U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ADSORPTION CAPABILITIES OF SELECTED CLINOPTELOLITE-RICH 

ROCKS AS IT RELATES TO MINE DRAINAGE REMEDIATION

by

Jeremy S.Gilbert1 , Patrick M.O'Meara2, James G.Crock1 , Thomas R.Wildeman2, and

George A.Desborough1

Open-File Report 99-17

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey 

editorial standards or with North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names 

is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

] U. S. Geological Survey, Box 25046, MS 973, DFC, Denver, Colorado 80225 

Department of Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401,

1999
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Bruce Babbitt, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

For additional information Copies of this report can

write to: be purchased from:

Chief Scientist, Central Region Books and Open-File Reports

Mineral Resources Program U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Geological Survey Federal Center

Box 25046, Federal Center Box 25046

Denver, CO 80225 Denver, CO 80225
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ........................................................................................................... 1

Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1

Ion-Exchange and Composition of Clinoptilolite-Rich Rocks ............................................ 2

Laboratory Methods ............................................................................................. 3

Results and Discussion ......................................................................................... 4

Ion-Exchange in Single Element Stock Solutions ................................................ 4

Ion-Exchange in Mine Drainage Samples ......................................................... 9

Summary and Conclusions ..................................................................................... 10

References Cited ................................................................................................. 12

Appendix ......................................................................................................... 13

Table A1 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange silver stock solution ..................... 14

Table A2 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange aluminum stock solution................ 17

Table A3 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange arsenic stock solution .................... 18

Table A4 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange calcium stock solution .................. 20

Table A5 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange cadmium stock solution .................. 21

Table A6 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange cesium & rubidium stock solution ...... 23

Table A7 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange copper stock solution ................... 25

Table A8 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange ferrous iron stock solution ............. 26

Table A9 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange ferric iron stock solution ............... 27

Table A10 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange potassium stock solution .............. 28

Table All ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange magnesium stock solution ............ 29

Table A12 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange manganese stock solution ............. 30

Table A13 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange ammonium stock solution ............. 31

Table A14 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange lead stock solution ....................... 33

Table A15 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange sulfate stock solution .................... 35

Table A16 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange uranium stock solution .................. 37

Table A17 ICP - AES results for pre- and post- exchange zinc stock solution ...................... 39

Table A18 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange de-ionized water control solution...... 40
Table A19ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange Burleigh mine drainage solution ...... 42

Table A20 ICP - MS results for pre- and post- exchange McClelland mine drainage solution ... 45

Table A21 ICP-AES results for CRR composition ..................................................... 49

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1. Abbreviations, deposit locations, and diluent minerals in raw clinoptilolite-rich rock

samples used in this study. ........................................................................ 2

Table 2. Composition of clinoptilolite-rich rocks determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF). ...... 3

Table 3. Stock solutions, concentrations, andpH. ........................................................ 3

Table 4. Summary of CRR adsorption/desorption for various stock solution elements. ............ 4

Table 5. Summary of CRR Na adsorption/desorption in various stock solutions. .................... 6

Table 6. Summary of CRR Ca adsorption/desorption in various stock solutions. .................... 6

Table 7. Summary of CRR Al adsorption/desorption in various stock solutions. .................... 7

Table 8. Summary of CRR K adsorption/desorption in various stock solutions. ..................... 7

Table 9. Selected elemental concentrations in McClelland and Burleigh mine drainage. ........... 9

Table 10. Summary of CRR adsorption/desorption in McClelland tunnel water. ...................... 10

Table 11. Summary of CRR adsorption/desorption in Burleigh tunnel water. .......................... 11

Figure 1. FLW adsorption/desorption in 820 ppm Fe2+ stock solution. ................................. 8

Figure 2. ACT adsorption/desorption in 820 ppm Fe2+ stock solution. ................................. 8
ABSTRACT

This study concerns the possible application of 11 natural zeolites of the 

clinoptilolite variety to the remediation of acid/metal mine drainage. Laboratory 

experiments consisted of equilibrating each zeolite with the following single element 

solutions: Ag, Al, As, Ca, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe2+, Fe3+, K, Mg, Mn, Pb, Rb, SO4, and U. 

Also, de-ionized water and two mine drainage samples were equilibrated with each 

zeolite. Metal adsorption on a per gram zeolite basis was calculated using inductively 

coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy (ICP - MS) and inductively coupled plasma - 

atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP - AES) analytical data, and shows that some of 

these natural zeolites are extremely effective at sequestering metals. However, in 

response to adsorption, there is substantial desorption of Na, Al, and Ca by the zeolites 

causing possible environmental concern. Zeolite composition obtained by X-ray 

fluorescence (XRF) seems to show a correlation between the element desorbed and 

abundance in the zeolite. It is important to note that the various zeolites behaved 

differently in terms of metal adsorption/desorption, permitting selection of a few that 

would be best suited for use in the field to remediate acid mine drainage (AMD).

INTRODUCTION

Mining operations and undisturbed, natural mineral occurrences throughout the world 

are responsible for contaminating watersheds with potentially toxic metals; pollution 

which, if not contained, is able to migrate downstream and affect other localities. The 

source of much of this contamination is various metal sulfide minerals, particularly 

pyrite (FeS2). When exposed to air and water, sulfide minerals undergo reactions that 

generate significant amounts of acidity and soluble heavy-metals. The resulting 

solution, being highly acidic - a pH around 3 is common - is very reactive and thus is 

able to dissolve or leach more metals from rock it comes in contact with. Also, the 

acidic nature of the solution allows the metals to be transported in their most soluble 

form/valence.

Many studies have demonstrated that natural clinoptilolite-rich rocks (CRRs) with 

their ion-exchange capabilities are very effective at removing metals from solution 

(Desborough 1994; Bremner and Schultze 1995; Zamzow and Schultze 1995). Once 

adsorbed, the degree of metal retention or exchangeability seems to be a function of the 

pH of the initial, metal rich water; the pH and concentration of the exchange medium; 

the CRR to exchange solution ratio; and the CRR (Desborough 1995). The focus of 

this study is the adsorption/desorption characteristics of 11 clinoptilolite-rich rocks 

(CRRs) from 10 deposits in the Western U. S. and 1 deposit in Canada (Table 1). 

These characteristics will help assess the feasibility of using CRRs to remediate heavy 

metal mine drainage during storm runoff situations. Specifically, laboratory 

experiments were designed to determine CRR total compositions and the effects of preand post-CRR exposure to acidic, single element stock solutions within a sulfate matrix. 

Also, two mine drainage samples were treated with the CRRs in order to determine the 

effect of multi-ion competition since it is well noted that Ca2+ and other cations, 

commonly present in large concentrations in mine drainage, can significantly interfere 

with metal uptake (Desborough 1994; Zamzow and Schultze 1995).

The goals of these experiments and those in the nature are to determine: 1) the total 

amount of metal able to be adsorbed by a given CRR; 2) the retention of the metal(s) by 

the CRR and the major controlling factor(s); and 3) the rate of metal uptake, i.e., the 

time necessary to achieve equilibrium. The performance of the CRRs was quite 

variable and seemed to be a function of their compositions, especially in terms of the 

adsorption capacity and dominant cation(s) desorbed by a particular CRR. These 

variations in effectiveness permit selection of a few of the most promising CRRs for 

future laboratory/field studies.
Table 1. Abbreviations, deposit locations, and diluent minerals in raw clinoptilolite-rich rock (CRR) 

samples used in this study. Minerals, in decreasing order of abundance, determined by X-ray diffraction 

by G. A. Desborough and Richard Sheppard, U. S. Geological Survey [clay signifies layer silicates with a 

10-angstrom spacing; tr.-trace] (Adapted from Desborough 1996 and 1994).

Locality and CRR abbreviation Diluent minerals

British Columbia

Princenton-PBC 

Colorado

Creede-CCO 

Idaho

Crisman Hill-CHI

Preston-PWI 

Montana

Grasshopper Creek-GCM 

Nevada

Fish Creek-FCWN 

New Mexico

Winston-SNM 

South Dakota

Rocky Ford-SDH 

Texas

Alamito Creek-ACT

Tilden-ZEO

Wyominft LaClede-FLW

Opal, feldspar, mordenite, quartz (tr.) 

Opal, K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, clay

Opal, K-feldspar 

Opal

Opal, K-feldspar, plagioclase

K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase

Opal, clay (tr.)

Plagioclase, calcite, quartz, opal, K-feldspar,clay-tr.

Opal, plagioclase, clay 

Opal, clay, calcite

Plagioclase_____________________

ION-EXCHANGE AND COMPOSITION OF 

CLINOPTILOLITE-RICH ROCKS

Ion-exchange behavior of zeolites is primarily due to a fixed, negative surface charge 

which attracts and adsorbs certain cations, exchanging them when other cations more 

preferred by the zeolite are present. This fixed or constant charge is the result of a 

deficiency in positive charge from structural replacement of cations with lower valence 

states or presence of crystal imperfections (Zelazny and others 1996). The strong 

affinities or selectivities of clinoptilolite for certain cations have been reported by many 

researchers - Zamzow and Schultze (1995); Bremner and Schultze (1995); and Boylan 

(1995). The relative affinities of different clinoptilolites for different cations become 

important when considering the specific application of the CRR. For example, if a 

particular CRR had a high affinity for Ca, use of this CRR in the treatment of acid mine 

drainage (AMD) with large amounts of Ca and other heavy metals might not be 

advantageous because of the greater exchange capacity required to capture the heavymetals, in addition to the Ca. The same logic would apply to other cations such as Al, 

Fe, and Mg which are known to compete with heavy metals for exchange sites 

(Bremner and Schultze 1995). Important to note is that affinities reported for 

clinoptilolite should be considered general in the sense that it is possible for others to 

have different affinities presumably due to their specific composition, i.e., major 

exchangeable cations.

The CRRs vary in clinoptilolite content, and the composition of clinoptilolite is also 

variable primarily due to differences in the major exchangeable cations (Ca, K, Na) and 

trace elements present. Total elemental composition was determined using a 

wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method (Table 2) and inductively 

coupled plasma - atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP -AES) (Appendix, Table A 21) 

on powdered and digested samples (Arbogast 1996). The results from the two different 

analytical techniques seem to compare reasonably well. Major cation content proved to 

be variable in the samples; some CRRs were enriched in either Na, K, or Ca while 

others contained a mixture of 2 or 3 of these elements. Desborough (1994 and 1996) 

also reports compositions of some of the CRRs used in this study.
Table 2. Composition of clinoptilolite-rich rocks determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF). 

Sample SiO2 (%) A12O3 (%) Fe2O3 (%) MgO (%) CaO (%) Na2O(%) K2O (%)

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Average

Sample

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Average

63.3

63.5

67.4

67.4

66.4

66.9

65.4

67.4

65.7

63.9

66.3

65.8

TiO2 (%

0.20

0.36

0.28

0.23

0.08

0.24

0.19

0.27

0.22

0.27

0.23

0.23

12.9

12.7

11.0

12.5

12.5

13.9

12.1

10.6

12.0

11.9

12.2

12.2

) P205 (%

0.15

0.15

0.24

0.13

0.11

0.09

0.09

0.10

0.12

0.20

0.11

0.14

1.28

2.82

2.27

1.35

0.76

0.72

1.11

1.70

1.28

2.00

2.42

1.61

) MnO (%)

0.01

0.05

0.03

0.01

0.03

0.01

0.10

<0.01

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.59

0.89

0.23

0.72

0.78

0.46

0.94

0.45

1.27

0.81

0.76

0.72

1.49

4.25

1.23

2.42

2.39

2.10

4.39

2.23

3.08

2.20

2.21

2.54

Loss on Ignition-925

13.7

10.1

10.1

9.04

11.0

7.71

12.2

11.4

12.3

10.7

9.27

10.7

4.45

1.77

0.94

1.18

1.64

2.94

1.11

0.59

0.60

2.97

2.54

1.88

C Total (%)

99.67

99.01

98.57

98.83

98.95

99.00

98.81

98.93

98.90

99.01

98.59

98.94

1.60

2.42

4.85

3.85

3.26

3.93

1.18

4.19

2.27

4.01

2.51

3.10

Table 3. Stock solutions, concentrations (mg/L), and pH.

Solution: 

Concentration

Ag

7.2 

2.5

Al

190

2.5

As 

18 

3.0

Cd 

15

3.0

Cu

360

3.0

Fe2+ Fe3+ Mg 

820 180 280 

2.0 2.5 2.5

Pb

2.5 

3.0

S04

5200

2.5

Zn

430

2.5

Cs&Rb

1.3

3.0

U(VI) 

2.6

2.5

Ca K Mn

430 22 36

2.0 2.5 2.0

aA matrix of 5000 (j,g/L sulfate was created using concentrated H2SO4 (aq); pH adjusted to 2-3 with NaOH (aq).

LABORATORY METHODS

Sized samples of the CRRs were obtained by screening crushed material through a 

minus 10-mesh (2 mm) sieve. Five grams of this < 2 mm fraction were then mixed (in 

50 mL Nalgene centrifuge tubes) with 25 mL of the various single element stock 

solutions (Table 3), discussed below, and two natural mine drainage samples from 

Clear Creek County, Colorado (Burleigh and McClelland Tunnels). The tubes 

containing the 5.00 g of CRR and 25 mL of solution were then horizontally shaken (80 

cycles per minute) for 4 hours, a duration long enough for the exchange reaction to 

equilibrate as determined by preliminary studies not shown here and by other 

researchers (Zamzow and Schultze 1995). After the 4-hour time period, aliquots of the 

exchange solution were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 15 minutes, filtered through a 0.45 

}im filter, acidified with nitric acid, and then analyzed by inductively coupled plasma - 

mass spectroscopy (ICP - MS) (Crock and others, 1998) or ICP - AES depending on 

the element of interest. Some of the aliquots analyzed by ICP - MS had to be diluted to 

prevent saturation of the instrument's detector. The specific solutions diluted and the 

extent of dilution were element specific. The pre- and post- exchange stock solution 

compositions in raw form are all located in the Appendix (Tables Al through A20). 

The pre-exchange stock solution concentrations reported are an average of 3 values. 

These data were used to calculate micrograms of metal adsorbed per gram of CRR in 

order to evaluate the performance of each CRR relative to one another.
The concentrations of the elements in the solutions were chosen to simulate a worst 

case scenario in terms of values normally seen in AMD. All stock solutions (except 

mine drainage samples) contained a 5,000-mg/L sulfate matrix made from the addition 

of concentrated H2SO4 (aq), after which the pH of each solution was adjusted to 2-3 

with NaOH (aq). Different amounts of NaOH were needed to achieve the desired pH; 

therefore, the Na concentration in the individual solutions is variable; a point that may 

seem trivial but turns out to be quite important in terms of Na desorption. 

Measurements of pH were taken prior to exchange and are shown in Table 3.

Table 4. Summary of CRR adsorption/desorptioif for various stock solution elements.

CRR

CRR K

Al As Ca Cd Cs Cu Fe2+

Mg Mn Pb Rb SO, U Zn

element adsorbed (-) or desorbed (+) per gram of CRR.

Fe3+

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDH

PBC

-36

-35

-35

-35

-36

-36

-36

-35

-36

-36

-36

-400

-950

-400

-150

-250

-250

-950

0

-250

-950

-300

-82

-83

-84

-83

-78

-82

-84

-82

-82

-83

-85

-670

4800

1700

1000

1300

900

1300

1200

1800

780

1500

-75

-76

-71

-71

-71

-75

-76

-69

-70

-76

-75

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-7.9

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-8.0

-890

-1700

-180

-180

120

-230

-1700

-380

120

-1100

-330

-2700

-3900

-1250

-1350

-500

-600

-3985

-1400

-900

-3350

-1600

-740

-910

-850

-630

-570

-520

-910

-520

-570

-910

-470

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDH

PBC

-60

22

1700

540

270

310

840

1300

160

240

12

-620

-570

-370

-220

-17

-170

-820

-170

-17

-520

-320

-180

-170

-180

-170

-170

-170

-180

-170

-140

-170

-180

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-4.7

-4.7

-4.2

-4.5

-4.6

-4.4

-4.5

-4.5

-4.7

-4.7

-4.7

-23000

-23000

-23000

-24000

-23000

-23000

-22000

-24000

-23000

-23000

-23000

-12

-12

-12

-12

-13

-13

-12

-12

-12

-12

-13

-1700

-1100

-900

-750

-500

-450

-1400

-750

-500

-1400

-700

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ion Exchange in Single Element Stock Solutions

As mentioned, metal adsorptions were calculated on a microgram metal adsorbed per 

gram of CRR basis. Adsorption/desorption was calculated with respect to the solution; 

therefore, a negative value signifies removal from solution, which was assumed to be 

accomplished by CRR adsorption. However, direct precipitation of a metal bearing 

phase could also account for metal removal from solution.

Table 4 is a summary of the adsorption/desorption values for the element of interest 

in each stock solution, e.g., Zn capture from the 430 mg/L Zn stock solution, Cu 

capture from the 360 mg/L stock solution, etc. The data in this table clearly show that 

some of the CRRs, namely FLW, ACT, ZEO, SDH, have adsorption capacities which 

are much greater than the rest. For example, the amount of Zn adsorbed by FLW is 

almost four times larger than what was removed by GCM. ZEO and SDH showed 

almost three times and ACT around two times larger amounts adsorbed relative to 

GCM. The same pattern holds true for Cu, Fe(II), Fe(III), as well as Al and Mg to
some extent. Results for Pb, Cs, Rb, U, Ag, and As are not as useful in making 

comparisons between the CRRs because the values are all very similar. Presumably, 

the concentration in each of these solutions was not high enough to show differences in 

removal of these specific metals because each CRR removed about the same amount 

which accounted for all that was in solution.

To begin to understand the variations in adsorption properties, consider FLW, which 

is Na-rich; ACT and ZEO, which are Ca-rich; and SDH which is Ca-/K-rich. These 

compositional differences relative to the other CRRs seem to account for the wide 

variation in metal removal seen between the CRRs. More specifically, the Na- and Carich CRRs appear to capture more metals than the K-rich CRRs. Also, closely related 

to this observed composition/adsorption interdependence is the relationship between 

composition of CRR and desorption.

For a Na-rich CRR, one would expect most of the exchangeable cations to be Na; 

therefore, in an ion-exchange reaction, when a cation preferred over Na is present, the 

CRR would be expected to desorb Na and adsorb the more preferred cation. This is 

exactly what is seen for FLW, a Na-rich CRR. For example, in the Fe(II) stock 

solution, FLW adsorbed 2700 ng of Fe(II) per gram of CRR. In keeping with the laws 

of solutions and their mandatory charge balance constraint, there must be a release of 

cations by FLW. Table 5 shows that a large amount of Na, 8600 ng/g, was indeed 

desorbed by FLW; thus, most Fe(II) displaced Na from FLW because the amounts of 

Ca (Table 6), Al (Table 7), and K (Table 8) (Appendix, Table A8) desorbed were 

substantially smaller than the value for Na (Na concentrations were not determined in 

the As, Cd, Pb, SC>4, and U stock solutions). Figure 1 displays these values graphically 

and shows the relationships very well, note the large amount of Na desorbed. The same 

pattern holds true for ACT, a Ca-rich CRR, which desorbs substantial Ca, and to some 

extent Na, in response to exchange with large amounts Fe(II) (Figure 2).

Important to note is that the values in Table 4 do not necessarily represent maximum 

metal capture abilities of the CRRs. The results do show that some of the CRRs have 

greater affinities for certain metals than others, e.g., Mg, Al, Zn, and in some cases, the 

results are such that one can assume a CRR has reached adsorption capacity of a certain 

metal because it removed « 50 % of the element of interest from solution. This is 

demonstrated by GCM adsorption of Mg which is approximately 50 times less than the 

value for ZEO (Table 4). These data allow comparisons to be made between CRRs, 

permitting selection of those with the best performance. Those selected will then be 

studied more thoroughly in the future.

Some elements of principal concern in AMD are Cu, Zn, Ag, Pb, Cd, Hg, Fe, and As. 

For the most part, the CRRs that adsorbed the largest amounts of these metals were 

FLW, ACT, ZEO, and SDH. These CRRs in turn also desorbed the largest amounts of 

cations such as Al, Na, and Ca. Al and Na desorption causes some concern because of 

fish and plant toxicity (Drever 1997; Kesler 1994; Driscoll and others 1980). Of these 

two elements, Al would be considered more toxic but less mobile (Kesler 1994) while 

Na would be less toxic but more mobile. Increased mobility or solubility of Al occurs 

at low pH values. Ca desorption is not of great concern for two reasons. First, Ca 

desorption increases water hardness which increases the tolerance of trout for heavy 

metals. Second, trout need at least 15-25 mg/L Ca, in the absence of heavy metals, to 

survive (Desborough 1994). With this in mind, it is extremely important to pay close 

attention to those CRRs that readily adsorb Ca. In this study, FLW was the only CRR 

to remove Ca from the Ca stock solution, and similar behavior, of this specific CRR, 

was seen by Desborough (1994).
Table 5. Summary of CRR Na adsorption/desorption3 in various stock solutions.

CRR

mg/L Nab :

FLW

ACT

CHI

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

CRR

mg/LNa:

FLW

ACT

CHI

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Na - Ag n/ac

n/a

-5800

-5800

-5800

n/a

n/a

n/a

-5900

-5800

n/a

n/a

Na-Mg

2.6

500

-3000

-2500

-3500

-2000

-2000

-1000

-5500

-2500

500

-1500

Na-Al

2.3

1500

-2000

-2000

-3000

-1500

-1000

1000

-4500

-2500

1500

-500

Na-Mn

BDL

600

320

330

270

360

500

750

200

110

750

440

Na-Ca

2.3

3200

-1800

-1800

-2300

-1300

-830

670

-3800

-1800

2200

-330

Na-Zn

2.7

1000

-3000

-3000

-4000

-2500

-1500

-500

-5000

-2500

500

-1000

Na-Cu

2.6

5000

-1500

1000

-2000

1000

2000

3000

-3000

-500

5000

2000

Na-DId

0.05

24

14

3.5

6.0

15

22

45

2.2

6.5

55

20

Na-Fe2+

0.17

8600

830

1900

830

2600

2500

3800

530

180

6100

2900

Na-Burl. e

11

1400

440

650

390

700

800

1200

320

150

1400

1000

Na-Fe3+

0.92

2400

-1200

-720

-1700

-220

-270

1400

-2100

-1500

3400

880

Na - McC.'

12

1500

440

690

440

740

940

1300

350

160

1500

1100

Na-K

2.2

1800

-1200

-1200

5800

2800

-170

7300

2800

-1200

1300

-170

au.g element adsorbed (-) or desorbed (+) per gram of CRR. ^a concentration in stock solution prior to ion exchange. 

°n/a - Na not analyzed for. dDe-ionized water control, ^urleigh tunnel mine drainage, 11 mg/L Na. fMcClelland 

tunnel mine drainage, 12 mg/L Na.

Table 6. Summary of CRR Ca adsorption/desorption3 in various stock solutions.

CRR

FLW

ACT

cm

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

CRR

FLW

ACT

CHI

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Ca-Ag

50

500

220

290

190

190

270

310

230

200

160

Ca-Mg

650

3500

2000

3900

2100

1400

1500

4300

2200

750

1800

Ca-Al

700

3400

2500

3800

2500

2100

3100

4500

2700

2100

2200

Ca-Mn

0

320

31

190

60

50

30

200

255

11

29

Ca-As

50

280

160

310

190

130

95

360

200

45

150

Ca-Pb

60

300

160

300

180

150

120

350

190

70

150

Ca

-670

4800

1700

1000

1300

930

1300

1200 ,

1800

780

1500

Ca - SO4

55

390

180

210

220

190

200

190

260

100

190

Ca-Cd

31

240

130

260

150

110

75

280

160

32

130

Ca-U

40

280

140

270

160

131

120

320

170

60

130

Ca-Cu

1100

2900

2800

3300

3400

2900

3000

3000

3700

1500

2900

Ca-Zn

750

4700

2200

3600

2300

2300

2400

4200

2600

1200

2100

Ca-Fe2+

700

2300

2100

2600

2500

2300

2700

2800

2900

2000

1800

Ca-DIb

0.50

4.4

3.1

1.0

1.0

1.0

6.0

0.40

1.5

2.0

1.5

Ca - Fe3+

310

2800

1600

2300

1600

1600

2300

2800

1900

1700

1500

Ca-Burl. c

-400

140

-260

27

-180

-240

-310

42

140

-390

-250

Ca-K

650

3500

1900

6000

2900

1700

2800

7500

2400

900

1800

Ca - McC.d

-600

140

-370

-7.5

-230

-350

-470

-7.5

140

-580

-360

au.g element adsorbed (-) or desorbed (+) per gram of CRR. bDe-ionized water control, "Burleigh tunnel mine 

drainage, 82 mg/L Ca. McClelland tunnel mine drainage, 120 mg/L Ca.
Table 7. Summary of CRR Al adsorption/desorption3 in various stock solutions.

CRR

FLW

ACT

CHI

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Al-Ag

78

-1.7

53

93

68

58

-1.7

100

83

-1.7

73

Al

-400

-950

-400

-150

-250

-250

-950

0

-250

-950

-300

Al-As

0.035

0.0029

0.014

0.0024

-0.0061

0.017

-0.0059

-0.0053

0.0034

0.042

0.013

Al-Ca

200

0

200

300

200

110

0

380

260

0

190

Al-Cd

-1.9

-2.1

-2.0

-2.1

-2.1

-2.1

-2.0

-1.2

-2.1

-2.1

-2.1

Al - Cs, Rb

2.5

-0.20

3.4

7.8

2.0

-0.15

-0.12

15.3

5.3

-0.19

0.040

Al-Cu

28

0

55

70

43

0

0

180

50

0

4.0

Al-Fe2+

120

0

150

210

190

45

0

320

160

0

130

Al - Fe3+

270

0

190

340

250

180

0

400

260

0

290

CRR

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

Al-K

8.0

0

24

65

9.5

0

12

180

16

Al-Mg

0

0

4.5

1.0

0

0

0

27

0

Al-Mn

11

0

1.5

0

0

0

85

10

0

Al-Pb

0.70

0

1.8

1.8

0.23

0.037

0.30

10

0.70

Al - S04

-10

-13

-6.0

-1.5

-8.0

-13

-13

12

-11

Al-U

0.44

-0.69

2.0

4.2

-0.28

-0.70

-0.65

12

1.7

Al-Zn

60

0

90

160

95

5.0

0

220

95

Al-DIb

6.5

6.0

14

2.5

2.0

0.87

18

1.1

0.67

Al - Burl. c

4.0

-0.14

-0.25

-0.18

-0.23

-0.23

-0.16

-0.18

0.24

SDK 0 0 190 0.020 -13 -0.68 0 18 3.1 

PBC 0_____0_____14____0.0031 -12 -0.66 60 6.0 -0.19 

a|jg element adsorbed (-) or desorbed (+) per gram of CRR. bDe-ionized water control. cBurleigh tunnel mine drainage, 

.051mg/LAl.

Table 8. Summary of CRR K adsorption/desorption3 in various stock solutions. _____ _______

CRR K-Ag K-A1 K-As K-Ca K - Cd K-Cu K-Fe2+ K-Fe3+ K

FLW -2.5 55 -52 65 -1.2 89 70 33 -60

ACT 5.5 160 -44 150 5.3 120 95 90 22

Cffl 140 2100 130 2100 160 2600 1800 1400 1700

CCO 20 350 -24 350 23 360 280 210 540

GCM 16 320 -27 300 21 360 260 200 270

FCWN 25 470 -10 500 32 540 430 270 310

ZEO 48 800 2.5 650 48 800 650 550 840

PWI 53 950 33 900 68 900 600 500 1300

SNM 12 290 -32 270 17 220 190 170 160

SDK 25 430 -25 430 23 540 460 370 240

PBC 3.0 150 -43 140 6.3 180 120 110 12

CRR

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

K-Mg

55

160

2100

370

320

450

750

950

310

360

140

K-Mn

0

5.5

130

21

7.0

30

45

65

8.0

55

1.0

K-Pb

2.2

10

170

29

22

36

57

72

20

26

10

K-SO4

-80

-77

85

-68

-67

-57

-41

-44

-73

-54

-77

K-U

2.2

8.4

140

20

18

29

39

53

16

21

6.9

K-Zn

84

210

2400

420

410

640

940

1100

330

540

200

K-DIb

0.14

1.3

2.9

0.55

0.56

1.5

4.9

1.4

0.56

6.4

0.61

K - Burl. c

-2.2

21

330

54

36

54

99

150

24

42

17

K -McC. d

-2.5

23

360

63

42

63

110

170

30

48

22

; element adsorbed (-) or desorbed (+) per gram of CRR. bDe-ionized water control. °Biirleigh tunnel mine 

drainage, 1.3 mg/L K. dMcClelland tunnel mine drainage, 1.3 mg/L K.
10000

8000 --

6000 --

4000 --

2000 --

-2000 --

-4000

8600

120

Al

700

Ca

70

Fe - 66% 

adsorbed

-2700

42

Mg Na

Figure 1. FLW adsorption/desorption in 820 mg/L Fe2+ stock solution.

o

(+H

o

feb

I

3000

2000 --

1000 --

-4000

-1000 -

-2000 --

-3000 --

2300

Al Ca

830

95 16

Fe - 97% 

adsorb ed

-3900

M Na

2+ Figure 2. ACT adsorption/desorption in 820 mg/L Fe stock solution
Table 9. Selected elemental concentrations (mg/L) in McClelland and Burleigh mine drainage.______ 

_______Na Mg Al SO4 K Ca Mn Fe Zn Cd Pb U Ni Rb Sr Cu 

McClelland 12 46 5 450 1.3 120 18 1.5 7.4 0.045 0.024 0.032 0.17 0.01 1.5 1.3 

Burleigh 11 37 0.051 350 1.3 82 3.6 0.26 70 0.15 0.023 0.016 0.05 0.009 1.7 0.0003

Ion Exchange in Mine Drainage Samples

The compositions of the Burleigh and McClelland mine drainage solutions are shown in 

Table 9. Both contain large amounts of sulfate but the McClelland water is enriched in 

Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, and Cu relative to Burleigh which is enriched in Zn.

The performance of the CRRs in McClelland drainage was quite variable (Table 10). 

All adsorbed approximately the same amount of Al, Fe, Pb, Cd, and Cu while they 

varied widely in the quantity of Mg, 864, Ca, Mn, Zn, and Ni captured. The largest 

removals of Mg, Mn, Zn, and Ni were accomplished by FLW, ZEO, and SDH. ACT 

also removed large amounts of these metals, especially Zn. Sulfate was adsorbed in 

large amounts by all CRRs except FLW, the only sample to adsorb K. The main 

elements released in response to adsorption were Na and Ca. K was also desorbed; 

however, not in large quantities. If a particular CRR desorbed a large amount of Na, 

then it seemed to adsorb Ca, and this was the case for FLW, CHI, GCM, FCWN, ZEO, 

SDH, AND PBC. Generally, the more Na desorbed, the more Ca adsorbed. If Na was 

not released in very large quantities, then Ca was desorbed. This was seen in ACT, 

CCO, PWI, and SNM. Of all the CRRs, FLW, ACT, SDH, and ZEO desorbed the most 

Na and adsorbed the most Ca, and of these 3, FLW showed the largest values with 

respect to Na and Ca. Important to note is that these 4 CRRs performed the best in 

terms of metal uptake showing that there is a definite relationship between the amount 

of metal adsorbed by and desorbed from the CRR. In summary, the more metal 

adsorbed from the AMD, the more metal desorbed.

The results of CRR exposure to Burleigh mine drainage (Table 11) were very similar 

to those for McClelland. The desorption patterns for Na, Ca, and K mentioned above 

are very similar to those seen here. Again, sulfate was removed in large quantities by 

all CRRs except FLW. Zn removals were substantial, and were one order of magnitude 

greater than that seen in McClelland which had one order of magnitude less Zn than 

Burleigh. This shows that in most cases, the amount of a certain metal removed is 

proportional to its concentration in solution simply because there is more available. 

This relationship breaks down if a CRR shows high affinity for a specific metal, no 

matter what its concentration. For example, the concentration of sulfate was 5 times 

greater than that of Zn; however, the amount of Zn removed per gram of CRR was 

greater than sulfate. This could be because sulfate is an anion while Zn is a cation. In 

another example, the concentration of Ca was also higher than that of Zn, but some 

CRRs adsorbed while others desorbed Ca. The same 4 CRRs - FLW, ACT, ZEO, and 

SDH - showed the best performance in terms of amount of metals removed from 

solution.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The results of the experiments proved to be very useful in making comparisons of 11 

different CRRs. All of the samples showed varied ion-exchange behaviors in single 

element stock and mine drainage solutions. The CRRs that seemed to adsorb more 

metals from solution were FLW, ACT, ZEO, and SDH. These samples also desorbed 

the most Na and Ca. These data indicate that the metals are predominantly exchanging 

with Na and Ca, that Na- and Ca-rich CRRs are more effective at metal removal, and 

that substantial adsorption results in substantial desorption. Another important finding 

is the correlation between CRR composition, in terms of Na, Ca, and K, and the 

dominant cation desorbed. For example, FLW, the most Na-rich CRR, consistently 

released the most Na in the exchange reactions.

Therefore, further tests will be done on FLW, ACT ZEO, and SDH in order to 

determine which of these CRRs is best suited for use in a treatment system. The CRRs 

PWT and CHI will also be tested in the future because of their behavior in mine 

drainage solutions and their compositions (K-rich). These 2 CRRs demonstrated 

relatively good adsorption capabilities without the release of large amounts of Na.

Table 10. Summary of CRR adsorption (-) and desorption (+) in McClelland tunnel water. Values are 

(o,g element ads./des. per gram of CRR.

CRR Na(+/-) Mg(+/-) Al (+/-) SO4 (+/-) K (+/-) Ca(+/-) Mn (+/-) Fe (+/-)

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDH

PBC

CRR

FLW

ACT

Cffl

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDH

PBC

1600

490

790

440

740

840

1300

350

180

1500

1000

Zn (+/-)

-36

-36

-34

-32

-33

-35

-37

-32

-29

-37

-36

-220

-170

-180

-130

-97

-68

-210

-120

-43

-220

-160

Cd (+/-)

-0.22

-0.22

-0.20

-0.19

-0.19

-0.21

-0.22

-0.18

-0.16

-0.22

-0.22

-23

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-25

-24

-25

Pb (+/-)

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-0.11

-0.12

-0.12

-0.12

-35

-240

-190

-190

-140

-240

-240

-240

-190

-240

-240

U(+/-)

-0.13

-0.087

-0.16

-0.16

-0.10

-0.11

-0.12

-0.16

-0.14

-0.082

-0.082

-2.1

25

400

63

38

58

110

160

29

43

18

Ni (+/-)

-0.78

-0.70

-0.68

-0.58

-0.56

-0.57

-0.80

-0.45

-0.47

-0.81

-0.77

-590

140

-340

42

-190

-310

-470

43

140

-580

-340

Rb (+/-)

-0.025

0.075

0.90

0.30

0.065

0.30

0.24

0.34

0.050

0.015

-0.0064

-88

-75

-76

-64

-59

-62

-85

-65

-48

-87

-78

Sr(+/-)

-7.3

-6.1

-6.7

-5.5

-5.9

-6.7

-5.9

-6.8

0.17

-7.2

-6.7

-7.3

-6.2

-7.3

-6.6

-7.3

-7.3

-7.3

-6.5

-6.1

-7.3

-7.3

Cu (+/-)

-5.9

-6.2

-6.1

-5.9

-5.8

-5.9

-6.3

-5.9

-6.1

-6.2

-6.2

10
Table 11. Summary of CRR adsorption (-) and desorption (+) in Burleigh tunnel water. Values are (o,g 

element ads./des. per gram of CRR.

CRR

FLW

ACT

cm

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

CRR

FLW

ACT

cm

CCO

GCM

FCWN

ZEO

PWI

SNM

SDK

PBC

Na (+/-)

1400

500

700

420

700

750

1200

310

170

1400

1000

Zn (+/-)

-350

-330

-330

-310

-300

-310

-350

-310

-260

-350

-340

Mg (+/-)

-180

-150

-160

-120

-95

-65

-180

-110

-45

-180

-140

Cd (+/-)

-0.77

-0.75

-0.73

-0.69

-0.68

-0.72

-0.76

-0.67

-0.58

-0.77

-0.76

Al (+/-)

7.2

-0.15

-0.09

-0.25

-0.25

-0.25

-0.20

-0.11

-0.25

7.7

-0.26

Pb (+/-)

-0.10

-0.11

-0.11

-0.11

-0.11

-0.12

-0.11

-0.11

-0.12

-0.11

-0.11

SO4 (+/-)

-75

-280

-280

-280

-230

-230

-230

-280

-280

-230

-280

U(+/-)

0.0025

-0.0075

-0.067

-0.052

-0.023

-0.013

-0.032

-0.012

-0.028

0.0075

0.033

K (+/-)

-2.3

19

330

54

36

49

99

140

26

41

16

Ni (+/-)

-0.22

-0.19

-0.22

-0.17

-0.18

-0.17

-0.14

-0.16

-0.15

-0.24

-0.22

Ca (+/-)

-380

140

-240

82

-140

-210

-330

92

140

-390

-240

Rb (+/-)

-0.025

0.065

0.70

0.25

0.060

0.24

0.20

0.25

0.050

0.020

-0.0065

Mn (+/-)

-18

-15

-16

-14

-13

-13

-17

-14

-11

-18

-13

Sr(+/-)

-8.3

-7.3

-7.8

-6.9

-7.2

-7.8

-7.5

-7.9

-1.8

-8.2

-7.9

Fe (+/-)

-1.3

-0.74

-1.3

-1.3

-1.3

-1.3

-1.3

-0.78

-0.79

2.7

-1.3

11
REFERENCES

Arbogast, B.F., 1996, Analytical methods for the mineral resource surveys program. 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-525, 248 p.

Boylan, J.A. Jr., 1995, Decreased permeability of clinoptilolite-rich tuffs resulting from 

cation exchange and associated precipitation reactions, in Natural Zeolites '93: 

Occurrence, Properties, Use, eds. D.W. Ming and F. A. Mumpton. International 

Committee on Natural Zeolites, p.325-337.

Bremner, P.R. and Schultze, L.E., 1995, Ability of clinoptilolite-rich tuffs to remove 

metal cations commonly found in acidic drainage, in Natural Zeolites '93: 

Occurrence, Properties, Use, eds. D.W. Ming and F. A. Mumpton. International 

Committee on Natural Zeolites, p.397-403.

Desborough, G.A., 1996, Potential use of clinoptilolite-rich rocks for capture and 

retention of soluble lead in aqueous systems such as soils, contaminated 

drainages, and waste water: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-715, 

14 p.

____1995, Extraction of metals from raw clinoptilolite-rich rocks exposed to water in 

heavy-metal polluted drainages: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-56, 

14 p.

____1994, Efficacy of heavy-metal capture by clinoptilolite-rich rocks from heavymetal-polluted water in five drainages in Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 94-140, 25 p.

Drever, J.I., 1997, The geochemistry of natural waters, p 292-293.

Driscoll, C.T., Baker, J.P., Bisogni Jr., J.J., and Schofield, C.L., 1980, Effect of

aluminum speciation on fish in dilute acidified water: Nature, v. 284, p. 161- 

164.

Crock, J.G, Arbogast, B.F., and Lamothe, P.J., 1998, Laboratory methods for the

analysis of environmental samples, in Economic Geology, special issue, ed. GS. 

Plumlee. Chapter 13, 23 p.

Kesler, S.J. 1994. Mineral resources, economics and the environment, p. 203, 275.

Zamzow, M.J. and Schultze, L.E., 1995, Treatment of acid mine drainage using natural

zeolites, in Natural Zeolites '93: Occurrence, Properties, and Use, eds. D.W. Ming 

and F.A. Mumpton. International Committee on Natural Zeolite, p.405-413.

Zelazny, L.W., Liming, H. and Vanwormhoudt, A., 1996, Charge analysis of soils and 

anion exchange, in Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3 - Chemical Methods, ed., 

D.L. Sparks. Soil Society of America, Inc., p. 1231-1253.

12
APPENDIX

13
Table A1. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Silver Stock Soluti

Field No

ACT 

FLW9

9

PMO8

PBC9

SDH9

SNM9

PWI9

ZEO9

FCWN9

GCM9

CCO9

CHI9

Solution

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

CRR extract: 7.2 mg/L Ag

Ag stock solution6

Ag ug/L

72

23

63

64

72

33

17

57

89

110

80

44

Al ug/L

16000

5.8

12000

14000

19000

11000

3.6

17000

21000

1.0

15000

3.4

As ug/L

2.0

3.5

1

0.4

0.9

6.5

2.0

2.7

0.7

5.2

2.6

6.6

Ba ug/L

1.0

6.7

13

13

25

18

17

18

20

56

23

5.0

Be ug/L

3.1

<0.05

6.6

0.6

2.1

9.5

<0.05

0.4

1.3

<0.05

1.4

<0.05

Bi ug/L

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

0.03

<0.01

<0.01

Ca mg/L

10

32

41

47

62

54

38

37

58

44

100

<0.05

C

Field No

ACT 

FLW9

9

PMO8

PBC9

SDH9

SNM9

PWI9

ZE09

FCWN9

GCM9

CCO9

CHI9

Cs ug/L Cu ug/L

0.08 2

1.3 0.8

0.90 2

8.7 15

0.07 18

0.78 17

0.38 < 0.5

0.31 3

0.2 4

0.04 < 0.5

0.2 14

< 0.01 < 0.5

Dy ug/L

6.2

0.19

1.7

6.5

2.3

19

0.13

7.6

3.9

0.008

17

< 0.005

Er ug/L

3.4

0.12

1.0

3.7

1.6

12

2.3

0.15

3.1

0.007

13

< 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.27

0.66

0.01

0.77

1.4

0.39

0.01

0.16

1.1

< 0.005

0.076

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

< 

3300

110

190

380

150

240

190

610

290

300

200

10

Ga ug/L

<0.02

0.04

0.06

0.06

0.1

<0.02

0.06

0.1

0.1

<0.02

0.1

<0.02

Gd ug/L

5.8

0.21

1.6

5.2

2.5

14

0.092

9.9

4.2

0.008

7.2

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

<0.02

0.09

0.05

<0.02

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.08

0.03

0.06

<0.02

<0.02

H

< 

< 

aAu (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Hf (< 0.05), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), and Te (< 0.1), have been omitted because 

the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses. 

bAverage of 3; a 1:100 dilution.

14
Field No

ACT 

FLW9

9

PMO8

PBC9

SDH9

SNM9

PWI9

ZE09

FCWN9

GCM9

CCO9

CHI9

La ug/L

6.0

16

9.9

6.4

1.0

13

0.73

32

41

0.08

3.4

<0.01

Li ug/L

17

4.4

1.4

2.8

5.1

16

2.5

24

2.7

11

6.6

<0.1

Mg mg/L

0.84

0.35

0.46

1.6

2.7

3.1

1.2

<0.01

2.3

0.35

4.7

0.93

Mn ug/L

23

33

210

71

170

60

1100

130

20

0.18

1700

420

Mo ug/L

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.07

0.3

0.06

0.07

Na mg/L

98

110

110

-

-

-

110

78

-

-

13

Nd ug/L

18

0.75

5.8

18

14

30

0.39

42

25

0.02

8.0

<0.01

Ni ug/L

5.3

1.3

2.0

2.2

1.5

2.9

1.8

3.5

1.5

2.8

1.3

0.13

1100

Pug/L

520

51000

270

6800

3500

850

26

2900

5200

15

79

Pb ug

1.1

0.2

1.4

0.57

1.7

0.65

0.2

0.5

0.13

0.55

0.07

0.52

Field No

ACT 

FLW9

9

PMO8

PBC9

SDH9

SNM9

PWI9

ZE09

FCWN9

GCM9

CCO9

CHI9

Sb ug/L

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.09

0.04

0.4

<0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Sc 

5

ug/L

0.1

2

6.3

4

3

<0.1

3

2

<0.1

10

<0.1

Se ug/L

0.6

0.8

1

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

1

1

0.27

SiO2 mg/L

7.2

3

8.2

9.0

2

4

4

5.0

5.7

3

<0.5

9.5

Sm ug/L

10

4.0

0.06

1.3

4.6

2.8

9.1

0.2

4.9

0.01

3.2

<0.01

Sn ug/L

0.1

0.2

0.09

0.1

0.1

<0.05

0.08

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

SO4 mg/L

21

280

290

280

270

270

280

280

290

280

290

290

Sr ug/L

93

150

26

330

100

200

290

64

0.20

110

130

1100

Ta ug/L

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.06

0.05

0.08

Tb ug

1.0

0.37

2.8

0.03

1.0

0.66

0.02

0.28

1.5

< 

2.1

0.0

< 0.0

15
Field No

ACT 

FLW9

9

PMO8

PBC9

SDH9

SNM9

PWI9

ZEO9

FCWN9

GCM9

CCO9

CHI9

Tl ug/L

0.1

0.2

0.07

0.1

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.06

0.08

Tm ug/L

0.02

0.46

1.6

0.38

0.31

0.03

0.17

0.52

0.32

< 

2.3

0.005

< 0.005

Uug/L

1.8

5.8

2.1

7.5

2.5

10

11

2.3

10

0.44

5.6

0.02

Vug/L

0.2

1

0.8

2

4

0.4

0.2

6.4

2

1

0.5

<0.1

Wug/L

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.07

Yug/L

1.5

39

200

0.1

38

37

2.1

8.2

40

13

180

<0.01

Yb ug/L

2.0

1.7

0.2

1.1

3.1

2.5

9.3

0.1

2.5

<0.01

16

<0.01

Zn ug/L

33

23

36

20

4

37

9

20

40

84

4

3.0

Zr ug

0.4

<0.0

0.4

0.2

0.3

0.2

<0.0

0.3

0.2

<0.0

0.2

<0.0

16
Table A2. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Aluminum Stock So

Field No

Field 

PMO11

SDH13

GCM13

CCO13

SNM13

PWI13

ACT13

PBC13

FCWN13

FLW13

CHI13

ZEO13

No

PMO11

SDH13

GCM13

CCO13

SNM13

PWI13

ACT13

PBC13

FCWN13

FLW13

CHI13

ZE013

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract: 190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

190

Al Stock Solution

Na mg/L

2300

2600

2000

1700

1800

1400

1900

2200

2100

2600

1900

2500

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

mg/L Al

(average

Nd mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.17

<0.1

0.32

0.17

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.19

0.23

<0.1

Al 

<!

mg/L

< 

130

140

110

110

1

< 

140

160

140

190

1

190

P 

< 

mg/L

1

< 

19

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 

2.4

1.0

1

< 

2.6

1

<1

Ba mg/L

<0.1

0.14

0.14

0.22

0.21

0.23

0.18

0.16

0.10

<0.1

0.24

0.17

Sr mg/L

1.1

4.3

0.30

1.4

1.5

1.1

0.79

1.7

2.4

4.0

12

<0.1

Ca mg/L

430

500

770

540

900

690

440

420

140

500

630

< 1

Y mg/L

<0.1

1.1

<0.1

0.36

1.1

< 

0.34

<0.1

0.29

0.30

<0.1

0.1

<0.1

Ce

<

<

0,

<

0

0

<

<

<

0

0

<

Zn

<

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

<

0.

0.

0.

0,

0,

mg/L Fe mg/L

0.1 <1

.12 <1

.24 <1

0.1 < 1

0.1 4.4

0.1 < 1

.26 1.8

.16 <1

0.1 1.7

.22 <1

0.1 < 1

0.1 < 1

0.1

11

,19

,32

16

42

0.1

,64

28

,17

.12

.10

mg/L

K mg/L La mg/L

160 < 0.1

420 < 0.1

12 0.12

95 < 0.1

31 < 0.1

32 < 0.1

190 0.22

59 0.25

71 < 0.1

65 0.13

86 < 0.1

<1 <0.1

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 

Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) 

have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

17
Table A3. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Arsenic Stock Solu

Field No

ACT 

FLW7

7

PM06

PBC7

SDH7

SNM7

PWI7

ZEO7

FCWN7

GCM7

CCO7

CHI7

Solution

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

CRR extract: 20 mg/L As

20 mg/L As stock solution

Alug/L

1.9

4.3

2.0

8.4

4.1

9.9

2.1

0.37

0.23

4.9

0.19

1.4

As ug/L

740

1100

1200

1200

870

1200

2000

1000

900

1100

1200

35

Ba 

4

ug/L

1.0

20

11

39

26

13

12

40

26

27

21

Ca mg/L

30

9.1

40

72

19

26

37

62

31

56

10

<0.05

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.05

<0.02

<0.02

0.08

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.06

<0.02

<0.02

Ce ug/L

0.02

0.06

0.02

0.02

0.2

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.09

0.01

0.02

Co ug/L

<0.02

0.04

0.05

0.1

0.05

0.07

0.08

0.1

0.02

0.07

0.3

0.03

C

Field No

ACT 

FLW7

7

PM06

PBC7

SDH7

SNM7

PWI7

ZEO7

FCWN7

GCM7

CCO7

CHI7

Er ug/L Fe ug/L

0.005 41

< 0.005 180

0.06 100

< 0.005 190

0.007 120

< 0.005 86

< 0.005 67

< 0.005 220

< 0.005 120

< 0.005 42

0.006 98

< 0.005 <10

Gd ug/L

0.01

< 0.005

0.14

< 0.005

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.009

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.006

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

<0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.05

0.03

0.02

0.02

3000

6500

5100

18000

12000

9500

6100

6700

38000

2700

1200

Kug/L

23

La ug/L

0.02

0.01

<0.01

0.01

0.2

<0.01

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.50

<0.01

0.03

Li ug/L

0.1

11

4.1

1.2

2.5

4.5

12

1.9

24

1.5

10

4.2

Mg mg/L

2.1

0.92

0.54

0.23

0.19

1.1

1.4

<0.01

0.92

0.12

3.0

0.81

Mn ug/L

43

1.1

10

7.0

13

1.6

7.7

3.4

7.6

3.0

1.6

0.04

M

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Be (< 0.05), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Eu (< 0.005), Ga (< 0.02), Ge (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), Ho (< 0

Pr (< 0.01), Re (< 0.02), Sc (< 0.1), Sm (< 0.01), Ta (< 0.02), Tb (< 0.005),Te (< 0.1), Th (< 0.005), Tl (< 0.05), Tm (< 0

and Zr (< 0.05) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses. 

bAverage of 3; a 1:500 dilution.

18
Field No

ACT 

FLW7

7

Field 

PMO6

PBC7

SDH7

SNM7

PWI7

ZE07

FCWN7

GCM7

CCO7

CHI7

No

ACT 

FLW7

7

PMO6

PBC7

SDH7

SNM7

PWI7

ZEO7

FCWN7

GCM7

CCO7

CHI7

Ni ug/L

0.2

1.0

0.4

1.0

1.8

0.5

0.6

1.0

1.7

1.0

1.4

0.4

Tl ug/L

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.08

0.07

Pug/L

5.7

19

22

36

74

15

53

33

98

22

21

42

Uug/L

0.63

0.14

0.19

0.10

0.55

0.19

0.10

0.04

0.76

0.84

1.8

0.01

Pb ug/L

0.1

0.06

0.2

0.2

0.07

0.1

<0.05

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.1

0.3

Vug/L

0.2

1

< 0.1

0.1

2

1

0.7

< 

3

2

0.1

0.4

< 0.1

Rb ug/L

4.9

6.7

11

40

26

50

16

35

87

10

3.2

0.02

Yug/L

0.02

0.08

1.8

0.02

0.03

0.07

0.03

0.1

<0.01

0.02

0.2

0.1

Sb ug/L

0.55

0.2

0.4

0.88

0.55

0.51

0.55

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

<0.02

Zn 

5

6

ug/L

2

3

6

2

3

2

2

4

2.7

40

Sc ug/L Se ug/L

< 0.1 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.5

< 0.1 0.6

<0.1 0.5

< 0.1 0.4

0.1 0.4

<0.1 0.4

<0.1 0.5

0.2 0.6

0.2 0.3

< 0.1 0.2

SiO2 mg/L

3

2

2

3

3

2

2

3

3

4

2

<0.5

Sn ug/L

0.05

0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.06

0.07

<0.05

0.05

<0.05

0.05

0.06

0.1

SO4 m

9.4

620

620

630

600

620

600

620

610

600

610

630

19
Table A4. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Calcium Stock Sol

Field No

Field 

PM015

SDH18

GCM18

CCO18

SNM18

PWI18

ACT18

PBC18

FCWN18

FLW18

CHI18

ZEO18

No

PMO15

SDH18

GCM18

CCO18

SNM18

PWI18

ACT18

PBC18

FCWN18

FLW18

CHI18

ZE018

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract: 430

430

430

430

430

430

430

430

430

430

430

Ca Stock Solution

Mn mg/L

15

0.56

0.71

1.8

6.9

0.19

0.11

1.2

0.21

2.6

1.5

<0.1

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

mg/L Ca

(average)

Na mg/L

2300

2700

2000

1800

1900

1500

1900

2200

2100

2900

1900

2400

Al mg/L

< 1

< 

39

23

42

40

1

< 

40

62

52

76

1

< 1

Nd mg/L

< 

0.16

0.29

<0.1

0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.33

0.14

0.1

< 

0.16

0.1

<0.1

Ba mg/L

< 

0.34

0.25

0.1

< 

0.16

0.19

0.22

0.27

0.24

0.26

0.18

0.13

0.1

P mg/L

< 1

< 

1.6

60

1

< 1

< 1

< 

4.1

16

2.7

11

2.8

1

Ca mg/L

430

590

690

640

800

670

1400

730

620

300

780

700

Sr mg/L

1.5

4.6

0.55

2.2

2.0

1.5

0.82

2.1

3.0

3.8

14

0.22

Ce

<

Y

<

<

0.

<

0.

0.

<

<

<

0.

0.

<

1

<

0.

1

<

<

0.

<

0.

0.

<

mg/L Cu mg/L

0.1 <0.1

20 < 0.1

,22 < 0.1

0.1 < 0.1

0.1 < 0.1

0.1 < 0.1

27 < 0.1

16 <0.1

0.1 < 0.1

26 0.14

0.1 < 0.1

0.1 < 0.1

mg/L Zn mg/L

0.1 <0.1

.2 < 0.1

36 0.26

0.1 0.28

.1 0.82

0.1 < 0.1

30 0.48

33 0.12

0.1 0.37

38 0.15

0.1 < 0.1

0.1 <0.1

Fe mg/L

< 1

< 1

< 

1.0

1

< 

7.7

1

< 

2.4

1

< 

2.9

1

< 1

< 1

K mg/L

430

130

14

29

100

< 

87

61

70

55

180

31

1

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 

Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) 

have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

20
Table A5. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Cadmium Stock Solu

Field No

ACT 

FLW6

6

PM05

PBC6

SDH6

SNM6

PWI6

ZEO6

FCWN6

GCM6

CCO6

CHI6

Solution

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

CRR extract: 20 mg/L Cd

16 mg/L Cd stock solution

Al ug/L

36

<0.01

9.5

20

<0.01

190

28

4.7

<0.01

0.13

<0.01

8.4

As ug/L

0.2

0.5

0.2

0.7

0.5

0.5

<0.2

0.3

0.5

1

<0.2

<0.2

Ba ug/L

12

12

30

26

15

13

34

23

23

23

4

0.13

Be ug/L

<0.05

<0.05

0.3

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.2

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

Ca mg/L

28

9.4

34

59

18

24

32

54

28

50

9.2

0.07

Cd ug/L

310

290

180

1400

1500

180

430

1200

1200

1100

140

320

Ce ug/L

0.3

0.97

0.02

0.1

0.3

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.66

2.0

0.08

0.06

C

Field No

ACT 

FLW6

6

PMO5

PBC6

SDH6

SNM6

PWI6

ZEO6

FCWN6

GCM6

CCO6

CHI6

Dy ug/L Er ug/L

0.061 0.04

< 0.005 < 0.005

1.8 1.2

0.062 0.071

0.03 0.03

0.01 0.007

0.007 < 0.005

0.44 0.32

0.066 0.052

< 0.005 < 0.005

0.04 0.04

< 0.005 < 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.009

< 0.005

0.006

0.009

0.051

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.01

0.04

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

62

16

78

150

51

56

75

140

68

130

21

170

Gd ug/L

0.050

< 

1.4

0.005

0.02

0.005

0.064

0.36

0.007

0.01

0.03

0.056

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.03

<0.02

0.07

0.02

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

Ho ug/L

0.01

< 0.005

0.006

0.02

0.44

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

0.11

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

2600

6000

4700

15000

11000

7800

5500

6000

34000

2400

1100

Kug/L

27

La ug/L

0.2

0.80

0.02

0.1

0.2

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.50

2.2

0.06

0.04

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), Sc (< 0.1

Th (< 0.005), Te (< 0.1), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection lim

bAverage of 3; a 1:50 dilution.

21
Field No

ACT 

FLW6

6

PMO5

PBC6

SDH6

SNM6

PWI6

ZEO6

FCWN6

GCM6

CCO6

CHI6

Mojjg/L

0.4

0.4

0.07

0.4

0.4

0.50

0.72

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.23

0.50

Na 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

mg/L

42

Nd ug/L

0.1

0.01

0.2

3.0

0.02

0.03

0.08

1.3

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.26

Ni ug/L

0.9

0.3

1.2

1.7

0.7

0.9

1.1

2.0

1.0

1.3

0.6

0.89

Pug/L

40

50

84

6

26

37

58

29

15

22

14

3

Pb ug/L

0.2

<0.05

0.2

0.95

0.2

0.1

0.43

<0.05

<0.05

0.06

0.75

0.07

Pr ug/L

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.07

0.31

<0.01

<0.01

0.02

0.03

0.48

<0.01

0.04

Rb ug/L

4.8

7.1

11

36

28

45

15

35

84

9.1

3.1

0.05

Sb ug/L

0.2

0.02

0.04

0.3

0.08

<0.02

0.1

0.4

<0.02

0.07

0.02

<0.02

Se ug

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.27

Field No

ACT 

FLW6

6

PM05

PBC6

SDH6

SNM6

PWI6

ZEO6

FCWN6

GCM6

CCO6

CHI6

SO4 mg/L

40

280

280

280

260

290

280

280

280

280

280

290

Sr ug/L

330

81

130

28

220

98

240

71

950

120

98

0.47

Tb ug/L

< 

0.008

0.005

0.007

0.25

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.01

0.063

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

0.4

1.9

2.1

2.1

2.0

2.3

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.1

2.2

TI ug/L

<0.05

0.09

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

0.07

0.07

< 0.05

<0.05

Tm ug/L

< 

0.006

0.005

0.01

0.17

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.008

0.050

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Uug/L

0.63

0.66

1.0

0.28

0.31

0.01

0.88

0.10

0.16

0.05

0.28

0.009

Vug/L

0.3

0.6

0.6

<0.1

<0.1

0.6

0.1

<0.1

0.5

1

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

0.3

0.60

18

0.04

0.5

<0.01

0.61

0.02

0.50

6.6

0.07

0.07

Yb ug

0.86

<0.0

0.04

0.1

<0.0

0.03

<0.0

0.05

0.28

<0.0

<0.0

0.02

22
Table A6. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Cesium and Rubidium Stoc

Field No

ACT 

FLW10

10

CHI 10

FCWN 

GCM10

CCO10

10

PWI 

ZEO10

10

PMO9

PBC10

SDH10

SNM10

Solution

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

CRR extract: Cs & Rb 1 mg/L ea.

1 ppm Cs & Rb stock solutionb

Al ug/L

9.8

450

1600

710

0.80

540

17

1100

3100

3.5

48

1.8

As ug/L

2.0

2.3

4.6

3.4

4.1

3.5

4.6

5.3

5.7

5.9

7.3

10

Ba ug/L

0.3

16

17

26

22

16

19

26

26

28

32

5.4

Be ug/L

0.2

<0.05

0.08

0.1

0.7

2.1

<0.05

0.2

0.4

<0.05

0.07

<0.05

Ca mg/L

38

22

50

50

35

37

45

68

39

76

16

<0.05

Cd ug/L

0.1

<0.02

0.1

0.1

<0.02

0.3

<0.02

0.05

0.2

0.03

0.05

0.04

Ce ug/L

9.4

0.04

8.1

6.8

0.1

0.2

5.8

2.2

3.9

0.02

0.94

0.02

Field No

ACT 

FLW10

10

CHI 10

GCM 

CCO10

10

FCWN 10

PWI 

ZE010

10

SNM 10

PMO9

PBC10

SDH10

Dy ug/L Er ug/L

1.8 0.98

0.01 0.008

6.3 4.1

0.52 0.51

1.6 0.88

0.04 0.02

0.01 0.01

1.2 0.78

2.4 1.1

< 0.005 < 0.005

4.4 3.6

< 0.005 < 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.23

< 0.005

0.28

0.050

0.18

< 

0.005

0.005

< 

0.31

0.083

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

64

<10

120

66

150

210

110

120

140

230

130

230

Gd ug/L

1.8

0.40

4.8

0.01

1.1

0.93

0.01

0.04

3.0

< 

1.6

0.005

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.04

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.06

0.1

0.04

0.04

0.04

Ho ug/L

0.38

< 

1.5

0.005

0.008

0.31

0.13

< 0.005

0.43

0.26

< 

1.1

0.005

< 0.005

3200

8600

5600

18000

14000

11000

7100

8200

44000

3300

1400

Kug/L

50

La ug/L

10

5.7

0.1

0.2

3.4

1.2

1.6

0.04

4.2

<0.01

0.51

0.02

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Na (not determined), Nb (< 0.02), Re (

Te (< 0.1), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in paren

bAverage of 3; a 1:10 dilution.

23
Field No

ACT 

FLW10

10

CHI 10

SNM 

PWI10

ZE010

FCWN10

GCM10

CCO10

10

SDH 10

PMO9

PBC10

Mo ug/L

0.1

0.4

0.06

0.1

0.08

0.50

0.4

0.04

0.09

0.4

0.07

0.5

Nd ug/L

5.4

8.4

0.02

0.1

3.6

1.5

3.6

0.04

12

<0.01

1.0

<0.01

Ni ug/L

0.2

2.1

0.6

1.6

1.3

0.8

1.3

1.4

2.6

1.1

1.8

0.8

Pug/L

48

120

2500

42

320

120

17

300

530

560

16

16

Pb ug/L

0.3

0.4

0.1

0.3

0.82

0.06

0.2

0.51

2.2

0.4

0.1

0.4

Pr ug/L

1.2

<0.01

1.2

<0.01

0.2

<0.01

2.7

0.90

0.02

0.03

0.88

0.31

Rb ug/L

95

7.5

11

17

40

38

62

21

47

110

15

4.7

Sb ug/L

0.06

0.1

0.04

0.2

0.04

0.5

0.2

<0.02

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.04

Sc ug/L

0.1

0.6

0.3

<0.1

0.4

<0.1

<0.1

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

Se ug/L

0.4

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.8

0.4

0.8

Field No

ACT 

FLW10

10

CHI 10

PWI 

ZE010

FCWN10

GCM10

CCO10

10

SNM 10

SDH 10

PMO9

PBC10

SO4 mg/L

730

720

720

710

570

740

720

710

710

710

730

720

Sr ug/L

96

190

40

2.3

160

160

1300

67

370

140

290

450

Tb ug/L

0.30

< 0.005

0.22

0.076

0.87

< 

0.005

0.005

0.46

0.16

< 0.005

0.50

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.02

0.03

0.22

0.12

0.04

0.10

0.45

0.17

0.03

0.03

0.23

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

3.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

2.4

3.0

3.1

3.0

3.2

2.9

3.0

3.2

TI ug/L

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

0.2

<0.05

<0.05

0.08

0.09

<0.05

<0.05

Tm ug/L

0.14

< 0.005

0.12

0.10

0.57

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.14

0.12

< 0.005

0.60

< 0.005

Uug/L

0.56

3.1

4.5

1.6

5.7

0.68

0.13

3.8

0.46

1.5

0.93

< 0.005

Vug/L

<0.1

0.9

<0.1

<0.1

0.4

0.6

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

2

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

13

17

0.2

0.3

11

4.6

56

0.1

14

0.03

40

<0.01

24
Table A7. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Copper Stock Solu

Field No

Field 

PM02

SDH3

GCM3

CCO3

SNM3

PWI3

ACTS

PBC3

FCWN3

FLW3

CHI3 

ZEOS 

No

PM02

SDH3

GCM3

CCO3

SNM3

PWI3

ACTS

PBC3

FCWN3

FLW3

CHI3

ZEOS

Solution

CRR extract: 

CRR extract: 

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

357 mg/L 

357 mg/L 

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L

357 mg/L Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu 

Cu 

Cu stock solution (average)

Mn mg/L

2.3

7.2

0.46

0.44

13

0.21

0.48

1.3

0.29

2.2

1.5

<0.1

Na mg/L

2600

3600

2800

2200

2500

2000

2300

3000

3000

3600

2800

3200

Al 

12 

mg/L

< 

6.6

1

< 

1.9

1

< 

9.7

15

11

36

1

< 1

Nd mg/L

< 

<0.1

0.12

<0.1

0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.19

0.10

0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

<0.1

As mg/L

<0.2

<0.2

0.24

<0.2

0.23

<0.2

<0.2

0.23

<0.2

<0.2

0.20 

<0.2 

P 

< 

mg/L

1

< 

3.5

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

<1

Ba mg/L

< 

<0.1

0.11

<S:j

0.1

< 

0.12

0.10

0.1

< 

<0.1

0.1

< 0.1

Pb mg/L

< 

0.58

0.60

0.36

0.64

<0.1

0.1

0.78

0.25

0.73

0.62

0.78

0.57

Ca mg/L

300

680

660

750

600

580

590

580

220

560 

600 

< 1

Sr mg/L

1.3

5.4

0.60

1.3

1.9

1.9

0.73

2.0

3.4

3.9

17

<0.1

Cu mg/L

360

140

380

320

380

280

25

290

310

180

320 

8.8 

Y mg/L

< 

0.15

0.85

<0.1

0.1

< 

0.90

0.1

< 

0.16

0.27

0.1

< 

0.16

0.1

<0.1

Ga

<

<

0.

<

0.

<

<

0,

<

<

Zn

0.

0.

0.

0.

1

<

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

mg/L K mg/L 

0.1 160 

0.1 520 

0.1 19 

0.1 110 

,12 38 

0.1 26 

0.1 180 

.13 46 

0.1 73 

11 72 

0.1 110 

0.1 1.2 

0.1

21

18

41

31

72

14

.3

74

27

23

19

mg/L

aAg (< 0.1), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Ce (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Fe (< 1), 

Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 0.1), La (< 0.1), Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Ni (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th (< 0.1), 

Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the 

detection limits shown in parentheses.

25
Table A8. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Ferrous Iron Stock Solution

Field No

PMO3

SDH4

GCM4

CCO4

SNM4

PWI4

ACT4

PBC4

FCWN4 

FLW4 

CHI4 

ZEO4 

Solution

CRR extract: 

CRR extract: 

CRR extract: 

CRR extract: 

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

820 mg/L Fe (I I) 

820 mg/L Fe (I I) 

820 mg/L Fe (II) 

820 mg/L Fe (II) 

820 mg/L Fe (I I)

820 mg/L Fe (H)

820 mg/L Fe (II)

820 mg/L Fe (I I)

820 mg/L Fe (I I)

820 mg/L Fe (II)

820 mg/L Fe (I I)

Fe (II) stock solution (average)

Al 

< 

27

10 

25 

30 

mg/L

1

< 

<1

38

43

32

65

1

Ba mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.12

<0.1

0.13

<0.1

<0.1

<ai

Ca mg/L

<1

410

500

520

580

560

460

370

460 

140 

420 

550 

Ce mg/L Cu mg/L

0.25 0.16 

0.15 <0.1 

<0.1 0.31 

<0.1 0.22

<0.1 <0.1

0.51 0.10

0.58 0.31

<0.1 0,22

<0.1 0.63

<0.1 <0.1

<0.1 0.12

Fe mg/L

570 

23 

500

700 

280 

31

820

150

720

550

640

540

K mg/L

370 

130 

20

25

87 

15 

<1

92

53

57

38

120

Field No

PMO3

SDH4

GCM4

CCO4

SNM4

PWI4

ACT4

PBC4

FCWN4

FLW4

CHI4

ZEO4

Mg mg/L

<1

6.1

62

24

74

21

4.2

31

42

9.4

18

30

Mn mg/L

2.6

14

1.7

1.2

9.2

13

0.53

23

0.83

7.3

19

0.39

Na mg/L

560

940

1400

700

340

210

280

340

750

680

1900

170

Nd mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.11

<0.1

0.21

0.30

<0.1

0.10

0.10

<0.1

0.32

<0.1

Ni mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.11

0.10

0.11

<0.1

<0.1

0.22

0.11

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

P mg/L Pb mg/L

< 1 < 0.1

1.4 0.11

< 1 < 0.1

<1 0.10

<1 <0.1

<1 <0.1

< 1 < 0.1

<1 0.10

<1 0.10

<1 0.12

<1 <0.1

<1 0.13

Sr mg/L

<0.1

1.8

2.6

3.0

14

0.60

0.88

1.2

1.3

0.40

1.1

4.8

Ti 

<1

mg/L

< 

1.5

1

< 

1.4

1.9

1

< 

2.3

1.4

2.0

1.5

1

1.8

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Ga (< 0.1),

Ho(<0.1), Mo(<0.1), Nb(<0.1), Sc(<0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th(<0.1), U (< 1), V(<0.1), andYb(<0.1) 

have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

26
Table A9. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Ferric Iron Stock Solution

Field No

PM07

SDH8

GCM8

CC08

SNM8

PWI8

ACTS

PBC8

FCWN8

FLW8

CHI8

ZEOS

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L

180 mg/L Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Fe(lll)

Al 

<

mg/L

1

< 

58

36

55

38

1

< 

51

69

52

82

1

Ba mg/L

<0.1

0.10

<0.1

0.13

0.17

<0.1

0.13

<0.1

<0.1

0.18

0.11

Ca mg/L

320

470

63

340

320

470

390

560

560

300

330

Ce

<

0

<

0

0

<

<

<

0

0

<

Fe (III) stock solution (average) < ^ <(-1 ^ < ^ <

mg/L Cr mg/L

0.1 <0.1

.14 <0.1

.16 <0.1

0.1 0.11

0.1 0.11

0.1 <0.1

.48 0.12

.13 <0.1

0.1 0.10

.24 <0.1

0.1 <0.1

0.1 0.16

Cu mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.21

0.13

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.10

0.18

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

Fe mg/L

< 1

< 

90

80

36

13

1

< 

69

58

70

80

1

180

Field No

PM07

SDH8

GCM8

CC08

SNM8

PWI8

ACTS

PBC8

FCWN8

FLW8

CHI8

ZEOS

La mg/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.13

<0.1

0.17

0.35

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

Li

<

<

<

0

<

<

<

0

0

<

<

< 0.1

mg/L

0.1

0.1

.16

.12

0.1

0.1

0.1

.20

0.1

0.1

0.1

Mg mg/L

<1

4.4

37

13

50

11

3.0

28

28

3.9

9.5

21

Mn mg/L

1.7

8.2

0.51

0.11

13

0.23

0.98

0.20

0.19

3.4

1.8

<0.1

Na mg/L

920

1600

880

590

620

500

690

1100

870

1400

780

1200

Nd

<

<

0.

<

0.

0.

<

<

<

0.

0.

<

mg/L P mg/L

0.1 <1

18 6.4

12 <1

0.1 <1

0.1 < 1

0.1 < 1

22 1.0

22 1.2

0.1 < 1

14 2.0

0.1 < 1

0.1 <1

Sr mg/L

0.63

2.8

0.47

0.80

0.88

0.65

0.15

<0.1

1.1

1.5

2.0

8.1

Y mg/L

<0.1

0.24

0.88

<0.1

<0.1

1.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.29

<0.1

0.19

0.32

aAg(<0.1), As(<0.2), Au(<0.1), Be(<0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd(<0.1), Co(<0.1), Eu(<0.1), Ga(<0.1), Ho(<0.1), Mo(

Nb (< 0.1), Ni (< 0.1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) 

have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

27
Table A10. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Potassium Stock So

Field No

Field 

PM014

SDH17

GCM17

CCO17

SNM17

PWI17

ACT17

PBC17

FCWN17

FLW17

CHI17

ZE017

No

PM014

SDH17

GCM17

CCO17

SNM17

PWI17

ACT17

PBC17

FCWN17

FLW17

CHI17

ZEO17

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L

22 mg/L K

K

K

K

K

K

K

K

K

K

K

K stock solution (average

P 

< 

mg/L

1

< 

7.5

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 

1.1

2.3

1

< 1

< 1

<1

Sr mg/L

5.0

0.34

0.95

1.2

3.2

7.6

12

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.1

<0.1

Al mg/L

< 

1.0

2.6

5.8

3.4

1

< 1

< 

2.9

14

4.2

36

1

< 1

Y mg/L

< 

0.42

<0.1

0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.18

0.1

< 

0.28

0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.10

0.1

<0.1

Ba mg/L

< 

0.24

0.33

0.1

< 

0.11

0.29

0.45

0.28

0.43

0.20

0.16

0.11

0.1

Zn mg/L

< 

0.16

0.11

0.11

0.10

0.16

0.1

< 

0.18

0.32

0.12

0.55

0.1

<0.1

Bi mg/L

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

Ca mg/L Fe mg/L

560 < 1

380 < 1

130 < 1

350 <1

370 <1

710 < 1

1500 1.2

490 <1

1200 < 1

580 <1

180 < 1

< 1 < 1

K mg/L

280

26

24

84

9.6

370

190

54

22

69

76

130

Li mg/L M

< 0.1 

<0.1 

<0.1 

0.16 

0.16 

0.12 

< 0.1 

< 0.1 

0.57 

< 0.1 

<0.1 

< 0.1 

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Ce (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Cu (< 0.1), Eu (< 0

Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 0.1), La (< 0.1), Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Nd (< 0. 1), Ni (< 0.1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 

Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the 

detection limits shown in parentheses.

28
Table A11. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Magnesium Stock S

Field No

Field 

PMO12

SDH14

GCM14

CCO14

SNM14

PWI14

ACT14

PBC14

FCWN14

FLW14

CHI14

ZEO14

No

PMO12

SDH14

GCM14

CCO14

SNM14

PWI14

ACT14

PBC14

FCWN14

FLW14

CHI14

ZEO14

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

280 mg/L Mg

Al 

<1

mg/L

< 

1.9

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 

6.4

1

< 

1.2

1

< 1

Ba mg/L

0.10

0.37

0.24

0.27

0.25

0.24

0.15

0.11

<0.1

0.23

0.15

Mg stock solution (average < 1 < 0.1

Sr mg/L

1.1

3.4

0.33

1.7

1.4

1.0

0.88

1.1

2.6

4.4

12

<0.1

Ti mg/L

1.8

1.3

1.7

1.6

1.9

1.7

1.4

1.5

1.7

1.1

1.5

1.0

Y mg/L

< 

0.32

<0.1

0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.10

0.1

< 

<0.1

<0.1

0.1

<0.1

Zn mg/L

< 

0.14

0.24

0.15

0.39

<0.1

0.13

0.11

0.13

0.14

0.10

0.1

<0.1

Bi mg/L

0.26

<0.2

0.21

<0.2

0.24

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

0.20

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

Ca mg/L

150

430

780

450

870

710

370

290

130

410

300

< 1

Ga mg/L

0.22

0.16

0.23

0.20

0.23

0.21

0.16

0.21

0.23

0.15

0.19

0.14

K mg/L

420

150

32

29

91

12

< 

73

65

75

62

190

1

Li mg/L M

<0.1 

<0.1 

<0.1 

0.14 

0.14 

0.12 

<0.1 

< 0.1 

0.29 

< 0.1 

<0.1 

< 0.1 

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Cd (< 0.1), Ce (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Cu (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Fe (< 1

Ho (< 0.1), La (< 0.1), Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Nd (< 0. 1), Ni (< 0.1), P (< 1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), 

Th (< 0.1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the 

detection limits shown in parentheses.

29
Table A12. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Manganese Stock So

Field No

PMO16

SDH19

GCM19

CCO19

SNM19

PWI19

ACT19

PBC19

FCWN19

FLW19

CHI19

ZEO19

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

36 mg/L Mn

Mn stock solution (average)

Al 

18

mg/L

< 

3.2

1.3

1

< 

3.7

1

< 

3.0

1

< 1

< 1

< 

38

1

Ca mg/L

< 

7.2

6.9

1

< 

3.1

13

39

52

41

65

6.7

11

1

Fe mg/L

< 

3.4

1

< 

1.7

1

< 

5.0

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 

34

1

K 

< 

26

10

mg/L

1

< 

12

2.4

5.1

2.6

14

2.1

1.2

7.0

1

Mg mg/L

< 

2.5

1

< 1

< 

1.5

3.0

1

< 

17

2.6

1.3

9.9

1.2

1

Mn mg/L

< 

0.66

0.36

0.1

2.2

0.66

36

1.2

2.3

2.5

7.9

2.0

2.2

Na mg/L

< 

150

72

54

22

41

64

88

100

120

66

150

1

P 

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Au (< 0.1), Ba (< 0.1), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Ce (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Cu (< 0

Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 0.1), La (< 0.1), Li (< 0.1), Mo (< 0.1), Nb (< 0.1), Nd (< 0. 1), Ni (< 0.1), Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0

Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), Y (< 0.1), Yb (< 0.1), and Zn (< 0.1) have been omitted because the concentration

the detection limits shown in parentheses.

30
Table A13. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Ammonium Stock Solut

Field No

ACT 

FLW20

20

FCWN 

GCM20

CC020

CHI20

20

PM017

PBC20

SDH20

SNM20

PWI20

ZEO20

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

100mg/LNH

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

100mg/LNH4

4 stock solutionb

Al ug/L

1.9

680

3000

1.0

5.7

270

1100

640

1.2

290

1.5

11

As ug/L

2.0

2.7

2

2.2

2.3

2.0

2

2.2

2

3.3

1

0.7

Ba ug/L

4

0.3

13

11

17

18

12

14

18

18

16

23

Be ug/L

0.1

<0.05

0.09

0.4

2.2

<0.05

<0.05

0.2

0.5

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

Ca mg/L

37

18

51

50

33

38

43

53

37

72

12

<0.05

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.08

0.1

0.2

<0.02

<0.02

0.2

0.4

0.04

0.1

0.05

<0.02

Ce ug/L

5.8

0.04

0.2

4.4

1.6

3.4

0.04

6.8

7.0

0.04

0.64

0.01

C

0

0

0

0

Field No

ACT 

FLW20

20

FCWN 

GCM20

CCO20

CHI20

20

PM017

PBC20

SDH20

SNM20

PWI20

ZE020

Dy ug/L

1.2

0.008

5.5

0.42

1.2

0.03

0.007

2.2

1.1

< 

2.7

0.005

< 0.005

Er ug/L

0.66

0.006

3.7

0.97

0.77

0.01

0.02

0.68

0.39

< 

2.2

0.005

< 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.15

< 0.005

0.22

0.04

0.15

0.007

< 0.005

0.084

0.29

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

52

150

190

100

110

140

170

110

210

<10

110

58

Gd ug/L

1.2

0.005

0.32

4.0

2.8

0.90

0.006

0.03

0.90

< 

1.1

0.005

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

0.04

0.08

0.03

<0.02

0.03

<0.02

0.02

0.02

0.04

0.02

0.02

<0.02

Ho ug/L

0.25

< 

1.3

0.005

0.25

0.11

0.006

< 0.005

0.39

0.27

< 0.005

0.68

< 0.005

2600

6600

4200

13000

9900

8300

5200

5400

34000

2400

1100

Kug/L

22

La ug/L

0.02

0.4

0.01

8.9

5.9

0.04

0.1

2.6

0.92

1.1

0.04

2.7

L

<

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), Ta (< 0.02), Te (< 

Tl (< 0.05), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parenthes

bAverage of 3; a 1:1000 dilution.

31
Field No

ACT 

FLW20

20

FCWN 

GCM20

CCO20

CHI20

20

PM017

PBC20

SDH20

SNM20

PWI20

ZE020

Mo ug/L

0.03

0.03

0.08

0.06

0.03

0.2

0.2

0.03

0.07

0.03

0.09

0.07

Na 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

mg/L

2.1

Nd ug/L

2.8

1.2

6.8

0.02

3.5

4.0

0.01

0.08

11

<0.01

0.71

<0.01

Ni ug/L

0.2

4.2

0.5

1.9

1.6

0.9

1.3

1.6

2.4

1.2

1.7

0.8

Pug/L

41

91

3400

13

11

270

440

380

27

45

260

100

Pb ug/L

0.2

1.1

0.3

0.08

0.2

0.09

0.2

0.59

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.09

Pr ug/L

0.1

<0.01

2.4

0.99

<0.01

0.02

0.69

0.24

0.96

<0.01

0.75

<0.01

Rb ug/L

0.02

4.0

6.8

8.9

29

22

42

12

28

73

8.2

2.3

Sb ug/L

0.03

0.1

<0.02

0.09

<0.02

0.1

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

0.03

0.02

0.50

Sc ug/L

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.4

<0.1

Field No

ACT 

FLW20

20

FCWN 

GCM20

CCO20

CHI20

20

PM017

PBC20

SDH20

SNM20

PWI20

ZE020

Sn ug/L

0.07

0.06

0.06

<0.05

0.08

0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.07

0.05

S04 mg/L

5.2

620

630

600

490

640

630

610

550

600

610

600

Sr ug/L

320

78

150

26

350

100

240

53

0.04

110

100

1200

Tb ug/L

0.20

< 0.005

0.75

< 

0.006

0.18

0.052

0.005

0.41

0.17

< 0.005

0.32

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.02

0.11

0.06

0.01

0.06

0.18

0.08

0.01

0.02

0.09

< 0.005

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

<0.1

2.6

2.6

2.5

2.1

2.6

2.7

2.6

2.2

2.6

2.5

2.6

Tm ug/L

0.090

< 0.005

0.49

0.080

0.10

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.13

0.12

< 0.005

0.36

< 0.005

Uug/L

1.5

0.35

3.3

0.65

0.26

0.35

1.9

3.2

1.5

4.1

0.40

< 0.005

Vug/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.4

0.5

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.8

<0.1

2

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

12

16

0.2

0.2

8.8

3.6

47

0.08

8.5

0.02

27

<0.01

32
Table A14. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Lead Stock Solut

Field No

ACT 

FLW11

11

CHI 11

CCO 11

GCM 11

FCWN 11

ZEO 11

PWI 11

SNM 11

SDH 11

PBC 11

PMO10

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb

10 mg/L Pb stock solution5

Al ug/L

140

<0.01

60

7.4

47

370

370

2100

0.63

4.1

140

<0.01

As 

1

ug/L

0.9

0.9

0.5

0.6

1

0.6

1

0.4

2.1

0.6

< 0.2

Ba ug/L

24

4

25 

26

.

18

12

25

25

15

14

25

<0.02

Be ug/L

0.07

< 0.05

0.3

1.3

< 

<0.05

0.05

<0.05

0.3

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.06

Ca mg/L

30

14

38

70

24

29

36

60

31

60

12

<0.05

Cd ug/L

0.05

< 0.02

0.1

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.08

0.1

<0.02

0.08

<0.02

0.03

Ce ug/L

3.2

0.97

2.6

0.02

2.8

4.4

0.2

0.1

1.1

0.02

0.2

<0.01

Field No

ACT 

FLW11

11

CHI 11

CCO 11

GCM 11

FCWN 11

ZEO 11

PWI 11

SNM 11

SDH 11

PBC 11

PMO10

Dy ug/L

0.01

0.62

3.7

0.50

0.85

0.01

0.02

0.33

0.27

< 0.005

0.63

< 0.005

Er ug/L

0.35

0.005

0.02

0.24

0.25

2.4

0.009

0.28

0.62

< 0.005

0.56

< 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.079

< 0.005

0.02

0.10

0.054

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.060

0.062

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

99

190

45

110

200

84

92

120

250

96

48

< 10

Gd ug/L

0.60

0.006

0.02

0.23

0.21

2.8

0.57

0.65

0.008

< 0.005

0.26

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

0.02

< 0.02

0.03

<0.02

<0.02

0.03

0.09

0.03

< 0.02

<0.02

0.03

< 0.02

Ho ug/L

0.13

< 0.005

0.071

0.86

0.005

0.075

< 0.005

0.10

0.20

< 0.005

0.17

< 0.005

Kug/L

970

2500

5800

4600

15000

12000

7700

5000

6400

35000

2500

5.2

La ug/L

1.5

0.03

1.4

0.08

0.09

0.99

0.59

2.2

4.3

0.02

0.2

<0.01

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), Sc (< 0.1

Sn (< 0.05), Ta (< 0.02), Te (< 0.1), Tl (< 0.05), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations 

were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

bAverage of 3; a 1:100 dilution.

33
Field No

ACT 

FLW11

11

CHI 11

CCO 11

GCM 11

FCWN 11

ZEO 11

PWI 11

SNM 11

SDH 11

PBC 11

PMO10

Mo ug/L

0.07

0.1

0.06

0.1

0.04

0.2

0.2

0.04

0.1

0.09

0.1

<0.02

Na 

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

mg/L

21

Nd ug/L

1.9

0.01

5.6

0.04

0.06

0.75

0.71

2.1

2.7

<0.01

0.2

<0.01

Ni ug/L

1.6

0.8

1.6

2.5

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.8

1.4

1.6

1.0

0.15

Pug/L

42

90

610

26

55

51

87

230

5.7

21

120

84

Pb ug/L

25

1.4

1.3

9.1

3.6

1.2

2.5

5.2

6.5

1.2

1.1

1.5

Pr ug/L

0.89

<0.01

0.40

0.2

0.1

<0.01

0.04

<0.01

0.50

0.67

0.01

0.02

Rb ug/L

4.2

6.2

9.8

33

26

41

12

35

81

8.8

2.6

<0.01

Sb ug/L

0.1

0.2

0.05

0.2

0.06

0.4

0.2

0.03

0.07

0.1

<0.02

0.07

Se ug/

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.27

Field No

FLW 11

ACT 11

CHI 11

CCO 11

GCM 11

FCWN 11

ZEO 11

PWI 11

SNM 11

SDH 11

PBC 11

PMO10

SO4 mg/L

21

300

310

300

290

300

300

300

310

300

310

310

Sr ug/L

31

0.05

120

110

970

83

250

100

220

360

86

140

Tb ug/L

0.10

< 0.005

0.04

0.51

0.050

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.12

0.081

< 0.005

0.072

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.01

0.03

0.04

0.03

0.03

0.07

0.06

0-.04

0.04

0.15

< 0.005

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.5

2.6

2.7

0.23

Tm ug/L

0.04

< 0.005

0.33

0.056

0.03

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.04

0.093

< 0.005

0.083

< 0.005

Uug/L

1.3

2.9

1.2

2.7

0.35

0.19

0.14

2.7

0.16

1.1

0.02

0.06

Vug/L

<0.1

0.2

0.4

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.6

<0.1

<0.1

1

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

4.3

0.06

2.6

12

0.1

0.2

2.8

2.4

31

0.02

7.6

<0.01

Yb ug/

<0.01

0.25

1.9

<0.01

0.44

<0.01

0.25

0.57

0.01

0.02

0.21

0.40

34
Table A15. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Sulfate Stock Solution

Field No

ACT 

FLW2

2

PM01

PBC2

SDH2

SNM2

PWI2

ZEO2

FCWN2

GCM2

CCO2

CHI2

Solution

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

CRR extract: 5,

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

200 mg/L SO4

5,200 mg/L SO4 stock solution

Al ug/L

1500

2.9

710

1100

2400

9.3

29

440

5100

20

2.7

320

As 

2

ug/L

0.8

0.3

0.5

1

0.4

0.7

1

<0.2

<0.2

2.6

0.6

Ba ug/L

17

17

4

7.8

11

5.9

6.0

4

12

7.8

3

<0.02

Be ug/L

0.2

<0.05

0.2

0.2

0.7

2.7

<0.05

0.08

0.7

<0.05

0.3

<0.05

Ca mg/L

37

20

51

38

39

37

44

42

36

77

11

<0.05

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.09

0.1

0.2

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

0.1

0.02

0.06

0.4

<0.02

Ce ug/L

8.2

2.0

6.1

0.03

8.7

0.07

0.58

5.3

10

0.05

1.4

<0.01

Co 

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Field No

ACT 

FLW2

2

PM01

PBC2

SDH2

SNM2

PWI2

ZEO2

FCWN2

GCM2

CCO2

CHI2

Dy ug/L

1.8

0.007

2.1

0.48

6.9

0.009

0.091

1.4

1.4

< 

6.0

0.005

< 0.005

Er ug/L

0.48

4.5

0.01

0.96

1.2

0.005

0.64

0.88

0.02

0.060

4.7

< 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.22

< 0.005

0.42

0.05

0.20

< 

0.009

0.005

0.20

0.10

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

53

160

180

120

130

140

160

120

240

11

150

76

Gd ug/L

1.7

0.008

5.1

0.42

1.6

0.01

0.083

1.8

1.2

0.006

2.3

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

<0.02

0.03

0.03

0.04

<0.02

0.03

0.03

0.05

0.08

0.06

0.02

0.03

Ho ug/L

0.34

< 

1.6

0.005

0.02

0.44

0.12

< 0.005

0.27

0.30

< 

1.5

0.005

< 0.005

Kug/L

1600

960

34000

1700

6200

2400

8200

8700

5600

3600

3400

17

La ug/L

3.7

2.3

0.05

0.4

4.8

1.2

0.06

6.6

7.3

0.02

0.64

0.04

Li 

4

2

5

2

5

<

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), Sn (< 0.05), Ta (< 

Tl (< 0.05), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in parenthe

bAverage of 3; a 1:1000 dilution.

35
Field No

ACT 

FLW2

2

PMO1

PBC2

SDH2

SNM2

PWI2

ZE02

FCWN2

GCM2

CC02

CHI2

Mo ug/L

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.08

0.07

0.5

0.3

0.05

0.08

0.3

0.03

0.06

Na 

-

-

-

-

-

-

.

mg/L

92

-

-

-

1.9

Nd ug/L

1.6

0.02

7.6

5.4

0.02

0.30

5.0

1.5

10

0.02

4.7

<0.01

Ni ug/L

<0.1

3.2

0.6

1.8

1.0

0.9

1.4

1.4

2.5

1.0

1.8

0.8

Pug/L

49

180

7300

170

1200

12

31

420

300

750

5.0

10

Pb ug/L

0.2

<0.05

0.4

0.81

0.2

0.3

<0.05

0.2

0.4

0.14

0.50

0.08

Pr ug/L

1.0

<0.01

1.6

0.31

1.3

<0.01

0.07

1.7

1.3

<0.01

<0.01

0.27

Rb ug/L

0.02

2.6

6.8

4.7

18

21

29

8.8

17

79

6.2

2.8

Sb ug/L

0.1

0.03

0.08

0.03

0.09

0.1

<0.02

0.03

0.05

0.05

0.02

0.61

Sc ug/L

0.7

0.4

0.8

1

<0.1

0.7

0.2

0.3

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.6

Field No

ACT 

FLW2

2

PM01

PBC2

SDH2

SNM2

PWI2

ZEO2

FCWN2

GCM2

CCO2

CHI2

Sn ug/L

<0.05

0.05

0.3

<0.05

0.06

<0.05

0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

S04 mg/L

5.2

600

610

550

400

610

570

590

480

580

590

590

Sr ug/L

82

140

26

210

240

41

370

91

1000

0.05

100

100

Tb ug/L

0.29

< 0.005

0.98

0.072

0.01

0.31

< 0.005

0.29

0.21

< 0.005

0.69

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.07

0.04

0.05

0.12

0.02

0.13

0.70

0.13

0.04

0.03

0.35

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

0.1

2.5

2.8

2.4

1.7

2.6

2.4

2.5

2.1

2.5

2.5

2.5

Tm ug/L

0.13

< 0.005

0.60

0.096

0.16

< 

0.009

0.005

0.13

< 

0.083

0.005

0.83

< 0.005

Uug/L

1.6

1.6

0.20

3.7

0.92

0.64

0.78

2.4

5.1

1.8

6.6

< 0.005

Vug/L

<0.1

<0.1

0.6

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.8

<0.1

2

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

15

4.4

59

0.1

13

0.72

8.8

19

0.3

0.05

53

0.01

36
Table A16. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Uranium Stock Sol

Field No

ACT 

FLW16

16

CHI 16

CCO 16

GCM 16

FCWN 16

ZEO 16

PWI 16

SNM 16

SDH 16

PBC 16

PM013

Solution

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

CRR extract: 2 mg/L U (VI)

2 mg/L U (VI) stock solution

Al ug/L

240

14

1000

550

24

12

97

490

2500

15

21

18

As ug/L

2.0

2

2

2

1

1

0.9

1

2

0.7

0.8

2.8

Ba ug/L

17

2

3.1

14

8.3

26

22

17

9.6

22

19

21

Be ug/L

0.1

< 0.05

0.5

1.6

<0.05

0.07

<0.05

0.3

<0.05

0.06

< 0.05

< 0.05

Ca mg/L

0.1

27

13

34

64

24

27

33

54

28

56

8.6

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.07

0.1

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.08

0.2

<0.02

0.04

0.1

<0.02

Ce ug/L

3.8

0.03

0.2

2.5

1.2

3.0

0.09

0.1

0.4

0.3

3.9

6.3

Field No

ACT 

FLW16

16

CHI 16

CCO 16

GCM 16

FCWN 16

ZEO 16

PWI 16

SNM 16

SDH 16

PBC 16

PM013

Dy ug/L Er ug/L

0.77 0.42

0.01 0.005

4.0 2.5

0.37 0.35

0.66 0.40

0.04 0.03

0.009 0.009

0.96 0.60

1.2 0.53

0.007 < 0.005

1.7 1.3

< 0.005 < 0.005

Eu ug/L

0.091

< 0.005

0.12

0.03

0.12

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.076

0.16

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

79

88

100

180

86

160

40

220

37

79

47

97

Gd ug/L

0.01

0.74

3.0

0.73

0.01

0.03

0.48

0.29

1.5

0.64

0.02

< 0.005

Ge ug/L

0.07

0.05

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.02

Ho ug/L

0.16

< 0.005

0.91

0.009

0.14

0.088

< 0.005

0.22

0.21

< 0.005

0.42

< 0.005

Kug/L

770

2000

4400

28000

1700

4600

3500

11000

8200

6200

3900

32

La ug/L

1.8

0.03

1.4

0.79

0.2

1.7

0.06

0.1

0.3

0.2

5.2

5.6

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Na (not determined), Nb (< 0.02), 

Sn (< 0.05), Ta (< 0.02), Te (< 0.1), Tl (< 0.05), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were le

the detection limits shown in parentheses.

bAverage of 3; a 1:10 dilution.

37
Field No

ACT 

FLW16

16

CHI 16

CCO 16

GCM 16

FCWN 16

ZEO 16

PWI 16

SNM 16

SDH 16

PMO13

PBC16

Mo ug/L

0.05

0.1

0.04

0.08

0.04

0.2

0.2

0.05

0.08

0.5

0.1

0.1

Nd ug/L

2.3

0.02

5.9

0.99

0.1

1.6

0.03

0.2

5.9

3.1

0.43

0.1

Ni ug/L

2.2

4.2

0.4

1.4

2.0

0.7

1.1

1.2

2.3

1.0

1.5

0.6

Pug/L

39

120

2600

230

320

280

30

49

150

130

19

110

Pb ug/L

0.2

1.0

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.90

0.2

0.84

0.4

0.96

1.0

0.3

Pr ug/L

0.79

<0.01

0.02

0.38

0.20

0.93

<0.01

0.48

1.4

<0.01

0.07

0.04

Rb ug/L

2.5

4.4

6.6

23

18

30

8.7

21

59

6.5

1.9

0.05

Sb ug/L

0.1

<0.02

0.05

0.1

0.03

0.4

0.1

0.04

0.06

0.03

0.03

< 0.02

Se ug/L

0.4

0.5

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.7

SiO2 m

3

2

2

2

2

1

1

3

4

3

3

<0.5

Field No

FLW 16

ACT 16

CHI 16

CCO 16

GCM 16

FCWN 16

ZEO 16

PWI 16

SNM 16

SDH 16

PMO13

PBC16

SO4 mg/L

500

510

530

510

500

520

530

540

520

510

520

540

Sr ug/L

67

99

18

190

290

73

240

59

840

0.5

88

71

Tb ug/L

0.13

< 0.005

0.57

0.006

0.095

0.050

< 0.005

0.23

0.13

< 0.005

0.19

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.03

0.02

0.11

0.10

0.07

0.03

0.06

0.16

0.07

0.02

0.02

0.11

Ti ug/L

2.3

2.0

2.3

2.0

2.0

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.2

Tm ug/L

0.060

< 0.005

0.35

0.007

0.060

0.074

< 0.005

0.072

0.096

< 0.005

0.22

< 0.005

Uug/L

260

48

240

230

270

240

31

65

120

170

250

180

Vug/L

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.3

0.4

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.7

1

<0.1

<0.1

Yug/L

5.3

0.08

6.1

12

0.1

0.3

4.9

3.1

33

0.06

16

<0.01

Yb ug/

<0.01

0.32

1.9

<0.01

0.41

0.54

<0.01

0.03

0.36

0.54

1.4

<0.01

38
Table A17. ICP - AES Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Zinc Stock Solutio

Field No

Field 

PMO4

SDH5

GCM5

CCO5

SNM5

PWI5

ACT5

PBC5

FCWN5

FLW5

CHI5

ZEO5

No

PMO4

SDH5

GCM5

CCO5

SNM5

PWI5

ACT5

PBC5

FCWN5

FLW5

CHI5

ZEO5

Solution

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

CRR extract:

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

430 mg/L Zn

Zn stock solution (average)

Mg mg/L

< 

4.6

49

19

66

15

5.1

30

36

6.6

13

29

1

Mn mg/L

2.3

1.5

0.65

1.1

0.19

0.36

14

0.53

0.47

1.5

5.4

<0.1

Al 

< 

mg/L

1

< 

13

2.0

13

19

1

< 

20

32

20

45

1

< 1

Na mg/L

2700

2800

2200

1900

2200

1700

2100

2500

2400

2900

2100

2600

Au

0

<

0.

0.

0.

0.

<

<

0.

<

<

<

Nd

<

<

0.

<

0.

0.

<

<

<

0.

0.

<

0.1

0.1

13

0.1

28

11

0.1

0.1

0.1

11

18

0.1

mg/L

.18

0.1

11

10

11

10

0.1

0.1

13

0.1

0.1

0.1

mg/L Ba mg/L

< 

0.13

0.17

0.10

0.23

0.10

0.24

<0.1

0.10

<0.1

0.24

0.14

0.1

P 

< 

mg/L

1

< 

32

1

< 1

< 1

< 1

< 

4.5

1.2

1

< 

9.5

1

<1

Ca mg/L

250

470

720

520

840

950

420

470

150

450

480

1

Sr mg/L

1.1

4.2

0.41

1.9

1.7

1.3

0.84

1.6

2.7

4.4

13

<0.1

Ce mg/L

< 

<0.1

0.1

< 

0.16

0.1

< 0.1

< 0.1

< 

0.10

0.16

0.1

< 

0.17

0.1

< 0.1

Y mg/L

< 

0.21

0.94

<0.1

0.1

< 

0.30

<0.1

0.25

0.26

<0.1

0.94

0.1

<0.1

Cu mg/L Fe mg/L

< 0.1 < 1

< 0.1 < 1

< 0.1 < 1

0.21 < 1

0.12 2.5

< 0.1 < 1

<0.1 2.0

0.16 <1

0.16 1.2

0.44 < 1

<0.1 <1

<0.1 <1

Zn mg/L

430

160

330

280

330

280

210

290

340

95

250

150

K 

4

1

1

2

1

aAg (< 0.1), As (< 0.2), Be (< 0.1), Bi (< 0.2), Cd (< 0.1), Co (< 0.1), Cr (< 0.1), Eu (< 0.1), Ga (< 0.1), Ho (< 0.1), Mo (< 

Pb (< 0.1), Sc (< 0.1), Sn (< 0.5), Ta (< 1), Th (< 0.1), Ti (< 1), U (< 1), V (< 0.1), and Yb (< 0.1) have been omitted beca

were less than the detection limits shown in parentheses.

39
Table A18. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange De-ionized Water Control 

Field No

PWI 

ZEO1

FCWN1

GCM1

CCO1

CHI1

ACT1

FLW1

1

X

PBC1

SDH1

SNM1

Solution

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

CRR extract: De-ionized water

De-ionized water control

Al ug/L

1200

3600

140

230

3600

180

410

510

2800

1200

1300

6.6

As ug/L

3.0

0.9

2.4

<0.2

0.7

2.2

1

3.2

0.3

0.7

2

<0.2

Ba ug/L

0.8

5.0

0.8

5.4

3

7.8

0.3

4

2

1

1

0.05

Be ug/L

<0.05

0.05

0.2

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.6

<0.05

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

Ca mg/L

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.63

0.89

1.2

0.08

as

0.4

0.3

<0.05

Ce ug/L

0.4

0.3

0.4

3.6

2.1

3.2

0.69

1.8

0.4

1.5

<0.01

0.79

Co ug/L

0.05

0.2

0.1

0.81

<0.02

<0.02

0.06

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.3

<0.02

Field No

PWI 

ZEO1

FCWN1

GCM1

CCO1

CHI1

ACT1

FLW1

1

X

PBC1

SDH1

SNM1

Er ug/L Eu ug/L

0.061 0.02

0.067 0.02

0.14 0.02

0.01 < 0.005

0.02 0.007

0.02 < 0.005

0.066 0.008

0.03 0.006

0.005 < 0.005

0.079 0.02

0.25 < 0.005

< 0.005 < 0.005

Fe ug/L

53

120

1000

93

200

250

1500

650

520

1200

2800

< 10

Ga ug/L

0.2

0.1

1.2

0.4

0.5

<0.02

0.56

0.68

0.04

0.08

0.54

0.06

Gd ug/L

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.31

0.18

0.15

0.090

0.050

0.14

0.15

0.02

< 0.005

Ho ug/L

0.009

0.005

0.060

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.007

0.01

< 0.005

0.075

0.03

< 0.005

Kug/L

48

140

1300

130

300

1000

310

130

130

600

280

19

La ug/L

1.7

2.0

0.92

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.80

0.1

0.95

0.4

<0.01

Li ug/L

1.9

7.1

0.2

0.5

1.5

3.3

0.3

2.7

0.6

3.2

1.0

<0.1

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ge (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02), Ta (< 0.02), T

Tl (< 0.05), and W (< 0.02) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits shown in pare

40
Field No

CHI 

ACT1

FLW1

1

GCM 

CCO1

1

FCWN 1

PWI 

ZEO1

1

SDH 

SNM1

1

X

PBC1

Na mg/L

9.0

4.4

3.0

1.2

0.71

2.8

4.8

0.44

4.0

11

1.3

0.05

Nb ug/L

0.2

0.2

0.03

0.1

0.03

0.02

<0.02

0.3

0.03

0.1

0.2

<0.02

Nd ug/L

1.2

0.94

0.2

0.1

0.1

1.6

0.53

0.27

0.1

<0.01

0.39

0.75

Ni ug/L

0.1

0.6

1.4

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.3

Pug/L

90

34

210

32

90

53

330

220

49

140

11

14

Pb ug/L

1.4

0.66

1.2

0.92

1.4

0.3

0.4

0.57

1.4

2.5

0.3

0.79

Pr ug/L

0.08

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.42

0.24

0.31

0.1

0.20

0.02

0.1

<0.01

Rb ug/L

1.1

4.7

2.3

1.0

1.8

5.8

3.5

1.6

0.64

1.3

8.0

0.02

Sb ug/L

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.07

0.56

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.1

0.08

0.05

0.2

Sc 

2

1

2

ug/L

0.4

0.5

0.7

2

0.3

0.4

2

4

<0.1

Field No

CHI 

ACT1

FLW1

1

GCM 

CCO1

1

FCWN 1

PWI 

ZEO1

1

X

PBC1

SDH1

SNM1

Sn ug/L

0.4

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.2

<0.05

0.2

<0.05

0.1

0.08

0.06

SO4 mg/L

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.9

0.5

0.6

1.4

1.0

1.1

0.3

1.1

5.9

Sr ug/L

1.3

2.8

4.7

0.2

14

0.4

1.1

1.1

1.8

1.0

1.1

0.03

Tb ug/L

0.05

0.03

0.02

< 0.005

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.007

< 0.005

0.03

0.02

< 0.005

Th ug/L

0.08

0.27

0.60

0.46

0.65

0.1

0.70

0.58

0.10

0.26

0.28

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

13

58

1.8

5.5

2.0

1.7

0.7

6.5

14

6.8

9.8

<0.1

Tm ug/L

0.02

0.01

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.050

0.01

< 0.005

Uug/L

0.65

0.66

0.02

0.14

0.15

0.23

0.05

0.29

0.27

0.13

0.44

< 0.005

Vug/L

2

0.7

0.6

5.4

2

<0.1

5.0

5.0

3

11

2

<0.1

Yug/L

0.86

0.76

0.2

0.3

0.2

1.9

0.73

0.4

<0.01

2.5

0.93

0.06

41
Table A19. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange Burleigh Mine Drainage S

Field No

ACT 

FLW21

FLW21

21

ACT 21

FCWN 

GCM21

GCM21

CCO21

CCO21

CHI21

CHI21

21

FCWN 21

3PMO18

3PMO18

2PMO18

2PMO18

1PMO18

1PMO18

PBC21

PBC21

SDH21

SDH21

SNM21

SNM21

PWI21

PWI21

ZE021

ZE021

Solution

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: Burleigh tunnel water 1 :100

Burleigh tunnel water (1:10)

Burleigh tunnel water (1 :100)

Burleigh tunnel water (1 :10)

Burleigh tunnel water (1:100)

Burleigh tunnel water (1:10)

Burleigh tunnel water (1 :100)

Al ug/L

3.2

0.04

2.1

6.1

150

<0.01

0.14

<0.01

0.12

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

1.2

<0.01

2.8

0.34

0.02

<0.01

160

15

<0.01

<0.01

1.5

<0.01

1.1

<0.01

7.0

0.74

As ug/L

<0.2

0.7

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

0.6

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

Ba ug/L

2

<0.02

1

0.7

8.0

0.1

1

0.06

2

0.3

0.2

<0.02

4

0.3

2

0.3

3

0.7

0.3

<0.02

2

0.2

2

0.1

2

0.1

2

0.2

Ca mg/L

<0.05

0.52

9.8

0.3

3.3

1.1

11

0.93

5.4

0.51

0.4

1.0

11

1.0

10

0.2

1.6

0.4

3.9

<0.05

8.3

0.3

3.4

0.80

8.2

0.77

8.4

0.83

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.09

0.4

0.07

0.90

0.02

1.1

0.2

1.9

0.2

1.6

0.09

0.2

<0.02

0.4

3.9

0.2

2.1

<0.02

0.05

0.3

<0.02

1.6

16

1.5

15

1.5

16

Ce ug/L

0.3

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.02

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.02

<0.01

<0.01

0.02

0.2

0.02

<0.01

0.01

0.1

0.02

0.1

0.01

0.1

0.01

C

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Be (< 0.05), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Er (< 0.005), Eu (< 0.005), Ga (< 0.02), Gd (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05

Nb (< 0.02), Pr (< 0.01), Re (< 0.02), Sc (< 0.1), Sm (< 0.01), Sn (< 0.05), Ta (< 0.02), Tb (< 0.005), Te (< 0.1), Th (< 0.005

W (< 0.02), Yb (< 0.01), and Zr (< 0.05) have been omitted because the concentrations were less than the detection limits s

42
Field No

ACT 

FLW21

FLW21

21

ACT 21

FCWN 

GCM21

GCM21

CCO21

CCO21

CHI21

CHI21

21

FCWN 21

3PMO18

3PMO18

2PMO18

2PMO18

1PMO18

1PMO18

PBC21

PBC21

SDH21

SDH21

SNM21

SNM21

PWI21

PWI21

ZE021

ZEO21

Dy ug/L

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.005

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.006

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.008

0.005

0.006

< 0.005

0.007

< 0.005

Fe ug/L

< 

<10

10

11

< 10

< 

<10

10

< 10

< 10

< 

<10

10

< 10

< 

<10

10

< 10

10

< 10

< 

9.9

10

80

< 10

< 10

< 

22

<10

31

<10

10

<10

24

Gd ug/L

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.009

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.006

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.008

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 

0.009

0.005

0.009

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

Kug/L

82

1200

660

6800

<0.3

500

<0.3

42

850

64

1100

58

2100

120

2900

140

31

450

48

940

32

640

160

12

140

11

140

12

La ug/L

0.01

0.2

0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.06

<0.01

<0.01

0.2

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.07

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.03

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.1

0.01

0.1

0.01

0.1

0.02

Li ug/L

1.6

<0.1

1.3

0.4

5.6

<0.1

1.6

0.3

3.1

0.6

6.6

0.2

1.5

1.1

12

<0.1

1.1

0.1

0.9

0.6

5.6

<0.1

2.2

<0.1

1.0

<0.1

0.2

1.2

Mgjng/L

0.06

0.54

0.08

0.76

0.01

0.13

1.3

0.13

1.8

0.02

0.20

0.24

2.4

0.19

1.5

0.38

3.7

0.36

3.7

0.37

3.7

0.09

0.84

0.02

0.16

0.28

2.8

0.16

Mn ug/L

7.2

0.34

10

99

8.1

79

3.7

36

5.6

53

100

8.8

80

1.4

12

11

140

7.3

16

0.68

10

92

340

39

330

37

340

39

Mo ug/L

0.1

0.2

1.1

0.1

0.4

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.06

0.2

0.09

0.4

0.04

0.1

0.04

0.1

<0.02

0.1

0.02

0.3

<0.02

0.07

<0.02

0.06

0.04

0.1

<0.02

Na mg/L

9.4

1.5

15

1.1

11

2.8

29

0.96

7.3

2.6

26

1.6

16

1.5

15

0.27

4.4

0.76

1.1

2.1

21

2.8

29

0.10

1.1

0.09

1.1

0.09

43
Field No

ACT 

FLW21

FLW21

21

ACT 21

FCWN 

GCM21

GCM21

CCO21

CCO21

CHI21

CHI21

21

FCWN 21

3PMO18

3PMO18

2PMO18

2PMO18

1PMO18

1PMO18

PBC21

PBC21

SDH21

SDH21

SNM21

SNM21

PWI21

PWI21

ZEO21

ZEO21

Pb ug/L

0.4

<0.05

0.08

<0.05

0.07

0.08

0.1

0.98

0.1

0.2

0.08

<0.05

0.1

0.2

<0.05

0.05

0.09

0.2

0.1

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

0.2

2.1

0.2

2.1

0.3

2.9

Rb ug/L

0.4

2.2

0.04

5.9

1.4

15

0.2

0.53

4.9

0.56

5.6

0.2

2.1

0.60

6.0

0.50

0.1

1.3

0.2

1.9

0.88

0.09

0.84

0.08

0.84

0.08

0.77

0.1

Sb ug/L

0.2

0.08

0.1

0.03

0.09

0.05

0.3

0.02

0.05

0.05

0.1

0.04

<0.02

0.04

<0.02

0.04

<0.02

0.09

<0.02

0.05

<0.02

0.04

<0.02

0.08

0.05

0.51

0.02

<0.02

Se ug/L

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.7

SiO2 mg/L

2

<0.5

3

<0.5

2

<0.5

3

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

3

<0.5

2

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

Sn ug/L

0.06

<0.05

0.06

<0.05

0.06

0.06

0.06

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.07

<0.05

0.06

<0.05

0.08

<0.05

<0.05

0.1

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

SO4 mg/L

28

4.3

29

4.3

30

4.3

29

4.4

29

4.5

30

4.5

30

4.5

30

2.4

29

2.3

29

2.4

29

2.8

33

4.3

28

4.0

27

4.1

Sr ug/L

1.3

0.09

9.5

2.0

20

1

17

160

17

160

1.0

8.9

0.3

2.6

13

130

0.9

8.4

1.7

17

1.1

11

2.2

22

2.8

29

160

18

Ti ug/L

0.2

0.3

2.8

<0.1

0.3

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.4

0.1

2.3

<0.1

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

<0.1

0.2

Uug/L

1.6

0.16

1.4

0.06

0.50

0.02

0.20

0.14

1.1

0.11

1.3

0.09

0.91

0.12

1.3

0.10

0.99

0.13

1.7

0.18

1.6

0.21

2.2

0.16

1.6

0.14

1.6

0.16

44
Table A20. ICP - MS Results3 for Pre- and Post- Exchange McClelland Mine Drainag

Field No

ACT 

FLW23

FLW23

23

ACT 23

FCWN 

GCM23

GCM23

CCO23

CCO23

CHI23

CHI23

23

FCWN 23

3PMO19

3PMO19

2PMO19

2PMO19

1PMO19

1PMO19

PBC23

PBC23

SDH23

SDH23

SNM23

SNM23

PWI23

PWI23

ZEO23

ZE023

Solution

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1 :10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

CRR extract: McClelland tunnel water 1:10

McClelland tunnel water (1:10)

McClelland tunnel water (1:100)

McClelland tunnel water (1:10)

McClelland tunnel water (1 :1 00)

McClelland tunnel water (1:10)

McClelland tunnel water (1 :1 00)

Al ug/L

1.7

1.8

3.5

8.1

39

< 0.01

5.4

16

1.2

2.8

0.51

1.5

1.3

24

1.9

1.5

2.1

10

2.2

8.6

1.3

490

0.41

50

520

50

500

50

As ug/L

0.3

< 

<0.2

0.2

< 

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

0.2

<0.2

0.3

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

1

0.2

< 

<0.2

<0.2

0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

<0.2

Ba ug/L

0.5

0.05

2

11

0.2

2

1

0.2

4

0.6

5.7

0.1

0.5

0.3

3

0.4

4

0.4

0.4

<0.02

3

0.3

2

0.2

2

0.1

2

0.2

Be ug/L

< 0.05

< 

<0.05

<0.05

0.05

< 0.05

< 

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.05

< 

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 0.05

< 

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.05

0.2

<0.05

0.2

<0.05

<0.05

0.09

Ca mg/L

0.3

< 

15

0.05

5.4

1.5

0.55

8.3

1.3

13

2.7

0.60

6.0

0.80

1.5

15

1.3

13

0.3

<0.05

0.51

5.4

0.54

1.2

12

1.2

13

1.2

12

Cd ug/L

<0.02

0.04

0.1

<0.02

0.4

0.05

0.66

0.05

0.66

0.03

0.3

0.83

<0.02

0.05

0.02

0.1

1.3

0.1

<0.02

<0.02

0.1

<0.02

0.4

4.7

0.4

4.9

0.4

4.6

aAg (< 0.01), Au (< 0.01), Bi (< 0.01), Cr (< 0.5), Ga (< 0.02), Ge (< 0.02), Hf (< 0.05), In (< 0.01), Nb (< 0.02), Re (< 0.02)

Te (< 0.1), Tl (< 0.05), W (< 0.02), Yb (< 0.01), and Zr (< 0.05) have been omitted because the concentrations were less th

the detection limits shown in parentheses.

45
Field No

ACT 

FLW23

FLW23

23

ACT 23

FCWN 

GCM23

GCM23

CCO23

CCO23

CHI23

CHI23

23

FCWN 23

3PMO19

3PM019

2PM019

2PM019

1PM019

1PM019

PBC23

PBC23

SDH23

SDH23

SNM23

SNM23

PWI23

PWI23

ZE023

ZE023

Cu ug/L

7

0.6

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

6

0.5

9

0.7

7

0.6

<0.5

<0.5

8

0.7

4

13

120

13

130

12

120

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

<0.5

0.6

Dy ug/L

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.053

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.04

0.34

0.04

0.36

0.04

0.33

Er ug/L

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.03

< 0.005

< 

0.006

0.005

0.01

< 0.005

0.006

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.005

< 0.005

0.02

0.16

0.01

0.15

0.01

0.14

Eu ug/L

0.006

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.01

0.14

0.01

0.14

0.01

0.12

Fe ug/L

< 10

< 10

< 

22

10

< 10

< 10

15

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

16

< 10

25

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 

140

10

< 

150

10

< 

150

10

Gd ug/L

0.03

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.04

< 

0.006

0.005

0.005

0.02

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.46

0.03

0.48

0.04

0.48

0.050

Ho ug/L

0.006

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.065

0.006

0.063

0.006

0.062

< 0.005

Kug/L

7.0

90

630

35

1400

810

8200

92

900

51

1300

80

2300

140

3300

720

350

67

1000

60

130

27

500

12

130

9.4

140

18

La ug/L

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.08

0.3

< 

0.03

<0.01

0.06

<0.01

0.02

0.03

0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.2

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

0.05

0.02

0.2

1.6

0.2

1.6

0.2

1.6

Li ug/L

1.8

0.6

6.3

<0.1

1.9

0.4

3.4

0.8

6.8

0.1

1.8

1.1

13

0.1

1.6

<0.1

1.2

2.1

<0.1

0.9

<0.1

0.9

<0.1

1.0

0.6

5.9

0.2

<0.1

46
Field No

ACT 

FLW23

FLW23

23

ACT 23

FCWN 

GCM23

GCM23

CCO23

CCO23

CHI23

CHI23

23

FCWN 23

3PMO19

3PMO19

2PMO19

2PMO19

1PMO19

1PMO19

PBC23

PBC23

SDH23

SDH23

SNM23

SNM23

PWI23

PWI23

ZEO23

ZE023

Na mg/L

8.1

2.8

28

1.8

18

1.6

16

1.1

10

1.7

17

1.1

11

3.3

34

0.87

4.7

0.61

1.2

2.3

22

3.2

32

0.09

1.2

0.09

1.2

0.10

Nd ug/L

0.1

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.2

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.05

<0.01

0.07

<0.01

0.02

<0.01

0.1

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.03

<0.01

2.6

0.23

2.5

0.26

2.7

0.27

Ni ug/L

0.3

1.6

7.2

0.8

7.5

<0.1

0.5

0.5

5.1

0.5

5.3

0.5

4.8

0.2

2.9

0.2

2.5

<0.1

0.9

<0.1

1.0

<0.1

1.7

16

1.6

16

1.7

16

P ug/L

14

23

15

4

15

6

4

14

15

11

11

19

29

9

< 

10

12

34

150

14

29

1

< 

9

2

12

1

6

<1

10

Pb ug/L

0.08

0.1

0.1

0.07

0.1

0.07

0.1

0.09

0.09

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.06

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

< 

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.3

2.2

0.3

2.8

0.2

2.1

Pr ug/L

0.06

6.58

0.06

0.60

0.05

0.59

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.03

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.04

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.02

Rb ug/L

0.5

0.05

6.9

1.9

19

0.2

2.5

2.3

0.75

7.0

0.2

0.69

5.7

0.56

7.7

0.71

0.1

1.3

0.2

2.0

0.87

1.1

0.1

1.0

0.1

0.09

0.1

1.0

Sb ug/L

0.1

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

<0.02

0.3

< 

0.05

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.02

0.4

0.05

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

0.06

0.03

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

<0.02

Se ug/L

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.5

SiO2 mg/L

3

<0.5

3

<0.5

4

<0.5

3

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

3

<0.5

3

<0.5

3

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

2

<0.5

47
Sn ug/L

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.08

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.3

<0.05

<0.05

0.8

0.07

SO4 mg/L

5.2

38

5.2

38

5.1

37

5.5

40

5.4

40

5.5

41

5.4

40

5.5

40

5.6

40

5.5

42

5.6

41

5.5

41

5.5

40

5.9

44

Field No

ACT 

FLW23

FLW23

23

ACT 23

FCWN 

GCM23

GCM23

CC023

CCO23

CHI23

CHI23

23

FCWN 23

3PMO19

3PMO19

2PMO19

2PMO19

1PMO19

1PMO19

PBC23

PBC23

SDH23

SDH23

SNM23

SNM23

PWI23

PWI23

ZE023

ZE023

Sr ug/L

15

140

15

150

15

140

1.4

13

0.3

3.1

17

150

1.0

9.8

2.7

28

1.4

13

2.8

28

3.6

36

1.4

13

2.5

25

0.1

1.0

Tb ug/L

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.007

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.006

0.065

0.006

0.080

0.006

0.068

Th ug/L

0.01

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.11

< 0.005

0.14

< 0.005

0.19

< 0.005

Ti ug/L

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.3

0.9

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

0.4

< 0.1

< 

0.4

0.1

0.4

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

0.6

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

0.3

< 0.1

<0.1

0.3

Tm ug/L

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

0.02

< 0.005

U ug/L V ug/L

0.68 0.1

0.07 < 0.1

1.5 0.6

0.15 <0.1

0.06 < 0.1

0.005 < 0.1

0.08 < 0.1

0.008 < 0.1

1.2 0.4

0.12 <0.1

1.1 0.7

0.11 <0.1

0.93 0.5

0.09 < 0.1

0.10 <0.1

0.01 < 0.1

0.46 0.3

0.05 < 0.1

1.6 3

0.16 0.2

1.6 <0.1

0.15 <0.1

3.2 < 0.1

0.31 <0.1

3.4 < 0.1

0.33 < 0.1

3.2 < 0.1

0.31 <0.1

Yug/L

0.2

<0.01

0.02

0.02

0.5

<0.01

0.05

0.05

0.1

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.07

0.01

0.2

<0.01

0.06

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.04

0.02

0.2

1.8

0.2

1.8

0.2

1.8

48
Table A 21. ICP - AES Results3 for CRR Composition

Field No

PBC

SDH

SNM

PWI

ZEO

FCWN

GCM

CCO

CHI

ACT

FLW

Ag mg/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

6.1

6.2

6.3

5.3

6.1

6.8

6.2

6.1

5.5

6.5

6.6

Al% As mg/L

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

12

< 10

Au mg/L

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

<8

Ba mg/L

1800

750

1100

930

820

660

1400

630

1700

730

1000

Be 

2

3

3

3

2

5

2

2

4

4

2

mg/L Bi mg/L

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10

< 10 1.5

1.5

2.2

1.5

3.0

1.4

1.6

1.6

0.82

2.9

1.0

Ca% Cd mg/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

C

Field No

PBC

SDH

SNM

PWI

ZEO

FCWN

GCM

CCO

CHI

ACT

FLW

Cr 

5

2

3

2

9

2

mg/L

< 1

< 1

8

3

10

Cu 

5

4

7

5

4

9

mg/L

< 1

10

9

6

3

Eu mg/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

1.6

1.4

0.88

1.1

0.73

0.46

0.51

0.91

1.6

1.9

0.80

Fe% Ga mg/L

18

13

15

14

11

15

11

12

16

15

12

Ho mg/L

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

<4

2.0

3.3

1.9

3.3

0.94

3.1

2.5

3.0

3.7

2.0

1.3

K% La mg/L

33

37

48

82

40

41

15

39

84

41

51

Li 

13

22

9

23

8

32

2

26

4

39

8

mg/L

aAg (< 2), Au (< 8), Bi (< 10), Cd (< 2), Eu (< 2), Ho (< 4), Mo (< 2), Sn (< 5), Ta (< 40), and U (< 100) have been omitted 

the concentrations were less than the detection limites shown in parentheses.

49
Field No

Field 

PBC

SDH

SNM

PWI

ZEO

FCWN

GCM

CCO

CHI

ACT

FLW

No

PBC

SDH

SNM

PWI

ZEO

FCWN

GCM

CCO

CHI

ACT

FLW

Mo mg/L

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

Th mg/L

23

23

22

20

17

5

16

25

30

25

7 0.14

0.18

0.14

0.17

0.12

0.14

0.06

0.14

0.16

0.21

0.12

Ti%

1.8

2.1

0.45

0.41

0.79

2.1

1.1

0.81

0.64

1.3

3.2

Na% Nb mg/L

16

22

32

50

17

28

23

21

50

32

31

U mg/L

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

< 100

Nd mg/L

33

25

31

54

28

29

10

26

65

35

32

V 

9

mg/L

25

9

<2

8

19

4

19

3

20

23

Ni 

4

4

3

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

<2

4

<2

mg/L

Y mg/L

46

24

32

52

29

33

16

20

81

44

27

0.02

0.03

0.08

0.03

0.02

P%

0.008

0.02

0.06

0.02

0.01

0.01

Yb 

5

2

3

5

3

3

1

2

8

4

2

mg/L

Pb mg/L

14

18

24

15

<4

20

8

19

17

16

15

Zn mg/L

120

58

53

42

38

45

44

34

110

80

53

Sc 

4

3

6

5

mg/L

4

4

3

3

3

4

<2

Sn mg/L

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

<5

50