J-S74011-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

KEITH POWELL 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3447 EDA 2018

Appeal from the PCRA Order Entered October 23, 2018

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at 

No(s): CP-51-CR-0013247-2009

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.: FILED MARCH 06, 2020

Appellant, Keith Powell, appeals from the order denying his timely 

petition filed pursuant to the Post Conviction Relief Act (“PCRA”), 42 Pa.C.S. 

§§ 9541-9546. After careful review, we affirm.

The PCRA court provided the following summary of the facts adduced at 

Appellant’s trial:

On March 14, 2009, Appellant was sitting in his car outside of 

Sidekicks Bar located at 2

nd Street and Susquehanna Avenue in 

Philadelphia, when the [victim], Juan Carroll, arrived on the scene 

with Juan Brown and other friends. [The victim] and Appellant’s 

encounter escalated into an argument which was diffused by 

Brown. Thereafter, Brown walked a short distance, heard [the 

victim] and Appellant reengage and quickly returned to the scene. 

There, Brown witnessed the [victim] backing up towards a nearby 

gate with his hands up and Appellant pointing and shooting a black 

revolver at the unarmed [victim]. After the shooting[, the victim]

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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ran a short distance on 2nd Street while Appellant got into his car 

and fled.

Police arrived at the scene of the shooting and found [the victim]

lying on the sidewalk with a gunshot wound to the upper left part 

of the chest. The Medic Unit arrived shortly thereafter, treated 

[the victim], and transported him to Temple Hospital. [He] was 

conscious and asked paramedics whether he was going to live or 

die. Throughout this exchange, [the victim] implicated Appellant 

(“Shine”) as the person [who] shot him. Brown, who remained 

on the scene, and Jalissa Gonzalez, [the victim]’s girlfriend who 

was on the phone with [the victim] along with his mother, Zelma 

Carroll, overheard him tell those who were helping him that “Shine 

shot me.” [The victim]’s mother and Gonzalez came to the 

hospital where [he] again stated to them that Appellant shot him. 

[The victim] succumbed to his injuries at the hospital, and his 

death was determined to be homicide from gunshot wounds.

PCRA Court Opinion (PCO), 5/29/19, at 2-3. 

Following a multi-day jury trial held in November of 2011, Appellant was 

convicted of third-degree murder and possessing an instrument of crime 

(PIC). On February 8, 2012, the trial court sentenced Appellant to 20-40 

years’ incarceration for third-degree murder, and a consecutive term of 2-4 

years’ incarceration for PIC. Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. This 

Court affirmed his judgment of sentence and our Supreme Court denied 

further review. Commonwealth v. Powell, 87 A.3d 889 (Pa. Super. 2013) 

(unpublished memorandum), appeal denied, 87 A.3d 815 (Pa. 2014). 

Appellant filed a timely, pro se PCRA petition on March 23, 2015. 

Counsel was appointed to represent him on October 8, 2015. Appellant 

thereafter filed amended PCRA petitions on June 6, 2016, June 27, 2016, and 

November 28, 2017. On August 28, 2018, the trial court issued notice of its 

intent to dismiss the PCRA petition without a hearing pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 
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907(1). Subsequently, the trial court dismissed Appellant’s petition by order 

dated October 23, 2018, and Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on 

November 26, 2018. 

Appellant now presents the following question for our review:

Did the Honorable PCRA [c]ourt err when it denied relief without 

holding a PCRA hearing?

Appellant’s Brief at 3. 

Appellant’s statement of the questions presented dramatically misses 

the mark in identifying the numerous individual issues raised in his appeal. 

The Argument section of his brief proceeds to offer no less than thirteen

distinct ineffective assistance of counsel (IAC) claims for our consideration.1 

On this basis alone, this Court could deem all such claims waived. See

Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a) (“The statement of the questions involved must state 

concisely the issues to be resolved, expressed in the terms and circumstances 

of the case but without unnecessary detail. The statement will be deemed to 

include every subsidiary question fairly comprised therein. No question will 

be considered unless it is stated in the statement of questions 

involved or is fairly suggested thereby.”) (emphasis added). 

____________________________________________

1 Appellant presents two unique IAC claims in the Argument section of his brief 

that precede his treatment of issues A-M. The first is regarding trial counsel’s 

failure to request a mistrial due to the prosecutor’s referencing pre-arrest 

silence, and the second concerns counsel’s failure to request a cautionary 

instruction for the same. Thus, in reality, Appellant presents numerous unique 

IAC claims for our review. 
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However, because Appellant was denied a PCRA hearing to develop 

these claims, he only suggests relief in the form of a remand for the PCRA 

court to conduct such a hearing. For this reason, and out of an abundance of 

caution, we overlook the otherwise fatal error in Appellant’s Statement of the 

Questions Involved.

We review an order dismissing a petition [filed] under the PCRA 

in the light most favorable to the prevailing party at the PCRA 

level. This review is limited to the findings of the PCRA court and 

the evidence of record. We will not disturb a PCRA court’s ruling 

if it is supported by evidence of record and is free of legal error. 

This Court may affirm a PCRA court’s decision on any grounds if 

the record supports it. Further, we grant great deference to the 

factual findings of the PCRA court and will not disturb those 

findings unless they have no support in the record. However, we 

afford no such deference to its legal conclusions. Where the 

petitioner raises questions of law, our standard of review is de 

novo and our scope of review plenary. 

Commonwealth v. Ford, 44 A.3d 1190, 1194 (Pa. Super. 2012) (internal 

citations omitted). 

Generally speaking,

[t]o prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a 

petitioner must overcome the presumption that counsel is 

effective by establishing all of the following three elements, as set 

forth in Commonwealth v. Pierce, 515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973, 

975–76 (1987): (1) the underlying legal claim has arguable merit; 

(2) counsel had no reasonable basis for his or her action or 

inaction; and (3) the petitioner suffered prejudice because of 

counsel’s ineffectiveness. 

Commonwealth v. Chmiel, 30 A.3d 1111, 1127 (Pa. 2011). The arguable 

merit prong asks, “whether the disputed action or omission by counsel was of 
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questionable legal soundness.” Commonwealth v. Davis, 541 A.2d 315, 

318 (Pa. 1988) (emphasis added). 

With regard to the second, reasonable basis prong, “we do not 

question whether there were other more logical courses of action 

which counsel could have pursued; rather, we must examine 

whether counsel’s decisions had any reasonable basis.” We will 

conclude that counsel’s chosen strategy lacked a reasonable basis 

only if [the a]ppellant proves that “an alternative not chosen 

offered a potential for success substantially greater than the 

course actually pursued.” To establish the third, prejudice prong, 

the petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability 

that the outcome of the proceedings would have been different 

but for counsel’s ineffectiveness. “We stress that boilerplate 

allegations and bald assertions of no reasonable basis and/or 

ensuing prejudice cannot satisfy a petitioner’s burden to prove 

that counsel was ineffective.”

Chmiel, 30 A.3d at 1127–28 (citations omitted). 

As context for Appellant’s IAC claims, it was undisputed at trial that he 

shot and killed the victim. Appellant’s Brief at 4. Thus, the only questions

before the jury were whether Appellant acted in self-defense or, similarly,

whether he acted with a mens rea that was incompatible with murder. 

Appellant concedes that the jury heard testimony “that [he] had a gun in his 

hand and shot the victim[,]” that the “victim was backed up against an iron 

grate or wall[,]” and that the “victim was, apparently, unarmed.” Id. at 4. 

However, Appellant testified that “it was the victim who had the only weapon 

involved and that, after a scuffle, the gun fell on the ground” and he picked it 

up. Id. at 5. “Shortly thereafter, and because of fear, and passion aroused,”

Appellant “claims that he fired one shot, killing the victim.” Id. Thus, 

Appellant asserts that the primary issue at trial was his credibility. Most of 
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Appellant’s IAC claims are directed toward trial counsel’s ostensible failure to 

protect him from the prosecutor’s attacks on the credibility of his self-defense 

claim.

Appellant’s first IAC claim concerns the prosecutor’s attempts to 

“mak[e] it seem as if [Appellant] had a burden to go to the police and report 

the incident” if, in fact, he believed he was acting in self-defense. Id. at 9. 

However, it is clear that Appellant’s attorney objected to the attempts by the 

prosecutor to use Appellant’s pre-arrest silence against him, and Appellant 

concedes as much by citing precisely to where defense counsel objected. Id.

at 9; see also N.T., 11/18/11, at 85-86. This prompted the trial court to 

caution the prosecutor to tread carefully or else risk a mistrial. N.T., 

11/18/11, at 86. Appellant contends that this was not enough, and that 

counsel should have requested a mistrial and/or a cautionary instruction. 

Appellant’s Brief at 10. Appellant claims he was “unconstitutionally tarnished”

by the prosecutor’s questions. Id. at 11.

However, Appellant utterly fails to develop his claim to establish that 

any of the prosecutor’s questions potentially infringed upon his constitutional 

rights. In Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609 (1965), the Supreme Court 

held that the Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination precludes a 

prosecutor or judge from commenting on a defendant’s failure to testify at 

trial. Subsequently, in Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610 (1976), the Griffin rule 

was extended to prohibit a prosecutor from impeaching a testifying defendant 

with his post-arrest, post-Miranda silence, where the defendant offered an 
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explanation for his actions on the night in question for the first time during his 

testimony. See Doyle, 426 U.S. at 618 (holding “it would be fundamentally 

unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person’s silence 

to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial”). 

However, in United States v. Robinson, 485 U.S. 25 (1988), the 

Supreme Court ruled that references to a defendant’s failure to testify at trial 

did not violate the Fifth Amendment right recognized in Griffin, in 

circumstances where the prosecutor was fairly responding to the arguments 

of defense counsel. In that case, the defense claimed that the Government 

had never allowed the defendant to explain his side of the story, despite his 

decision not to testify. The prosecutor then told the jury that Robinson “could 

have taken the stand and explained it to you.” Robinson, 485 U.S. at 26. 

Thus, the right expressed in Griffin is a qualified right that can be effectively 

waived when exploited by the defense. Subsequently, in Commonwealth v. 

Bolus, 680 A.2d 839 (Pa. 1996), the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania held 

“that when a criminal defendant waives his right to remain silent and testifies 

at his own trial, neither the United States nor the Pennsylvania Constitution 

prohibit a prosecutor from impeaching a defendant’s credibility by referring to 

his pre-arrest silence.” Id. at 844. In other words, the Griffin right only 

applies when a defendant actually asserts his right not to testify.

The Commonwealth argues that Appellant “testified that he was the 

victim of a crime. The prosecutor merely asked why [he] had failed to report 

the alleged crime in order to impeach his testimony[,]” in accordance with 
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Bolus. We agree with the Commonwealth. Not only does this case involve 

Appellant’s pre-arrest silence, for which minimal if any constitutional 

protection applies, but Appellant also took the stand in his own defense, 

thereby waiving the protections of the Griffin rule.

2

 Accordingly, there was 

no reasonable basis for defense counsel to seek a mistrial or a cautionary 

instruction based upon Appellant’s Fifth Amendment right to remain silent. No 

such right applied in the circumstances of this case. Appellant did not remain 

silent, thereby waiving the protections that stem from that right. 

Appellant further argues that the prosecutor attempted to imply to the 

jury that Appellant had some legal obligation to go to the police if he were the 

victim. However, Appellant fails to develop this argument in any meaningful 

manner by citation to legal authorities suggesting that such questioning was 

inappropriate. Appellant cited Commonwealth v. Greco, 350 A.2d 826 (Pa. 

1976), but that case involved post-arrest silence, and is therefore not 

applicable here. Accordingly, we conclude that Appellant’s first (or first two) 

IAC claim(s) lacks merit. 

____________________________________________

2 We note that this Court has held that use of a defendant’s pre-arrest silence 

is unconstitutional in limited circumstances. See Commonwealth v. Molina, 

33 A.3d 51 (Pa. Super. 2001) (en banc) (holding that the Commonwealth 

cannot “urge the jury to use a non-testifying defendant’s pre-arrest, preMiranda silence as substantive evidence of guilt”) (citing Miranda v. 

Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)). However, Appellant testified in this case and, 

therefore, cannot avail himself of the protection offered by Molina.
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A3

Next, Appellant claims that defense counsel should have objected when 

a police officer testified to hearsay regarding Jalissa Gonzalez’s statement that 

she was on the phone with the victim when he was shot. Appellant is not 

entitled to relief. 

This claim is poorly developed, and contains no citations to pertinent 

legal authorities beyond mention of boilerplate case law that is not discussed

by Appellant in any meaningful fashion. See Appellant’s Brief at 11-12. This 

issue constitutes only two half-pages of Appellant’s argument, half of which is 

merely a quotation from the trial transcript. On this basis alone, we could 

deem the issue waived. See Commonwealth v. Treiber, 121 A.3d 435, 464

(finding waived cursory IAC claims that were not developed “in any meaningful 

fashion capable of review”). 

In any event, Appellant could not have been prejudiced by the hearsay

statement. First, the statement averred that the victim was on his cellphone 

with Ms. Gonzalez when he was shot. This does not appear to conflict with 

Appellant’s theory of the case (that he shot the victim in self-defense) and, in 

any event, Appellant fails to explain how it did conflict with that theory. 

Appellant’s argument also fails to acknowledge that Ms. Gonzalez testified at 

trial and, therefore, was available for cross-examination regarding the truth 

____________________________________________

3 From this point forward, we address the numerous IAC claims in Appellant’s 

Brief as they are designated therein, “A-M.” Appellant did not designate his

first IAC claim under a lettered heading. 
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of the matter contained in the hearsay statement. Indeed, as noted by the 

Commonwealth, this hearsay testimony was later used by defense counsel to 

impeach Ms. Gonzalez’s testimony. See N.T., 11/16/11, at 92. Moreover, 

Appellant implies that the statement was offered against him, whereas the 

officer’s answer was directly solicited by defense counsel during crossexamination in an apparent attempt to create groundwork for the subsequent 

impeachment of Ms. Gonzalez. See N.T., 11/16/11, at 54 (“Jalissa actually 

told you that she was on the cell phone with the decedent when he was shot, 

correct?”). Accordingly, Appellant was not prejudiced by the admission of this 

hearsay statement, even assuming it was inadmissible. As such, trial 

counsel’s failure to object did not prejudice Appellant. 

B

Next, Appellant argues that defense counsel should have objected to the 

prosecutor’s question, “What did they do after [Appellant] fired that shot in 

the chest of Juan?” Appellant’s Brief at 12. Appellant fails to argue how he 

was prejudiced by this question beyond a boilerplate assertion that it 

“assumed a fact not in evidence.” Id. Moreover, Appellant’s entire argument 

is set forth over one-half of one page, which includes his citation from the 

transcript. This claim has not been developed sufficient for meaningful review 

and, therefore, we deem it waived.4 See Treiber, supra. 

____________________________________________

4 Even if we were to reach the merits of this claim, Appellant would not be 

entitled to relief. Appellant concedes the fact that he shot the victim, 

ostensibly in self-defense. It is unclear how Appellant was prejudiced by a 

reference to a fact that was part-and-parcel of his self-defense claim. 
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C

In Appellant’s next claim, he asserts that defense counsel should have 

objected during the following direct-examination of Detective Griffin:

QUESTION: What information did [Juan Brown] add to the case, 

did he add to the investigation of your case?

ANSWER: Mr. Brown added an eyewitness description of the 

incident and eyewitness account of it....

QUESTION: And did his testimony in any way contradict the fact 

that [Appellant] was the only one that had any sort of weapon?

ANSWER: No.

Appellant’s Brief at 12 (citing N.T., 11/17/11, at 54). 

The entirety of Appellant’s argument regarding this exchange is as 

follows:

The Officer being questioned was testifying to hearsay 

information. He was actually saying what Mr. Brown said. 

Moreover, whether [Appellant] was the only one that had any sort 

of weapon was for the jury to determine and not for the Officer’s 

interpretation of Mr. Brown’s testimony. The Officer was allowed 

to reach an impermissible conclusion. Thus, counsel should have 

objected.

Id. at 13.

Again, Appellant provides no case law to support his claim. He also fails 

to specifically argue how he was prejudiced by the admission of this testimony. 

Juan Brown testified at trial as an eyewitness and, thus, he was available for 

cross-examination regarding any statements he made to police. Any

generalizations about Mr. Brown’s observations offered by Detective Griffin 

were merely cumulative of Mr. Brown’s in-court testimony and, therefore, 
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Appellant was not prejudiced, even if the above exchange technically 

constituted inadmissible hearsay. See Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d 

766, 777 (Pa. Super. 2007) (holding that where “hearsay testimony was 

merely cumulative of the untainted, properly admitted and substantially 

similar testimony” of a witness who had made the out-of-court statement, 

admission of the hearsay testimony was “harmless error”). Consequently, 

Appellant was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to object. 

D

Next, Appellant asserts that trial counsel should have objected when 

Detective Griffin was asked, during direct-examination, whether “it was ever 

explained to him” that Appellant “was merely a victim in this whole thing.” 

N.T., 11/17/11, at 60. Detective Griffin answered, “No, not at all.” Id.

Appellant argues this was “completely irrelevant” and therefore 

inadmissible under Pa.R.E. 401.5 Appellant’s Brief at 13. However, whether 

or not Appellant was a victim who acted in self-defense, or the perpetrator of 

a murder, is not only relevant, it was the heart of the matter at issue at trial 

according to Appellant’s own characterization of the nature of this case. This 

is especially true since Appellant testified at trial and, thus, his credibility was 

____________________________________________

5 That rule provides that evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make 

a fact more or less probable than it would be without the evidence,” and “the 

fact is of consequence in determining the action.” Pa.R.E. 401(a)-(b) 

(emphasis added).

 
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directly at issue. Therefore, the lack of corroboration for Appellant’s claim of 

self-defense was a matter that was relevant in assessing his credibility. 

Appellant also asserts that this evidence was more prejudicial than 

probative, and therefore inadmissible under Rule 403.6 Id. Appellant 

provides a single boilerplate citation for this proposition, with no 

accompanying analysis. Accordingly, we deem this issue waived due to 

Appellant’s failure to develop it in a meaningful fashion. See Treiber, supra.

E

Appellant’s next claim concerns trial counsel’s failure to seek a mistrial 

based on various references to Appellant’s pre-arrest silence, some of which 

trial counsel objected to, but, other times, he did not. As discussed above, 

the admission of evidence of Appellant’s pre-arrest silence was not improper. 

Evidence of pre-arrest silence is admissible if used to challenge a testifying 

defendant’s credibility. See Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231 (1980) 

(holding that “the Fifth Amendment is not violated by the use of pre[-]arrest 

silence to impeach a criminal defendant’s credibility”). Accordingly, defense 

counsel’s failure to request a mistrial based on numerous references to 

Appellant’s pre-arrest silence was not prejudicial. This claim lacks merit. 

F

____________________________________________

6 That rule provides that the trial court “may exclude relevant evidence if its 

probative value is outweighed by a danger of one or more of the following: 

unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, 

wasting time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.” Pa.R.E. 403. 
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Appellant also posits that trial counsel was ineffective because he “did 

not present testimony that [Appellant] knew of the arrest of the victim ... for 

[a]ttempted [m]urder.” Appellant’s Brief at 14. Yet again, Appellant fails to 

meaningfully develop this claim for our review. Appellant’s entire argument

consists of a single sentence. Accordingly, we deem this issue waived. See 

Treiber, supra. Appellant also asserts, in a single sentence, that the trial 

court should not have sustained the Commonwealth’s objection to the 

introduction of the victim’s prior record through the testimony of Mr. Brown. 

See N.T., 1/16/11, at 160. This claim is also waived due to Appellant’s failure 

to develop it sufficiently for meaningful review. See Treiber, supra. 

G

In his next IAC claim, Appellant asserts that trial counsel provided 

ineffective assistance by failing to ask Appellant about the victim’s tattoos, 

which purportedly read, “Fuck You” and “Not Nice.” Appellant asserts that 

“Pennsylvania law allows evidence of the acts of a victim and[] getting a tattoo 

is an act. This would have helped show the violent character of the victim.”

Appellant’s Brief at 15. Appellant’s argument consists of a quarter-page of 

analysis, and no citations to any relevant case law. This issue is waived on 

that basis. See Treiber, supra. 

In any event, it is true that in

a trial for homicide, where self-defense is asserted, the defendant 

may introduce evidence of the turbulent or dangerous character 

of the decedent. Commonwealth v. Tiffany, ... 15 A. 462 ([Pa.] 

1888). This type of character evidence is admissible on either of 

two grounds: 1) to corroborate the defendant’s alleged knowledge
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of the victim’s violent character in an effort to show that the 

defendant reasonably believed that her life was in danger; and/or 

2) to prove the allegedly violent propensities of the victim to show 

that the victim was in fact the aggressor.

Commonweatlh v. Dillon, 598 A.2d 963, 964–65 (Pa. 1991). 

However, tattoos, especially ones that, on their face, do not suggest a 

propensity for or advocacy of violence, are not strong indicators of violent 

character. Additionally, Appellant has provided no analysis to suggest 

otherwise. Furthermore, the victim’s tattoos bear little relation to the 

propensity-for-violence evidence at issue in Dillon. Id. at 964 (describing 

the propensity evidence as proposed testimony by the self-defense-claiming 

defendant’s son that, based on his personal observations, the victim had a 

tendency to become “mean and vicious” when drinking). 

Moreover, in the instant case, Appellant was permitted to testify that 

the victim had threatened him “many times” in the past. N.T., 11/18/11, at 

46. He was also permitted to testify the victim had previously threatened to 

put him “in a box[,]” which Appellant understood to mean that the victim had 

threatened to kill him. Id. at 47. As such, we are unconvinced that evidence 

of the victim’s tattoos would have successfully corroborated Appellant’s claim 

of self-defense to such a degree that calls into question the jury’s verdict, 

even if those tattoos vaguely suggested a propensity for violence. 

Accordingly, even if not waived, we would deem this issue meritless, as we 

ascertain little potential prejudice stemming from trial counsel’s failure to ask 

Appellant about his knowledge of the victim’s tattoos. 

H
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Appellant next argues that:

The record reflects that evidence was introduced by the Prosecutor 

tending to demonstrate that people friendly with, or related to 

[Appellant], menaced one of the witnesses. That evidence is 

inadmissible unless it can be shown that [Appellant] himself 

authorized or requested this or if the evidence is needed to explain 

why a witness changed his/her story. See Commonwealth v[]. 

Collins, 702 A.2d 540 (Pa. 1997) [(]citing Commonwealth v[]. 

Carr, 259 A.2d 165 (Pa. 1969)[)]. Since neither condition existed 

during the trial here, it was error on part of defense counsel to 

refrain from objecting.

Appellant’s Brief at 15. Mr. Brown did testify that he had received threats due 

to his cooperation with the Commonwealth in the prosecution of Appellant. 

See N.T., 1/16/11, at 144-45. Appellant’s trial counsel did not object. Id. 

The Commonwealth argues that Collins is distinguishable from the 

circumstances present in this case. In Collins, our Supreme Court stated that 

“threats against a witness are not admissible as an admission of guilt against 

the accused unless the accused is linked in some way to the making of the 

threat.” Collins, 702 A.2d at 544. Such evidence is also admissible to show 

a witness’s motive to testify untruthfully due to such threats. Id.

The Commonwealth contends that Appellant was “sufficiently linked” to 

the source of the threats to Mr. Brown. Commonwealth’s Brief at 26. 

Appellant argues that, to be admissible, the evidence must show that he 

“authorized or requested” the threats. Appellant’s Brief at 15. However, the 

Collins decision is not so narrow in scope. It only requires that a defendant 

be “linked in some way” to the threat, not that he directly authorized it. 

Collins, 702 A.2d at 544. Thus, we agree with the Commonwealth that the 
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standard set forth in Collins for admission of such evidence is lower than that

characterized by Appellant. Moreover, the record reveals that Mr. Brown 

testified specifically as to the individuals who had threatened him, and their

relationship to Appellant. See N.T., 11/16/11, at 139-40. Appellant presents 

no argument regarding how that testimony was insufficient to establish 

Appellant’s link to the sources of the threats. Accordingly, we conclude that 

the evidence of threats to Mr. Brown was admissible and, therefore,

Appellant’s claim that trial counsel should have objected to such evidence is 

meritless. 

J

7

Next, Appellant asserts that it was error for a police officer to testify 

about the threats, and error for the prosecutor to refer to such evidence during 

his closing argument. This claim suggests error by the trial court, which 

should have been raised, if at all, during Appellant’s direct appeal. Appellant 

does not argue that trial counsel erred by failing to object, or that direct appeal 

counsel was ineffective for failing to raise such claims on direct appeal. 

Accordingly, this issue is waived. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9544(b) (“For purposes 

of this subchapter, an issue is waived if the petitioner could have raised it but 

failed to do so before trial, at trial, during unitary review, on appeal or in a 

prior state postconviction proceeding.”). 

____________________________________________

7 Appellant skipped the letter “I” in the argument section of his brief. To avoid 

confusion, we retain Appellant’s lettering as it appears in his brief. 
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In any event, even if Appellant couched these arguments in terms of 

trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, we would deem them meritless. Appellant 

could not have been significantly prejudiced by the officer’s testimony, even 

if technically inadmissible, where such testimony was merely cumulative of 

the admissible testimony of Mr. Brown regarding the same threats. See 

Hardy, supra. 

K

Appellant also asserts:

The record reflects that police were impermissibly allowed to 

testify that several people were interviewed and not one of those 

individuals contradicted the claim that only [Appellant] had a gun. 

That was inadmissible hearsay and a violation of the right of 

confrontation. In Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 131 S.Ct. 2705 

(2011), the Court decided that the Sixth Amendment’s 

confrontation clause gives the accused “in all criminal 

prosecutions, ... the right ... to be confronted with the witnesses 

against him.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 

1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). Here, trial counsel did object but 

never stated that there was a constitutional violation. Trial counsel 

was ineffective for not objecting to the constitutional violation. 

Commonwealth vs. Brinkley, 480 A.2d 980 (Pa. 1984). The 

unavoidable effect of the event deprives the defendant of a fair 

trial. Commonwealth vs. Chestnut, 512 A.2d 603 (Pa. 1986). 

Moreover, there is ineffectiveness on the part of direct appeal 

counsel for not including the issue on appeal. See [N.T.,] 

11/17/11, ... 49[,] ... 59-61.

Appellant’s Brief at 15-16. 

At issue here are the following questions and answers from the direct 

testimony of Detective Griffin:

[The Commonwealth:] Now, did any of those witnesses provide 

you with information that contradicted anything you had said 

before, such as, that there was another person with a weapon, or 
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anyone other than [Appellant] was ... holding the gun and 

shooting?

[Objection overruled]

[Detective Griffin]: No, we did not receive any contradicting 

information. Just that [Appellant] was the only one armed with a 

weapon during this incident.

***

[The Commonwealth:] During that two-week plus span [after the 

shooting], at any time prior to [Appellant] being taken into

custody, did he or anyone ... approach you with information that, 

in fact, that was threatened by [victim] or anything like that?

[Detective Griffin:] No, not at all. 

N.T., 11/17/11, at 49, 59-60. 

Appellant fails to convince us that he is entitled to relief with regard to 

his allegations of trial counsel’s and appellate counsel’s ineffectiveness in this 

regard. It is well-established that:

Hearsay is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant 

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove 

the truth of the matter asserted.” Pa.R.E. 801(c). ... “Hearsay 

testimony is per se inadmissible in this Commonwealth, except as 

provided in the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence, by other rules 

prescribed by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, or by statute.”

[Commonwealth v.] Cunningham, [805 A.2d 566,] 572 [(Pa. 

Super. 2002)]. See, e.g., Pa.R.E. 803 (listing exceptions). On 

the other hand, “evidence that would constitute inadmissible 

hearsay if offered ... for one purpose may be admitted for another 

purpose....” Commonwealth v. Underwood, ... 500 A.2d 820, 

822 ([Pa. Super.] 1985) (collecting cases). “[A]n out-of-court 

statement offered to explain a course of conduct is not hearsay.” 

Commonwealth v. Cruz, ... 414 A.2d 1032, 1035 ([Pa.] 1980). 

Commonwealth v. Dent, 837 A.2d 571, 577 (Pa. Super. 2003). 

First, it is not clear that the statements at issue were, in fact, hearsay 

statements offered for the truth of the matter asserted therein. Officer Griffin 
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primarily testified as to the lack of statements in support of Appellant’s selfdefense theory, not the contents of the statements that he did receive. 

Nowhere does he describe the actual content of any out-of-court statements, 

other than to indicate that they were consistent with the theory of the 

prosecution, and inconsistent with the theory of the defense. As such, there 

was no evidentiary error by the trial court. Thus, to the extent that Detective 

Griffin testified to the lack of statements by witnesses he interviewed that 

supported Appellant’s claim of self-defense, we conclude that his testimony

was not hearsay and, therefore, admissible. As such, neither trial counsel’s 

nor appellate counsel’s omissions prejudiced Appellant. 

More problematic was the portion of Detective Griffin’s first answer 

where he stated, “Just that [Appellant] was the only one armed with a weapon 

during this incident.” N.T., 11/17/11, at 49. This statement appears to be

hearsay. However, the hearsay does not describe a particular statement by 

a particular eyewitness but, rather, it describes a pattern of out-of-court 

statements that identified Appellant as “the only one armed” in the 

confrontation that led to victim’s death. Id. This lack of detail or specificity 

suggests that the hearsay was not likely to have a significant prejudicial effect. 

There was no indication regarding the eyewitnesses’ ability to perceive the 

events in question, or any other detail that might give the hearsay statement 

added weight before the jury. The statement was brief. No follow-up 

questions were asked by the prosecutor to elaborate on the out-of-court

statements. 
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The hearsay statement was also cumulative of the far more detailed and 

clearly admissible testimony by Mr. Brown, who stated that he only saw 

Appellant with a firearm. Moreover, Appellant does not even dispute that he 

held and then fired the weapon; that is to say, the hearsay testimony spoke 

mostly to facts that were not in dispute. For all of the above reasons, we 

conclude that even if the statement was inadmissible hearsay, trial counsel’s 

failure to lodge a more specific objection did not significantly prejudice 

Appellant, and his direct appeal counsel did not prejudice Appellant by failing 

to challenge the trial court’s overruling of trial counsel’s objection on direct 

appeal. 

In Crawford, the Supreme Court of the United States held that out-ofcourt, testimonial statements by witnesses are barred under the Confrontation 

Clause, unless 1) the witnesses are unavailable and, 2) the defendant had a 

prior opportunity to cross-examine them. Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59. Thus, 

exceptions to the hearsay rule do not always render hearsay statements 

admissible. If a hearsay statement is testimonial in nature and there was no 

prior opportunity to cross-examine, it is inadmissible against a criminal 

defendant. Moreover, it is clear that the at-issue statements here were 

testimonial in nature, as they were given to police in the course of a criminal 

investigation where the primary purpose of the questioning was to “establish 

or prove past events potentially relevant to later criminal prosecution[,]”

rather than enabling police to “meet an ongoing emergency.” Davis v. 

Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822 (2006). 
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Nevertheless, even Crawford violations are subject to the federal 

harmless error rule. Commonwealth v. Brown, 185 A.3d 316, 330 (Pa. 

2018). We find harmless error where:

(1) the error did not prejudice the defendant or the prejudice was 

de minimis;

(2) the erroneously admitted evidence was merely cumulative of 

other untainted evidence which was substantially similar to the 

erroneously admitted evidence; or

(3) the properly admitted and uncontradicted evidence of guilt 

was so overwhelming and the prejudicial effect of the error was 

so insignificant by comparison that the error could not have 

contributed to the verdict.

Id. (quoting Commonwealth v. Young, 748 A.2d 166, 193 (Pa. 1999)). 

Here, as discussed above, the erroneously admitted hearsay evidence 

was merely cumulative of the untainted evidence provided by Mr. Brown. 

Accordingly, Appellant’s Crawford claim affords him no more relief than his 

hearsay claim. Consequently, Appellant was not prejudiced by trial counsel’s 

failure to raise a Crawford objection to Detective Griffin’s testimony. 

M8

Finally, Appellant argues that defense counsel should have objected when 

evidence was introduced “that when police came to the home of [Appellant’s] 

family with an arrest warrant they had to force entry, which meant that the 

family inside did not let them in.” Appellant’s Brief at 16. Appellant claims 

____________________________________________

8 Appellant also skipped the letter “L” in the argument section of his brief. 

Again, to avoid confusion, we retain Appellant’s lettering as it appears in his 

brief. 
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this was evidence of “guilt by association” that was inadmissible. Id. 

Appellant provides no analysis of this two-sentence claim, and no supporting 

case law. Accordingly, we deem it waived. See Treiber, supra. 

Because we conclude that all of Appellant’s IAC claims were either 

waived, lack merit, or did not result in outcome-determinative prejudice, we 

ascertain no abuse of discretion in the PCRA court’s order dismissing 

Appellant’s PCRA petition.9 

Order affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 3/6/20

 

____________________________________________

9 We do not address the PCRA court’s actual basis for rejecting Appellant’s 

claims. However, “we may affirm the decision of the PCRA court if there is 

any basis on the record to support the PCRA court’s action; this is so even if 

we rely on a different basis in our decision to affirm. Commonwealth v. 

Blackwell, 936 A.2d 497, 499 (Pa. Super. 2007) (cleaned up).