark

Bay

Muddy

Bay

Oyster Bay

Sewee

Bay

North

Santee

Bay

ATLANTIC OCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Lake

Moultrie

Four Hole

Swamp

GEORGETOWN CO

CHARLESTON CO

CHARLESTON CO

BERKELEY CO

BERKELEY CO

GEORGETOWN CO

DORCHESTER CO

BERKELEY CO

DORCHESTER CO

CHARLESTON CO

COLLETON CO

DORCHESTER CO

COLLETON CO

CHARLESTON CO

2

35

1

-6 10

3

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4

4

7

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FRANCIS MARION NATIONAL FOREST

Edisto

Beach

Edisto Island

Seabrook

Island

Folly Beach

Wadmalaw

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Charleston

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Island of Palms

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550000

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600000

600000

610000

610000

620000

620000

630000

630000

650000

650000

660000

660000

3590000

3600000 3600000

3610000 3610000

3620000 3620000

3630000 3630000

3640000 3640000

3650000 3650000

3660000 3660000

3670000 3670000

3680000

SUMMERVILLE FAULT

ASHLEY RIVER FAULT

WOODSTOCK

FAULT

CHARLESTON FAULT

A

D

A

M

S

R

U

N FA

ULT

WOODSTOCK FAULT

79°15'

79°15'

79°30'

79°30'

79°45'

79°45'

80°

80°

80°15'

80°15'

80°30'

80°30'

33°15'

33°15'

33°00'

33°00'

32°45'

32°45'

32°30'

32°30'

A'

A

B

B'

Ngc

Nmh Nmh Nmh

Nmh Nmh Nmh

Pa

Pa

Phv

Ppf Ppf

Qdi

Qdi Qhf Qhf Qdi

Qhm

Qhm Qhm

Qhm

Qhs Qhs

Qhs

Qhs

Qhs

Qhs Qhs

Qhs

Qhs Qhs

Qhs Qhs Qht

Qhs Qhs

Qht Qht

Qht Qht Qht Qht

Qht

Qht Qht Qht

Qtf

Qwf Qwf

Qwf

af

af

Qht Qhs

NORTH EDISTO

RIVER

Stono Inlet

CHARLESTON

HARBOR

Upper Summerhouse

Ponds

Price Inlet

Folly Beach

Fort Moultrie

Isle of Palms

Seabrook Island

Edisto Beach

BEND IN

SECTIONSECTION

BEND IN

SECTION

BEND IN

SECTION

A-A'

BEND IN

SECTION

CHARLESTON FAULT

(AT DEPTH)

SEA LEVEL

20

40

60

80

120

140

100

80

60

40

20

FEET

B

SEA LEVEL

20

40

60

80

120

140

100

80

60

40

20

FEET

B'

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 100

ADAMS RUN FAULT

(AT DEPTH)

Pa

Ppf

Ptc

Phv

Psl

Qwf

Qwwc

Phv

Qtc

Nmh

Qpc

Qhf

Qdi Ngc

Qhs

Qhs

Qpf

Qpc

Qws

Qtc

Qok

Nr

Qwws

Qts

Qsbs

Qal

Qpc

Qwc

Qlc

Qtf

Qwc

ps Qws

Qlc

ps

Qal

Qht

Pa

Qpc

Nr

Qpf

Qws

Qps

Qwwr

af

Qpc

Qht ps

Qht

Nr Qwws Qls

Qlf

Qsbc

ps

Qsbc

Pcb

Pcb

Qsbc

Qlc

Qsbc

Qtc Qws

Qwlc

ps Qsbc

Qlf

Qlc

Qwc Qws

Qwls

Qws

Qht

Qwwc

Qsbc

Qwws

Qwc

Qal Qtc Qwc Qhm

Qsbc

Qal

Qal Qal

Qwc Qtc Qal QhmQsbc Qht Qsbc

Qhm

Qht Qht

Qal Qht

Qsbc Qwlc Qht

Qhm

Qal

Qpc

Qwwc

Qwf

Qht

ps

Pa

Pa

Pa

Qws

Qtc Qtc

Qpc

Phv

SEA LEVEL

20

40

60

80

100

120

120

100

80

60

40

20

FEET

A'

SEA LEVEL

20

40

60

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120

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60

40

20

FEET

A

SECTION 

B-B'

Folly River

STONO RIVERSTONO RIVER

Dorchester

Ridgeville

Ashley River

Summerville

Ashley River

DORCHESTER CO

CHARLESTON CO

ADAMS RUN FAULT

(AT DEPTH)

WOODSTOCK FAULT

(AT DEPTH)

VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 100 FAULTS NOT SHOWN

FAULTS NOT SHOWN

Phv

Ptp Ppf Ppf Four Hole Swamp

Holocene

Pleistocene

QUATERNARY

NEOGENE

Upper

Upper

Columbia Group Hawthorn Group Cooper Group 

Qsbc

CORRELATION OF MAP UNITS

[Units indicated by asterisks are shown only on cross sections. Supergroups from Weems and others (2004)]

COASTAL PLAIN PROVINCE

af ps

Miocene

Lower

Pliocene

Ancora

Supergroup 

Nomini

Supergroup 

PALEOGENE

Unconformity

Qsbr

Qal

Unconformity Unconformity

Qsbs

Qhs Qht Qhsi

Qhm

Fluvial Barrier Sand Marsh or Lagoon Marine Shelf

Qwc

Unconformity

Qwr

Qtr

Unconformity Unconformity

Qws

Qlc

Unconformity

Qlr

Unconformity Unconformity

Qls

Qpc

Unconformity Unconformity

Qps

Unconformity Unconformity

Unconformity Unconformity

Unconformity

Qwlc Qwlf

Unconformity

Qwf*

Qhf*

Qwls

Qts Qwlc Qtc Qtf

Unconformity

Qlf

Unconformity

Qpf

Qwwr Qwwc

Unconformity Unconformity

Qwws

Unconformity

Qwwf

Nr

Unconformity

Ngc

Unconformity

Nmh*

Unconformity

Npch

Unconformity

NPe

Unconformity

Pcb

Unconformity

Pa

Unconformity

Phv

Unconformity

Ppf

Unconformity

Ptp*

Unconformity

Ptc

Qok

Unconformity

Qdi*

Unconformity

Unconformity

Psl*

Middle

Lower

Upper

Lower

Upper

Middle

Oligocene

Eocene

Santee Group 

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2013–1030

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 KILOMETERS

SCALE 1:100 000

1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 MILES

CONTOUR INTERVAL 10 FEET

NATIONAL GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF 1929

MAGNETIC NORTH

APPROXIMATE MEAN

DECLINATION, 2014 TRUE NORTH

7 / ° 1 2

Geology mapped by Robert E. Weems, William C. Lewis, and Earl M. Lemon Jr. (1979–2004)

GIS database by Peter G. Chirico with E. Allen Crider Jr. (2000–2012)

Cartography by E. Allen Crider Jr. (2011–2013)

Manuscript approved for publication June 10, 2014

Geographic locations modified from USGS Geographic Names Information System (2011)

Hydrologic features modified from USGS National Hydrology Dataset (2011)

Topography modified from USGS National Elevation Dataset (2013)

Shoreline features modified from NOAA-NOS coastal survey map (1984–1987)

Transportation features modified from Census Tiger 2000 data

Boundary features modified from Census Tiger 2000 data

1983 North American datum

10,000-meter Universal Transverse Mercator grid, zone 17N

Surficial Geologic Map of the Charleston Region, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, 

Dorchester, and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina

By

Robert E. Weems,1

 William C. Lewis,2 and Earl M. Lemon, Jr.3

Digital compilation by Peter G. Chirico and E. Allen Crider, Jr. 

2014

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not 

imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

This map was printed on an electronic plotter directly from digital files. Dimensional calibration may vary 

between electronic plotters and between X and Y directions on the same plotter, and paper may change 

size due to atmospheric conditions; therefore, scale and proportions may not be true on plots of this map.

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225; 

http://store.usgs.gov; 1–888–ASK–USGS (1–888–275–8747).

Digital files available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1030/

Suggested citation: Weems, R.E., Lewis, W.C., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 2014, Surficial geologic map of the 

Charleston region, Berkeley, Charleston, Colleton, Dorchester, and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1030, 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000, 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131030

ISSN 2331-1258 (online) 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20131030

1

USGS retired

2

USGS volunteer

3

Deceased

Qwc Qt

Qws Qt

Qwf

Qwr Qt

Qsbc Qt

Qsbs Qt

Psl Qt

Qsbr Qt

Qhsi Qt

Qhf Qt

Qht Qt

QhmQt

Qhs Qt

Qal Qt

Qt ps

Qt af

Qwls

Qwlc

Qwlf

Ptc Qt

PtpQt

Ppf Qt

Phv Qt

PaQt

Pcb Qt

Qlc Qt

Qls Qt

Qlr Qt

Qtf

Qtc Qt

Qwws Qt

Qwwr Qt

Qpf Qt

Qpc Qt

Qps Qt

Qdi Qt

Qlf Qt

Qts Qt

Qtr Qt

Npch Qt

NPe Qt

Nmh Qt

Ngc Qt

Nr Qt

Qok Qt

Qwwf Qt

Qwwc Qt

U

D

-18

.

EXPLANATION OF MAP SYMBOLS

Contact—Approximately located

SUBSURFACE FAULTS

(All faults are approximately located beneath the coastal plain; 

see Weems and Lewis, 2002)

High-angle fault—U, upthrown side; D, downthrown side

Strike-slip fault—Arrows show relative movement

OTHER FEATURES

Auger hole and well locations—Shown with elevation relative to the base 

of the Quaternary rock in feet. See list of references for sources

DESCRIPTION OF MAP UNITS

 [In many areas, a veneer of colluvium 3 to 6 feet (ft) thick blankets slopes 

and obscures the underlying sediments. These thin deposits are not 

mapped. Color designations are from Goddard and others (1948) and 

are based on naturally moist samples. Ages of deposits are given in years 

as ka (thousands of years) or Ma (millions of years).]

Artificial fill—Various sandy, silty, and gravelly materials, mainly of local 

origin, filled and compacted for construction of roads, bridges, and earthfilled dams. Materials up to 30 ft thick. Age is less than 300 years (yrs)

Phosphate spoil—Material removed and backfilled during mining for 

phosphate, mostly derived from the Wando Formation. Ranges from 7 

to 10 ft thick. Deposits are less than 140 years old

Alluvium (Holocene)—Sand and clayey sand presently prograding along 

drainage courses, commonly veneered by thin organic mud and peat

Beach and barrier-island sands (Holocene)—Quartz sand, very light gray 

(N8), fine-grained, well-sorted, shelly; dark, very fine grained heavy minerals 

abundant. Age is less than 10 ka; surface deposits are probably less than 1 

ka. Deposits are 0 to 35 ft thick

Freshwater swamp deposits (Holocene and late Pleistocene)—Thin, 

soft, medium-brown (5YR 3/4) to black (N1) organic muds and peats 

accumulating along impounded stream courses and in ovoid-shaped 

depressions (pocosins) and “Carolina bays.” Deposits located mainly 

from aerial photographs and topographic base map. Ages range from 

Wisconsinan (modern to at least 34 ka) to present

Tidal-marsh deposits (Holocene)—Clayey sand and clay, medium-gray (N5) 

to black (N1), soft, organic rich. Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite, with 

significantly less illite-smectite and illite. Deposits are 0 to 10 ft thick and 

support marsh grass. Carbon-14 dating indicates unit is less than 5 ka in 

age

Freshwater marsh deposits (Holocene)—Silty, very fine sand to clayey 

very fine sandy silt, medium-gray (N5) to dark-grayish-brown (10YR 3/2), 

soft, organic rich, commonly woody. Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite, 

with significantly less illite-smectite and illite. Deposits are 0 to 10 ft thick. 

Carbon-14 dating indicates unit is less than 5 ka in age 

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies (Holocene)—Quartz sand, olive-gray (5Y

3/2) to medium-greenish-gray (5G 5/1), fine- to medium-grained, phosphatic, bioturbated. Clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and illite, 

in order of decreasing abundance. Commonly contains diverse molluscan 

fauna. Basal contact commonly marked by a layer (1 to 2 inches (in.)) 

of coarse-grained, granular sand; black phosphate pebbles; and sparse 

worn and rounded bones and teeth. Present only in subsurface (see cross 

section B–B'). Unit is up to 25 ft thick. Known ages are less than 5 ka 

Silver Bluff beds (late Pleistocene, between 33 and 85 ka)

Fluvial sand facies—Quartz sand, grayish-brown (10YR 3/2) to yellow 

(10YR 7/6) or medium-gray (N5), fine-grained, silty and clayey, feldspathic. 

Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite. Occurs only at elevations below 10 ft. 

Unit is as much as 15 ft thick

Beach to barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand, grayish-orange (10YR

7/4); fine-grained with minor but persistent coarse-grained fraction; 

bimodally well sorted; dark, very fine grained heavy minerals abundant; 

prominently crossbedded. Deposits are up to 10 ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Silty to sandy clay and quartz sand, grayishorange (10YR 7/4), medium-gray (N5) or dark-gray (N3), fine-grained, 

clayey. Kaolinite is dominant clay mineral with lesser amounts of 

illite-smectite and illite. Occurs only at elevations below 10 ft. Unit is as 

much as 10 ft thick. Locally, overlying thin deposits of clay and organic 

muds of Holocene age may be present

Wando Formation (late Pleistocene, between 70 and 130 ka)

Fluvial sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5) to light-brown (5YR

6/4), medium- to coarse-grained, feldspathic and quartz pebbly, conspicuously crossbedded. Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite. Sands derived 

from the Edisto River. Occurs only at elevations below 25 ft. Unit is as 

much as 25 ft thick

Barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand; medium-gray (N5) to light-brown 

(5YR 6/4) where fresh; may be dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to 

grayish orange (10YR 7/4) or humic, dusky yellowish brown (10YR 2/2) 

in upper 7 ft; fine-grained; dark, very fine grained heavy minerals abundant. 

Dominant clay mineral is vermiculite. Forms Mount Pleasant barrier system 

(Colquhoun, 1974), mostly at elevations from 15 to 27 ft. Unit is up to 25 

ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clay, mottled pale-grayish-orange (10YR

7/4) and medium-light-gray (N6), silty to sandy; clayey quartz sand, 

mottled pale-grayish-orange (10YR 7/4) and medium-light-gray (N6), 

fine- to medium-grained. Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite with illite 

and illite-smectite in variable proportions. Soil profile poorly developed 

compared to Ten Mile Hill beds and older terrace units; grayish-yellow 

(5Y 8/4) to dark-yellowish-orange (10YR 6/6) B horizon; base of B horizon typically 6 ft deep. Unit covered in places by modern swamp deposits less than 3 ft thick. Underlies the Princess Anne terrace (Colquhoun, 

1974) surface at elevations near 20 ft. Wood and terrestrial vertebrate 

fossils indicate formation in estuarine to fluvial environments. Unit is up 

to 35 ft thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5), fine- to 

medium-grained, phosphatic, bioturbated. Clay minerals are kaolinite, 

illite-smectite, and illite in order of decreasing abundance. Commonly 

contains diverse molluscan fauna. Basal contact commonly marked by 

a layer 1 to 2 in. thick of coarse-grained sand, black phosphate pebbles, 

and worn and rounded bones and teeth. Present only in subsurface (see 

cross sections A–A' and B–B'). Unit is up to 20 ft thick 

Barrier sand facies—Quartz sand; medium-gray (N5) where fresh; may 

be dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to grayish orange (10YR 7/4) or 

humic, dusky yellowish brown (10YR 2/2) in upper 7 ft; fine-grained; 

dark, very fine grained heavy minerals abundant. Dominant clay mineral 

is vermiculite. Forms Awendaw barrier system (Colquhoun, 1974), mostly 

at elevations from 20 to 35 ft. Unit up to 20 ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clay, medium-gray (N5), silty to sandy, soft, 

greasy; only locally developed and largely overridden by deposits of barrier 

sand facies (Qwls). Underlies the Pamlico terrace of Colquhoun (1974) at 

elevations near 25 ft. Unit is up to 5 ft thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5), fineto medium-grained, phosphatic, bioturbated. Dominant clay minerals 

are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and illite in order of decreasing abundance. 

Commonly contains a diverse molluscan fauna. Basal contact commonly 

marked by a layer 1 to 2 in. thick of coarse-grained sand, black phosphate

pebbles, and worn and rounded bones and teeth. Unit is up to 15 ft thick

Ten Mile Hill Formation (middle Pleistocene, between 200 and 240 ka)

Fluvial sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5) to light-brown (5YR

6/4), medium- to coarse-grained, feldspathic, quartz pebbly, conspicuously 

crossbedded. Dominant clay mineral is kaolinite. Sands derived from the 

Edisto River. Occurs only at elevations between 25 and 40 ft 

Barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand, dark-yellowish-orange (10YR

6/6), fine- to medium-grained; abundant very fine grained, dark, heavy 

minerals present below soil profile; conspicuously crossbedded. Dominant 

clay minerals are kaolinite and vermiculite. Forms the Cainhoy barrier 

system, mostly at elevations between 35 and 50 ft. Unit is up to 50 ft 

thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clayey quartz sand, typically dark yellowish 

orange (10YR 6/6) and (or) medium light gray (N6), less commonly 

medium bluish gray (5B 5/1) or greenish gray (5G 6/1), black (N1) or 

medium reddish brown (10R 4/6), fine- to medium-grained, poorly sorted; 

and silty to sandy clay with same color distribution as sand, but locally 

medium red (5R 4/6) where deeply weathered. Dominant clay minerals 

are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and illite in variable proportions. Soil profile 

moderately well developed compared to older (Ladson, Penholoway) 

terrace units; B horizon is typically dark yellowish orange (10YR 6/6) to 

reddish orange (10R 6/6) and 6 to 10 ft deep. Underlies lower Talbot 

terrace (Colquhoun, 1974) at elevations between 25 and 40 ft. Wood 

and terrestrial vertebrate fossils indicate deposition in fluvial to estuarine 

environments. Unit is up to 65 ft thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5), fine- to 

medium-grained, silty, micaceous; very fine grained heavy minerals sparsely 

present; shells moderately to abundantly present (mostly Mulinia and some 

oyster). Unit is up to 33 ft thick

Ladson Formation (middle Pleistocene, between 240 and 730 ka) 

Pebbly, coarse sand facies—Feldspathic pebbly quartz sand, medium-gray 

(N5), very poorly sorted, subrounded to subangular. Probably represents a 

prehistoric channel of the Santee River (Weems and Lemon, 1989). Unit 

is up to 40 ft thick

Barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand, dark-yellowish-orange (10YR

6/6), coarse-grained, poorly sorted; abundant fine-grained, dark, heavy 

minerals below soil profile; conspicuously crossbedded. Dominant clay 

minerals are kaolinite and vermiculite, with detrital gibbsite clasts at base. 

Occurs mostly at elevations between 50 and 65 ft. Probably deposited 

as part of a coastal barrier island. Unit is as much as 15 ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clayey quartz sand, medium-reddish-brown 

(10YR 4/6), medium-red (5R 4/6), and (or) medium-light-gray (N6), 

medium-grained, poorly sorted, and silty to sandy clay. Dominant clay 

minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and illite in variable proportions. 

Soil profile is well developed; B horizon is medium reddish brown (10R

4/6) to dark reddish brown (10R 3/4) and 12 to 16 ft deep. Underlies 

the upper Talbot terrace (Colquhoun, 1974) at elevations between 35 and 

55 ft. Terrestrial vertebrate fossils locally present. Probably accumulated 

in fluvial, estuarine, and lagoonal environments. Unit is as much as 33 ft 

thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-reddish-brown (10YR

4/6) to medium-light-gray (N6), fine- to medium-grained, well-sorted, phosphatic, bioturbated. Dominant clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, 

and illite in order of decreasing abundance. Calcareous fossils leached out. 

Unit is as much as 15 ft thick

Daniel Island beds (informal) (early Pleistocene, between 730 and 

1,600 ka)

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clayey sand, silty to sandy clay, and clay, 

dark-bluish-gray (5B 3/1) to dark-gray (N3), fine- to medium-grained, 

dense; clay-rich beds sticky; interbeds of dark-brownish-gray (5YR 3/1) 

peat. Probably deposited in estuarine to lagoonal environments. Present 

only in subsurface channels (see cross sections A–A' and B–B'). Unit is 

up to 60 ft thick

Penholoway Formation (early Pleistocene, between 730 and 970 ka)

Barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-reddish-brown (10R 4/6) 

to dark-yellowish-orange (10YR 6/6), fine- to medium-grained; abundant 

very fine grained, dark, heavy minerals below soil profile; conspicuously 

crossbedded. Probably deposited as coastal barrier islands. Dominant 

clay minerals are kaolinite and vermiculite, with reworked gibbsite forming 

detrital clayballs at base. Unit is as much as 12 ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clayey to silty sand, sandy to clayey silt, and 

silty to sandy clay, medium-gray (N5) to medium-bluish-gray (5B 5/1); 

weathers to very light gray (N8); commonly well laminated. Dominant 

clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and illite, in variable proportions. 

Probably accumulated in an open lagoonal environment. Soil profile well 

developed; B horizon ranges from medium reddish brown (10R 4/6) to 

mottled dark reddish brown (10R 3/4) and light gray (N7) and is 10 to 15 

ft deep. Underlies the Penholoway terrace (Colquhoun, 1974) at elevations 

between 70 and 75 ft. Phosphate- and quartz-pebble lag beds are present 

locally at base of unit. Unit is as much as 45 ft thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-gray (N5) to 

medium-bluish-gray (5B 5/1) or greenish-gray (5G 6/1), fine- to mediumgrained, phosphatic, bioturbated. Dominant clay minerals are kaolinite, 

illite-smectite, and illite in decreasing order of abundance. Unweathered 

beds contain a moderately diverse molluscan fossil fauna, so this unit 

probably formed as a shallow-marine-shelf deposit. Basal contact typically 

marked by a 1- to 3-in. thick layer of coarse-grained sand, quartz pebbles, 

black phosphate pebbles, and worn and rounded bones and teeth. Unit is 

as much as 22 ft thick

Waccamaw(?) Formation (early Pleistocene, about 1.2 Ma)

Pebbly, coarse sand facies—Gravel to feldspathic pebbly quartz sand, 

coarse-grained, medium-gray (N5), very poorly sorted, subrounded to 

subangular. Present only near Four Hole Swamp and beneath the swamp 

deposits veneering the bottom of Four Hole Swamp. Probably represents 

the relict bed load of a prehistoric channel of the Santee River (Weems 

and Others, 1997). Unit is as much as 25 ft thick

Barrier-island sand facies—Quartz sand, medium-reddish-brown (10R 4/6) 

to dark-yellowish-orange (10R 6/6), fine- to coarse-grained; abundant very 

fine grained heavy minerals below soil profile; conspicuously crossbedded. 

Probably deposited as coastal barrier islands. Dominant clay minerals are 

kaolinite, vermiculite, and gibbsite. Unit is as much as 30 ft thick

Clayey sand and clay facies—Clayey to silty sand, sandy to clayey silt, 

and sandy to silty clay, medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3). Dominant 

clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, illite, and gibbsite, in variable 

proportions. Probably accumulated in marsh, lagoonal, estuarine, and 

deltaic environments. Soil profile deep; B horizon ranges from medium 

reddish brown (10R 4/6) to mottled dark reddish brown (10R 3/4) and 

very light gray (N8) and is 15 to 20 ft deep. Unit is as much as 26 ft 

thick

Fossiliferous shelf-sand facies—Sand, medium-gray (N5) to light-gray 

(N7), fine- to medium-grained, calcareous to very calcareous, phosphatic, 

bioturbated. Dominant clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, and 

illite in decreasing order of abundance. Unweathered beds contain a 

diverse molluscan fossil fauna, so this unit probably formed as a shallow 

marine-shelf deposit. Basal contact typically marked by a 1- to 3-in. thick 

layer of coarse-grained sand, black phosphate pebbles, and worn and 

rounded bones and teeth. Unit is as much as 20 ft thick

Okefenokee Formation (early Pleistocene, about 1.6 Ma)—Clayey 

to silty, poorly sorted sand, sandy to clayey silt, and sandy to silty clay, 

medium-gray (N5) to dark-gray (N3). Dominant clay minerals are kaolinite, illite-smectite, illite, and gibbsite, in variable proportions. Probably 

accumulated in marsh, lagoonal, estuarine, and deltaic environments. 

Soil profile deep; B horizon ranges from medium reddish brown (10YR

4/6) to mottled dark reddish brown (10R 3/4) and very light gray (N8) 

and is 15 to 20 ft deep. Unit is as much as 25 ft thick

Raysor Formation (upper Pliocene, about 3.0 Ma)—Sand, quartzose and 

phosphatic, medium-dark-gray (N4), grayish-brown (5YR 3/2), dark-olivegreen (5GY 2/2) or black (N1), fine- to medium-grained, sparsely shelly. 

Basal contact commonly marked by a thin layer, 1 to 2 in. thick, of black, 

rounded phosphate pebbles 1 to 2 in. in diameter. Unit is as much as 14 

ft thick

Goose Creek Limestone (upper Pliocene, about 3.5 Ma)—Quartzose and 

phosphatic calcarenite, very pale orange (10YR 8/2) (wet) to chalk-white 

(N9) (dry), medium- to coarse-grained, sparsely shelly. Dominant clay 

minerals are kaolinite and illite-smectite. Basal contact marked by a layer 

1 to 4 in. thick of black, rounded phosphate pebbles 1 to 2 in. in diameter. 

Unit is up to 50 ft thick

Marks Head Formation (lower Miocene, about 18 Ma)— Quartzphosphate sand, grayish-olive (10Y 4/2) or olive-gray (5Y 3/2) to 

medium-olive-brown (5Y 4/4), fine-grained; contains attapulgite. Basal 

contact with underlying Ashley Formation typically marked by sparse, 

subrounded phosphate pebbles and (or) rounded fragments of thick oyster 

shells 0.5 to 1.0 in. in diameter. Vertebrate remains locally abundant. 

Present only in subsurface (see cross-sections A–A' and B–B'). Unit is up 

to 50 ft thick 

Parachucla Formation (lower Miocene, about 22 Ma)—Clayey and silty 

fine sand to clayey and fine sandy silt, dark-greenish-gray (5GY 4/1), 

massive, locally phosphatic. Dominant clay mineral is smectite, with 

lesser amounts of illite and kaolinite. Unit is as much as 10 ft thick

 

Edisto Formation (lower Miocene and (or) upper Oligocene, about 

24 Ma)—Calcareous sand to quartzose calcarenite, light-olive-gray 

(5Y 6/1), greenish-gray (5GY 6/1), medium-bluish-green (5BG 4/6) 

or medium-brown (5YR 4/4), mostly fine grained, phosphatic. Base 

of unit locally contains sparse black phosphate pebbles 1 to 2 in. in diameter. Foraminifera abundant; Ostrea haitiensis, other pelecypod shell 

fragments, and bryozoan fragments locally abundant. Unit is as much as 

40 ft thick

Chandler Bridge Formation (upper Oligocene, about 27 Ma)— Quartzphosphate sand, greenish-gray (5GY 6/1), dark-greenish-gray (5GY 4/1) 

or greenish-black (5GY 2/1); fine-grained; and clay, dark-yellowish-brown 

(10YR 4/2), silty. Dominant clay mineral is illite-smectite, with lesser 

amounts of illite and kaolinite; sepiolite occurs in the basal few inches. 

Basal contact with the underlying Ashley Formation (Pa) is a burrowed, 

gently undulating unconformity. Vertebrate remains are abundant. Unit 

is as much as 10 ft thick

Ashley Formation (lower Oligocene, about 29 Ma)—Calcarenite, lightolive-brown (5Y 5/6), fine-grained, phosphatic, massive. Dominant clay 

mineral is illite-smectite, with lesser amounts of sepiolite and attapulgite. 

Base of unit contains densely packed phosphate-pebble bed (1 to 4 in. 

thick), with pebbles modally 1 to 2 in. in diameter. Sparsely macrofossiliferous, but sand-size Foraminifera tests are abundant. Unit is as much 

as 125 ft thick

Harleyville Formation (upper Eocene, about 35 Ma)—Calcarenite, very 

light gray (N9) to light-brown (5YR 6/4), medium-grained, soft, porous; 

dominantly composed of bryozoan fragments. Dominant clay minerals are 

illite-smectite, illite, and kaolinite in order of decreasing abundance; small 

amounts of clinoptilolite also present. Basal 10 ft of unit commonly very 

fine grained calcarenite, probably mostly reworked from the underlying 

Parkers Ferry Formation. Base of unit typically marked by 1 to 6 in. layer 

of black phosphate pebbles and quartz-glauconite sand. Unit is as much as 

35 ft thick

Parkers Ferry Formation (upper Eocene, about 36 Ma)—Calcilutite to 

very fine grained calcarenite, light-bluish-green (5BG 6/6) or grayish-bluegreen (5BG 5/4) to medium-yellowish-green (10GY 6/4), stiff to plastic, 

dense, sticky. Dominant clay mineral is illite-smectite with lesser amounts 

of clinoptilolite. Basal 1 to 2 ft of unit commonly black (N1) and composed 

mostly of phosphate and glauconite sand. Contains numerous short (0.25 

to 0.50 in.) echinoid spines. Unit is as much as 70 ft thick

Tupelo Bay Formation, Pregnall Member (upper Eocene, about 38 

Ma)—In part misidentified as “Harleyville Formation” in Ward and others 

(1979). Calcarenite, light-greenish-gray (5GY 8/1) to olive-gray (5Y 4/1) 

or brownish-gray (5YR 4/1), very fine grained; interlayered with thin (0.5 

to 2.5 in.) indurated strata. Dominant clay mineral is illite-smectite with 

lesser amounts of clinoptilolite. Basal 1 to 2 ft of unit commonly black 

(N1) and composed mostly of phosphate and glauconite sand. Unit is as 

much as 100 ft thick. 

Tupelo Bay Formation, Cross Member (middle Eocene, about 39 Ma)—

Calcarenite, yellowish-gray (5Y 8/1) to light-gray (N7), very fine grained, 

friable but tough; some beds firmly cemented. Macrofossil fragments locally 

abundant. Small amounts (1 to 5 percent) of glauconite and phosphate 

commonly present. Known only from subsurface (see cross section A–A'). 

Unit is as much as 100 ft thick

Santee Limestone (middle Eocene, about 42 Ma)—Calcarenite, finegrained to coarse-grained calcirudite, peloid packstone, and grainstone, 

lighter than yellowish gray (5Y 8/1). Macrofossil fragments consist mostly 

of bryozoans and pelecypods; foraminifera and ostracodes abundant in 

finer lithologies. Unit as much as 70 ft thick. Present only in subsurface 

(see cross-section A–A'). 

REFERENCES CITED

[References containing auger hole and well data are indicated by asterisks]

Colquhoun, D.J., 1974, Cyclic surficial stratigraphic units of the middle and lower coastal 

plains, central South Carolina, in Oaks, R.Q., and DuBar, J.R., eds., Post-Miocene 

stratigraphy, central and southern Atlantic Coastal Plain: Logan, Utah, Utah State 

University Press, p. 179–190.

Goddard, E.N., and others, 1948, Rock-color chart: Washington, D.C., National Research 

Council, 6 p. [Reprinted by Geological Society of America, 1951, 1963, 1970.]

Sanders, A.E., Weems, R.E., and Albright, L.B., III, 2009, Formalization of the middle 

Pleistocene “Ten Mile Hill beds” in South Carolina with evidence for placement of the 

Irvingtonian-Rancholabrean boundary, in Albright, L.B., III, ed., Papers on geology, 

vertebrate paleontology, and biostratigraphy in honor of Michael O. Woodburne: 

Flagstaff, Arizona, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 65, p. 363–370.

Self-Trail, J.M., Prowell, D.C., and Christopher, R.A., 2004, The Collins Creek and 

Pleasant Creek Formations; two new Upper Cretaceous subsurface units in the 

Carolina–Georgia Coastal Plain: Southeastern Geology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 237–252.

Ward, L.W., Blackwelder, B.W., Gohn, G.S., and Poore, R.Z., 1979, Stratigraphic 

revision of Eocene, Oligocene, and lower Miocene formations of South Carolina: 

South Carolina Geological Survey, Geologic Notes, v. 23, no. 1, p. 2–32.

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1984, Geologic map of the Stallsville quadrangle, 

Dorchester and Charleston Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geological Quadrangle Map GQ–1581, scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/gq1581.)

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1984, Geologic map of the Mount Holly quadrangle, Berkeley and Charleston Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geological Quadrangle Map GQ–1579, scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/gq1579.)

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1988, Geologic map of the Moncks 

Corner quadrangle, Berkeley County, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey 

Geological Quadrangle Map GQ–1641, scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/gq1641.) 

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1988, Geologic map of the Ladson quadrangle, 

Berkeley, Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological 

Survey Geological Quadrangle Map GQ–1630, scale 1:24,000. (Also available online 

at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/gq1630.)

*Weems, R.E., Gohn, G.S., and Houser, B.B., 1987, Additions and revisions to the 

auger hole records for the Cainhoy and Charleston quadrangles, South Carolina: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–362, 22 p. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr87362.)

*Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1985, Detailed sections from auger holes and 

outcrops in the Cainhoy, Charleston, and Fort Moultrie quadrangles, South Carolina: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85–378, 65 p. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr85378.)

Weems, R.E., and Obermeier, S.F., 1990, The 1886 Charleston earthquake–An overview 

of geological studies, in v. 2 of Proceedings, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Seventeenth Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting, Rockville, Md., October 23–25, 

1989: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NUREG/CR-0105, v. 2, p. 289–313. 

*Weems, R.E., Lemon, E.M., Jr., and Cron, E.D., 1985, Detailed sections from auger 

holes and outcrops in the Bethera, Cordesville, Huger, and Kittredge quadrangles, South 

Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85–439, 85 p. (Also available online 

at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr85439.)

*Weems, R.E., Lemon, E.M., Jr., and McCartan, Lucy, 1985, Shallow subsurface geology of the North Charleston 7.5-minute quadrangle, South Carolina: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 85–274, 70 p., scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr85274.)

*Weems, R.E., Lemon, E.M., Jr., Gohn, G.S., and Houser, B.B., 1985, Detailed sections 

from auger holes and outcrops in the Ladson, Moncks Corner, Mount Holly, and Stallsville quadrangles, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85–472, 

103 p. (Also available online at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr85472.) 

*Weems, R.E., Lemon, E.M., Jr., Gohn, G.S., and Houser, B.B., 1987, 

Detailed sections from auger holes and outcrops in the Clubhouse Crossroads, 

Johns Island, Osborn, and Ravenel quadrangles, South Carolina: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–661, 159 p. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr87661.)

*Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., Nelson, M.O., Gohn, G.S., and Houser, 

B.B., 1987, Detailed sections from auger holes and outcrops in the Pringletown, 

Ridgeville, Summerville Northwest, and Summerville quadrangles, South Carolina: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87–524, 89 p. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr87524.)

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1989, Geology of the Bethera, Cordesville, Huger, 

and Kittredge quadrangles, Berkeley County, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey 

Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–1854, 2 map sheets, scale 1:24,000. (Also 

available online at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1854.)

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1993, Geology of the Cainhoy, Charleston, 

Fort Moultrie, and North Charleston quadrangles, Charleston and Berkeley 

counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations 

Series Map I–1935, 2 map sheets, scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at 

http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i1935.)

Weems, R.E., and Lemon, E.M., Jr., 1996, Geology of the Clubhouse Crossroads 

and Osborn quadrangles, Charleston and Dorchester counties, South Carolina: U.S. 

Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–2491, 2 map sheets, 

scale 1:24,000. (Also available online at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i2491.)

Weems, R.E., Lemon, E.M., Jr., and Nelson, M.S., 1997, Geology of the Pringletown, 

Ridgeville, Summerville, and Summerville Northwest 7.5-minute quadrangles, Berkeley, 

Charleston, and Dorchester Counties, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I–2502, 2 map sheets, scale 1:24,000. (Also available 

online at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/i2502.)

*Weems, R.E., and Lewis, W.C., 1997, Detailed geologic sections from auger holes in 

northeastern Charleston County, South Carolina, east of 79 degrees 45 minutes west 

longitude: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97–712–A, 82 p. (Also available 

online at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr97712A.)

Weems, R.E., and Lewis, W.C., 2002, Structural and tectonic setting of the Charleston, 

South Carolina region; Evidence from the Tertiary stratigraphic record: Geological 

Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 1, p. 24–42.

Weems, R.E., Self-Trail, J.M., and Edwards, L.E., 2004, Supergroup stratigraphy of the 

Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains (Middle? Jurassic through Holocene, eastern North 

America): Southeastern Geology, v. 42, no. 4, p. 191–216.

CHARLESTON

1993

HARLEYVILLE

PRINGLETOWN

1997

SUMMERVILLE 

NW

1997

MONCKS CORNER

1988

CORDESVILLE

1989

BETHERA

1989

SHULERVILLE

HONEY HILL

SANTEE

MINIM ISLAND

MAPLE CANE

SWAMP

RIDGEVILLE

1997

MOUNT HOLLY

1984

KITTREDGE

1989

SUMMERVILLE

1997

HUGER

1989

OCEAN BAY

AWENDAW

MC CLELLANVILLE

CAPE ROMAIN

COTTAGEVILLE

CLUBHOUSE 

CROSSROADS

1996

LADSON

1988

NORTH 

CHARLESTON

1993

STALLSVILLE

1984

CAINHOY

1993

SEWEE BAY

BULL ISLAND

JACKSONBORO

OSBORN

1996

RAVENEL

JOHNS ISLAND

FORT MOULTRIE

1993

CAPERS INLET

FENWICK

ADAMS RUN

WADMALAW 

ISLAND

LEGAREVILLE

JAMES ISLAND

BENNETS POINT

EDISTO ISLAND

EDISTO BEACH

ROCKVILLE

KIAWAH ISLAND

INDEX OF 7.5-MINUTE GEOLOGIC MAPPING*

33° 15’ N 33° 15’ N

32° 30’ N

80° 30’ W

80° 30’ W

79° 15’ W

79° 15’ W

33° 00’ N

*Shaded quadrangles depict previously published 7.5-minute geologic maps. Full citations are listed in references.