Menopausal Symptoms and 

Complementary Health Practices

© Anna Chelnokova/Shutterstock.com

Menopause is the permanent end of a woman’s menstrual periods. 

Menopause occurs naturally, or it can be caused by surgery, 

chemotherapy, or radiation. Natural products or mind and body 

practices are sometimes used in an effort to relieve menopausal 

symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats. This fact sheet 

provides basic information about menopause, summarizes research 

on the efficacy and safety of complementary health practices for 

menopausal symptoms, and suggests sources for additional 

information. It builds on findings from a 2005 National Institutes of 

Health (NIH) State-of-the-Science conference on the management of 

menopause-related symptoms, with updates to reflect new 

developments. Information from the conference is available from 

NIH at www.consensus.nih.gov/2005/menopause.htm. 

Key Points 

• Mind and body practices such as yoga, tai chi, qi gong, and 

acupuncture may help reduce the severity of menopausal symptoms.

• Researchers are studying herbal supplements sometimes used 

for menopausal symptoms in an effort to identify their different 

compounds and active ingredients and to understand their 

effects in the body. Some of these supplements can have serious 

side effects.

• “Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy” or “BHRT” is a 

marketing term used to describe medications that are prepared in 

specialized pharmacies and may contain any variation of hormones 

including, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone. They 

are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

• Tell all your health care providers about any complementary 

health practices you use. Give them a full picture of what you do 

to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated and 

safe care.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 

AND HUMAN SERVICES

National Institutes of Health

National Center for Complementary 

and Alternative Medicine
About Menopause 

“Menopausal transition” refers to the time leading up to menopause, involving hormonal 

changes that can span several years. A woman is said to have completed natural menopause 

when she has not had a period for 12 consecutive months and for American women, this 

typically happens at around age 51 or 52. Menopause occurs immediately if both ovaries are 

surgically removed,1 or if the ovaries are severely damaged in cancer treatment with radiation 

therapy or chemotherapy. For menopause-related information from NIH, visit 

www.health.nih.gov/topic/menopause/womenshealth. 

Common Symptoms During the Menopausal Transition 

Some symptoms that women experience as they age are related to menopause and decreased 

activity of the ovaries. Other symptoms may be related to aging in general. Scientific evidence 

of a link to menopause is strongest for the following symptoms:

• Hot flashes and night sweats (also called vasomotor symptoms, because they involve the

expansion of the blood vessels)

• Vaginal dryness, which can lead to painful intercourse.

Some women also may experience problems with reasoning or remembering things. This may 

be related, in part, to changes in estrogen during the menopausal transition.

It is not certain whether the following symptoms are due to menopause, other factors that can 

come with aging, or a combination of menopause and age-related factors:

• Urinary incontinence

• Physical complaints, such as tiredness and stiff or painful joints

• Changes in mood, such as depression, anxiety, and/or irritability. These symptoms are

similar to premenstrual syndrome.

The expert panel assembled for the NIH State-of-the-Science conference noted that 

menopause is a normal part of women’s aging and advised that menopause should not be 

“medicalized” (or viewed as a disease).

Menopausal Hormone Therapy 

For decades, hormone therapy was a widely used treatment for menopausal symptoms. 

Estrogen has been used alone as a menopausal hormone therapy in women who have had 

their uterus removed. Progestin, the synthetic form of an estrogen-related hormone called 

progesterone, is combined with estrogen as a menopausal hormone therapy in women who 

still have their uterus. Progestin stops the growth of cells in the lining of the uterus. Continued 

growth of these cells can lead to uterine cancer.

1 In performing a hysterectomy, which refers to the surgical removal of the uterus, a surgeon may or may not also 

remove the ovaries. Either way, periods stop immediately. If one or both ovaries remain, some hormone production 

may continue.

2
The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), a 15-year research program launched in 1991, was 

designed to address the most common causes of death, disability, and poor quality of life in 

postmenopausal women. The research program examined the effectiveness of hormone 

replacement therapy in women, which at the time was considered to be a promising 

intervention. Findings from two WHI clinical trials examined:

• The use of estrogen plus progestin in women with a uterus

• The use of estrogen only in women without a uterus.

In both studies, women were randomly assigned to receive either the hormone medication or 

placebo. The findings of the studies raised serious concerns about the long-term safety of 

menopausal hormone therapy. For example, in both studies, when compared with placebo, the 

hormone medication (whether estrogen plus progestin or estrogen only) resulted in an increased 

risk of stroke and blood clots. In addition, the estrogen plus progestin medication resulted in an 

increased risk of heart attack and breast cancer. Through this long-term, well-designed series of 

studies, the WHI showed how rigorous research can lead to answers of difficult and important 

questions affecting health and health care. These concerns are one reason that many women are 

turning to mind and body practices and natural products to help with menopausal symptoms.

For menopausal hormone therapy-related information from NIH, visit www.nih.gov/PHTindex.htm. 

Common Elements of Clinical Trials

As shown by the WHI, clinical trials are an important part of medical research. A clinical trial 

is a research study in which a treatment or therapy is tested in people to see whether it is safe 

and effective.

• Trials can be randomized. In a randomized trial, each participant is assigned by chance to

either an investigational group or a control group. Randomization helps ensure that the

study results are attributable to the treatment and not to unrelated factors that might bias

the outcome or the interpretation of the results.

Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group. Some complex trials 

include several groups.

• Trials are often double blind. This means that neither the researchers nor the participants

know who has been assigned to which group. Blinding is another way to help minimize the

chance of bias influencing the trial results.

• Researchers design clinical trials to have one or more endpoints. An endpoint is a

measure that determines whether the treatment under study has an important effect.

To learn more or to find trials that are recruiting participants, visit NIH Clinical Research 

Trials and You. If you do not have access to the Internet, contact the NCCAM Clearinghouse 

for information.

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What the Science Says About Complementary Health Practices for 

Menopausal Symptoms 

The NIH State-of-the-Science conference panel noted the overall shortage of well-designed 

research on complementary health practices for menopausal symptoms. Many studies have 

had limitations (such as the way the research was done or treatment periods that may not 

have been long enough). As a result, the findings from these studies have not been strong 

enough for scientists to draw any conclusions. Also, many studies of botanicals have not used 

a standardized product (i.e., one that is chemically consistent).

Since the 2005 NIH panel’s findings, scientists are continuing to build an evidence base on 

complementary therapies for menopausal symptoms. Although questions remain, research is 

progressing. For example, NCCAM is sponsoring studies on mind and body approaches that have 

shown promise for reducing menopausal symptoms, and on botanical products that are both 

well characterized (i.e., their ingredients have been carefully studied) and well standardized.

Mind and Body Therapies for Menopausal Symptoms

A growing body of evidence suggests that mind and body practices such as yoga, tai chi, qi 

gong, and acupuncture may benefit women during menopause. Research is under way to 

explore these preliminary findings.

• A 2010 review of 21 papers assessed mind and body therapies for menopausal symptoms.

The researchers found that yoga, tai chi, and meditation-based programs may be helpful in

reducing common menopausal symptoms including the frequency and intensity of hot

flashes, sleep and mood disturbances, stress, and muscle and joint pain.

• Another 2010 review assessed studies that examined the use of acupuncture for hot flashes

related to natural or induced menopause. The studies that the researchers included in their

review were limited to acupuncture studies performed using needles stimulated by hand or

electrically. The researchers found that acupuncture may reduce the frequency and

severity of hot flashes; they also concluded that the effect may occur regardless of where

the acupuncture needle is placed on the body. However, some studies did not provide

sufficient evidence to support the use of acupuncture for hot flashes due to their small size

and poor quality. Further research is needed in order to provide more conclusive results.

Symptoms Matter

In thinking about quality of life and what it means to be well, it is important to recognize that 

symptoms matter. The National Health Interview Survey showed that the primary health 

conditions that lead Americans to turn to complementary practices are some very common 

and troublesome symptoms. Therefore, research that explores the role of promising mind and 

body therapies for alleviating symptoms remains an important focus for future studies. 

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Natural Products and Menopausal Symptoms

Because natural products used for menopausal symptoms can have side effects and can 

interact with other botanicals or supplements or with medications, research in this area is 

addressing safety as well as efficacy. Some findings from this research are highlighted below.

Botanicals

• Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa, Cimicifuga racemosa). This herb has received more scientific

attention for its possible effects on menopausal symptoms than have other botanicals.

Studies of its effectiveness in reducing hot flashes and other symptoms have had mixed

results. A study funded by NCCAM and the National Institute on Aging (NIA) found that

black cohosh, whether used alone or with other botanicals, did not relieve hot flashes and

night sweats in postmenopausal women or those approaching menopause. In the same

study, black cohosh also had no effect on gynecological problems such as vaginal dryness

and abnormal bleeding. Other research suggests that black cohosh does not act like

estrogen, as once was thought. Recent reviews of the clinical research literature on black

cohosh for menopausal symptoms conclude that its efficacy has yet to be demonstrated.

United States Pharmacopeia experts suggest that women should discontinue use of black 

cohosh and consult a health care practitioner if they have a liver disorder or develop 

symptoms of liver trouble, such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice. There have 

been several case reports of hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), as well as liver failure, in 

women who were taking black cohosh. It is not known if black cohosh was responsible for 

these problems. Although these cases are very rare and the evidence is not definitive, 

scientists are concerned about the possible effects of black cohosh on the liver.

Study Says Black Cohosh and Red Clover Are No Better Than Placebo

A year-long study of 89 women experiencing at least 35 episodes of hot flashes and night 

sweats each week compared two botanicals (black cohosh and red clover) with menopausal 

hormone therapy and placebo to evaluate symptom relief and safety. The researchers 

concluded that although neither botanical helped to relieve symptoms when compared to 

placebo, no safety concerns emerged during the trial.

Symptoms declined 63 percent in the placebo group—much more than the researchers 

expected. For red clover, the decline in symptoms (57 percent) was similar to placebo; for black 

cohosh, the decline (34 percent) was less than placebo. Symptoms declined 94 percent with 

menopausal hormone therapy.

The study was conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago/NIH Center for Botanical 

Dietary Supplements Research, funded in part by NCCAM. More information about the study is 

available at nccam.nih.gov/research/results/spotlight/042610.htm. 

• Dong quai (Angelica sinensis). Only one randomized clinical study of dong quai has been

done. The researchers did not find it to be useful in reducing hot flashes. Dong quai is

known to interact with, and increase the activity in the body of, the blood-thinning

medicine warfarin. This can lead to bleeding complications in women who take dong quai.

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• Ginseng (Panax ginseng or Panax quinquefolius). The 2005 NIH panel concluded that ginseng 

may help with some menopausal symptoms, such as mood symptoms and sleep 

disturbances, and with one’s overall sense of well-being. However, ginseng has not been 

found helpful for hot flashes.

• Kava (Piper methysticum). According to the 2005 NIH panel, there is no evidence that kava

decreases hot flashes, although it may decrease anxiety. Furthermore, it is important to 

note that kava has been associated with liver disease. The U.S. Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) has issued a warning to patients and providers about kava because of 

its potential to damage the liver.

• Red clover (Trifolium pratense). The 2005 NIH panel found no consistent or conclusive 

evidence that red clover leaf extract reduces hot flashes. A large clinical trial and several 

reviews of the research literature concluded that red clover had no significant beneficial 

effects on menopausal symptoms. A review of the research literature also found no 

apparent evidence of adverse events from short-term use (up to 16 weeks). However, the 

same review noted the lack of data on the safety of long-term use. There are some 

concerns that red clover, which contains phytoestrogens, might have harmful effects on 

hormone-sensitive tissue (for example, in the breast and uterus). (See box below for more 

information on phytoestrogens.)

• Soy. The scientific literature includes mixed results on soy extracts for hot flashes. Some 

studies find benefits, but others do not. Although information on adverse effects is limited, 

soy extracts appear to be generally safe when taken for short periods of time. However, 

long-term use of soy extracts (which also contain phytoestrogens) has been associated with 

thickening of the lining of the uterus.

About Phytoestrogens

Phytoestrogens occur naturally in plants and act like estrogens in some tissues, including bone 

and cardiovascular tissue. Some botanical products, such as soy and red clover, contain 

phytoestrogens. Plants rich in phytoestrogens have been studied for treating menopause 

symptoms. However, much remains to be learned about these plant products, including their 

effects in the human body. Doctors caution that certain women need to be particularly careful 

about using phytoestrogens, especially:

• Women who have had or are at increased risk for diseases or conditions that are affected 

by hormones, such as breast, uterine, or ovarian cancer

• Women who are taking medications that increase estrogen levels in the body, such as birth 

control pills; menopausal hormone therapy; or a type of cancer drug called selective 

estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as tamoxifen.

DHEA

DHEA is a naturally occurring substance that is changed in the body to the hormones estrogen 

and testosterone. DHEA is manufactured and sold as a dietary supplement. A few small studies 

have suggested that DHEA might possibly have some benefit for hot flashes and decreased 

sexual arousal, although small randomized controlled trials have shown no benefit. Because 

6 
levels of natural DHEA in the body decline with age, some people believe that taking a DHEA 

supplement can help treat or prevent conditions related to aging; however, there is no 

scientific evidence to support this notion.

Concerns have been raised about whether DHEA is safe and effective. Its long-term effects, 

risks, and benefits have not been well studied, and it remains unclear whether it might 

increase the risk for breast or prostate cancer. There is the possibility that even short-term use 

of DHEA supplements might have detrimental effects on the body. Before using DHEA for any 

purpose, people should talk to their health care provider about potential benefits and risks.

Bioidentical Hormone Replacement Therapy

“Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy,” or BHRT, is a marketing term that is not 

recognized by the FDA. It is a term used to describe medications that are prepared in 

specialized pharmacies. BHRT may contain any variation of hormones including estrone, 

estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and testosterone.

Compounded bioidentical hormones are often marketed as natural and safe alternatives to 

conventional hormone therapy prescription medications. However, compounded formulas are 

often inconsistent and can vary depending on the batch or the pharmacist. While FDAapproved hormone preparations have been tested for efficacy, purity, safety, and potency, 

there is a lack of scientific evidence surrounding BHRT and the safety and efficacy of these 

compounds. As a result, compounded bioidentical hormones are not approved by the FDA. 

For additional information, see the FDA publication Bio-Identicals: Sorting Myths from Facts, at 

www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm049311.htm. 

NCCAM Research on Complementary Health Practices for 

Menopausal Symptoms 

NCCAM supports a number of studies on complementary health practices (such as natural 

products and mind and body practices) for menopausal symptoms, as do some of the other 

institutes and centers at NIH. Examples of NCCAM-funded projects include:

• A trans-NIH initiative to improve scientific measures of hot flashes, which will lead to 

more productive clinical studies and a better understanding of hot flashes

• Research to identify natural plant-based compounds as promising alternatives to 

traditional menopausal hormone therapy

• Investigations of the safety and efficacy of black cohosh, red clover, soy supplements, and 

other botanicals for menopausal symptoms, as well as the mechanisms of action involved

• Studies of mind and body therapies—e.g., yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction (a form 

of meditation), hypnotherapy, and acupuncture—for reducing hot flashes.

In addition, an NIH initiative led by NIA in collaboration with NCCAM, the Eunice Kennedy 

Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, and the Office of Research 

on Women’s Health is looking at potential new treatments for menopausal symptoms.

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If You Are Considering a Complementary Health Practice for 

Menopausal Symptoms 

Although there is little scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of complementary

health practices for menopausal symptoms, it is possible that some approaches may provide 

relief to women during the menopausal transition. Here are a few important points to 

remember if you are considering these practices: 

• Keep in mind that although many dietary supplements (and some prescription drugs) come 

from natural sources, “natural” does not always mean “safe.” For example, the herb kava 

may cause serious harm to the liver. Also, a manufacturer’s use of the term “standardized” 

(or “verified” or “certified”) does not necessarily guarantee product quality or consistency.

• Be aware that an herbal supplement may contain several compounds and that its active 

ingredients may not be known. Researchers are studying many of these products to 

identify those ingredients and understand their effects in the body. Also consider the 

possibility that what’s on the label may not be what’s in the bottle. Analyses of dietary 

supplements sometimes find differences between labeled and actual ingredients. For 

additional information, see the NCCAM fact sheet Using Dietary Supplements Wisely at 

nccam.nih.gov/health/supplements/wiseuse.htm.

• Tell all your health care providers about any complementary health practices you use. Give 

them a full picture of what you do to manage your health. This will help ensure coordinated 

and safe care. For tips about talking with your health care providers about complementary 

and alternative medicine, see NCCAM’s Time to Talk campaign at nccam.nih.gov/timetotalk/. 

In addition to some of the practices mentioned in this fact sheet, the NIH State-of-the-Science 

conference report (see “Selected References”) also discusses a variety of other interventions 

commonly used for relief of menopause-related symptoms. Women should keep in mind that 

certain lifestyle changes can contribute to healthy aging, including during the menopausal 

transition. For example, quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly have 

been shown to reduce the risks of heart disease and osteoporosis.

Selected References 

Borud E, White A. A review of acupuncture for menopausal problems. Maturitas. 2010;66(2):131-134.

Chervenak J. Bioidentical hormones for maturing women. Maturitas. 2009;64(2):86-89.

Coon JT, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Trifolium pratense isoflavones in the treatment of menopausal hot flushes: a systematic 

review and meta-analysis. Phytomedicine. 2007;14(2-3):153-159. 

Geller SE, Shulman LP, van Breemen RB, et al. Safety and efficacy of black cohosh and red clover for the management 

of vasomotor symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause. 2009;16(6):1156-1166.

Geller SE, Studee L. Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause.

2007;14(3 Pt 1):541-549.

Innes KE, Selfe TK, Taylor AG. Menopause, the metabolic syndrome, and mind-body therapies. Menopause.

2008;15(5):1005-1013.

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Innes KE, Selfe TK, Vishnu A. Mind-body therapies for menopausal symptoms: a systematic review. Maturitas. 

2010;66(2):135-149.

Lethaby A, Marjoribanks J, Kronenberg F, et al. Phytoestrogens for vasomotor menopausal symptoms. Cochrane 

Database of Systematic Reviews. 2007 [edited 2010];(4):CD001395. Accessed at http://www.thecochranelibrary.com on 

January 25, 2012. 

Mahady GB, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, et al. United States Pharmacopeia review of the black cohosh case reports of 

hepatotoxicity. Menopause. 2008;15(4 Pt 1):628-638.

Maki PM, Freeman EW, Greendale GA, et al. Summary of the National Institute on Aging―sponsored conference on 

depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints in the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2010;17(4):815-822.

National Institutes of Health. NIH State-of-the-Science Conference Statement on Management of Menopause-Related Symptoms.

National Institutes of Health Web site. Accessed at http://consensus.nih.gov/2005/menopausestatement.pdf on 

January 25, 2012. 

Nelson HD, Vesco KK, Haney E, et al. Nonhormonal therapies for menopausal hot flashes: systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA. 2006;295(17):2057-2071.

Newton KM, Reed SD, LaCroix AZ, et al. Treatment of vasomotor symptoms of menopause with black cohosh, 

multibotanicals, soy, hormone therapy, or placebo. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006;145(12):869-879.

Palacio C, Masri G, Mooradian AD. Black cohosh for the management of menopausal symptoms: a systematic review of 

clinical trials. Drugs and Aging. 2009;26(1):23-36.

Reed SD, Newton KM, LaCroix AZ, et al. Vaginal, endometrial, and reproductive hormone findings: randomized, 

placebo-controlled trial of black cohosh, multibotanical herbs, and dietary soy for vasomotor symptoms: the 

Herbal Alternatives for Menopause (HALT) Study. Menopause. 2008;15(1):51-58.

Shams T, Setia MS, Hemmings R, et al. Efficacy of black cohosh-containing preparations on menopausal symptoms: a 

meta-analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 2010;16(1):36-44.

For More Information

NCCAM Clearinghouse

The NCCAM Clearinghouse provides information on NCCAM and complementary health 

practices, including publications and searches of Federal databases of scientific and medical 

literature. The Clearinghouse does not provide medical advice, treatment recommendations, 

or referrals to practitioners.

Toll-free in the U.S.: 1-888-644-6226

TTY (for deaf and hard-of-hearing callers): 1-866-464-3615

Web site: nccam.nih.gov

E-mail: info@nccam.nih.gov

PubMed®

A service of the National Library of Medicine, PubMed contains publication information and (in 

most cases) brief summaries of articles from scientific and medical journals.

Web site: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez

9 
NIH Clinical Research Trials and You

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a Web site, NIH Clinical Research Trials and 

You, to help people learn about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate. The 

site includes questions and answers about clinical trials, guidance on how to find clinical trials 

through ClinicalTrials.gov and other resources, and stories about the personal experiences of 

clinical trial participants. Clinical trials are necessary to find better ways to prevent, diagnose, 

and treat diseases.

Web site: www.nih.gov/health/clinicaltrials/

National Institute on Aging (NIA)

NIA is the NIH institute that focuses on supporting and conducting high-quality research on 

aging processes, age-related diseases, and special problems and needs of the aged. NIA 

publications include Hormones and Menopause: Tips from the National Institute on Aging

(www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/TipSheet_HormonesAndMenopause_0.pdf) and Menopause: 

Time for a Change (www.nia.nih.gov/health/publication/menopause-time-change).

Web site: www.nia.nih.gov

National Women’s Health Information Center (NWHIC)

NWHIC, a service of the Office on Women’s Health in the U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services (HHS), provides information to help advance women’s health research, 

services, and public and health professional education. NWHIC coordinates the efforts of all 

HHS agencies and offices involved in women’s health. NWHIC publications include Menopause 

and Menopause Treatments (www.womenshealth.gov/faq/menopause-treatment.cfm).

Web site: www.womenshealth.gov

Acknowledgments 

NCCAM thanks the following people for their technical expertise and review of this 

publication: Sheila Caldwell, Ph.D., National Center for Research Resources; Margery L.S. Gass, 

M.D., The North American Menopause Society and the Cleveland Clinic Center for Specialized 

Women’s Health; Karin Kolsky, NIA; Tieraona Low Dog, M.D., Arizona Center for Integrative 

Medicine; Sherry Sherman, Ph.D., NIA; Barbara Sorkin, Ph.D., NCCAM.

This publication is not copyrighted and is in the public domain.

Duplication is encouraged.

NCCAM has provided this material for your information. It is not intended to substitute for the medical 

expertise and advice of your primary health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any decisions 

about treatment or care with your health care provider. The mention of any product, service, or therapy 

is not an endorsement by NCCAM.

National Institutes of Health

♦♦♦

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

D406

Created January 2008

Updated March 2013