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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, f/k/a BANK 

OF NEW YORK, as Trustee for the Certificate 

Holders of CWABS, INC., ASSET-BACKED 

CERTIFICATES SERIES 2003-3, 

 Plaintiff-Appellant, 

UNPUBLISHED 

December 23, 2014 

v No. 316521 

Wayne Circuit Court 

JAAFAR K. JAAFAR and BADIA JAAFAR, LC No. 11-008424-CH 

 Defendants-Appellees. 

Before: MURRAY, P.J., and SAAD and HOEKSTRA, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Plaintiff appeals the trial court’s order that enforced a settlement agreement between the 

parties. For the reasons stated below, we affirm. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

 On July 13, 2011, plaintiff Bank of New York Mellon (“BNY”) filed a complaint against 

defendants for judicial foreclosure of real property located in Livonia. At the time of the 

mortgage default, defendant owed a principal balance of $274,686.33. In October 2011, the 

parties started to negotiate a settlement. Both parties agree that defendants offered to settle the 

litigation for $190,000, and then $260,000, but BNY rejected each sum. Thereafter, the parties’ 

attorneys exchanged several e-mail messages. On January 20, 2012, BNY’s counsel sent the 

following e-mail: 

 I received correspondence from my client regarding your client’s offer. 

My client has advised me that the offer was reviewed and is still too low. Would 

your client be willing to increase the offer by $5K? Please advise me of your 

client’s decision. [Emphasis added.] 

 On January 21, 2012, defendants’ counsel replied, by e-mail, with a simple “yes.” On 

January 24, 2012, defendants’ counsel sent another e-mail to BNY’s attorney in which he 

inquired: “Have you confirmed the 265k my client wants to settle this [sic].” On February 7, 

2012, defendants’ counsel sent another e-mail, asking: “Any word on our counter offer?” In 

reply to this e-mail, plaintiff’s counsel sent the following message on February 8, 2012: 
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 I sent you’re [sic] confirmation that your client would increase his offer by 

$5K. At this time I’m still waiting to hear back from my client. 

 After this e-mail, the parties apparently continued to have “settlement discussions.” On 

September 12, 2012, BNY filed a motion for summary disposition to foreclose on the mortgage. 

Defendants countered with a motion to enforce a purported settlement agreement between the 

parties. Relying on the e-mail exchanges, defendants argued that BNY had agreed to settle the 

case for $265,000. Specifically, defendants stressed that: (1) they originally offered to pay BNY 

$260,000; (2) BNY made a counteroffer for $265,000; and (3) defendants promptly accepted this 

counteroffer on January 21, 2012. At the hearing on BNY’s motion, defendants’ lawyer told the 

court that they provided several appraisals on the property and proof of funds for the settlement 

at BNY’s request, and BNY did not refute this assertion at the hearing or at any time thereafter. 

 BNY asserted that a settlement agreement did not exist because neither party had had a 

meeting of the minds, or provided consideration for the agreement. The trial court rejected 

BNY’s argument, and found that the parties had entered into a binding settlement agreement. It 

accordingly issued an order in December 2012, which granted defendant’s motion to enforce 

settlement.1

 On appeal,2 BNY argues the trial court erred when it found the existence of a settlement 

agreement. It also asserts that, even assuming an agreement exists, any settlement agreement 

between it and defendants cannot be valid because the agreement would not comply with the 

requirements of MCR 2.507(G) and MCL 566.132. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 A settlement agreement is in the nature of a contract. Kloian v Domino’s Pizza LLC, 273 

Mich App 449, 452; 733 NW2d 766 (2006). The existence and interpretation of a contract are 

questions of law that are reviewed de novo,3

 as are matters of statutory interpretation. Titan Ins 

Co v Hyten, 491 Mich 547, 553; 817 NW2d 562 (2012). However, a trial court’s decision to 

enforce a settlement agreement is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Groulx v Carlson, 176 

Mich App 484, 493; 440 NW2d 644 (1989). 

 

1

 The trial court subsequently denied plaintiff’s motion to vacate the order of December 3, 2012, 

based on a finding that it was an untimely motion for reconsideration that lacked merit. 

2

 Our Court initially denied plaintiff’s delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court’s 

order. Bank of New York Mellon v Jaafar, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered 

November 21, 2013 (Docket No. 316521). The Michigan Supreme Court, in lieu of granting 

leave to appeal, remanded the action to our Court for consideration as on leave granted, and 

offered no further instruction on the disposition of this case. Bank of New York Mellon v Jaafar, 

495 Mich 991; 845 NW2d 493 (2014). 

3 Kloian, 273 Mich App at 452. 
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 The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to discern and give effect to the intent of 

the Legislature as expressed in the actual words of the statute. Pohutski v City of Allen Park, 465 

Mich 675, 683; 641 NW2d 219 (2002). The words of a statute are to be given their plain and 

ordinary meaning. Id. Only where the statutory language is ambiguous should a court look 

outside the statute to ascertain the Legislature’s intent. Id. 

III. ANALYSIS 

A. THE EXISTENCE OF A SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT 

1. BNY’S ASSENT 

 An agreement to settle a pending lawsuit is in the nature of a contract and is governed by 

the legal principles applicable to the construction and interpretation of contracts. Kloian, 273 

Mich App at 452. It is axiomatic that before a contract can be completed there must be an offer 

and an acceptance. Id. at 452-453. An “offer” is “the manifestation of willingness to enter into a 

bargain, so made as to justify another person in understanding that his assent to that bargain is 

invited and will conclude it.” Eerdmans v Maki, 226 Mich App 360, 364; 573 NW2d 329 

(1997). “Acceptance must be unambiguous and in strict conformance with the offer.” Id. 

 Here, BNY wrongly says that the trial court erred when it enforced the alleged settlement 

agreement because BNY did not assent to the settlement agreement. As noted, after defendants 

offered to pay BNY $260,000 to settle this case, the parties exchanged emails in which BNY’s 

attorney stated that the offer was “still to low” and asked defendants’ lawyer if his client would 

be “willing to increase the offer by $5 K?”—i.e., to $265,000. BNY’s counsel added: “Please 

advise me of your client’s decision.” 

 The only possible interpretation of these statements is that BNY presented a counteroffer 

for settlement of a sum certain ($265,000) and explicitly asked for a “decision” from defendants 

as to that counteroffer. In response to BNY’s e-mail, defense counsel replied: “yes.” As such, 

defendants accepted BNY’s counteroffer to settle the case at $265,000. Accordingly, BNY 

manifested its “willingness to enter into a bargain, so made as to justify [defendants] in 

understanding that [their] assent to that bargain is invited and will conclude it.” Eerdmans, 226 

Mich App at 364. BNY’s claims that it did not assent to the agreement are without merit—it 

instigated the agreement by making the $265,000 counteroffer, which was unequivocally 

accepted. 

2. MEETING OF THE MINDS AND CONSIDERATION 

 A contract requires mutual assent or a meeting of the minds on all the essential terms,4

which can be found from performance and acquiescence in that performance. Sanchez v Eagle 

Alloy Inc, 254 Mich App 651, 665-666; 658 NW2d 510 (2003). An objective standard is used to 

judge whether there was a meeting of the minds, and the court looks “to the express words of the 

 

4 Eerdmans, 226 Mich App at 364. 
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parties and their visible acts, not their subjective states of mind.” Calhoun Co v Blue Cross Blue 

Shield Mich, 297 Mich App 1, 13; 824 NW2d 202 (2012). 

 Here, BNY unconvincingly argues that the settlement agreement did not really exist, 

because the emails that supposedly created the agreement did not involve an explicit contract to 

dismiss any of BNY’s claims or discharge its mortgage as consideration. Because the agreement 

was made in the context of settlement negotiations, the dismissal of BNY’s claims and its 

discharge of the mortgage were implicit in the offer and acceptance of the agreement—they were 

the objects of the parties’ agreement to settle a lawsuit that explicitly involved BNY’s claims (as 

the plaintiff), and its mortgage on the property. 

 BNY’s conduct after the email exchange also belies its argument that a settlement 

agreement did not exist. At trial, defendants’ lawyer noted that defendants complied with BNY’s 

request to have the property appraised and show proof of funds for the settlement. If an 

agreement did not exist, BNY would not have asked defendants to engage in either of these 

activities. And, tellingly, BNY did not deny that the parties engaged in these activities, which 

demonstrate that a settlement had been reached. 

B. MCR 2.507(G) AND MCL 566.132 

1. MCR 2.507(G) 

 “A contract for the settlement of pending litigation that fulfills the requirements of 

contract principles will not be enforced unless the agreement also satisfies the requirements of 

[MCR 2.507(G)].” Kloian, 273 Mich App at 456. MCR 2.507(G) provides that an agreement 

between litigants “is not binding unless it was made in open court, or unless evidence of the 

agreement is in writing, subscribed by the party against whom the agreement is offered or by 

that party’s attorney.” (Emphasis added.) 

 Here, BNY says that the settlement agreement between the parties did not satisfy the 

writing requirements of MCR 2.507(G),5

 because BNY did not “subscribe” to any e-mail 

message evidencing the essential elements of a settlement agreement between the parties. This is 

simply a reiteration of BNY’s argument that the settlement agreement does not exist. It does not 

demonstrate that the agreement did not satisfy the mandates of MCR 2.507(G). 

 Again, MCR 2.507(G) requires that “evidence” of the agreement be in writing, and 

subscribed by the party against whom the agreement is offered—here, BNY. As noted, BNY’s 

 

5

 The language of this court rule originally appeared in MCR 2.507(H). At the time this case was 

decided, the language appeared in MCR 2.507(G). When MCR 2.507(G) was amended in 

October 2014, former subsection (G) was moved to subsection (F), but the text of the rule was 

not changed. All references to this rule in this opinion refer to MCR 2.507(G). 

The parties do not dispute that an e-mail can satisfy the writing requirement of MCR 2.507(G). 

Similarly, the parties do not seriously dispute that the act of typing one’s name at the end of an email constitutes “subscribing” to its content. See Kloian, 273 Mich App at 458-459. 
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attorney’s email, which rejected defendants’ offer to settle at $260,000 and suggests $265,000 as 

a counteroffer, constituted “evidence” of the settlement agreement under MCR 2.507(G). 

BNY’s attorney’s email is also electronically signed at the bottom by the attorney, and thus 

satisfies MCR 2.507(G)’s mandate that the “writing” evidencing the agreement be “subscribed” 

to by BNY or its attorney.6

 Accordingly, the parties entered into a valid settlement agreement via an email exchange, 

and the settlement agreement complied with the requirements of MCR 2.507(G). 

2. MCL 566.132 

 MCL 566.132, which codifies the statute of frauds, provides in relevant part: 

 (2) An action shall not be brought against a financial institution to enforce 

any of the following promises or commitments of the financial institution unless 

the promise or commitment is in writing and signed with an authorized signature 

by the financial institution: 

 (a) A promise or commitment to lend money, grant or extend credit, or 

make any other financial accommodation. 

 (b) A promise or commitment to renew, extend, modify, or permit a delay 

in repayment or performance of a loan, extension of credit, or other financial 

accommodation. 

 (c) A promise or commitment to waive a provision of a loan, extension of 

credit, or other financial accommodation. [Emphasis added.] 

 Accordingly, by its plain language, MCL 566.132(2) prohibits a plaintiff from bringing 

an action “against a financial institution” in the scenarios enumerated in subsections (a) through 

(c). The Legislature adopted MCL 566.132(2) in part to protect: 

 

6

 We note the Kloian involved a similar argument over email exchanges and MCR 2.507(G), and 

our interpretation of the rule follows Kloian’s approach: 

 The original settlement agreement, embodied in the March 18, 2005 email messages, satisfies the subscription requirement of MCR [2.507(G)]. The 

March 18, 2005, e-mail containing the terms of the settlement offer was 

subscribed by plaintiff’s attorney because he typed or appended his name at the 

end of the e-mail message. Likewise, the March 18, 2005, e-mail from 

defendant’s attorney containing the acceptance of the offer was subscribed 

because it, too, contained defendant’s attorney’s name at the end of the e-mail 

message. [Kloian, 273 Mich App at 459 (emphasis added).] 
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 financial institutions from potentially fraudulent or spurious claims by 

disgruntled borrowers. See 1992 PA 245. To that end, the Legislature provided 

that no one may bring an “action” against “a financial institution” if the action 

seeks to “enforce” a promise or commitment by the financial institution “unless 

the promise or commitment is in writing and signed with an authorized signature 

by the financial institution.” MCL 566.132(2). [Huntington Nat’l Bank v Daniel 

J Aronoff Living Trust, 305 Mich App 496, 509; 853 NW2d 481 (2014).] 

 In this case, BNY incorrectly contends that the settlement agreement did not comply with 

MCL 566.132(2) and is thus unenforceable. The plain language of MLC 566.132(2) states that it 

does not apply to this lawsuit. Here, BNY—the financial institution—is the plaintiff, and 

launched the action. Defendants did not bring any action against BNY, and thus that MCL 

566.132(2) is inapplicable. Nor is defendant a “disgruntled borrower” bringing a “potentially 

fraudulent or spurious claim” against BNY—BNY brought suit, and defendants are attempting to 

settle the suit—by providing BNY with close to the full amount of money that they owe on the 

mortgage.7

 Were we nonetheless to accept that MCL 566.132(2) is applicable to this suit, the types 

of promises the statute lists as unenforceable absent a writing do not encompass the type of 

promise defendants seek to enforce. Again, defendants do not seek to enforce a promise to: (1) 

“lend money, grant or extend credit or make any other financial accommodation”8; (2) “renew, 

extend, modify, or permit a delay in repayment or performance of a loan, extension of credit, or 

other financial accommodation”; or (3) “waive a provision of a loan, extension of credit, or other 

financial accommodation.” MCL 566.132 is therefore inapplicable to this lawsuit and BNY’s 

arguments to the contrary are without merit. 

 

7

 Again, at the time of the default, the outstanding principal balance on the mortgage was 

$274,686.33. The settlement agreement provides BNY with $265,000. 

8

 BNY argues that the settlement agreement constitutes a “financial accommodation,” but this 

argument is unconvincing. Noting that MCL 566.132 does not define “financial 

accommodation,” our Court has held that “financial accommodation” can encompass an 

agreement to delay a foreclosure sale and an agreement to temporarily refrain from seizing 

collateral. Barclae v Zarb, 300 Mich App 455, 469-470; 834 NW2d 100 (2013). We do not 

think that a settlement agreement is similar to either of these arrangements. A contract to delay a 

foreclosure sale or temporarily refrain from seizing collateral usually benefits only one party—

the debtor. By contrast, a settlement agreement, which by definition is a compromise of a 

disputed claim, always provides benefit to both the creditor and debtor. Accordingly, the term 

“financial accommodation” as used in MCL 566.132(2) does not encompass the settlement 

agreement at issue in this case. 
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 Affirmed. 

/s/ Henry William Saad 

/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra