In the Supreme Court of Georgia

 Decided: February 2, 2015

S14A1656. REYNOLDS v. REYNOLDS.

HUNSTEIN, Justice.

We granted the discretionary application of Appellant Dorothy M.

Reynolds (Wife) pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 34 in this divorce case. For

the reasons set forth below, we reverse the trial court’s order denying Wife’s

motion to set aside.

Appellee Rex E. Reynolds (Husband), proceeding with counsel, filed a

complaint for divorce alleging that Wife was a “non-resident of the State of

Georgia, whose last known address is 103 Bradley Circle, Barnesville, Georgia

30204” and that Wife could be served by publication pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-

4 (f) (1). Husband filed an affidavit affirming these facts. Based on these

filings, the court issued an order for service by publication, and service by

publication in the local paper was made. Husband subsequently filed a motion

for judgment on the pleadings and served Wife with this motion at her last

known address inBarnesville,Georgia. Thereafter, the court granted Husband’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings and entered a final judgment and decree

of divorce between the parties.

Several months later, Wife, proceeding pro se, filed a verified motion to

set aside the final judgment and decree of divorce, contending that Husband did

not practice due diligence for service by publication as required by OCGA § 9-

11-4 (f) (1) (A); Husband knew at the time he filed his complaint that Wife

resided within Georgia; and Husband committed a fraud upon the court by

alleging that Wife was a non-resident. Husband, proceeding pro se, filed a

response, in which he stated that Wife was located “mostly in Jones County,”

and her non-resident status in his complaint and affidavit was a “typo.” He

further questioned how Wife could be deemed a non-resident when her address

was inBarnesville, Georgia. Husband’s certificate of service accompanying his

response shows that he served Wife with his response at 323 Abernathy Street,

Forsyth, Georgia, 31029. 

Wife replied by filing a motion to suppress many of Husband’s statements

in his response. She asked the court to strike Husband’s statement that her nonresident status was a typographical error because Husband’s counsel would not

have made such a mistake in filing the complaint, and instead, she contended

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that Husband had committed a fraud upon the court. Counsel for Husband filed

an amended response to Wife’s motion to set aside and motion to suppress,

contending that if Wife did not receive notice of Husband’s complaint for

divorce, it was due to Wife’s own negligence and fault. 

Wife appeared pro se for a hearing on her motion to set aside and was

instructed by the court to seek the assistance of counsel. Wife subsequently

appeared with counsel for a hearing on her motion to set aside, but no hearing

appears to be have been held. Instead, the court issued an order denying Wife’s

motion to set aside. This Court then granted Wife’s discretionary application

to appeal the court’s order denying her motion to set aside and directed the

parties to address whether the court erred by denying Wife’s motion to set aside

the divorce decree in regard to Wife’s contention that service of the divorce

action by publication was improper. 

Wife argues that the trial court erred by granting an order for service by

publication because Husband’s affidavit did not meet the standards for service

by publication pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (1) (A). She contends that no

service was ever perfected upon her, she did not receive actual knowledge of the

divorce action, and she was not present, either in person or through her counsel,

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for any hearing in the divorce action. She further asserts that the court did not

hold a hearing on her motion to set aside. 

[W]hether a proceeding is in rem or in personam, due process

requires that a chosen method of service be reasonably certain to

give actual notice of the pendency of a proceeding to those parties

whose liberty or property interests may be adversely affected by the

proceeding. Because notice by publication is a notoriously

unreliable means of actually informing interested parties about

pending suits, the constitutional prerequisite for allowing such

service when the addresses of those parties are unknown is a

showing that reasonable diligence has been exercised in attempting

to ascertain their whereabouts. 

Abba Gana v. Abba Gana, 251 Ga. 340, 343 (1) (304 SE2d 909) (1983)

(citations omitted). “[I]t is the duty of the courts to determine whether the

movant has exercised due diligence in pursuing every reasonably available

channel of information.” Id. Though the trial court makes this determination

initially, this Court must independently review whether the search for the

absentee party was legally adequate. Id. 

The record shows that there were obvious channels of information

available to Husband for locating Wife. Husband knew that Wife was living

with her boyfriend. In addition, a few days before the court issued an order

requiring service by publication, Wife was charged with criminal damage to

Husband’s property at an address in Forsyth, Georgia. Wife also contends that

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there were three individuals, one of which was Wife’s daughter, who had

contact with both Wife and Husband and was aware of Wife’s address. Despite

the availability of these potential sources for information, the record does not

indicate that Husband made an “honest and well directed effort to use them.”

Id. We are mindful that “[t]he typical divorce complainant usually knows

significant background information about the missing spouse, and therefore

usually has many feasible methods of tracking down the absentee.” Id. at 344. 

We conclude that Husband could have ascertained Wife’s address through

reasonably diligent efforts but failed to do so. Therefore, service by publication

did not meet the constitutional requirements of due process, and the court erred

in denying Wife’s motion to set aside.

1 See Pierce v. Pierce, 270 Ga. 416 (511

SE2d 157) (1999) (reversing trial court’s denial of the wife’s motion to set aside

because service by publication did not meet the constitutional requirements of

1 We note that Husband’s contentions in his pro se response to Wife’s motion

to set aside further indicate that he knew Wife was located in Georgia. However,

after the court issued the final judgment and decree of divorce and Wife filed her

motion to set aside several months later, it is unclear whether Husband still had

retained counsel and counsel was Husband’s attorney of record. If so, then

Husband’s pro se response should not have been considered by the trial court and

could not be considered by this Court. See Seagraves v. State, 259 Ga. 36, 38 (376

SE2d 670) (1989) (“a layperson does not have the right to represent himself and also

be represented by an attorney”). Regardless, Husband’s pro se allegations are not

necessary for our analysis here. 

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due process); Abba Gana, 251 Ga. at 343-344 (reversing trial court’s denial of

the husband’s motion to set aside upon finding that the court erred in

authorizing service by publication because the wife had not exercised due

diligence in attempting to locate the husband).

In addition, OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (1) (A) sets forth the requirements for

service by publication. Of relevance here, the movant is required to file an

affidavit with the court in support of service by publication, when service is

based on the absentee party’s residence outside of the state and an unknown

present address. 

[T]he affiant shall state generally in the affidavit that at a previous

time such person resided outside this state in a certain place

(naming the place and stating the latest date known to affiant when

the party so resided there); that such place is the last place in which

the party resided to the knowledge of affiant; that the party no

longer resides at the place; that affiant does not know the present

place of residence of the party or where the party can be found; and

that affiant does not know and has never been informed and has no

reason to believe that the party now resides in this state; and, in

such case, it shall be presumed that the party still resides and

remains outside the state, and the affidavit shall be deemed to be a

sufficient showing of due diligence to find the defendant.

OCGA § 9-11-4 (f) (1) (A). 

Husband’s affidavit in support of service by publication pursuant to this

statute was not sufficient. Husband failed to state that Wife resided outside of

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Georgia at a previous time and in a certain place; that this certain place was the

last place where Wife resided to Husband’s knowledge; that Wife no longer

resided at this place; that he did not know where Wife presently resided or could

be found; and that he did not know, had never been informed, and had no reason

to believe that Wife now resided in Georgia. See id. Husband’s insufficient

affidavit is further proof that he did not exercise due diligence in locating Wife. 

See id.

 Judgment Reversed. All the Justices concur.

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