U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from 

Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, 

United States
Covers. Wetland and nearby oil well in Sheridan County, Montana, September 2011. Photographs by Tara Chesley-Preston, U.S. Geological 

Survey.
Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources 

from Oil and Gas Development in the 

Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

Contributions by Tara L. Chesley-Preston, James L. Coleman, Robert A. Gleason, 

Seth S. Haines, Karen E. Jenni, Timothy L. Nieman, Zell E. Peterman, 

Max Post van der Burg, Todd M. Preston, Bruce D. Smith, Brian A. Tangen, 

and Joanna N. Thamke

Volume comprises chapters A, B, C, and D

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

SALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2014

For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living 

resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS.

For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, 

visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod

To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the 

U.S. Government.

Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials 

as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.

Suggested citation:

Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in 

the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, 127 p., 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.

ISSN 2328-031X (print)

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

ISBN 978-1-4113-3782-4
iii

Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by the U.S. Geological Survey. 

The authors would like to thank Jon Reiten of the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology and 

Mickey McCall of the Sheridan County Conservation District for assisting in the collection of 

water samples and geophysical data and all of the State agency personnel who assisted in the 

development of the spatial databases. We also thank the attendees of the decision analysis 

workshop for contributing their time and expertise. Thanks are extended to the following U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service personnel for providing information relating to conservation easements 

and piping plover critical habitat: Sue Kvas, Chuck Loesch, Will Meeks, Connie Mueller, and 

Neal Niemuth, as well as Karen Nelson and David Rouse for assistance in collecting geophysical 

data. Also, special thanks to Jerry Rodriquez and the staff at Medicine Lake National Wildlife 

Refuge for providing site access and accommodations for field staff.

v

Volume Contents

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the 

Williston Basin, United States ....................................................................................................1

by Tara L. Chesley-Preston, James L. Coleman, Robert A. Gleason, 

Seth S. Haines, Karen E. Jenni, Timothy L. Nieman, Zell E. Peterman, 

Max Post van der Burg, Todd M. Preston, Bruce D. Smith, Brian A. Tangen, 

and Joanna N. Thamke

A. Oil and Gas Production, Aquatic Resources, and Brine Contamination in the 

Williston Basin, United States.............................................................................................5

by Brian A. Tangen, Seth S. Haines, Todd M. Preston, and 

Joanna N. Thamke

 B. Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole Environments at Three Study Sites in 

the Williston Basin, United States ....................................................................................21

by Todd M. Preston, Joanna N. Thamke, Bruce D. Smith, and 

Zell E. Peterman

C. Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas Development and Aquatic Resources 

in the Williston Basin, United States................................................................................63

by Brian A. Tangen, Robert A. Gleason, and Tara L. Chesley-Preston

D. Charting a Course Forward—Identifying Research and Decisionmaking 

Priorities in the Williston Basin, United States.............................................................115

by Max Post van der Burg, Karen E. Jenni, Timothy L. Nieman, and 

James L. Coleman
vi

Conversion Factors

SI to Inch/Pound

Multiply By To obtain

Length

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft) 

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

Area

square kilometer (km2) 247.1 acre

square kilometer (km2) 0.3861 square mile (mi2)

hectare (ha) 0.003861 square mile (mi2)

Volume

cubic meter (m3) 6.290 barrel (petroleum, 1 barrel = 42 gal)

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

cubic meter (m3) 264.2 gallon (gal) 

cubic meter (m3) 0.0002642 million gallons (Mgal) 

cubic meter (m3) 35.31 cubic foot (ft3)

Flow rate

meter per second (m/s) 3.281 foot per second (ft/s) 

meter per year (m/yr) 3.281 foot per year (ft/yr)

Mass

gram (g) 0.03527 ounce, avoirdupois (oz)

megagram (Mg) 1.102 ton, short (2,000 lb)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 

25°C).

Apparent conductivity of the soil water matrix is given in millisiemens per meter (mS/m).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L).
Executive Summary

The Williston Basin, which includes parts of Montana, 

North Dakota, and South Dakota in the United States and the 

provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada, has been 

a leading domestic oil and gas producing region for more than 

one-half a century. Currently, there are renewed efforts to 

develop oil and gas resources from deep geologic formations, 

spurred by advances in recovery technologies and economic 

incentives associated with the price of oil. Domestic oil and 

gas production has many economic benefits and provides a 

means for the United States to fulfill a part of domestic energy 

demands; however, environmental hazards can be associated 

with this type of energy production in the Williston Basin, 

particularly to aquatic resources (surface water and shallow 

groundwater) by extremely saline water, or brine, which is 

produced with oil and gas. The primary source of concern is 

the migration of brine from buried reserve pits that were used 

to store produced water during recovery operations; however, 

there also are considerable risks of brine release from pipeline 

failures, poor infrastructure construction, and flow-back water 

from hydraulic fracturing associated with modern oilfield 

operations.

During 2008, a multidisciplinary (biology, geology, 

water) team of U.S. Geological Survey researchers was 

assembled to investigate potential energy production effects 

in the Williston Basin. Researchers from the U.S. Geological 

Survey participated in field tours and met with representatives 

from county, State, tribal, and Federal agencies to identify 

information needs and focus research objectives. Common 

questions from agency personnel, especially those from the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, were “are the brine plumes 

(plumes of brine-contaminated groundwater) from abandoned 

oil wells affecting wetlands on Waterfowl Production Areas 

and National Wildlife Refuges?” and “are newer wells related 

to Bakken and Three Forks development different than the 

older, abandoned wells (in terms of potential for affecting 

aquatic resources)?” Of special concern were the wetland 

habitats of the ecologically important Prairie Pothole Region, 

which overlays a part of the Williston Basin and is recognized 

for the production of a majority of North America’s migratory 

waterfowl.

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and 

Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

On the basis of the concerns raised by on-the-ground 

land managers, as well as findings from previous research, 

a comprehensive study was developed with the following 

goals: summarize existing information pertaining to oil and 

gas production and aquatic resources in the Williston Basin; 

assess brine plume migration from new and previously studied 

sites in the Prairie Pothole Region; perform a regional, spatial 

evaluation of oil and gas production activities and aquatic 

resources; assess the potential for brine contamination to wetlands and streams; and hold a decision analysis workshop with 

key stakeholders to discuss issues pertaining to oil and gas 

production and environmental effects and to identify information gaps and research needs.

This report represents an initial, multidisciplinary 

evaluation of measured and potential environmental effects 

associated with oil and gas production in the Williston Basin 

and Prairie Pothole Region. Throughout this report there are 

reviews of current knowledge, and discussions relating to 

data gaps and research needs. On the basis of the information 

presented, future research needs include: regional geophysical and water-quality assessments to establish baselines for 

current conditions and estimate the extent of previous brine 

contamination, investigations into the direct effects of brine to 

biotic communities, and evaluations to identify the most effective techniques to mitigate brine contamination.

Principal Findings

Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole 

Environments at Three Study Sites in the 

Williston Basin, United States

Surface-water and shallow groundwater samples were 

collected and electromagnetic geophysical surveys were 

performed at three study sites in the Prairie Pothole Region to 

assess saline contamination from produced waters (brine) from 

nearby oil and gas production. Water-quality results indicated that 34 of the 48 samples were moderately or extremely 

contaminated with brine, and another 7 were potentially 
2 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

contaminated. Much of the salinity present in surface water 

and shallow groundwater during 2009 and 2010 at two of 

the study sites likely came from buried reserve pits that were 

installed in the mid- to late-1960s, indicating that contamination can persist for at least four to five decades. Geophysical 

surveys performed at the three study sites measured elevated 

apparent conductivity near most of the oilfield facilities. 

Analysis of groundwater samples confirmed that areas of 

elevated apparent conductivity were areas of brine-contaminated groundwater. Therefore, interpretation of electromagnetic geophysical data in conjunction with water-quality data 

provides an effective method to identify brine-contaminated 

groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region.

The lateral migration of brine in groundwater appears to 

be controlled, in part, by the type of near-surface sediments, 

with observed migration distances of at least 600 and 800 

meters in glacial outwash deposits and at least 400 meters in 

glacial till. The vertical migration of brine in groundwater is 

also controlled by sediment type and is measurable with geophysical methods. Apparent conductivity decreased substantially with decreasing frequency (depth) where glacial outwash 

deposits overlie clay-rich, glacial till. No substantial change in 

apparent conductivity was observed as a function of frequency 

(depth) in the clay-rich glacial till deposits. Apparent conductivity values increased substantially with depth where silt and 

clay lacustrine deposits overlie clay-rich glacial till.

Strontium isotope data from samples of produced waters, 

surface water, and groundwater confirmed that the source of 

high salinity contamination at the three study sites is brine 

produced with hydrocarbons. Potential mechanisms for the 

release of brine in the Williston Basin include discharges from 

oil and gas wells, tank batteries, reserve pits, and pipelines, as 

well as illegal dumping.

Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas 

Development and Aquatic Resources in the 

Williston Basin, United States

A spatial characterization of the Williston Basin and 

various county-level assessments of the distribution of aquatic 

resources and oil- and gas-related wells were performed using 

databases describing wells, wetlands and streams, and critical 

riparian habitats for a federally threatened bird species. The 

purpose of the county-level assessments was to identify areas 

within the Williston Basin that have the greatest likelihood of 

containing brine-affected aquatic resources. These assessments 

were founded on the premise that counties with the greatest 

numbers and densities of wells and aquatic resources would 

have a greater probability of containing wetlands and streams 

affected by brine than counties with fewer of these features. 

Further, counties with more wetlands and streams adjacent to, 

or in close proximity to, wells were identified. These proximity analyses were performed because aquatic resources in 

close proximity to oil and gas producing wells are more likely 

to be affected by brine because of soil and surficial geologic 

properties that have been shown to limit subsurface brine 

migration.

The overall spatial characterization identified more than 

30,000 oil- and gas-related wells that were permitted and 

drilled from approximately 1901 to 2011, nearly 30,000 square 

kilometers (km2) of wetlands, and about 190,000 kilometers 

(km) of streams within the boundaries of the Williston Basin 

and Bakken Formation. A majority of the wells were drilled 

after 1950 and are located primarily on privately owned lands 

in northeastern Montana and western North Dakota. A proximity analysis performed in the Prairie Pothole Region of the 

study area identified about 290,000 wetlands covering almost 

1,800 km2, more than 7,000 km of streams, and nearly 80 km2 

of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) critical habitat within 

1.6 km of oil- and gas-related wells, an observed distance of 

subsurface brine migration over time through some coarsegrained glacial outwash soils. About one-third of all wetlands 

in the Prairie Pothole Region part of the Williston Basin are 

located within 1.6 km of oil and gas wells, demonstrating the 

considerable vulnerability of these aquatic resources to brine 

contamination in the region. Similar analyses were performed 

using only oil and gas wells completed prior to 1980, the 

approximate date when associated reserve pits were required 

to be lined. Additionally, a more focused proximity analysis 

identified greater than 1,200 oil and gas wells, greater than 

80,000 km2 of wetlands, and nearly 3,000 km of streams on or 

adjacent to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands in the Prairie 

Pothole Region part of the study area. Lastly, it was determined that a 1.6-km radial buffer around wells intersected 

greater than 3,500 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conservation 

easement contracts in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Williston Basin.

This spatial characterization, along with information 

presented in chapter B of this report, lays the foundation for 

understanding the potential for past and current oil and gas 

production to affect the vast aquatic resources within the Williston Basin. With the county-level assessments, an initial step 

was taken towards identifying areas of the Williston Basin and 

Prairie Pothole Region with the greatest number of oil and gas 

wells and aquatic resources. This information can be used to 

focus monitoring efforts and scientific studies for assessing 

potential contamination of aquatic resources from oil and gas 

development. Further, the information provided in this report, 

along with the identification of important data gaps, can help 

guide future efforts to perform more formal risk assessments 

of oil and gas production to aquatic resources.

Charting a Course Forward—Identifying 

Research and Decisionmaking Priorities in the 

Williston Basin, United States

A formal decision analysis workshop was held in Bismarck, North Dakota, during April 2011. Although performed 

within the context of the work described in previous chapters 

of this report, the overarching goal of this workshop was to 
Principal Findings 3

frame the issues surrounding natural resource management 

and conservation decisionmaking with regard to oil and gas 

development within the Williston Basin. This decision analysis 

framework provides a clearer understanding of the decision 

context and provides guidance on how future applied scientific studies will provide the most value to decisionmakers. 

Additionally, this framework will clarify means to effectively 

communicate information about oil and gas development to 

those decisionmakers.

This chapter outlines the process used to develop the 

decision analysis framework. During the workshop, participants completed a modeling exercise designed to illustrate 

how oil well siting decisions might affect wetland and agricultural resources. While this exercise was not intended to inform 

an actual decision, it did highlight a number of issues that 

need to be addressed in moving forward with a more detailed 

analysis. These issues include making sure that all relevant 

stakeholders are represented in the analysis, properly defining 

the scale and extent of the problem, and assessing the value of 

resolving critical uncertainties regarding effects of oil and gas 

development. Charting a clear course forward, using decision 

analysis tools, will provide direction for continuing studies about oil and gas development that are decision relevant 

within the Williston Basin.

Oil and Gas Production, Aquatic Resources, 

and Brine Contamination in the Williston 

Basin, United States

By Brian A. Tangen, Seth S. Haines, Todd M. Preston, and Joanna N. Thamke

Chapter A of

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Suggested citation:

Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in 

the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, 127 p.,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.

Suggested citation for this chapter:

Tangen B.A., Haines, S.S., Preston, T.M. and Thamke, J.N., 2014, Oil and gas production, aquatic resources, and brine 

contamination in the Williston Basin, United States, chap. A of Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, p. 5–20.
Contents

Synopsis ..........................................................................................................................................................9

Oil and Gas Production in the Williston Basin ..........................................................................................9

Geology..........................................................................................................................................................11

Produced Waters.........................................................................................................................................12

Aquatic Resources ......................................................................................................................................12

Prairie Pothole Region .......................................................................................................................12

Chemistry of Surface Water, Shallow Groundwater, and Brine .................................................13

Brine Contamination....................................................................................................................................14

Ecological Effects of Oil and Gas Production ................................................................................14

Remediation of Brine Contamination...............................................................................................15

Summary........................................................................................................................................................15

References....................................................................................................................................................16

Figures

A–1. Map showing the Williston Basin, Bakken Formation, and 

Prairie Pothole Region ...............................................................................................................10

Oil and Gas Production, Aquatic Resources, and Brine 

Contamination in the Williston Basin, United States

By Brian A. Tangen,1 Seth S. Haines,1 Todd M. Preston,2 and Joanna N. Thamke1

1

U.S. Geological Survey

2

Parallel, Inc.

Synopsis

The Williston Basin is an intracratonic basin that underlies parts of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota in the 

United States, and Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada. 

The Williston Basin has been a top domestic oil-producing 

region since the 1960s. Recent oil and gas assessments have 

identified substantial reserves associated with the DevonianMississippian Bakken and underlying Devonian Three Forks 

Formations, and the region is currently in the midst of a major 

oil boom triggered by advances in oil and gas recovery technologies and high oil prices. Past research detailing contamination of surface waters and groundwater by produced waters 

(brine), in conjunction with observed increases in oil and 

gas development and spills of highly saline brine, has raised 

concerns about possible effects of oil and gas production to 

sensitive aquatic resources. The primary source of concern is 

the migration of brine from buried reserve pits that were used 

to store produced waters during recovery operations; however, 

there also are considerable risks of brine release from pipeline failures, poor infrastructure construction, and enhanced 

hydraulic connectivity between abandoned well bores and 

modern oil and gas operations from hydraulic fracturing.

Overlying the northeastern half of the Williston Basin 

is the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR), which includes critical 

wetland breeding and nesting habitats for a large proportion of 

North America’s waterfowl. The PPR is most often recognized 

for its vast number of pothole wetlands, with water chemistry that is highly variable and often differs significantly from 

brines in terms of salinity and ionic composition. The plant 

and invertebrate communities of pothole wetlands, which are 

critical to the provisioning of various ecosystem services, can 

be sensitive to salinity levels as well as specific salts (Gleason 

and others, 2009), and there are concerns over the ecological 

effects of brine contamination to these systems; however, there 

has been very little research pertaining to the direct effects of 

brines to biotic communities, especially in the Williston Basin.

The United States has a long history of oil and gas production, and there are standard methods for the remediation of 

brine-affected soils and groundwater, but there are no standard 

guidelines for remediating surface waters such as pothole 

wetlands. In addition to data gaps associated with the effects 

of brine to biotic communities, studies are needed to identify 

and evaluate remediation techniques for closed-basin surface 

waters such as pothole wetlands.

Oil and Gas Production in the Williston 

Basin

The Williston Basin Province has been the subject 

of numerous U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) oil and gas 

resource assessments in recent years (Anna and others, 2008; 

Pollastro and others, 2008b; Gaswirth and others, 2013), and 

detailed descriptions of the geology and hydrocarbon-producing formations are widely available (Sandberg, 1962; Peterson, 

1995; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Iampen and Rostron, 2000; 

Anna and others, 2008; Pollastro and others, 2008b; Anna 

and others, 2011; Gaswirth and others, 2013). The current oil 

development boom produces from the Bakken Formation and 

the underlying Three Forks Formation. The Bakken Formation 

is composed of shale and other rock types deposited during 

the Devonian and Mississippian periods and the USGS estimated that the portion of the Bakken Formation located in the 

United States (fig. A–1) contains 3,649 million barrels of oil 

(MMBO), 89 billion cubic meters (m3) of gas (BCMG), and 

246 million barrels of natural gas liquids that are recoverable 

with existing technologies (Gaswirth and others, 2013). The 

Three Forks Formation is composed of Devonian dolostone, 

mudstone, and anhydrite. The portion located in the United 

States is estimated to contain 3,734 MMBO, 101 BCMG, and 

281 million barrels of natural gas liquids (Gaswirth and others, 2013). Each of the aforementioned assessment quantities 

is the mean value of a probability distribution function that 

expresses the uncertainty inherent in the associated measurements and methods. These formations in the Williston Basin 

have been identified as one of the world’s greatest potential oil 

and gas reserves, with estimated volumes comparable to those 

of many leading oil-producing nations (Durham, 2010).

Oil and gas production in the Williston Basin began prior 

to the 1920s with gas production in the Cedar Creek anticline 
10 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA ONTARIO

MONTANA

IOWA

WISCONSIN

WYOMING

UTAH

IDAHO

NEBRASKA

MINNESOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA

NORTH DAKOTA

115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90°

50°

45°

Williston Basin

Bakken Formation

Prairie Pothole Region

0 75 150 300 MILES

0 75 150 300 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 2005

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

Standard parallels 43 N and 49 N

Central meridian -103 W

UNITED STATES

CANADA

Figure A–1. The Williston Basin, Bakken Formation, and Prairie Pothole Region.
Geology 11

area of Montana. Production increased substantially during 

the 1950s, with major oil discoveries throughout the basin 

(Gerhard and others, 1991; Peterson, 1995). These discoveries 

largely focused on the Mississippian Madison Group, though 

discoveries in the subsequent decades targeted other strata, 

and wells in the Williston Basin often produce oil and gas 

from several formations.

The Bakken Formation is generally considered the primary source rock for much of the hydrocarbons in the Williston Basin (Gerhard and others, 1991). In recent years, however, the Bakken Formation has become an exploration target, 

largely because of technological advances that make possible 

the extraction of large quantities of oil from this shale/sandstone formation. The development of high-precision horizontal 

drilling facilitates precise targeting of the sandstone middle 

member of the Bakken Formation along well bores that extend 

laterally up to approximately 3 kilometers (km). These wells 

are productive because of the development of sophisticated 

methods for hydraulic fracturing that create permeable fracture 

networks in low-permeability rocks. Hydraulic fracturing is 

a procedure in which large quantities of water (commonly 

3,785–37,850 m3 per well), sand, and a suite of chemicals 

are pumped under high pressure into the well bore. Hydraulic fracturing has been used for decades to improve well 

productivity, and contamination as a direct result has rarely 

been documented (DiGiulio and others, 2011; Papoulias and 

Velasco, 2013). Recent technological advances have vastly 

enhanced hydraulic fracturing’s effectiveness and stimulated 

its widespread use, particularly in the production of oil and gas 

from formations that would otherwise be too impermeable for 

economic production.

Since 2001, the Bakken Formation has been the primary 

target for new wells drilled in the Williston Basin. The number 

of wells drilled has increased each year and at least 756 wells 

in the Bakken Formation were drilled in the North Dakota 

and Montana parts of the basin in 2010 (IHS Energy, 2011). It 

is anticipated that as many as 1,800 new wells per year over 

the next 10 years may be completed in the Bakken Formation 

in North Dakota (Schuh, 2010; Dyke and others, 2011). The 

rapid rate of development in the Williston Basin brings associated infrastructure such as roads, transportation pipelines, 

storage facilities, and well casings.

Geology

The Williston Basin is a structural sedimentary, intracratonic depression that formed in the North American craton 

during Ordovician time, likely because of interaction between 

two Archean shear systems (Gerhard and others, 1991; Peterson, 1995; Pollastro and others, 2008a). The Williston Basin 

underlies a large part of the northern Great Plains in the United 

States and extends into the Canadian provinces of Manitoba 

and Saskatchewan. In the United States, the Williston Basin 

occupies 249,703 square kilometers (km2) and includes parts 

of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota (fig. A–1). The 

Canadian part of the basin covers 102,057 km2. The basin is 

generally dish-shaped (sedimentary rocks are thickest in the 

center and thinner toward the edges), with approximately 

5,400 meters (m) of Cambrian through Tertiary strata (Gerhard and others, 1991). During the Paleozoic, deposition was 

largely dominated by carbonates; Mesozoic and Cenozoic 

deposition included considerably more clastic processes. 

Hydrocarbon generation and production has largely occurred 

in the deeper sedimentary strata, principally those that were 

deposited during the Paleozoic.

Overall, the Williston Basin is characterized by slight 

topographic relief (Peterson, 1995), with surficial sediments 

consisting mainly of materials transported by erosional processes such as glaciation and running water. The northeastern 

part of the basin is primarily a glacial till plain deposited 

during multiple Pleistocene glaciations, and the southwestern 

part is generally characterized by rolling plains, buttes, and 

badlands formed during the late Cretaceous and Tertiary periods (Eyles and Menzies, 1983; Bluemle, 2000). The glaciated 

northeastern part of the Williston Basin (PPR; fig. A–1) was 

the focus of the field studies described in Chapter B of this 

report; the following paragraphs provide an overview of the 

surficial geology of this focal area.

At the end of the Pleistocene, stagnation and ablation processes including melt-out, fluvial outwash, sediment slumping, and melt-water lake formation left behind a widespread 

ground moraine, which despite local variations in textural 

and mineralogical properties can be laterally homogenous 

over large geographic areas (Fullerton and others, 2004). 

The near-surface stratigraphy is a complex three-dimensional 

mixture of poorly sorted glacial till, fine-grained glaciolacustrine deposits, and coarse-grained glacial outwash channel 

deposits (Grisak and Cherry, 1975; Miall, 1983; Hendry, 1988; 

Fullerton and others, 2004). Glacial till consists primarily of 

clay-loam soils, outwash is characterized by sand and gravel, 

and lacustrine deposits are made up of silt, clay, and finegrained sand. Glacial outwash is relatively permeable, and till 

and lacustrine deposits often form aquitards, with secondary, 

vertical fractures accounting for most of the water movement 

(Grisak and Cherry, 1975; Reiten and Tischmak, 1993).

Lands covered by glacial sediments in this region are part 

of the PPR (fig. A–1). The landscape of the PPR is characterized by ice-decay features, hummocky topography, poorly 

developed drainages, and hundreds of thousands of depressional wetlands, which are often referred to as prairie potholes 

(see section, “Prairie Pothole Region”). Key physiographic 

regions of the PPR are the Missouri Coteau, Prairie Coteau, 

and Glaciated Plains (Bluemle, 2000; Gleason and Laubhan, 

2008). The Glaciated Plains region was formed principally 

as a result of ground-moraine processes that created a gently 

rolling landscape, and the Missouri and Prairie Coteaux were 

formed by stagnant and dead-ice moraines that created a rugged area of closely spaced hills and depressions (Bluemle, 

2000). The study sites described in Chapter B of this report 

were within the Missouri Coteau.
12 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Produced Waters

A major environmental challenge facing the energy 

industry is the handling and disposal of the substantial volume 

of brine that is produced with oil and gas during drilling and 

production (Wanty, 1997; Gorman, 1999). In general, brine 

is defined as having a total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration greater than 35,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) (Kalkhoff, 

1993); however, brine from the Williston Basin has some of 

the highest TDS levels (greater than 450,000 mg/L) in the 

United States (Otton, 2006). Typically, the ratio of brine to oil 

and gas produced is at least 2 to 1 in traditional oil wells, but 

much larger proportions are common, and the fraction of brine 

produced increases as the amount of recoverable oil is reduced 

(Veil and others, 2004). For example, in 1993, oil production 

in the United States resulted in the extraction of 2.5 billion 

barrels of crude oil and 25 billion barrels of produced waters 

(Wanty, 1997). On the basis of these estimates, approximately 

10 barrels of brine are produced per barrel of oil extracted 

using traditional methods. Consequently, production of brine 

is the major potential environmental contamination hazard 

associated with oil and gas production within the Williston 

Basin.

Disposal methods of brine in the United States have 

varied historically. Prior to the 1960s and 1970s, discharge 

of brine to streams, oceans, and unlined reserve or evaporation pits was unregulated, resulting in both onsite and offsite 

contamination of surface waters and groundwater throughout 

the United States (McMillion, 1965; Baker and Brendecke, 

1983; Murphy and others, 1988; Kalkhoff, 1993; Gorman, 

1999). Similarly, previous studies in the Williston Basin have 

identified brine contamination of surface waters (Reiten and 

Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Nelson, 2006; 

Rouse and others, 2013), soils (Lang and Doll, 1983; Beal 

and others, 1987; Murphy and others, 1988), and groundwater 

(Levings, 1984; Payne and Reiten, 1991; Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Thamke and Midtlyng, 

2003; Smith and others, 2006; Peterman and others, 2010; 

Preston and others, 2013; Rouse and others, 2013).

The main source of historical contamination in the Williston Basin is attributed to inappropriate handling of brine 

and drilling fluids associated with reserve pits, which are dug 

at each well location to store produced fluids (Murphy and 

Kehew, 1984; Beal and others, 1987; Reiten and Tischmak, 

1993). Guidelines enacted during the 1970s require that these 

reserve pits are lined with plastic to reduce the potential of 

offsite contamination; however, prior to these regulations, pits 

were unlined and prone to the leaching of brine. More recently 

(2012), the State of North Dakota established rules prohibiting usage of reserve pits for storage of fluids generated during 

well completion (North Dakota Century Code, 2013). At present, the most common disposal practice of produced waters 

in the Williston Basin is through injection into deep geologic 

formations where the fluids are far removed from surface 

waters or shallow aquifers. Nevertheless, there are inherent 

risks of contamination from brine associated with modern 

recovery operations. Sources of brine releases include breaks 

in transport pipelines, leaks or unregulated discharges from 

storage tanks or tanker trucks, and failures of well casings and 

aging infrastructure (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and 

Craigg, 1997).

Current exploration and production focuses mainly on the 

Bakken Formation, which generally contains less formational 

water than other Williston Basin geologic units. However, 

flow-back water (hydraulic fracturing fluids that return to the 

surface when well production is initiated) can present similar 

storage and disposal challenges, and there is the potential for 

releases during the tanker-truck transport of the 3,785–18,925 

m3 of fracturing fluid to develop each well; thus, while the 

greatest potential for contamination is from the legacy unlined 

reserve pits, other potential sources are associated with aging 

oilfield infrastructure and with current production activities.

Aquatic Resources

Prairie Pothole Region

Overlying the northeastern part of the Williston Basin is 

the PPR (fig. A–1), which spans approximately 770,000 km2 in 

the north-central United States and south-central Canada. The 

PPR is characterized by abundant wetland habitats (prairie 

potholes) that are associated with the production of the majority of North America’s waterfowl. In total, about 283,850 km2

of the PPR overlie the Williston Basin or the Bakken Formation; more than a quarter of this area is in the United States. 

Pothole wetlands, which are described in detail by Kantrud 

and others (1989) and van der Valk (1989), also are recognized 

for numerous ecosystem services provided to society including 

outdoor recreation, wildlife habitat, sequestration of atmospheric carbon, and floodwater storage (Gleason and others, 

2008, 2011). Prairie potholes, along with streams and manmade stock ponds, also function as important water sources for 

livestock and crop irrigation in much of the semiarid Williston 

Basin.

Historically, the PPR was composed of short-, mixed-, 

and tall-grass prairie that contained countless isolated wetlands 

and streams. Currently, land use in the region is dedicated 

primarily to agricultural production, and a majority of the 

original wetlands have been lost or altered (Dahl, 1990; Dahl 

and Johnson, 1991; Gleason and Laubhan, 2008). Because of 

the land-use effects on these vital habitats such as draining, 

sedimentation, and additions of agri-chemicals, many public 

and private conservation organizations are focused on protecting existing wetlands and restoring affected sites. In addition 

to these obvious land-use effects on wetlands, there are several 

environmental threats associated with oil and gas production.

The primary risk to surface water and shallow groundwater from oil and gas production in the Williston Basin is the 

addition of highly saline brine. Effects of brine spills to soils 

are often evident as barren salt scars, but direct contamination 
Aquatic Resources 13

of wetlands and streams can go unnoticed. Brine from point 

sources such as unlined reserve pits can migrate undetected 

in shallow groundwater over large distances before discharging to surface-water habitats, and brine can accumulate over 

time in discharge wetlands that are typically low points in the 

landscape. Because many wetlands lose most of their water 

through evapotranspiration, the flushing rate of any contaminant that enters the system is low. Additional risks to environmental resources include routine operational activities such as 

truck and pipeline transport that can lead to accidental spills 

and road and infrastructure construction that can result in habitat fragmentation and increased sedimentation.

Prairie wetlands and lakes are distinguished by extreme 

variability in their ionic composition and salinity (TDS and 

specific conductance) levels (Mitten and others, 1968; Stewart 

and Kantrud, 1972; Gorham and others, 1983; Swanson and 

others, 1988; LaBaugh, 1989). Salinity levels often differ 

considerably among pothole wetlands and lakes and can vary 

temporally on a seasonal and yearly scale within a single site. 

Swanson and others (1988) reported that specific conductance 

from one pothole wetland ranged from 522 to 7,700 microsiemens per centimeter (μS/cm) between wet and dry years, 

and Hammer (1978) described a Canadian lake where salinity 

increased by 80 percent within a season. Further, Mitten and 

others (1968) reported variances in 5-year mean salinity values 

of approximately 80 percent (23,100–127,000 parts per million [ppm]) and 90 percent (6,500–60,700 ppm) from opposing ends of two North Dakota lakes where water exchange is 

limited.

The primary sources of water for pothole wetlands are 

spring snowmelt and direct precipitation and runoff during 

the growing season; evapotranspiration is responsible for 

the majority of water loss. Climate of the PPR varies along a 

northwest-to-southeast gradient (Euliss and others, 1999), with 

precipitation and temperature increasing toward the southeast. 

While some pothole wetlands contain water throughout most 

years, a large proportion of these systems dry up seasonally 

because annual evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation. The 

topographic position in the landscape also affects salinity and 

ionic composition as some potholes receive inputs from the 

groundwater (groundwater discharge sites), whereas others 

function as groundwater recharge or flow-through sites (Winter, 1989; Winter and Rosenberry, 1995); thus, wetland salinity 

and ionic composition at any point in time is governed by 

natural physical processes such as the timing and total amount 

of precipitation, evaporation, and dilution, as well as interactions with the shallow groundwater system (Winter, 1977).

Chemistry of Surface Water, Shallow 

Groundwater, and Brine

Numerous investigations of PPR wetlands have included 

measures of salinity because of its influence on ecosystem 

ecology and the composition of the biotic communities. Pothole wetlands are known for their unique vegetation (Stewart 

and Kantrud, 1971, 1972) and invertebrate (Euliss and others, 

1999) communities, which can be sensitive to salinity (Stewart 

and Kantrud, 1972; Swanson and others, 1988; Euliss and others, 1999; Gleason and others, 2009). Wetlands of this region 

have concentrations of dissolved solids that encompass the 

gradient from fresh to saline (LaBaugh, 1989), and in some 

cases, salinity levels exceed that of seawater. Specific conductance values reported for wetlands and lakes of the Williston 

Basin and PPR range from 30 to 73,000 μS/cm, although most 

sites were lower than 20,000 μS/cm (Gorham and others, 

1983; Swanson and others, 1988; Euliss and Mushet, 2004; 

Tangen and others, 2013). Despite the elevated salinities that 

can occur, often because of late-season evapoconcentration, 

specific conductance for most prairie pothole wetlands does 

not exceed 10,000 μS/cm and is often less than 1,000 μS/cm 

(LaBaugh and Swanson, 2003; Euliss and Mushet, 2004; 

Anteau and Afton, 2008; Badiou and others, 2011). Streams 

throughout the North Dakota part of the Williston Basin have 

mean TDS concentrations around 1,000 mg/L, with values 

that rarely exceed 2,000 mg/L (North Dakota Department 

of Health, unpublished data, 2012; U.S. Geological Survey, 

unpublished data, 2012). Additionally, Gorham and others 

(1983) suggest that, in some cases, shallow groundwater in the 

Dakotas may have TDS levels as high as 3,000 mg/L.

Various investigations have documented that the primary 

cations present in prairie wetlands are calcium, magnesium, 

sodium (Na+), and potassium; primary anions are bicarbonate (HCO3

-

), sulfate (SO4

2-), and chloride (Cl-

) (Gorham and 

others, 1983; Swanson and others, 1988; LaBaugh, 1989; 

LaBaugh and Swanson, 2003). Swanson and others (1988) 

identified 7 water types on the basis of the ionic composition 

of 178 prairie lakes located in south-central North Dakota: 

calcium bicarbonate, magnesium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, sodium chloride 

(NaCl), and magnesium chloride. Of these lake types, a majority were classified as SO4

2- (62.4 percent) and HCO3-

 (33.1 percent) dominated, while only a small proportion were identified 

as being Cl- (4.5 percent) dominated (Swanson and others, 

1988).

Otton (2006) depicts brine from areas of the Williston 

Basin as having some of the highest TDS concentrations in the 

United States. However, the chemistry of produced brines is 

dependent on the location within the Williston Basin and the 

producing geologic formation(s). For example, Iampen and 

Rostron (2000) reported that TDS concentrations of Williston 

Basin brines can range from less than 30,000 mg/L on the east 

and southwest flanks to greater than 380,000 mg/L throughout 

the deeper parts of the basin. Reiten (1991) reported a mean 

TDS value of nearly 320,000 mg/L, and Thamke and Craigg 

(1997) reported TDS concentrations as large as 201,000 mg/L 

for Williston Basin brine samples from wells producing predominately from the Mississippian-aged Madison Formation 

in northeastern Montana. A mean TDS value of approximately 

245,000 mg/L (maximum value of 540,500 mg/L) was calculated using data from over 2,100 oil and gas wells (representing approximately 7,600 samples) producing from numerous 
14 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

formations throughout North Dakota (North Dakota Geological Survey, 2002). Moreover, Williston Basin brines often 

are characterized as being chloride dominated (Reiten, 1991; 

Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Iampen and Rostron, 2000). As a comparison, pothole wetlands 

are typically SO4

2- and HCO3-

 systems with reported salinity 

values ranging from less than 500 to 70,000 μS/cm (Swanson 

and others, 1988). Using a model (μS/cm = 2,289 + 0.68TDS) 

presented by Swanson and others (1988), the maximum specific conductance value of 70,000 μS/cm converts to a TDS 

value of 99,575 mg/L. However, 70,000 μS/cm is unusually 

high, and specific conductance values ranging from 1,000 to 

10,000 μS/cm are considered typical (Swanson and others 

1988; LaBaugh and Swanson, 2003; Euliss and Mushet, 2004; 

Anteau and Afton, 2008; Badiou and others, 2011). This range 

converts to a TDS of less than 11,340 mg/L and is significantly 

less than the values reported for Williston Basin brines.

Brine Contamination

Ecological Effects of Oil and Gas Production

There is growing public concern over potential contamination of aquatic resources associated with oil and gas production in the Williston Basin. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of brine contamination on the environment 

(Beal and others, 1987; Reiten, 1991; Reiten and Tischmak, 

1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997), but there is a dearth of 

information pertaining to the effects of oil and gas production on biological communities, especially those communities 

associated with aquatic resources. Notable exceptions include 

a literature review of the effects of energy development on 

ungulates (for example, deer, elk, pronghorn) in Montana 

(Hebblewhite, 2008), and a report by Dyke and others (2011) 

detailing the effects of oil and gas activities on fish and 

wildlife in North Dakota and the citizens that utilize those 

resources. Both of these studies relied primarily on existing 

information (population surveys, habitat requirements, technical reports), and Hebblewhite (2008) concluded that rigorous 

experiments specifically designed to evaluate the effects of 

energy development were needed.

Hereafter discussions primarily focus on potential effects 

of brine contamination to biotic communities associated 

with wetlands and streams; however, other ecological effects 

are associated with oil and gas production activities such as 

pad and road construction, infrastructure development, and 

increased water usage and vehicle traffic (Hebblewhite, 2008; 

Dyke and others, 2011). For example, pad or road construction can result in the filling in or increased sedimentation of 

wetlands, and new road networks can disrupt migration routes 

and fragment habitat critical to a multitude of taxa including 

ungulates, grassland-dependent birds, and predators. Increased 

traffic leads to a greater frequency of vehicle collisions with 

all manner of wildlife, from small rodents, amphibians, 

snakes, and birds to large ungulates and predators. Increased 

disturbance and human presence can also stress wildlife during vulnerable times of the year such as nesting, calving, and 

winter (Hebblewhite, 2008; Dyke and others, 2011). The enormous amounts of water required for hydraulic fracturing (up to 

37,850 m3 per well) also can affect recreational lakes, shallow 

aquifers (Fischer, 2013), and agricultural irrigation.

There is a lack of scientific information describing the 

ecological effects of brines on aquatic resources in the Williston Basin. Despite this, assumptions regarding the potential effects of brine on water quality and biotic community 

structure can be made based on differences in water chemistry 

between surface and produced waters and the broad suite of 

literature describing effects of salinity to biotic communities. In general, comparisons of existing data have shown that 

salt concentrations of Williston Basin brines are significantly 

greater than the surface water and shallow groundwater of 

the region (see section, “Chemistry of Surface Water, Shallow Groundwater, and Brine”); thus, the addition of brine to 

wetlands, streams, and shallow aquifers has the potential to 

increase salinity. The available water chemistry information 

further suggests that the ionic composition is quite different 

between natural and produced waters, with produced waters 

having much greater Cl- concentrations than most natural surface waters; in fact, Pennak (1989) states that NaCl concentrations in fresh waters seldom exceed 5 percent of the TDS. On 

the basis of this information, it is reasonable to assume there is 

some potential for highly saline brine to raise the salinity levels and to alter the composition of salts in natural aquatic systems. Both of these factors have been shown to affect aquatic 

biota (Burnham and Peterka, 1975; Swanson and others, 1984; 

Mount and others, 1997; Zalizniak and others, 2006). Significant inputs of brine could also make water unsuitable for 

domestic livestock and wildlife, which often rely on natural 

wetlands and streams or manmade stock ponds for drinking 

water. The effect of brine contamination to biotic communities, however, would be highly variable depending on factors 

such as the relative amount of brine introduced to the system, 

background salt type and concentration, the composition of the 

biota, and the relation between the wetland and groundwater 

(recharge, flow through, discharge).

The relation between biotic communities and salinity 

has been examined in great detail (Poljakoff-Mayber, 1975; 

Jennings, 1976; Wollheim and Lovvorn, 1995; Parida and Das, 

2005; Kefford and others, 2007; Nielsen and others, 2007; 

Gleason and others, 2009), and most freshwater organisms are 

restricted to salinity levels that do not exceed 10,000 mg/L 

(Pennak, 1989; Wetzel, 2001). Salinity influences plant and 

invertebrate community composition (Stewart and Kantrud, 

1972; Hammer and Heseltine, 1988; Hammer and others, 

1990; Gleason and others, 2009) and at certain levels has been 

shown to reduce survival rates, growth, and development of 

ducklings (Swanson and others, 1984; Mitcham and Wobeser, 

1988; Moorman and others, 1991; DeVink and others, 2005). 

Williston Basin brines are characterized not only by high 

salinity levels but by the dominant ions Na+ and Cl-. Elevated 
Summary 15

NaCl concentrations can reduce the germination success of 

salt-tolerant plants (Baskin and Baskin, 1998), and increased 

sodicity can affect soil structure, thus impairing plant growth 

(Bohn and others, 2001; Gleason and others, 2009).

In addition to the overall efforts relating salinity to biotic 

communities, there have been numerous investigations of 

the toxicity of produced waters to organisms associated with 

aquatic ecosystems in other oil and gas producing areas. For 

example, brines from petroleum production in Texas were 

found to be toxic to the salt-tolerant sheepshead minnow 

(Cyprinodon variegatus) when diluted with seawater to a 

salinity of approximately 52,000 mg/L (Andreasen and Spears, 

1983), and survival and reproduction of a freshwater water flea 

(Ceriodaphnia dubia) were affected when exposed to water 

collected downstream from a Wyoming oilfield (Boelter and 

others, 1992). Rattner and others (1995) also identified nonlethal effects, such as reduced liver weight, to western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) that were attributed to chronic exposure to 

brine in Texas.

Remediation of Brine Contamination

There are a variety of approaches that are employed 

to remediate brine and hydrocarbon spills throughout the 

country; however, there is little guidance or relevant scientific 

research pertaining to remediation in the Williston Basin, 

especially with regards to surface water and groundwater. 

Most remediation efforts are focused on affected soils where 

vegetation no longer grows because of increased Cl- concentrations. One conventional practice for remediation of 

brine-affected soils is excavation and removal; however, this 

dig-and-haul method is expensive and not practical over a 

large geographic area. The excess Na+ typically associated 

with brine causes clays to swell, reducing permeability and 

decreasing the downward movement of water; consequently, 

one of the primary goals of remediation is to increase soil 

permeability in order to encourage leaching of Na+ from 

the root zone, thereby promoting revegetation. Perhaps the 

most common method for increasing permeability is to treat 

affected soils with a calcium-based salt, such as gypsum, with 

the goal of replacing the Na+ in the clay matrix (De Jong, 

1982; Liang and others, 1995; Merrill and others, 1990; Bohn 

and others, 2001). This cation exchange increases infiltration 

and enhances the leaching of Na+ from the upper soil profile. 

Although this type of treatment is effective for enhancing 

plant growth at affected sites, ions leached from the upper soil 

profile could still be transported to wetlands through shallow 

groundwater flow.

In addition to chemical treatments, alternative soil-remediation methods include tillage, irrigation, incorporation of 

various soil amendments (organic soil, manure, hay, sand, fertilizer), phytoremediation, and installation of subsurface drainage tile or downslope trenches to enhance lateral transport and 

intercept contaminated water (Korphage and others, 2003; 

Harris and others, 2005; Sublette and others, 2005). Tillage 

and the addition of soil amendments increase soil permeability 

through direct disturbance and the mixing of porous materials 

with tight clays. Similarly, establishment of salt-tolerant plants 

enhances permeability through the root zone, and these plants 

can also fix salts in their leaves and stems. Recently developed 

methodologies include the use of hydraulic fracturing of soils 

to enhance water recovery for desalinization and disposal 

(Robertson and others, 2006).

In addition to affecting soils, brine often contaminates 

the shallow groundwater system. The most common technique 

employed to remediate brine-affected groundwater is the 

pump-and-treat method, which consists of pumping contaminated water to the surface where it is treated and reinjected 

(Keely, 1989). The relative success and time involved to 

achieve site remediation using these various approaches differs according to factors such as soil properties (porosity and 

permeability), amount and concentration of brine introduced, 

precipitation, and groundwater flow paths and velocities.

In a review of publications pertaining to brine remediation, Vavrek and others (2004) identified information relating 

to brine spills, site characteristics, and restoration success as 

primary information gaps and suggested that phytoremediation is a feasible alternative to the dig-and-haul method, and 

assessments of recovered plant communities may be the best 

way to evaluate remediation and restoration of affected soils 

in the long term. Within the Williston Basin, especially in the 

PPR, contamination of wetlands is a primary concern. Hence, 

in addition to addressing data gaps related to remediation 

of contaminated soils and groundwater, baseline research is 

required to identify and evaluate remediation approaches for 

surface waters.

Summary

The Williston Basin has a long-standing history of oil and 

gas production and is in the midst of a modern oil boom made 

possible by advancements in drilling technologies, which 

allow for the recovery of oil from deep, low-permeability 

geologic formations. Along with the many economic benefits 

associated with oil and gas production, there are potential 

environmental effects linked to legacy reserve pits, modern 

recovery operations, fluid transport by tanker trucks and 

pipelines, and infrastructure construction. The Prairie Pothole 

Region has been widely recognized for its freshwater habitats, 

which have potential to be chemically and biologically altered 

by contamination from brine produced in the Williston Basin. 

Although brine contamination has been identified in areas 

of the Williston Basin, little research has been performed to 

assess potential ecological effects or to evaluate remediation 

techniques. Therefore, monitoring and research are required to 

identify contamination and any associated ecologic effects, as 

well as to determine the most appropriate ways to remediate 

contaminated sites.
16 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

References

Andreasen, J.K., and Spears, R.W., 1983, Toxicity of Texan 

petroleum well brine to the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), a common estuarine fish: Bulletin of 

Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 30, p. 

277–283.

Anna, L.O., Pollastro, R.M., Gaswirth, S.B, Lewan, M.D., Lillis, P.G., Roberts, L.N.R., Schenk, C.J., Charpentier, R.R., 

Cook, T.A., and Klett, T.R., 2008, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Williston Basin Province 

of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, 2008: U.S. 

Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2008–3092, 2 p.

Anna, L.O., Pollastro, Richard, and Gaswirth, S.B., 2011, 

Williston Basin Province—Stratigraphic and structural 

framework to a geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and 

gas resources, chap. 2 in U.S. Geological Survey Williston 

Basin Province Assessment Team, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Williston Basin Province 

of North Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, 2010: U.S. 

Geological Survey Digital Data Series 69–W, 17 p.

Anteau, M.J., and Afton, A.D., 2008, Amphipod densities and 

indices of wetland quality across the upper-Midwest, USA: 

Wetlands, v. 28, p. 184–196.

Badiou, P., McDougal, R., Pennock, D., and Clark, B., 

2011, Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration potential in restored wetlands of the Canadian prairie 

pothole region: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 19, 

p. 237–256.

Baker, F.G., and Brendecke, C.M., 1983, Seepage from oilfield brine disposal ponds in Utah: Ground Water, v. 21, p. 

317–324.

Baskin, C.C., and Baskin, J.M., 1998, Seeds—Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination: San 

Diego, Calif., Academic Press, 666 p.

Beal, W.A., Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1987, Migration of contaminants from buried oil-and-gas drilling fluids 

within the glacial sediments of north-central North Dakota: 

North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation 

No. 86, 43 p.

Bluemle, J.P., 2000, The face of North Dakota—The geologic 

story (3d ed.): Bismarck, North Dakota Geological Survey 

Educational Series 26.

Boelter, A.M., Lamming, F.N., Farag, A.M., and Bergman, 

H.L., 1992, Environmental effects of saline oil-field discharges on surface waters: Environmental Toxicology and 

Chemistry, v. 11, p. 1187–1195.

Bohn, H.L., McNeal, B.L., and O’Connor, G.A., 2001, Saltaffected soils, in Bohn, H.L., McNeal, B.L., and O’Connor, 

G.A., eds., Soil Chemistry (3d ed.): New York, N.Y., John 

Wiley and Sons, p. 281–301.

Burnham, B.L., and Peterka, J.J., 1975, Effects of saline water 

from North Dakota lakes on survival of fathead minnow 

(Pimephales promelas) embryos and sac fry: Journal of the 

Fisheries Resources Board of Canada, v. 32, p. 809–812.

Dahl, T.E., 1990, Wetland losses in the United States, 1780s to 

1980s: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Fish and Wildlife Service.

Dahl, T.E., and Johnson, C.E., 1991, Status and trends of wetlands in the coterminous United States, mid-1970s to mid1980s: Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of the Interior, 

Fish and Wildlife Service.

De Jong, E., 1982, Reclamation of soils contaminated by 

sodium chloride: Canadian Journal of Soil Science, v. 62, p. 

351–364.

DeVink, J-M.A., Gilchrist, H.G., and Diamond, A.W., 2005, 

Effects of water salinity on growth and survival of common 

eider (Somateria mollissima) duckings: The Auk, v. 122, p. 

523–529.

DiGiulio, D.C., Wilkin, R.T., Miller, C., and Oberley, G., 

2011, Draft investigation of ground water contamination 

near Pavillion, Wyoming: U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency Draft Report, EPA 600/R/00-0000, 121 p., accessed 

July 1, 2013, at http://www2.epa.gov/region8/draftinvestigation-ground-water-contamination-near-pavillionwyoming.

Durham, L.S., 2010, Bakken fractures yield the goods, oil 

shale takes turn in spotlight: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Explorer, v. 31, p. 34–36, accessed November 1, 2013, at http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2010/10oct/

index.cfm.

Dyke, S., Fryda, D., Kleyer, D., Williams, J., Hosek, B., Jensen, W., Johnson, S., Robinson, A., Ryckman, F., Stillings, 

B., Szymanski, M., Tucker, S., and Wiedmann, B., 2011, 

Potential impacts of oil and gas development on select 

North Dakota natural resources; a report to the director: 

North Dakota Game and Fish Department, 120 p.

Euliss, N.H., Jr., and Mushet, D.M., 2004, Impacts of water 

development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, 

and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape: Aquatic 

Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, p. 73–84.
References 17

Euliss, N.H., Jr., Wrubleski, D.A., and Mushet, D.M., 1999, 

Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region: Invertebrate species composition, ecology, and management, in Batzer, 

D.P., Rader, R.B., and Wissinger, S.A., eds., Invertebrates 

in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: Ecology and 

Management: New York, N.Y., John Wiley and Sons, p. 

471–514.

Eyles, N., and Menzies, J., 1983, The subglacial landsystem, 

in Eyles, N., ed., Glacial Geology: Toronto, Pergamon 

Press, p. 19–71.

Fischer, K., 2013, Groundwater flow model inversion to assess 

water availability in the Fox Hills-Hell Creek aquifer: North 

Dakota State Water Commission Water Resources Investigation No. 54, 325 p.

Fullerton, D.S., Colton, R.B., Bush, C.A., and Straub, A.W., 

2004, Map showing spatial and temporal relations of 

mountain and continental glaciations in the Northern Plains, 

primarily in northern Montana and northwestern North 

Dakota: Pamphlet to accompany U.S. Geological Survey 

Scientific Investigations Map 2843.

Gaswirth, S.B., Marra, K.R., Cook, T.A, Charpentier, R.R., 

Gautier, D.L., Higley, D.K., Klett, T.R., Lewan, M.D., Lillis, P.G., Schenk, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Whidden, K.J., 

2013, Assessment of undiscovered oil resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations, Williston Basin Province, 

Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 2013: U.S. 

Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013–3013, 4 p., http://pubs.

usgs.gov/fs/2013/3013/.

Gerhard, L.C., Anderson, S.B., and Fischer, D.W., 1991, 

Petroleum geology of the Williston Basin, in Leighton, M., 

Kolata, D., Oltz, D., and Eidel, J., eds., Petroleum geology 

of interior cratonic basins: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 51, p. 507–559.

Gleason, R.A., Euliss, N.H., Jr., Tangen, B.A., Laubhan, M.K., 

and Browne, B.A., 2011, USDA conservation program and 

practice effects on wetland ecosystem services in the Prairie 

Pothole Region: Ecological Applications, v. 21, Supplement, p. S65–S81.

Gleason, R.A., and Laubhan, M.K., 2008, Background 

and approach to quantification of ecosystem services, in

Gleason, R.A., Laubhan, M.K., and Euliss, N.H., Jr., eds., 

Ecosystem services derived from wetland conservation 

practices in the United States Prairie Pothole Region with 

an emphasis on the U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve Programs: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper 1745, p. 3–14.

Gleason, R.A., Laubhan, M.K., and Euliss, N.H., Jr., eds., 

2008, Ecosystem services derived from wetland conservation practices in the United States Prairie Pothole Region 

with an emphasis on the U.S. Department of Agriculture 

Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve Programs: 

U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1745, 58 p.

Gleason, R.A., Tangen, B.A., Laubhan, M.K., Finocchiaro, 

R.G., and Stamm, J.F., 2009, Literature review and database 

of relations between salinity and aquatic biota—Applications to Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–

5098, 76 p.

Gorham, E., Dean, W.E., and Sanger, J.E., 1983, The chemical composition of lakes in the north-central United States: 

Limnology and Oceanography, v. 28, p. 287–301.

Gorman, H.S., 1999, Efficiency, environmental quality, and oil 

field brines—The success and failure of pollution control by 

self-regulation: Business History Review, v. 73, p. 601–640.

Grisak, G.E., and Cherry, J.A., 1975, Hydrologic characteristics and response of fractured till and clay confining a 

shallow aquifer: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 12, p. 

513–515.

Hammer, U.T., 1978, The saline lakes of Saskatchewan III., 

chemical characterization: Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, v. 63, p. 311– 335.

Hammer, U.T., and Heseltine, J.M., 1988, Aquatic macrophytes in saline lakes of the Canadian prairies: Hydrobiologia, v. 158, p. 101–116.

Hammer, U.T., Sheard, J.S., and Kranabetter, J., 1990, Distribution and abundance of littoral benthic fauna in Canadian 

prairie saline lakes: Hydrobiologia, v. 197, p. 173–192.

Harris, T.M., Tapp, J.B., and Sublette, K.L., 2005, Remediation of oil-field brine-impacted soil using a subsurface 

drainage system and hay: Environmental Geosciences, v. 

12, p. 101–113.

Hebblewhite, M., 2008, A literature review of the effects of 

energy development on ungulates— Implications for central 

and eastern Montana: Miles City, Montana, Report prepared 

for Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, 125 p.

Hendry, M.J., 1988, Hydrogeology of clay till in a Prairie 

region of Canada: Ground Water, v. 26, p. 607–614.

Iampen, H.T., and Rostron, B.J., 2000, Hydrogeochemistry of 

pre-Mississippian brines, Williston Basin, Canada–USA: 

Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 69–70, p. 29–35.

IHS Energy, 2011, U.S. well production file on CD-ROM, IHS 

Energy, Houston, Texas.
18 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Jennings, D.H., 1976, The effects of sodium chloride on 

higher plants: Biological Reviews, v. 51, p. 453–486.

Kalkhoff, S.J., 1993, Brine contamination of ground water and 

streams in the Baxterville oil field area, Lamar and Marion 

Counties, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 93–4147, 37 p.

Kantrud, H.A., Krapu, G.L., and Swanson, G.A., 1989, Prairie 

basin wetlands of the Dakotas— A community profile: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85 (7.28), 

116 p.

Keely, J.F., 1989, Performance evaluations of pump-andtreat remediations: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

EPA/540/4-89/005, 19 p.

Kefford, B.J., Nugegoda, D., Zalizniak, L., Fields, E.J., and 

Hassell, K.L., 2007, The salinity tolerance of freshwater 

macroinvertebrate eggs and hatchlings in comparison to 

their older life-stages— A diversity of responses: Aquatic 

Ecology, v. 41, p. 335–348.

Korphage, M.L., Langhus, B.G., and Campbell, S., 2003, 

Applied phyto-remediation techniques using halophytes 

for oil and brine spill scars: Final report prepared by ALL 

Consulting for the Kansas Corporation Commission, online 

report, accessed June 1, 2011, at http://www.netl.doe.gov/

technologies/oil-gas/publications/EP/15328FinalRpt.pdf.

LaBaugh, J.W., 1989, Chemical characteristics of water in 

northern prairie wetlands, in van der Valk, A., ed., Northern Prairie Wetlands: Ames, Iowa State University Press, 

p. 56–90.

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A., 2003, Spatial and temporal variability in specific conductance and chemical characteristics of wetland water and in water column biota in 

the wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, in Winter, T.C., 

ed., Hydrological, chemical, and biological characteristics 

of a prairie pothole wetland complex under highly variable 

climate conditions – the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central 

North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

1675, p. 35–53.

Lang, K.J., and Doll, E.C., 1983, Salt distribution around a 

buried brine disposal pit: North Dakota State University, 

Land Reclamation Research Center, Technical Report No. 1, 

10 p.

Levings, G.W., 1984, Reconnaissance evaluation of contamination in the alluvial aquifer in the East Poplar oil field, 

Roosevelt County, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water 

Resources Investigations Report 84– 4174, 33 p.

Liang, J., Karamanos, R.E., and Moir, M.E., 1995, The influence of brine contamination and phosphogypsum amendments on soil chemical properties and plant response: 

Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: v. 26, 

p. 1033–1057.

McMillion, L.G., 1965, Hydrologic aspects of disposal of oilfield brines in Texas: Ground Water, v. 3, p. 36–42.

Merrill, S.D., Lang, K.J., and Doll, E.C., 1990, Contamination of soil with oilfield brine and reclamation with calcium 

chloride: Soil Science, v. 150, p. 469–475.

Miall, A.D., 1983, Glaciofluvial transport and deposition, in

Eyles, N., ed., Glacial Geology, Toronto, Pergamon Press, p. 

168– 183.

Mitcham, S.A., and Wobeser, G., 1988, Effects of sodium and 

magnesium sulfate in drinking water on mallard ducklings: 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, p. 30–44.

Mitten, H.T., Scott, C.H., and Rosene, P.G., 1968, Chemical quality of surface waters in Devils Lake Basin North 

Dakota, 1952–60: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 1859–B, 42 p.

Moorman, A.M., Moorman, T.E., Baldassarre, G.A., and 

Richard, D.M., 1991, Effects of saline water on growth and 

survival of mottled duck ducklings in Louisiana: Journal of 

Wildlife Management, v. 55, p. 471–476.

Mount, D.R., Gulley, D.D., Hockett, J.R., Garrison, T.D., and 

Evans, J.M., 1997, Statistical models to predict the toxicity 

of major ions to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia magna, and 

Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows): Environmental 

Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 16, p. 2009–2019.

Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1984, The effect of oil and 

gas well drilling fluids on shallow groundwater in western 

North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of 

Investigation No. 82, 156 p.

Murphy, E.C., Kehew, A.E., Groenewold, G.H., and Beal, 

W.A., 1988, Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine 

pond site in North Dakota: Ground Water, v. 26, p. 31–38.

Nelson, K.J., 2006, Impacts of oil exploration and production 

to the northeast Montana Wetland Management District: 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6 Environmental 

Contaminants Program Investigations Report, Project 6N51.

Nielsen, D.L., Brock, M.A., Petrie, R., and Crossle, K., 2007, 

The impact of salinity pulses on the emergence of plant and 

zooplankton from wetland seed and egg banks: Freshwater 

Biology, v. 52, p. 784–795.

North Dakota Century Code, 2013, Title 38—Mining and gas 

and oil production, accessed July 1, 2013, at http://www.

legis.nd.gov/cencode/t38.html.
References 19

North Dakota Geological Survey, 2002, Catalog of water 

chemistries (as of March 7, 2002), accessed June 1, 2011, at 

https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Extractable_Files/watercat.

asp.

Otton, J.K., 2006, Environmental aspects of produced-water 

salt releases in onshore and coastal petroleum-producing 

areas of the conterminous U.S.—A bibliography: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1154, 223 p.

Papoulias, D.M., and Velasco, A.L., 2013, Histopathological 

analysis of fish from Acorn Fork Creek, Kentucky, exposed 

to hydraulic fracturing fluid releases: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 12, p. 92–111.

Parida, A.K., and Das, A.B., 2005, Salt tolerance and salinity 

effects on plants— A review: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 60, p. 324–349.

Payne, S.M., and Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field 

wastes on soil and ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part III—Hydrogeologic conditions and ground water 

quality at an oil well reserve pit, Richland County, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File 

Report 237– C, 120 p.

Pennak, R.W., 1989, Fresh-water invertebrates of the United 

States—Protozoa to mollusca (3d ed.): New York, N.Y., 

John Wiley and Sons, 628 p.

Peterman, Z.E., Thamke, J.N., Futa, K., and Oliver, T.A., 

2010, Strontium isotope detection of brine contamination in 

the East Poplar oil field, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2010–1326, 20 p.

Peterson, J.A., 1995, Williston Basin Province (031): U.S. 

Geological Survey, 1995 National Assessment of United 

States Oil and Gas Resources, accessed June 1, 2011, at 

http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga95/prov31/text/

prov31.pdf.

Poljakoff-Mayber, A., 1975, Morphological and anatomical 

changes in plants as a response to salinity stress, in Poljakoff-Mayber, A., and Gale, J., eds., Plants in saline environments: New York, Heidelberg, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, p. 

97–117.

Pollastro, R.M., Roberts, L.N.R., Cook, T.A., and Lewan, 

M.D., 2008a, Assessment of undiscovered technically 

recoverable oil and gas resources of the Bakken Formation, 

Williston Basin, Montana and North Dakota, 2008: U.S. 

Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1353, 3 sheets.

Pollastro, R.M., Cook, T.A., Roberts, L.N.R., Schenk, C.J., 

Lewan, M.D., Anna, L.O., Gaswirth, S.B., Lillis, P.G., 

Klett, T.R., and Charpentier, R.R., 2008b, Assessment of 

undiscovered oil resources in the Devonian-Mississippian 

Bakken Formation, Williston Basin Province, Montana and 

North Dakota, 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 

2008–3021, 2 p.

Preston, T.M., Chesley-Preston, T.L., and Thamke, J.N., 

2013, A GIS-based vulnerability assessment of brine 

contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas 

development in eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Science of the Total Environment, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

scitotenv.2013.09.027.

Rattner, B.A., Capizzi, J.L., King, K.A., LeCaptain, L.J., and 

Melancon, M.J., 1995, Exposure and effects of oilfield 

brine discharges on western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) in 

Nueces Bay, Texas: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 54, p. 683–689.

Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes on soil and 

ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part I–Overview: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File 

Report 237– A, 25 p. 

Reiten, J.C., and Tischmak, T., 1993, Appraisal of oil field 

brine contamination in shallow ground water and surface 

water, eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Billings, Mont., 

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File Report 

260, 296 p., 2 sheets.

Robertson, C., Ratiu, I., and Bures, G.H., 2006, In-situ 

remediation of brine impacted soils and groundwater using 

hydraulic fracturing, desalinization, and recharge wells: 

Proceedings of the 2006 Remediation Technologies Symposium, accessed June 1, 2011, at http://www.esaa-events.com/

remtech/2006/default.htm.

Rouse, D.R., Nelson, K.J., and Reiten, J.C., 2013, Impacts of 

oil exploration and production to the Northeast Montana 

Wetland Management District: Montana Bureau of Mines 

and Geology Open-File Report 620, 264 p., 1 sheet. (Also 

available at http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/mbmgcat/public/

ListCitation.asp?pub_id=31635&.)

Sandberg, C.A., 1962, Geology of the Williston Basin, North 

Dakota, Montana, and South Dakota, with reference to 

subsurface disposal of radioactive wastes: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 62–115, 148 p.

Schuh, W.M., 2010, Water appropriation requirements, current water use, & water availability for energy industries in 

North Dakota, a 2010 summary: North Dakota State Water 

Commission, Water Resources Investigation No. 49.
20 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Smith, B.D., Thamke, J.N., Cain, M.J., Tyrrell, C., and Hill, 

P.L., 2006, Helicopter electromagnetic and magnetic survey 

maps and data, East Poplar oil field area, Fort Peck Indian 

Reservation, northeastern Montana, August 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1216, 23 p.

Stewart, R.E., and Kantrud, H.A., 1971, Classification of natural ponds and lakes in the glaciated prairie region: U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 92, 57 p.

Stewart, R.E., and Kantrud, H.A., 1972, Vegetation of prairie 

potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and 

other environmental factors: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585– D, 36 p.

Sublette, K.L., Moralwar, A., Ford, L., Duncan, K., Thoma, 

G., and Brokaw, J., 2005, Remediation of a spill of crude oil 

and brine without gypsum: Environmental Geosciences, v. 

12, p. 115–125.

Swanson, G.A., Adomaitis, V.A., Lee, F.B., Serie, J.R., and 

Shoesmith, J.A., 1984, Limnological conditions influencing 

duckling use of saline lakes in south-central North Dakota: 

Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, p. 340–349.

Swanson, G.A., Winter, T.C., Adomaitis, V.A., and LaBaugh, 

J.W., 1988, Chemical characteristics of prairie lakes in 

south-central North Dakota—Their potential for influencing 

use by fish and wildlife: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish 

and Wildlife Technical Report 18, 44 p.

Tangen, B.A., Gleason, R.A., and Stamm, J.F., 2013, A model 

for evaluating effects of climate, water availability, and 

water management on wetland impoundments—A case 

study on Bowdoin, Long Lake, and Sand Lake National 

Wildlife Refuges: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2013–5114, 37 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/

sir/2013/5114/.

Thamke, J.N., and Craigg, S.D., 1997, Saline-water contamination in Quaternary deposits and the Poplar River, East 

Poplar oil field, northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4000, 37 p.

Thamke, J.N., and Midtlyng, K.S., 2003, Ground-water quality 

for two areas in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, northeastern Montana, 1993–2000: U.S. Geological Survey WaterResources Investigations Report 03– 4214, 54 p.

van der Valk, A., ed., 1989, Northern Prairie Wetlands: Ames, 

Iowa State University Press.

Vavrek, M.C., Hunt, H. Colgan, W., and Vavrek, D.L., 2004, 

Status of oil brine spill site remediation: Proceedings of 

the 11th Annual International Petroleum Environmental 

Conference, accessed June 1, 2011, at http://ipec.utulsa.edu/

Conf2004/Papers/vavrek_hunt_colgan_vavrek.pdf.

Veil, J.A., Puder, M.G., Elcock, D., Redweik, R.J., Jr., 2004, A 

white paper describing produced water from production of 

crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane: Prepared for 

the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 

Ill., 79 p.

Wanty, R.B., 1997, USGS research on saline waters co-produced with energy resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet 003–97, 3 p.

Wetzel, R.G., 2001, Limnology, lake and river ecosystems (3d 

ed.): San Diego, Calif., Academic Press, 1006 p.

Winter, T.C., 1977, Classification of the hydrologic settings 

of lakes in the north central United States: Water Resources 

Research, v. 13, p. 753–767.

Winter, T.C., 1989, Hydrologic studies of wetlands in the 

northern prairie, in van der Valk, A., ed., Northern Prairie 

Wetlands: Ames, Iowa State University Press, p. 16–54.

Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O., 1995, The interaction of 

ground water with prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota, 1979–1990: 

Wetlands, v. 15, p. 193–211.

Wollheim, W.M., and Lovvorn, J.R., 1995, Salinity effects on 

macroinvertebrate assemblages and waterbird food webs in 

shallow lakes of the Wyoming high plains: Hydrobiologia, 

v. 310, p. 207–223.

Zalizniak, L., Kefford, B.J., and Nugegoda, D., 2006, Is all 

salinity the same? I. The effect of ionic compositions on the 

salinity tolerance of five species of freshwater invertebrates: 

Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 57, p. 75–82.
Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole 

Environments at Three Study Sites in the 

Williston Basin, United States

By Todd M. Preston, Joanna N. Thamke, Bruce D. Smith, and Zell E. Peterman

Chapter B of

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Suggested citation:

Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in 

the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, 127 p.,

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.

Suggested citation for this chapter:

Preston, T.M., Thamke, J.N., Smith, B.D., Peterman, Z.E., 2014, Brine contamination of prairie pothole environments 

at three study sites in the Williston Basin, United States, chap. B of Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, p. 21–62.
Contents

Overview........................................................................................................................................................27

Introduction...................................................................................................................................................27

Brine Chemistry in the Williston Basin............................................................................................27

Sources of Brine Contamination ......................................................................................................29

Identification of Brine Contamination .............................................................................................30

Salinity .........................................................................................................................................30

Strontium Isotopes ....................................................................................................................30

Electromagnetic Properties .....................................................................................................31

Study Sites and Previous Research ................................................................................................31

Goose Lake Study Site ..............................................................................................................31

Anderson Study Site..................................................................................................................32

Fuller Study Site .........................................................................................................................32

Data-Collection Methods............................................................................................................................32

Water Quality.......................................................................................................................................32

Geophysical Surveys..........................................................................................................................33

EM–31 ..........................................................................................................................................33

EM–34 ..........................................................................................................................................33

GEM–2..........................................................................................................................................34

Data Results..................................................................................................................................................34

Study Sites Results and Discussion .........................................................................................................34

Water Quality.......................................................................................................................................34

Goose Lake Study Site ..............................................................................................................36

Anderson Study Site..................................................................................................................41

Fuller Study Site .........................................................................................................................46

Geophysical Surveys..........................................................................................................................46

Goose Lake Study Site ..............................................................................................................47

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys ..........................................................................................47

EM–34 Geophysical Surveys ..........................................................................................49

Anderson Study Site..................................................................................................................52

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys ..........................................................................................52

GEM–2 Geophysical Surveys..........................................................................................54

Fuller Study Site .........................................................................................................................56

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys ..........................................................................................56

GEM–2 Geophysical Surveys..........................................................................................56

Summary—Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole Environments in the Williston Basin .............59

References....................................................................................................................................................60
Figures

B–1. Map showing location of the three study sites and the extent of the Williston Basin,

Bakken Formation, and the Prairie Pothole Region..............................................................28

B–2. Graph showing sodium/chloride molar ratio compared to contamination index for

96 water-quality samples and 5 brine samples......................................................................38

B–3. Maps showing Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg

Waterfowl Production Area, and the 1989 contamination index values, 2009

contamination index values, and the change in contamination index values..................39

B–4. Graph showing strontium concentration compared to 87Sr/86Sr values for water

samples from all three study sites: Goose Lake, Anderson, and Fuller.............................41

B–5. Graph showing contamination index values of surface water and groundwater

samples from 1989, 2006, and 2009 plotted by distance from the most upgradient

brine source in the northern groundwater-flow path at the Goose Lake study site .......42

B–6. Graph showing contamination index values of surface water and groundwater

samples from 1989, 2005, and 2009 plotted by distance from the most upgradient

brine source in the southern groundwater-flow path at the Goose Lake study site.......43

B–7. Maps showing Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson

Waterfowl Production Area, and the 2004–5 contamination index values, 2010

contamination index values, and the change in contamination index values..................44

B–8. Graph showing contamination index values of surface water and groundwater

samples from 2004–5 and 2010 plotted by distance from the most upgradient brine

source in the groundwater-flow path at the Anderson study site .....................................45

B–9. Map showing uller study site showing the locations of water samples, oil well

01057, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, the Fuller Waterfowl

Production Area boundary, and the contamination index values from 2010....................46

B–10. Map showing Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2005–6 contamination index values and

apparent conductivity results from the 2004 EM–31 geophysical surveys.......................47

B–11. Map showing Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2009 contamination index values and

apparent conductivity results from the 2009 EM–31 geophysical surveys.......................48

B–12. Maps showing Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2009 contamination index values and

apparent conductivity results from the 2009 EM–34 10-meter (m) horizontal dipole,

20-m horizontal dipole, and 40-m horizontal dipole geophysical surveys.........................50

B–13. Maps showing Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2009 contamination index values and 

apparent conductivity results from the 2009 EM–34 10-meter (m) vertical

dipole, 20-m vertical dipole, and 40-m vertical dipole geophysical surveys ....................51

B–14. Map showing Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells,

tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson Waterfowl

Production Area, as well as the 2004–5 contamination index values and apparent

conductivity results from the 2004 EM–31 geophysical surveys ........................................52
B–15. Map showing Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2010 contamination index values and

apparent conductivity results from the 2010 EM–31 geophysical surveys.......................53

B–16. Maps showing Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil

wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson

Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2010 contamination index values and

apparent conductivity results from the 2010 GEM–2 geophysical surveys for the

93,030 hertz (Hz), 47,970 Hz, and 1,530 Hz frequencies .........................................................55

B–17. Map showing Fuller study site showing the location of water samples, oil well

01057, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Fuller

Waterfowl Production Area boundary, as well as the 2010 contamination index

values and apparent conductivity results from the 2010 EM–31 geophysical survey ....57

B–18. Maps showing Fuller study site showing the location of water samples, oil well

01057, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Fuller

Waterfowl Production Area boundary, as well as 2010 contamination index values

and apparent conductivity results from the 2010 GEM–2 geophysical surveys for

the 93,030 hertz (Hz), 47,970 Hz, and 1,530 Hz frequencies ..................................................58

Tables

B–1. Summary of water-quality data for the Goose Lake study site, Sheridan County,

Montana .......................................................................................................................................35

B–2. Summary of water-quality data for the Anderson study site, Sheridan County,

Montana .......................................................................................................................................37

B–3. Summary of water-quality data for the Fuller study site, Williams County, North

Dakota...........................................................................................................................................37

Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole Environments at 

Three Study Sites in the Williston Basin, United States

By Todd M. Preston,1 Joanna N. Thamke,2 Bruce D. Smith,2 and Zell E. Peterman2

1

Parallel, Inc.

2

U.S. Geological Survey

Overview

This chapter describes field investigations examining 

produced water (brine) contamination of surface water and 

shallow groundwater resources at three study sites within the 

Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) and Williston Basin. Previous 

research on brine contamination was performed at two of these 

sites by the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology (MBMG) 

or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and results 

from these studies are presented with recent U.S. Geological 

Survey (USGS) results to examine the temporal changes in 

brine contamination. In order to better discuss the results from 

these multiple studies, information on brine chemistry in the 

Williston Basin, sources of brine contamination, identification 

of brine contamination, as well as descriptions of the three 

study sites and previous research are presented in the “Introduction.” The “Data-Collection Methods” section describes 

the collection and analysis of water-quality and geophysical 

data. The “Data Results” section lists the published sources 

for all data from the water-quality sample analyses and geophysical surveys. The “Study Sites Results and Discussion” 

describes the extent and magnitude of brine contamination 

at each of the three study sites based on these data, as well 

as provides information on the fate and transport of brine 

contamination in geologic settings common to the PPR of the 

Williston Basin.

Introduction

The Williston Basin is located in the Northern Great 

Plains (fig. B–1) and has been a leading domestic oil and 

natural gas producing region for more than one-half a century. 

Rapid oil and gas development is currently occurring from 

deep formations such as the Bakken and Three Forks Formations to meet current and future energy needs. Large volumes 

of brine, defined as very saline water with greater than 35,000 

milligrams per liter (mg/L) of total dissolved solids (TDS) 

(Kalkhoff, 1993), are produced along with the oil. Saline 

drilling fluids are also composed of halite and other minor 

salts and are often used to prevent the dissolution of numerous evaporite beds, which are encountered while drilling deep 

oil and gas wells in the Williston Basin. Brine and drilling 

fluids have historically been placed in reserve pits and ponds 

or disposed of through injection wells into deep formations. 

Handling, storage, and disposal of brine in the Williston Basin 

have resulted in contamination of surface water and groundwater resources (Murphy, 1983; Murphy and Kehew, 1984; 

Beal and others, 1987; Murphy and others, 1988; Reiten and 

Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Peterman and others, 2010; Preston and others, 2013; Rouse and others, 2013). 

Brine contamination from produced waters and drilling fluids 

often results in marked changes in the chemistry of surface 

water and groundwater (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). These 

changes can affect primary productivity in aquatic systems, 

degrade and destroy domestic and stock water resources, and 

cause declines in crop production or loss of arable acreage.

Geology and climate often control the length and extent 

of contamination, unless remediation action is taken. For 

example, at an oilfield in Alabama, highly permeable sediments and high precipitation rapidly decreased brine contamination in groundwater during a 10-year period (Powell 

and others, 1973). However, in the semiarid PPR, which is 

predominately underlain by relatively low permeability clayrich tills, contamination from the 1960s is still evident and is 

expected to persist for tens to hundreds of years (Murphy and 

others, 1988; Preston, 2011).

Brine Chemistry in the Williston Basin

The brine chemistry of an individual deep formation in 

the intracratonic Williston Basin is influenced by the origin 

of the brine, subsequent diagenetic processes, and regional 

and local hydrogeology (Iampen and Rostron, 2000; Warren, 

2010). Local and basinwide variations affect the subsurface 

spatial distribution of brine chemistry. Three pre-Mississippian 

brine zones, developed in response to basinwide, topographically controlled groundwater flow initiated by Laramide uplifts 

to the west (Bachu and Hitchon, 1996), can be differentiated in 

the Williston Basin based on major-ion chemistry (Iampen and 

Rostron, 2000). The recharge zone, located along the western 
28 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

!

!

!

2 3

1

115° 110° 105° 100° 95° 90°

55°

50°

45°

40°

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 2005

Albers Equal-Area Conic projection

Standard parallels 43 N and 49 N

Central meridian -103 W

0 175 350 MILES Boundaries from U.S. Geological Survey

0 175 350 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

Williston Basin

Bakken Formation

Prairie Pothole Region

1 Anderson

2 Goose Lake

3 Fuller

Study site

CANADA

UNITED STATES

MINNESOTA

IOWA

WISCONSIN

MISSOURI

NEBRASKA

WYOMING

IDAHO

UTAH COLORADO

MONTANA

SOUTH DAKOTA

NORTH DAKOTA

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA ONTARIO

Figure B–1. Location of the three study sites and the extent of the Williston Basin, Bakken Formation, and the Prairie Pothole 

Region.
Introduction 29

edge of the Williston Basin, is brackish calcium (Ca2+)–sulfate 

(SO4

2-) dominated water with average TDS values less than 

30,000 mg/L. The central zone is a slow moving to stagnant 

sodium (Na+)–Ca2+–chloride (Cl-) brine with anomalously low 

SO4

2- and TDS values greater than 300,000 mg/L. The northern zone is Na+

–Cl- brine with TDS values between 100,000 

and 200,000 mg/L (Iampen and Rostron, 2000). Unlike many 

other intracratonic basins, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic 

compositions in pre-Mississippian Williston Basin brines do 

not systematically increase with depth (Rostron and Holmden, 

2003). Much of the oil and gas production in the Williston 

Basin occurs within the stagnant groundwater-flow system 

in the central zone and produced waters are extremely saline. 

Iampen and Rostron (2000) documented an average TDS 

concentration of 300,000 mg/L from 50 actively producing oil 

wells, with some samples exceeding 380,000 mg/L.

Sources of Brine Contamination

The primary source of brine contamination throughout 

the Williston Basin appears to be from historical storage and 

disposal of brine and drilling mud in unlined reserve pits that 

were prone to seepage (Murphy, 1983; Murphy and Kehew, 

1984; Beal and others, 1987; Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; 

Rouse and others, 2013). Reserve pits were typically excavated at each oil well site to separate drilling mud and cuttings 

as well as to store and evaporate brine. The average reserve pit 

measured 46 meters (m) long by 18 m wide by 3 m deep and 

contained between 1,529 and 2,549 cubic meters (m3) of saltsaturated drilling fluid (Murphy and Kehew, 1984). In addition 

to reserve pits, other potential sources of brine contamination 

could include uncontained discharges (dumping), injection 

well failures, corrosion of abandoned production and injection well casings, and breaks in pipelines that transport oil and 

brine to treatment and injection facilities (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997; Preston, 2011). While 

the majority of contamination documented to date appears to 

be from preexisting reserve pits, the potential exists for new 

releases of brine and oil in the PPR, with contamination from 

these releases likely to increase because of the rapid development of the Bakken and Three Forks Formations and aging 

oilfield infrastructure. For example, 1,696 incidents involving 

the release of oil, brine, or other contaminants were reported 

to the North Dakota Department of Health between November 

1, 2012, and November 11, 2013. Of these incidents, 1,305 

were contained releases that remained within the boundaries of 

the production or exploration facility, and 391 were uncontained releases that overflowed the boundaries of the facility 

or leaked from a facility pipeline (North Dakota Department 

of Health web site, accessed January 2014, at http://www.

ndhealth.gov/ehs/spills/).

The rate of brine movement from abandoned, unlined 

reserve pits depends on the initial quantity of salt produced at 

a given site, hydraulic conductivity of the sediments, topography, and precipitation (Murphy and others, 1988). The average 

reserve pit is estimated to contain 236 megagrams of salt 

derived from produced waters and drilling muds upon burial 

(Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). Soluble salts and exchangeable 

Na+ ions were the main constituents added to drilling mud 

and are the most detrimental to plants and soils (Moseley, 

1983). The hydraulic conductivity of glacial sediments varies considerably depending on the type of material (glacial 

outwash compared to glacial till) and can range from 1.2 × 

10-3 to 1 × 10-12 meters per second (m/s) (Schwartz and Zhang, 

2003). Investigations of brine contamination from an oilfield 

site within glacial till sediments in North Dakota determined 

that pore waters within the saturated and unsaturated zones 

below reserve pits abandoned for 10 to 25 years had the same 

ionic composition as the waters contained in the reserve pits 

(Murphy and others, 1988). Cl- ions move significantly slower 

than the average groundwater-flow velocity in fractured till 

because of diffusion of the solutes into the porous media of 

the till (Grisak and others, 1980). Average annual precipitation 

in the Williston Basin is small, and major recharge events are 

limited, which results in minimal natural flushing of brine contamination. As a result, it is estimated that brine contamination 

from reserve pits in the Williston Basin will persist for tens to 

hundreds of years (Murphy and others, 1988; Preston, 2011).

Strategies for the storage and disposal of brine and drilling fluids in the Williston Basin have changed through time 

with the recognition of the environmental damage caused by 

historic construction and reclamation processes of evaporation and reserve pits (Murphy and Kehew, 1984). Although 

the regulations pertaining to reserve pits are determined by 

each individual state and province, the general practices and 

timing of environmental regulations were likely similar across 

much of the Williston Basin; therefore, the focus of the following discussion is only on reserve pits in North Dakota. The 

majority of the older reserve pits were constructed without any 

lining because prior to 1974, the Oil and Gas Regulatory Division of the North Dakota Industrial Commission did not have 

the authority to require the use of an artificial or synthetic liner 

(Beal and others, 1987); but, after 1974, liners were often only 

required if the reserve pit was located in permeable sediments 

(for example, glacial outwash deposits). The use of plastic liners was not mandated until 1982 or 1983 (Cody VanderBusch, 

Reclamation Specialist, North Dakota Industrial Commission 

Department of Mineral Resources Oil and Gas Division, written commun., March 4, 2013).

Just as construction practices have changed through time, 

so have reclamation processes. However, in most onsite pit 

reclamation scenarios, the low viscosity liquid is first pumped 

out for reuse in another well or transported to an injection 

well, leaving behind a saline slurry, which is then buried. During reclamation in the 1950s and 1960s, excavated materials 

were gradually added from the sides of the pit, covering the 

remaining slurry. Because of the small area of the reserve pit 

and inability of the fluids to desiccate rapidly, pit reclamation 

could take anywhere from 1 month to 1 year. More recently, 

unlined and plastic-lined reserve pits were often reclaimed by 

the trenching method, which greatly reduced the time required 
30 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

for reclamation. In this method, trenches were dug that emanated from the reserve pit, and excavated material was added 

from the side, forcing the saline slurry to drain outward into 

the unlined trenches where it was then buried (Beal and others, 

1987). The use of trenching for pit reclamation was discontinued by 1992 or 1993 (Cody VanderBusch, Reclamation 

Specialist, North Dakota Industrial Commission Department 

of Mineral Resources Oil and Gas Division, written commun., March 4, 2013). In unlined and trenched reserve pits, 

the buried saline slurry is in direct contact with the underlying 

sediments and capable of leaching into the shallow groundwater system. Once trenching was discontinued, reclamation 

of reserve pits in North Dakota required the plastic liner to 

be folded over the reserve pit and then capped with clay; 

however, the liners could be ripped or punctured as they are 

manipulated with heavy machinery.

Alternative strategies to the use of reserve pits to store 

brine and drilling fluids are available and are now required in 

the North Dakota portion of the Williston Basin. Reserve pits 

(now called drilling pits) can only accept solid or stabilized 

fly-ash drill cuttings and no liquids as of April 2012 (North 

Dakota Oil and Gas Division, 2013). These rules apply to all 

wells drilled deeper than 1,524 m and include all the major oil 

producing units such as the Bakken and Three Forks Formations. Tanker trucks replace the reserve pit during these “pitless” drilling operations and perform the separation of drilling 

fluids and cuttings, which can allow for the recycling of the 

drilling mud. The use of “pit-less” drilling eliminates one of 

the most pervasive potential sources of brine contamination in 

the Williston Basin.

Identification of Brine Contamination

Several methods have been used to identify brine contamination to surface water and shallow groundwater resources 

within the Williston Basin. Geochemical methods are useful because brine often alters salinity and strontium isotope 

ratios in surface water and shallow groundwater. Geophysical 

methods are used to determine increases in the electromagnetic conductance of soil and shallow groundwater from brine. 

These methods were integral in determining the presence 

and magnitude of brine contamination at the three study sites 

described in this report.

Salinity

The salinity of surface water and shallow groundwater in 

the PPR is distinctly different than the salinity of deep formational groundwater produced during oil and gas development. 

The water quality of surface water and shallow groundwater is 

often controlled by the hydrologic position within the landscape, with TDS generally increasing from areas of recharge to 

areas of discharge (Swanson and others, 2003). Consequently, 

surface water and shallow groundwater in discharge areas are 

often enriched in SO4

2- and bicarbonate and depleted in Cl-

, 

resulting in SO4

2- and carbonate dominated water (Custer, 

1976). In contrast, deep formational groundwater in the Williston Basin (brine) is enriched in Cl-

 and Na+. Although TDS 

values can be large in surface water and shallow groundwater, 

as well as in the deep formational groundwater, the differences 

in major-ion chemistry allow for identification of surface 

water and shallow groundwater contaminated by brine.

Uncontaminated and brine-contaminated surface water 

and shallow groundwater can be quickly and easily distinguished in northeastern Montana by using a rapid assessment 

method developed by Reiten and Tischmak (1993). This rapid 

assessment method uses a contamination index (CI) that is 

defined as the ratio of Cl- concentration in milligrams per liter 

to specific conductance in microsiemens per centimeter (μS/

cm) in a water sample. The CI allows for field or laboratory 

determination of Cl- contamination in waters ranging from 

fresh to extremely saline. Additionally, CI values remain 

relatively stable in groundwater wells that develop vertical 

density gradients. Surface water and shallow groundwater 

with a CI value greater than 0.035 was empirically determined 

to be contaminated by brine in eastern Sheridan County, Mont. 

(Reiten and Tischmak, 1993; Jon Reiten, Senior Research 

Professor/Hydrogeologist, Montana Bureau of Mines and 

Geology, written commun., August 13, 2013); however, this 

value likely varies throughout the Williston Basin depending on background Cl-

 concentrations, local soil conditions, 

precipitation, and evapotranspiration. Two of the three study 

sites discussed in this chapter are located in eastern Sheridan 

County, Mont., and the other is located approximately 75 kilometers (km) to the east in Williams County, N. Dak., where 

soil types and precipitation and evapotranspiration rates are 

similar. Therefore, the use of the 0.035 value to indicate brine 

contamination is considered applicable at all three study sites.

Strontium Isotopes

Strontium (Sr) isotopes can be used to identify the presence of small amounts of brine (Peterman and others, 2010). 

Strontium is an alkaline-earth element closely following Ca2+

in the geochemical cycle with a Ca2+/Sr ratio of about 100 

to 200 in most surface water and shallow groundwater and 

approximately 30 in saline formation waters. The strontium-87 

isotope (87Sr) is the daughter of rubidium-87 through beta 

decay with a half-life of about 49 billion years. The relative 

abundance of the other isotopes, strontium-84, strontium-86 

(86Sr), and strontium-88, are invariant as they do not fractionate appreciably in nature. Consequently, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio is 

an extremely useful parameter for determining water-rock 

interaction, mixing of waters of different origins, and degree 

of hydrologic isolation among units (for example, cross flow 

and stratigraphic compartmentalization).

Values of 87Sr/86Sr in past and present sea water are well 

known (McArthur and others, 2001). Saline formation waters 

were likely formed by evaporation of seawater, dissolution of 

evaporates, or long-term water-rock interaction (Kharaka and 

Hanor, 2003). Surface water and shallow groundwater in the 
Introduction 31

PPR will dissolve Sr from the near-surface rocks and unconsolidated material. The Late Cretaceous Bearpaw/Pierre Shale, 

which occurs throughout the Williston Basin, has an average 

87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7150 ± 0.0050 (U.S. Geological Survey, 

unpub. data, 2013). The overlying Late Cretaceous sandstones 

and Early Tertiary rocks likely would have even larger values 

because of detritus derived in part from Precambrian source 

rocks fluvially transported from the west and southwest. Glacial deposits in the northern part of the Williston Basin likely 

will have elevated 87Sr/86Sr ratios because of a component of 

crystalline rock derived from the Canadian Shield located to 

the northeast. In addition to unique 87Sr/86Sr signatures, brines 

in the Williston Basin have very large Sr concentrations typically up to 1,000 mg/L or more (Peterman and others, 2012). 

Thus, exceedingly small amounts of brine in surface water and 

shallow groundwater in the PPR of the Williston Basin can be 

detected with Sr isotopes.

Electromagnetic Properties

Electromagnetic (EM) surveys measure the cumulative 

electrical properties of pore water and the soil matrix and are 

capable of detecting differences in salinity in the saturated 

and vadose zones. The basic operation of EM instrumentation 

involves two coils, a transmitter and receiver coil, separated 

by a known distance. The transmitter coil is energized with an 

alternating current, inducing small currents in the earth, which 

in turn create a secondary magnetic field. The receiver coil 

senses the primary and secondary magnetic fields and converts 

the time-varying signals into electrical conductivity. Electromagnetic readings are expressed as apparent conductivity, 

which is an integration of all the subsurface material sensed 

by the equipment. Enhanced subsurface characterization is 

obtained by changing the dipole orientation or the coil spacing, resulting in different depth integration curves and exploration depths (McNeill, 1980). However, the effective exploration depth decreases for all EM equipment as the conductivity 

of the medium decreases (Greenhouse and Slaine, 1986).

Saline groundwater will have larger apparent conductivity than fresh groundwater in electromagnetic surveys (Reiten 

and Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997). Textural 

composition, soil saturation, and water salinity can affect 

apparent conductivity values, with increasing clay, water 

content, and salinity causing increasing apparent conductivity. 

However, in the semiarid climate of northeastern Montana, 

soil salinity is likely the most dominant variable contributing 

to apparent conductivity (Corwin and Lesch, 2005). In areas 

of similar clay and water content, the salinity of groundwater 

and soil primarily affects apparent conductivity values (Reiten 

and Tischmak, 1993). Naturally saline and brine-contaminated 

groundwater and soil can both result in elevated apparent conductivity, so the availability of groundwater chemistry data is 

important to differentiate between the two types of salinity.

Study Sites and Previous Research

The PPR was formed by Pleistocene glaciations, and the 

three study sites were selected to represent the primary glacial 

deposits within the PPR (fig. B–1). Additionally, the selection 

of study sites was based on proximity to Federal lands, presence of oilfield activity, and previous research that indicated 

brine contamination. In-depth surficial geology was determined from maps produced by Reiten and Tischmak (1993) 

of eastern Sheridan County, Mont., that delineated areas of 

glacial till, glacial outwash, and glaciolacustrine deposits. The 

Goose Lake site represents coarse-grained, glacial outwash 

deposits within and adjacent to a USFWS Waterfowl Production Area (WPA). Several oil-production wells and a tank 

battery (a collection of storage tanks designed to separate oil 

and brine) are within the Goose Lake site. Research at the 

Goose Lake site began in 1989. The Anderson site represents 

clay-loam glacial till deposits within a WPA. There are several 

oil-production wells and a tank battery within the Anderson 

site. Research at the Anderson site began in 2004. Analysis 

of the eastern Sheridan County surficial geology map failed 

to identify a site with oilfield activity within glaciolacustrine 

deposits; therefore, the search was expanded to western North 

Dakota. The Fuller site was identified from surficial geology 

maps produced by the North Dakota Geological Survey and 

represents silt and clay glaciolacustrine deposits within and 

adjacent to a WPA. The Fuller site contains an oil-production 

well and a tank battery. No previous research had been conducted at the Fuller site. All three study sites are located in the 

Missouri Coteau portion of the PPR.

Goose Lake Study Site

Potential sources of brine to surface water and shallow 

groundwater resources at the Goose Lake site consist of two 

active (during 2009) and six abandoned oil wells and associated reserve pits, transport lines, and a tank battery. A transport 

line, located along the northern section line that leads to the 

tank battery, ruptured in 2006 and discharged an unknown 

volume of oil and brine onto the land surface.

Glacial stagnation processes have resulted in an approximately 5 m thick undulating blanket of moderately well sorted 

to very poorly sorted silty sand and gravel outwash deposits 

that overlie a basal confining bed of relatively impermeable, 

pebbly clay loam (till). Additionally, there are locally interbedded and mantling deposits of silt and clay from glacial 

and modern lacustrine environments (Reiten and Tischmak, 

1993). The outwash deposits are saturated beneath the modern 

drainages and wetlands and are unsaturated below topographic 

rises, creating unconfined aquifer conditions in the saturated 

outwash deposits (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993).

In total, the Goose Lake study site includes 39 monitoring wells and 19 wetlands where field parameters or water 

samples were collected during 1988, 1989, 1990, 2004, 2005, 

2006, 2009, or 2011. The MBMG installed 35 monitoring 

wells, the USFWS installed two wells in 2005, and the USGS 
32 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

installed two additional wells in 2011 for a separate study. All 

monitoring wells are located near potential sources of brine 

or along potential groundwater-flow paths. A sample of the 

produced waters was collected from the tank battery in 2009. 

All water-quality samples were analyzed for major ions and 

a subset of samples were analyzed for trace elements and Sr 

isotopes. Discussion of water-quality samples collected at 

the Goose Lake study site will focus solely on 18 monitoring 

wells and 11 wetlands sampled by the MBMG (1988, 1989, 

or 1990) or the USFWS (2004, 2005, or 2006), as well as the 

USGS (2009).

Anderson Study Site

Potential sources of brine contamination in surface 

water and shallow groundwater resources at the Anderson 

site consist of five active and abandoned oil wells and associated reserve pits, transport lines, and a tank battery within the 

Anderson WPA. Additionally, there are six active and abandoned oil wells with associated reserve pits and another tank 

battery adjacent to the WPA.

Glacial stagnation processes have resulted in a layer of 

clay-rich pebbly loam (glacial till), at least 13 m thick at the 

deepest groundwater-monitoring well, and underlying much 

of the Anderson study site. In some parts of the study site, the 

till is mantled by moderately well sorted to very poorly sorted 

silty sand and gravel outwash deposits, or glaciolacustrine 

sediments. However, all groundwater-monitoring wells are 

completed in glacial till. As with the majority of glacial tills in 

the PPR, the till at the Anderson study site is unsaturated and 

oxidized in the near surface and saturated and unoxidized at 

depth.

In total, the Anderson study site includes 15 monitoring wells and 10 wetlands where field parameters or water 

samples were collected during 2004, 2005, 2010, or 2011. The 

MBMG and USFWS installed 13 monitoring wells during 

2004, and the USGS installed two monitoring wells in 2011 

for a separate study. All monitoring wells are located adjacent 

to potential sources of brine or along potential groundwaterflow paths. A sample of the produced waters was collected 

from the tank battery in 2010. All water-quality samples 

were analyzed for major ions, and a subset of samples were 

analyzed for trace elements and Sr isotopes. Discussion of the 

Anderson site water-quality data focuses solely on analytical 

results from 10 monitoring wells and 5 wetlands sampled by 

the USFWS (2004 or 2005) and the USGS (2010).

Fuller Study Site

Potential sources of brine to surface water and shallow 

groundwater resources at the Fuller study site consist of one 

abandoned oil well and associated reserve pit, transport lines, 

and a tank battery. Additionally, there are several active and 

abandoned oil wells and associated reserve pits located upgradient from the sampled sites.

Glacial stagnation processes at the Fuller study site have 

resulted in collapsed lake plain deposits within a low-relief 

ground moraine. The lake plain, or glaciolacustrine deposits, 

consist primarily of silt and clay that are at least 2 m thick at 

the deepest groundwater-monitoring well. The surrounding 

ground moraine consists primarily of till. Both monitoring 

wells were completed in the shallow glaciolacustrine deposits.

The Fuller study site includes two monitoring wells, a 

reservoir, a wetland below the reservoir, and three oil-production wells that were sampled during 2010. Two temporary 

monitoring wells were installed and sampled by the USGS 

during June 2010 along potential groundwater-flowpaths 

downgradient from potential sources of brine contamination. 

The well casings were removed, and the boreholes were filled 

by the USGS in late summer 2010. Water-quality samples 

were collected from a reservoir upgradient and a wetland 

downgradient from the tank battery adjacent to the Fuller 

WPA. Water-quality samples also were collected during 2010 

from the tank battery adjacent to the WPA as well as two 

additional oil/brine separation tanks in close proximity to the 

WPA that receive oil and brine from wells producing from the 

Bakken Formation. Water samples were analyzed for major 

ions, trace elements, and Sr isotopes.

Data-Collection Methods

Water Quality

Surface-water and groundwater sample-collection methods used by the USGS during 2009–10 are described in Preston and others (2012) and summarized below. Water-quality 

data from three different time periods and studies are presented in this chapter: 1989 research by the MBMG, 2004–6 

research by the MBMG and USFWS, and 2009–10 research 

by the USGS. The MBMG analytical procedures follow U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency methods for inorganic 

constituent analysis (J. LaFave, Senior Research Hydrogeologist, Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, oral commun., 

May 1, 2009). Samples submitted to the USGS National Water 

Quality Laboratory (NWQL) were analyzed using the methods 

described by Fishman (1993) for major ions, selected trace 

elements, and iodide and bromide. Strontium isotope analyses 

were performed during 2009–10 at the USGS Yucca Mountain 

Project Branch Strontium Isotope Laboratory (now USGS 

Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Center’s Strontium 

Isotope Laboratory) using methods summarized by Peterman 

and others (1985).

The accuracy of laboratory determined Cl- concentrations 

and specific conductance values from MBMG’s Analytical 

Laboratory are reported to be within 10 percent, but variability could be as high as 20 percent because of dilution (Steve 

McGrath, Organic Chemist, Montana Bureau of Mines and 

Geology Analytical Laboratory, written commun., May 1, 

2009). Similarly, measurement accuracies were likely within 
Data-Collection Methods 33

5 percent for water samples analyzed at the NWQL. This 

accuracy estimate is based on data from the USGS Branch of 

Quality Systems inorganic blind sample program, which continuously runs double blind, environmental matrix based (from 

natural water samples as opposed to a deionized water based 

synthetic matrix samples) samples with known concentrations 

on most of the analytical equipment at NWQL. For example, 

during June 2009, when water samples from the Goose Lake 

study site were analyzed, the maximum standard errors for 

12 Cl- and 14 specific conductance blind samples were 4.9 

and 4.0 percent, respectively (data available from http://bqs.

usgs.gov). Similar errors were reported for the timeframes 

when samples from the Anderson and Fuller study sites were 

analyzed.

Field measurements were made at numerous wetlands 

at the Goose Lake site throughout 1989–90 and 2004–5 

and at the Anderson site throughout 2004–5. Field data 

were collected using the same procedures and equipment in 

1989–90 and 2004–5 with Cl- concentrations determined using 

QuanTab Cl- Titrators, numbers 1175 (range 60–480 parts per 

million [ppm] Cl-) or 1176 (range 300–6,000 ppm Cl-), and 

specific conductance determined with a YSI Model 30 probe. 

Parts per million is equivalent to milligrams per liter for pure 

water at 3.89 degrees Celsius (Hem, 1985) and can be used 

only as a general comparison to milligrams per liter for all 

other waters. Cl- concentrations ranging from 60 to 6,000 ppm 

were read directly from the titrator strip, while samples with 

higher Cl- concentrations required dilution with deionized 

water. Field Cl- concentrations and specific conductance data 

were used to estimate CI values when water samples were not 

submitted to an analytical laboratory.

Geophysical Surveys

Complete descriptions of geophysical data-collection 

methods and apparent conductivity measurements are provided in Preston and others (2012) and summarized below. 

Geophysical data presented in this chapter are from surveys 

performed with a Geonics EM–31 by the MBMG and the 

USFWS during 2004 and a Geonics EM–31, Geonics EM–34, 

and a Geophex GEM–2 by the USGS during 2009–10. The 

apparent conductivity data required spatial interpolation for 

visual display using ArcGIS 9.3.1 for the EM–31 and EM–34 

data and GEOSOFT Oasis for the GEM–2 data. Spatial 

interpolation in ArcGIS 9.3.1 was performed using the inverse 

distance weighting function on a neighborhood of three points 

and default power of two. Spatial interpolation in GEOSOFT 

Oasis was performed using minimum curvature. The spatially 

interpolated surface created in ArcGIS 9.3.1 is a rectangle with 

dimensions based on the furthest data points in each cardinal 

direction. Therefore, to provide data only in areas with sufficient geophysical control, these spatially interpolated surfaces 

were clipped to buffers created around the measurement 

points. All buffers were between 25 and 75 m.

EM–31

A Geonics EM–31 was used to measure apparent conductivity and delineate the lateral extent of brine-contaminated 

groundwater plumes (referred to as brine plumes hereafter) 

at all three study sites. All EM–31 surveys were performed 

in the vertical dipole mode, which has an exploration depth 

of approximately 6 m. EM–31 surveys were conducted at 

the Goose Lake study site in July 2004 and September and 

October 2009. Surveys were also performed at the Goose Lake 

study site by the MBMG in 1989, but the original data has 

been lost and attempts to georectify the images in Reiten and 

Tischmak (1993) proved unsuccessful. At the Anderson study 

site, EM–31 surveys were performed in July and September 

2004 and October 2010. The EM–31 surveys at the Fuller 

study site were performed in October 2010. No previous 

geophysical surveys had been performed at the Fuller site for 

comparison with the 2010 survey.

Background apparent conductivities were determined 

from several (greater than 15) measurements in areas upgradient from oilfield facilities at each study site during all years. 

Apparent conductivity values less than approximately 30 

millisiemens per meter (mS/m) are considered representative 

of background conductivity at the Goose Lake and Anderson 

study sites. Background apparent conductivity values were 

slightly higher at the Fuller study site, in the range of 25–50 

mS/m, with the higher values likely because of the greater clay 

content of the glaciolacustrine deposits.

EM–34

A Geonics EM–34 was used in September 2009 to measure apparent conductivity, characterize the three-dimensional 

geometry of brine plumes, and examine the potential for stratigraphic controls on the transport of contaminated groundwater 

at the Goose Lake study site. Apparent conductivity measurements were collected at 10-, 20-, and 40-m intercoil spacings 

in the horizontal and vertical dipole orientations. Exploration 

depths in the horizontal dipole orientation for the 10-, 20-, and 

40-m intercoil spacings are 7.5, 15, and 30 m, respectively. 

Respective exploration depths for the vertical dipole orientation are 15, 30, and 60 m; however, the horizontal dipole 

mode receives the majority of the signal from immediately 

below the land surface compared to roughly 0.4 times the 

intercoil spacings in the vertical dipole mode (McNeill, 1980). 

Therefore, even though the exploration depths may be equal, 

the horizontal dipole mode receives much more of its signal 

from shallower depths in the subsurface relative to the vertical 

dipole mode.

Background apparent conductivity measurements for all 

dipole orientations and intercoil spacing combinations were 

determined from several (greater than 10) measurements in 

areas upgradient from oilfield facilities. In the horizontal 

dipole orientation, measurements below approximately 20, 

25, and 40 mS/m are considered representative of background 

conductivity for the 10-, 20-, and 40-m intercoil spacings, 
34 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

respectively. In the vertical dipole orientation, measurements 

below approximately 25, 35, and 40 mS/m are considered 

representative of background conductivity for the 10-, 20-, and 

40-m intercoil spacings, respectively.

GEM–2

A Geophex GEM–2 was used in October 2010 to 

measure apparent conductivity, characterize the three dimensional geometry of brine plumes, and examine the potential 

for stratigraphic controls on the transport of contaminated 

groundwater at the Anderson and Fuller study sites. Apparent conductivity measurements were collected from seven 

frequencies; however, only the results from three frequencies 

(93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 hertz [Hz]) that span the range of 

exploration depths are presented in this chapter. Exploration 

depths for the 93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 Hz frequencies are 2, 

4, and 7 m, respectively.

Background conductivity at each frequency was determined as the mean value from the survey data. The respective 

background conductivity values for 93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 

Hz frequencies were 114, 150, and 140 mS/m, respectively, at 

the Anderson study site and 86, 109, and 101 mS/m, respectively, at the Fuller study site.

Data Results

Results for the various studies discussed in this chapter 

are published in several sources described below. For the 

Goose Lake study site, field parameters and analytical results 

for all water samples are available from the following sources: 

MBMG samples collected during 1988, 1989, or 1990 in 

Reiten and Tischmak (1993), USFWS samples collected 

during 2004, 2005, or 2006 in Rouse and others (2013), and 

USGS samples collected during 2009 in table 1–1 of Preston 

and others (2012). Geophysical data collected by the USFWS 

in 2006 and by the USGS in 2009 are located in table 1–4 of 

Preston and others (2012).

For the Anderson study site, field parameters and analytical results for all water samples are available from the following sources: USFWS samples collected during 2004 or 2005 in 

Rouse and others (2013) and USGS samples collected during 

2010 in table 1–2 of Preston and others (2012). Geophysical 

data collected by the USFWS in 2004 and by the USGS in 

2010 are located in table 1–4 of Preston and others (2012).

Analytical results for water samples collected by the 

USGS in 2010 at the Fuller study site are located in table 1–3 

of Preston and others (2012). Geophysical data collected by 

the USGS in 2010 are located in table 1–4 of Preston and others (2012).

In order to facilitate the following discussion, summary 

water-quality data containing site name, Cl- concentration, 

specific conductance, Na+

/Cl- molar ratio, and CI values 

are presented for the Goose Lake study site (table B–1), the 

Anderson study site (table B–2), and the Fuller study site 

(table B–3).

Study Sites Results and Discussion

In the following discussion and accompanying figures, 

the names of individual oil wells at the three study sites 

are identified by the “unique well identifier” number from 

the American Petroleum Institute (API) well number. API 

numbers are in the following format 11-222-33333-44-55 

with the first two digits being the State code, the next three 

being the county code, the five-digit number in the middle 

being the unique well identifier, the next two digits being 

the directional side track code, and the last two digits being 

the event sequence code. The State and county codes for 

Sheridan County, Mont., and Williams County, N. Dak., are 

25–091 and 33–105, respectively. Oilfield site numbers used 

by Reiten and Tischmak (1993) are in parentheses following 

the API unique well identifier in the discussion of the Goose 

Lake site. For example, the oil well with the API well number 

25091210560000, located in Sheridan County, Mont., and 

labeled oilfield site 128 by Reiten and Tischmak (1993), is 

labeled 21056 (128) in this report.

Water Quality

The quality of surface water and shallow groundwater 

at the three study sites is highly variable and is dependent on 

location relative to sources of brine contamination. Sodium, 

magnesium, bicarbonate, SO4

2-, and Cl-

 are the common 

dominant ions in uncontaminated and contaminated water at 

these sites. Na+

 and Cl- are the dominant ions in the brine. The 

CI developed by Reiten and Tischmak (1993) using field and 

analytical Cl- and specific conductivity was used and expanded 

upon with Na+ to identify brine contamination at the three 

study sites. Figure B–2 shows the distribution of Na+

/Cl- molar 

ratio, CI value, and Cl-

 concentration for 96 samples from 

tables B–1, B–2, and B–3; 25 samples from Reiten and Tischmak (1993) that were not collected at the Goose Lake study 

site; 35 samples from Eisenlohr and others (1972); and 21 

samples from LaBaugh and Swanson (1992, 2003). Samples 

from Eisenlohr and others (1972) and LaBaugh and Swanson 

(1992, 2003) are in areas with little or no oil development 

and represent background water-quality conditions for the 

PPR. Information about the sampled sites was used to select 

thresholds for water classification. The majority of background 

samples have CI values below 0.035 (green horizontal line, 

fig. B–2) and plot to the right of the 1:1 Na+

/Cl- molar ratio 

(black vertical line, fig. B–2) indicating water chemistry that 

is dominated by the presence of Na+. In contrast, all but 1 of 

the 87 water samples with CI values above 0.1 (orange horizontal line, fig. B–2) plot to the left of the 1:1 Na+

/Cl- molar 

ratio line indicating a distinct shift in the molar ratio towards 
Study Sites Results and Discussion 35

Table B–1. Summary of water-quality data for the Goose Lake study site, Sheridan County, Montana.[Summarized from table 1–1 (Preston and others, 2012). Onsite (field) water-quality data are in italics. Na+/Cl- molar ratio is the quotient of the Na+ and Cl- concentrations converted to molar equivalents. Contamination index is calculated by dividing Cl- concentration (mg/L) by specific conductance value (μS/cm). Cl-, chloride; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; 

Na+, sodium; --, no data]

Site

name

1989 2005–2006 2009

Cl-,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratio Contamination index Cl-, mg/L Specific conductance, μS/cm Na+/Cl- molar ratio Contamination index Cl-, mg/L Specific conductance, μS/cm Na+/Cl- molar ratio Contamination index

117F 450 2,080 -- 0.216 -- -- -- -- 2,941 10,750 0.53 0.274117J 2,560 9,211 0.45 0.278 3,434 11,000 0.48 0.312 1,550 5,980 0.59 0.259124C 10,600 29,096 0.90 0.364 1,678 5,810 0.83 0.289 2,330 7,540 0.75 0.309124D 5,060 11,090 -- 0.456 -- -- -- -- 3,280 10,600 0.71 0.309124E 16,870 34,700 -- 0.486 -- -- -- -- 7,020 22,000 0.86 0.319124F 12,790 27,030 -- 0.473 -- -- -- -- 4,870 14,700 0.68 0.331124H 36,500 78,617 0.79 0.464 13,263 31,000 0.88 0.428 19,500 50,000 0.73 0.390124J 18,000 44,480 0.81 0.405 4,129 11,950 0.87 0.346 6,150 17,900 0.77 0.344124N 12,000 22,557 0.84 0.532 4,217 12,640 0.90 0.334 3,340 10,300 0.85 0.324124O 7,840 21,375 0.28 0.367 2,574 8,510 0.62 0.302 17,200 44,500 0.51 0.387124P 16,300 40,603 0.71 0.401 20,126 41,600 0.84 0.484 4,370 13,600 0.80 0.321126A 1,060 6,233 1.05 0.170 -- -- -- -- 6,100 17,900 0.77 0.341126B 23,600 59,538 0.73 0.396 15,382 32,900 0.80 0.468 15,800 41,300 0.63 0.383126C 6.6 1,203 6.29 0.005 -- -- -- -- 964 3,630 0.08 0.266264A 66,900 180,500 0.90 0.371 30,841 47,000 0.88 0.656 37,500 91,700 0.75 0.409264B1 32,800 78,626 0.75 0.417 22,638 39,500 0.80 0.573 762 3,400 0.78 0.224264D 18,600 48,105 0.80 0.387 7,302 16,220 0.81 0.450 5,330 16,800 0.78 0.317264E1 15,000 22,880 -- 0.656 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --264J 350 1,740 -- 0.201 3,349 13,360 0.85 0.251 661 2,680 0.50 0.247264K 2,190 6,800 -- 0.322 1,794 6,550 0.71 0.274 396 2,030 0.58 0.195264M 140 890 -- 0.157 2,687 7,270 0.61 0.370 1,270 4,500 0.67 0.282264P 80 840 -- 0.095 1,172 5,650 0.70 0.207 98 2,160 0.93 0.045264Q 10,300 28,810 0.76 0.358 -- -- -- -- 3,940 12,500 0.70 0.315264R 195 2,182 0.79 0.089 -- -- -- -- 732 3,460 0.43 0.212264S 2,810 8,800 0.52 0.319 -- -- -- -- 1,910 6,290 0.55 0.304264T 12.3 761 2.56 0.016 -- -- -- -- 1,030 4,650 0.52 0.222
36 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States Table B–1. Summary of water-quality data for the Goose Lake study site, Sheridan County, Montana.—Continued [Summarized from table 1–1 (Preston and others, 2012). Onsite (field) water-quality data are in italics. Na+/Cl- molar ratio is the quotient of the Na+ and Cl- concentrations converted to molar equivalents. Con- tamination index is calculated by dividing Cl- concentration (mg/L) by specific conductance value (μS/cm). Cl-, chloride; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; Na+, sodium; --, no data] Site name 1989 2005–2006 2009 Cl-

,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratio Contamination index Cl-

,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratio Contamination index Cl-

,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratio Contamination index

264Y -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 120 1,080 0.57 0.111

307B 4,480 41,680 -- 0.107 -- -- -- -- 4,050 66,600 8.76 0.061

BGWL -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 394 3.89 0.022

PW1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 121,000 223,000 0.90 0.543

RAB2 -- -- -- -- 1,578 5,050 0.62 0.312 975 3,970 0.52 0.246

Cl- dominance in water with CI values above 0.1 and provide 

strong evidence of brine contamination. It should be noted 

that 6 of the 18 samples with CI values between 0.035 and 0.1 

are in areas with little or no oil development; however, these 

samples were collected further south and east of the three 

study sites and, as discussed previously, the higher CI value 

may be because of regional changes across the PPR and Williston Basin.

To better define the water quality in the PPR, a combination of CI value, Cl- concentration, and Na+

/Cl- molar ratio was 

used to classify uncontaminated water and three levels of contaminated water (fig. B–2). Uncontaminated water has CI values less than 0.035, Cl-

 concentrations generally less than 250 

mg/L, and Na+/Cl- molar ratios generally above 1. Potentially 

contaminated water has CI values between 0.035 and 0.1, Clconcentrations generally less than 10,000 mg/L, and Na+

/Clmolar ratios generally less than 10. Moderately contaminated 

water has CI values between 0.1 and 0.35, Cl- concentrations 

generally between 250 and 10,000 mg/L, and Na+/Cl- molar 

ratios generally less than 1. Extremely contaminated water 

has CI values greater than 0.35, Cl- concentrations generally 

between 10,000 and 100,000 mg/L, and Na+/Cl- molar ratios 

less than 1. The five brine samples had CI values greater than 

0.543, Cl- concentrations greater than 109,000 mg/L, and Na+/

Cl- molar ratios less than 1.

Goose Lake Study Site

Water was collected during 1989 from monitoring wells 

126C and 264T within the study site and during 2009 from 

a wetland (BGWL) adjacent to the study site and upgradient 

from potential brine sources to represent background (CI less 

than 0.035) water for comparison with water samples that 

were collected from potentially contaminated wetlands and 

wells. Background Cl- concentrations were low in samples collected from these three sources and did not exceed 13 mg/L. 

Nearly all other major-ion and trace-element concentrations in 

the background water samples were much lower than the concentrations in the contaminated water samples. In 2009, water 

(PW1) was collected to determine the chemistry of the brine 

from an oil/brine separation tank located at the tank battery 

(264) within the study area that receives oil and brine from 

wells producing from the Ratcliffe Formation.

Monitoring wells with background water samples in 

1989 had become moderately contaminated by 2009 (table 

B–1). Well 126C is adjacent to a pipeline break that occurred 

in 2006. In 1989, the Cl-

 concentration and CI value of water 

from 126C were 6.6 mg/L and 0.005, respectively. By 2009, 

the Cl- concentration and CI value measured in water from 

this well were 964 mg/L and 0.266, indicating that brine 

had affected the groundwater quality at this site. Well 264T 

is along a groundwater-flow path mapped by Reiten and 

Tischmarck (1993) that flows from the tank battery to West 

Goose Lake, a large saline lake that occupies a topographically 

low point and is the likely groundwater discharge area for the 

Goose Lake study site. The respective Cl-

 concentration and CI 
Study Sites Results and Discussion 37

Table B–2. Summary of water-quality data for the Anderson study site, Sheridan County, Montana.

[Summarized from table 1–2 (Preston and others, 2012). Onsite (field) water-quality data are in italics. Na+/Cl- molar ratio is the quotient of the 

Na+ and Cl- concentrations converted to molar equivalents. Contamination index is calculated by dividing Cl- concentration (mg/L) by specific 

conductance value (μS/cm). Cl-, chloride; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; Na+, sodium; 

 --, no data]

Site

name

2004–2005 2010

Cl-,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratioContamination

index

Cl-,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratioContamination

index

A-1MW 4.59 902 16.70 0.005 7.05 1,300 14.11 0.005

A-2MW 18,770 36,800 0.92 0.510 13,600 37,300 0.96 0.365

A-4MW 4,954 13,670 0.79 0.362 3,490 13,100 0.91 0.266

A-8MW 4,789 13,480 0.48 0.355 6,110 18,400 0.41 0.332

A-10MW 341 22,000 23.55 0.016 323 29,400 34.43 0.011

A-11MW 360 24,800 21.35 0.015 798 37,900 11.62 0.021

A-14MW 43,213 52,500 0.58 0.823 56,600 115,000 0.56 0.492

A-15MW 163 23,600 60.78 0.007 133 26,600 11.59 0.005

A-16MW 10,612 21,900 0.44 0.485 23,900 56,400 0.42 0.424

A-17MW 2,542 9,340 0.74 0.272 3,010 11,700 0.64 0.257

AND4 31,660 68,366 -- 0.463 19,100 48,100 0.75 0.397

AND8 2,589 26,286 -- 0.098 1,360 17,800 3.72 0.076

AND9 12,948 89,693 -- 0.144 1,790 18,800 3.15 0.095

AND10 9 260 -- 0.034 7.37 235 0.60 0.031

AND11 6,550 44,819 -- 0.146 6,100 18,000 0.63 0.339

AND-PW -- -- -- -- 149,000 229,000 0.82 0.651

Table B–3. Summary of water-quality data for the Fuller study site, Williams County, North Dakota.

[Summarized from table 1–3 (Preston and others, 2012). Na+/Cl- molar ratio is the quotient of the Na+ and Cl- concentrations converted to molar equivalents. Contamination index is calculated by dividing Cl-

 concentration (mg/L) by specific 

conductance value (μS/cm). Cl-, chloride; mg/L, milligrams per liter; μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees 

Celsius; Na+, sodium]

Site

name

2010

Cl-,

mg/L

Specific 

conductance,

μS/cm

Na+/Clmolar ratioContmination 

index

FULL-A 25.3 683 1.46 0.037

FULL-B 181 3,780 2.16 0.048

FULL-MW1 350 24,100 15.82 0.015

FULL-MW2 154 3,500 1.85 0.044

FULL-PWB1 199,000 251,000 0.64 0.793

FULL-PWB2 198,000 241,000 0.70 0.822

FULL-PWR 109,000 188,000 0.65 0.580
38 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

Sodium/chloride molar ratio

Contamination index

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

0.01 0.1 1:1 10 100

Preston and others, 2012 (water samples)

Preston and others, 2012 (brine samples)

Reiten and Tischmak, 1993

Eisenlohr, 1972; LaBaugh and Swanson, 1992, 2003 

 Chloride concentration, in milligrams per liter 

Less than 250

250 to 10,000

Greater than 10,000 to 100,000

Greater than 100,000

Uncontaminated

Potentially contaminated

Moderately contaminated 

Extremely contaminated

EXPLANATION

 Data source 

Figure B–2. Sodium/chloride molar ratio compared to contamination index for 96 water-quality samples and 5 brine samples.

value of water from 264T were 12.3 mg/L and 0.016 in 1989. 

By 2009, the Cl- concentration and CI value of water from this 

well were 1,030 mg/L and 0.222, indicating that brine had 

migrated further along the groundwater-flow path to this well 

during the 20-year time period.

Surface water and shallow groundwater contaminated 

by brine in 1989 were still contaminated by brine in 2009 

(fig B–3, table B–1). The CI values for water samples collected in 1989 (except for 126C and 264T) were between 

0.089 and 0.532 and generally decreased with distance 

downgradient from active and abandoned oilfield sites. The CI 

values for water samples from West Goose Lake were greater 

than 0.035 in 1989 (0.107) and 2009 (0.061), indicating that 

West Goose Lake likely has been contaminated for at least two 

decades. As indicated by the CI values, only two sites sampled 

in 1989—monitoring wells 126C and 264T, had water that was 

not contaminated with brine. The CI values for water samples 

collected in 2009 were between 0.022 and 0.409, indicating 

that water from all sampled sites except BGWL was contaminated. Between 1989 and 2009, the CI increased in nine of the 

sampled sites. Although CI values decreased in 18 sites, the CI 

values were still elevated, indicating that the brine contamination has persisted in the environment during a two-decade 

period. However, much of the contamination is likely from 

leachates generated from reserve pits located at each oil well 

site and at the tank battery that collects the produced fluids 

(Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). The oil wells and tank battery 

were installed in the mid- to late-1960s; therefore, contamination has likely persisted in this environment for as many as 

four to five decades.

Statistically, there is a significant difference in the Clconcentrations, specific conductance, and CI values of water 

sampled from locations contaminated by brine in 1989 and 

2009. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test determined the 

changes in these parameters were not normally distributed, 

requiring a nonparametric analysis. The difference in median 

Cl- concentrations, specific conductance, and CI values 

between 1989 and 2009 is nonzero (respective two-sided 

p-values = 0.006, 0.038, and 0.032 from a Wilcoxon signed 

rank test with V stats of 39, 56, and 54). The respective estimated reduction in median Cl-

 concentration, specific conductance, and CI value are -4,850 mg/L, -8,513.5 μS/cm, and 

-0.047, with 95 percent confidence intervals of -8,885–-888 

mg/L, -16,906.5–-595.1 μS/cm, and -0.087–-0.002, indicating that the magnitude of brine contamination has slightly 

decreased during the two-decade period.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 39

T36N, R58E, S27

1989 Contamination index 2009 Contamination index Change in contamination index

!(

!( !(!( !(

!(

!(

!(!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(!( !(

!(

!(

!(!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(!( !(

!(

!(

!(!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

!(

!( !(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!( !(

![

21088

21056

05105

05310

21007

21041

![

21088

21056

05105

05310

21007

21041

![

21088

21056

05105

05310

21007

21041

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^ _^

^_

_

^

^_

^_

_^

^_

_^

^_

^_

264K*264M*

*

*

*

264P*

117F*

307B

124F*

124E*

124D*

264T

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B/E*

264A

126C

126B

126A

124P

124O

124N 124C

124J

124H

117J

264K*264M*

264P*

117F*

124F 1

124E*

124D*

264T

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B/E*

264A

126C

126B

126A

124P

124O

124N 124C

124J

124H

117J

264K*264M*

264P*

264J* 264J* 264J*

117F*

124F*

124E*

124D*

264T

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B/E*

264A

126C

126B

126A

124P

124O

124N 124C

124J

124H

117J

307B 307B

104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07'

48°51'

48°50'30"

21041

21041

T36N, R58E, S27 T36N, R58E, S27 T36N, R58E, S27

0 0.5 KILOMETER0 0.25

0.25

0.5 MILE

!( 0.151 to 0.193 

!( 0.001 to 0.150!( 0 to -0.149

!( -0.150 to -0.299

!( -0.300 to -0.331

![ Tank battery

_^ Oil well and identifier

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

!( 0.601 to 0.656!( 0.005 to 0.035!( 0.036 to 0.150!( 0.151 to 0.300!( 0.301 to 0.450!( 0.451 to 0.600

![ Tank battery

Oil well and identifier

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

!( 0.005 to 0.035!( 0.036 to 0.150!( 0.151 to 0.300!( 0.301 to 0.409

Indicates surface-water sample

Indicates surface-water sample

Indicates surface-water sample ![ Tank battery

_^

21041_^

Oil well and identifier

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

Figure B–3. Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area, and the 1989 contamination index values, 2009 contamination index values, and the change in contamination index values.
40 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

The likely source of brine to surface water and shallow groundwater in the Goose Lake study site is produced 

waters from the Ratcliffe Formation, as indicated by Sr isotope 

analyses of 14 water samples from an oil/brine separation tank, 

surface-water bodies, and shallow monitoring wells (Preston 

and others, 2012, table B–1). An evaporation-mixing model 

was developed to interpret the Sr isotope relations of surface 

water and shallow groundwater at the Goose Lake study site 

(Peterman and others, 2012). The model is shown on figure 

B–4 with 87Sr/86Sr ratios plotted as a function of Sr concentration on a log axis. In surface water and shallow groundwater, 

these parameters can be modified by evaporation (indicated by 

increases in solute concentrations, but no change in 87Sr/86Sr 

values) and the mixing of end members, which can change solute concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr. The shaded area on figure B–4 

is the mixing field at the Goose Lake study site as defined by 

samples of surface water, shallow groundwater, and brine. The 

horizontal line near the top of the graph depicts the effects of 

evaporation, increasing Sr concentration while maintaining 

the 87Sr/86Sr values. In the evaporation-mixing model, this line 

is assumed to be the loci of least contaminated samples. The 

curved lines are mixing lines calculated from the Goose Lake 

brine sample (PW1, produced with oil from the Ratcliff Formation), through the samples with largest and smallest Sr concentrations, to intersect the evaporation line at the top of the graph. 

The area within these lines contains all of the Goose Lake 

samples analyzed and is labeled “Goose Lake Mixing Field.” 

As discussed by Peterman and others (2012), the process of 

moving a sample composition from the upper part of the graph 

towards the brine composition may involve evaporation, brine 

contamination, and dilution with freshwater, perhaps repeated 

multiple times. The net effect of these processes is the migration of compositions towards the brine as reflected by the position of the samples on the graph and by the CI values. Using 

the evaporation-mixing model from the Goose Lake study site 

as the basis for comparison, the Sr isotope and concentrations 

relations for the Anderson and Fuller sites are discussed below.

Contaminated shallow groundwater has migrated at least 

600 and 800 m along two separate groundwater-flow paths 

in the Goose Lake study site, and possibly as far as 1,600 m. 

There are two main groundwater-flow paths in the Goose Lake 

study site; one in the northern part and one in the southern part. 

In the northern part of the study area, groundwater flows generally eastward from wetland 117F and well 126C through monitoring wells 124H, 124P, and 124O. In the southern part of the 

study area, groundwater flows southward from the tank battery 

near groundwater well 264A, then eastward near wetland 264K 

though monitoring well 264R. Both of these groundwater-flow 

paths likely discharge into West Goose Lake. West Goose Lake 

was moderately contaminated in 1989 and potentially contaminated in 2009, with respective Cl-

 concentrations of 4,480 and 

4,050 mg/L and CI values of 0.107 and 0.061. The contamination in West Goose Lake is likely from the brine source(s) 

within the northern flow path, the brine source(s) within the 

southern flow path, or a combination from all sources. However, in 1989 and 2009, the Cl-

 concentrations in the furthest 

downgradient wells in the northern flow paths—124H (36,500 

and 19,500 mg/L, respectively), 124P (16,300 and 4,370 mg/L, 

respectively), and 124O (7,840 and 17,200 mg/L, respectively) 

—were much greater than the furthest downgradient well in the 

southern flow path—264R (195 and 732 mg/L, respectively). 

Therefore, if volume of groundwater discharge to West Goose 

Lake is similar from the northern and southern flow paths, then 

the more saline northern flow path likely has the greater effect 

to West Goose Lake.

Potential sources of brine along the northern groundwaterflow path include oil wells 21041 (126) and 21007 (124). 

In 1989, 2006, and 2009, all surface water and groundwater 

samples (except 126C in 1989) had CI values equal to or 

greater than 0.170 and Cl- concentrations equal to or greater 

than 450 mg/L (table B–1), indicating moderate to extreme 

brine contamination throughout the entire flow path (fig. B–5). 

Therefore, it is unclear if the source of brine in West Goose 

Lake (307B) is oil well 21007 (124), oil well 21041 (126), or 

both. However, the approximate distances that groundwater 

would have to migrate along the northern flow path to reach 

the western shore of West Goose Lake is 800 m from oil well 

21007 (124) and 1,100 m from oil well 21041 (126).

Potential sources of brine along the southern groundwater 

flow-path include a tank battery and oil wells 05105 (127) and 

21056 (128). Respective CI values and Cl- concentrations in 

all surface water and groundwater samples (except 264T in 

1989 and BGWL in 2009) ranged from 0.089 to 0.656 and 80 

to 66,900 mg/L in 1989, 0.207 to 0.656 and 1,172 to 47,000 

mg/L in 2005, and 0.111 to 0.409 and 98 to 37,500 mg/L in 

2009 (table B–1), indicating potential to extreme brine contamination throughout most of this flow path (fig. B–6). The 

presence of oil wells 05105 (127) and 21056 (128) make 

identifying the source(s) and distance of contaminant migration throughout this flow path difficult, especially between the 

tank battery and 264T. Monitoring well 264T was not contaminated in 1989 while wetland 264P, monitoring well 264R, and 

West Goose Lake (307B) were contaminated, indicating that 

the likely brine source downgradient from 264T in 1989 was 

from oil well 21056 (128). The distance along the southern 

flow path from oil well 21056 (128) through 264P to 264R is 

approximately 700 m, and approximately 1,000 m to the western shore of West Goose Lake. However, 264T had become 

moderately contaminated in 2009 (CI value of 0.222), and the 

brine source(s) between oil well 05105 (127) to 264T could 

be from the tank battery, this oil well, or both. Separating out 

these sources is further complicated as the relative trends in CI 

values up- and downgradient from oil well 05105 (127) change 

through time. In 1989 and 2005, the CI value increases between 

upgradient 264J and downgradient 264K, but the CI value 

decreases between these two sites in 2009. Therefore, while the 

brine source at 264T is unclear, the respective distances along 

the southern flow path to 264T from oil well 05105 (127) and 

the tank battery are approximately 600 and 1,600 m. Lastly, it 

should be noted that the contaminated groundwater has likely 

migrated beyond 264T, so these distances represent a minimum transport distance.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 41

0 

0.708

0.709

0.710

0.711

Goose Lake

mixing field

264J

264J

264Y 264K

264M

264A

117F

117F rep

126C

124F

124E

124J

124D

307B

BGWL

PW1

AND-PW

A-14MW

A-16MW

A-15MW A-1MW

AND9

AND11 AND8

AND10

AND10

AND4

A-10MW

A-2MW

A-8MW

A-17MW

A-4MW

A-11MW

FULL-PWR

FULL-MW1

FULL-MW2

FULL-A

FULL-B

FULL-B

Strontium, in milligrams per kilogram

87Strontium/86Strontium

0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 

Goose Lake

Anderson 

Fuller

EXPLANATION

Sample identifier and study site

Figure B–4. Strontium (Sr) concentration compared to 87Sr/86Sr values for water samples from all three study sites: Goose 

Lake, Anderson, and Fuller.

Anderson Study Site

Water was collected during 2005 and 2010 from a monitoring well (A–1MW) within the study site and upgradient 

from potential brine sources to represent background water 

quality and to compare with water samples that were collected 

from contaminated wetlands and wells. Water was collected 

during 2010 from an oil/brine separation tank (AND– PW) 

located at the tank battery within the WPA that receives oil 

and brine from nearby oil wells and was assumed to represent 

brines from the Ratcliffe Formation. However, based on the Sr 

isotope data and the producing formations of nearby oil wells, 

the brine sampled in AND– PW likely represents, in part, the 

Nisku or Red River Formations.

Uncontaminated water (CI less than 0.035) was collected 

during 2005 and 2010 from three monitoring wells (A–10MW, 

A–11MW, and A–15MW) in addition to background monitoring well A–1MW (table B–2). Cl-

 concentrations did not 

exceed 360 mg/L in these samples. Water from A–1MW 

(background site) contained concentrations of major ions 

and trace elements that were much lower than the concentrations in any other samples. During 2005 and 2010, water 

from A–10MW and A–11MW contained relatively higher 

concentrations of most major ions and trace elements except 

for Cl-

, which, along with specific conductance, is used as the 
42 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

0

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

-200 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400

Contamination index

Distance along groundwater-flow path from the most upgradient contaminant source (oil well 21041), in meters

Potential influence from

transport line break 

21041 21007

126C 

126C 

126A 

126B 

124N 

124J 

124C 

124D 

124D 

124F 

124E 

124H 

Oilfield sites and identifier

1989 Contamination index values

2006 Contamination index values

2009 Contamination index values

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

21007

EXPLANATION

124P 

124O 

307B 

Uncontaminated

Moderately contaminated

Potentially contaminated

Extremely contaminated

Figure B–5. Contamination index values of surface water and groundwater samples from 1989, 2006, and 2009 plotted by distance 

from the most upgradient brine source (oil well 21041) in the northern groundwater-flow path at the Goose Lake study site.

indicator for brine contamination. These two wells are located 

along a potential flow path. Analyses of water from A–11MW 

during 2010 indicated that the Cl- concentration and CI value 

had increased from 2005; however, the CI value was still 

below 0.035. Monitoring well A–15MW is adjacent to an oil 

well and reserve pit, yet the CI values in 2005 and 2010 were 

below 0.035.

All surface-water and shallow groundwater sites with CI 

values indicating brine contamination in 2004–5 still had CI 

values greater than 0.035 in 2010 (fig. B–7, table B–2). The 

CI values for water samples collected in 2004–5 were between 

0.005 and 0.823 and generally decreased with distance 

downgradient from potential sources of brine. The CI values 

for water samples collected in 2010 were between 0.005 and 

0.492 and, compared to 2004–5, had decreased at 11 sites and 

increased or stayed the same at 4 sites, indicating that the brine 

has persisted in the environment during the 5–6-year period. 

Similar to the Goose Lake site, much of the contamination is 

likely from leachates generated from the reserve pits located 

at each oil well site and the tank battery that collects the 

produced fluids (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). The oil wells 

and tank battery within the Anderson WPA were installed in 

the mid- to late-1960s, indicating that contamination likely 

has persisted in this environment for as many as four to five 

decades.

Statistically, there was no significant difference in the 

Cl-

 concentrations, specific conductance, or CI values of water 

sampled from locations contaminated by brine in 2004–5 and 

2010. A Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test determined that 

these parameters were not normally distributed, requiring 

nonparametric analyses. The difference in median Cl-

 concentrations, specific conductance, or CI values between 2004–5 

and 2010 is nonzero (respective two-sided p-values equal 

0.432, 0.160, and 0.232 from a Wilcoxon signed rank test with 

V statistics of 36, 42, and 15), indicating that the magnitude 

of brine contamination has not changed significantly over the 

5–6-year period.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 43

0

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

-250 0 250 500 750 1,000 1,250 1,500 1,750 2,000 2,250 2,500 2,750 3,000

Contamination index

Distance along groundwater-flow path from the most upgradient contaminant source (tank battery), in meters

Tank battery 05105 21056 

264R 

307B 

264P 

264T 

264A 

264A 

264B 

264E 

264E 

264D 

264Q 

264J 

RAB2 

264K 

264M 

264S 264Y 

BGWL 

Uncontaminated

Potentially contaminated

Moderately contaminated

Extremely contaminated

Oilfield sites and identifier

1989 Contamination index values

2005 Contamination index values

2009 Contamination index values

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

21056

EXPLANATION

Figure B–6. Contamination index values of surface water and groundwater samples from 1989, 2005, and 2009 plotted by distance 

from the most upgradient brine source (tank battery) in the southern groundwater-flow path at the Goose Lake study site.

The likely source of much of the brine to surface water 

and shallow groundwater in the Anderson study site is produced waters from the Ratcliffe Formation, as indicated by 

Sr isotope analyses of 16 water samples from surface-water 

bodies, shallow monitoring wells, and an oil/brine separation 

tank (Preston and others, 2012, table B–2). The Sr concentration and 87Sr/86Sr values for most of Anderson samples plot 

within or very close to the 87Sr/86Sr values for the Goose Lake 

model (fig. B–4). Wetland sample AND10 has the lowest 

concentration of Sr (0.065 mg/L) and plots just to the left of 

the other Anderson samples. The sample from monitoring 

well A–16MW has the third highest concentration of Sr (36 

mg/L) and, therefore, plots just to the right of most Anderson 

samples in figure B–4. Greater departure from the Goose 

Lake model is shown by monitoring well A–14MW with the 

highest Sr concentration (210 mg/L) and a 87Sr/86Sr value of 

0.70924. However, the oil well adjacent to A–14MW (21351) 

never produced; therefore, the fluids in the reserve pit were 

likely derived predominantly during drilling through younger 

stratigraphic units, which may explain the discordance 

with other Anderson samples. The produced water sample 

(AND–PW) is similar in Sr concentration to A–14MW but 

has a 87Sr/86Sr value (0.70869) significantly larger than that 

of the brine sample from Goose Lake (PW1=0.70802). The 

87Sr/86Sr value of AND–PW is larger than some of the Anderson surface-water and shallow groundwater samples; thus, 

AND–PW cannot have been the end member that affected 

samples with smaller 87Sr/86Sr values. Rather, the locations of 

Anderson samples on figure B–4 are consistent with mixing 

with a produced water component similar to the Goose Lake 

sample (PW1). The brine sample AND–PW was collected 

from a tank battery, which represents an aggregate sample of 

brines produced from numerous wells. It is likely this sample 

is a mixture of brines from multiple stratigraphic units, with 

some of these brines having a greater 87Sr/86Sr value. Although 

the oil wells that supply oil and brine to the tank battery are 
44 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

![

![

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

![

![

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

2004–5 Contamination index 2010 Contamination index Change in contamination index

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

![

![

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(!(

!(!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

!(

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30"

49°

48°59'30"

48°59'

T37N, R58E, S5 T37N, R58E, S5 T37N, R58E, S5 21118

21341

05191 05194

21739

21351

05188

21349

05184

2111821341

05191

05194

21739

21351

05188

21349

05184

2111821341

05191 05194

21739

21351

05188

21349

05184

AND10*

AND8* AND9*

AND11*

AND4*

A-15MW

A-14MW

A-11MW

A-10MW

A-4MW

A-1MW

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-8MW

AND10*

AND8* AND9*

AND11*AND4*

A-15MW

A-14MW

A-11MW

A-10MW

A-4MW

A-1MW

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-8MW

AND10*

AND8* AND9*

AND11* AND4*

A-15MW

A-14MW

A-11MW

A-10MW

A-4MW

A-1MW

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-8MW

!(

!(!(

!(

!(

A-2MW A-2MW A-2MW

!(!(!(!(!(!(!(

21349

0.005 to 0.0350.036 to 0.1500.151 to 0.3000.301 to 0.4500.451 to 0.6000.601 to 0.7500.751 to 0.829

Tank battery

Oil well and identifier

![

_^

Anderson Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

!(

!(!(!(!(

21349

0.005 to 0.0350.036 to 0.1500.151 to 0.3000.301 to 0.4500.451 to 0.492

Oil well and identifier

_^

Tank battery

![

Anderson Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

21349

0.151 to 0.1930.001 to 0.1500 to -0.149-0.150 to -0.299-0.300 to -0.331

Tank batteryOil well and identifier

![

_^

Anderson Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

* Indicates surface-water sample

* Indicates surface-water sample * Indicates surface-water sample

0 0.5 KILOMETER0 0.25

0.25

0.5 MILE

Figure B–7. Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson Waterfowl Production Area, and the 2004–5 contamination index values, 2010 contamination index values, and the change in contamination index values.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 45

unknown, the nearest producing oil well, 21712 (not shown 

on fig. B–7, approximately 0.5 km west of the WPA) produces 

from the Nisku and Red River Formations, not the Ratcliffe 

Formation, which was the producing unit for the oil wells 

in the Anderson WPA. Qing and others (2001) reported an 

average 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.7086 for the matrix dolomite in 

the Red River Formation, very similar to the 87Sr/86Sr value of 

AND–PW (0.70869).

Contaminated groundwater has migrated at least 400 

m in the Anderson study site and possibly as far as 1,200 

m (fig. B–8). These are the greatest distances between the 

potential source (oil well or tank battery) and the most 

downgradient contaminated monitoring well or wetland. 

Groundwater generally flows southward from A–1MW, then 

eastward near A–8MW towards AND8 and AND9; the likely 

discharge points of this groundwater-flow path. Monitoring 

well A–8MW is approximately 400 m from a tank battery 

and oil well (05188), while wetland AND9 is approximately 

1,200 m from these same facilities. Water from monitoring 

wells A–10MW and A–11MW was uncontaminated in 2004 

and 2010 indicating that contamination from the tank battery 

or oil well 05188 likely did not reach these wetlands through 

groundwater flow. However, water samples from wetlands 

AND8 and AND9 were moderately or potentially contaminated in 2004 and 2010 (AND8 CI value = 0.098 and 0.076, 

respectively; AND9 CI value = 0.144 and 0.095, respectively) 

but have lower 87Sr/86Sr values than A–14MW, which is 

partially completed in the reserve pit of oil well 21351 and 

located directly above the basin of wetland AND8; thus, the 

buried reserve pit at oil well 21351 cannot be the sole brine 

source for wetlands AND8 and AND9. Two other oil wells 

completed in the Ratcliffe Formation (21361 and 05174 and 

not shown on fig. B–7) are located approximately 0.3 km to 

the south of wetlands AND8 and AND9 and may be the source 

of brine in these wetlands. Therefore, while the brine source 

in wetland AND9 is unclear, if the source is the tank battery 

or oil well 05188, it would represent a migration distance of 

approximately 1,200 m.

0

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100

Contamination index

Distance along groundwater-flow path from the most upgradient contaminant source (oil well 05188), in meters

05188 Tank battery 21351 

A-1MW 

A-2MW 

2MW 

A-4MW 

AND4 

AND4 

AND11 A-8MW 

A-10MW 

A-11MW 

AND8 

A-15MW 

AND9 

Uncontaminated

Potentially contaminated

Moderately contaminated

Extremely contaminated

Oilfield sites and identifier

2004–5 Contamination index values

2010 Contamination index values

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

21351

EXPLANATION

Figure B–8. Contamination index values of surface water and groundwater samples from 2004–5 and 2010 plotted by distance from 

the most upgradient brine source (oil well 05188) in the groundwater-flow path at the Anderson study site.
46 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

Fuller Study Site

Water was collected from one monitoring well (FULL–

MW1) during 2010 that was thought to be unaffected by 

oil and gas activities but had unusual major ion chemistry. 

Although this well had the lowest CI value (0.015), the Clconcentration at this well (350 mg/L) was higher than concentrations in water from the three other surface-water and 

shallow groundwater sites that were sampled (range 25–181 

mg/L; table B–3). However, water from FULL–MW1 contains 

higher concentrations of other major ions such as Na+, magnesium, and SO4

2-, indicating that this water type is unique from 

the other sample sites.

Based on the CI values, three of the four surface-water 

and shallow groundwater samples from the Fuller study site 

were potentially contaminated by brine in 2010 (table B–3, 

fig. B–9). The CI values for the three other water samples 

besides FULL–MW1 were between 0.037 and 0.048 and were 

highest in the wetland (FULL–B) below the reservoir (where 

sample FULL–A was collected).

The distance of contaminated groundwater migration is 

not possible to determine at the Fuller study site because of the 

limited number of sample sites and understanding of groundwater-flow flow paths. Surface-water sample site FULL–A is 

upgradient from potential brine sources within the Fuller study 

site, so a potential source to this site is likely located off the 

study site and upgradient from the reservoir.

Sr isotopes and concentrations of samples from the Fuller 

study site (Preston and others, 2012, table B–3) are consistent 

with the Goose Lake evaporation-mixing model (fig. B–4) and 

indicate possible brine contamination despite the relatively 

low CI values. Sample FULL–B plots close to Goose Lake 

sample 264J, which was used to show an evaporation line at 

the top of the field. The sample from monitoring well FULL–

MW1 (9.6 mg/L Sr) plots slightly to the right of the Goose 

Lake field. The Fuller produced waters sample (FULL–PWR) 

is isotopically similar to PW1, the brine from Goose Lake, but 

the Sr concentration at 423 mg/L is larger. If FULL–PWR was 

used as an end member for a Fuller mixing plot, FULL–MW1 

would plot within the field. The isotopic similarity of PW1 and 

FULL–PWR lends credence to the interpretation that the brine 

sample from Anderson (AND–PW) is not representative of the 

Ratcliffe Formation based on the elevated 87Sr/86Sr value.

Geophysical Surveys

Geophysical results in 2004, 2009, and 2010 compared 

well to groundwater chemistry results, with elevated apparent 

conductivity readings (greater than 50 mS/m) measured near 

the majority of monitoring wells with high Cl- concentrations 

(greater than 250 mg/L) and CI values (greater than 0.035). 

The presence of elevated apparent conductivities associated 

with brine contamination validates the use of EM surveys 

to delineate brine plumes. However, it should be noted that 

apparent conductivity increases with clay content and soil 

saturation, often resulting in elevated apparent conductivity 

in and around wetland basins. Additionally, the shallow 

exploration depth of the EM–31 (roughly 6 m) can make it 

highly susceptible to changes in the depth to the water table 

that commonly develop in areas of undulating topographic 

relief (Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). This resulted in elevated 

conductivities measured only when the water table was within 

the exploration depth of the EM–31. Finally, it should be noted 

that the apparent conductivity scales on the figures displaying 

geophysical data (figs. B–10 through B–18) are equivalent for 

different geophysical equipment within each study site, but 

differ between study sites.

(! (!

(!

(!

^_

[!

05184

103°02'10" 103°02' 103°01'50" 103°01'40"

48°33'10"

48°33'

48°32'50"

01057

FULL-MW1

FULL-MW2

FULL-A* FULL-B*

T159N, R96E, S36

0 0.1 0.2 MILE

0 0.1 0.2 KILOMETER

2010 Contamination index

(!

(!

01057

0.005 to 0.035

0.036 to 0.082

Tank battery

Oil well and identifier

![

^_

Fuller Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

EXPLANATION

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

* Indicates surface-water sample

Figure B–9. Fuller study site showing the locations of water 

samples, oil well 01057, tank battery, National Wetlands 

Inventory wetlands, the Fuller Waterfowl Production Area 

boundary, and the contamination index values from 2010.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 47

Goose Lake Study Site

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys

Several areas of elevated conductivities associated with 

brine plumes were delineated in the EM–31 surveys at the 

Goose Lake study site in 2004 and 2009 (figs. B–10, B–11). 

A brine plume emanating from the tank battery (264) and 

migrating southeast down the slough (a shallow, steep-sided 

depression that seasonally contains flowing or stagnant water) 

below was suggested from EM–31 surveys in 2004 and 2009. 

Indeed, the largest EM–31 apparent conductivity values 

were measured in this slough in both 2004 (450 mS/m) and 

2009 (445 mS/m). The rapid drop to background conductivity values in areas hydraulically upgradient (northwest of the 

tank battery; fig. B–11) are consistent with initial work by 

Reiten and Tischmak (1993) documenting the tank battery as 

the source of brine. Elevated apparent conductivities associated with this plume were evident as far downgradient as 

surveyed; near oil well 05105 (127) in 2004 and the northern 

edge of wetland 264J in 2009. The area near oil well 05105 

(127) in 2009 likely delineates this brine plume as well and 

shows an expansion of elevated apparent conductivities to the 

southeast relative to 2004. However, it should be noted that 

elevated apparent conductivities were recorded near oil well 

05105 (127) in the 2004 surveys and are likely related to the 

buried reserve pit at this well; therefore, the expansion seen 

in 2009 may be from the buried reserve pit or contaminated 

groundwater from the tank battery, or both. The presence of 

brine as the source of elevated apparent conductivity measurements in 2004 was confirmed by 2005 CI values indicating 

extremely contaminated groundwater from monitoring wells 

264A (0.656), 264B (0.573), and 264D (0.450) and moderately 

contaminated groundwater from RAB2 (0.312). Similarly, CI 

values in 2009 indicated extremely contaminated groundwater 

from well 264A (0.409) and moderately contaminated groundwater from wells 264D (0.317), 264Q (0.315), and RAB2 

(0.246). Additionally, the downgradient migration or dilution 

of the brine plume are supported by decreases in the CI values 

in monitoring wells 264A (-0.247), 264D (-0.133), and RAB2 

(-0.066) in the upgradient portion of the brine plume between 

2005 and 2009.

[!

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

^_

[!

^_ ^_

^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_

264K

264M

264P

264J

264J

264D

264B

264A

264A

126B

124P

124O

124N

124J

124H

124C

117J

104°07' 104°06'30" 104°06'

48°51'

48°50'30"

 West

 Goose

 Lake

RAB2

T36N, R58E, S27

05105

05310

21041

21041

21007

21056

21088

0 0.25 0.5 MILE

0 0.25 0.5 KILOMETER

EXPLANATION

![ Tank battery

^_ Oil well and identifier

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

0 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 125

126 to 150

151 to 175

176 to 200

201 to 225

226 to 250

251 to 275

276 to 300

301 to 325

326 to 350

351 to 375

376 to 400

401 to 425

426 to 450

Contamination index

B 0 to 0.035

B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

Figure B–10. Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory 

wetlands, and the Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2005–6 contamination index values and apparent 

conductivity results from the 2004 EM–31 geophysical surveys.
48 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

B[!

B B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124E

124D

264J

264A

117F

264T

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B

264A

126C

126B

124P

124O

124N124J

124H

124C

117J

104°07' 104°06'30" 104°06'

48°51'

48°50'30"

T36N, R58E, S27

RAB2

126A

Location of 

transport 

line break

05105

05310

21041

21007

21056

21088

05310

EXPLANATION

![ Tank battery

^_ Oil well and identifier

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

0 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 125

126 to 150

151 to 175

176 to 200

201 to 225

226 to 250

251 to 275

276 to 300

301 to 325

326 to 350

351 to 375

376 to 400

401 to 425

426 to 450

Contamination index

B 0 to 0.035

B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

 West

 Goose

 Lake

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey 0 0.25 0.5 MILE

0 0.25 0.5 KILOMETER

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

Figure B–11. Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory 

wetlands, and the Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2009 contamination index values and apparent 

conductivity results from the 2009 EM–31 geophysical surveys.

Elevated apparent conductivity measurements (maximum 

of 180 mS/m) were measured over a small area east of oil 

well 21056 (128) in 2004, likely delineating the old reserve 

pit (fig. B–10). Apparent conductivity measurements near 

oil well 21056 (128) in 2009 were much lower (maximum 

of 45 mS/m); however, unlike in 2004, the spacing between 

measurements was grid-based in 2009 with fewer measurement points than 2004, and no measurements were collected 

over the old reserve pit (fig. B–11). The surveyed area near 

oil well 21056 (128) was expanded in 2009 to include the 

basin of wetland 264P and the slough leading to monitoring 

well 264R. Additional surveys also were performed east of 

monitoring wells 264R, 124O, 124P, and 124H to the western 

shore of West Goose Lake. The 2009 surveys documented 

elevated apparent conductivities in and around wetland 264P 

(maximum of 155 mS/m) and in the slough leading to 264R 

(maximum of 82 mS/m). While the groundwater beneath the 

entire slough is likely moderately contaminated as evidenced 

by the 2009 CI value at 264R (0.212), the spatially interpolated surface shows only a thin strip of elevated conductivity 

in the slough. However, this is likely because of the deep 

water table (approximately 2 m at 264R in October 2009) and 

the steep-sided slough. The expansion of elevated apparent 

conductivities with the loss of topography from the slough 

near and eastward of 264R supports this conclusion.

The EM–31 surveys measured elevated apparent conductivities adjacent to abandoned oil well 21007 (124) in 

2009 and defined a brine plume expanding southeastward 

(fig. B–11). The maximum apparent conductivities associated 

with this plume were measured south of wetland sample 124D 

(300 mS/m) and west of wetland sample 124F (420 mS/m). 

Although no groundwater samples were collected in the areas 

of maximum apparent conductivity, 2009 CI values indicated 

moderately contaminated groundwater from monitoring wells 

124C (0.309), 124J (0.344), and 124N (0.324) in the northern 

portion of the plume and confirmed the presence of brine. 

Additionally, the 2009 CI values recorded in the aforementioned wetlands (0.309 and 0.331, respectively), as well as 

wetland 124E (0.319), also indicated moderate contamination 

and further support the hypothesis that the maximum elevated 
Study Sites Results and Discussion 49

apparent conductivities are because of brine-contaminated 

groundwater. Elevated apparent conductivities (maximum 

of 240 mS/m) were also observed in the survey area located 

between West Goose Lake and monitoring wells 124H, 124O, 

and 124P and likely define the downgradient continuation of 

this brine plume. These three monitoring wells are along the 

west edge of the survey area and the 2009 CI values from 

monitoring wells 124H (0.390), 124O (0.387), and 124P 

(0.321) confirm that the elevated apparent conductivities near 

West Goose Lake are the result of extremely and moderately 

contaminated groundwater.

The EM–31 surveys near abandoned oil well 21041 (126) 

in 2009 documented two areas of elevated apparent conductivities near the well pad and support the conclusion that the 

increased CI values between 1989 and 2009 in monitoring 

wells 126A (0.170 and 0.341, respectively) and 126C (0.005 

and 0.266, respectively) are because of the transport line break 

in 2006 (fig. B–11). In 1989, an area of elevated apparent 

conductivity delineating a brine plume with extremely contaminated groundwater, which likely was emanating from the 

buried reserve pit, was measured northwest of monitoring well 

126B (CI value of 0.396), with apparent conductivities returning to background levels near the site access road (Reiten and 

Tischmak, 1993, p. B–34). Elevated apparent conductivity 

measurements in 2009 also defined the extremely contaminated groundwater plume associated with the buried reserve 

pit northwest of 126B (CI value of 0.383), and an additional 

area north of 126C at the approximate location of the transport 

line break. This new area of elevated apparent conductivity 

measurements defines a new, moderately contaminated, brine 

plume that emanates from the transport line break and has 

migrated south to monitoring wells 126A and 126C. These 

results illustrate the continued potential of brine contamination to aquatic resources in the PPR from routine oilfield 

operations.

EM–34 Geophysical Surveys

The relative trends in the EM–34 surveys (figs. B–12, 

B–13) compared well to the EM–31 surveys (figs. B–10, 

B–11); however, differences existed between the two instruments and between the different dipole orientations in the 

EM–34. As with the EM–31 surveys, the EM–34 surveys 

delineated brine plumes associated with the tank battery (264), 

oil well 21056 (128), and oil well 21007 (124). However, the 

magnitudes of EM–34 apparent conductivity measurements 

generally were lower than the EM–31 apparent conductivity measurements. Additionally, the EM–34 measurements in 

the vertical dipole orientation (fig. B–13) were lower than the 

measurements in the horizontal dipole orientation (fig. B–12), 

especially in areas with elevated apparent conductivities associated with brine plumes. This implies a stratigraphic control 

on the migration of brine-contaminated groundwater in glacial 

outwash deposits overlying glacial till.

Elevated apparent conductivity measurements were 

recorded in the slough below the tank battery as far 

downgradient as the likely extent of this groundwater plume, 

between monitoring well 264T and wetland 264P (figs. B–12, 

B–13). Measurements in the horizontal dipole orientation 

from the 10-, 20-, and 40-m intercoil spacings had maximum 

values of 250, 230, and 260 mS/m, respectively. Respective 

maximum measurements in the vertical dipole orientation 

were 78, 69, and 62 mS/m. Apparent conductivities generally decreased moving downgradient in both the horizontal 

and vertical dipole orientations, with the exception of a large 

increase in apparent conductivities measured with all surveys 

between monitoring wells 264S and 264T. This increase likely 

is from the influence of a buried glaciolacustrine deposit that 

was observed at the base of these wells during drilling. The 

elevated conductivity measurements in the horizontal dipole 

orientation strongly suggest a brine plume in the coarsegrained outwash sediments in the slough. The high CI values 

observed in 2009 from monitoring wells 264A (0.409), 264D 

(0.317), 264Q (0.315), 264S (0.304), and 264T (0.222), and 

RAB2 (0.246), which are all completed within the outwash 

sediments, confirm the presence of extremely and moderately 

contaminated groundwater in the near-surface outwash sediments. In contrast, the lower conductivity measurements in the 

vertical dipole orientation imply that the penetration of contaminated groundwater into the till that underlies the outwash 

sediments is minimal. However, no monitoring wells were 

completed within the underlying till to confirm the presence 

(and magnitude) or absence of contaminated groundwater.

Elevated apparent conductivities were recorded east of 

monitoring well 264T, through wetland 264P and monitoring well 264R, to the edge of West Goose Lake (figs. B–12, 

B–13). The source of the elevated conductivity is likely brine 

from oil well 21056 (128); however, the surficial clay deposits 

in wetland 264P and near West Goose Lake probably contribute to the high apparent conductivities observed in these areas. 

The presence of moderately contaminated groundwater was 

confirmed by the CI value of monitoring well 264R (0.212), 

which is completed in the outwash deposits. The horizontal 

dipole surveys had greater apparent conductivity measurements than the vertical dipole surveys, with this increase also 

suggesting that the brine plume is mainly confined within the 

surficial outwash deposits.

The EM–34 surveys also recorded elevated apparent conductivities suggesting a brine plume emanating from oil well 

21007 (124) that has migrated to West Goose Lake (figs B–12, 

B–13). Maximum apparent conductivity measurements from 

the 10-, 20-, and 40-m horizontal dipole orientation were 

280, 250, and 259 mS/m, respectively. Respective maximum 

measurements from the vertical dipole orientation were 102, 

93, and 108 mS/m. The sharp drop in conductivity between the 

horizontal and vertical dipole orientations also is interpreted 

as minimal penetration into the glacial till beneath the outwash 

deposits. The presence of extremely and moderately contaminated groundwater within the surficial outwash deposits 

was confirmed by the CI values from monitoring wells 124C 

(0.309), 124H (0.390), 124J (0.344), 124O (0.387), and 124P 

(0.321), all of which are completed in the outwash deposits. 
50 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States T36N, R58E, S27 West Goose Lake

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

![ B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

![ ![

126A

124E

264T

124C

126A

124E

264T

124C

126A

124E

264T

124C

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264A

264B

126C

126B

124P

124O

124N

124J

124H

117J

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264A

264B

126C

126B

124P

124O

124N124J

124H

117J

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B

264A

126C

126B

124P

124O

124N

124J 124H

117J

104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°07'

48°51'

48°50'30"

T36N, R58E, S27 T36N, R58E, S27 T36N, R58E, S27 

 WestGoose  Lake

 WestGoose  Lake

 WestGoose  Lake

RAB2 RAB2 RAB2

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

10-meter spacingExploration depth: 7.5 meters

20-meter spacingExploration depth: 15 meters

40-meter spacingExploration depth: 30 meters

EXPLANATION

0 0.5 0.25 MILE0 0.5 0.25 KILOMETER

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter 

0 to 2526 to 5051 to 7576 to 100101 to 125126 to 150

151 to 175176 to 200201 to 225226 to 250251 to 275276 to 300

301 to 325326 to 350351 to 375376 to 400401 to 425426 to 450

B 0 to 0.035B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Contamination index

![ Tank battery

_^ Oil well and identifier

264A

264J

05310

Surface-water sample and identifierGroundwater sample and identifier

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Figure B–12. Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2009 contamination index values and apparent conductivity results from the 2009 EM–34 10-meter (m) horizontal dipole, 20-m horizontal dipole, and 40-m horizontal dipole geophysical surveys.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 51

B

B B

B

B B B

B

B

B

B B B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B B B

B

B

B

B B B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

![ B

B B

B

B B B

B

B

B

B B B

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

![

B

![

126A

124E

264T

124C

126A

124E

264T

124C

126A

124E

264T

124C

_^ _^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^

_^ _^

_^

_^ _^

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264B

264A

126C 126B

124P

124O

124N

124J 124H

117J

PW1

BGWL

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264A

264B

126C 126B

124P

124O

124N

124J 124H

117J

BGWL

PW1

307B

264K

264Y

264M

264P

264J

124F

124D

117F

264S

264R

264Q

264D

264A

264B

126C 126B

124P

124O

124N

124J 124H

117J

104°06' 104°6'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°6'30" 104°07' 104°06' 104°6'30" 104°07'

48°51'

48°50'30"

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

05310

05105

21401

21007

21056

21088

T36N, R58E, S27 

 WestGoose  Lake

T36N, R58E, S27 T36N, R58E, S27 

 WestGoose  Lake

 WestGoose  Lake

RAB2 RAB2 RAB2

10-meter spacingExploration depth: 15 meters

20-meter spacingExploration depth: 30 meters

40-meter spacingExploration depth: 60 meters

EXPLANATION

0 0.5 0.25 MILE0 0.5 0.25 KILOMETER

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter 

0 to 2526 to 5051 to 7576 to 100101 to 125126 to 150

151 to 175176 to 200201 to 225226 to 250251 to 275276 to 300

301 to 325326 to 350351 to 375376 to 400401 to 425426 to 450

B 0 to 0.035B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Contamination index

![ Tank battery and identifier

_^ Oil well and identifier

264A

264J

05310

Rabenberg Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Surface-water sample and identifierGroundwater sample and identifier

Figure B–13. Goose Lake study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Rabenberg Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2009 contamination index values and (see B–12) apparent conductivity results from the 2009 EM–34 10-meter (m) vertical dipole, 20-m vertical dipole, and 40-m vertical dipole geophysical surveys.
52 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

From the EM–34 surveys and CI values, it appears that the 

groundwater plume bifurcates around 124P, where well logs 

indicate a subsurface glacial till high, further illustrating the 

control that the underlying till has on the transport of brinecontaminated groundwater.

Results from the EM–34 surveys show that the brine 

contamination at the Goose Lake study site is mainly confined within the saturated coarse-grained outwash deposits, 

with minimal penetration into the less permeable, underlying 

till. This is especially evident beneath the tank battery, where 

some of the largest horizontal dipole apparent conductivities were measured. In contrast, the vertical dipole measurements beneath the tank battery were much lower, with several 

measurements near background levels. Monitoring well 264A 

had the highest Cl-

 concentration of all sampled sites in 1989 

(66,900 mg/L), 2005 (30,841 mg/L), and 2009 (37,500 mg/L) 

and CI values indicting extremely contaminated groundwater 

in all 3 years (0.371, 0.656, and 0.409, respectively), illustrating the high degree of groundwater contamination within the 

outwash deposits. Therefore, the sharp drop in conductivity 

values between the horizontal and vertical dipole orientation 

measurements likely is from minimal penetration of contaminated groundwater into the underlying till. Although some 

penetration has likely occurred, without groundwater samples 

from the till, the depth of penetration is impossible to fully 

determine. However, from the EM–34 data, it appears that the 

depth of contamination is clearly less than 60 m and likely less 

than 30 m.

Anderson Study Site

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys

Several areas of elevated apparent conductivities associated with and suggesting brine plumes were measured with the 

EM-31 surveys at the Anderson study site in 2004 and 2010 

(figs. B–14, B–15). The largest apparent conductivity values 

in 2004 were measured in the basins of wetlands AND4 and 

AND11 (475 and 485 mS/m, respectively), both located southwest of the tank battery and near oil well 21351 (475 mS/m). 

The largest apparent conductivity values in 2010 were measured near oil well 21351 (310 mS/m) and between monitoring 

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

![

[!

[!

A-15MW

AND9

A-11MW

A-10MW

AND8

A-8MW

AND11 A-14MW

AND4

A-4MW

A-2MW

A-1MW

AND10

AND10

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-17MW

^_ ^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

104°06'30" 104°06' 104°05'30"

49°

48°59'

48°59'30"

05191 05194

21351

05188 05184

21118

21341

21739

21349

T37N, R58E, S05

0 0.25

0 0.25 0.5 KILOMETER

0.5 MILE

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

0 to 75

76 to 150

151 to 225

226 to 300

301 to 375

376 to 450

451 to 525

526 to 600

601 to 675

676 to 750

751 to 825

826 to 900

901 to 975

976 to 1,050

1,051 to 1,125

1126 to 1,200

1,201 to 1,275

1,276 to 1,350

1,351 to 1,425

1,426 to 1,500

21739

Tank battery

^_Oil well and identifier

Contamination index

B 0 to 0.035

B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

EXPLANATION

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Anderson Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

Figure B–14 Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory 

wetlands, and the Anderson Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2004–5 contamination index values and apparent 

conductivity results from the 2004 EM–31 geophysical surveys.
Study Sites Results and Discussion 53

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

[!

[!

A-15MW

AND9

A-11MW

A-10MW

AND8

A-8MW

A-14MW

AND11

AND4

AND-PW A-2MW

A-1MW

AND10

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-4MW

^_ ^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_ ^_

^_

49°

48°59'

48°59'30"

104°06'30" 104°06' 104°05'30"

AND10

A-17MW

05191 05194

21351

05184 05188

21118

21341

21739

21349

T37N, R58E, S05

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

0 to 75

76 to 150

151 to 225

226 to 300

301 to 375

376 to 450

451 to 525

526 to 600

601 to 675

676 to 750

751 to 825

826 to 900

901 to 975

976 to 1,050

1,051 to 1,125

1126 to 1,200

1,201 to 1,275

1,276 to 1,350

1,351 to 1,425

1,426 to 1,500

21739

![ Tank battery

^_Oil well and identifier

Contamination index

B 0 to 0.035

B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

EXPLANATION

0 0.25

0 0.25 0.5 KILOMETER

0.5 MILE

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

Anderson Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

Base map imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP)

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Figure B–15. Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory 

wetlands, and the Anderson Waterfowl Production Area, as well as the 2010 contamination index values and apparent conductivity 

results from the 2010 EM–31 geophysical surveys.

wells A–8MW and A–10MW (300 mS/m). The area southwest 

of the tank battery was not surveyed with the EM–31 in 2010; 

however, this area was surveyed with the GEM–2. Additionally, elevated apparent conductivity values were measured 

near all oil well sites in 2004 and 2010; however, the apparent 

conductivity values measured in 2010 generally were lower 

than the values measured in 2004 across the study site.

The elevated apparent conductivity values south and 

east of the tank battery in 2004 and 2010 suggest a brine 

plume emanating from near the tank battery and extending 

as far down as the surveys were performed, near wetland 

AND8 (figs. B–14, B–15). The tank battery as the source of 

the contamination is supported by 2005 and 2010 CI values 

(table B–2) indicating uncontaminated groundwater from 

monitoring well A–1MW (0.005 in both years) upgradient 

from the tank battery compared to moderately and extremely 

contaminated groundwater from monitoring wells A–2MW 

(0.510 and 0.365, respectively), A–4MW (0.362 and 0.266, 

respectively), and A–8MW (0.355 and 0.332, respectively) 

downgradient from the tank battery. The downgradient 

migration or dilution of the brine plume is supported by 

decreased CI values in the upgradient end of the plume at 

monitoring wells A–2MW (-0.145), A–4MW (-0.096), and 

A–8MW (-0.023) between 2005 and 2010. Interestingly, the 

2005 and 2010 CI values from monitoring wells A–10MW 

(0.016 and 0.011, respectively) and A–11MW (0.015 and 

0.021, respectively) documented uncontaminated groundwater despite the presence of elevated apparent conductivities 

measured with the 2004 and 2010 EM–31 surveys. In contrast, 

the 2004 and 2010 CI values of surface-water samples from 

wetlands AND8 (0.098 and 0.076, respectively) and AND9 

(0.144 and 0.095, respectively) indicated potentially and 

moderately contaminated surface water; however, the source 

of this contamination is unclear and discussed below.

A brine plume is implied near abandoned oil well 21351 

from the elevated apparent conductivity values in 2004 and 

2010 that delineate a brine plume emanating from the oil well 

pad and extending to the north and east (figs. B–14, B–15). 

Maximum measured apparent conductivity readings at this 

site showed the largest decrease between 2004 and 2010, 
54 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

with maximum measured apparent conductivities of 475 and 

310 mS/m, respectively. The presence of brine was confirmed 

by CI values from monitoring well A–14MW that indicated 

extremely contaminated groundwater. Indeed, A–14MW, which 

is completed within and directly below the buried reserve pit 

for oil well 21351, recorded the largest CI value measured at 

the Anderson study site in 2005 and 2010 (0.823 and 0.492, 

respectively), as well as the greatest reduction in CI value 

(-0.331) between 2005 and 2010. The reduction in apparent 

conductivity measurements between 2004 and 2010 and CI 

values between 2005 and 2010 is likely the result of continued 

downgradient migration or dilution of the brine plume. Based 

on the direction of brine plume migration from oil well 21351 

and the lower 87Sr/86Sr values of wetlands AND8 and AND9 

relative to monitoring well A–14MW, the likely source of 

contamination in AND8 and AND9 is not the buried reserve 

pit at oil well 21351. However, the lack of contamination in 

monitoring wells A–10MW and A–11MW likely precludes the 

tank battery as the source of brine. Therefore, the brine source 

to AND8 and AND9 is unclear and may be from two other oil 

wells completed in the Ratcliffe Formation (21361 and 05174 

and not shown on figs. B–14 and B–15) and located approximately 0.3 km to the south of AND8 and AND9.

Elevated apparent conductivity values were measured in 

2004 and 2010 near oil well 05194 that likely define a brine 

plume that emanates near the oil well pad and heads northward 

into the wetland (figs. B–14, B–15). The largest measured 

values in 2004 and 2010 occurred near the well pad, with measured values of 320 and 260 mS/m, respectively. The 2005 and 

2010 CI values from monitoring wells A–16MW (0.485 and 

0.424, respectively) and A–17MW (0.272 and 0.257, respectively) confirm the presence of extremely and moderately 

contaminated groundwater as the source of elevated apparent 

conductivities. Although the maximum conductivity value in 

2010 was still extremely elevated compared to background 

conductivity, the reduction in maximum apparent conductivity 

values relative to 2004 likely indicates a reduction in the magnitude of contamination because of downgradient migration or 

dilution of the contaminated groundwater. This interpretation is 

supported by groundwater data from A–16MW and A–17MW 

(table B–2), where a reduction in CI values (-0.021 and -0.015, 

respectively) was observed between 2004 and 2010.

A similar decrease in maximum apparent conductivity 

values was observed at oil wells 05184 and 05191 between 

2004 and 2010 (figs. B–14, B–15). At both oil wells, elevated 

apparent conductivity values suggest a brine plume adjacent 

to the well pads. The maximum apparent conductivity values 

for 2004 and 2010 at oil well 05184 were 230 and 210 mS/m, 

respectively. Respective maximum apparent conductivity 

values for 2004 and 2010 at oil well 05191 were 130 and 100 

mS/m. As with oil well 05194, the reduction in the maximum 

measured apparent conductivity values near oil wells 05184 

and 05191 is interpreted as a reduction in the magnitude of 

contamination, likely from downgradient migration or dilution; 

however, no groundwater data were available for these sites to 

confirm this conclusion.

GEM–2 Geophysical Surveys

The relative trends in all frequencies from the GEM–2 

surveys (fig. B–16) compared well to the EM–31 surveys in 

2004 and 2010 (figs. B–14, B–15), although the two instruments measure earth conductivity differently. As with the 

EM–31 surveys, brine plumes were suggested from the 

GEM–2 survey to be emanating from the tank battery and near 

oil wells 21351, 05194, 05184, and 05191. However, apparent conductivity measurements were generally much greater 

in the GEM–2 surveys relative to the EM–31 surveys in some 

areas suggesting brine contamination. Lastly, in contrast to the 

EM–34 surveys at the Goose Lake study site that showed large 

drops in conductivity at shallow depth, the GEM–2 surveys 

at Anderson were very consistent between different exploration depths. This implies a lack of stratigraphic control on the 

migration of brine in glacial till deposits.

Brine-contaminated groundwater was indicated from 

elevated apparent conductivities measured to the southeast and 

southwest of the tank battery and extending as far southeast as 

wetland AND9 (fig. B–16). All frequencies from the GEM–2 

surveys recorded elevated apparent conductivities emanating 

from the tank battery with respective maximum apparent conductivities from the 93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 Hz frequencies 

of 1,580, 1,510 and 1,175 mS/m near wetland AND4. Despite 

slightly different maximum apparent conductivity values, no 

substantial difference in the overall apparent conductivity 

profiles existed between any of the frequencies used in the 

GEM–2 surveys. Extremely and moderately contaminated 

groundwater as the source of elevated apparent conductivities was confirmed by the CI values from monitoring wells 

A–2MW (0.365), A–4MW (0.266), and A–8MW (0.332) in 

2010 (table B–2). Similar to the EM-31 surveys, elevated 

apparent conductivities also were measured near monitoring 

wells A–10MW and A–11MW, although CI values from both 

wells were below 0.035, indicating uncontaminated groundwater. The CI values of surface-water samples from wetlands 

AND8 (0.076) and AND9 (0.095) indicated potential contamination; however, as discussed previously, the brine source is 

unclear.

Elevated apparent conductivity measurements from all 

frequencies were recorded near oil well 21351 and delineated 

a brine plume emanating from the oil well pad and migrating 

to the north and east (fig. B–16). Maximum apparent conductivities from the 93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 Hz frequencies 

(650, 800, and 680 mS/m, respectively) were measured on 

the oil well pad and likely denote the location of the buried 

reserve pit. Despite slightly different maximum apparent 

conductivity values, no substantial differences in the overall 

apparent conductivity profiles existed between any of the 

frequencies used in the GEM–2 surveys. The presence of 

extremely contaminated groundwater as the source of elevated 

apparent conductivities was confirmed by the 2010 CI value 

from monitoring well A–14–MW (0.492). As with the EM–31 

surveys at oil well 21351, the direction of the brine plume 
Study Sites Results and Discussion 55

![

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

![

![

A-15MW

AND9 A-11MW A-10MW

AND8

A-8MW

A-14MW

AND4

AND11

AND-PW A-2MW

A-1MW

AND10 A-16MW

A-17MW

A-4MW

^_ _^

^_

_^

_^ _^

_^ ^_

_^

_^ _^

_^ ^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

![

![

A-15MW

AND9

A-11MW

A-10MW

AND8

A-8MW

A-14MW

AND4

AND11

AND-PW A-2MW

A-1MW

AND10

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-4MW

^_

^_

_^ _^

_^ ^_

_^

_^ _^

_^ ^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

BB

B

B

![

![

A-15MW

AND9

A-11MW

A-10MW

AND8

A-8MW A-14MW

AND4

AND11

AND-PW A-2MW

A-1MW

AND10

A-16MW

A-17MW

A-4MW

^_ _^

^_

_^

_^ _^

_^ ^_

_^

_^ _^

_^ ^_

^_

^_

^_ ^_

^_

104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30" 104°05'30" 104°06' 104°06'30"

49°

48°59'30"

48°59'

05191 05194

21351

05184 05188

2111821341

21739

21349

05191 05194

21351

05184 05188

2111821341

21739

21349

05191 05194

21351

05184 05188

2111821341

21739

21349

T37N, R58E, S05

93,030 HertzExploration depth: 2 meters

47,970 HertzExploration depth: 4 meters

1,530 HertzExploration depth: 7 meters

T37N, R58E, S05 T37N, R58E, S05

EXPLANATION

 Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

Base map from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

500

Less than 1

1,000500

Greater than 1,5001,000

B 0 to 0.035B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Contamination index ![ Tank battery

_^ Oil well and identifier

264A

264J

21739

Anderson Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

0 0.5 MILE

0.5 KILOMETER

0.25

0 0.25

Groundwater sample and identifierSurface-water sample and identifier

Figure B–16. Anderson study site showing the location of water samples, oil wells, tank batteries, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Anderson Waterfowl Production Area, as well as 2010 contamination index values and apparent conductivity results from the 2010 GEM–2 geophysical surveys for the 93,030 hertz (Hz), 47,970 Hz, and 1,530 Hz frequencies.
56 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

movement indicates that the buried reserve pit at this well is 

not the source of contamination in wetlands AND8 and AND9.

The GEM–2 data near oil well 05194 indicated a brine 

plume emanating from the oil well pad and extending into the 

wetland basin to the northeast (fig. B–16). Maximum apparent conductivities from the 1,530 and 47,970 Hz frequencies 

(300 and 200 mS/m, respectively) were measured near the oil 

well pad and likely define the location of the buried reserve pit. 

GEM–2 data in the 93,030 Hz frequency were not collected 

near oil well 05194. No substantial differences in the overall 

apparent conductivity profiles existed between the 1,530 and 

47,970 frequencies despite the slightly different maximum 

apparent conductivity values. The presence of brine as the 

source of elevated apparent conductivity was confirmed by the 

2010 CI values from monitoring wells A–16MW (0.424) and 

A–17MW (0.257) (table B–2) that indicated extremely and 

moderately contaminated groundwater, respectively.

Elevated apparent conductivity values also were measured near oil wells 05184 and 05191 (fig. B–16). Respective 

maximum apparent conductivities from the 93,030, 47,970, 

and 1,530 Hz frequencies were 300, 360, and 320 mS/m near 

oil well 05184. Maximum apparent conductivities near oil 

well 05191 from the 1,530 and 47,970 Hz frequencies were 

85 and 75 mS/m, respectively. GEM–2 data for the 93,030 Hz 

frequency were not collected near oil well 05191. Again, no 

major differences were seen in the overall apparent conductivity profiles between the different frequencies near these two 

oil wells. No groundwater samples were collected within the 

areas of high apparent conductivities near these oil wells to 

confirm the presence of groundwater contamination. However, 

the strong correlation between elevated apparent conductivities 

and groundwater contamination observed across the Anderson 

study site indicates that brine contamination is likely.

In contrast to the EM–34 surveys at the Goose Lake study 

site (figs. B–12, B–13), which showed a marked reduction in 

apparent conductivity with depth that implies a subsurface control (the contact between the underlying till and surficial outwash deposits) on the migration of brine plumes, the GEM–2 

surveys at the Anderson study site show no such systematic 

reduction in apparent conductivity with depth (fig. B–16). The 

lack of a reduction in apparent conductivity is interpreted as 

evidence of a lack of subsurface control on the vertical migration of brine in glacial till deposits. Therefore, without this 

subsurface control, the contamination is likely migrating horizontally and vertically at the Anderson study site compared to 

the predominately horizontal migration in the outwash deposits 

at the Goose Lake study site. Indeed, the distances of contaminant migration at the Goose Lake site were about 600 and 800 

m, whereas at the Anderson site, the distance of migration was 

approximately 400 m. However, the depths of exploration for 

the GEM–2 (2–7 m) are much less than the EM–34 (7.5–60 m); 

therefore, reductions in apparent conductivity may exist in the 

glacial till deposits at greater depths than measured.

Fuller Study Site

EM–31 Geophysical Surveys

Areas of elevated apparent conductivity suggesting brine 

plumes were measured with the EM–31surveys at the Fuller 

study site in 2010 (fig. B–17). Background apparent conductivity values were slightly higher at the Fuller study site, in the 

range of 25–50 mS/m, with the higher values likely because of 

the greater clay content of the glaciolacustrine deposits. The 

largest apparent conductivity values were measured near the 

tank battery and oil well 01057. Additionally, elevated apparent conductivities were measured across much of the surveyed 

area. No previous geophysical surveys had been performed at 

the Fuller site for comparison with the 2010 survey.

The elevated apparent conductivities measured near the 

tank battery and oil well 01057 likely indicate brine plumes 

associated with these oilfield sites (fig. B–17). Respective 

maximum apparent conductivity values near the tank battery 

and oil well 01057 were 300 and 240 mS/m and likely denote 

the locations of buried reserve pits associated with these facilities. Although no groundwater samples were collected from 

these locations, the highly elevated apparent conductivities at 

these sites and the strong correlation between elevated apparent conductivity and brine contamination seen at the Goose 

Lake and Anderson study sites indicate likely groundwater 

contamination near the oilfield facilities at the Fuller site as 

well.

Elevated apparent conductivities also were measured in 

the slough west of the reservoir, where surface-water sample 

FULL–A was collected, and extended to the location of 

wetland FULL–B (fig. B–17). The CI value from monitoring 

well FULL–MW–2 (0.044) indicates potentially contaminated 

groundwater underlying the slough. Elevated apparent conductivities were measured in the majority of the surveyed area 

west of the tank battery and oil well 01057, with measured 

values as high as 135 mS/m near where the slough meets the 

lake plain. Although the CI value at monitoring well FULL–

MW–1 (0.015) indicated uncontaminated groundwater, this 

sample had the greatest Cl-

 concentration (350 mg/L) of all 

water samples from the Fuller study site.

GEM–2 Geophysical Surveys

Although differences existed between the two instruments, the relative trends in all frequencies from the GEM–2 

surveys (fig. B–18) compared well to the EM–31 surveys 

(fig. B–17). As with the EM–31 surveys, elevated apparent 

conductivities suggesting brine-contaminated groundwater 

were measured near the tank battery, oil well 01057, and in 

the slough west of the reservoir where surface-water sample 

FULL–A was collected. An additional area of elevated 

apparent conductivity also was measured on the lake plain. 

Apparent conductivity measurements generally were greater 

in the GEM–2 surveys relative to the EM–31 surveys in areas 

suggesting brine contamination. Lastly, in contrast to the 

GEM–2 surveys at the Anderson study site that showed similar 
Study Sites Results and Discussion 57

B B B

B ^_

[!

FULL-B

FULL-B

FULL-A

FULL-MW2

FULL-MW1

FULL-MW1

103°02'10" 103°02' 103°01'50" 103°01'40"

48°33'10"

48°33'

48°32'50"

01057

T159N, R96E, S36

0 0.1 0.2 MILE

0 0.1 0.2 KILOMETER

01057

EXPLANATION

![ Tank battery

^_ Oil well and identifier

Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

0 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

101 to 125

126 to 150

151 to 175

176 to 200

201 to 225

226 to 250

251 to 275

276 to 300

301 to 325

326 to 350

351 to 375

376 to 400

401 to 425

426 to 450

Contamination index

B 0 to 0.035

B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B0.751 to 0.850

Surface-water sample and identifier

Groundwater sample and identifier

Fuller Waterfowl Production Area

National Wetlands Inventory

Base map from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) 

Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

Figure B–17. Fuller study site showing the location of water samples, oil well 01057, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory 

wetlands, and the Fuller Waterfowl Production Area boundary, as well as the 2010 contamination index values and apparent 

conductivity results from the 2010 EM–31 geophysical survey.

maximum apparent conductivity values with depth, increases 

in the maximum apparent conductivity values and the area of 

elevated conductivity were observed with depth at the Fuller 

study site. The increase in maximum apparent conductivity 

values and area of elevated conductivity implies a possible 

stratigraphic control on the migration of brine-contaminated 

groundwater in glaciolacustrine deposits.

Elevated apparent conductivities were measured near 

the tank battery and oil well 01057 and indicate groundwater 

contamination related to these facilities (fig. B–18). Respective maximum apparent conductivities from the 93,030, 

47,970, and 1,530 Hz frequencies were 750, 950, and 1,955 

mS/m near the tank battery and 260, 360 and 530 mS/m near 

oil well 01057. Areas of maximum elevated apparent conductivity at the tank battery and oil well 01057 likely denote 

the locations of buried reserve pits. Extremely high values of 

apparent conductivity at the tank battery may reflect very high 

salinity of pore fluids. Groundwater samples were not collected from these areas to confirm contamination; however, the 

strong correlation between elevated apparent conductivities 

and brine contamination observed at the previous study sites 

indicates that brine contamination is likely. The differences 

between the three frequencies at both locations, namely the 

increase in maximum apparent conductivity values and the 

area of elevated conductivity with depth, may reflect increased 

contamination with depth.

Brine-contaminated groundwater beneath the slough 

where samples from wetland FULL–B and monitoring well 

FULL–MW2 were collected is supported by elevated apparent 

conductivity measurements (fig. B–18). Respective maximum 

apparent conductivities from the 93,030, 47,970, and 1,530 Hz 

frequencies were 160, 188, and 137 mS/m. The presence of 

contaminated groundwater as the source of elevated apparent conductivity was suggested by the 2010 CI value from 

FULL–MW2 (0.044) that indicated potentially contaminated 

groundwater. The continuation of this plume, below the lake 

plain to the west, is suggested by elevated apparent conductivity measurements in all frequencies; however, no groundwater 

samples were collected in this area to confirm the presence of 

brine.
58 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

![

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

^_

T37N, R58E, S05

B B B

B ^_

![

FULL-B

FULL-A

FULL-MW2

FULL-MW1

B B B

B ^_

![

FULL-B

FULL-A

FULL-MW1

FULL-MW2 B B B

B ^_

FULL-B

![

FULL-A

FULL-MW2

FULL-MW1

T37N, R58E, S05 T37N, R58E, S05 T37N, R58E, S05

01057 01057 01057

EXPLANATION

 Apparent conductivity, in millisiemens per meter

Base map from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) Contours from the U.S. Geological Survey

150

Less than 1

300500

Greater than 450300

B 0 to 0.035B 0.036 to 0.150

B 0.151 to 0.250

B 0.251 to 0.350

B 0.351 to 0.450

B 0.451 to 0.550

B 0.551 to 0.650

B 0.651 to 0.750

B 0.751 to 0.850

Contamination index ![ Tank battery

_^ Oil well and identifier

264A

264J

01057

Fuller Waterfowl Production AreaNational Wetlands Inventory

93,030 HertzExploration depth: 2 meters

47,970 HertzExploration depth: 4 meters

1,530 HertzExploration depth: 7 meters

0 0.1 0.2 MILE0 0.1 0.2 KILOMETER

Surface-water sample and identifierGroundwater sample and identifier

103°10'40" 103°10'50" 103°20' 103°02'10" 103°10'40" 103°10'50" 103°20' 103°02'10" 103°10'40" 103°10'50" 103°20' 103°02'10"

48°33'10"

48°33'

48°32'50"

Figure B–18. Fuller study site showing the location of water samples, oil well 01057, tank battery, National Wetlands Inventory wetlands, and the Fuller Waterfowl Production Area boundary, as well as 2010 contamination index values and apparent conductivity results from the 2010 GEM–2 geophysical surveys for the 93,030 hertz (Hz), 47,970 Hz, and 1,530 Hz frequencies.
Summary—Brine Contamination of Prairie Pothole Environments in the Williston Basin 59

The increases in maximum apparent conductivity values 

with increased depth observed at the Fuller site likely imply 

subsurface control on the migration of brine-contaminated 

groundwater in lacustrine deposits that overlie glacial till 

(fig. B–18). Near the tank battery and oil well 01057, the 

maximum apparent conductivity values more than double 

between the 93,030 Hz and 1,530 Hz frequencies and the area 

of elevated conductivity slightly increases. Schwartz and Zang 

(2003) report that the hydraulic conductivity for weathered 

lacustrine deposits (3.2 × 10-8 m/s) is generally lower than the 

hydraulic conductivity of fractured glacial till (range of 1.2 

× 10-5 to 1.2 × 10-9 m/s). Therefore, it would be expected that 

the vertical component of brine migration would be greater in 

the lacustrine deposits relative to the glacial till deposits. In 

contrast, the horizontal component of brine migration would 

be the opposite, with greater lateral migration in the glacial till 

deposits. This is likely the reason for the increase in apparent 

conductivity values and greater area of elevated conductivity 

in the 1,530 Hz frequency relative to the 93,030 Hz frequency 

near the tank battery and oil well 01057. Therefore, in areas 

where lacustrine deposits overlie glacial till, it appears that 

the direction of brine migration is predominately vertical in 

the lacustrine deposits and becomes more horizontal once it 

reaches the underlying glacial till. The predominantly vertical migration of brine in the lacustrine deposits is further 

supported by a lack of laterally extensive brine plumes at the 

Fuller site compared to those seen at both the Goose Lake and 

Anderson sites. Although this conclusion follows the principals of groundwater flow through a heterogeneous medium 

(Schwartz and Zang, 2003), it cannot be confirmed because 

of a lack of groundwater quality and lithological data on the 

magnitude of brine contamination with depth and the depth 

of the contact between the lacustrine and glacial till deposits, 

respectively, near the tank battery and oil well 01057.

Summary—Brine Contamination of 

Prairie Pothole Environments in the 

Williston Basin

The presence of brine in surface water and shallow 

groundwater was documented at three study sites within the 

Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) in the Williston Basin during 

2009–10. The likely brine source is water produced with oil 

in the Williston Basin. At the Goose Lake site, water-quality 

results from 26 of 29 surface-water and shallow groundwater 

samples collected during 2009 indicated moderate or extreme 

brine contamination, with 2 additional samples indicating 

potential contamination. The only sample with a contamination index (CI) value less than 0.035 was collected from a 

small wetland located upgradient from potential contaminant 

sources. At the Anderson site, water-quality results from 8 

of the 15 surface-water and shallow groundwater samples 

collected during 2010 indicated moderate or extreme brine 

contamination, with 2 additional samples indicating potential contamination. At the Fuller site, water-quality results 

from three of the four surface-water and shallow groundwater samples collected during 2010 indicated potential brine 

contamination. Based on the results at these three sites, brine 

contamination in surface water and shallow groundwater 

located in close proximity to oilfield facilities in the PPR in 

the Williston Basin is more likely than in areas isolated from 

oil and gas development activities, and once brine is present in 

these systems, it can persist for several decades.

Study sites with previously documented brine contamination (Goose Lake in 1989 and 2004–6 and Anderson in 

2004–5) were still contaminated when visited in 2009 or 2010. 

Brine contamination has persisted for at least 20 years at the 

Goose Lake site and for at least 6 years at the Anderson site. 

The brine is likely leached from buried reserve pits that were 

installed in the mid- to late-1960s, indicating that contamination has likely persisted for four to five decades at both study 

sites. Further illustrating the length of time required for natural 

attenuation of brine in the PPR, a statistically significant 

reduction in the magnitude of contamination was seen over 20 

years at the Goose Lake site while no statistically significant 

reduction was observed over 5–6 years at the Anderson site.

The lateral migration of brine plumes appears to be 

controlled, in part, by the type of near-surface sediments. 

Based on the distribution of sample sites at two of the three 

study sites, brine contamination migrated at least 600 and 

800 meters (m) along two separate groundwater-flow paths in 

coarse-grained glacial outwash deposits (Goose Lake study 

site) and at least 400 m along a groundwater-flow path in 

fine-grained, clay-rich glacial till (Anderson site). The Fuller 

site did not have a groundwater-flow path long enough to 

determine the lateral migration of brine contamination in very 

fine-grained glaciolacustrine deposits; however, data from the 

geophysical surveys at the Fuller site did not indicate the laterally extensive brine plumes that were measured at the Goose 

Lake and Anderson sites. These results suggest greater lateral 

migration of brine plumes in the coarse-grained outwash 

deposits relative to the clay-rich glacial tills and glaciolacustrine deposits in the PPR. This observation is consistent with 

the general variation in hydraulic conductivity which is lower 

in fine-grained, clay-rich, sediments than in coarse-grained 

sediments.

Geophysical surveys performed at the three study sites 

measured elevated apparent conductivities near the vast 

majority of oilfield facilities. At the Goose Lake site, elevated 

apparent conductivities were measured during 2004 and 2009 

in areas that include a tank battery and several oil wells. At the 

Anderson site, elevated apparent conductivities were measured 

during 2004 and 2010 in areas that include a tank battery and 

several oil wells. At the Fuller site, elevated apparent conductivities were measured during 2010 near the tank battery and 

oil well. High chloride concentrations, specific conductivity, 

and CI values were measured in groundwater samples from 

several areas of elevated apparent conductivity, indicating that 

brine is the likely source of elevated apparent conductivity 
60 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

in these areas and also the likely source of elevated apparent 

conductivities in areas adjacent to oilfield facilities without 

groundwater samples for verification. Therefore, geophysical 

surveys provide an effective method to identify areas of possible brine contamination in the PPR within similar hydrogeologic settings.

Differences were observed in the vertical migration 

of brine plumes in the three different types of near-surface 

sediments based on the geophysical surveys. At the Goose 

Lake site, where coarse-grained glacial outwash deposits 

overlie clay-rich glacial till, elevated apparent conductivity 

measurements associated with brine contamination decreased 

substantially as the exploration depth of the geophysical 

surveys increased. This is interpreted as minimal penetration of the brine into the underlying till. In contrast, apparent 

conductivity measurements did not change substantially with 

decreasing frequency (depth) at the Anderson site in clay-rich 

glacial till. This is likely from the more homogenous subsurface at the Anderson site that does not have different geologic 

deposits with contrasting hydraulic conductivities, resulting 

in a lack of preferential flow paths. Finally, maximum apparent conductivity values increased substantially, and the area 

of elevated apparent conductivity expanded slightly with 

depth at the Fuller site where silt and clay lacustrine deposits 

overlie glacial till. This is interpreted as a preferential vertical migration of brine though the lacustrine deposits with 

brine migration becoming more horizontal in the underlying 

glacial till. However, it should be noted that exploration depths 

were much greater at the Goose Lake site (EM–34, exploration depths of 7.5–60 m) relative to the Anderson and Fuller 

sites (GEM–2, exploration depths of 2–7 m); therefore, lower 

apparent conductivity may exist at greater depths than mapped 

by the specific electromagnetic system.

Geophysical data and analytical results indicate the 

source of contamination of surface water and shallow groundwater at the three study sites is brine produced with oil. Potential brine sources are oil wells, tank batteries, reserve pits, 

and pipelines. The geophysical and water-quality data clearly 

indicate that oil and gas production sites are point sources that 

can and do contaminate surface water and shallow groundwater in the PPR.

References

Bachu, S., and Hitchon, B., 1996, Regional-scale flow of formational waters in the Williston Basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 80, p. 248–264.

Beal, W.A., Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1987, Migration of contaminants from buried oil-and-gas drilling fluids 

within the glacial sediments of north-central North Dakota: 

North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation 

86, 43 p.

Corwin, D.L., and Lesch, S.M., 2005, Characterizing soil spatial variability with apparent soil electrical conductivity―I. 

Survey protocols: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, v. 46, p. 103–133.

Custer, S.G., 1976, Shallow groundwater salinization of dry 

land farm areas of Montana: Bozeman, University of Montana, Ph.D. dissertation, 175 p.

Eisenlohr, W.S., Jr., and others, 1972, Hydrologic investigations of prairie potholes in North Dakota, 1959–68: U.S. 

Geological Survey Professional Paper: 585–A, 101 p.

Fishman, M.J., ed., 1993, Methods of analysis by the U.S. 

Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory―

Determination of inorganic and organic constituents in 

water and fluvial sediments: U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 93–125, 217 p.

Greenhouse, J.P., and Slaine, D.D., 1986, Geophysical modeling and mapping of contaminated groundwater around three 

waste disposal sites in southern Ontario: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 23, p. 373–384.

Grisak, G.E., Pickens, J.F., and Cherry, J.A., 1980, Solute 

transport through fractured media:2. Column study of fractured till: Water Resources Research, v. 16, p.731–739.

Hem, J.D., 1985, Study and interpretation of the chemical 

characteristics of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey 

Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p.

Iampen, H.T., and Rostron, B.J., 2000, Hydrogeochemistry of 

pre-Mississippian brines, Williston Basin, Canada–USA: 

Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 70, p. 29–35.

Kalkhoff, S.J., 1993, Brine contamination of ground water and 

streams in the Baxterville oil field area, Lamar and Marion 

Counties, Mississippi: United States Geological Survey 

Water-Resources Investigations Report 93–4147, 44 p.

Kharaka, Y.K., and Hanor, J.S., 2003, Deep fluids in the continents―I. Sedimentary basins, in Drever, J.I., ed., Treatise 

on Geochemistry―Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, 

and Soils: Oxford, Elsevier Ltd., v. 5, p. 499–540. (Also 

available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/

pii/B0080437516050854.)

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A., 1992, Changes in 

chemical characteristics of water in selected wetlands in the 

Cottonwood Lake area, North Dakota, U.S.A., 1967–89, in

Robarts, R.D., and Bothwell, M.L., eds., Aquatic ecosystems in semi-arid regions—Implications for resource management: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Environment Canada, 

The National Hydrology Research Institute Symposium 

Series 7, p. 149–162.
References 61

LaBaugh, J.W., and Swanson, G.A., 2003, Spatial and temporal variability in specific conductance and chemical characteristics of wetland water and in water column biota in the 

wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, in Winters, T.C., ed., 

Hydrological, chemical, and biological characteristics of a 

prairie pothole wetland complex under highly variable climate conditions—The Cottonwood Lake area, east-central 

North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 

1675, p. 35–53.

McArthur, J.M., Howarth, R.J., and Bailey, T.R., 2001, Strontium isotop stratigraphy―LOWESS version 3―Best fit to 

the marine Sr-isotope cure for 0–509 Ma and accompanying 

look-up table for deriving numerical age: Journal of Geology, v. 109, p. 155–170.

McNeill, J.D., 1980, Electromagnetic terrain conductivity 

measurement at low induction numbers: Geonics Technical Notes TN–6, accessed November 2012, at http://www.

geonics.com/html/technicalnotes.html.

Moseley, H.R., 1983, Summary of API onshore drilling mud 

and produced water environmental studies: International 

Association of Drilling Contractors/Society of Petroleum 

Engineers Drilling Conference, February 20–23, New 

Orleans, La.

Murphy, E.C., 1983, The effect of oil and gas well drilling 

on shallow groundwater in western North Dakota: Grand 

Forks, University of North Dakota, Master’s Thesis, 242 p.

Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1984, The effect of oil and 

gas well drilling fluids on shallow groundwater in western 

North Dakota: North Dakota Geological Survey Report of 

Investigation No. 82, 156 p.

Murphy, E.C., Kehew, A.E., Groenewold, G.E., and Beal, 

W.A., 1988, Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine 

pond site in North Dakota: Ground Water, v. 26, p. 31–38.

North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, 2013, Rules and regulations, accessed March 2013, at https://www.dmr.nd.gov/

oilgas/rules/rulebook.pdf.

Peterman, Z.E., Sims, P.K., Zartman, R.E., and Schulz, K.J., 

1985, Middle Proterozoic uplift events in the Dunbar dome 

of northeastern Wisconsin, USA: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 91, p. 138–150.

Peterman, Z.E., Thamke, J.N., Futa, K., and Oliver, T.A., 

2010, Strontium isotope detection of brine contamination in 

the East Poplar oil field, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010–1326, 20 p. (Also available at 

http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1326/.)

Peterman, Z.E., Thamke, J.N., Futa, K., and Preston, T.M., 

2012, Strontium isotope systematics of mixing groundwater 

and oil-field brine at Goose Lake in northeastern Montana, 

USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 27, p. 2403–2408.

Powell, W.C., Davis, M.E., Bailey, B.L., and German, E.R., 

1973, Water resources monitoring and evaluation―A key 

to environmental protection in Alabama oil fields: Alabama 

Geological Survey Information Series 44, 82 p.

Preston, T.M., 2011, Reexamining saline contamination associated with oil and gas development in the Prairie Pothole 

Region, Sheridan County, MT.: Bozeman, University of 

Montana, Master’s Thesis, 168 p.

Preston, T.M., Chesley-Preston, T.L., and Thamke, J.N., 

2013, A GIS-based vulnerability assessment of brine 

contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas 

development in eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Science of the Total Environment, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.

scitotenv.2013.09.027.

Preston, T.M., Smith, B.D., Thamke, J.N., and ChesleyPreston, T.L., 2012, Water-quality and geophysical data 

for three study sites within the Williston Basin and Prairie 

Pothole Region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 

2012–1149, 17 p.

Qing, H., Kent, D., and Bend, S., 2001, Preliminary results of 

isotopic geochemistry of Ordovician Red River carbonates, 

subsurface of southeastern Saskatchewan―Implication for 

process of dolomitization and diagenetic modification of 

dolomites, in Christopher, J.E., Gilboy, C.F., Haidl, F.M., 

and Kreis, L.K. eds., Summery of Investigations 2001―

Volume 1: Regina, Saskatchewan Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Report 2001–4.1, p. 3–9.

Reiten, J.C., and Tischmak, T., 1993, Appraisal of oil field 

brine contamination in shallow ground water and surface 

water, eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Billings, Mont., 

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File 260, 296 

p., 2 sheets.

Rostron, B.J., and Holmden, C., 2003, Regional variations in 

oxygen isotopic compositions in the Yeomen and Duperow 

aquifers, Williston Basin (Canada-USA): Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78–9, p. 337–341.

Rouse, D.R., Nelson, K.J., and Reiten, J.C., 2013, Impacts of 

oil exploration and production to the Northeast Montana 

Wetland Management District: Montana Bureau of Mines 

and Geology Open-File Report 620, 264 p., 1 sheet. (Also 

available at http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/mbmgcat/public/

ListCitation.asp?pub_id=31635&.)

Schwartz, F.W., and Zang, H., 2003, Geology and groundwater, in Schwartz, F.W., and Zang, H., eds., Fundamentals 

of groundwater: New York, N.Y., John Wiley and Sons, p. 

69–106. 
62 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States 

Swanson, G.A., Euliss, N.H. Jr., Hanson, B.A., and Mushet, 

D.M., 2003, Dynamics of a prairie pothole wetland complex―Implications for wetland management, in Winter, 

T.C., ed., Hydrological, chemical, and biological characteristics of a Prairie Pothole wetland complex under highly 

variable climate conditions―The Cottonwood Lake area, 

east-central North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1675, p. 55–94.

Thamke, J.N., and Craigg, S.D., 1997, Saline-water contamination in Quaternary deposits and the Poplar River, East 

Poplar oil field, northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological 

Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4000, 37 

p. (Also available at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/wri/

wri974000.)

Warren, J.K., 2010, Evaporites through time: Tectonic, climatic and eustatic controls in marine and nonmarine deposits: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 98, p. 217–268.
Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas 

Development and Aquatic Resources in the 

Williston Basin, United States

By Brian A. Tangen, Robert A. Gleason, and Tara L. Chesley-Preston

Chapter C of

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Suggested citation:

Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in 

the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, 127 p., 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.

Suggested citation for this chapter:

Tangen, B.A., Gleason, R.A., and Chesley-Preston, T.L., 2014, Spatial characterization of oil and gas development and 

aquatic resources in the Williston Basin, United States, chap. C of Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological 

Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, p. 63–114, with appendix.
Contents

Synopsis ........................................................................................................................................................69

Methods.........................................................................................................................................................70

Spatial Databases...............................................................................................................................70

Wells ............................................................................................................................................70

Wetlands .....................................................................................................................................70

Streams........................................................................................................................................70

Soils..............................................................................................................................................70

Piping Plover Critical Habitat...................................................................................................71

Spatial Characterizations ..................................................................................................................71

Overview......................................................................................................................................71

Characterization of the Williston Basin .................................................................................73

Proximity Analyses of the Prairie Pothole Region................................................................73

Proximity Analyses of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands ..............................................74

Results ...........................................................................................................................................................74

Well Characteristics...........................................................................................................................74

Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas Development and Aquatic Resources ......................76

Williston Basin............................................................................................................................76

Prairie Pothole Region ..............................................................................................................76

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands......................................................................................79

Discussion.....................................................................................................................................................80

Data Limitations.................................................................................................................................103

Ecological Significance of Brine Contamination.........................................................................103

Future Research................................................................................................................................103

References..................................................................................................................................................104

Appendix......................................................................................................................................................107
Figures

C–1. Illustration showing a wetland from the National Wetlands Inventory database

where the wetland zones are mapped separately with contiguous polygons.................72

C–2. Map showing spatial distribution of drilled wells within the Williston Basin and

Bakken Formation in the United States...................................................................................75

C–3. Graph showing number of permitted and drilled wells by drilling year; there were

842 wells that did not have a drilling date associated with them.......................................78

C–4. Graphs showing number of permitted and drilled wells by drilling year for Montana,

North Dakota, and South Dakota; there were 842 wells that did not have a drilling

date associated with them........................................................................................................78

C–5. Graph showing number of producing wells, barrels of oil produced per well, and

total barrels of oil produced per year for North Dakota from 1951 to 2010.......................79

C–6. Map showing counties within the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation ......................81

C–7. Map showing five counties with the overall greatest number of wells ............................84

C–8. Map showing counties with the overall greatest number and density of wells,

surface area and density of wetlands, and kilometers and density of streams ..............88

C–9. Map showing seven counties with the greatest surface area of wetlands and

length of streams within the 0.4-kilometer buffer around all wells in the Prairie

Pothole Region of the Williston Basin.....................................................................................91

C–10. Map showing seven counties with the greatest surface area of wetlands and 

length of streams within the 0.4-kilometer buffer around all wells in the Prairie 

Pothole Region of the Williston Basin that were drilled prior to 1980 ...............................96

C–11. Map showing five counties in the Prairie Pothole Region of the study area with 

the greatest number of wells, surface area of wetlands, and kilometers of streams 

on, or adjacent to, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands ....................................................101
Tables

C–1. Description of spatial databases in the Williston Basin ......................................................71

C–2. Number of wells permitted from January 1, 1901, to February 18, 2011, by well 

type and State in the Williston Basin ......................................................................................73

C–3. Number of drilled wells by land ownership and State in the Williston Basin ..................76

C–4. Number of wells drilled per State by land cover classifications in the Williston 

Basin .............................................................................................................................................76

C–5. Number of wells drilled per State by land capability classification and farmland

classification in the Williston Basin ........................................................................................77

C–6. Number and percentage of wells drilled in each Soil Survey Geographic database

soil drainage classification .......................................................................................................80

C–7. County area and number and density of wells per county in the Williston Basin...........82

C–8. Results of the regional evaluation where counties were ranked on the basis of 

the total number and density of wells, wetlands, and streams in the Williston 

Basin .............................................................................................................................................85

C–9. Surface area and total number of wetlands within each radial buffer around the 

10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the Williston Basin.........................89

C–10. Inventory of streams and piping plover critical habitat within each radial buffer

around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the Williston 

Basin .............................................................................................................................................90

C–11. Inventory of wetlands and streams within each radial buffer around the 10,361 

wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area; buffer inventories 

were conducted for all well types together...........................................................................92

C–12. Inventory of wetlands within each radial buffer round the 5,446 wells in the Prairie 

Pothole Region portion of the study area that were drilled prior to 1980..........................94

C–13. Inventory of streams and piping plover critical habitat within each radial buffer 

around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that 

were drilled prior to 1980...........................................................................................................95

C–14. Inventory of wetlands and streams within each radial buffer around the 5,446 

wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that were drilled 

prior to 1980; buffer analyses were conducted for all well types together ......................97

C–15. Inventory of wells, wetlands, and streams within radial buffers around U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service lands in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area.......99

Appendix table

C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the

overall well type used for this study......................................................................................108

Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas Development and 

Aquatic Resources in the Williston Basin, United States

By Brian A. Tangen,1 Robert A. Gleason,1 and Tara L. Chesley-Preston2

1

 U.S. Geological Survey

2

 Montana State University

Synopsis

The Williston Basin (fig. A–1) has been a leading 

domestic oil and gas producing region for more than 50 years. 

A recent U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) assessment (Gaswirth and others, 2013) reported that the Montana and North 

Dakota part of the Bakken Formation (fig. A–1) and underlying Three Forks Formation (not shown on fig. A–1) contains 

a vast hydrocarbon reserve that ranks among the largest in the 

world. The large amount of recoverable oil and gas, combined 

with advancements in recovery technologies and high oil 

prices, have led to a modern oil boom in the region. A large 

volume of produced waters, or brines, can be generated during 

recovery operations, with some estimates exceeding 10 barrels 

of brine produced per barrel of oil extracted (Wanty, 1997). 

Brines associated with oil and gas extraction in the Williston 

Basin differ greatly from natural surface water and the shallow 

groundwater with regards to salinity and ionic composition, 

and these brines have total dissolved solids concentrations 

that are among the highest in the Nation (see chapters A and 

B of this report). Concerns over past methods of storage and 

disposal for these brines, coupled with the huge increase in 

oilfield activities and higher incidences of accidental discharges, have led to an elevated awareness of the potential 

environmental effects associated with oil and gas recovery. Of 

special concern in the region is the addition of brines to wetlands and streams that provide critical habitat for waterfowl 

and other wildlife, as well as water for agricultural irrigation 

and livestock.

Montana and the Dakotas have a long history of oil and 

gas production and a strong tradition of conservation-focused 

land management, much of which has focused on the region’s 

ecologically vital prairie pothole wetlands. However, very 

little research has examined the potential effects of oil and gas 

production on aquatic resources in the region, and there are 

no studies that have characterized the region in terms of the 

distribution of oil wells and aquatic ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to gather spatial databases to support 

a regional characterization of oil and gas wells, wetlands, and 

streams in the Williston Basin and to identify areas with a 

greater likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic 

resources on the basis of the number and distribution of wells, 

wetlands, and streams.

A key component of any large, regional assessment is 

the ability to describe an area using spatial databases and a 

geographic information system (GIS). For this study, numerous spatial databases were gathered that detail oil- and gasrelated wells (referred to simply as wells hereafter), wetlands, 

streams, critical habitats, land ownership, and soils. These 

spatial layers were used to describe temporal drilling trends 

and the spatial distribution and general characteristics (for 

example, well type and land ownership) of wells within the 

Williston Basin. Further, areas with a greater likelihood of 

containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources were distinguished by identifying counties with the greatest numbers and 

densities of wells, wetlands, and streams.

Over 30,000 wells were permitted and drilled in the study 

area (the U.S. part of the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation) from approximately 1901 to 2011. A majority of these 

wells were drilled after 1950 and located primarily on private 

lands in northeastern Montana and western North Dakota. 

The seven counties identified as having the greatest amount 

and densities of wells and aquatic resources include McKenzie (N. Dak.), Phillips (Mont.), Valley (Mont.), Williams 

(N. Dak.), Dunn (N. Dak.), Mountrail (N. Dak.), and Bowman (N. Dak.). Within the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of 

the study area (fig. A–1), roughly 290,000 wetlands covering 

approximately 1,800 square kilometers (km2), 7,000 kilometers (km) of streams, and 80 km2

 of critical habitat to the 

threatened piping plover (Charadrius melodus) were within 

1.6 km of wells. Based on these estimates, approximately 

one-third of all wetlands within the PPR in the United States 

part of the study area were within 1.6 km of a well, a distance that brine could migrate over time in glacial outwash 

sediments. The seven counties with the greatest amounts of 

wetlands and streams within 0.4 km of wells (distance brine 

has been shown to migrate over time in glacial till sediments; 

see Chapter B) included Burke (N. Dak.), Bottineau (N. Dak.), 

Sheridan (Mont.), Divide (N. Dak.), Mountrail (N. Dak.), Phillips (Mont.), and Renville (N. Dak.). Greater than 1,200 wells, 

more than 80,000 km2 of wetlands, and nearly 3,000 km of 

streams also were identified on or adjacent to (within 1.6 km) 
70 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) conservation lands 

(national wildlife refuges [NWR] and waterfowl production 

areas [WPA]) in the PPR part of the study area. The five counties with the greatest amount of wells and aquatic resources on 

or near USFWS lands included Bottineau (N. Dak.), Sheridan 

(Mont.), Renville (N. Dak.), Burke (N. Dak.), and Divide (N 

Dak.). Further, it was concluded that a great number of private 

lands protected by USFWS conservation easements in the PPR 

were located near wells.

Methods

Spatial Databases

Various spatial databases were gathered relating to oil 

and gas development (for example, well location, well type, 

drilling date, hydrocarbon-producing formations), aquatic 

resources (wetlands, streams), soils, land cover, ownership, 

and riparian habitats critical to the threatened piping plover. 

The majority of these data were obtained from government 

agency Web pages and data outlets or through direct contact 

with agency personnel. General database descriptions and data 

sources are presented in table C–1 and a regional characterization of the wells (for example, number of wells by well type, 

ownership) is presented in the results section. Additional information is provided in the following paragraphs where further 

descriptions are warranted.

Wells

Data regarding oil and gas wells were acquired (1901–

2011) from the individual State (Montana, North Dakota, 

South Dakota) oil and gas divisions. There is no standard 

method of data collection and storage between the States; 

therefore, a crosswalk between the databases was required (see 

appendix C–1 for crosswalk details). This crosswalk facilitated the creation of a single database containing consistent 

information regarding all of the permitted wells. Of particular 

interest was the development of regionally consistent terminology for the well types, which were condensed into the following categories: (1) oil, (2) dry hole, (3) gas, (4) injection, 

(5) other, and (6) never drilled. Wells categorized as “other” 

included those classified as confidential, monitor/observation, stratigraphic test, water, or unknown. Although a well 

is permitted for drilling, it does not necessarily mean that the 

well was drilled. Many drilling permits are simply cancelled or 

have expired, yet they still exist within the State records and 

databases; these sites were categorized as “never drilled” and 

excluded from all analyses.

Wetlands

Two distinct wetland databases were used for various 

analyses; a brief description follows to clarify the differences 

between them. The standard USFWS National Wetlands 

Inventory (NWI) database ( U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

2010) was relied on for broad comparisons across the entire 

study area. In addition to the standard NWI database, a modified NWI database covering a large part of the PPR also was 

obtained from the USFWS Habitat and Population Evaluation Team (HAPET), located in Bismarck, N. Dak. Daniels 

County, Mont., is the western extent of this database. With the 

standard NWI data, it is not uncommon for the various zones 

(for example, temporary, seasonal) of a single wetland to be 

mapped separately; thus, a distinct wetland may consist of two 

or more polygons with unique classifications. For the modified 

NWI database provided by the HAPET, contiguous polygons 

representing a wetland were collapsed into a single polygon 

and classified according to the most permanent classification 

of the individual polygons. Figure C–1 depicts a palustrine 

emergent wetland from the standard NWI where temporary (area designated PEMA) and seasonal (area designated 

PEMC) zones were delineated and mapped with contiguous polygons. In the HAPET database, these two polygons 

would be combined and categorized as PEMC. This modified 

database allowed for inclusion of the number and the entire 

surface area of wetlands in various analyses and data summaries because each wetland was represented by a single polygon 

and could not be counted multiple times.

Streams

Stream data were obtained from the USGS, medium resolution National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) (U.S. Geological 

Survey, 2009). Although the NHD contains extensive spatial 

data representing the surface-water features within the United 

States, the primary focal areas of this study were flow-line 

features such as streams and rivers; thus, only features coded 

as ‘stream/river’ (feature codes are 46000, 46003, 46006, or 

46007) were used for analyses.

Soils

Primary factors regulating hydraulic conductivity and the 

migration of brines through soils include precipitation and soil 

permeability. Therefore, estimates of soil permeability can be 

useful when assessing the potential for subsurface brine migration from a given site. There are numerous geologic databases 

(Soller and Packard, 1998; Stoeser and others, 2007) that can 

be used to estimate this variable, but they have a very coarse 

spatial resolution and reference the deeper geologic layers. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (2010), Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) 

database characterizes the surface soils at a relatively fine 

scale (1:24,000) and includes rough surrogates for permeability such as drainage class (for example, well drained, poorly 

drained) and soil texture (for example, percent clay or sand). 

The drainage class identifies the natural drainage conditions 

of the soil and refers to the frequency and duration of wet 
Methods 71

Table C–1. Description of spatial databases in the Williston Basin.

Database Source(s)/description

Wells Information relating to well type, permit date, location, and status was obtained from the following State 

regulating agencies:

1. Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation (web site accessed February 18, 2011, at 

http://dnrc.mt.gov/#).

2. North Dakota Industrial Commission, Department of Mineral Resources, Oil and Gas Division (web site 

accessed February 18, 2011, at https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/).

3. South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Minerals and Mining Program, Oil and 

Gas Section (web site accessed February 18, 2011, at http://denr.sd.gov/des/og/oghome.aspx).

• Well data were obtained for the time period January 1, 1901, to February 18, 2011.

Wetlands Wetland data were obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), National Wetlands Inventory 

(NWI; web site accessed May 1, 2010, at http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/). A modified NWI database was 

obtained from the USFWS, Habitat and Population Evaluation Team (HAPET) located in Bismarck, North 

Dakota (web site accessed July 1, 2013, at http://www.ppjv.org/hapet/hapet_bismark.htm). The HAPET 

database (version January 17, 2001) covers only the majority of Prairie Pothole Region of the study area 

(fig. A–1); Daniels County, Montana, is the westernmost county included.

Streams Stream data were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Hydrography Dataset (NHD; 

web site accessed November 1, 2009, at http://nhd.usgs.gov/).

Land cover Land cover data were obtained from the USGS National Land Cover Database 2006 (NLCD; web site accessed July 1, 2013, at http://landcover.usgs.gov/index.php).

Land ownership Land ownership information was obtained from the USGS Protected Areas Database, version 1.1 (web site 

accessed July 1, 2013, at http://gapanalysis.usgs.gov/padus/data/additional-data/).

Regional and geologic 

boundaries

Boundaries for the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation were obtained from the USGS, National Assessment of Oil and Gas Project (web site accessed July 1, 2013, at http://energy.usgs.gov/OilGas/

AssessmentsData/NationalOilGasAssessment.aspx). The Prairie Pothole Region boundary was provided 

by the USGS, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center (web site accessed July 1, 2013, at http://www.

npwrc.usgs.gov/).

Critical habitat The USFWS provided two databases identifying critical habitat areas for the threatened piping plover 

(Charadrius melodus). The first is the critical habitat as outlined in the Code of Federal Register (web site 

accessed July 1, 2013, at http://www.fws.gov/plover/). The second unpublished dataset includes the critical 

habitat and other basins included in annual census monitoring because of their high potential to provide 

piping plover habitat. The extra basins are foraging basins or nesting basins that did not have the history 

required to be designated critical habitat.

Soils Soils information was obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation 

Service (NRCS), Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database (web site accessed , October 1, 2010, at 

http://soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/ssurgo/description.html). Variables obtained from the SSURGO 

database include land capability classification, farmland classification, and drainage class.

periods. A drainage class was assigned to each well based on 

the dominant soil associated with it.

Piping Plover Critical Habitat

The NWI and NHD provide general habitat (wetlands, 

streams) information that can be related to taxa of interest, 

such as waterfowl, but these data do not provide speciesspecific habitat information. Alternatively, spatial data 

were obtained that identified critical riparian habitats of the 

threatened piping plover, which is considered a management 

priority for the USFWS. These data were included in various 

analyses to evaluate the proximity of critical habitats to wells 

and provide an example of how habitat data can be used to 

supplement the well, NWI, and NHD information.

Spatial Characterizations

Overview

Various spatial characterizations and analyses were 

performed to identify areas with the greatest likelihood of 

containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources based primarily on locations of wells, wetlands, and streams. A generalized 

regional assessment was performed for the area defined by 

the boundaries of the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation 

within the United States (hereafter referred to as the study 
72 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

EXPLANATION

PEMA

PEMC

Temporary zone

Seasonal zone

Figure C–1. A wetland from the National Wetlands Inventory database where the wetland zones are mapped separately 

with contiguous polygons.

area; fig. A–1) by identifying counties with the greatest total 

number and density of wells and aquatic resources. This type 

of spatial examination, however, presents a form of the modifiable area unit problem (Openshaw, 1984) in that it does not 

account for the distribution of wells and aquatic resources 

within the area of interest. Therefore, a more focused proximity analysis was performed for the PPR part of the study area 

(the part where the PPR overlays the study area; fig. A–1), 

which identified counties with the greatest amount of aquatic 

resources proximate to wells. A similar proximity analysis 

also was done to identify counties with the greatest number 

USFWS resources near wells.

Policies were enacted during the 1970s to regulate the 

usage of unlined, earthen reserve pits for produced waters. 

These regulations required the lining of pits to reduce the 

likelihood of leaching saline contamination into the shallow 

groundwater system. Comprehensive information or spatial 

data pertaining to the location of reserve or evaporation pits 

were unavailable. However, assumptions were made that wells 

activated prior to approximately 1980 were more likely to 
Methods 73

be associated with unlined pits, and these sites would have a 

higher likelihood of brines leaching into soils and the shallow 

groundwater system and migrating to wetlands and streams. 

Therefore, the proximity analyses also were performed on 

only those wells drilled prior to 1980 to identify counties with 

the greatest amount of aquatic resources proximate to wells 

likely associated with the older, unlined pits.

These approaches for identifying areas with a greater 

likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources 

are based on two overall assumptions. First, areas with the 

greatest total number and densities of wells, wetlands, and 

streams have a higher probability that oil and gas production activities would affect aquatic resources. Second, it is 

expected that the highest probability of brine contamination 

would exist in areas with the greatest number of wetlands and 

streams proximate to wells. These theories rely on the random 

occurrence of potentially harmful activities or events (for 

example, brine spills, leaching from reserve pits) across the 

region. Realistically, however, older wells likely pose a greater 

threat because they often are associated with unlined reserve 

or evaporation pits, produce a greater proportion of brine to oil 

and gas (Veil and others, 2004), and are associated with aging 

infrastructure that is more likely to fail.

Oil and gas production wells are most often associated 

with brine contamination; however, all related well types were 

considered for assessments because most drilling activities 

result in wells that pass through geologic formations containing saline waters and require a reserve or evaporation pit. 

Therefore, there is some potential risk associated with leakage, 

seepage, or spills from well holes, leaching from reserve or 

evaporation pits, pipelines, storage-tank batteries, and overthe-road transportation. As an example, wells used to obtain 

water for drilling purposes often target deep saline reserves. 

Further, the classification of a well can change over time. 

For instance, it is uncommon to drill a well specifically for 

disposal; rather, expired oil and gas wells are often reopened 

and used as injection wells. Thus, current injection wells likely 

were production wells in the past. For all analyses described 

below, the number of wells included all types that were drilled 

(table C–2), wetlands included those classified as temporary, seasonal, semipermanent, lake, or riverine, and streams 

included segments classified as stream/river. For the characterization of the Williston Basin, wetland surface areas were 

calculated from the standard NWI, while the proximity analyses were performed using the modified NWI database from the 

HAPET; stream lengths for all analyses were obtained from 

the NHD.

Characterization of the Williston Basin

A general spatial characterization and evaluation were 

performed on the study area with the goal of identifying counties with the greatest likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources based on the total number and density 

of wells, wetlands, and streams. Density is defined as the 

number of wells, square kilometers of wetlands, or kilometers 

Table C–2. Number of wells permitted from January 1, 1901, to 

February 18, 2011, by well type and State in the Williston Basin.

Well type Montana North

Dakota

South

Dakota Total

Oil 3,627 9,243 309 13,179

Dry hole 3,234 5,813 472 9,519

Gas 4,620 327 170 5,117

Never drilled 1,053 2,564 63 3,680

Injection 768 1,259 90 2,117

Other1 98 1,276 -- 1,374

Total 13,400 20,482 1,104 34,986

1

Includes wells classified as confidential, monitor/observation, stratigraphic 

test, water, or unknown.

of streams divided by the square kilometers of the county that 

falls within the study area. Counties were ranked (1–68, where 

1 is the highest rank) by total number and density of wells, 

surface area and density of wetlands, and length and density 

of streams; overall ranks for total number and density were 

calculated as the mean of the three individual ranks (wells, 

wetlands, and streams). For this overall evaluation, counties 

were assessed on the basis of the mean ranks; thus, wells, 

wetlands, and streams were weighted equally.

Proximity Analyses of the Prairie Pothole Region

The extent was estimated for the PPR part of the study 

area that aquatic habitats were proximate to wells in order to 

identify counties with the greatest likelihood of containing 

brine-contaminated aquatic resources. This proximity analysis accounts for the spatial distribution of wells and aquatic 

resources and includes a distance measure to help identify 

areas with the greatest potential for containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources. This evaluation was limited to 

the PPR because of the ecological importance of the region’s 

aquatic resources, most notably the pothole wetlands that 

characterize the area. In addition, the modified NWI database 

provided by the HAPET covered only a majority of the PPR 

and did not extend to the remainder of the study area. The 

standard NWI data are not conducive to this type of analysis 

because wetlands consisting of multiple polygons are difficult 

to classify and could be counted more than once; additionally, 

it is difficult to determine the entire surface area of individual 

multipolygon wetlands over a large spatial extent.

To evaluate the spatial relations between wells and 

aquatic resources, a GIS (ArcGIS 10, service pack 1) was 

used to calculate radial buffers of 0.4 km, 0.8 km, and 1.6 

km around each well located within the PPR part of the study 

area. These buffers were meant to represent distances that 

brine could migrate over time from a point source, such as an 

unlined reserve pit, to wetlands and streams. These buffer distances were selected on the basis of expert opinion supported 

by geophysical field surveys and water-quality monitoring 
74 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

aimed at evaluating subsurface brine migration within the Williston Basin (see chapter B of this report).

For proximity analyses, the number and surface area of 

wetlands and length of streams within the three buffers were 

calculated and summed by county. The entire surface area of 

the wetland was considered, not just the part of the wetland 

that fell within the buffer; however, stream length was calculated as the segment that fell within the buffer. Additionally, 

the area within the buffers designated as piping plover critical 

habitat was calculated using the spatial database provided by 

the USFWS. Buffers were merged when they overlapped so as 

not to double-count wetlands, stream segments, or parcels of 

critical habitat.

Proximity Analyses of U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service Lands

A more focused proximity analysis was performed to 

identify counties in the PPR part of the study area with the 

greatest number of wells and aquatic resources located on or 

near USFWS managed lands, specifically NWRs and WPAs. 

Similar to the overall PPR analysis, radial buffers of 0.4 km, 

0.8 km, and 1.6 km were calculated around each USFWS parcel (instead of buffers around wells) and the wells, wetlands, 

and streams within each buffer (including within the parcel) 

were inventoried. The number of wells, surface area of wetlands, and length of streams within each buffer were summed 

by county, and each county was ranked based on the well, 

wetland, and stream summaries. These three individual county 

ranks were averaged by buffer distance (0.4, 0.8, 1.6 km) and 

counties were assigned overall rank by calculating an average 

across the three buffers. Only counties with at least 10 wells 

within each buffer were considered for the overall comparison 

so that counties that ranked highly for wetlands and streams, 

but contained only a few wells, would not unduly influence 

interpretation of the analysis.

In addition to NWRs and WPAs owned in fee title, the 

USFWS also administers nearly 30,000 conservation easements 

throughout the Dakotas and Montana. Wetland and grassland 

easements are legal agreements between private landowners 

and the U.S. Government where, in exchange for financial 

compensation, landowners agree to a number of contractual 

stipulations designed to maintain wetland and grassland habitats. Regardless of the type of easement, landowners continue 

to own and manage the land; however, in the case of wetland 

easements, they agree to not drain, fill, level, or burn, and in 

the case of grassland easements, they consent to not convert 

the grassland to other uses. Although USFWS conservation 

easements do not have legal jurisdiction relative to effects of 

brine contamination from oil and gas development (easements 

typically specify physical disturbances such as draining, filling, burning), these tracts of land still represent at-risk areas 

of existing habitat that are important to USFWS trust species, 

especially migratory birds. The number of USFWS easement 

land parcels (summarized by contract, circa 2010) intersected 

by the three buffers (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 km) around wells was 

identified to determine the extent at which these lands are 

proximate to wells. This USFWS proximity analysis differs 

from the one previously described because of data limitations.

Results

Well Characteristics

The regional analyses identified 34,986 oil- and gasrelated wells (table C–2) in the study area that were permitted 

from January 1901 to February 2011, of which 31,306 were 

drilled. Of the well types considered, approximately 38 percent 

were classified as oil, followed by dry hole (27 percent), gas 

(15 percent), injection (6 percent), and other (4 percent); the 

10 percent classified as never drilled were excluded from 

all analyses. Based on the overall spatial distribution of the 

drilled wells, it is evident that the majority of the activity has 

taken place in western North Dakota and northeastern Montana (fig C–2). North Dakota contained the greatest number 

of wells, followed by Montana and South Dakota (table C–2). 

Nearly 25,000 of the wells, or 80 percent, were located on 

private lands, with lower proportions on U.S. Government 

and State/local government, and Native American lands 

(table C–3). A majority (89 percent) of wells were located on 

lands classified by the USGS National Land Cover Database as 

herbaceous grasslands (15,930 wells) and cultivated croplands 

(11,766 wells) (table C–4). On the basis of the SSURGO land 

capability and farmland classifications, a greater number of 

wells were sited on nonprime farmland than other classifications (table C–5).

A majority of the wells within the study area were permitted after 1950, with noticeable peaks in drilling activity around 

1960, 1980, and the present (circa 2011; fig. C–3); these trends 

are consistent when examined at the State level (fig. C–4). The 

likelihood of aquatic resources being contaminated by brines is 

not solely related to the number of wells drilled near wetlands 

and streams. The amount of brine produced per barrel of oil 

typically increases as more barrels of oil and gas are extracted 

(Veil and others, 2004); thus, actual oil and gas production is 

the key. Data from the North Dakota Industrial Commission, 

Department of Mineral Resources, Oil and Gas Division (2011) 

show that trends in oil production closely follow trends in well 

drilling (fig. C–5), suggesting that well permitting and drilling 

activity are good surrogates for predicting trends in production 

and evaluating potential for brine contamination.

A drainage class was assigned to each well based on the 

dominant soil; however, drainage class was only determined 

for 30,894 out of the 31,306 permitted and drilled wells 

because of data limitations. On the basis of this classification, 

approximately 95 percent of wells were located on well drained 

or excessively drained soils; the remaining 5 percent of wells 

were situated on poorly drained soils (table C–6).
Results 75

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

!

!! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !!

!

!!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!!

!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!!

!

!! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

!

!

! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! !

!

! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!! !!

!

!

! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

!

!

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !!

!

! !!!!!!

!

!!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! !

!

!! !! !!!!!! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!!

!

!!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!!

!

!!!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!! !

!!!!!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!!! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!!

!

!!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !!!!

!!!

!! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!!

!!!

!! !! !

!

!!!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

!

!

!

!!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!!

!

! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!

!

!!!! !! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !!

!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !! !

!!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!!! !!

!!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !!!!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! !! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!!!!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!!!!!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! !!!! !!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!! !!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!!!!

! ! !

!

!!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45°

Maparea

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken Formation

Prairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

UNITED STATES

EXPLANATION

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

Figure C–2. Spatial distribution of drilled wells within the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation in the United States.
76 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table C–3. Number of drilled wells by land ownership and 

State in the Williston Basin.

Ownership Montana North

Dakota

South

Dakota Total

Private 9,231 14,883 748 24,862

U.S. Government 1,992 1,786 59 3,837

State/local 736 543 154 1,433

Native American 360 699 78 1,137

Unknown 28 7 2 37

Total 12,347 17,918 1,041 31,306

Table C–4. Number of wells drilled per State by land cover 

classifications in the Williston Basin.

[--, no record]

Land cover Montana North

Dakota

South

Dakota Total

Grassland/herbaceous 7,539 7,527 864 15,930

Cultivated crops 3,264 8,441 61 11,766

Shrub/scrub 995 290 46 1,331

Pasture/hay 59 710 44 813

Developed, open space 210 406 12 628

Barren land 

(rock/sand/clay) 108 145 2 255

Emergent herbaceous 

wetlands 41 195 3 239

Developed, low intensity 37 87 -- 124

Woody wetlands 51 35 3 89

Deciduous forest 3 51 -- 54

Evergreen forest 24 5 5 34

Open water 9 17 1 27

Developed, medium 

intensity 7 1 -- 8

Mixed forest -- 8 -- 8

Total 12,347 17,918 1,041 31,306

Spatial Characterization of Oil and Gas 

Development and Aquatic Resources

Williston Basin

Mean densities for the 68 counties in the study area 

(fig. C–6) with at least one well, wetland, and stream segment 

were 0.11 wells/km2 (range less than 0.01–0.65), 0.06 km2

of wetlands/km2

 (range less than 0.01–0.33), and 0.67 km of 

streams/km2 (range 0.13–1.29). The total number and density of wells for each county are presented in table C–7; data 

are presented for all drilled wells (all years) and for only the 

13,349 wells drilled prior to 1980. Figure C–7 depicts the five 

counties with the greatest number of wells drilled during all 

years and those drilled prior to 1980. The five counties with 

the highest number of wells (all years) were: (1) McKenzie, 

N. Dak., (2) Fallon, Mont., (3) Phillips, Mont., (4) Bottineau, 

N. Dak., and (5) Williams, N. Dak. The five counties with the 

highest number of wells drilled prior to 1980 were: (1) Bottineau, N. Dak., (2) McKenzie, N. Dak., (3) Phillips, Mont., 

(4) Fallon, Mont., and (5) Williams, N. Dak. Table C–8 lists 

the area, mean and individual ranks, number and density of 

wells, surface area and density of wetlands, and length and 

density of streams for each county within the study area. 

The seven counties with the greatest likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources, based on the mean 

ranks (that is, greatest total number or densities of wells and 

aquatic resources), are depicted in figure C–8. McKenzie 

County (N. Dak.) was ranked highest on the basis of total 

numbers and densities; the six other highly ranked counties 

included Phillips (Mont.), Valley (Mont.), Williams (N. Dak.), 

Dunn (N. Dak.), Mountrail (N. Dak.), and Bowman (N. Dak.) 

(fig. C–8). The seven counties represent the five counties with 

the highest mean ranks based on density and total number; 

McKenzie, Williams, and Dunn Counties ranked in the top 

five for both categories.

Prairie Pothole Region

A general inventory of the approximately 78,200 km2 of 

the PPR part of the study area identified 10,361 wells, 860,132 

wetlands, 24,848 km of streams, and 436 km2

 of piping plover 

critical habitat. The surface area and total number of wetlands, length of streams, and area of critical habitat within 

each of the three radial buffers around wells are presented in 

tables C–9 (wetlands) and C–10 (streams, habitat). The buffer 

inventories were performed on all well types together and 

individually to allow for specific investigations or comparisons; hereafter all discussions will focus solely on analyses 

performed on all well types. Overall, of the 860,132 wetlands 

identified in the PPR, approximately 7 percent, 17 percent, 

and 34 percent were within the 0.4-km, 0.8-km, and 1.6-km 

buffers, respectively. Specifically, there were 62,718 total 

wetlands covering 501 km2

, 1,380 km of streams, and 5 km2 of 

critical habitat proximate (within 0.4-km buffer) to wells in the 

PPR. The intermediate (0.8-km) buffer included 146,978 total 

wetlands covering 975 km2

, 3,291 km of streams, and 22 km2

of critical habitat. Expanding the buffer area to 1.6 km resulted 

in a relatively large increase in all variables with estimates 

of 292,745 total wetlands covering 1,780 km2

, 7,147 km of 

streams, and 79 km2

 of piping plover critical habitat within 

this largest buffer.

Each county in the PPR was ranked on the basis of the 

surface area of wetlands and length of streams within the 

0.4-km buffers around wells to identify areas where these 
Results 77

Table C–5. Number of wells drilled per State by land capability classification and farmland classification in the Williston Basin.

[--, no record]

Land capability classification, nonirrigated soils Montana North

Dakota

South

Dakota Total

None 135 22 3 160

Soils have moderate limitations that reduce the choice of plants or require moderate 

conservation practices -- 7,963 80 8,043

Soils have severe limitations that reduce the choice of plants or require special conservation practices, or both 4,689 2,387 82 7,158

Soils have very severe limitations that restrict the choice of plants or require very careful management, or both 3,047 2,265 248 5,560

Soils have little or no hazard of erosion but have other limitations, impractical to 

remove, that limit their use mainly to pasture, range, forestland, or wildlife food and 

cover 19 8 2 29

Soils have severe limitations that make them generally unsuited to cultivation and that 

limit their use mainly to pasture, range, forestland, or wildlife food and cover 3,052 2,774 444 6,270

soils have very severe limitations that make them unsuited to cultivation and that 

restrict their use mainly to grazing, forestland, or wildlife 1,397 2,045 173 3,615

Soils and miscellaneous areas have limitations that preclude their use for commercial 

plant production and limit their use to recreation, wildlife, or water supply or for 

esthetic purposes 8 454 9 471

Total 12,347 17,918 1,041 31,306

Farmland classification

None 1,624 -- -- 1,624

All areas are prime farmland -- 2,981 2 2,983

Farmland of local importance -- 7 -- 7

Farmland of statewide importance 2,156 4,079 87 6,322

Not prime farmland 7,888 10,060 920 18,868

Prime farmland if drained -- 720 -- 720

Prime farmland if irrigated1 679 71 32 782

Total 12,347 17,918 1,041 31,306

1

Includes soils classified as (1) prime farmland if irrigated and (2) prime farmland if irrigated and the product of I (soil erodibility) x C (climate factor) 

does not exceed 60.

aquatic resources have the greatest potential to be affected 

by oil and gas production activities. The seven counties with 

the greatest surface area of wetlands or kilometers of streams 

proximate to wells were: Burke (N. Dak.), Bottineau (N. 

Dak.), Sheridan (Mont.), Divide (N. Dak.), Mountrail (N. 

Dak.), Phillips (Mont.), and Renville (N. Dak.) (fig. C–9). 

County area, surface area and number of wetlands, and stream 

length are presented by county for each of the three buffers 

in table C–11. The seven counties represent the five counties 

with the highest mean ranks based on wetlands and streams; 

Bottineau, Burke, and Sheridan Counties ranked in the top five 

for both variables.

Of the 13,349 wells drilled prior to 1980 in the study 

area, 5,446 were located within the PPR part of the study area. 

On the basis of the buffer inventories performed on these 

PPR wells, it was determined that approximately 4 percent, 

11 percent, and 24 percent of the 860,132 PPR wetlands fell 

within the 0.4-km, 0.8-km, and 1.6-km buffers, respectively. 

There were 285 km2

 of wetlands (37,583 wetlands), 736 km 

of streams, and 2 km2 of piping plover critical habitat proximate (within the 0.4-km buffer) to all wells drilled prior to 

1980 (tables C–12, C–13). The intermediate (0.8 km) buffer 

included 605 km2 of wetlands (92,910 wetlands), 2,091 km 

of streams, and 10 km2 of critical habitat, while the largest 

buffer (1.6 km) encompassed 1,288 km2 of wetlands (206,805 

wetlands), 5,002 km of streams, and 38 km2 of critical habitat 

(tables C–12, C–13). For all wells drilled prior to 1980, the 

surface area and total number of wetlands, length of streams, 

and area of piping plover critical habitat within each of the 

three buffers are presented in tables C–12 (wetlands) and 

C–13 (streams, habitat) for all combined well types and for 

each separate well type.

Similar to the overall PPR analyses, each county was 

ranked on the basis of the surface area of wetlands and length 
78 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Figure C–3. Number of 

permitted and drilled wells by 

drilling year; there were 842 

wells that did not have a drilling 

date associated with them. 

Data represent the entire year 

from 1901 to 2010 and January 1 

through February 18, 2011.

Year

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

19801990

2000

2010

Number of wells

Cumulative number of wells

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

35,000

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

0

Number of wells

Cumulative number of wells

EXPLANATION

A. Montana B. North Dakota

C. South Dakota

Number of wells Number of wells

Cumulative number of wells

Cumulative number of wells

Year

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

Year

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

200

0

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400 18,000

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

0

200

0

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400 18,000

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

0

18,000

15,000

12,000

9,000

6,000

3,000

0

200

0

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

Number of wells

Cumulative number of wells

EXPLANATION

Figure C–4. Number of permitted and drilled wells by drilling 

year for A, Montana; B, North Dakota; and C, South Dakota; 

there were 842 wells (Montana, 168; North Dakota, 674) that did 

not have a drilling date associated with them. Data represent the 

entire year from 1901 to 2010 and January 1 through February 18, 

2011.
Results 79

Year

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Number of producing oil wells

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

Barrrels of oil produced per well

0 0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Total barrels of oil produced per year

20x106

40x106

60x106

80x106

100x106

120x106

Number of wells

Barrels per well

Barrels per year

EXPLANATION

Figure C–5. Number of producing wells, barrels of oil produced per well, and total barrels of oil produced per year for North Dakota 

from 1951 to 2010.

of streams within the 0.4-km buffers around wells drilled prior 

to 1980. The seven counties with the greatest surface area of 

wetlands or kilometers of streams proximate to the pre-1980 

wells were: Bottineau (N. Dak.), Burke (N. Dak.), Sheridan 

(Mont.), Renville (N. Dak.), Ward (N. Dak.), Phillips (Mont.), 

and Williams (N. Dak.) (fig. C–10). County area, surface area 

and number of wetlands, and stream length are presented by 

county for each of the three buffers in table C–14. The seven 

counties represent the five counties with the highest mean 

ranks based on wetlands and streams; Bottineau, Burke, and 

Renville Counties ranked in the top five for both variables.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands

There were approximately 1,716 km2 of USFWS lands in 

the PPR part of the study area, and 323, 604, and 1,233 wells 

were identified within the 0.4-km, 0.8-km, and 1.6-km buffers 

around these lands, respectively. Additionally, 67,110 km2

(51,797 wetlands), 72,779 km2 (92,628 wetlands), and 81,505 

km2 (200,629 wetlands) of wetlands and 1,215, 1,702, and 

2,913 km of streams were identified within the small, intermediate, and large buffers, respectively. The area of USFWS 

lands, total buffer area around these lands (including parcel), 

number of wells, surface area of wetlands, and length of 

streams for each of the three buffers are presented by county 

in table C–15. There were five counties that contained at least 

10 wells within each of the buffer zones, and these counties 

were assigned a mean rank based on the number of wells and 

extent of aquatic resources on or adjacent to USFWS lands. 

On the basis of these ranks, Bottineau County (N. Dak.) contained the greatest number of wells and aquatic resources on 

or near USFWS lands, followed by Sheridan (Mont.), Renville 

(N. Dak.), Burke (N. Dak.), and Divide (N Dak.) (fig. C–11).

In addition to the above proximity analysis, the numbers 

of USFWS conservation easement land parcels that were 

intersected by the three buffers around wells were identified 

to determine the degree at which these lands are proximate to 

wells. On the basis of this simple assessment, it was determined that the 0.4-km, 0.8-km, and 1.6-km buffers intersected 

1,792, 2,455, and 3,613 easement contracts in the PPR of 

the study area, respectively. Although an accurate number of 

how many wetlands are associated with the easement tracts 

intersected by the buffers is not known, the number is likely 

large because data suggest that the mean wetland density in 

the PPR part of the study area is approximately 11 wetlands/

km2

, and about one-third of wetlands were within the 1.6-km 

buffer around wells. The actual number of wetlands was not 

determined because a GIS database of easement boundaries 

was unavailable; a spatial layer containing the three buffers 

was provided to the USFWS, and they provided the aforementioned summaries.
80 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table C–6. Number and percentage of wells drilled in each Soil Survey Geographic database (SSURGO) soil drainage classification.

Drainage class Number of wells Percent of wells

Excessively drained

Water is removed from the soil very rapidly. Internal free water commonly is very rare or very 

deep. The soils are commonly coarse textured and have very high saturated hydraulic conductivity class or are very shallow. 699 2.26

Somewhat excessively drained

Water is removed from the soil rapidly. Internal free water commonly is very rare or very deep. 

The soils are commonly coarse textured and have high saturated hydraulic conductivity or are 

very shallow. 600 1.94

Well-drained

Water is removed from the soil readily, but not rapidly. Internal free-water commonly is deep or 

very deep; annual duration is not specified. Water is available to plants in humid regions during 

much of the growing season. Wetness does not inhibit growth of roots for significant periods 

during most growing seasons. 26,104 84.50

Moderately well-drained

Water is removed from the soil somewhat slowly during some periods of the year. Internal free 

water commonly is moderately deep and may be transitory or permanent. The soil is wet for 

only a short time within the rooting depth during the growing season, but long enough that 

most mesophytic crops are affected. The soil commonly has a moderately low, or lower, saturated hydraulic conductivity class within 1 meter of the surface or periodically receives high 

rainfall, or both. 2,054 6.65

Somewhat poorly drained

The soil is wet at a shallow depth for significant periods during the growing season. Internal 

freewater is commonly shallow to moderately deep and transitory to permanent. Unless the 

soil is artificially drained, the growth of most mesophytic plants is markedly restricted. The soil 

commonly has a low or very low saturated hydraulic conductivity class, or a high water table, 

or receives water from lateral flow, or persistent rainfall, or some combination of these factors. 830 2.69

Poorly drained

The soil is wet at shallow depths periodically during the growing season or remains wet for long 

periods. Internal free-water is shallow or very shallow and common or persistent. Unless the 

soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic crops cannot be grown. The soil, however, is not 

continuously wet directly below plow depth. The water table is commonly the result of low or 

very low saturated hydraulic conductivity class or persistent rainfall, or a combination of both 

factors. 477 1.54

Very poorly drained

Water is at or near the soil surface during much of the growing season. Internal free-water is very 

shallow and persistent or permanent. Unless the soil is artificially drained, most mesophytic 

crops cannot be grown. Commonly, the soil occupies a depression or is level. If rainfall is 

persistent or high, the soil can be sloping. 130 0.42

Discussion

The Williston Basin of the United States is in the midst 

of an oil boom driven by technological advances that allow for 

recovery from large hydrocarbon reservoirs associated with 

deep, low-permeability geologic formations. Concerns have 

been raised over potential environmental effects associated 

with past and current oil and gas exploration and recovery. 

Chief among these concerns is the contamination of wetlands, 

streams, and shallow groundwater by brines produced with oil 

and gas. Previous studies have demonstrated brine contamination to aquatic resources, primarily from oil and gas recovery 

operations prior to the 1980s (Reiten, 1991; Reiten and Tischmak, 1993). However, little research has been performed to 

assess current effects, and regionwide assessments are lacking. 

This study characterized the Williston Basin in terms of oil 

and gas wells and aquatic resources, and counties were identified with the greatest number of wells, wetlands, and streams.
Discussion 81

VALLEY

GARFIELD

PHILLIPS

BLAINE

PERKINS

DUNN

MEADE

ZIEBACH

WARD MCHENRY

PIERCE

BENSON

CORSON

DEWEY

MCCONE

HARDING

DAWSON

PRAIRIE

BUTTE

MCKENZIE

MCLEAN

GRANT

CARTER

MORTON

OLIVER KIDDER

ROOSEVELT WILLIAMS

STARK

WELLS

EDDY RICHLAND

SLOPE

FALLON HETTINGER

DIVIDE BURKE

DANIELS

CUSTER

BURLEIGH

MOUNTRAIL

BOTTINEAU

LOGAN

MERCER

ADAMS BOWMAN

ROLETTE

SHERIDAN

RENVILLE

HAAKON

FOSTER

GOLDEN

VALLEY

WIBAUX

BILLINGS

HILL

CAMPBELL

TOWNER

MCINTOSH

RAMSEY

PENNINGTON

WALWORTH

ROSEBUD

LAMOURE

STANLEY

LIBERTY

PETROLEUM

MCPHERSON

SHERIDAN

STUTSMAN

SIOUX

EMMONS

100° 105° 110°

48°45°

0 130 MILES 650 130 KILOMETERS 65

Base modified from the National Atlas

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

Williston Basin

Bakken Formation

Prairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

EXPLANATION

Figure C–6. Counties within the Williston Basin and Bakken Formation.
82 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table C–7. County area and number and density of wells per county in the Williston Basin. 

[Well information is provided separately for all wells (all years) and only those wells drilled prior to 1980. km2, square kilometer; 

<, less than; --, no record]

State County County area,

km2

Number of wells Density of wells

All years Pre-1980 All years Pre-1980

Montana Blaine 6,686 1,099 497 0.16 0.07

Montana Carter 3,609 98 74 0.03 0.02

Montana Custer 3,414 55 47 0.02 0.01

Montana Daniels 3,694 162 79 0.04 0.02

Montana Dawson 6,173 348 209 0.06 0.03

Montana Fallon 4,202 2,719 955 0.65 0.23

Montana Garfield 11,354 99 75 0.01 0.01

Montana Hill 1,244 232 81 0.19 0.07

Montana Liberty 147 66 53 0.45 0.36

Montana McCone 6,947 330 257 0.05 0.04

Montana Phillips 9,461 2,447 962 0.26 0.10

Montana Prairie 4,513 85 63 0.02 0.01

Montana Richland 5,450 1,624 350 0.30 0.06

Montana Roosevelt 6,134 1,006 514 0.16 0.08

Montana Rosebud 429 3 3 0.01 0.01

Montana Sheridan 4,414 1,050 516 0.24 0.12

Montana Valley 13,110 621 320 0.05 0.02

Montana Wibaux 2,303 303 156 0.13 0.07

North Dakota Adams 2,561 11 5 0.00 0.00

North Dakota Benson 3,434 19 19 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Billings 2,987 1,427 412 0.48 0.14

North Dakota Bottineau 4,397 2,154 1,381 0.49 0.31

North Dakota Bowman 3,023 1,204 287 0.40 0.09

North Dakota Burke 2,924 1,413 824 0.48 0.28

North Dakota Burleigh 4,321 49 44 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Divide 3,353 630 195 0.19 0.06

North Dakota Dunn 5,392 1,153 285 0.21 0.05

North Dakota Eddy 1,165 5 5 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Emmons 4,029 37 25 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Foster 1,263 11 11 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Golden Valley 2,596 243 72 0.09 0.03

North Dakota Grant 4,314 28 23 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Hettinger 2,937 28 14 0.01 0.00

North Dakota Kidder 3,711 4 4 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Logan 2,553 18 18 0.01 0.01

North Dakota McHenry 4,951 162 115 0.03 0.02

North Dakota McIntosh 1,324 4 4 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota McKenzie 7,408 3,033 1,104 0.41 0.15

North Dakota McLean 6,031 126 36 0.02 0.01
Discussion 83

Table C–7. County area and number and density of wells per county in the Williston Basin.—Continued

[Well information is provided separately for all wells (all years) and only those wells drilled prior to 1980. km2, square kilometer; 

<, less than; --, no record]

State County County area,

km2

Number of wells Density of wells

All years Pre-1980 All years Pre-1980

North Dakota Mercer 2,882 32 22 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Morton 5,038 38 26 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Mountrail 5,028 1,491 330 0.30 0.07

North Dakota Oliver 1,893 16 13 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Pierce 2,804 43 36 0.02 0.01

North Dakota Ramsey 549 3 3 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Renville 2,312 1,336 761 0.58 0.33

North Dakota Rolette 2,397 49 34 0.02 0.01

North Dakota Sheridan 2,604 13 9 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Sioux 2,922 6 5 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Slope 3,159 152 88 0.05 0.03

North Dakota Stark 3,472 544 239 0.16 0.07

North Dakota Stutsman 4,511 21 19 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Towner 1,059 5 5 <0.01 <0.01

North Dakota Ward 5,325 450 228 0.08 0.04

North Dakota Wells 3,342 27 21 0.01 0.01

North Dakota Williams 5,563 1,933 935 0.35 0.17

South Dakota Butte 3,996 78 35 0.02 0.01

South Dakota Campbell 1,760 7 7 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Corson 6,551 30 27 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Dewey 5,545 33 28 0.01 0.01

South Dakota Haakon 1,805 32 31 0.02 0.02

South Dakota Harding 6,935 780 286 0.11 0.04

South Dakota Meade 6,422 29 22 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Pennington 718 2 1 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Perkins 7,486 30 26 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Stanley 236 1 -- <0.01 --

South Dakota Walworth 624 2 2 <0.01 <0.01

South Dakota Ziebach 5,105 17 16 <0.01 <0.01

Total 269,997 31,306 13,349
84 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

! !

! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

! ! !!!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! !! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!!

!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! !

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

! !

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !! !

! !!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! !

! !!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!! !

!

! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

! !!

!

!!!! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!!

! !!!!!!!!

! !! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! !

! !

! !!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!

!!! !! !

! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!! !!!

!! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

! !

! !!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !!!! !! ! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !

! !! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !!!!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !! !!!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !! !

!!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! !! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!

!!

! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!!

!! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

!

!

! !! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!!! !!

!!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! !!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !!!!!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !!

! !!! !! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !

! !!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !! !!

! !

! !!!! !!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!!

!

! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! !

!!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!! !!

!

! ! !!!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !!!!!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!! !!!! !

!

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45° MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken FormationPrairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

EXPLANATION

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

1 County rank (table C–7)—Number in white box is based on total number of wells. Number in yellow box is 

based on total number of wells drilled prior to 1980

4

5

1

3

3

1

5

4

2

2

Figure C–7. Five counties with the overall greatest number of wells. Numbers in white and yellow boxes, which correspond to rankings from table C–7, are based on the total number of wells and only those drilled prior to 1980, respectively.
Discussion 85

Table C–8. Results of the regional evaluation where counties were ranked on the basis of the total number and density of wells, wetlands, and streams in the Williston Basin.[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; <, less than; --, no record]

State County

County

area,

km2

Mean rank Wells Wetlands Streams

Density Total number Number Density

Rank

Area,

km2 Density

Rank

Length, 

km Density

Rank

Density Total number Density Total number Density Total number

Montana Blaine 6,686 31 18 1,099 0.16 17 13 193 0.03 36 26 4,262 0.64 39 15Montana Carter 3,609 40 40 98 0.03 30 31 9 <0.01 61 58 2,757 0.76 28 30Montana Custer 3,414 -- -- 55 0.02 36 35 -- -- -- 3,588 1.05 7 21Montana Daniels 3,694 45 41 162 0.04 28 26 22 0.01 58 55 1,642 0.44 49 42Montana Dawson 6,173 43 35 348 0.06 24 21 1 <0.01 65 65 3,911 0.63 40 20Montana Fallon 4,202 31 30 2,719 0.65 1 2 4 <0.01 63 62 3,100 0.74 30 27Montana Garfield 11,354 36 13 99 0.01 42 30 451 0.04 34 7 8,229 0.72 31 3Montana Hill 1,244 31 41 232 0.19 16 25 56 0.04 31 43 624 0.50 46 55Montana Liberty 147 30 55 66 0.45 6 34 2 0.01 50 64 106 0.72 33 67Montana McCone 6,947 36 23 330 0.05 26 22 91 0.01 49 36 4,854 0.70 34 11Montana Phillips 9,461 29 8 2,447 0.26 12 3 393 0.04 33 12 5,648 0.60 43 8Montana Prairie 4,513 41 39 85 0.02 34 32 0 <0.01 66 66 4,065 0.90 24 19Montana Richland 5,450 36 28 1,624 0.30 10 6 16 <0.01 60 56 3,574 0.66 38 22Montana Roosevelt 6,134 31 22 1,006 0.16 18 15 118 0.02 39 33 4,155 0.68 36 17Montana Rosebud 429 -- -- 3 0.01 48 64 -- -- -- 177 0.41 50 66Montana Sheridan 4,414 31 26 1,050 0.24 13 14 198 0.04 32 25 2,023 0.46 48 38Montana Valley 13,110 34 9 621 0.05 27 18 422 0.03 35 8 8,300 0.63 41 2Montana Wibaux 2,303 40 43 303 0.13 20 23 2 <0.01 64 63 1,589 0.69 35 43North Dakota Adams 2,561 41 47 11 <0.01 58 57 48 0.02 41 47 2,174 0.85 25 37North Dakota Benson 3,434 41 39 19 0.01 51 51 396 0.12 8 11 726 0.21 63 54

North Dakota Billings 2,987 24 31 1,427 0.48 5 8 6 <0.01 62 61 3,197 1.07 5 25North Dakota Bottineau 4,397 27 22 2,154 0.49 3 4 315 0.07 22 17 1,333 0.30 56 45North Dakota Bowman 3,023 23 29 1,204 0.40 8 11 49 0.02 44 46 2,952 0.98 16 29North Dakota Burke 2,924 24 26 1,413 0.48 4 9 284 0.10 14 20 1,011 0.35 55 48North Dakota Burleigh 4,321 33 29 49 0.01 38 37 340 0.08 18 15 2,400 0.56 44 34North Dakota Divide 3,353 32 32 630 0.19 15 17 289 0.09 15 19 463 0.14 67 59North Dakota Dunn 5,392 21 13 1,153 0.21 14 12 386 0.07 23 13 4,358 0.81 27 14
86 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States Table C–8. Results of the regional evaluation where counties were ranked on the basis of the total number and density of wells, wetlands, and streams in the Williston Basin.— Continued [km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; <, less than; --, no record] State County County area, km2 Mean rank Wells Wetlands Streams Density Total number Number Density Rank Area, km2 Density Rank Length, km Density Rank Density Total number Density Total number Density Total number North Dakota Eddy 1,165 44 52 5 <0.01 59 61 124 0.11 12 31 297 0.26 60 64 North Dakota Emmons 4,029 32 29 37 0.01 41 40 230 0.06 29 24 3,420 0.85 26 23 North Dakota Foster 1,263 39 51 11 0.01 43 56 100 0.08 17 34 374 0.30 57 62 North Dakota Golden Valley 2,596 34 39 243 0.09 22 24 8 <0.01 59 59 2,459 0.95 20 33 North Dakota Grant 4,314 38 36 28 0.01 49 48 62 0.01 46 42 4,114 0.95 19 18 North Dakota Hettinger 2,937 35 41 28 0.01 40 47 55 0.02 42 44 2,690 0.92 22 31 North Dakota Kidder 3,711 47 42 4 <0.01 68 63 519 0.14 4 4 478 0.13 68 58 North Dakota Logan 2,553 35 40 18 0.01 47 52 310 0.12 6 18 995 0.39 51 49 North Dakota McHenry 4,951 34 25 162 0.03 29 27 498 0.10 13 5 1,436 0.29 59 44 North Dakota McIntosh 1,324 40 49 4 <0.01 65 62 93 0.07 24 35 952 0.72 32 50 North Dakota McKenzie 7,408 17 4 3,033 0.41 7 1 493 0.07 27 6 7,106 0.96 18 5 North Dakota McLean 6,031 28 22 126 0.02 31 29 1,321 0.22 2 1 2,309 0.38 52 36 North Dakota Mercer 2,882 24 30 32 0.01 39 43 328 0.11 9 16 2,603 0.90 23 32 North Dakota Morton 5,038 35 29 38 0.01 46 39 88 0.02 43 37 4,838 0.96 17 12 North Dakota Mountrail 5,028 20 15 1,491 0.30 11 7 741 0.15 3 2 2,351 0.47 47 35 North Dakota Oliver 1,893 35 49 16 0.01 44 54 26 0.01 48 53 1,869 0.99 13 41 North Dakota Pierce 2,804 36 37 43 0.02 37 38 357 0.13 5 14 411 0.15 65 60 North Dakota Ramsey 549 39 53 3 0.01 52 65 182 0.33 1 27 85 0.16 64 68 North Dakota Renville 2,312 30 32 1,336 0.58 2 10 151 0.07 28 28 557 0.24 61 57 North Dakota Rolette 2,397 32 37 49 0.02 32 36 267 0.11 10 22 846 0.35 54 52 North Dakota Sheridan 2,604 43 46 13 <0.01 53 55 280 0.11 11 21 368 0.14 66 63 North Dakota Sioux 2,922 38 42 6 <0.01 67 59 74 0.03 37 40 2,981 1.02 9 28 North Dakota Slope 3,159 31 35 152 0.05 25 28 29 0.01 53 51 3,103 0.98 15 26

North Dakota Stark 3,472 30 32 544 0.16 19 19 24 0.01 57 54 3,419 0.98 14 24North Dakota Stutsman 4,511 40 33 21 <0.01 55 50 528 0.12 7 3 1,321 0.29 58 46North Dakota Towner 1,059 38 51 5 <0.01 54 60 86 0.08 16 38 570 0.54 45 56
Discussion 87

Table C–8. Results of the regional evaluation where counties were ranked on the basis of the total number and density of wells, wetlands, and streams in the Williston Basin.—Continued[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; <, less than; --, no record]

State County

County

area,

km2

Mean rank Wells Wetlands Streams

Density Total number Number Density

Rank

Area,

km2 Density

Rank

Length, 

km Density

Rank

Density Total number Density Total number Density Total number

North Dakota Ward 5,325 32 23 450 0.08 23 20 412 0.08 20 10 1,965 0.37 53 39North Dakota Wells 3,342 42 42 27 0.01 45 49 261 0.08 19 23 805 0.24 62 53North Dakota Williams 5,563 20 10 1,933 0.35 9 5 415 0.07 21 9 4,181 0.75 29 16South Dakota Butte 3,996 29 32 78 0.02 33 33 40 0.01 52 50 4,553 1.14 3 13South Dakota Campbell 1,760 41 46 7 <0.01 62 58 120 0.07 25 32 1,164 0.66 37 47South Dakota Corson 6,551 35 27 30 <0.01 56 44 124 0.02 40 30 6,671 1.02 10 7South Dakota Dewey 5,545 33 26 33 0.01 50 41 130 0.02 38 29 5,512 0.99 12 9South Dakota Haakon 1,805 29 45 32 0.02 35 42 29 0.02 45 52 1,879 1.04 8 40South Dakota Harding 6,935 29 22 780 0.11 21 16 50 0.01 56 45 6,990 1.01 11 6South Dakota Meade 6,422 39 33 29 <0.01 57 46 48 0.01 55 48 7,304 1.14 4 4South Dakota Pennington 718 40 59 2 <0.01 66 67 6 0.01 54 60 926 1.29 1 51South Dakota Perkins 7,486 38 28 30 <0.01 61 45 81 0.01 51 39 8,808 1.18 2 1South Dakota Stanley 236 37 63 1 <0.01 60 68 13 0.06 30 57 221 0.94 21 65South Dakota Walworth 624 44 59 2 <0.01 64 66 42 0.07 26 49 392 0.63 42 61South Dakota Ziebach 5,105 39 35 17 <0.01 63 53 72 0.01 47 41 5,443 1.07 6 10
88 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

! !

! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

! ! !!!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! !! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

! !

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !! !

! !!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! ! !!

! !!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!! !

!

! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

! !!

! !!!! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!!

! !!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!

!!! !! !

! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!! !!!

!! !! !

!

!!!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

!

!

! !!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !!!! !! ! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !

! !! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!!

! ! !! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !!!!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !! !!!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! !! !

!!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!!

!! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!

!

!

! !! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!!! !!

!!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!!!! !!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !!!!!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !!

! !!! !! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

! !

! !!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !! !!

! !

! !!!! !!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!!

!

! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! !

!!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!! !!

!

! ! !!!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!!!!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!! !!!! !

!

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45°

3

1

5

4

2

4

5

1

3

2

MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken FormationPrairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

EXPLANATION

1 County rank (table C–8)—Number in white box is based on raw values. Number in yellow box is 

based on densities

Figure C–8. Counties with the overall greatest number and density of wells, surface area and density of wetlands, and kilometers and density of streams. Numbers in white and yellow boxes, which correspond to mean ranks from table C–8, are the rankings based on raw values and densities, respectively.
Discussion 89

Table C–9. Surface area and total number of wetlands within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 

1.6 km) around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the Williston Basin.

[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; <, less than]

Wetland

classification

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area,

km2 Number Area,km2 Number Area,km2 Number

Well type—All

Temporary 39 27,499 83 64,911 163 125,641

Seasonal 135 31,128 289 73,120 577 148,743

Semipermanent 115 3,618 218 8,006 416 16,589

Riverine 25 95 40 142 49 235

Lake 187 378 346 799 577 1,537

Total 501 62,718 975 146,978 1,780 292,745

Well type—Confidential

Temporary 1 734 4 2,581 12 8,715

Seasonal 6 1,389 21 4,739 65 15,684

Semipermanent 7 167 18 518 56 1,686

Riverine 0.4 2 3 9 4 12

Lake 16 18 25 41 100 155

Total 30 2,310 70 7,888 238 26,252

Well type—Dry hole

Temporary 27 17,863 74 53,710 158 116,542

Seasonal 95 19,183 246 56,972 543 129,899

Semipermanent 95 2,245 209 6,245 427 14,631

Riverine 33 86 53 131 85 227

Lake 112 295 376 679 880 1,353

Total 363 39,672 958 117,737 2,092 262,652

Well type—Gas

Temporary 0.1 14 0.4 67 1 278

Seasonal 1 43 1 188 4 683

Semipermanent 0.2 10 1 28 4 102

Riverine 7 1 7 1 13 1

Lake 2 2 3 7 11 19

Total 10 70 12 291 33 1,083

Well type—Injection

Temporary 3 1,980 9 6,092 20 16,711

Seasonal 12 2,446 29 6,601 66 16,870

Semipermanent 10 322 24 765 46 1,797

Riverine 8 9 17 16 30 26

Lake 31 39 171 70 317 127

Total 65 4,796 249 13,544 480 35,531
90 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table C–9. Surface area and total number of wetlands within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 

1.6 km) around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the Williston Basin.—

Continued

[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; <, less than]

Wetland

classification

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area,

km2 Number Area,km2 Number Area,km2 Number

Well type—Oil

Temporary 17 10,769 35 23,477 59 47,824

Seasonal 61 12,758 127 27,039 248 57,422

Semipermanent 57 1,496 110 3,031 176 6,116

Riverine 21 27 35 39 40 53

Lake 96 96 329 199 666 466

Total 253 25,146 635 53,785 1,189 111,881

Well type—Stratigraphic test

Temporary <0.1 2 <0.1 6 0.1 25

Seasonal <0.1 8 <0.1 15 0.2 46

Semipermanent 0.2 4 0.3 6 0.4 16

Riverine 0.1 1 0.1 1 7 1

Lake 36 1 37 1 37 3

Total 37 16 37 29 44 91

Well type—Water

Temporary 0.2 141 1 599 2 2,169

Seasonal 1 228 3 796 9 2,611

Semipermanent 2 32 2 83 5 274

Riverine 0.3 2 0.4 3 0.4 4

Lake 2 3 5 10 114 19

Total 5 406 11 1,491 131 5,077

Table C–10. Inventory of streams and piping plover critical habitat within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 

0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the Williston Basin.

[km, kilometer; km2, square kilometer; <, less than; --, no record]

Well type

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

All 1,380 5 3,291 22 7,147 79

Confidential 34 0.1 151 1 546 4

Dry hole 615 3 2,175 12 5,859 50

Gas 337 <0.1 616 0.1 961 2

Injection 68 1 219 4 612 15

Oil 379 1 891 7 1,984 38

Stratigraphic test 2 0.4 4 1 9 2

Water 6 -- 19 -- 66 0.2
Discussion 91

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

! !

! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

! ! !!!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! !! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!!

!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! !

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

! !

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !! !

! !!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! !

! !!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

! !!

!

!!!! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!! ! !!!!!!!!

! !! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!

!!! !! !

! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!! !!!

!! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

!

!

! !!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !!!! !! ! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !

! !! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!!

! ! !! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !!!!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !! !!!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !! !

!!

! !

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! !! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!!

!! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !! !!

! !

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!

!

!

! !! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!!! !!

!!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! !!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !!!!!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !!

! !!! !! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

! !

! !!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

! !!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !! !!

! !

! !!!! !!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!!

!

! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! !

!!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!! !!

!

! ! !!!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !!!! !

!

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45° MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

4

5

1 3

3 1 5 4

2

2

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken FormationPrairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

EXPLANATION

1 County rank (table C–11)—Number in white box is based on surface area of wetlands. Number in yellow box is 

based on length of streams

Figure C–9. Seven counties with the greatest surface area of wetlands (white boxes) and length of streams (yellow boxes) within the 0.4-kilometer buffer(see table C–11) around all wells in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Williston Basin. 
92 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States Table C–11. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) and streams (length) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area; buffer inventories were conducted for all well types together. [km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties; --, no record] State County County area, km2 0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km Montana Blaine 2,360 *-- *-- 86.5 *-- *-- 185.5 *-- *-- 469.4 Montana Daniels 1,331 0.3 49 4.2 0.9 125 19.0 3.0 352 68.7 Montana Hill 45 *-- *-- 1.7 *-- *-- 2.9 *-- *-- 7.8 Montana Liberty 88 *-- *-- 13.2 *-- *-- 42.3 *-- *-- 75.7 Montana Phillips 3,506 *-- *-- 284.9 *-- *-- 539.7 *-- *-- 873.7 Montana Roosevelt 440 1.1 19 8.0 1.2 49 20.0 2.2 165 57.3 Montana Sheridan 4,414 78.7 1,929 114.5 108.8 4,185 362.0 148.0 8,174 872.6 Montana Valley 563 *-- *-- 2.4 *-- *-- 13.0 *-- *-- 48.2 North Dakota Benson 3,434 2.1 279 1.2 6.0 1,027 9.4 18.8 3,656 37.9 North Dakota Bottineau 4,397 92.5 15,507 178.0 157.0 32,681 406.8 233.4 54,902 777.2 North Dakota Burke 2,924 93.5 11,282 203.2 171.6 24,086 437.2 250.1 43,040 719.9 North Dakota Burleigh 1,120 0.7 74 2.2 1.5 290 4.7 10.8 1,034 14.3 North Dakota Divide 3,353 42.4 4,495 29.4 90.4 11,366 101.9 177.7 24,427 251.5 North Dakota Eddy 1,165 1.5 90 0.4 2.6 293 1.7 5.7 894 7.4 North Dakota Emmons 1,698 0.9 60 9.6 6.7 264 45.0 17.3 877 188.6 North Dakota Foster 1,263 4.2 103 2.4 5.8 341 9.8 12.1 1,316 35.1 North Dakota Kidder 3,711 0.2 27 -- 1.2 109 -- 6.6 459 0.5 North Dakota Logan 2,553 3.3 113 8.6 10.3 359 29.2 20.4 1,245 95.8 North Dakota McHenry 4,951 16.7 1,154 17.5 48.8 3,768 55.2 143.1 11,675 180.6 North Dakota McIntosh 1,324 0.0 6 1.5 0.1 30 13.2 0.3 144 40.2 North Dakota McLean 2,298 1.5 99 0.3 3.4 407 4.2 11.7 1,403 11.7 North Dakota Mountrail 2,351 40.0 3,570 80.4 78.3 9,591 184.0 137.5 20,500 396.2 North Dakota Pierce 2,804 10.1 401 3.2 34.1 1,346 8.7 72.4 4,448 36.4 North Dakota Ramsey 549 0.2 66 -- 1.0 205 -- 3.9 752 3.3

North Dakota Renville 2,312 38.1 15,539 112.1 101.6 34,271 234.5 147.5 54,321 408.2
Discussion 93

Table C–11. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) and streams (length) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 10,361 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area; buffer inventories were conducted for all well types together.—Continued[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties; --, no record]

State County

County 

area, 

km2

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area, 

km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km

North Dakota Rolette 2,397 8.8 493 12.6 20.5 1,644 52.8 59.8 6,112 150.3North Dakota Sheridan 2,604 0.7 161 0.8 3.2 458 2.9 13.4 1,554 11.3North Dakota Stutsman 4,511 3.0 151 1.4 7.5 589 6.7 29.9 2,034 35.8North Dakota Towner 1,059 0.4 130 1.1 1.3 560 7.6 4.9 2,005 24.5North Dakota Ward 5,094 28.7 4,683 88.5 64.4 13,648 253.8 158.4 34,916 655.9North Dakota Wells 3,342 3.7 243 2.6 8.0 844 9.5 24.6 3,476 36.6North Dakota Williams 2,142 26.8 1,955 103.9 36.7 4,335 213.8 61.2 8,513 509.4South Dakota Campbell 1,395 0.5 32 3.8 1.1 79 11.6 4.2 258 39.1South Dakota Walworth 272 0.3 8 0.1 0.6 28 2.3 1.2 93 5.8Total 77,770 501 62,718 1,380 975 146,978 3,291 1,780 292,745 7,147
94 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table C–12. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 

0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that 

were drilled prior to 1980.

[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; --, no record]

Wetland

classification

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area,

km2 Number Area,km2 Number Area,km2 Number

Well type—All

Temporary 25 16,506 56 41,880 123 91,884

Seasonal 81 18,551 180 45,313 403 102,015

Semipermanent 73 2,201 146 5,097 297 11,548

Riverine 22 79 36 110 51 181

Lake 83 246 187 510 413 1,177

Total 285 37,583 605 92,910 1,288 206,805

Well type—Confidential

Temporary -- -- 0.01 8 0.02 21

Seasonal -- -- 0.02 1 0.1 8

Semipermanent -- -- -- -- 0.1 2

Riverine -- -- -- -- -- --

Lake -- -- -- -- -- --

Total -- -- 0.02 9 0.2 31

Well type—Dry hole

Temporary 18 11,367 53 36,859 122 89,452

Seasonal 61 12,218 165 38,988 403 98,403

Semipermanent 65 1,460 149 4,350 313 11,093

Riverine 23 74 47 106 70 178

Lake 74 208 265 466 520 1,152

Total 241 25,327 680 80,769 1,428 200,278

Well type—Gas

Temporary 0.1 3 0.3 23 0.4 68

Seasonal 0.2 18 0.4 79 1 259

Semipermanent 0.01 1 0.2 9 0.5 33

Riverine 7 1 7 1 13 1

Lake 2 1 1 2 8 8

Total 9 24 9 114 23 369

Well type—Injection

Temporary 2 1,117 5 3,345 11 8,901

Seasonal 7 1,431 17 3,905 38 9,804

Semipermanent 5 175 14 448 29 1,073

Riverine 7 5 15 12 22 22

Lake 10 25 108 46 121 80

Total 31 2,753 159 7,756 220 19,880
Discussion 95

Table C–12. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 

0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that 

were drilled prior to 1980.—Continued

[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; --, no record]

Wetland

classification

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area,

km2 Number Area,km2 Number Area,km2 Number

Well type—Oil

Temporary 9 5,656 19 11,737 30 24,501

Seasonal 29 6,689 55 12,616 97 24,742

Semipermanent 32 797 58 1,448 74 2,724

Riverine 4 17 28 27 29 38

Lake 48 50 172 90 283 156

Total 122 13,209 333 25,918 514 52,161

Well type—Water

Temporary 0.1 91 0.4 386 1 1,409

Seasonal 0.5 128 2 483 6 1,611

Semipermanent 1 17 2 55 3 191

Riverine 0.1 1 0.2 2 0.1 2

Lake 2 3 2 9 13 17

Total 3 240 6 935 23 3,230

Table C–13. Inventory of streams and piping plover critical habitat within each radial buffer 

(0.4 km, 0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study 

area that were drilled prior to 1980.

[km, kilometer; km2, square kilometer; <, less than; --, no record]

Well type

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

Stream 

length,

km

Critical 

habitat,

km2

All 736 2 2,091 10 5,002 38

Confidential -- -- -- -- 3 --

Dry hole 411 1 1,500 6 4,353 33

Gas 110 <0.01 375 0.1 665 2

Injection 46 0.3 139 2 386 4

Oil 222 1 444 3 919 14

Water 3 -- 10 -- 34 0.2
96 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

! !

! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

! ! !!!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! !! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

! !

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !! !

! !!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! ! !!

! !!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!! !

!

! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

! !!

! !!!! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!!

! !!!!!!!! ! !! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!

!!! !! !

! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!! !!!

!! !! !

!

!!!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

!

!

! !!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !!!! !! ! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !

! !! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!!

! ! !! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !!!!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !! !!!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! !! !

!!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!!

!! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!

!

!

! !! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!!! !!

!!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!!!! !!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !!!!!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !!

! !!! !! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

! !

! !!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !! !!

! !

! !!!! !!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!!

!

! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! !

!!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!! !!

!

! ! !!!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!!!!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!! !!!! !

!

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45° MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken FormationPrairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

EXPLANATION

1 County rank (table C–14)—Number in white box is based on surface area of wetlands. Number in yellow box is 

based on length of streams

4

5

1

3

3 1

5

4

2

2

Figure C–10. Seven counties with the greatest surface area of wetlands (white boxes) and length of streams (yellow boxes) within the 0.4-kilometer buffer (see table C–14) around all wells in the Prairie Pothole Region of the Williston Basin that were drilled prior to 1980.
Discussion 97

Table C–14. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) and streams (length) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that were drilled prior to 1980; buffer analyses were conducted for all well types together.[km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties; --, no record]

State County

County 

area, 

km2

0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer

Area, 

km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km

Montana Blaine 2,360 *-- *-- 29.1 *-- *-- 106.3 *-- *-- 351.2Montana Daniels 1,331 0.3 38 2.7 0.9 91 15.6 1.6 270 48.7Montana Hill 45 *-- *-- 1.7 *-- *-- 2.9 *-- *-- 7.8Montana Liberty 88 *-- *-- 11.9 *-- *-- 40.8 *-- *-- 74.8Montana Phillips 3,506 *-- *-- 111.1 *-- *-- 379.3 *-- *-- 703.1Montana Roosevelt 440 0.0 6 1.7 0.0 26 6.6 1.3 94 22.7Montana Sheridan 4,414 29.2 1,208 45.9 48.0 2,783 168.8 130.7 6,273 515.1Montana Valley 563 *-- *-- 1.3 *-- *-- 7.9 *-- *-- 24.1North Dakota Benson 3,434 2.1 279 1.2 6.0 1,027 9.4 18.8 3,656 37.9North Dakota Bottineau 4,397 76.1 11,253 113.3 137.7 26,130 302.1 212.5 48,963 686.9North Dakota Burke 2,924 60.1 6,305 134.6 100.8 13,806 301.0 171.2 28,788 549.6North Dakota Burleigh 1,120 0.7 74 2.2 1.5 290 4.7 10.8 1,034 14.3North Dakota Divide 3,353 12.0 1,369 13.0 31.5 3,514 34.5 80.2 9,116 101.5North Dakota Eddy 1,165 1.5 90 0.4 2.6 293 1.7 5.7 894 7.4North Dakota Emmons 1,698 0.4 36 7.0 6.0 166 34.7 9.4 527 142.7North Dakota Foster 1,263 4.2 103 2.4 5.8 341 9.8 12.1 1,316 35.1North Dakota Kidder 3,711 0.2 27 -- 1.2 109 -- 6.6 459 0.5North Dakota Logan 2,553 3.3 113 8.6 10.3 359 29.2 20.4 1,245 95.8North Dakota McHenry 4,951 13.2 850 13.6 40.9 2,929 37.8 127.5 9,566 127.7North Dakota McIntosh 1,324 0.0 6 1.5 0.1 30 13.2 0.3 144 40.2North Dakota McLean 2,298 0.4 62 0.3 1.5 289 4.2 7.4 976 11.5North Dakota Mountrail 2,351 7.7 870 29.5 16.1 2,193 58.8 35.7 6,209 126.5North Dakota Pierce 2,804 9.7 354 3.2 32.5 1,169 8.7 66.1 3,969 33.8North Dakota Ramsey 549 0.2 66 -- 1.0 205 -- 3.9 752 3.3North Dakota Renville 2,312 25.0 10,066 79.0 77.6 23,990 178.9 124.3 43,989 339.9North Dakota Rolette 2,397 6.7 307 9.1 15.5 1,076 38.5 46.0 4,361 114.7North Dakota Sheridan 2,604 0.4 93 -- 2.3 287 0.4 9.3 1,083 2.9North Dakota Stutsman 4,511 2.7 117 1.0 6.7 490 5.2 35.0 1,801 31.6
98 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States Table C–14. Inventory of wetlands (surface area and number) and streams (length) within each radial buffer (0.4 km, 0.8 km, 1.6 km) around the 5,446 wells in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area that were drilled prior to 1980; buffer analyses were conducted for all well types together.—Continued [km, kilometers; km2, square kilometer; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties; --, no record] State County County area, km2 0.4-km buffer 0.8-km buffer 1.6-km buffer Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km Area, km2 Number Streams, km North Dakota Towner 1,059 0.4 130 1.1 1.3 560 7.6 4.9 2,005 24.5 North Dakota Ward 5,094 17.8 2,462 49.5 37.4 7,790 154.0 86.9 21,999 422.0 North Dakota Wells 3,342 1.8 183 2.6 5.5 623 8.2 18.3 2,459 30.7 North Dakota Williams 2,142 8.0 1,076 53.4 12.7 2,237 106.0 34.9 4,506 228.8 South Dakota Campbell 1,395 0.5 32 3.8 1.1 79 11.6 4.2 258 39.1 South Dakota Walworth 272 0.3 8 0.1 0.6 28 2.3 1.2 93 6 Total 77,770 285 37,583 736 605 92,910 2,091 1,288 206,805 5,002
Discussion 99

Table C–15. Inventory of wells, wetlands, and streams within radial buffers (including parcel) around U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area.[USFWS, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; km2, square kilometer; km, kilometer; --, no record; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties]

State County

USFWS 

lands,

km2

Number of wells Area of wetlands, km2 Stream length, km Buffer area, km2

0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km

Montana Blaine 3 -- -- -- *-- *-- *-- 8 11 18 7 12 25Montana Daniels 4 -- -- -- 33 35 45 6 8 16 12 21 44Montana Phillips 7 -- 1 1 *-- *-- *-- -- -- -- 15 25 45Montana Roosevelt 7 -- -- -- 296 308 367 13 17 31 11 15 24Montana Sheridan 163 90 180 321 4,190 4,353 4,484 107 134 199 289 424 695North Dakota Benson 40 -- -- 2 758 893 2,062 23 44 101 153 311 727North Dakota Bottineau 98 92 155 298 8,799 10,119 10,350 113 137 192 179 269 486North Dakota Burke 153 34 56 106 495 514 696 76 99 149 236 323 519North Dakota Burleigh 57 -- 1 4 1,310 1,497 1,708 29 50 96 125 206 371North Dakota Divide 47 46 81 155 348 409 511 15 27 52 177 350 776North Dakota Eddy 7 -- -- 1 148 188 243 5 11 28 31 66 162North Dakota Emmons 6 -- -- 1 70 106 169 6 12 29 18 33 73North Dakota Foster 4 -- -- 1 50 73 136 5 8 22 15 32 82North Dakota Kidder 76 -- -- -- 3,143 4,108 6,489 29 45 74 177 311 648North Dakota LaMoure 6 -- -- -- 18 24 47 8 14 34 23 49 124North Dakota Logan 48 -- -- 2 304 407 693 29 48 117 148 274 579North Dakota McHenry 174 1 2 9 34,455 35,676 36,415 124 159 237 282 415 765North Dakota McIntosh 19 -- -- -- 149 198 302 23 38 69 56 101 193North Dakota McLean 94 -- -- 1 1,846 1,982 2,535 58 85 136 200 324 607North Dakota Mountrail 61 9 27 72 295 404 626 32 56 116 165 298 614North Dakota Pierce 52 2 5 14 876 1,272 1,798 49 73 143 176 340 762North Dakota Ramsey 35 -- -- -- 1,752 2,022 2,534 11 19 34 65 90 139North Dakota Renville 103 35 62 132 4,583 4,596 4,659 127 146 177 163 219 332North Dakota Rolette 25 1 4 12 203 252 356 27 51 105 91 172 364North Dakota Sheridan 50 -- 1 1 227 293 439 15 28 57 147 268 589North Dakota Stutsman 194 1 1 7 1,049 1,182 1,463 93 133 259 440 724 1,358North Dakota Towner 17 -- -- 1 45 75 199 41 58 96 43 72 151North Dakota Ward 91 2 6 31 999 1,038 1,255 99 126 184 199 328 653
100 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States Table C–15. Inventory of wells, wetlands, and streams within radial buffers (including parcel) around U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands in the Prairie Pothole Region portion of the study area.—Continued [USFWS, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; km2, square kilometer; km, kilometer; --, no record; *, The HAPET NWI database did not include these counties] State County USFWS lands, km2 Number of wells Area of wetlands, km2 Stream length, km Buffer area, km2 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km 0.4-km 0.8-km 1.6-km North Dakota Wells 43 1 2 7 204 254 344 11 19 41 130 236 487 North Dakota Williams 30 9 20 54 453 480 543 30 43 91 68 114 231 South Dakota Campbell 3 -- -- -- 14 22 36 1 3 8 15 34 91 Total 1,716 323 604 1,233 67,110 72,779 81,505 1,215 1,702 2,913 3,853 6,454 12,718
Discussion 101

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

! !

! !

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

! ! !!!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!! ! !

!!! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !!!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! !! !! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!!! !! !! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !! !! ! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!!!!

!

! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! !! !

!

!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !! !! !!!!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! !! !! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!! !! !! ! ! !!! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!!! !! !!! !!!!! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!!!! ! ! ! !

! !

! !!!!!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !!!! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! !! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!!

!! ! !! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! !!!!!! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! !! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!! ! ! !! !!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !!!! !! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! !

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !!!! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!

! !!!!!!

! ! ! !! ! !! !!! ! !!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !!!!!

!

! !!!!!!! ! !!! ! !!!!!

!

!!! !!! ! !!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !! !! !!! ! ! !! !!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

! ! !!! !!!! !!

!

! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!! ! !! !!!!! ! !!!!!!!!! ! !!!!!!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!! !! !!!!! ! ! !! ! !!! !!!!

!

! !!!! ! !!

!

! !!!

! !

!!!!! !! !! ! ! !!!!! !!! !!!

!

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !!!

!!

!! !! ! ! !!!!! !! ! ! !! !!!!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!! !!! !! !

! !!!!!! ! !!!!! !!!!! !!! !! !!!!!!!!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!!!! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !!!!! !

!

!!!!! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! !!!! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! !!! !! !!!! !!! !!!! ! !! ! !!!! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !!!! !!!!!!!!!!!! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !!!!!! !!!!

!

! !! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

!

!!!!!! !! ! ! !! !! !!!!!! ! !

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !!! !! ! !! ! !!!! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! !! !!

!

! !!

!!

! !!! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!

!

! !!! !! !!! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!! !

!

! !! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! !!!!!!!! ! !! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !!!

!

!

!

! !! !!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! !

!

!!!

!

!! !! ! !!!!!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!!! ! !

!

! !!!!

! !! !

!!!! !! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!!!

! !!!!!!!!

! !! !!!!!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!!! !!! ! !

! ! !!!!!

!

!!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!!!

!!! !! !

! ! ! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!!! ! !! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

!! !!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !! !

!

!!!!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!! !!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! ! !!!

!!! !

!!!

!!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! ! !!! !

!

!! !!!

!! !! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!

! ! !!!

!

!

! !!! !!!!!!! ! ! !!!!!!!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!!!! ! !!!

!!

!!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! ! ! !!!!!!!! !! !!! ! !!! !!! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!!!!!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!!!! !!!! ! !

!! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !!!!!! ! ! !!

!

! !!!!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !!!! !! ! !! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

! ! !

! !! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! !!!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !! !

!!

! ! !! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! !!! !

!

! !! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !!

! ! ! !

!!

! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !!!!!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !! !!!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !! !

!!

! !

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! !

!

!! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!! ! !!

! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! ! !! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !!! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

! ! ! !! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! !! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!!!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! !

! !

!

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! !

!! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !!

!!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! !

!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!

!! ! ! !! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !! !

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

! !!!!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!! ! !! !

! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

! !! ! !!!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! !!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!! ! !! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! !! ! ! !

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !! !!

! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !!! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !! !!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!!!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !!! ! ! !

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!! ! !

! ! !!! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!! ! !! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!!! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !

!! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !

! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !!! ! !

! ! !

!!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!

!

!

! !! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!

! ! !!

! ! !

!

! !! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !!! ! ! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !!!! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! ! !! !! !

!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !!! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! !!! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

!! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !! !

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !!! !!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! ! !!!!

!

!! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! !! ! ! !! !!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!! !

!! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! ! !! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

!!! !!

!!!

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! !

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! !

!! !

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!! !

!

!

! !!!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!! ! !

!!!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! !!! ! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !! ! !! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!!! !! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !! !

! !

! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!!

! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!!!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !! ! !!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

! ! !

! ! !!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! !!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!!

!

! ! !! !

!

!! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !! !! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !! !! ! !

!

! ! !

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! !!! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! !!

! ! !!! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !!!!! !! !! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!!

! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! !

!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! !!!!!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !!

! !!! !! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !! ! !!!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !!

!

! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!! ! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!!!! !!!!

!

!

! !!!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! !!!!!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!!!!! !

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!!!!!!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!!!!!!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!!! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!!!! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

! ! !

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !! !! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!!!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!! !

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

! !

! !!!!!! ! !!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!!

! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!!!! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !!! !!! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!!!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!!!

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!!!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

! !! !!

! !

! !!!! !!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !!!!!!! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!!! ! !!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!!! !!! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !!! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!! !! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !!! !

!

!!!

!

! !! !!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

! !!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !!! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! !

!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! ! !

! ! !! !! !!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !!! !

!!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!! ! ! ! !!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! !! ! !! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!!! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

! ! !

!!! !

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!!!! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!!

!!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!! ! !!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !!! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !! !

!

! !

! !

! !

! !!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! !

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !!! !!

!

! ! !!!!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!!!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !! !!!

!

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

!

!!

! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !! !! !! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! !! !

!

! !

!

!!!

! !!

!

! ! !

!! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!! !

!

!!

!! !

! !

! ! ! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!!! ! !! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!

!! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !!!!!

!

! !

!

!!!!!!!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !!! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!!! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!! ! !

! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! ! !!

!

! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!! !

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!! ! ! ! !

! ! ! !! ! !!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!!!!

! ! ! ! !!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

! !

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!!! !

!

!! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!!

!

! !! !

! !

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !! !

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !!!!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! !!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!!!!!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!!!!!

!

!

!

! !!! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

! !!

! !

!

! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

! !

!!!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

!!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

!!

!

! !

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!!! !!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! ! !! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!! !

!!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

! ! !!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! ! !!! ! !

!

!!! ! !

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!! !! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!!

!

!!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !! !

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !! !

!! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!! ! ! !!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!!! ! !! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

! !

! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!! !!!! !

!

!

!!

!

! !! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! !

!! !!

! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !!

!

!!! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!!

!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!!! ! ! !! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!! !

!

!!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

!

!!! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!!

!! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

! !! !

!

!

!!!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!! !

!

! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !!

!

!

! !! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !! !! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !!!

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

! !!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!! !! !

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!!! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !!!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !! !! ! !!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!! !!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!! ! !!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!! !

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! ! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !! ! ! !

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! !!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !!! !

! ! !

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !!

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!!! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!! !

!

!!! ! ! !

!

! !! !

!

! ! !

!!

!

! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

!!!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

! ! ! !!

!

!

!!

! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

!!

! !

! ! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!!!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! !

! !! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

!

!

!! ! ! !

!

! !

!

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

! !! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! !!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

! ! !! !! !

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !! ! !! !

!

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! !!

!

! ! !! ! !

!

!

!

!! ! !

!

!! ! !!

!

!

! !

!!

!

!!

!

! !

!

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!!! ! ! !

! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

!!!!!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

!

!!!

!!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

! ! ! !

! ! !

! !

!

!

!

! !!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

! !

! !

!

! ! ! ! !

! !

! ! ! ! !!

!!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

!

!!!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

!!

!

! ! ! ! !

! !!

!

! ! !

!

!!

!

! ! !

!

! ! !

! !!

!

!

!

!

!

! !! ! ! !

! !

!!

!

!

! !

!!

! !

!

!

!!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !! ! !

! ! !

!

!

! ! !

!

! !

! !

!

!! !

!!! !

! ! ! ! !

!

! !

! ! !

! !

! !

!

! ! !

!

! ! ! ! !!

!

!

! ! !

! ! !

!

!

!

! !!!! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !! !

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! !

!!

!!

!

!

!

!!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! !!

!! !

! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! !

!

!!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

! !

!

! ! !

!

!!

!!!!

! !

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

!

! ! ! !

! ! ! ! !! ! !!! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! !!!! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !!! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!

! ! ! !! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! ! !!! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!! ! ! ! !! !! ! !! ! ! !! !! ! ! ! ! !!!!

100° 105° 110°

48°45° MONTANA

WYOMING

NORTH

DAKOTA

SOUTH

DAKOTA

Base modified from the Montana Board of Oil and Gas,North Dakota Oil and Gas Division, South DakotaDepartment of Enviornmental and Natural Resources,and the National AtlasWell data current as of February 2011

CANADA

UNITEDSTATES

4 5 1 3

2

! Wells

Williston Basin

Bakken FormationPrairie Pothole Region

Study area (counties)

0 90 MILES 450 90 KILOMETERS 45

EXPLANATION

1 County rank (table C–15)—Number in white box is based on number of wells, surface area of wetlands, and 

length of streams

Figure C–11. Five counties in the Prairie Pothole Region of the study area with the greatest number of wells, surface area of wetlands, and kilometers of streams on, or adjacent to, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service lands.
102 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

An overall depiction of the Williston Basin identified the 

parts of western North Dakota and northeastern Montana as 

having the overall greatest extent of wells (fig. C–2). Drilling 

began in the region around 1900, but a majority of the more 

than 31,000 wells (tables C–2, C–3) were drilled after 1950 

(figs. C–3, C–4). Peak production periods are related to factors 

such as the price of oil and advancement of modern drilling 

technologies of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Most of the recent activity has taken place in western 

North Dakota and is associated with horizontal drilling that 

targets oil from the Bakken and Three Forks Formations. Of 

the nearly 3,000 wells drilled in the study area from 2008 to 

2011, nearly 70 percent were classified as oil producing and 

more than 90 percent of these oil wells were drilled in North 

Dakota. The recent upward trend in activity (fig. C–3) is predicted to continue as technology and oil prices have made it 

economically viable to obtain oil from vast reserves associated 

with the Bakken and other deep geologic formations (Gaswirth 

and others, 2013). In fact, State and industry officials from 

North Dakota predict that up to 2,000 wells per year could be 

drilled in the State for the foreseeable future.

Various spatial evaluations were performed with the 

purpose of identifying counties with the greatest likelihood of 

containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources. Within the 

overall U.S. part of the Williston Basin, counties located in 

the core area of oil- and gas-related activities in western North 

Dakota (fig. C–2) were distinguished on the basis of total 

number and density of wells, surface area and density of wetlands, and length and density of streams; however, Phillips and 

Valley Counties, two of the larger counties in the western PPR 

of Montana, also were singled out when only total number was 

considered, and the relatively small Bowman County in southwestern North Dakota was singled out based on mean density 

of wells, wetlands, and streams (table C–8, fig. C–8). Evaluation of counties in this manner provides a general spatial characterization of a large region while simultaneously considering 

multiple variables (wells, wetlands, streams). This approach, 

however, does not consider the distribution of wells and 

aquatic resources and may not always be the most appropriate 

for assessing the potential for contamination. For example, the 

five counties identified in figure C–8 all ranked relatively high 

for wells and had intermediate ranks for wetlands and streams 

(table C–8); thus, counties containing high numbers of wells 

do not necessarily contain a high density of aquatic resources, 

and the likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic 

resources may not be strongly related to mean ranks such as 

those presented in table C–8.

Therefore, a proximity analysis was performed to identify 

not only areas containing relatively high amounts of wells and 

aquatic resources but also areas with the most resources proximate to wells. Results of the PPR proximity analysis indicated 

that there are considerable aquatic resources proximate to 

wells that may be affected by brines because of subsurface 

migration from reserve pits or various types of surface spills. 

In fact, over 500 km2 of wetlands, 1,300 km of streams, and 5 

km2 of critical habitat were identified within a 0.4-km buffer 

of the 10,361 wells in the PPR. These numbers rose considerably as the buffer distances expanded to 1.6 km, with the area 

of wetlands and length of streams increasing approximately 

4 to 5 times, and area critical habitat increased by roughly 16 

times (tables C–9, C–10). Similar to the regional characterization, counties were described based only on wetlands and 

streams within 0.4 km of wells to identify the counties in the 

PPR with the greatest likelihood of containing brine-affected 

aquatic systems (table C–11, fig. C–9). The counties in northwestern North Dakota and northeastern Montana with the 

greatest part of their land area within the PPR ranked highest 

for aquatic resources adjacent to wells.

To identify areas associated with the older, unlined 

reserve pits, a proximity analysis was performed using only 

wells drilled prior to 1980. Slightly more than one-half of the 

wells in the PPR were drilled prior to 1980, but the amount 

of aquatic resources proximate to wells was still considerable with nearly 300 km2

 of wetlands, more than 700 km of 

streams, and 2 km2 of critical habitat within the 0.4-km buffer. Upward trends in the amount of aquatic resources from 

the 0.4-km buffer to the 1.6-km buffer were consistent with 

the analysis of all wells. The area of wetlands and length of 

streams increased approximately 5 to 7 times, and the critical 

habitat increased by 19 times (tables C–12, C–13). County 

ranks based on aquatic resources within the 0.4-km buffer 

around the pre-1980 wells (table C–14) were also similar to 

those for all wells, although distribution of the high-ranking 

counties shifted slightly (figs. C–9, C–10).

The USFWS administers more than 1,700 km2 of land in 

the PPR part of the study area. Much of these lands consist of 

NWRs and WPAs that include a great number and variety of 

wetland types. Pothole wetlands have the greatest ecological 

value when they exist as complexes consisting of a variety of 

habitat types such as multiple wetland classes nested within 

grasslands. Thus, the composition and ecological condition of 

the lands surrounding these refuges and production areas can 

play an important role in the relative quality of the habitats. 

Therefore, areas with the greatest potential for a reduction in 

the value of ecosystem services provided by these lands were 

identified by calculating the number of wells and amount of 

aquatic resources on or near lands managed by the USFWS 

(table C–15, fig. C–11). This assessment indicated that there 

was a substantial amount of aquatic resources associated 

with USFWS lands (table C–15), and there was considerable 

potential for brine contamination from nearby oil and gas 

production activity. In fact, there were more than 300 wells 

within the 0.4-km buffer around USFWS lands and more than 

1,200 wells within the 1.6-km buffer (table C–15). This spatial 

characterization identified the counties with high well densities in the northernmost parts of the PPR of the study area as 

having the greatest potential for containing affected aquatic 

resources on USFWS lands (fig. C–11). Further, a large number of wetland and grassland easements were located in the 

vicinity of oil and gas wells in these counties. Although these 

are privately owned lands, the USFWS provided financial 

compensation in exchange for conservation benefits associated 
Discussion 103

with limiting agricultural disturbance (for example, draining, filling, burning) to these habitats. This simple proximity analysis suggests that there is potential for a reduction in 

the ecological integrity of these sites beyond those expected 

because of agricultural disturbances.

The regional spatial assessment and PPR proximity 

analyses identified areas with a greater likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic resources on the basis of their 

spatial relation to oil and gas wells. These assessments are 

based on the assumption that there is high likelihood brines 

will migrate from a point source to wetlands, streams, and 

groundwater. This belief is supported by studies demonstrating 

brine contamination and migration (Reiten, 1991; Reiten and 

Tischmak, 1993; Thamke and Craigg, 1997), and the findings of this study that the majority of the region’s wells were 

associated with soils considered well-drained or excessively 

drained (table C–6). Although the soil drainage class does not 

specifically describe permeability, it is a suitable surrogate that 

allows for determination of a relative rate that water typically 

moves through a given soil. The soil drainage classes associated with approximately 95 percent of wells indicate that the 

physical properties of the soils are conducive to the migration 

of brines if there was a spill or leak and the hydraulic gradient 

was sufficient (table C–6). The rate of movement, however, is 

highly variable and governed by several factors including soil 

porosity, precipitation, and hydraulic conductivity.

Data Limitations

Assessments evaluating potential for brine contamination to aquatic resources in the Williston Basin ideally would 

include locations of buried reserve pits, likely groundwater 

flow paths, site-specific geologic data, and information pertaining to the probability and locations of brine leaks or spills. 

At this time, data pertaining to the location or status of active 

or abandoned reserve or evaporation pits do not exist because 

detailed records concerning these features are not maintained 

by State regulatory agencies. Further, funds were unavailable 

to purchase regional elevation data with sufficient resolution 

to relate elevations of wells and aquatic resources and estimate 

potential groundwater flow paths in the low-relief landscape. 

Lastly, it was difficult to determine site-level geology (for 

example, glacial till or outwash) using the existing coarse 

spatial data. The addition of high-resolution databases would 

allow for refinement of the analyses, downscaling to the individual site level, and for exploration of a decision-support tool 

for use in placing wells where they will have the least potential to affect aquatic resources.

Ecological Significance of Brine Contamination

The focus, thus far, has been on identifying areas with a 

greater likelihood of containing brine-contaminated aquatic 

resources, but the underlying question is “What are the effects 

of brine contamination to the biotic communities associated 

with these systems?” The primary goals of this overall project 

were to spatially describe the relations between oil and gas 

production activities and aquatic resources and to characterize 

brine migration and contamination at specific sites; therefore, 

direct effects of brines to aquatic ecosystems and biotic communities were not specifically assessed. Nonetheless, there is 

a significant amount of scientific literature describing relations between biotic communities and salinity (Stewart and 

Kantrud, 1972; Swanson and others, 1984; Hammer and others, 1990; Wollheim and Lovvorn, 1995; Baskin and Baskin, 

1998; Gleason and others, 2009). Additions of highly saline 

brines can raise salinity levels as well as alter the composition 

of salts, and both of these factors have been shown to affect 

biota (Swanson and others, 1984; Mitcham and Wobeser, 

1988; Zalizniak and others, 2006). Baskin and Baskin (1998) 

showed that concentrations of sodium chloride ranging from 

about 3,000 to 100,000 mg/L reduced germination success of 

many salt tolerant plants to about 10 percent. Further, salinity 

has been related to plant and invertebrate community composition (Stewart and Kantrud, 1972; Hammer and Heseltine, 

1988; Hammer and others, 1990; Gleason and others, 2009), 

and saline waters have been shown to cause mortality and 

affect growth and development of ducklings (Swanson and 

others, 1984; Mitcham and Wobeser, 1988; Moorman and 

others, 1991; DeVink and others, 2005). In addition, high 

concentrations of sodium, which is characteristic of Williston 

Basin brines, can affect soil structure. However, the effects of 

brine contamination to individual biotic communities would 

be highly variable depending on factors such as the relative 

amount of brine introduced to the system, background salt 

concentration in the system, the composition of the biota, and 

the relation between the wetland and groundwater.

Future Research

Numerous scientific investigations, including chapter B of this report, have established that produced brines 

have contaminated soils, surface waters, and groundwater in 

the Williston Basin (Lang and Doll, 1983; Beal and others, 

1987; Murphy and others, 1988; Payne and Reiten, 1991; 

Reiten and Tischmak, 1993, Thamke and Craigg, 1997). This 

chapter identifies areas with a greater likelihood of containing 

brine-contaminated aquatic systems by describing the spatial 

relations among wells, wetlands, and streams. Nonetheless, 

significant information gaps remain. These gaps include: 

characterization of the chemistry of surface waters to define 

natural levels or current baselines, evaluations of the regional 

extent and magnitude of contamination, effect of brines to 

biotic communities, and assessments of mitigation techniques. 

Requirements for spatial data include regional high-resolution 

elevation and geologic layers and reserve or evaporation pit 

locations. Information pertaining to the characteristics and the 

extent of spills also would be valuable.
104 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

References

Baskin, C.C., and Baskin, J.M., 1998, Seeds—Ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination: San 

Diego, Calif., Academic Press, 666 p.

Beal, W.A., Murphy, E.C., and Kehew, A.E., 1987, Migration of contaminants from buried oil-and-gas drilling fluids 

within the glacial sediments of north-central North Dakota: 

North Dakota Geological Survey, Report of Investigation 

No. 86, 43 p.

DeVink, J-M.A., Gilchrist, H.G., and Diamond, A.W., 2005, 

Effects of water salinity on growth and survival of common 

eider (Somateria mollissima) duckings: The Auk, v. 122, p. 

523–529.

Gaswirth, S.B., Marra, K.R., Cook, T.A, Charpentier, R.R., 

Gautier, D.L., Higley, D.K., Klett, T.R., Lewan, M.D., 

Lillis, P.G., Schenk, C.J., Tennyson, M.E., and Whidden, 

K.J., 2013, Assessment of undiscovered oil resources in 

the Bakken and Three Forks Formations, Williston Basin 

Province, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 2013: 

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2013–3013, 4 p. (Also 

available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3013/.)

Gleason, R.A., Tangen, B.A., Laubhan, M.K., Finocchiaro, 

R.G., and Stamm, J.F., 2009, Literature review and database 

of relations between salinity and aquatic biota—Applications to Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, Montana: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2009–

5098, 76 p.

Hammer, U.T., and Heseltine, J.M., 1988, Aquatic macrophytes in saline lakes of the Canadian prairies: Hydrobiologia, v. 158, p. 101–116.

Hammer, U.T., Sheard, J.S., and Kranabetter, J., 1990, Distribution and abundance of littoral benthic fauna in Canadian 

prairie saline lakes: Hydrobiologia, v. 197, p. 173–192.

Lang, K.J., and Doll, E.C., 1983, Salt distribution around a 

buried brine disposal pit: North Dakota State University, 

Land Reclamation Research Center, Technical Report No. 

1, 10 p.

Mitcham, S.A., and Wobeser, G., 1988, Effects of sodium and 

magnesium sulfate in drinking water on mallard ducklings: 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 24, p. 30–44.

Moorman, A.M., Moorman, T.E., Baldassarre, G.A., and 

Richard, D.M., 1991, Effects of saline water on growth and 

survival of mottled duck ducklings in Louisiana: Journal of 

Wildlife Management, v. 55, p. 471–476.

Murphy, E.C., Kehew, A.E., Groenewold, G.H., and Beal, 

W.A., 1988, Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine 

pond site in North Dakota: Ground Water, v. 26, p. 31–38.

North Dakota Industrial Commission, 2011, North Dakota 

drilling and production statistics: Department of Mineral 

Resources, Oil and Gas Division, accessed March 1, 2011, 

at https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/statisticsvw.asp.

Openshaw, S., 1984, The modifiable areal unit problem, 

concepts and techniques in modern geography 38: Norwich, 

England, Geo Books, 41 p.

Payne, S.M., and Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field 

wastes on soil and ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part III—Hydrogeologic conditions and ground water 

quality at an oil well reserve pit, Richland County, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File 

Report 237–C, 120 p.

Reiten, J.C., 1991, Impacts of oil field wastes on soil and 

ground water in Richland County, Montana, Part II—Contaminant movement below oil field drilling mud disposal 

pits, Fairview, Montana: Montana Bureau of Mines and 

Geology, Open-File Report 237–B, 115 p. 

Reiten, J.C., and Tischmak, T., 1993, Appraisal of oil field 

brine contamination in shallow ground water and surface 

water, eastern Sheridan County, Montana: Billings, Mont., 

Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology Open-File 260, 296 

p., 2 sheets.

Soller, D.R., and Packard, P.H., 1998, Digital representation of 

a map showing the thickness and character of Quarternary 

sediments in the glaciated Untied States east of the Rocky 

Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 38.

Stewart, R.E., and Kantrud, H.A., 1972, Vegetation of prairie 

potholes, North Dakota, in relation to quality of water and 

other environmental factors: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 585–D, 36 p.

Stoeser, D.B., Green, G.N., Morath, L.C., Heran, W.D., Wilson, A.B., Moore, D.W., and Van Gosen, B.S., 2007, Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United 

States: Central States: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New 

Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, 

Oklahoma, Texas, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana: 

U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1351.

Swanson, G.A., Adomaitis, V.A., Lee, F.B., Serie, J.R., and 

Shoesmith, J.A., 1984, Limnological conditions influencing 

duckling use of saline lakes in south-central North Dakota: 

Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 48, p. 340–349.

Thamke, J.N., and Craigg, S.D., 1997, Saline-water contamination in Quaternary deposits and the Poplar River, East 

Poplar oil field, northeastern Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97–4000, 37 p.
References 105

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2010, Description of Soil 

Survey Geographis (SSURGO) database: Natural Resources 

Conservation Service, assessed October 1, 2010, at http://

www.soils.usda.gov/survey/geography/ssurgo/description.

html.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010, National Wetlands 

Inventory: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, assessed May 1, 

2010, at http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2009, National hydrography dataset: 

U.S. Geological Survey, assessed November 1, 2009, at 

http://nhd.usgs.gov/.

Veil, J.A., Puder, M.G., Elcock, D., Redweik, R.J., Jr., 2004, A 

white paper describing produced water from production of 

crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane: Prepared for 

the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory by Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, 

Ill., 79 p.

Wanty, R.B., 1997, USGS research on saline waters co-produced with energy resources: U.S. Geological Survey Fact 

Sheet 003–97, 3 p.

Wollheim, W.M., and Lovvorn, J.R., 1995, Salinity effects on 

macroinvertebrate assemblages and waterbird food webs in 

shallow lakes of the Wyoming High Plains: Hydrobiologia, 

v. 310, p. 207–223.

Zalizniak, L., Kefford, B.J., and Nugegoda, D., 2006, Is all 

salinity the same? I. The effect of ionic compositions on the 

salinity tolerance of five species of freshwater invertebrates: 

Marine and Freshwater Research, v. 57, p. 75–82.

Appendix 
108 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

Montana Dry hole–abandoned Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–abandoned–unapproved Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–completed Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–plugged and abandoned–approved Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–temporarily abandoned Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–unknown Dry hole

Montana Dry hole–water well, released Dry hole

Montana Coalbed methane–plugged and abandoned–approved Gas

Montana Coalbed methane–producing Gas

Montana Coalbed methane–shut-in Gas

Montana Coalbed methane–spudded Gas

Montana Gas–abandoned Gas

Montana Gas–abandoned–unapproved Gas

Montana Gas–completed Gas

Montana Gas–domestic Gas

Montana Gas–plugged and abandoned–approved Gas

Montana Gas–producing Gas

Montana Gas–shut-in Gas

Montana Gas–spudded Gas

Montana Gas–temporarily abandoned Gas

Montana Gas–unknown Gas

Montana Gas–water well, released Gas

Montana Gas storage–completed Gas

Montana Gas storage–expired permit Gas

Montana Gas storage–plugged and abandoned–approved Gas

Montana Dry hole–permitted injection well Injection

Montana Gas–permitted injection well Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–abandoned–unapproved Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–active injection Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–plugged and abandoned–approved Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–permitted injection well Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–producing Injection

Montana Injection–disposal–spudded Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–abandoned–unapproved Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–active injection Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–plugged and abandoned–approved Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–permitted injection well Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–producing Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–shut-in Injection

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–temporarily abandoned Injection
Appendix 109

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–water well, released Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–abandoned–unapproved Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–active injection Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–completed Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–plugged and abandoned–approved Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–shut-in Injection

Montana Injection, Indian lands–unknown Injection

Montana Oil–permitted injection well Injection

Montana Monitor/observation–abandoned–unapproved Monitor/observation

Montana Monitor/observation–completed Monitor/observation

Montana Monitor/observation–plugged and abandoned–approved Monitor/observation

Montana Monitor/observation–shut-in Monitor/observation

Montana Monitor/observation–temporarily abandoned Monitor/observation

Montana Coalbed methane–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Coalbed methane–permit to drill Never drilled

Montana Expired location–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Gas–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Gas–expired, not released Never drilled

Montana Gas–permit to drill Never drilled

Montana Injection–disposal–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Injection–disposal–permit to drill Never drilled

Montana Injection, enhanced oil recovery–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Oil–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Oil–expired, not released Never drilled

Montana Oil–permit to drill Never drilled

Montana Water source–expired permit Never drilled

Montana Oil–abandoned Oil

Montana Oil–abandoned–unapproved Oil

Montana Oil–completed Oil

Montana Oil–plugged and abandoned–approved Oil

Montana Oil–producing Oil

Montana Oil–shut-in Oil

Montana Oil–spudded Oil

Montana Oil–temporarily abandoned Oil

Montana Oil–unknown Oil

Montana Oil–water well, released Oil

Montana Stratigraphic test–completed Stratigraphic test

Montana Stratigraphic test–plugged and abandoned–approved Stratigraphic test

Montana Stratigraphic test–water well, released Stratigraphic test

Montana Unknown–plugged and abandoned–approved Unknown/confidential
110 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

Montana Unknown Unknown/confidential

Montana Domestic water–completed Water

Montana Domestic water–plugged and abandoned–approved Water

Montana Water source–abandoned–unapproved Water

Montana Water source–completed Water

Montana Water source–plugged and abandoned–approved Water

Montana Water source–producing Water

Montana Water source–shut-in Water

Montana Water source–temporarily abandoned Water

Montana Water source–unknown Water

Montana Water source–water well, released Water

North Dakota Confidential Confidential

North Dakota Coalbed methane, dry hole Dry hole

North Dakota Gas condensate, dry hole Dry hole

North Dakota Dry gas, dry hole Dry hole

North Dakota Oil and gas, dry hole Dry hole

North Dakota Stratigraphic test, dry hole Dry hole

North Dakota Coalbed methane, active Gas

North Dakota Coalbed methane, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas condensate, active Gas

North Dakota Gas condensate, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas condensate, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas condensate, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas condensate, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Dry gas, active Gas

North Dakota Dry gas, drilling Gas

North Dakota Dry gas, expired permit Gas

North Dakota Dry gas, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Gas

North Dakota Dry gas, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Oil and gas well, active Gas

North Dakota Oil and gas well, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Oil and gas well, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas injection, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Gas

North Dakota Gas stratigraphic test storage, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Gas

North Dakota Acid gas disposal, active Injection

North Dakota Acid gas disposal, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Injection

North Dakota Air injection, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Air injection, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Injection

North Dakota Air injection, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Air injection, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection
Appendix 111

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

North Dakota Dump flood injector, active Injection

North Dakota Dump flood injector, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Dump flood injector, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Injection

North Dakota Dump flood injector, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Dump flood injector/producer, active Injection

North Dakota Injector, producer, active Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, active Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, drilling Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, dry hole Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Salt water disposal, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Water injection, active Injection

North Dakota Water injection, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Water injection, dry hole Injection

North Dakota Water injection, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Injection

North Dakota Water injection, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Water injection, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Injection

North Dakota Water injection, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months)–observation Injection

North Dakota Dry gas, permitted location to drill Never drilled

North Dakota Dry gas, permit now cancelled Never drilled

North Dakota Oil and gas, expired permit Never drilled

North Dakota Oil and gas permitted location to drill Never drilled

North Dakota Oil and gas, permit now cancelled Never drilled

North Dakota Salt water disposal permitted location to drill Never drilled

North Dakota Salt water disposal, permit now cancelled Never drilled

North Dakota Oil and gas, active Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, drilling Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Oil

North Dakota Oil and gas, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months)–observation Oil

North Dakota Stratigraphic test, active Stratigraphic test

North Dakota Stratigraphic test, drilling Stratigraphic test

North Dakota Water source, active Water

North Dakota Water source, abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Water

North Dakota Water source, drilling Water

North Dakota Water source, inactive (shut-in ≥3 and ≤12 months) Water
112 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

North Dakota Water source, plugged and abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Water

North Dakota Water source, temporarily abandoned (shut-in >12 months) Water

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole fee land–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole tribal land–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole tribal land–temporarily abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole–converted Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole fee land–converted Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–dry hole gas show–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–gas–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–gas show–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–horizontal permit–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–horizontal–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–oil–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–oil show–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–water well–converted Dry hole

South Dakota Dry hole–water well–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Gas–dry hole–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Oil–dry hole fee land–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Oil–dry hole–plugged and abandoned Dry hole

South Dakota Gas–gas–converted Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–new drill Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–new well Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–plugged and abandoned Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–private Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–private gas Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–producing Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas–temporarily abandoned Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas show–plugged and abandoned Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas stripper–plugged and abandoned Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas stripper–producing Gas

South Dakota Gas–gas stripper–temporarily abandoned Gas

South Dakota Gas–vertical reentry–temporarily abandoned Gas

South Dakota Oil–water injection permit–producing Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–air–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–air–plugged and abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–air–reservoir monitoring well Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–air–temporarily abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–air horizontal–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–gas injection permit–plugged and abandoned Injection
Appendix 113

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

South Dakota Underground injection control–horizontal water–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–horizontal water–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–horizontal water reentry–new well Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–salt water disposal well–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–salt water disposal well–plugged and abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–tribal land–plugged and abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water horizontal–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water horizontal–reentered Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water injection–injecting Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water injection–plugged and abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water injection–reentered Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water injection–temporarily abandoned Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water well–converted Injection

South Dakota Underground injection control–water well–producing Injection

South Dakota Gas–never drilled Never drilled

South Dakota Gas–new permit Never drilled

South Dakota Never drilled–gas Never drilled

South Dakota Never drilled–horizontaL Never drilled

South Dakota Never drilled–horizontal reentry Never drilled

South Dakota Never drilled–tribal land Never drilled

South Dakota Never drilled Never drilled

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–never drilled Never drilled

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–new permit Never drilled

South Dakota Oil–new permit Never drilled

South Dakota Oil–air injection permit–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–air injection permit–reentered Oil

South Dakota Oil–gas injection permit–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–reentered Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal–temporarily abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal reentry–converted Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal reentry–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal reentry–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal reentry–reentered Oil

South Dakota Oil–horizontal reentry–temporarily abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–converted Oil

South Dakota Oil–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–reentered Oil
114 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Appendix C–1. Well classifications for Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota and the overall well type used for this 

study.–Continued

[≥, greater than or equal to; ≤, less than or equal to; >, greater than]

State State well classification Well type

South Dakota Oil–reservoir monitoring well Oil

South Dakota Oil–temporarily abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–fee land–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–stripper–converted Oil

South Dakota Oil–stripper–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–stripper–producing Oil

South Dakota Oil–stripper–reentered Oil

South Dakota Oil–tribal land–plugged and abandoned Oil

South Dakota Oil–water well–converted Oil
Charting a Course Forward—Identifying 

Research and Decisionmaking Priorities in 

the Williston Basin, United States

By Max Post van der Burg, Karen E. Jenni, Timothy L. Nieman, and James L. 

Coleman

Chapter D of

Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Edited by Robert A. Gleason and Brian A. Tangen

Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
Suggested citation:

Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 2014, Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in 

the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, 127 p., 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017.

Suggested citation for this chapter:

Post van der Burg, M., Jenni, K.E., Nieman, T.L., Coleman, J.L., 2014, Charting a course forward—identifying research 

and decisionmaking priorities in the Williston Basin, United States, chap. D of Gleason, R.A., and Tangen, B.A., eds., 

Brine contamination to aquatic resources from oil and gas development in the Williston Basin, United States: U.S. 

Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2014–5017, p. 115–127.
Contents

Introduction.................................................................................................................................................119

Decision Analysis Workshop ...................................................................................................................119

Framing the Decision Problem .......................................................................................................120

Defining Objectives .................................................................................................................120

Identifying Alternative Actions..............................................................................................121

Identifying Key Risks and Uncertainties ..............................................................................122

Illustrative Modeling.........................................................................................................................123

Steps for Moving Forward...............................................................................................................126

References..................................................................................................................................................127

Figures

D–1. Diagram showing prototype decision model illustrating the relation between

decisions, uncertainties, and objectives ..............................................................................123

D–2. Graph showing simulated landscape containing a small, fresh, seasonal wetland

and a large, saline, year-round wetland...............................................................................124

D–3. Graphs showing mean estimates of the effects of well development on wetland

water chemistry for two simulated wetlands and three well sites, assuming

outwash geology.......................................................................................................................124

D–4. Graph showing effect of site geology on the mean migration rate of a brine plume

originating from well pad “A” and affecting the “West” wetland ...................................125

D–5. Graph showing uncertainty in the concentration of chlorides in the “West” 

wetland over time, assuming a well located at pad “A” and outwash geology ............126

D–6. Gaph showing effect of uncertainty in each input variable on uncertainty in the

resulting water chemistry in the “West” wetland at three different times, 

assuming outwash geology ....................................................................................................126

Tables

D–1. Synthesized table of relevant decisionmakers and the types of decisions made

regarding oil and gas development and land management in the Williston Basin.......120

D–2. Strategy table for decision exercise focused on developing best management

practices for siting oil wells and monitoring and reclamation requirements.................122

D–3. Model parameters and assumptions for Monte Carlo decision model...........................125

D–4. Results of modeling exercise showing the mean impact of well development 

after 20 years.............................................................................................................................127

Charting a Course Forward—Identifying Research and 

Decisionmaking Priorities in the Williston Basin, United 

States

By Max Post van der Burg,1Karen E. Jenni,2 Timothy L. Nieman,3 and James L. Coleman1

1

 U.S. Geological Survey

2

 Insight Decisions, LLC

3

 Decision Applications, Inc.

Introduction

The goal of any applied science endeavor should be 

to provide information that leads to better decisionmaking. 

This means that applied science performed in the context of 

land and water-resource management should lead to information that is useful to resource managers as they consider and 

choose management actions. However, it is often not clear 

what the best actions are in complex situations. There are 

many factors that a manager would like to consider when 

choosing a particular management action:

• What outcomes do I want to achieve?

• Who are the stakeholders in these decisions, and what 

outcomes do they want to achieve?

• What management actions do I have to choose from?

• What are the likely outcomes of each of those management actions?

• What actions might other stakeholders take that affect 

management outcomes?

• How do I balance competing objectives when choosing 

a management action?

• What further information could I collect to better 

understand the outcomes of different actions, and is 

that information worth collecting?

For example, in the Williston Basin and Prairie Pothole 

Region (PPR), wildlife managers are uncertain about the 

risks posed by oil and gas development activities, such as the 

likelihood and effect of brine spills on wetlands. Resolving 

these uncertainties could improve the ability of managers to 

choose effective management strategies, such as best practices 

for well siting, to reduce such risks. There are also potential conflicts between the objectives and goals of different 

decisionmakers and stakeholders, which might require making 

tradeoffs.

Decision analysis (DA) is a formal approach for structuring, modeling, and evaluating decisions that contain these 

types of complexities (Keeney, 1992; Clemen and Reilly, 

2001). DA has roots in statistics, economics, operations 

research, and organizational behavior (Smith and von Winterfeldt, 2004) and provides a foundation for the logical and 

transparent evaluation of alternatives to help decisionmakers choose actions that are most likely to achieve their goals. 

Decision analysts use a combination of qualitative structuring 

approaches and quantitative modeling tools to assess the various components of a decision problem. They use these tools to 

evaluate the outcomes of different options and make recommendations about which options should be pursued. These 

recommendations can be sensitive to stakeholder values (that 

is, the “best” decision may be different from the perspective 

of different stakeholders) and uncertainties (that is, the best 

decision may change as new information is gathered [Keeney, 

1992; Keeney and Gregory, 2002]). Current scientific studies can provide the information needed to perform such an 

analysis. One can also use DA to help guide the identification, 

development, and prioritization of future scientific studies in 

order to ensure that the collection of information is relevant to 

a decision problem (Runge and others, 2011).

The previous chapters in this report outline work pertaining to the effects of oil and gas development on aquatic 

resources. This chapter outlines the first steps toward developing a decision analytic framework for assessing the effects 

of oil and gas development in the Williston Basin and PPR 

and for identifying areas where additional applied science 

work will be most useful to energy- and conservation-related 

decisionmaking.

Decision Analysis Workshop

A formal DA workshop was held in Bismarck, North 

Dakota, from April 18, 2011, to April 21, 2011. Although 

presented within the context of the work described in previous 
120 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

chapters of this report, the overarching context for this workshop was larger: It was to frame the issues surrounding natural 

resource management and conservation decisionmaking with 

regard to oil and gas development within the Williston Basin 

(fig. A–1). The goal of the workshop was to facilitate the 

development of a concrete example decision problem involving siting oil and gas wells relative to wetlands. The purpose 

of this analysis was to illustrate how the DA process and 

modeling can lead to concrete decision recommendations. The 

workshop was attended by over 30 participants from Federal 

and State agencies and was facilitated by professional decision 

analysts.

The participants worked through all the steps of a traditional DA in an abbreviated form. This included first broadly 

“framing” a set of decisions related to oil and gas development and resource conservation to explore the full scope of 

relevant issues. The scope of the workshop was narrowed to a 

smaller set of decisions that were relevant to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) project described in chapters B and C 

of this report. These decisions could be sufficiently modeled 

during the course of a 4-day workshop to allow participants to 

understand how the DA modeling process could be used in the 

future.

Framing the Decision Problem

The workshop began by discussing and developing an 

extensive list of relevant decisionmakers in the Williston 

Basin area and the types of decisions they make. “Relevant” 

decisionmakers were defined as those who have the ability to 

affect oil and gas development as well as aquatic resources 

and the quality of life for people living in the Williston Basin. 

These decisionmakers were grouped into broad categories 

(table D–1), and discussions were held as to whether any 

stakeholder groups or other perspectives were missing. Participants noted that no oil and gas industry representatives were 

present at the meeting, which limited their ability to thoroughly understand oil and gas development decisions. Additionally, the participants also pointed out that no community 

development representatives were present, which would have 

improved their ability to understand community decisions and 

concerns about oil and gas development.

The workshop then focused on a relatively narrow 

decision problem or decision context, for which the primary 

decisionmakers were well-represented among the workshop 

participants: What best management practices should the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) recommend for well 

or well pad development in the vicinity of publicly-managed 

resources (that is, wetlands)?

Defining Objectives

Workshop participants developed a prototypical objectives network focused on the more limited scope of the defined 

decision context. In DA, objectives are objects of value (for 

example, wildlife populations) and preferences for the direction of value (for example, maximize or minimize). Different 

stakeholders and decisionmakers may have different objectives, and the consideration of multiple perspectives is a key 

part of decisionframing. These multiple perspectives ensure 

that a more robust and comprehensive decision-support model 

can be developed (Keeney and Raiffa, 1976; Keeney, 1992). 

This broader perspective is especially useful for agencies or 

individuals who are primarily interested in identifying what 

applied science work will be useful to a range of stakeholders.

Participants were divided into one of two hypothetical decisionmaker groups: oil and gas companies and wildlife managers, specifically USFWS managers. Each group 

Table D–1. Synthesized table of relevant decisionmakers and the types of decisions made regarding oil and gas development and land 

management in the Williston Basin.

Decisionmakers Decision types

Oil Industry Lease acquisition (where to develop)

Well development (where, when, and how)

Operations (hydraulic fracturing, water disposal)

Land and mineral owners

(including agricultural entities)

Whether to lease and under what conditions

What activities to allow on their lands

What activities to conduct given development (for example, cropping choices)

Regulatory agencies (varied) Well permitting (yes/no and specific conditions)

Infrastructure permitting

Hauling regulations/road safety

Enforcement

Land and resource management agencies 

(for example, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 

National Park Service, private landowners)

Recommendations/consultation on well development on or near managed resources

Management of any adverse impacts from development on those resources

Local communities Decisions about how to manage the “boom”
Decision Analysis Workshop 121

developed a separate list of objectives. After discussion of the 

similarities and differences between the two perspectives, an 

integrated set of five main objectives was created. These main 

objectives contribute to an overall goal of maximizing the net 

benefits of oil and gas development. Each of these objectives 

could be further defined by more detailed subobjectives, but 

the workshop did not attempt to fully define all of the possible 

subobjectives. There were five main objectives identified:

1. Maximize sustainability of habitats for species of interest. 

Here the decisionmakers and stakeholders are interested 

in ensuring that habitat is capable of supporting specific 

populations and remains resilient to frequent disturbances and fragmentation (all of which were identified as 

potential subobjectives). This objective was identified as 

being of interest to both the oil and gas industry and the 

USFWS.

2. Minimize adverse effects of well development. Well 

development affects more than just wildlife habitat. The 

oil and gas industry and wildlife managers would like to 

minimize the potential negative environmental effects of 

development to air quality, water quality, and aquatic and 

terrestrial habitats. Likewise, both groups would like to 

maximize the safety of oil workers and minimize the time 

it takes to complete a project.

3. Maximize the economic benefits from well development. 

The oil and gas industry generates economic benefits for 

local communities and the State by creating jobs, generating revenue, and paying taxes. Workshop participants taking the oil and gas industry perspective identified several 

potential subobjectives for increasing economic benefits, 

including reducing operating costs and taking advantage 

of new well development opportunities.

4. Minimize conflict between stakeholders. Workshop participants identified a number of areas of conflict because of 

the current level of development associated with the Bakken Formation and additional conflicts that have occurred 

during previous oil “booms” in the region. All stakeholders are likely to benefit from minimizing conflict. Some 

contributors to minimizing conflict could include minimizing the regulatory burden on oil and gas companies, 

maximizing the simplicity of the process needed to site a 

new well, and minimizing the number of changes in the 

regulatory policies for companies. Likewise, maximizing 

communication between managers, regulatory agencies, 

and industry representatives, as well as maximizing the 

sensitivity of the industry to local community issues could 

help minimize conflict.

5. Maximize accountability of industry for adverse effects. 

Workshop participants taking the perspective of wildlife managers identified holding oil and gas companies 

accountable as a key objective. Specifically, if adverse 

effects do occur, they would want to maximize how much 

responsibility companies should take for mitigating and 

remediating wetlands negatively affected by well development (for example, brine spills). Participants noted that 

this objective is likely to be in conflict with the potential 

subobjective of minimizing the regulatory burden as a 

means for minimizing conflict discussed above.

The workshop did not explicitly define comprehensive 

subobjectives or specific measureable attributes for any of 

these objectives, as this was only a preliminary exercise. 

Measurable attributes refer to quantitative measures of the 

consequences of actions in terms of the effects on objectives 

(Keeney, 1992; Clemen and Reilly, 2001). Any extensions 

of this workshop or detailed evaluation and comparison of 

alternatives would require the development of such measureable attributes.

Identifying Alternative Actions

The workshop participants initially identified a broad 

range of decisionmakers and types of decisions regarding oil 

and gas development and resource management. The decision 

context was narrowed for the remainder of the workshop in 

order to illustrate all the steps of a DA process. It is important 

to recognize that decision “types” often include multiple individual decisions, and multiple alternative actions are possible 

for each of those individual decisions. This DA exercise was 

focused on the individual decision types that participants felt 

were likely to be part of any best management practice for 

locating well pads and the handling and disposal of produced 

waters. Specifically, best management practices would likely 

include:

• Well pad location;

• Size, type, and number of wells;

• Pit design, including pit length; 

• Produced waters disposal;

• Development timing;

• Infrastructure design (locations, structure);

• Road network design;

• Reclamation requirements;

• Baseline and monitoring requirements; and

• Documentation requirements.

There may be many different options or alternatives for 

any of these decisions. Thus, rather than look at every possible 

combination of decision and alternative, a “strategy table” 

was developed (table D–2) to illustrate how multiple options 

could be organized into a set of coherent alternatives for a best 

management practice.

Decision types and the specific options for each of those 

decision types are listed in table D–2. An option for a best 

management practice can be defined by selecting one item 
122 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Table D–2. Strategy table for decision exercise focused on developing best management practices for siting oil wells and monitoring 

and reclamation requirements.

[Alternatives were not specified for all decision types (for example, timing), but all types were retained in the table because they were considered important 

considerations in well siting. --, no alternative specified]

Decision type Alternative actions for each decision type

Wells per pad 1 2 4 8

Pad location Must be a legally drillable location

Pad size 0.8 hectares -- -- 4 hectares

Pad type Gravel Clay based with berm Elevated pad Zero discharge

Pit design Lined Modified pitless Modified pitless, netted Pitless

Pit time Long -- -- Short

Produced water disposal Open-pit Spread on roads Reuse Injection well

Timing -- -- -- --

Infrastructure Roads and trucks Gathering lines plus 

roads and trucks

Gathering lines plus 

pipelines

Gathering lines plus 

pipelines

Road networks Road to every pad 

and along every 

pipeline

Road to every pad Road to central collecting 

points

No permanent roads

Reclamation Meets minimum 

legal requirement

Exceeds minimum legal 

requirement

Improves area As if we were never there

Base-line requirements Historic data Adds to historic data Conducts new local 

survey

Conducts new regional 

survey

Monitoring requirements Uses historic data Simple monitoring 

scheme (drilling and 

completion only)

Monitoring scheme 

around pad area

Integrated monitoring 

scheme around all 

operations

Documentation requirements Summary of historic 

activity

-- -- Summary of all activity 

with data appendixes

from each row. For example, one option for a best management practice strategy would be four wells per pad on 

4-hectare gravel pads in a legally drillable location, pitless 

design with injection wells for disposal of produced waters, 

exclusive use of roads and trucks to service the well pad, 

legally required baseline and monitoring requirements only, 

reclamation requirements to leave the area better than it was 

before the well, and extensive documentation required. Many 

other potential best management practice strategies could be 

developed by selecting different options for each individual 

decision represented in the table. Participants recognized that 

oil and gas company participation in future modeling efforts 

would greatly facilitate the definition of realistic alternatives 

for best management practices.

Identifying Key Risks and Uncertainties

Decision alternatives within a DA framework are evaluated based on how well they meet the various stakeholder 

objectives, but the ability of those decisions to meet the stated 

objectives may be affected to some degree by potential negative events that occur with some frequency (expressed as risk). 

The ability to estimate the effects of the decision alternatives 

is affected by the degree of knowledge about a variety of factors (uncertainties) that influence the stated objective. In relation to oil and gas production, one of the key risks is the likelihood of a brine spill during well operation, and some of the 

key uncertainties have to do with the potential effects of the 

spill on nearby wetlands. The probability of a brine spill varies 

based on some of the decision options, such as pit design, pit 

type, and various well-site operations. Other factors that also 

can influence how a brine spill will affect nearby wetlands 

include groundwater flow, the chemistry of the spill, and water 

chemistry of the wetland. Needless to say, the understanding 

of these factors is incomplete.

Figure D–1 illustrates the prototype conceptual model 

outlining the relations between the decision options developed 

during the workshop, uncertainties, and objectives. As with all 

parts of this analysis, the model is a simplification. Continuing 

to identify and quantify other risks and uncertanties will be 

an integral part of further developing the conceptual decision 

model. By careful identification of these risks and uncertainties, the decision model will provide a tool for assessing which 

information will provide the most value in making better 

management decisions.
Decision Analysis Workshop 123

Monitoring 

requirements, 

including 

baseline 

O il company

subsurface

target

Pad location

Pad type/

design

Pad size

Pit design

Produced

disposal

Response

plans

Maintenance

required

Infrastructure

Reclamation

Climate

W etlands

Landscape

properties

Spills

G rasslands

Infiltration

G roundwater

flow

Natural

variability in

water chemistry

W etland

vulnerability

W etland 

water

chemistry

Drilling and 

production

practices

Infrastructure

Reclamation

Effects on

people and 

communities

Species

Economic

impacts

Economic

impacts

A ir quality

A griculture

Environmental

impacts

H ealth and

safety

Regulatory

oversight

B ond

requirement

Industry 

profits

Food

production

A esthetics

Energy

independence

Decisions Uncertainties Objectives

Figure D–1. Prototype decision model illustrating the relation between decisions, uncertainties, 

and objectives.

Illustrative Modeling

A simple exercise was used to illustrate how to analyze 

and compare the effects of alternative decisions regarding best 

management practices. This hypothetical decision problem 

focused on choosing one of three possible locations for the 

placement of a well (fig. D–2). Well placement was to occur 

in a simulated landscape containing two wetlands of different 

sizes and initial chloride (Cl-

) concentrations. A Monte Carlo 

simulation model was used to estimate the outcomes of each 

well placement strategy. These types of simulations work by 

making repeated random draws of model parameters from statistical distributions, and then using each randomly generated 

parameter combination to model phenomena of interest. These 

distributions were parameterized using expert information. 

The simulation only considered risks posed to wetlands by 

wells in terms of contamination from brine spills. Comparing 

the three locations required estimates of numerous uncertain 

factors, including the:

• Initial conditions (in terms of water chemistry) for 

each of the two wetlands;

• Probability of a brine spill, at each location and for 

each type of well pad considered;

• Size and chemistry of a brine spill, assuming such a 

spill occurs;

• Probability of the spill being detected, intercepted, 

and mitigated prior to affecting groundwater, and;

• Dispersion and flow rates of a brine spill over the 

surface, in the subsurface, and in groundwater.

These estimates, along with other assumptions, allow for 

the estimation of the Cl-

 concentration in each wetland over 

time, assuming there is a well at each of the three locations. 

This illustrative modeling exercise also included consideration 

of effects on agriculture (for pad location “B” only) and some 

of the economic effects of a well at each location. Because 

this was an illustration, all the necessary model inputs and 

estimates were developed by using the expert judgment of 

the workshop participants. The components of the conceptual model that were quantified are represented by the yellow 

nodes in figure D–1. Very little is known about most of these 

factors, and these uncertainties are a primary concern throughout the region.

Based on previous experience, participants with knowledge of wetland chemistry provided initial estimates of Clconcentrations within each of the two wetlands. The small, 

fresh wetland (“West”) was estimated to have an initial Clconcentration between 10 and 60 milligrams per liter (mg/L). 

The large, saline wetland (“East”) was assumed to have an initial Cl-

 concentration between 300 and 1,200 mg/L (fig. D–3).
124 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

“West” wetland “East” wetland

“A”

“A”

“B”

“C”

Groundwater-flow regime

Elevation, in meters

East-west distance on grid, in meters

470

465

460

455

450

445

440

435

430

425

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Landscape

Potential pad 

location

EXPLANATION

Figure D–2. Simulated landscape containing a small, fresh, seasonal wetland (“West”) and a large, saline, year-round wetland

(“East)”.

Workshop participants first defined a brine spill as being 

over 4 liters (L), and then estimated that there was a 95-percent chance of a spill or leak of more than 4 L for each year a 

well was in operation. There was uncertainty about the total 

magnitude and the chemistry of spills, which were represented 

with subjective probability distributions (table D–3). The estimated total annual volume of brine spilled from a single well 

was between about 400 and 7,500 L, with a median estimate 

of 2,250 L. The Cl- concentration of the spill was estimated to 

2,000

3,000

2,500

1,500

1,000

500

0

2,000

3,000

2,500

1,500

1,000

500

0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Time, in years

“West” wetland

“East” wetland

EXPLANATION

Pad location “A”

Pad location “B”

[Note that only pad “A” 

affects “West” wetland]

EXPLANATION

Pad location “A”

Pad location “B”

Pad location “C”

[Note that only pads “B” and “C” 

affect the “East” wetland] 

Chloride concentration in wetland, in milligrams per liter

Figure D–3. Mean estimates of the effects of well development 

on wetland water chemistry (chloride concentration) for two 

simulated wetlands (“West” and “East”) and three well sites, 

assuming outwash geology.

be between a minimum of 60,000 and a maximum of 255,000 

mg/L, with a median estimate of 175,000 mg/L. This latter 

estimate was informed by the work described in chapter B of 

this report on the Cl- concentrations in produced waters from 

the Bakken Formation.

Not all spills or leaks will necessarily lead to brine contamination of wetlands; some will be detected and intercepted 

when they occur. Participants assumed that between 5 percent 

and 95 percent of spills could actually be intercepted, which 

reflects a high degree of uncertainty. For brine spills that reach 

the shallow groundwater, both the groundwater-flow rate and 

the rate at which the brine contamination disperses within 

the groundwater affect the timing and degree of effect on the 

wetlands. Groundwater-flow rates in the region differ considerably based on the near-surface geologic deposits, with much 

lower flow rates in glacial till than in outwash. This illustration 

included till and outwash as potential scenarios and included 

uncertainty in the groundwater-flow rates for each (table D–3). 

Lastly, a simple approximation for dispersion of the Cl- plume 

at the wetland was used along with an assumption that Clconcentrations would increase over the first 5 years after the 

initial arrival at the wetland and then would decline over the 

following 10 years.

Using these estimates and assumptions, the effects of 

contamination to the two wetlands were calculated for each 

of the three well locations. A well at pad “A” affected only 

the “West” wetland, while wells at pads “B” or “C” affected 

the “East” wetland (fig. D–2). The calculations show that the 

effect of a well at pad “A” on the “West” wetland was much 

greater than the effect of a well at pads “B” or “C” on the 

“East” wetland (fig. D–3). This was because of the smaller 

size and lower initial Cl- concentration of the “West” wetland, which means a spill of similar size and chemistry from 

well pad “A” would have a greater effect on wetland water 

chemistry than from well pads “B” or “C”. Figure D–4 shows 

the influence of site geology on the resulting wetland water 

chemistry, with till soils greatly slowing the rate at which the 

Cl- plume contaminates the wetland.

Figures D–3 and D–4 show only mean values; the degree 

of uncertainty regarding the effects of these hypothetical wells 

on wetland water chemistry is of equal interest. Figure D–5 
Decision Analysis Workshop 125

Table D–3. Model parameters and assumptions for Monte Carlo decision model.

Parameters Assumptions

Size of spill, in liters per year Log-normal distribution with median = 2,250 and standard deviation = 2

Chemistry of spill, in milligrams per liter Log-normal distribution with median = 175,000 and standard deviation = 2

Groundwater-flow rate in outwash sites, in meters per year Triangular distribution with minimum = 3 , mode = 30 , maximum = 150

Groundwater-flow rate in till sites, in meters per year Triangular distribution with minimum = 0.03, mode = 0.6, maximum = 5.7

Local communities Decisions about how to manage the “boom”

demonstrates the uncertainty in the water chemistry of the 

“West” wetland given a well at pad location “A” when it is 

located in a glacial outwash deposit. Each line in figure D–5 

represents a probability band; the top line represents the 95th

percentile estimate and the bottom line represents the 5th

percentile estimate. This graph suggests that given all of the 

uncertainties in the input parameters, there is a 90-percent confidence that the Cl-

 concentration in the “West” wetland in 30 

years will be between 500 and 5,700 mg/L, given a well at pad 

“A” with near-surface outwash deposits.

One of the benefits of this modeling approach is that it 

provides the ability to show the relative importance of each 

of the uncertainties in the model inputs on the uncertainty 

in output. The relation between uncertain inputs and outputs 

for the workshop simulations is represented with an “importance diagram” (fig. D–6). Each of the inputs is shown on 

the vertical axis, and the length of the bar shows the correlation between the uncertainty in that value and the resulting 

uncertainty in the Cl-

 concentration in the “West” wetland. The 

highest correlation is for the proportion of the spill volume 

that is intercepted, which was also the most uncertain value. 

While that factor is an important contributor to the uncertainty 

in the Cl- concentration in the “West” wetland, the importance 

of the other factors varies over time. Uncertainty about the 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

EXPLANATION

O utw ash

Till

Time, in years

Chloride concentration in wetland, 

in milligrams per liter

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Figure D–4. Effect of site geology on the mean migration rate 

of a brine plume originating from well pad “A” and affecting the 

“West” wetland.

groundwater-flow rate and about the baseline chemistry of the 

wetland, for example, are important determinants of wetland 

water chemistry in year 5 (the fifth year after well installation); 

however, by year 30, both are much less important.

This type of analysis can be used to help prioritize 

research areas, if the goal is to have a better understanding 

of particular outputs of interest. With regard to the workshop 

exercise, improved understanding of (or better control over) 

the ability to detect and intercept spills before they reach 

groundwater would greatly decrease the expected magnitude 

and the uncertainty about wetland contamination from a well 

at a particular location. Additionally, improved understanding of brine chemistry and the size of the wetlands potentially 

affected would improve understanding of the magnitude of 

wetland contamination more than reducing uncertainty about 

the size of the spills or the baseline water chemistry of the 

potentially affected wetlands.

Participants considered additional effects of well development on some of the other objectives identified during the 

workshop as a final step in this illustrative modeling exercise. 

Specifically, estimates were made of expected State tax revenues based on simple assumptions about well production and 

tax rates over time. The potential higher costs for installing a 

well pad on a slope (locations “A” or “C”) compared to a flat 

location (location “B”) and estimated possible effects on farm 

profits also were considered. All of these simple estimates 

were made without consideration of uncertainty in order to 

illustrate the tradeoffs that could be considered in the recommendation of well pad locations.

Table D–4 contains the results of the modeling exercise 

and illustrates these tradeoffs. Pad “A” clearly has the largest negative effect on the “West” wetland, while pad “B” 

had a comparatively lower effect in terms of brine spills and 

similar tax revenues when compared with “A”; pad “B” had 

a negative effect on farm income because the well was sited 

on agricultural land. Pad “C” was similar to pad “B” in terms 

of effects on water chemistry, was a more expensive location, 

but had no effect on farm income. While the workshop did 

not explicitly illustrate methods for assessing tradeoffs in a 

multiobjective DA, this last comparison shows how adding 

more components to the problem can make the analysis more 

complex and informative.
126 Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States

Time, in years

Chloride concentration in wetland, 

in milligrams per liter

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

EXPLANATION

Probability bands, 

in percentiles

0.05

0.25

0.50

0.75

0.95

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Figure D–5. Uncertainty in the 

concentration of chlorides in the 

“West” wetland over time, assuming 

a well located at pad “A” and 

outwash geology.

Wetland water chemistry inputs

Importance, as rank correlation of input uncertainties to uncertainty in wetland water chemistry 

Chemistry of spill

Size of spills

Brine spill

Proportion intercepted

Wetland baseline

chloride concentration

Size of wetland

Groundwater-flow rate

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Figure D–6. Effect of uncertainty in each input variable on uncertainty in the resulting water chemistry in the “West” wetland 

at three different times, assuming outwash geology.

Steps for Moving Forward

The main focus of the analysis presented in this chapter was simplified to only include two of the stakeholders 

(USFWS managers and the oil and gas industry) and wellby-well effects on two individual wetlands. It may be useful 

to expand this framework so that it can be used by multiple 

stakeholders to evaluate a broader array of decisions and identify key areas of research that would be most valuable across 

a range of decisions. The end goal is to build a model that can 

be used by stakeholders to assess alternative development 

decisions within a broader geographic area. Additionally, this 

model would account for the cumulative effects of oil and gas 

well development in the area and provide a basis for identifying and prioritizing applied science activities. A list of possible 

next steps was developed to accomplish this goal, and challenges were identified that could arise as the framework and 

model are extended.

1. Include perspectives from other relevant stakeholders. 

While the workshop participants and facilitators made 

an effort to include the perspective of the oil and gas 

industry, more needs to be done to work more directly 

with industry to accurately represent that perspective. 

Likewise, the perspectives of local communities and 

private landowners need to be added to the framework. 

The current model structure will need to be reviewed with 

these additional stakeholders to identify missing elements 

as well as future patterns of oil and gas development. 

However, drawing these stakeholders together may prove 

difficult and require discussions with individual groups 

instead of larger workshops.

2. Define the geographic scope. A challenge for extending 

this modeling effort is to define a useful geographic scope 

as the example focused only on a single well pad and its 

effects on a single wetland. A scale needs to be chosen 
References 127

Table D–4. Results of modeling exercise showing the mean impact of well development after 20 years (assuming outwash 

geology).

[mg/L, milligrams per liter; $, United States dollars]

Output Pad “A”

”West” wetland

Pad “B”

”East” wetland

Pad “C”

”East” wetland

Chloride concentration, mg/L 1,910 1,079 1,179

Change in chloride concentration, mg/L +1,876 +412 +512

Industry added cost, $ 3,300 0 3,300

Lost farm income, $ 0 20,000 0

Added tax revenue, $ 1.6 million 1.6 million 1.6 million

Jobs created, in man-years 23 23 23

that is large enough to allow for comparisons between 

alternative development scenarios but small enough to 

model potential effects with relevant detail to maximize 

the utility of the modeling framework.

3. Define the scale of oil and gas development. The relevant 

scale of oil and gas development needs to be considered 

in addition to defining a geographic scope for the model. 

For example, it may be more useful to focus effort on the 

cumulative effects of multiple wells rather than well-bywell effects throughout the region. However, it is possible 

that the most important factors to stakeholders regarding 

cumulative effects of different development patterns may 

be less than the environmental factors considered and 

more than socioeconomic responses to development.

4. Consider alternative strategies. The main scope of this 

workshop was analyzing decisions about best management practices and their effects on nearby wetlands. This 

focus was targeting the oil and gas well development 

process. But another set of strategies to consider are decisions about remediation postdevelopment. This would not 

be as focused on the immediate effects of development, 

but rather on what the best strategies are for addressing postdevelopment problems. Considering immediate 

effects, potential spill effects, and remediation options 

would allow one to look at tradeoffs between lessening 

immediate effects to a site during well installation relative 

to future remediation of the site after the well is shut in, or 

some combination of the two.

5. Assess the value of information. The ultimate goal of 

this exercise is to provide decisionmakers with a framework that can be used to prioritize management actions 

and identify science and information needed to improve 

management. Therefore, there is a need to identify the 

current state of information related to this problem and 

be efficient in acquiring new information. A more robust 

value-of-information analysis (Clemen and Reilly, 2001) 

than illustrated above could be useful in identifying the 

most significant uncertainties and where decisionmakers 

stand to gain the most from new studies associated with 

this problem.

References

Clemen, R.T., and Reilly, T., 2001, Making hard decisions: 

Pacific Grove, Calif., Duxbury, 733 p.

Keeney, R.L., 1992, Value-focused thinking—A path to creative decisionmaking: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 416 p.

Keeney, R.L., and Gregory, R.S., 2002, Making smarter environmental management decisions: Journal of the American 

Water Resources Association, v. 38, p. 1601–1612.

Keeney, R.L., and Raiffa, H., 1976, Decisions with multiple 

objectives—Preferences and value tradeoffs: New York, 

N.Y., John Wiley and Sons, 569 p.

Runge, M.C., Converse, S.J., and Lyons, J.E., 2011, Which 

uncertainty?—Using expert elicitation and expected value 

of information to design an adaptive program: Biological 

Conservation, v. 144, p. 1214–1223.

Smith, J.E., and von Winterfeldt, D., 2004, Decision analysis in management science: Management Science, v. 50, 

p. 561–574.
Publishing support provided by: 

Lafayette and Rolla Publishing Service Centers 

For more information concerning this publication, contact:

Director, USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center

8711 37th Street Southeast

Jamestown, North Dakota 58401

(701) 253–5553

Or visit the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Web site at:

http://npwrc.usgs.gov/



Gleason and Tangen, eds.—Brine Contamination to Aquatic Resources from Oil and Gas Development in the Williston Basin, United States—SIR 2014–5017

ISSN 2328-031X (print)

ISSN 2328-0328 (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20145017 Printed on recycled paper