Advanced Environmental Monitoring

and Control

Strategic Plan

Gregory K. Schmidt

Program Coordinator

August 1996

Written by:

g ,y-,_.._o_, " , og "n

Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control

Approved: d DmLea u pport Technologies

Approved:

Joan Vernikos, Ph.D., Director /-_

Life Sciences Division J

...

Ill

Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1

The NASA Imperative ............................................................................................ 2

Advanced Environmental Monitoring Program Mission ......................................... 4

Strategic Goals and Objectives ............................................................................. 4

Program Inputs, Deliverables, and Customers ...................................................... 8

Metrics ................................................................................................................... 9

Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 12

Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 13

Figure

1. Advanced Life Support Program ...................................................................... 2

Technology Development Roadmap

V

Introduction

Human missions in space, from short-duration shuttle missions lasting no more

than several days to the medium- to long-duration missions planned for the

International Space Station, face a number of hazards which must be understood

and mitigated for the mission to be carried out safely. Among these hazards are

those posed by the internal environment of the spacecraft itself. Through

offgassing of toxic vapors from plastics and other items carried aboard the

spacecraft by the astronauts, through failures or off-nominal operations of

spacecraft environmental control systems, through accidental exposure to the

crew of hazardous compounds used in experiments - all present potential

hazards that while small, may accumulate and pose a danger to crew health.

The first step toward mitigating the dangers of these hazards is understanding

the internal environment of the spacecraft and the compounds contained within it,

which is then followed by controlling the environment.

The relentless advance of technology, especially in the area of

microminiaturization of a wide variety of instrumentation, has enabled an entirely

new approach to the monitoring and control of the spacecraft environment.

Whereas only a decade ago, instrumentation to measure volatile organic

compounds in spacecraft air would have taken up a large rack of instruments and

a correspondingly large amount of power, this instrumentation has been reduced

drastically in size for the Space Station and will now fit in a small instrument rack.

Further revolutionary reductions in size and power requirements, while

maintaining or increasing capabilities, are underway. These changes will enable

entirely new approaches to the monitoring and control of spacecraft

environments. Future spacecraft will have integrated networks of redundant

sensors which will not only inform the crew of hazards but will pinpoint the

problem location and, through analysis by intelligent systems, recommend and

even implement a course of action to stop the problem. Advanced Life Support

systems will also benefit greatly from these sensors and control systems - neural

nets will take the inputs of hundreds of microminiaturized sensors, integrate them

and provide an optimized process control system with efficiencies impossible to

obtain with state of the art systems today. And by using technologies developed

by molecular biologists for the study of DNA, specialized detectors wilt be able to

rapidly identify and quantify potentially virulent pathogens in spacecraft air and

water.

This strategic plan details strategies to determine NASA's requirements for

environmental monitoring and control systems for future spacecraft, and goals

and objectives for a program to answer these needs. In keeping with NASA's

new operating philosophies, this program is operating efficiently and on a lean

budget, but it will nonetheless revolutionize our capabilities in monitoring and

control of human-occupied spacecraft.
The NASA Imperative

NASA's foremost mission has always been exploration, from the earliest days of

the Mercury program, through the manned lunar landings, the Viking landings on

Mars and the robotic exploration of the solar system. With the recent emphasis

by Congress and the Administration on producing agency strategic plans for all

executive branch agencies, NASA responded by producing a strategic plan

divided into "Strategic Enterprises." Amongst those Strategic Enterprises is the

"Human Exploration and Development of Space" or HEDS.

HEDS represents a long-term strategy for NASA to lead in the human exploration

and development of near-Earth space, the moon and the solar system. Of the

goals allowing this exploration, none is more important than supporting human

life during the short- and long-range missions envisioned within HEDS. As such,

an umbrella program of HEDS Advanced Human Support Technologies has

been undertaken, which consists presently of the Advanced Life Support, Space

Human Factors Engineering and Advanced Environmental Monitoring and

Control programs. All three of these programs support each other and are key to

the success of providing support to humans in their exploration of the solar

system.

The Human Support program has a 20-year vision aimed towards revolutionizing

the maintainance of human life and activities in space through applications of

cutting-edge technologies (Figure 1).

Science & Technology R&D

• New Technology

-Identification,

-Ground Research,

-Development

Low gravity Research-lSS

• Og Component/Subsystem

Research

• 1/3g & 1/6g Research

Ground Integrated Testbed

Partial Closure

- e.g,, ISS, Planetary Outpost

Self Sufficiency

- e g,, Planetary Base

Og Integrated Testbed - ISS

Partial Closure

- e.g., Mars Transfer

Self Sufficiency

- e.g., Long Duration 0g Mission

Products

Partial Closure

Self Sufficiency

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

L t t

F_anelar Base

Figure 1. Advanced Life Support Program Technology Development Roadmap

2
This vision will be implemented through a program of sponsoring technology

development projects in industry, academia and NASA field centers and then

incorporating and maturing those technologies through the use of testbeds, at

first on the ground and then on the International Space Station.

The Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control program will play a key role

in the success of the Human Support program, by providing breakthrough

technologies to drastically improve the way spacecraft environments are

monitored and controlled. Advanced sensors will provide a detailed knowledge

of the spacecraft environment never before possible. Advanced control systems

will give future spacecraft increased autonomy, freeing the crew to work on

experiments and the actual business of exploration. Robust new technologies

will provide increased reliability, freeing the crew from the drudgery of replacing

or calibrating sensors. Overall safety will be increased, resulting from early

detection and mitigation of problems as well as increased system reliability.

Although the Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control program is a

mandate of the HEDS Strategic Enterprise, there is an important tie with the

Technology Strategic Enterprise of the NASA Strategic plan as well. The

Environmental Monitoring program will work in concert with the Technology

Strategic Enterprise to maximize the technology return of the program.

3
Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control Program Mission

Provide future spacecraft with advanced, microminiaturized networks of

integrated sensors to monitor environmental health and accurately determine and

control the physical, chemical and biological environment of the crew living areas

and their environmental control systems.

The overarching mission of the Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control

program sets out a grand strategy to provide new technologies in the area of

environmental monitoring and control for the International Space Station and

future human exploration missions. It is clear that existing technologies will not

meet the needs of future exploration in the area of reduced weight and cost,

greatly increased capabilities and greatly reduced overall risk. In addition, the

crew time spent in monitoring and controlling the spacecraft environment must be

reduced as a component of the overall reduction in overhead tasks, to allow

more time for research and exploration-related tasks. The Advanced

Environmental Monitoring and Control program brings together related

technologies in physical, chemical and biological monitoring and advanced

control and ties them synergistically to provide much-needed technologies for the

future of human space exploration.

Strategic Goals and Objectives

Goal 1: Determine the Requirements for Environmental Monitoring and Control

Systems aboard future human spacecraft

Objective 1.1 Establish and continuously update integrated Environmental

Monitoring requirements.

Objective 1.2 Determine the state of the art in environmental technologies in

other government agencies, industry and academia in order to maximize efficacy

of limited program funds.

Before limited program funds can be allocated to the development of new

technologies, it is critical to determine in as great a detail as possible the

technical requirements for monitoring the internal environment of future

spacecraft. These requirements are varied, from reliability (e.g., as we move to

the space station era, sensor systems should be operable and reliable without

maintenance for long duration missions) to requirements for sensing a particular

compound (e.g., sensor systems should be able to detect formaldehyde in

concentrations down to parts per billion). These requirements will draw upon

needs stated in the HEDS strategic plan and other pertinent studies of future

human spaceflight which have been conducted over many years.

Environmental monitoring is a key component of many industries and a key

function of other government agencies. The Environmental Protection Agency,

for example, has a need to monitor the air for pollutants and soils for

contamination, while the oil industry has a need to monitor its processes and its

4
external environment for contamination. It can be easily seen that there is a

great deal of overlap between NASA's needs and the needs of industry and other

government agencies in the area of environmental monitoring and control. In

order to maximize the return from the limited NASA budget, it is in NASA's

interest to provide a "filter" on the needs developed in the requirements

document to determine NASA's unique needs. This will allow NASA to sponsor

technology development efforts in areas not currently being addressed by

outside groups, while using the best technologies developed in industry,

academia and government for the remainder of its needs. In addition,

opportunities may exist for shared development of dual-use technologies, which

also uses limited program funds to the greatest advantage possible.

As is stated later in this plan, it is vitally important to involve technology users as

early as possible in technology development efforts. The immediate users of

Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control technologies reside within the

NASA Medical Sciences, Advanced Life Support and Space Station teams. The

importance of crew health risks in setting priorities for technology development

requirements cannot be overstated, and significant involvement of all three of

these teams in requirements development is essential to meet their long-term

needs.

Goal 2: Obtain state of the art, revolutionary technologies for spacecraft

environmental monitoring and control

Objective 2.1 : Sponsor development of high-risk, high potential return

environmental sensor and control system technology development.

Objective 2.2: Obtain state of the art technologies to enhance environmental

monitoring and control from industry, academia and other government agencies

or off the shelf as appropriate for NASA's use.

A wide range of technologies will be needed for monitoring and controlling the

environment of future spacecraft. These technologies will not only take the form

of actual sensors and systems, but also will consist of software, knowledge

bases and control systems such as neural nets. Furthermore, there are

technologies which are not environmental monitoring and control per se, but

which could significantly enhance or enable environmental monitoring and

control, particularly for NASA-unique needs. Such enabling or enhancing

technologies include micromachining, microelectronics, optoelectronics, and

nonlinear optics. As stated under the previous goal, it is in NASA's interest to

infuse technologies developed externally where appropriate. However, it is also

clear that the environment of future spacecraft will pose unique challenges to

environmental monitoring and control systems, particularly in the areas of

extreme long-duration reliability, capabilities for detection of a wider array of

contaminants, resistance to contamination, and a host of other challenges. For

this reason, coupled with other unique needs in the area of Advanced Life

Support system monitoring, it is appropriate for NASA to fund a suite of

technology development projects capable of meeting its unique needs.

5
A significant infrastructure is required for development of advanced technologies

appropriate for NASA's Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control

program. Fortunately, this program is able to take advantage of world-class

facilities such as the MicroDevices Laboratory at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory

as well as others at universities across the country, which were developed to

fulfill research and technology development needs well beyond those of

environmental monitoring and control. The Advanced Environmental Monitoring

and Control program is able to "stand on the shoulders" of organizations such as

the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization as well as NASA's Space Science

program to achieve technological developments well beyond its own means,

through taking full advantage of dual-use technologies and previous investments.

Goal 3: Provide Mature, Tested Environmental Monitoring Technologies for use

in flight systems

Objective 3.1 Select environmental monitoring and control technologies whose

proof of concept has been demonstrated, for further development in increasingly

realistic environments.

Objective 3.2 Provide environmental monitoring and control systems for use in

integrated testbeds.

Objective 3.3 Provide advanced, integrated environmental monitoring and

control technologies for use in flight systems for the Human Exploration and

Development of Space

In the development of advanced, high-risk technologies, it must be

acknowledged at the outset that some will fail or at least not advance to the stage

where they are useful for flight projects. A key program goal is the establishment

of decision points for technology development projects where their suitability for

further development is evaluated. A wide range of criteria will be employed in

making the decision to terminate some projects, while allowing others to proceed

on for further development, amongst the foremost of which will be technical

performance, estimated system costs and estimated schedule requirements for

maturing the given technology to the point of flight readiness. These criteria will

be applied equally to both NASA-developed or sponsored technologies and

those developed outside of NASA, in order to give NASA the best possible

technologies for use in its flight systems.

As with requirements definition, it is essential to involve the user community in

the technology selection process. Methods for accomplishing this process are

detailed later in this plan.

As technologies mature and progress on to further levels of development, it

becomes increasingly important to test them in interaction with other systems.

For environmental monitoring and control technologies in particular, interaction of

these technologies with spacecraft environmental control and life support

systems is critical, and system interaction with astronaut operators is also of high

importance. For this reason, integrated, human-in-the-loop testbeds are under

6
development which will uncover system-level interactions and bring to light

problems which may not have surfaced at earlier levels of development. This

environment will no doubt prove challenging in the maturation of environmental

monitoring technologies. After success of environmental monitoring and control

technologies is demonstrated in integrated ground testbeds, flight testing will

proceed prior to incorporation of the technologies in flight systems.

Goal 4: Provide the benefits of NASA-developed environmental monitoring and

control technologies to United States industry and for improving human welfare.

Objective 4.1 Establish criteria in announcements of research opportunity and

subsequent progress reviews encouraging early technology transfer.

Objective 4.2 Establish partnerships and Memoranda of Understanding with

industry, academia and government organizations to use NASA-developed

environmental monitoring and control technologies for the economic benefit of

the United States and for improvin_l human welfare.

Technology transfer has always been a key part of the NASA Mission, since the

Space Act was signed by Congress in 1958. Recently, increased emphasis has

been placed on technology transfer by the Administration. As stated in

"Technology for America's Economic Growth, A New Direction to Build Economic

Strength" (1993), "All laboratories managed by... NASA... that can make a

productive contribution to the civilian economy will be reviewed with the aim of

devoting at least 10-20% of their budgets to R&D partnerships with industry."

The NASA Administrator has also directed the preparation of plans to "push

technology transfer to the top of your agendas" in a 1992 letter to his directors.

Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control systems under development by

NASA will provide many opportunities for technology transfer and partnerships

with industry. As stated earlier, a great deal of development of these

technologies is going on outside of NASA, which will lead to many natural flows

of technology both into and out of NASA.

7
Procjram Inputs, Deliverables, and Customers

The Environmental Monitoring program has a long-term mission structured

towards delivering key environmental monitoring and control technologies

starting in the Space Station era and aiming towards human missions into the

solar system beyond Earth's orbit. As noted earlier, the program is requirementsdriven, with inputs from the HEDS strategic plan and other studies which have

been conducted concerning future human exploration of the solar system.

Requirements for environmental monitoring to assure human health will be

obtained from the Aerospace Medicine division at NASA HQ and the Medical

Sciences Division at JSC. The JSC Medical Sciences Division has the

responsibility to work with the National Research Council to define Spacecraft

Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) of chemical contaminants in the

atmosphere and in drinking water for various length missions. These SMACs will

be used to determine threshold limit, sensitivity and accuracy requirements for

environmental sensor systems. In addition, the program will work with the Office

of Space Flight in determining likely future environmental control systems, which

will interface with environmental monitoring and control systems developed under

this program. The program will also work with the Advanced Life Support

program to determine specific sensor and control technology needs particular to

individual ALS system elements, such as nutrient sensors for plant nutrient

delivery systems.

Near-term customers for products developed within the Environmental Monitoring

program shall include the ALS program, the JSC toxicology group and the Office

of Space Flight. In addition, members of industry, academia, and government

benefitting from technology transfer accomplished under the Environmental

Monitoring program should be considered customers.

Top-level deliverables of the Environmental Monitoring program follow:

1995-2000 • Breadboard-demonstrated sensor systems capable of

monitoring a wide variety of atmospheric contaminants

• Initial demonstration of microbial sensor systems

• Breadboard-demonstrated water contamination sensor

systems

• Initial demonstration of advanced integrated control

systems for advanced life support systems

• Flight demonstration of selected air monitoring

technologies

2000-2005 • Integrated monitoring and control systems demonstrated

in ground testbeds. Initial integration of microbial sensors

achieved.

• Initial testing of sensor and control systems onboard ISS

(rack-level)

8
• Continuing development of advanced environmental

monitoring and control technologies

2005-2010 • Fully integrated monitoring and control systems

demonstrated in high-fidelity ground testbeds with

humans in the loop. Full autonomous control of Advanced

Life Support systems achieved.

• Integrated monitoring and control systems demonstrated

aboard ISS.

• Continuing development of advanced environmental

monitoring and control technologies

2010-2015 • Integrated environmental monitoring and control of Space

Station achieved.

• Delivery of technologies suitable for environmental

monitoring and control on lunar and planetary missions.

Metrics

It is highly important to measure the progress of the Advanced Environmental

Monitoring and Control program in meeting its stated goals, objectives and

deliverables. This progress may only be measured through the use of metrics

that reflect the strategic goals of the program. The metrics must be easily

applied, comprehensive, sensitive to improvements in program technologies, and

well-aligned with program needs. Metrics, once defined, will drive the program.

Metrics for the Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control Program may be

put into two general categories: cost and performance. Within cost-related

metrics are the mass index and system cost, and within performance-related

metrics are system reliability, knowledge of spacecraft environment and

technology maturity. It should be noted that system-level metrics are difficult to

ascertain with exploratory technologies due to incomplete system knowledge, but

as technologies mature these system metrics become more refined.

Mass Index - This metric is given by the relation:

Mass Index = M/hD

Where M = total mass of the environmental monitoring and control system (all

consumables included), h = the number of crew members and D = mission

duration. This mass index will decrease as miniaturized, distributed sensors and

intelligent control systems are developed and refined.

System Cost- Within the new external environment in which NASA operates,

lifetime cost has become the dominant factor in determining the viability of space

systems. Future environmental monitoring and control systems must be

designed and operate within tight budgets. Technologies for these systems must

thus be designed to minimize the overall system cost, which includes costs for

consumables, operations, and maintenance.
System Reliability - Environmental monitoring and control systems for future

spacecraft must have a high system reliability equal to or exceeding that of

current and past spacecraft. This metric is a composite metric and may be

determined through a bottom-up reliability analysis of proposed environmental

monitoring and control systems, or a measure of the reliability may be obtained

through a top-down Failure Modes and Effects Analysis. Although impossible to

define for component-level technologies, this metric will become increasingly

important as systems progress through higher technology readiness levels and

the interaction between system components becomes apparent. It is obvious

that simple, redundant systems will in general have a higher system reliability

than more complex systems. Technologies for future exploration must thus be

driven to be as simple and robust as possible.

Knowledge of Spacecraft Environment- As capabilities increase for

monitoring the internal environment of the spacecraft, the amount of data on

various parts of the spacecraft or habitat will increase, and the data will become

less granular. This will result in an improved ability to localize problem sources

(e.g., sources of contamination) and input this knowledge into the spacecraft or

habitat control system for an early solution. This increased knowledge will also

take the form of a greater variety of monitored contaminants, and redundant

systems for backup coupled with intelligent fault-prediction systems. A metric

entitled "Knowledge of Spacecraft Environment" will thus be a high-level metric

comprised of the number of contaminants and primary constituents monitored (in

both air and water) as well as the granularity of the monitoring, coupled with the

ability of advanced software systems to predict the state of the environment of

the spacecraft or habitat. As technologies improve and result in smaller sensors

with greater capabilities, the granularity of the detection systems will decrease

while the number of monitored contaminants will increase.

Risk Mitigation - Lowered Crew Health risks is a paramount goal of the

Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control program. Increased knowledge

of the Spacecraft Environment will feed into this metric and allow lower total risk

through early knowledge of those spacecraft contaminants posing the greatest

risk to the health of the astronauts.

Technology Maturity- A "Technology Maturity" metric has been developed to

allow evaluation of individual technologies for their suitability for further

development or use in flight environmental monitoring and control systems. This

metric takes into account sensor performance in normal and anomalous

conditions, reliability and maintainability and certifiability for flight. The equation

to calculate this metric is shown in the Advanced Environmental Monitoring and

Control Program Technology Development Requirements document (see

bibliography).

It is apparent that all of the metrics described above are related; for example, an

increased system reliability or a decreased Mass Index may force an increase in

system cost. Lower-level metrics will be set in individual program and project

plans to evaluate specific technologies under development by the Advanced Life

10
Support, Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control, and Space Human

Factors programs. Continuous program management oversight will monitor

these metrics to ensure that the program stays on track.

11
Conclusions

Advanced technologies and new approaches must be developed to achieve

success in the Human Exploration and Development of Space. These

technologies and approaches must further be directed towards well-defined goals

and objectives, in order to produce first-class results without excessive costs.

Nonetheless, the goals of HEDS are far-reaching enough that technologies far

beyond our current capabilities must be realized. Risks must be taken in

developing these technologies; some will undoubtedly fail and prove themselves

unsuitable for human space exploration. However, the rewards of pursuing highrisk avenues are well worth the potential pitfalls, and will produce new

approaches to revolutionize human space exploration.

This strategic plan has laid out goals and objectives to revolutionize the way

environmental monitoring and control will be done on future spacecraft. With the

path that has been shown in this plan, technologies will be developed that will

provide robust, safe and highly capable flight systems for environmental

monitoring and control in the future of human space exploration.

12
Bibliography

1. NASA Strategic plan. NASA Headquarters, February 1996. Available on the

World Wide Web at: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/nsp/

2. Human Exploration and Development of Space Strategic Plan. NASA

Headquarters, January 1996. Available on the World Wide Web at:

http://www.osf.hq.nasa.gov/heds/hedsplan.html

3. HEDS Advanced Human Support Technology Program Strategic Plan. NASA

Headquarters Life Sciences Division, 1996. Available on the World Wide

Web through Life Science Division home page in Fall 1996:

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/olmsa/UL/codeul.html

4. Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control Program Technology

Development Requirements. NASA Headquarters Life Sciences Division,

1996. Available on the World Wide Web through Life Science Division home

page in Fall 1996: http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/olmsaJUL/codeul.html

5. Advanced Life Support program plan. NASA Headquarters Life Sciences

Division, December 1993. Available on the World Wide Web at:

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/olmsa/UL/gopher/ALS_projectplan.html

6. Space Human Factors program plan. NASA Headquarters Life Sciences

Division, December 1995. Available on the World Wide Web through Life

Science Division home page in Fall 1996:

http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/olmsa/UL/codeul.html

13
Form Approved

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE oM8_o 0704-0788

Pub#it re!oO_lng burden for this collection of information Is e_.t_mated to average 1 hour oer re_nse, including the time for revlew*ncj instructions, search_ncj eNJstlng data sources.

gatherJncJ and maintalnincj the data needed, and completing and rev,ew_ng the collection of information Send comments rec_arding thi% burden e_ttmate or any other asoect of this

collection of information. _ncludincj sucjcjestions for reduoncj th,% burden_ to Washlncjton Headcluarter_ Services, Olrec_orate TOt Information O!_'ra(iOn_ and Re_¢t%. 1215 Jefferson

Davis Highway. Suite 1204, Artincjton VA 22202-4302. and to the Office of ManacjetYlenl and Budget. Pal_fwork Reduction Project (0704-0188). Wash ngton OC 2050 ]

I. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE

May l qq6

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Advanced Environmental Monitoring

Strategic Plan

6. AUTHOR(S)

Gregory Schmidt

3. REPORTTYPE AND DATES COVERED

Ongoing Plan

5. FUNDING NUMBERS

and Control

Contact Person: Darrell Jan (JPL)

7. PERFORMINGORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

California Institute of Technology

4800 Oak Grove Drive

Pasadena, CA 91109

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES)

NASA HQ Code ULS

Washington, D.C.

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

JPL D-13862

10. SPONSORING/MONITORING

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER

TM-4764

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

Human missions in space, from short-duration shuttle missions lasting no more than several days to the

medium-to-long-duration missions planned for the International Space Station, face a number of hazards that must

be understood and mitigated for the mission to be carried out safely. Among these hazards are those posed by the

internal environment of the spacecraft itself; through outgassing of toxic vapors from plastics and other items,

failures or off-nominal operations of spacecraft environmental control systems, accidental exposure to hazardous

compounds used in experiments--all present potential hazards that while small, may accumulate and pose a danger

to crew health. The first step toward mitigating the dangers of these hazards is understanding the internal

environment of the spacecraft and the compounds contained within it.

Future spacecraft will have integrated networks of redundant sensors which will not only inform the crew

of hazards, but will pinpoint the problem location and, through analysis by intelligent systems, recommend and even

implement a course of action to stop the problen...

This strategic plan details strategies t3 determine NASA's requirements for environmental monitoring and

control systems for future spacecraft, and goals and objectives for a program to answer these needs.

14. SUBJECTTERMS

Bioengineering; Biology;Environmental

Support;Environmental Monitoring

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF REPORT

Unclassified

NSN 7540-01-280-5500

18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF THIS PAGE

Unclassified

19.

Biology;Life

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

OF ABSTRACT

Unclassified

1S. NUMBER OF PAGES

15

16. PRICE CODE

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Unlimited

Standard Form 298 tRey 2-89)

Prescrqk:,_ Oy ANSI 5td l]9-18

298- _02