# Patent

## Title
Light weight gypsum board

## Abstract

This invention provides gypsum wallboards with a unique microstructure where the walls between voids are enhanced in thickness and strength to substantially improve the strength and handling properties of the wallboards. A method of making lightweight gypsum wallboards is also provided.

## Background
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/592,481, filed Nov. 2, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/449,177, filed Jun. 7, 2006, and which also is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/445,906, filed Jun. 2, 2006, each one of which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/688,839, filed Jun. 9, 2005. The entire disclosures of each of the foregoing patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a lightweight gypsum wallboard having a microstructure comprising large air voids having unusually thick walls with reinforced densified surfaces. It also pertains to methods of making lightweight wallboard with this microstructure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Certain properties of gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) make it very popular for use in making industrial and building products, such as gypsum wallboard. Gypsum is a plentiful and generally inexpensive raw material which, through a process of dehydration and rehydration, can be cast, molded or otherwise formed into useful shapes. The base material from which gypsum wallboard and other gypsum products are manufactured is the hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate (CaSO4.1⁄2H2O), commonly termed “stucco,” which is produced by heat conversion of the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate (CaSO4.2H2O), from which 11⁄2 water molecules been removed.
Conventional gypsum-containing products such as gypsum wallboard have many advantages, such as low cost and easy workability, although substantial amounts of gypsum dust can be generated when the products are cut or drilled. Various improvements have been achieved in making gypsum-containing products using starches as ingredients in the slurries used to make such products. Pregelatinized starch, like glue, can increase flexural strength and compressive strength of gypsum-containing products including gypsum wallboard. Known gypsum wallboard contains starch at levels of less than about 10 lbs/MSF.
It is also necessary to use substantial amounts of water in gypsum slurries containing pregelatinized starch in order to ensure proper flowability of the slurry. Unfortunately, most of this water eventually must be driven off by drying, which is expensive due to the high cost of the fuels used in the drying process. This drying step is also time-consuming. It has been found that the use of naphthalenesulfonate dispersants can increase the fluidity of the slurries, thus overcoming the water demand problem. In addition, it has also been found that the naphthalenesulfonate dispersants, if the usage level is high enough, can cross-link to the pregelatinized starch to bind the gypsum crystals together after drying, thus increasing dry strength of the gypsum composite. Thus, the combination of the pregelatinized starch and the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant provide a glue-like effect in binding the set gypsum crystals together. Trimetaphosphate salts have not in the past been recognized to affect gypsum slurry water requirements. However, the present inventors have discovered that increasing the level of the trimetaphosphate salt to hitherto unknown levels in the presence of a specific dispersant makes it possible to achieve proper slurry flowability with unexpectedly reduced amounts of water, even in the presence of high starch levels. This, of course, is highly desirable because it in turn reduces fuel usage for drying as well as the process time associated with subsequent water removal process steps. Thus the present inventors have also discovered that the dry strength of gypsum board can be increased by using a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant in combination with pregelatinized starch in the slurry used to make the wallboard.
The gypsum wallboards of the instant invention should be distinguished from acoustical boards or tiles that do not have face sheets. Also, the wallboards of the instant invention should be distinguished from acoustical boards or tiles that include polystyrene as a lightweight aggregate. Importantly, the aforementioned acoustical boards and tiles do not meet many ASTM standards that apply to gypsum wallboards. For example, known acoustical boards do not have the flexural strength required of gypsum wallboards including those of the present invention. Conversely, in order for acoustical boards or tiles to meet ASTM standards, it is required that an exposed surface of the acoustical boards or tiles have hollow voids or depressions that would be undesirable in a gypsum wallboard, and would adversely effect nail pull resistance and surface hardness properties.
Dust generation is a potential problem during the installation of all wallboard. When gypsum wallboard is worked, for example, by cutting, sawing, routing, snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling, substantial amounts of gypsum dust can be generated. For the purposes of the instant disclosure, “dusting” and “dust generation” means the release of airborne dust into the surrounding workspace during working of a gypsum-containing product, by, for example, cutting, sawing, routing, score/snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling the wallboard. Working can also generally include normal board handling, including dust produced on accidentally scraping and gouging the boards during transport, carrying, and installation. If a way could be found to produce a low density wallboard in which such dust generation is significantly reduced, this would represent a particularly useful contribution to the art.
Furthermore, if a way could be found to increase the strength of gypsum wallboard while lowering board weight, this also would be a useful contribution to the art. Air voids in known wallboard products have relatively thin walls in that the wall thickness between voids is about 20 to 30 microns, on average. If a new genre of gypsum wallboards could be provided with a microstructure comprising air voids with walls of enhanced thickness and a reinforced densified surface and therefore increased wall strength, an important and useful contribution to the art would be made. Additionally, if a way could be found to increase void size while increasing the thickness and surface density of the walls between the voids to produce a low density wallboard having enhanced strength and handling properties, this would represent yet another important contribution to the art.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention generally comprises a lightweight gypsum wallboard including a set gypsum core formed between two substantially parallel cover sheets, the set gypsum core having voids generally dispersed throughout the set gypsum core with walls having an average thickness of at least about 30 microns to about 200 microns and reinforced densified surfaces. The set gypsum core is made from a gypsum-containing slurry comprising water, stucco, pregelatinized starch present in an amount from about 0.5% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the weight of stucco, a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant present in an amount from about 0.2% by weight to about 2% by weight based on the weight of stucco, sodium trimetaphosphate present in an amount from about 0.1% by weight to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of stucco, and optionally glass fiber present in an amount up to about 0.2% by weight based on the weight of stucco. Finally, soap foam will be present in an amount effective to provide a set gypsum core density from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf. The term “pcf” is defined as pounds per cubic foot (lb/ft3).
Gypsum wallboard made in accordance with the invention has high strength, yet much lower weight than conventional wallboards. In addition, it has been found that lightweight gypsum wallboard made according to embodiments of the invention have large air voids with unusually thick walls having reinforced surfaces which together strengthen the microstructure of the wallboard core, producing wallboards having outstanding strength and handling properties. In addition, we will describe methods of making such lightweight gypsum boards having outstanding strength and handling properties.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:08) at 15× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:30) at 15× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:50) at 15× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:08) at 50× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:30) at 50× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:50) at 50× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:50) at 500× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:50) at 2,500× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 9-10 are scanning electron photomicrographs of a cast gypsum cube sample (11:50) at 10,000× magnification illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of a control board at 15× magnification illustrating air void distribution, void sizes, average wall thicknesses between the voids and the reinforced surfaces of the walls in the set gypsum core.
FIG. 12 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of a wallboard in accordance with the present invention at 15× magnification illustrating air void distribution, void sizes, average wall thicknesses between the voids and the reinforced surfaces of the walls in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the control board of FIG. 11 at 50× magnification illustrating air void distribution, void sizes, average wall thicknesses between the voids and the reinforced surfaces of the walls in the set gypsum core.
FIG. 14 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 12 at 50× magnification illustrating air void distribution, void sizes, average wall thicknesses between the voids and the reinforced surfaces of the walls in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 12 at 500× magnification illustrating average wall thicknesses between the voids and microstructure features in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 12 at 250× magnification illustrating average wall thicknesses between the voids and microstructure features in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 16 at 500× magnification illustrating average wall thicknesses between the voids and microstructure features in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 16 at 1,000× magnification illustrating average wall thicknesses between the voids and microstructure features in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a scanning electron photomicrograph of a sample of the wallboard of FIG. 16 at 2,500× magnification illustrating average wall thicknesses between the voids and microstructure features in the set gypsum core according to an embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It has unexpectedly been found that gypsum wallboard made using a gypsum-containing slurry including stucco, pregelatinized starch, a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, sodium trimetaphosphate, optionally glass fiber, and an appropriate amount of soap foam, provides increased air void volume wherein the walls surrounding (and hence also between) the air voids are substantially thicker and have reinforced surfaces and are therefore stronger than air voids found in conventional wallboards. The increased air void volume reduces the board density and weight and the thicker reinforced walls make the wallboard stronger by reinforcing the microstructure of the set gypsum core. As a result, finished lightweight wallboards made according to the invention have outstanding nail pull strength, flexural strength, core/edge hardness, and other highly desirable properties. Additionally, in one preferred embodiment, the dry weight of 1⁄2 inch finished lightweight gypsum wallboard made in accordance with the present invention can range from about 1150 lb/MSF to about 1260 lb/MSF, having low board core densities of about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.
The introduction of the soap foam produces small air (bubble) voids, which on average can be less than about 100 microns in diameter, but are generally greater than about 10 microns in diameter, and preferably greater than about 20 microns in diameter, and more preferably greater than about 50 microns in diameter. The invention requires that these small air bubbles, along with evaporative water voids (generally about 5 microns in diameter, or less, normally less than about 2 microns in diameter), are generally evenly distributed throughout the set gypsum core in the finished wallboard products. For example, the set gypsum core can have a total void volume from about 75% to about 95%, and preferably from about 80% to about 92% wherein at least 60% of the total void volume comprises air voids having an average diameter greater than about 10 microns and at least 10% of the total void volume comprises water voids having an average diameter less than about 5 microns. It is believed that the low density board core prepared in this manner with a total void volume of the set gypsum core from about 80% to about 92% as air and water voids (total core void volume) captures a substantial amount of the small dust and other debris in the voids exposed on cutting, sawing, routing, snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling the boards so that dust generation is significantly reduced and does not become air-borne. More preferably, the set gypsum core of the present wallboards can have air voids in a range of about 50 microns in diameter to about 300 microns in diameter, on average.
In one embodiment, the walls of the air voids have an average thickness greater than about 30 microns, up to about 200 microns, on average. Preferably the wall thickness of the voids is at least about 50 microns, on average. More preferably, the wall thickness of the voids is from about 70 microns to about 120 microns, on average. In addition, as shown in FIGS. 15 to 19, smaller crystal size (particularly as very small, very fine needles) and denser packing of the crystals have a part in creating thicker air void walls.
The reinforcing of the surface of the walls is believed to result from migration of the pregelatinized starch/dispersant/sodium trimetaphosphate to the air void surface during the initial drying of the board to fill in needle interstices at the wall surface and hence densify the surface. This reinforces the microstructure of the set gypsum core, producing wallboard with increased strength and enhanced handling characteristics. The resulting reinforced densified surface can be seen, for example, at “A” in FIG. 15, where the indicated densified area runs along the surface of the wall. While it is believed that this reinforced surface comprises migrated pregelatinized starch, dispersant, and sodium trimetaphosphate, the inventors do not intend to be bound by this explanation and recognize that the reinforced surface may comprise less than all three of these materials and may indeed derive from a different source or mechanism.
In a preferred embodiment, the lightweight gypsum wallboard comprises a set gypsum core formed between two substantially parallel cover sheets, the set gypsum core having voids generally dispersed throughout the set gypsum core, the voids defined by thickened walls with reinforced densified surfaces. A preferred set gypsum core is made from a gypsum-containing slurry including water, stucco, pregelatinized starch present in an amount from about 0.5% by weight to about 10% by weight based on the weight of stucco, a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant present in an amount from about 0.2% by weight to about 2% by weight based on the weight of stucco, sodium trimetaphosphate present in an amount from about 0.1% by weight to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of stucco, and optionally glass fiber present in an amount up to about 0.2% by weight based on the weight of stucco.
The rehydration of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (stucco) and consequent hardening requires a specific, theoretical amount of water (11⁄2 moles water/mole of stucco) to form calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals. However, the commercial process generally calls for excess water. This excess process water produces evaporative water voids in the gypsum crystal matrix which are generally substantially irregular in shape, and also are interconnected with other water voids, forming irregular channels in a generally continuous network between set gypsum crystals. In contrast, air (bubble) voids are introduced into the gypsum slurry using soap foam. The air voids are generally spherical/round in shape, and also are generally separated from other air voids and thus generally discontinuous. The water voids can be distributed within the walls of the air voids (see, for example, FIGS. 8-10).
The effectiveness of dust capture depends upon the composition of the set gypsum core. It has been found that the naphthalenesulfonate dispersants, if the usage level is high enough, can cross-link to the pregelatinized starch to bind the gypsum crystals together after drying, thus increasing dry strength of the gypsum composite. Further, it has now unexpectedly been found that the combination of the pregelatinized starch and the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant (organic phase) provides a glue-like effect in binding the set gypsum crystals together, and when this formulation is combined with a particular void volume and void distribution, larger sized fragments are generated on score/snapping of the finished wallboard. This result is further enhanced by the enlarged wall thickness and reinforced densified wall surface microstructure of the present invention. Larger gypsum fragments generally produce less air-borne dust. In contrast, if a conventional wallboard formulation is used, smaller fragments are generated and thus more dust. For example, conventional wallboards can generate dust fragments on saw cutting having an average diameter of about 20-30 microns, and a minimum diameter of about 1 micron. In contrast, the gypsum wallboards of the present invention generate dust fragments on saw cutting having an average diameter of about 30-50 microns, and a minimum diameter of about 2 microns; score/snapping can produce even larger fragments.
In softer wallboards, dust can be captured in both the water voids and air voids (e.g. capture of small gypsum needles as single crystal dust). Harder wallboards favor dust capture in the air voids, since larger chunks or fragments of the set gypsum core are generated on working of these boards. In this case the dust fragments are too large for the water voids, but are trapped in the air voids. It is possible, according to one embodiment of the present invention, to achieve increased dust capture by introducing a preferred void/pore size distribution within the set gypsum core. It is preferred to have a distribution of small and large void sizes, as a distribution of air and water voids. In one embodiment, a preferred air void distribution can be prepared using soap foam. See Examples 6 and 7 below.
The ratio of air voids (greater than about 10 microns) to water voids (less than about 5 microns) within the set gypsum core can range from about 1.8:1 to about 9:1. A preferred ratio of air voids (greater than about 10 microns) to water voids (less than about 5 microns) within the set gypsum core can range from about 2:1 to about 3:1. In one embodiment, the void/pore size distribution within the set gypsum core should range from about 10-30% of voids less about 5 microns and from about 70-90% of voids greater than about 10 microns, as a percentage of total voids measured. Stated in another way, the ratio of air voids (greater than 10 microns) to water voids (less than 5 microns) within the set gypsum core ranges from about 2.3:1 to about 9:1. In a preferred embodiment, the void/pore size distribution within the set gypsum core should range from about 30-35% of voids less about 5 microns and from about 65-70% of voids greater than about 10 microns, as a percentage of total voids measured. Stated in another way, the ratio of air voids (greater than 10 microns) to water voids (less than 5 microns) within the set gypsum core ranges from about 1.8:1 to about 2.3:1.
It is preferred that the average air (bubble) void size be less than about 100 microns in diameter. In a preferred embodiment, the void/pore size distribution within the set gypsum core is: greater than about 100 microns (20%), from about 50 microns to about 100 microns (30%), and less than about 50 microns (50%). That is, a preferred median void/pore size is about 50 microns.
The air voids can reduce the bonding strength between a foamed low density set gypsum core and the cover sheets. Since greater than half of the composite gypsum boards by volume may consist of air voids due to foam, the foam can interfere with the bond between the foamed low density set gypsum core and the paper cover sheets. This is addressed by optionally providing a non-foamed (or reduced-foamed) bonding high density layer on the gypsum core-contacting surfaces of either the top cover sheet or the bottom cover sheet, or both the top cover sheet and the bottom cover sheet, prior to applying the cover sheets to the core. This non-foamed, or alternatively, reduced-foamed, bonding high density layer formulation typically will be the same as that of the gypsum slurry core formulation, except that either no soap will be added, or a substantially reduced amount of soap (foam) will be added. Optionally, in order to form this bonding layer, foam can be mechanically removed from the core formulation, or a different foam-free formulation can be applied at the foamed low density set gypsum core/face paper interface.
Soap foam is preferred to introduce and to control the air (bubble) void sizes and distribution in the set gypsum core, and to control the density of the set gypsum core. A preferred range of soap is from about 0.2 lb/MSF to about 0.7 lb/MSF; a more preferred level of soap is about 0.45 lb/MSF to about 0.5 lb/MSF.
Soap foam must be added in an amount effective to produce the desired densities, and in a controlled manner. In order to control the process, an operator must monitor the head of the board forming line, and keep the envelope filled. If the envelope is not kept filled, wallboards with hollow edges result, since the slurry cannot fill the necessary volume. The envelope volume is kept filled by increasing the soap usage to prevent rupture of air bubbles during manufacturing of the board (for better retaining the air bubbles), or by increasing the air foam rate. Thus, generally, the envelope volume is controlled and adjusted either by increasing or decreasing the soap usage, or by increasing or decreasing the air foam rate. The art of controlling the head includes adjustments to the “dynamic slurry” on the table by adding soap foam to increase slurry volume, or by decreasing soap foam usage to decrease slurry volume.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, there are provided finished gypsum-containing products made from gypsum-containing slurries containing stucco, pregelatinized starch, and a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant. The naphthalenesulfonate dispersant is present in an amount of about 0.1%-3.0% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco. The pregelatinized starch is present in an amount of at least about 0.5% by weight up to about 10% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco in the formulation. Other ingredients that may be used in the slurry include binders, waterproofing agents, paper fiber, glass fiber, clay, biocide, and accelerators. The present invention requires the addition of a soap foam to the newly formulated gypsum-containing slurries to reduce the density of the finished gypsum-containing product, for example, gypsum wallboard, and to control dusting by introduction of a total void volume of from about 75% to about 95%, and preferably from about 80% to about 92%, in the form of small air (bubble) voids and water voids in the set gypsum core. Preferably, the average pore size distribution will be from about 1 micron (water voids) to about 40-50 microns (air voids).
Optionally, the combination of from about 0.5% by weight up to about 10% by weight pregelatinized starch, from about 0.1% by weight up to about 3.0% by weight naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, and a minimum of at least about 0.12% by weight up to about 0.4% by weight of trimetaphosphate salt (all based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum slurry) unexpectedly and significantly increases the fluidity of the gypsum slurry. This substantially reduces the amount of water required to produce a gypsum slurry with sufficient flowability to be used in making gypsum-containing products such as gypsum wallboard. The level of trimetaphosphate salt, which is at least about twice that of standard formulations (as sodium trimetaphosphate), is believed to boost the dispersant activity of the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.
A naphthalenesulfonate dispersant must be used in gypsum-containing slurries prepared in accordance with the present invention. The naphthalenesulfonate dispersants used in the present invention include polynaphthalenesulfonic acid and its salts (polynaphthalenesulfonates) and derivatives, which are condensation products of naphthalenesulfonic acids and formaldehyde. Particularly desirable polynaphthalenesulfonates include sodium and calcium naphthalenesulfonate. The average molecular weight of the naphthalenesulfonates can range from about 3,000 to 27,000, although it is preferred that the molecular weight be about 8,000 to 22,000, and more preferred that the molecular weight be about 12,000 to 17,000. As a commercial product, a higher molecular weight dispersant has higher viscosity, and lower solids content, than a lower molecular weight dispersant. Useful naphthalenesulfonates include DILOFLO, available from GEO Specialty Chemicals, Cleveland, Ohio; DAXAD, available from Hampshire Chemical Corp., Lexington, Mass.; and LOMAR D, available from GEO Specialty Chemicals, Lafayette, Ind. The naphthalenesulfonates are preferably used as aqueous solutions in the range 35-55% by weight solids content, for example. It is most preferred to use the naphthalenesulfonates in the form of an aqueous solution, for example, in the range of about 40-45% by weight solids content. Alternatively, where appropriate, the naphthalenesulfonates can be used in dry solid or powder form, such as LOMAR D, for example.
The polynaphthalenesulfonates useful in the present invention have the general structure (I):




wherein n is >2, and wherein M is sodium, potassium, calcium, and the like.

The naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, preferably as an about 45% by weight solution in water, may be used in a range of from about 0.5% to about 3.0% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum composite formulation. A more preferred range of naphthalenesulfonate dispersant is from about 0.5% to about 2.0% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco, and a most preferred range from about 0.7% to about 2.0% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco. In contrast, known gypsum wallboard contains this dispersant at levels of about 0.4% by weight, or less, based on the weight of dry stucco.
Stated in an another way, the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, on a dry weight basis, may be used in a range from about 0.1% to about 1.5% by weight based of the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum composite formulation. A more preferred range of naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, on a dry solids basis, is from about 0.25% to about 0.7% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco, and a most preferred range (on a dry solids basis) from about 0.3% to about 0.7% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco.
The gypsum-containing slurry can optionally contain a trimetaphosphate salt, for example, sodium trimetaphosphate. Any suitable water-soluble metaphosphate or polyphosphate can be used in accordance with the present invention. It is preferred that a trimetaphosphate salt be used, including double salts, that is trimetaphosphate salts having two cations. Particularly useful trimetaphosphate salts include sodium trimetaphosphate, potassium trimetaphosphate, calcium trimetaphosphate, sodium calcium trimetaphosphate, lithium trimetaphosphate, ammonium trimetaphosphate, and the like, or combinations thereof. A preferred trimetaphosphate salt is sodium trimetaphosphate. It is preferred to use the trimetaphosphate salt as an aqueous solution, for example, in the range of about 10-15% by weight solids content. Other cyclic or acyclic polyphosphates can also be used, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,825 to Yu et al., herein incorporated by reference.
Sodium trimetaphosphate is a known additive in gypsum-containing compositions, although it is generally used in a range of from about 0.05% to about 0.08% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum slurry. In the embodiments of the present invention, sodium trimetaphosphate (or other water-soluble metaphosphate or polyphosphate) can be present in the range of from about 0.10% to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum composite formulation. A preferred range of sodium trimetaphosphate (or other water-soluble metaphosphate or polyphosphate) is from about 0.12% to about 0.3% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum composite formulation.
There are two forms of stucco, alpha and beta. These two types of stucco are produced by different means of calcination. In the present inventions either the beta or the alpha form of stucco may be used.
Starches, including pregelatinized starch in particular, must be used in gypsum-containing slurries prepared in accordance with the present invention. A preferred pregelatinized starch is pregelatinized corn starch, for example pregelatinized corn flour available from Bunge Milling, St. Louis, Mo., having the following typical analysis: moisture 7.5%, protein 8.0%, oil 0.5%, crude fiber 0.5%, ash 0.3%; having a green strength of 0.48 psi; and having a loose bulk density of 35.0 lb/ft3. Pregelatinized corn starch should be used in an amount of at least about 0.5% by weight up to about 10% by weight, based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum-containing slurry. In a more preferred embodiment, pregelatinized starch is present in an amount from about 0.5% by weight to about 4% by weight, based on the weight of dry stucco used in the gypsum-containing slurry.
The present inventors have further discovered that an unexpected increase in dry strength (particularly in wallboard) can be obtained by using at least about 0.5% by weight up to about 10% by weight pregelatinized starch (preferably pregelatinized corn starch) in the presence of about 0.1% by weight to 3.0% by weight naphthalenesulfonate dispersant (starch and naphthalenesulfonate levels based on the weight of dry stucco present in the formulation). This unexpected result can be obtained whether or not water-soluble trimetaphosphate or polyphosphate is present.
In addition, it has unexpectedly been found that pregelatinized starch can be used at levels of at least about 10 lb/MSF, or more, in the dried gypsum wallboard made in accordance with the present invention, yet high strength and low weight can be achieved. Levels as high as 35-45 lb/MSF pregelatinized starch in the gypsum wallboard have been shown to be effective. As an example, Formulation B, as shown in Tables 1 and 2 below, includes 45 lb/MSF, yet produced a board weight of 1042 lb/MSF having excellent strength. In this example (Formulation B), a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant as a 45% by weight solution in water, was used at a level of 1.28% by weight.
A further unexpected result may be achieved with the present invention when the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant trimetaphosphate salt combination is combined with pregelatinized corn starch, and optionally, paper fiber or glass fiber. Gypsum wallboard made from formulations containing these three ingredients have increased strength and reduced weight, and are more economically desirable due to the reduced water requirements in their manufacture. Useful levels of paper fiber can range up to about 2% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco. Useful levels of glass fiber can range up to about 2% by weight based on the weight of dry stucco.
Accelerators can be used in the gypsum-containing compositions of the present invention, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,409,825 to Yu et al., herein incorporated by reference. One desirable heat resistant accelerator (HRA) can be made from the dry grinding of landplaster (calcium sulfate dihydrate). Small amounts of additives (normally about 5% by weight) such as sugar, dextrose, boric acid, and starch can be used to make this HRA. Sugar, or dextrose, is currently preferred. Another useful accelerator is “climate stabilized accelerator” or “climate stable accelerator,” (CSA) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,947, herein incorporated by reference.
Water/stucco (w/s) ratio is an important parameter, since excess water must eventually be driven off by heating. In the embodiments of the present invention, a preferred w/s ratio is from about 0.7 to about 1.3.
Other gypsum slurry additives can include accelerators, binders, waterproofing agents, paper or glass fibers, clay, biocide, and other known constituents.
Cover sheets may be made of paper as in conventional gypsum wallboard, although other useful cover sheet materials known in the art (e.g. fibrous glass mats) may be used. Paper cover sheets provide strength characteristics in the gypsum wallboard. Useful cover sheet paper includes Manila 7-ply and News-Line 5-ply, available from United States Gypsum Corporation, Chicago, Ill.; Grey-Back 3-ply and Manila Ivory 3-ply, available from Caraustar, Newport, Ind.; Manila heavy paper and MH Manila HT (high tensile) paper, available from United States Gypsum Corporation, Chicago, Ill. The paper cover sheets comprise top cover sheets, or face paper, and bottom cover sheets, or back paper. A preferred back cover sheet paper is 5-ply News-Line. Preferred face cover sheet papers include MH Manila HT (high tensile) paper and Manila 7-ply.
Fibrous mats may also be used as one or both of the cover sheets. One useful fibrous mat is a glass fiber mat in which filaments of glass fiber are bonded together by an adhesive. Preferably the fibrous mats will be nonwoven glass fiber mats in which filaments of glass fiber are bonded together by an adhesive. Most preferably, the nonwoven glass fiber mats will have a heavy resin coating. For example, Duraglass nonwoven glass fiber mats, available from Johns-Manville, having a weight of about 1.2-2.0 lb/100 ft2, with about 40-50% of the mat weight coming from the resin coating, could be used. Other useful fibrous mats include, but are not limited to, woven glass mats and non-cellulosic fabrics.
The following examples further illustrate the invention. They should not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the invention.
Example 1
Sample Gypsum Slurry Formulations
Gypsum slurry formulations are shown in Table 1 below. All values in Table 1 are expressed as weight percent based on the weight of dry stucco. Values in parentheses are dry weight in pounds (lb/MSF).











TABLE 1







Component
Formulation A
Formulation B









Stucco (lb/MSF)
(732)
(704)













sodium
0.20
(1.50)
0.30
(2.14)



trimetaphosphate



Dispersant
0.18
(1.35)
0.581
(4.05)



(naphthalenesulfonate)



Pregelatinized starch
2.7
(20)
6.4
(45)



(dry powder)












Board starch
0.41
(3.0)
 0











Heat resistant
 (15)
 (15)



accelerator (HRA)













Glass fiber
0.27
(2.0)
0.28
(2.0)












Paper fiber
 0
0.99
(7.0)













Soap*
0.03
(0.192)
0.03
(0.192)











Total Water (lb.)
805
852



Water/Stucco ratio
   1.10
   1.21







*Used to pregenerate foam.



11.28% by weight as a 45% aqueous solution.






Example 2
Preparation of Wallboards
Sample gypsum wallboards were prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,284 to Yu et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,550 to Yu et al., herein incorporated by reference. This includes the separate generation of foam and introduction of the foam into the slurry of all of the other ingredients as described in Example 5 of these patents.
Test results for gypsum wallboards made using the Formulations A and B of Example 1, and a normal control board are shown in Table 2 below. As in this example and other examples below, nail pull resistance, core hardness, and flexural strength tests were performed according to ASTM C-473. Additionally, it is noted that typical gypsum wallboard is approximately 1⁄2 inch thick and has a weight of between about 1600 to 1800 pounds per 1,000 square feet of material, or lb/MSF. (“MSF” is a standard abbreviation in the art for a thousand square feet; it is an area measurement for boxes, corrugated media and wallboard.)










TABLE 2






Control
Formulation A
Formulation B


Lab test result
Board
Board
Board


















Board weight (lb/MSF)
1587
1066
1042


Nail pull resistance (lb)
81.7
50.2
72.8


Core hardness (lb)
16.3
5.2
11.6


Humidified bond load
17.3
20.3
15.1


(lb)


Humidified bond
0.6
5
11.1


failure (%)


Flexural strength, face-
47
47.2
52.6


up (MD) (lb)


Flexural strength, face-
51.5
66.7
78.8


down (MD) (lb)


Flexural strength, face-
150
135.9
173.1


up (XMD) (lb)


Flexural strength, face-
144.4
125.5
165.4


down (XMD) (lb)





MD: machine direction


XMD: across machine direction






As illustrated in Table 2, gypsum wallboards prepared using the Formulation A and B slurries have significant reductions in weight compared to the control board. With reference again to Table 1, the comparisons of the Formulation A board to the Formulation B board are most striking. The water/stucco (w/s) ratios are similar in Formulation A and Formulation B. A significantly higher level of naphthalenesulfonate dispersant is also used in Formulation B. Also, in Formulation B substantially more pregelatinized starch was used, about 6% by weight, a greater than 100% increase over Formulation A accompanied by marked strength increases. Even so, the water demand to produce the required flowability remained low in the Formulation B slurry, the difference being about 10% in comparison to Formulation A. The low water demand in both Formulations is attributed to the synergistic effect of the combination of naphthalenesulfonate dispersant and sodium trimetaphosphate in the gypsum slurry, which increases the fluidity of the gypsum slurry, even in the presence of a substantially higher level of pregelatinized starch.
As illustrated in Table 2, the wallboard prepared using the Formulation B slurry has substantially increased strength compared with the wallboard prepared using the Formulation A slurry. By incorporating increased amounts of pregelatinized starch in combination with increased amounts of naphthalenesulfonate dispersant and sodium trimetaphosphate, nail pull resistance in the Formulation B board improved by 45% over the Formulation A board. Substantial increases in flexural strength were also observed in the Formulation B board as compared to the Formulation A board.
Example 3
1⁄2 Inch Gypsum Wallboard Weight Reduction Trials
Further gypsum wallboard examples (Boards C, D and E), including slurry formulations and test results are shown in Table 3 below. The slurry formulations of Table 3 include the major components of the slurries. Values in parentheses are expressed as weight percent based on the weight of dry stucco.












TABLE 3







Control
Formulation
Formulation
Formulation



Board
C Board
D Board
E Board




















Trial formulation






component/parameter


Dry stucco (lb/MSF)
1300
1281
1196
1070


Accelerator (lb/MSF)
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.2


DILOFLO1 (lb/MSF)
4.1 (0.32%)
8.1 (0.63%)
8.1 (0.68%)
8.1 (0.76%)


Regular starch (lb/MSF)
5.6 (0.43%)
0
0
0


Pregelatinized corn starch
0
 10 (0.78%)
 10 (0.84%)
 10 (0.93%)


(lb/MSF)


Sodium trimetaphosphate
0.7 (0.05%)
1.6 (0.12%)
1.6 (0.13%)
1.6 (0.15%)


(lb/MSF)


Total water/stucco ratio
0.82
0.82
0.82
0.84


(w/s)


Trial formulation test results


Dry board weight
1611
1570
1451
1320


(lb/MSF)


Nail pull resistance (lb)
77.3†
85.5
77.2
65.2





†ASTM standard: 77 lb


1DILOFLO is a 45% Naphthalensulfonate solution in water






As illustrated in Table 3, Boards C, D, and E were made from a slurry having substantially increased amounts of starch, DILOFLO dispersant, and sodium trimetaphosphate in comparison with the control board (about a two-fold increase on a percentage basis for the starch and dispersant, and a two- to three-fold increase for the trimetaphosphate), while maintaining the w/s ratio constant. Nevertheless, board weight was significantly reduced and strength as measured by nail pull resistance was not dramatically affected. Therefore, in this example of an embodiment of the invention, the new formulation (such as, for example, Board D) can provide increased starch formulated in a usable, flowable slurry, while maintaining the same w/s ratio and adequate strength.
Example 4
Wet Gypsum Cube Strength Test
The wet cube strength tests were carried out by using Southard CKS board stucco, available from United States Gypsum Corp., Chicago, Ill. and tap water in the laboratory to determine their wet compressive strength. The following lab test procedure was used.
Stucco (1000 g), CSA (2 g), and tap water (1200 cc) at about 70° F. were used for each wet gypsum cube cast. Pregelatinized corn starch (20 g, 2.0% based on stucco wt.) and CSA (2 g, 0.2% based on stucco wt.) were thoroughly dry mixed first in a plastic bag with the stucco prior to mixing with a tap water solution containing both naphthalenesulfonate dispersant and sodium trimetaphosphate. The dispersant used was DILOFLO dispersant (1.0-2.0%, as indicated in Table 4). Varying amounts of sodium trimetaphosphate were used also as indicated in Table 4.
The dry ingredients and aqueous solution were initially combined in a laboratory Warning blender, the mixture produced allowed to soak for 10 sec, and then the mixture was mixed at low speed for 10 sec in order to make the slurry. The slurries thus formed were cast into three 2′′×2′′×2′′ cube molds. The cast cubes were then removed from the molds, weighed, and sealed inside plastic bags to prevent moisture loss before the compressive strength test was performed. The compressive strength of the wet cubes was measured using an ATS machine and recorded as an average in pounds per square inch (psi). The results obtained were as follows:











TABLE 4






Sodium tri-






metaphosphate,
DILOFLO1


Test
grams
(wt % based
Wet cube
Wet cube


Sample
(wt % based
on dry
weight
compressive


No.
on dry stucco)
stucco)
(2′′ × 2′′ × 2′′), g
strength, psi



















1
0
1.5
183.57
321


2
0.5 (0.05) 
1.5
183.11
357


3
1 (0.1)
1.5
183.19
360


4
2 (0.2)
1.5
183.51
361


5
4 (0.4)
1.5
183.65
381


6
10 (1.0) 
1.5
183.47
369


7
0
1.0
184.02
345


8
0.5 (0.05) 
1.0
183.66
349


9
1 (0.1)
1.0
183.93
356


10
2 (0.2)
1.0
182.67
366


11
4 (0.4)
1.0
183.53
365


12
10 (1.0) 
1.0
183.48
341


13
0
2.0
183.33
345


14
0.5 (0.05) 
2.0
184.06
356


15
1 (0.1)
2.0
184.3
363


16
2 (0.2)
2.0
184.02
363


17
4 (0.4)
2.0
183.5
368


18
10 (1.0) 
2.0
182.68
339





1DILOFLO is a 45% Naphthalensulfonate solution in water






As illustrated in Table 4, Samples 4-5, 10-11, and 17, having levels of sodium trimetaphosphate in the about 0.12-0.4% range of the present invention generally provided superior wet cube compressive strength as compared to samples with sodium trimetaphosphate outside this range.
Example 5
1⁄2 Inch Light Weight Gypsum Wallboard Plant Production Trials
Further trials were performed (Trial Boards 1 and 2), including slurry formulations and test results are shown in Table 5 below. The slurry formulations of Table 5 include the major components of the slurries. Values in parentheses are expressed as weight percent based on the weight of dry stucco.












TABLE 5








Plant

Plant



Control
Formulation
Control
Formulation



Board 1
Trial Board 1
Board 2
Trial Board 2




















Trial formulation






component/parameter


Dry stucco (lb/MSF)
1308
1160
1212
1120


DILOFLO1 (lb/MSF)
5.98 (0.457%)
7.98 (0.688%)
7.18 (0.592%)
8.99 (0.803%)


Regular starch (lb/MSF)
5.0 (0.38%)
0
4.6 (0.38%)
0


Pregelatinized corn starch
2.0 (0.15%)
 10 (0.86%)
2.5 (0.21%)
9.0 (0.80%)


(lb/MSF)


Sodium trimetaphosphate
0.7 (0.05%)
2.0 (0.17%)
0.6 (0.05%)
1.6 (0.14%)


(lb/MSF)


Total water/stucco ratio
0.79
0.77
0.86
0.84


(w/s)


Trial formulation


test results


Dry board weight
1619
1456
1553
1443


(lb/MSF)


Nail pull resistance (lb)
81.5†
82.4
80.7
80.4


Flexural strength,
41.7
43.7
44.8
46.9


average (MD) (lb)


Flexural strength,
134.1
135.5
146
137.2


average (XMD) (lb)


Humidified bond2 load,
19.2
17.7
20.9
19.1


average (lb)


Humidified bond2,3
1.6
0.1
0.5
0


failure (%)





†ASTM standard: 77 lb


MD: machine direction


XMD: across machine direction


1DILOFLO is a 45% Naphthalensulfonate solution in water


290° F./90% Relative Humidity


3It is well understood that under these test conditions, percentage failure rates <50% are acceptable.






As illustrated in Table 5, Trial Boards 1 and 2 were made from a slurry having substantially increased amounts of starch, DILOFLO dispersant, and sodium trimetaphosphate, while slightly decreasing the w/s ratio, in comparison with the control boards. Nevertheless, strength as measured by nail pull resistance and flexural testing was maintained or improved, and board weight was significantly reduced. Therefore, in this example of an embodiment of the invention, the new formulation (such as, for example, Trial Boards 1 and 2) can provide increased trimetaphosphate and starch formulated in a usable, flowable slurry, while maintaining substantially the same w/s ratio and adequate strength.
Example 6
1⁄2 Inch Ultra-Light Weight Gypsum Wallboard Plant Production Trials
Further trials were performed (Trial Boards 3 and 4) using Formulation B (Example 1) as in Example 2, except that the pregelatinized corn starch was prepared with water at 10% concentration (wet starch preparation) and a blend of HYONIC 25 AS and PFM 33 soaps (available from GEO Specialty Chemicals, Lafayette, Ind.) was used. For example, Trial Board 3 was prepared with a blend of HYONIC 25 AS and PFM 33 ranging from 65-70% by weight of 25AS, and the balance PFM 33. For example, Trial Board 4 was prepared with a 70/30 wt./wt. blend of HYONIC 25AS/HYONIC PFM 33. The trial results are shown in Table 6 below.









TABLE 6






Trial Board 3
Trial Board 4



(Formulation B plus
(Formulation B plus



HYONIC soap blend
HYONIC soap blend



65/35)
70/30)


Lab test result
(n = 12)
(n = 34)*

















Board weight (lb/MSF)
1106
1013


Nail pull resistancea (lb)
85.5
80.3


Core hardnessb (lb)
>15
12.4


Flexural strength,
55.6
60.31


averagec (MD) (lb)


Flexural strength,
140.1
142.31


averaged (XMD) (lb)





*Except as marked.


1n = 4


MD: machine direction


XMD: across machine direction


aASTM standard: 77 lb


bASTM standard: 11 lb


cASTM standard: 36 lb


dASTM standard: 107 lb






It is noted that the formulations described in this Example, which appears in parent U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/592,481, filed Nov. 2, 2006, produces gypsum wallboard as described in the following Examples 7-9 having large air voids with unusually thick walls having reinforced densified surfaces. As illustrated in Table 6, strength characteristics as measured by nail pull and core hardness were above the ASTM standard. Flexural strength was also measured to be above the ASTM standard. Again, in this example of an embodiment of the invention, the new formulation (such as, for example, Trial Boards 3 and 4) can provide increased trimetaphosphate and starch formulated in a usable, flowable slurry, while maintaining adequate strength.
Example 7
Percentage Void Volume Calculation in 1⁄2 Inch Thick Gypsum Wallboard Core as a Function of Board Weight and Saw Cutting Results
Further trials were performed in order to determine void volumes and densities (Trial Boards No. 5 to 13) using Formulation B (Example 1) as in Example 2, except that the pregelatinized corn starch was prepared with water at 10% concentration (wet starch preparation), 0.5% glass fiber was used, and naphthalenesulfonate (DILOFLO) was used at a level of 1.2% by weight as a 45% aqueous solution. Soap foam was made using a soap foam generator and introduced into the gypsum slurry in an amount effective to provide the desired densities. In the present example, soap was used at a level from 0.25 lb/MSF to 0.45 lb/MSF. That is, the soap foam usage was increased or decreased as appropriate. In each sample, the wallboard thickness was 1⁄2 inch, and the core volume was assumed to be uniform at 39.1 ft3/MSF. Void volumes were measured across 4 ft wide wallboard samples from which the front and back paper was removed. The front and back papers can have a thickness in the range 11-18 mil (each side). Void volumes/pore sizes and pore size distribution were determined by scanning electron microscopy (see Example 8 below) and X-ray CT-scanning technology (XMT).














TABLE 7








Foam

Evap.
Total





Foam
Pore
Evaporative
Pore
Core
Board


Trial
Board
Void
Size
Void
Size
Void
Core


Board
Weight
Volume1
Distribution
Volume2
Distribution
Volume3
Density


No.
(lb/MSF)
(ft3/MSF)
(%)†
(ft3/MSF)
(%)†
(%)
(pcf)4






















5
1600-1700
15
54
12.7
46
70.8
39-41



(Control)


6
1400
19.6
66
10.3
34
76.5
34


7
1300
21.1
69
9.4
31
78.0
31


8
1200
20.9
68
10.0
32
79.0
28


9
1100
21.1
67
10.4
33
80.6
26


10
1000
20.9
65
11.1
35
81.8
23


11
900
23.4
71
9.5
29
84.1
21


12
800
25.5
76
8.1
24
85.9
18


13
500
31.5
88
4.5
12
92.1
10





1>10 micron air (bubble) voids


2<5 micron water voids


3Based on uniform core vol. = 39.1 ft3/MSF; i.e., Total core void volume = foam void vol. + evaporative void vol./39.1 × 100


4Based on uniform core vol. = 39.1 ft3/MSF; i.e., Board core density (pcf) = Board weight (lb/MSF) − weight of paper cover sheets (lb/MSF)/39.1 ft3/MSF = Board weight (lb/MSF) − 90 lb/MSF/39.1 ft3/MSF


†Percent of total voids measured






As illustrated in Table 7, trial board samples having total core void volumes ranging from 79.0% to 92.1% were made, which correspond to board core densities ranging from 28 pcf down to 10 pcf, respectively. As an example, saw cutting of Trial board 10, having a total core void volume of 81.8% and a board core density of 23 pcf, generated about 30% less dust than control board. As an additional example, if wallboards with a conventional formulation having less binder (as starch with or without dispersant) were made that had significantly less that about 75-80% total core void volume, significantly greater dust generation would be expected on cutting, sawing, routing, snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling. For example, conventional wallboards can generate dust fragments on saw cutting having an average diameter of about 20-30 microns, and a minimum diameter of about 1 micron. In contrast, the gypsum wallboards of the present invention will generate dust fragments on saw cutting having an average diameter of about 30-50 microns, and a minimum diameter of about 2 microns; score/snapping will produce even larger fragments.
It has been shown that the combination of several key components used to make the gypsum-containing slurry, namely: stucco, naphthalenesulfonate dispersant, pregelatinized corn starch, sodium trimetaphosphate, and glass and/or paper fibers, in combination with a sufficient and effective amount of soap foam, can have a synergistic effect in producing a useful low density gypsum wallboard that also dramatically reduces gypsum dust formation during knife cutting, saw cutting, score/snapping, drilling, and normal board handling.
Example 8
Determination of Air Bubble Void Sizes and Water Void Sizes in Trial Board No. 10, and Gypsum Crystal Morphology
Cast gypsum cubes (2 inch×2 inch×2 inch) from the plant trial to prepare Trial Board No. 10 were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Air bubble voids and evaporative water voids were observed and measured, as well as gypsum crystal size and shape.
Three sample cubes were made and labeled 11:08, 11:30, and 11:50, respectively. FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate the air bubble void sizes and distribution for each sample at 15× magnification. FIGS. 4 to 6 illustrate the air bubble void sizes and distribution for each sample at 50× magnification.
At higher magnifications, water voids were observed, for example in the generally substantially larger air bubble void walls, as shown in FIGS. 7 to 10 for sample cube 11:50, up to 10,000× magnification. Almost all of the gypsum crystals were needles; few platelets were observed. The density and packing of the needles varied on the surfaces of the air bubble voids. Gypsum needles were also observed in the water voids in the air bubble void walls.
The SEM results demonstrate that in the gypsum-containing products made according to the present invention, the air and water voids are generally evenly distributed throughout the set gypsum core. The observed void sizes and void distributions also demonstrate that sufficient free space is formed as air and water voids (total core void volume) such that a substantial amount of the gypsum dust produced will be captured in the surrounding voids exposed upon normal board handling and during the cutting, sawing, routing, snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling and does not become air-borne.
Example 9
Dust Capture in Low Dust Gypsum Wallboard
If a wallboard were prepared according to the teachings of the present invention as in Example 7, it is expected that the gypsum dust produced on working the wallboard would comprise at least 50% by weight gypsum fragments larger than about 10 microns in diameter. At least about 30% or more of the total dust generated by working the wallboard by cutting, sawing, routing, score/snapping, nailing or screwing down, and drilling, would be captured.
Example 10
Additional 1⁄2 Inch Light Weight Gypsum Wallboard Plant Production Trial Formulation
Examples 7 to 9 provide a light weight wallboard having increased void volume. The remaining examples parallel those of Examples 7 to 9 but also highlight the increased wall thickness and reinforced densified void wall surfaces of the wallboard microstructure. It is noted, in this connection, that the photomicrographs of FIGS. 5 and 6 of Example 8 show a microstructure comprising both large air voids and walls of enhanced thickness in accordance with the present invention.
Thus further slurry formulations (Trial 14) were prepared as shown in Table 8 below. The slurry formulations of Table 8 include the major components of the slurries. Values in parentheses are expressed as weight percent based on the weight of dry stucco.










TABLE 8






Plant




Trial formulation
Formulation
Control
Control


component/parameter
Trial 14
Formulation A
Formulation B


















Dry stucco (lb/MSF)
902
1145
1236


DILOFLO1 (lb/MSF)
14 (1.6%) 
5.22 (0.456%)
1.98 (0.160%)


Regular starch
0
2.0 (0.17%)
4.0 (0.32%)


(lb/MSF)


Pregelatinized corn
26 (2.9%) 
5.6 (0.49%)
0


starch (lb/MSF)


Sodium tri-
2.78 (0.308%)
0.74 (0.06%) 
0.61 (0.05%) 


metaphosphate


(lb/MSF)


Glass fiber (lb/MSF)
2.0 (0.22%)
0.34 (0.03%) 
—


Soap blend2 (lb/MSF)
0.52 (0.058%)
N/A
N/A


Total water/stucco
0.87
0.82
0.78


ratio (w/s)





1DILOFLO is a 45% Naphthalensulfonate solution in water


295/5 wt./wt. blend of HYONIC 25 AS and PFM 33 soaps. Note that during dynamic manufacturing process, the soap ratio can range from 70/30 upwards to a desired target range, e.g. from 70/30 to 80/20 to 85/15 or up to 90/10.






Example 11
Additional 1⁄2 Inch Light Weight Gypsum Wallboard Plant Production Trials
Test results for gypsum wallboards made using the Plant Trial Formulation 14 and Control Formulation A of Example 10, and two conventional competitive boards, are shown in Table 9 below. After conditioning at 70° F./50% Relative Humidity for 24 hours, the wallboard samples were tested for nail pull resistance, edge/core hardness, flexural strength, and 16-hour humidified bond. Nail pull resistance, edge/core hardness, humidified deflection, and flexural strength tests were performed according to ASTM C-473. Non-combustibility was performed according to ASTM E-136. Surface burning characteristics testing was performed according to ASTM E-84 to determine Flame-Spread Index (FSI). Board samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (see Example 12 below) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Board samples can also be analyzed by X-ray CT-scanning technology (XMT).
Dust generation measurements by saw-cutting and drilling tests. To determine dust generation by drilling, 50 holes were drilled in a finished wallboard sample using a drill press and the resulting gypsum dust was collected. To determine dust generation by hand-sawing, five 1 foot length sections of finished wallboard were cut and the resulting gypsum dust was collected. To determine dust generation by hole-sawing, 5 circles of 4 inch diameter were cut into a finished wallboard sample and the resulting gypsum dust was collected.











TABLE 9






Plant






Formulation
Control
Conventional
Conventional


Trial formulation
Trial Board
Formulation
Competitive
Competitive


test results
14
Board A
Gypsum Board 1
Gypsum Board 2



















Dry board weight
1232
1439
1655
1652


(lb/MSF)


Nail pull resistance
80.5
89.2
73.8
72.0


(lb)


Flexural strength,
44.9
43.8
39.3
50.4


average (MD) (lb)


Flexural strength,
146.1
130.1
126.7
124.4


average (XMD) (lb)


Hardness, core (lb)
17.6
20.3
16.7
16.7


Hardness, edge (lb)
33.9
31.2
27.0
22.3


Humidified deflection
0.22
0.22
4.38
4.10


(in)


16-hour Humidified
14.3
13.5
10.7
10.0


bond1 load,


average (FU) (lb)


16-hour Humidified
15.8
13.7
14.6
11.2


bond1 load,


average (FD) (lb)


Non-combustibility
Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass


Flame-Spread Index
15
15
N/A
N/A


Dust generation, drill
1.20
1.35
1.59
1.53


(g)


Dust generation, hole
19.63
20.93
21.83
21.87


saw (g)


Dust generation, hand
11.82
13.42
14.02
14.54


saw (g)





190° F./90% Relative Humidity






As illustrated in Table 9, Trial Board 14 strength characteristics as measured by nail pull resistance, flexural strength, and edge/core hardness were superior to conventional competitive boards and exceeded the ASTM standard. Humidified deflection (sag) was superior to conventional competitive boards and exceeded the ASTM standard. Humidified bond: In addition to excellent paper-to-core bonding (no failure), Trial Board No. 14 had the best results for bond strength, as shown in Table 9. Finally, in addition to passing the non-combustibility test under the ASTM standard, Trial Board No. 14 was determined to be a Class-A material under the ASTM standard.
In addition, Trial Board No. 14 samples were assessed for handling, staging, and installation sequence by evaluating appearance, sheet slide, flexural test, fireman's carry, corner rotation, edge drag, edge drop, score and snap, rasping, hole-cutting, screw-setting, nail-setting, and 10 foot radius. The conclusions of the evaluation were that the handling properties of Trial Board No. 14 were equal to or exceeded Control Board A and other conventional competitive gypsum boards of Table 9.
Example 12
Determination of Air Bubble Surface Features in Trial Board No. 14, and Gypsum Crystal Morphology
As in Example 8, cast gypsum cubes (2 inch×2 inch×2 inch) from the plant trial to prepare Trial Board No. 14 were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Air bubble voids and evaporative water voids were observed and measured, as well as gypsum crystal size and shape.
The SEM results again demonstrate that in the gypsum-containing products made according to the present invention, the air and water voids are generally evenly distributed throughout the set gypsum core. The observed void sizes and void distributions also demonstrate that sufficient free space is formed as air and water voids (total core void volume) such that a substantial amount of the gypsum dust produced will be captured in the surrounding voids exposed upon normal board handling and during the cutting, sawing, routing, snapping, nailing or screwing down, or drilling and does not become air-borne.
The SEM results of FIGS. 11-19 illustrate the wall thicknesses at enhanced magnification paralleling earlier SEM photomicrographs of Example 8. These SEM results, as illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, comparing Trial Board No. 14 and Control Board A, respectively, demonstrate the following two improvements: 1) air bubble voids in the trial board were substantially larger than those in the control board, and 2) average wall thicknesses between the voids in the trial board were much larger than average the wall thicknesses between the voids in the control board. Generally, average wall thicknesses between the voids in Trial Board No. 14 were at least about 50 microns up to about 200 microns. In contrast, average wall thicknesses between the voids in Control Board A were generally about 20-30 microns. Additionally, the 500× photomicrograph of FIG. 15 shows reinforced densified surface “A” running along the wall of a void to the right in the photomicrograph.
As discussed above, the larger average wall thicknesses between the air voids, provide higher strength to the finished wallboard, i.e. better nail pull resistance, better core/edge hardness, and better handling characteristics, e.g. dust reduction on drilling, cutting and sawing.
Example 13
Determining Average Void Size, Wall Thickness and Presence of Densified Reinforced Wall Surface
A core sample may be prepared by scoring a wallboard sample to be tested and snapping across the core to separate an appropriately sized sample. Loose debris is then removed, for example, by directing a forced air stream across the scored area. The core sample is then mounted and coated using conventional scanning electron photomicrography techniques.
Average Void Size
Prepare ten photomicrographs at 50× magnification taken at random locations in the core sample. Measure the largest cross-sectional distance across each of the voids in the ten photomicrographs. Add the measured distances and calculate the average maximum cross-sectional distance. This will be the average void size of the sample.
Average Wall Thickness
Prepare ten photomicrographs at 50× magnification taken at random locations in the core sample. Measure the distance between each of the voids intersected by the horizontal and vertical edges of the photomicrograph along the edges. Add all of the distances measured and calculate the average distance. This is the average wall thickness of the sample.
Densified Reinforced Wall Surface
Prepare ten 500× photomicrographs taken at random locations in the core sample. Examine the enlarged voids appearing in these photomicrographs for thick white lines along the edges of the voids, like those identified as feature A in FIG. 15. The presence of these thick white lines indicates the presence of densified reinforcing void wall surfaces in the sample.
The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention.
Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. It should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention.

## Claims

1. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the air void size having greatest frequency is a diameter of about 100 microns or less, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average wall thickness and air voids measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging, and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the set gypsum core has an average core hardness of at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

2. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls have an average thickness of at least about 50 microns to about 200 microns.

3. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

4. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls define: (i) air voids with a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter, (ii) air voids with a size from about 50 microns to about 100 microns in diameter, and (iii) air voids with a size less than about 50 microns in diameter, the sizes measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging.

5. The light weight gypsum board of claim 4, wherein the air voids with a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter comprise at least about 20% of the total void volume of the set gypsum core.

6. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the walls includes reinforced densified wall surfaces.

7. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls and the air voids are arranged in the set gypsum core such that the board has a nail pull resistance of at least 65 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick.

8. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls and the air voids are arranged in the set gypsum core such that the board has a flexural strength of at least 36 pounds in a machine direction and/or 107 pounds in a cross-machine direction, each determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick.

9. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein at least one cover sheet comprises multi-ply paper, and the board has a nail pull resistance of at least 65 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick.

10. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board exhibits a nail pull resistance to core hardness ratio of from about 4 to about 8, each as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick.

11. The light weight gypsum board of claim 10, wherein at least one of the cover sheets comprises paper having a weight of at least about 45 lb/MSF.

12. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board has a dry weight of from about 1000 lb/MSF to about 1300 lb/MSF at a board thickness of about 1⁄2 inch.

13. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

14. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and an amount of a starch effective to increase the core hardness of the set gypsum core relative to a set gypsum core formed from the slurry without the starch.

15. The light weight gypsum board of claim 14, wherein the starch comprises a pregelatinized starch in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

16. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, foam, and dispersant.

17. The light weight gypsum board of claim 16, wherein the dispersant comprises a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.

18. The light weight gypsum board of claim 17, wherein the slurry further comprises a pregelatinized starch, the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant being in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the stucco, and the pregelatinized starch being in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

19. The light weight gypsum board of claim 18, wherein the slurry further comprises a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

20. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

21. The light weight gypsum board of claim 20, wherein the water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound is in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

22. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and soap foam, and the slurry has a wet compressive strength of at least about 320 psi when the slurry is prepared without substantial soap foam and east as a two-inch cube.

23. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and soap foam, and the slurry has a wet compressive strength of at least about 340 psi when the slurry is prepared without substantial soap foam with a water to stucco weight ratio of 1.2 and cast as a two-inch cube.

24. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core comprises glass fiber.

25. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein at least one of the cover sheets comprises a fibrous mat, a nonwoven glass fiber mat, a woven glass mat, or a non-cellulosic fabric.

26. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the air void size having greatest frequency is a diameter of about 100 microns or less, the average wall thickness and air voids measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging, and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the board exhibits a nail pull resistance to core hardness ratio of from about 4 to about 8, each as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

27. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the walls have an average thickness of at least about 50 microns to about 200 microns.

28. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

29. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the walls and the air voids are arranged in the set gypsum core such that the core hardness is at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473.

30. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein some of the air voids have a size from about 50 microns to about 100 microns in diameter, some of the air voids have a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter, and the air voids with a pore size greater than about 100 microns in diameter comprise at least about 20% of the total void volume of the set gypsum core, the sizes measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging.

31. The light weight gypsum board of claim 30, wherein the air voids with a size greater than about 50 microns in diameter comprise at least about 50% of the total void volume of the set gypsum core.

32. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and an amount of a starch effective to increase the core hardness of the set gypsum core relative to a set gypsum core formed from the slurry without the starch.

33. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 32, wherein the slurry further comprises a foam and a dispersant.

34. The light weight gypsum board of claim 33, wherein the dispersant comprises a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.

35. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 34, wherein the starch comprises a pregelatinized starch, and the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant is in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the stucco, and the pregelatinized starch is in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

36. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 35, wherein the slurry further comprises a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

37. The light weight gypsum board of claim 36, wherein the water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound comprises a trimetaphosphate salt chosen from the group consisting of sodium trimetaphosphate, potassium trimetaphosphate, trimetaphosphate, and ammonium trimetaphosphate in an amount of at least about 0.12% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

38. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the set gypsum core is formed using a water to stucco weight ratio from about 0.7 to about 1.3.

39. The light weight gypsum board of claim 38, wherein the set gypsum core is further formed using pregelatinized starch.

40. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the walls define air voids with a size of from about 50 microns to about 300 microns in diameter.

41. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the set gypsum core is formed using a water to stucco weight ratio from about 0.7 to about 1.3.

42. The light weight gypsum board of claim 41, wherein the set gypsum core is further formed using pregelatinized starch.

43. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the walls define air voids with a size of from about 50 microns to about 300 microns in diameter.

44. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the air void size having greatest frequency is a diameter of about 100 microns or less, the average wall thickness and air voids measured using three-dimensional imaging acquired by X-ray CT-scanning analysis (XMT), and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the set gypsum core has an average core hardness of at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

45. The light weight gypsum board of claim 44, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

46. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 44, wherein at least a portion of the walls includes reinforced densified wall surfaces.

47. The light weight gypsum board of claim 44, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

48. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the air void size having greatest frequency is a diameter of about 100 microns or less, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average wall thickness and air voids measured using three-dimensional imaging acquired by X-ray CT-scanning analysis (XMT), and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the board exhibits a nail pull resistance to core hardness ratio of from about 4 to about 8, each as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick; and the hoard having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

49. The light weight gypsum board of claim 48, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

50. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

51. The light weight gypsum board of claim 48, wherein the hoard has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

52. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average air void size being less than about 100 microns in diameter, the average wall thickness and average air void size measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging, and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the set gypsum core has an average core hardness of at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

53. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the average air void size is between about 10 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

54. The light weight gypsum board of claim 53, wherein the average air void size is between about 20 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

55. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 54, wherein the average air void size is between about 50 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

56. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

57. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the walls define: (i) air voids with a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter, (ii) air voids with a size from about 50 microns to about 100 microns in diameter, and (iii) air voids with a size less than about 50 microns in diameter, the sizes measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging.

58. The light weight gypsum board of claim 57, wherein the air voids with a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter comprise at least about 20% of the total void volume of the set gypsum core.

59. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

60. The light weight gypsum board of claim 59, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

61. The light weight gypsum board of claim 60, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

62. The light weight gypsum board of claim 61, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

63. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the set gypsum core is formed using a water to stucco weight ratio from about 0.7 to about 1.3.

64. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 52, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and an amount of a starch effective to increase the core hardness of the set gypsum core relative to a set gypsum core formed from the slurry without the starch.

65. The light weight gypsum board of claim 64, wherein the starch comprises a pregelatinized starch in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

66. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, foam, and dispersant.

67. The light weight gypsum board of claim 66, wherein the dispersant comprises a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.

68. The light weight gypsum board of claim 67, wherein the slurry further comprises a pregelatinized starch, the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant being in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the stucco, and the pregelatinized starch being in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

69. The light weight gypsum board of claim 68, wherein the slurry further comprises a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

70. The light weight gypsum board of claim 52, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

71. The light weight gypsum board of claim 70, wherein the water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound is in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

72. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average air void size being less than about 100 microns in diameter, the average wall thickness and average air void size measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging, and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the hoard exhibits a nail pull resistance to core hardness ratio of from about 4 to about 8, each as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

73. The light weight gypsum board of claim 72, wherein the average air void size is between about 10 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

74. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 73, wherein the average air void size is between about 20 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

75. The light weight gypsum board of claim 74, wherein the average air void size is between about 50 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

76. The light weight gypsum board of claim 72, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

77. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 76, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

78. The light weight gypsum board of claim 77, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

79. The light weight gypsum board of claim 78, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

80. The light weight gypsum board of claim 72, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

81. The light weight gypsum board of claim 72, wherein the walls and the air voids are arranged in the set gypsum core such that the core hardness is at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473.

82. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 72, wherein some of the air voids have a size from about 50 microns to about 100 microns in diameter, some of the air voids have a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter, and the air voids with a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter comprise at least about 20% of the total void volume of the set gypsum core, the sizes measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging.

83. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 72, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and an amount of a starch effective to increase the core hardness of the set gypsum core relative to a set gypsum core formed from the slurry without the starch.

84. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 83, wherein the starch is a pregelatinized starch.

85. The light weight gypsum board of claim 83, wherein the slurry further comprises a foam and a dispersant.

86. The light weight gypsum board of claim 85, wherein the dispersant comprises a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.

87. The light weight gypsum board of claim 86, wherein the starch comprises a pregelatinized starch, and the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant is in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the stucco, and the pregelatinized starch is in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

88. The light weight gypsum board of claim 87, wherein the slurry further comprises a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

89. The light weight gypsum board of claim 88, wherein the water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound comprises a trimetaphosphate salt chosen from the group consisting of sodium trimetaphosphate, potassium trimetaphosphate, lithium trimetaphosphate, and ammonium trimetaphosphate in an amount of at least about 0.12% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

90. The light weight gypsum board of claim 72, wherein the set gypsum core is formed using a water to stucco weight ratio from about 0.7 to about 1.3.

91. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average air void size being less than about 100 microns in diameter, the average wall thickness and average air void size measured using three-dimensional imaging acquired by X-ray CT-scanning analysis (XMT), and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the set gypsum core has an average core hardness of at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

92. The light weight gypsum board of claim 91, wherein the average air void size is between about 10 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

93. The light weight gypsum board of claim 91, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

94. The light weight gypsum board of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of the walls includes reinforced densified wall surfaces.

95. The light weight gypsum board of claim 91, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

96. The light weight gypsum board of claim 95, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

97. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets; the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum crystal matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average air void size being less than about 100 microns in diameter, the average wall thickness and average air void size measured using three-dimensional imaging acquired by X-ray CT-scanning analysis (XMT), and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the board exhibits a nail pull resistance to core hardness ratio of from about 4 to about 8, each as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, when the board is about 1⁄2 inch thick; and the board having a density of about 35 pcf or less.

98. The light weight gypsum board of claim 97, wherein the average air void size is between about 10 microns in diameter and about 100 microns in diameter.

99. The light weight gypsum board of claim 97, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

100. The light weight gypsum board of claim 97, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

101. The light weight gypsum board of claim 100, wherein the hoard has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

102. A light weight gypsum board comprising: a set gypsum core disposed between two cover sheets, the set gypsum core comprising a gypsum crystal matrix having a plurality of voids which provide a total void volume and a size distribution comprising (i) voids having a size less than about 5 microns in diameter, (ii) voids having a size of about 10 microns to about 100 microns in diameter, and (iii) voids having a size greater than about 100 microns in diameter, the voids measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging;
about 10% to about 35% of the voids being less than about 5 microns in diameter, and the voids having a size of more than about 10 microns and the voids having a size of less than about 5 microns being in a ratio of from about 2.3:1 to about 9:1; and
the crystal matrix having walls defining and separating air voids within the gypsum matrix, the average thickness of the walls between the air voids being about 30 microns to about 200 microns, the average wall thickness measured using scanning electron photomicrograph imaging;
and the gypsum crystal matrix formed such that the set gypsum core has an average core hardness of at least about 11 pounds as determined in accordance with ASTM C-473, and the voids of less than about 5 microns, the voids of about 10 microns to less than about 100 microns and the voids of greater than about 100 microns in amounts to provide the board with a density of about 31 pcf or less.

103. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein the walls have an average thickness from about 70 microns to about 120 microns.

104. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein at least a portion of the walls includes reinforced densified wall surfaces.

105. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 31 pcf.

106. The light weight gypsum board of claim 105, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

107. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and an amount of a starch effective to increase the core hardness of the set gypsum core relative to a set gypsum core formed from the slurry without the starch.

108. The light weight gypsum board of claim 107, wherein the starch comprises a pregelatinized starch in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

109. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein the set gypsum core is funned from a slurry comprising water, stucco, foam, and dispersant.

110. The light weight gypsum board of claim 109, wherein the dispersant comprises a naphthalenesulfonate dispersant.

111. The light weight gypsum board of claim 110, wherein the slurry further comprises a pregelatinized starch, the naphthalenesulfonate dispersant being in an amount from about 0.1% to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the stucco, and the pregelatinized starch being in an amount from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

112. The light weight gypsum board of claim 111, wherein the slurry further comprises a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

113. The light weight gypsum board of claim 102, wherein the set gypsum core is formed from a slurry comprising water, stucco, and a water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound.

114. The light weight gypsum board of claim 113, wherein the water-soluble polyphosphate-containing compound is in an amount from about 0.1% to about 0.4% by weight based on the weight of the stucco.

115. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

116. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

117. The light weight gypsum board of claim 1, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

118. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

119. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

120. The light weight gypsum board of claim 26, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

121. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 44, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

122. The light weight gypsum board of claim 44, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

123. The light weight gypsum board of claim 44, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.

124. The light weight gypsum board of claim 48, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 35 pcf.

125. The light weight gypsum hoard of claim 48, wherein the board has a density of from about 24 pcf to about 33 pcf.

126. The light weight gypsum board of claim 48, wherein the board has a density of from about 27 pcf to about 30 pcf.