IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

Docket No. 41745

DALRIE COOK, fka DALRIE ARIAS,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

HUGO MARCELO ARIAS,

Defendant-Respondent.

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Boise, November 2014 Term

ORDER DENYING 

RECONSIDERATION AND 

VACATING JUDGMENT

Filed: February 6, 2015

Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk

Appeal from the District Court of the Seventh Judicial District of the State of 

Idaho, in and for Bonneville County. Hon. Steven A. Gardner, Magistrate Judge; 

Hon. Earl Blower, Magistrate Judge.

Order denying reconsideration of order dismissing appeal and order vacating 

partial judgment of divorce.

Aaron J. Woolf, Thompson, Smith, Woolf & Anderson, PLLC, Idaho Falls, for 

appellant.

Neal Randall, Idaho Falls, for respondent.

EISMANN, Justice.

This is an appeal by permission out of Bonneville County from an order in a divorce 

action modifying child custody. Because no final judgment dissolving the marriage and no 

judgment regarding custody had ever been entered in this action during the four-year period after 

the divorce trial, we dismissed the appeal because it did not qualify for an appeal by permission. 

After the appeal was dismissed, the magistrate court entered a partial judgment purporting to 

retroactively divorce the parties four years earlier and a partial judgment regarding custody and 

the division of property and debts. The appellant then filed a motion seeking reconsideration of 

the order dismissing the appeal. We deny that motion, vacate the partial judgment retroactively 

terminating the parties’ marriage, and direct the magistrate court to enter a new partial judgment

dissolving their marriage.
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I.

BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS.

On January 23, 2009, Dalrie Arias (Plaintiff) filed this action against Hugo Arias 

(Defendant) to annul their marriage on the ground that at the time of their marriage on April 9, 

1993, he was still married to another. During their marriage, Plaintiff and Defendant had two 

children, a daughter born in 1998 and a son born in 1999. Plaintiff later withdrew the claim for 

an annulment, and this action proceeded as one for divorce.

 The trial was held on January 6, 12, and 13, 2011, before Magistrate Blower. On 

January 25, 2011, he entered a document that purported to be a judgment, but was not. The 

document was titled “Decree of Divorce Nunc Pro Tunc,” and it provided as follows:

This matter came before the court for trial on January 6, 12 and 13, 20l1. 

The court has heard the evidence and argument of counsel. The court has taken 

under advisement the issues of property and debt division and custody and 

visitation. However, the parties having stipulated to entry of a decree of divorce 

on the grounds of irreconcilable differences, at [sic] it appearing that the plaintiff 

is entitled to a divorce on the grounds of irreconcilable differences, and the court 

being fully advised in the premises;

NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND 

DECREED AS follows:

1. That the plaintiff is granted a divorce from the defendant upon the 

grounds of irreconcilable differences, nunc pro tunc January 13, 2011, and the 

bonds of matrimony existing between the plaintiff and the defendant be, and the 

same are, hereby dissolved and each parry is restored to the status of single 

person.

2. That Plaintiff shall be restored to her maiden name of “Dalrie 

Summers.”

3. That the court by written decision to follow this decree shall decide all 

remaining issues.

The purported judgment did not constitute a judgment because it contained a record of 

prior proceedings (the opening paragraph) in violation of Rule 54(a) of the Idaho Rules of Civil 

Procedure. Estate of Holland v. Metro. Prop. and Cas. Ins. Co., 153 Idaho 94, 99, 279 P.3d 80,

85 (2012). That rule, which went into effect over six months earlier, provided that “[a] judgment 

shall not contain . . . the record of prior proceedings.” I.R.C.P. 54(a) (effective July 1, 2010). 

The purported judgment also attempted to make the divorce retroactive to January 13, 2011, the 

last day of the trial, and it included a statement that was not granting any relief requested in the 

pleadings (“That the court by written decision to follow this decree shall decide all remaining 
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issues.”). The pleadings asked the court to divide the property and debts, not merely to agree to 

decide those issues.

Even if the purported judgment had complied with Rule 54(a), it would not have been a 

final judgment. The rule states, “A judgment is final if either it has been certified as final 

pursuant to subsection (b)(1) of this rule or judgment has been entered on all claims for relief, 

except costs and fees, asserted by or against all parties in the action.” For the purported

judgment to be final, he would have had to either certify it as final pursuant to Rule 54(b)(1) or 

enter a judgment on the remaining issues. He did neither.

On February 4, 2011, Magistrate Blower entered his “Findings of Fact and Conclusions 

of Law” addressing the remaining issues in the case. However, he did not enter a judgment 

regarding those issues. Instead, he directed Defendant’s counsel “to prepare a proposed 

Supplemental Order” that was consistent with the findings of fact and conclusions of law.

The primary dispute regarding custody was whether Plaintiff could move with the 

children to Utah so she could live with an old boyfriend. In his findings of fact and conclusions 

of law, Magistrate Blower stated that the children would reside with Defendant unless Plaintiff, 

within fourteen days, filed a document stating that she “abandons her plan to move the children 

away, in which event the court would order that the children reside primarily with [Plaintiff] and 

have reasonable visitation with [Defendant].” Plaintiff filed that document on February 11, 

2011.

There was further litigation concerning the findings of fact and conclusions of law, and 

on March 17, 2011, Magistrate Blower entered a memorandum decision modifying the findings 

of fact and conclusions of law. He directed Defendant’s counsel “to prepare a proposed 

Supplemental Order” that was consistent with the findings of fact and conclusions of law, as 

amended. Defendant’s counsel did so, and on April 29, 2011, Magistrate Blower entered a 

“Supplemental Order” setting forth orders on the various issues addressed in the findings of fact. 

The order stated, “Because [Plaintiff] filed her Statement of Unequivocal Desire on February 11, 

2011—advising the court that she will continue to reside in the Idaho Falls area—the children 

shall reside with [Plaintiff] except as provided below.” The Supplemental Order then set forth 

Defendant’s visitation schedule.

Magistrate Blower did not enter a judgment on the issues addressed in the Supplemental 

Order. Therefore, the Supplemental Order was simply an interlocutory order. Doe v. Doe, 155 
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Idaho 660, 663, 315 P.3d 848, 851 (2013). There is also no indication in the record that either 

counsel requested that Magistrate Blower enter a judgment on the issues addressed in the 

Supplemental Order.

On August 11, 2011, Plaintiff filed a motion to modify that portion of the Supplemental 

Order that granted her primary physical custody of the children upon her statement that she 

would continue to reside in Idaho Falls. In support of her motion, she stated that she had 

remarried and wanted to take the children to Utah to live with her new husband. She moved to 

disqualify Magistrate Blower, and he entered a judgment disqualifying himself from continuing 

to preside over this case. Magistrate Gardner was then appointed to preside.

Magistrate Gardner heard Plaintiff’s motion to modify the Supplemental Order. On 

November 25, 2011, he entered an order denying the motion. In doing so, he wrote, “The law in 

this state is equally well settled that modifications of a decree of divorce to change the custody of 

minor children can be made only upon a showing of material, permanent and substantial change 

in the circumstances of the parties.” That standard is applicable to a motion to modify a final 

judgment regarding custody, but no final judgment had ever been entered in this case regarding 

custody and the Supplemental Order was merely an interlocutory order.

Plaintiff appealed the denial of her motion to the district court. On December 6, 2012, 

the district court dismissed the appeal on the ground that the order denying her motion did not 

comply with the requirements of Rule 54(a) for a judgment. The district court failed to notice 

that no final judgment had ever been entered in this case, and it erroneously concluded that an 

order denying a motion to modify a judgment (assuming one had been entered) must also meet 

the requirements of Rule 54(a).

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In response to the district court’s decision dismissing the appeal, Magistrate Gardner on 

February 21, 2013, entered a “Judgment” dismissing Plaintiff’s motion to modify custody that 

 

1 Had there been a final judgment, an order denying a motion to amend that judgment need not comply with Rule 

54(a). An order denying a motion to amend a judgment is not a judgment. An order granting a motion to modify a 

final judgment also need not comply with Rule 54(a), but an amended judgment should thereafter be entered 

reflecting the judgment as amended. To constitute a judgment, the amended judgment must be a single document 

that sets forth the provisions of the original judgment as amended by the subsequent order. Although the district 

court did not cite Rule 60(c) for its belief that an order denying a motion to amend child custody must comply with 

Rule 54(a), Rule 60(c) does not make a motion to modify child custody or support a new civil action. It simply 

requires certain procedures similar to the commencement of an action (“The motion shall be in a form similar to a 

complaint, served with a notice directing the opposing party to file a written response within twenty (20) days, or 

default may be entered, with or without hearing.”) in order to improve the processing of those motions.
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had been filed on August 11, 2011. Based upon that “Judgment,” the district court then heard the 

merits of the appeal, and on May 31, 2013, it entered an opinion upholding Magistrate Gardner’s 

decision that Plaintiff had failed to show a material, permanent and substantial change in 

circumstances since the entry of the original decree, even though no final decree had ever been 

entered in this action. As stated above, because no judgment had ever been entered regarding 

custody, that was not the correct standard to apply. Likewise, for the same reason, the matter 

was not even appealable to the district court. I.R.C.P. 83(a).

On March 25, 2013, Plaintiff filed another motion to modify the order regarding child 

custody, asking that she be allowed to relocate with the minor children to Salt Lake City, Utah. 

She alleged that she had remarried and that the children desired to live with her in Utah. 

Defendant responded by filing a motion to dismiss. On August 30, 2013, Magistrate Gardner 

entered an “Order Granting Motion to Dismiss” on the ground that Plaintiff had failed to show a 

material, permanent and substantial change in circumstances and was simply attempting “to rehash issues that were the subject of the trial.” As stated above, that was not the proper standard 

because Plaintiff was seeking to amend an interlocutory order. On September 19, 2013, 

Magistrate Gardner entered a “Judgment” granting Defendant’s motion to dismiss, dismissing 

Plaintiff’s motion to amend custody, denying other motions, ordering that Defendant was entitled 

to an award of attorney fees, and vacating the trial. Obviously, that “Judgment” was not a 

judgment that complied with Rule 54(a).

Plaintiff moved to Utah with the parties’ daughter and enrolled her in school. On 

September 5, 2013, Defendant filed a motion seeking an expedited hearing on custody. After 

hearing that motion, Magistrate Gardner entered on October 13, 2013, a document titled “Order 

Granting Motion for Expedited Hearing as to Custody.” In that order he stated, sua sponte, that 

pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6)2 he was modifying child custody by granting Defendant primary 

physical custody of both children, but ordering that the parties’ daughter be transitioned into 

moving back to Idaho to live with Defendant.

 

2 Because no final judgment had ever been entered in this action, Rule 60(b) did not apply. Doe v. Doe, 155 Idaho 

660, 664, 315 P.3d 848, 852 (2013); Idaho First Nat’l Bank v. David Steed and Assocs., Inc., 121 Idaho 356, 361, 

825 P.2d 79, 84 (1992).
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On November 1, 2013, Magistrate Gardner entered an “Order for Child Support” 

requiring Plaintiff to pay child support. On November 25, 2013, he entered a document titled 

“Rule 54(b) Certificate,” which stated:

With respect to the issues determined by the ORDER GRANTING 

MOTION FOR EXPEDITED HEARING AS TO CUSTODY filed herein 

October 3, 2013, and the ORDER FOR CHILD SUPPORT filed herein 

November 1, 2013, it is hereby CERTIFIED in accordance with Rule 54(b), 

I.R.C.P., that the court has determined that there is no just reason for the delay of 

the entry of a final judgment and that the court has and does hereby direct that the 

above judgments or orders shall be a [sic] final judgments upon which execution 

may issue and an appeal may be taken as provided by the Idaho Appellate Rules.

A Rule 54(b) certificate only makes a partial judgment that does not resolve all issues in 

the case into a final judgment. It does not make a document that does not comply with Rule 

54(a) into a judgment. Because neither order constituted a judgment, the Rule 54(b) certificate 

was meaningless. Clearwater REI, LLC v. Boling, 155 Idaho 954, 958, n.2, 318 P.3d 944, 948 

(2014). In addition, the rule requires that “the court shall execute a certificate which shall 

immediately follow the court’s signature on the judgment.” I.R.C.P. 54(b)(1). A Rule 54(b) 

certificate cannot be filed as a separate document. Boyd-Davis v. Baker, ___ Idaho ___, 339 

P.3d 749, 753 (2014). Thus, the Rule 54(b) certificate entered by the magistrate was of no effect.

On January 10, 2014, Plaintiff filed a motion for a permissive appeal pursuant to Rule 

12.1 of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. This Court granted the motion. A clerk’s record was 

filed with this Court on March 21, 2014, and the parties completed their briefing on May 9, 

2014. The case was to be set for oral argument in November 2014, but the parties agreed to 

submit the matter on the briefs.

This Court later discovered that no final judgment had ever been entered in this case. As 

a result, this case did not qualify for a permissive appeal pursuant to Rule 12.1. That rule 

permits a direct appeal from the magistrate court to this Court “of a final judgment, as defined in 

Rule 54(a) of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure, or order made after final judgment, involving 

the custody of a minor.” I.A.R. 12.1. Therefore, on January 7, 2015, the clerk of this Court 

issued an order dismissing the appeal.

On January 20, 2015, Magistrate Gardner responded by entering a “Decree of Divorce 

and Judgment,” which stated as follows:

JUDGMENT IS ENTERED AS FOLLOWS:
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1. That the Plaintiff is granted a divorce from the Defendant upon the 

grounds of irreconcilable differences, nunc pro tunc January 13, 2011, and the 

bonds of matrimony existing between the Plaintiff and the Defendant be, and the 

same are, hereby dissolved and each party is restored to the status of single 

person.

2. That Plaintiff is restored to her maiden name of “Dalrie Summers.”

The attempt to make the partial judgment retroactive is void. “[A] judgment may not be 

given nunc pro tunc effect to correct a judicial error.” Weaver v. Searle Bros., 131 Idaho 610, 

615, 962 P.2d 381, 386 (1998). In this case, Magistrate Blower did not enter a final judgment

terminating the parties’ marriage. The failure to enter a judgment was not an accident, excusable 

oversight, or mistake. It was obviously a conscious decision, albeit a judicial error. Therefore, 

the nunc pro tunc partial judgment terminating the parties’ marriage is void.

On January 29, 2015, Magistrate Gardner also entered a partial judgment regarding the 

remaining issues, and he attached a Rule 54(b) certificate to that judgment. It changed the 

custody provisions of the “Order Granting Motion for Expedited Hearing as to Custody,” so that 

the children were to reside with Plaintiff rather than Defendant and Defendant would have 

specified visitation. Defendant was also required to pay child support to Plaintiff, rather than the 

reverse.

The judgment entered on January 29, 2015, essentially restored the child custody and 

support provisions to those set forth in the Supplemental Order entered on April 29, 2011, but 

there is no provision in the judgment requiring or assuming that Plaintiff reside in Idaho in order 

to have primary physical custody of the children. As far as the record reflects, she was still

residing in Utah with the parties’ daughter at the time the judgment was entered ordering that the 

children reside with her. The judgment also provided that “[e]ach party shall bear his or her own 

attorney fees and costs,” thereby nullifying the order entered on February 13, 2014, awarding 

Defendant court costs and attorney fees in the sum of $4,660.

On January 26, 2015, Plaintiff filed a “Petition for Rehearing” asking that this Court set 

aside the order dismissing this appeal “so that this Court can decide the very important child 

custody issues which this Court agreed to hear when it entered its Order Granting Motion for 

Permission to Appeal to the Supreme Court on February 10, 2014.” Because the order 

dismissing the appeal was not an opinion, Idaho Appellate Rule 42, which provides for petitions 
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for rehearing, does not apply. We are considering Plaintiff’s petition as a motion for 

reconsideration and addressing it pursuant to Idaho Appellate Rule 48.

The invalid permissive appeal in this case was taken from the “Order Granting Motion to 

Dismiss” entered on August 30, 2013, and the “Order Granting Motion for Expedited Hearing as 

to Custody” entered on October 3, 2013. Those two orders were simply interlocutory orders 

because no final judgment had ever been entered in this case. The first judgment entered 

regarding child custody was the partial judgment entered on January 29, 2015. Based upon the 

partial judgment entered, the two interlocutory orders that Plaintiff sought to address in a 

permissive appeal are no longer in effect.

II.

ORDER.

Based upon the foregoing, 

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED AS FOLLOWS:

1. That the “Decree of Divorce and Judgment” entered on January 20, 2015, is vacated;

2. That the magistrate court is ordered to enter a judgment terminating the parties’ 

marriage and restoring Plaintiff’s maiden name,3 which judgment shall be effective on the date it 

is entered; and

3. That Plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration is denied.

Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices J. JONES, HORTON and Senior Justice Pro Tem 

WALTERS CONCUR. 

 

3 We do not hold that such an order is required in order for a party to resume using his or her given surname after a 

divorce. There is no law that changes a spouse’s name upon marriage, but Plaintiff apparently wanted that provision 

in the divorce decree.