COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-12-00342-CR

NO. 02-12-00343-CR

CRAIG ANTHONY FRANKLIN APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS STATE

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FROM THE 396TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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Appellant Craig Anthony Franklin appeals his convictions for possession of 

heroin and cocaine with intent to deliver.2

 In two issues, Appellant argues that 

the trial court abused its discretion (1) when it failed to grant his request for a

directed verdict because the evidence was insufficient to link him to the 

 

1

See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.

2

See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.112 (West 2010).
2

controlled substances and (2) by denying his request for a jury instruction on a 

defensive issue. We overrule the issues and affirm the trial court’s judgments.

I. BACKGROUND

On December 8, 2011, Officer Jason Ricks and other police officers 

executed a no-knock search warrant for a house located at 609 East Mulkey 

Street in Fort Worth. The warrant allowed the police officers to search the house 

for heroin and cocaine and any “implements or instruments” used to sell drugs. 

The police officers sought the warrant after an undercover officer bought heroin 

and cocaine from a man in the house.

After the officers entered the house to secure it before the search began, 

Ricks found Appellant in the bathroom seated on the toilet, fully clothed and with 

the lid closed. The water was running as if the toilet had just been flushed. 

Ricks told Appellant to get on the ground and, when Appellant did not comply, 

Ricks grabbed Appellant, pulled him to the ground, and handcuffed him. Ricks, 

believing Appellant was trying to destroy evidence, turned the water off to the 

toilet “in an effort to prevent the toilet from being flushed again just in the event 

that there may be evidence trapped in the trap part of the toilet.” No drugs were 

recovered from the toilet, however. Two other men were found in the house with 

Appellant. The owner of the house, Appellant’s mother, stated that although no 

one lived in the house, Appellant was supposed to be fixing it up for her so she 

could use it as a rental property.
3

Officer J.C. Frias and several other officers then entered the house to 

begin the evidentiary search. Frias found heroin and cocaine in a water-heater 

closet, which was located in the hallway “right across from the restroom.”3

 

Officer Joe Pittman searched one of the two bedrooms in the house. Appellant’s 

social security card and parole card were found in the bedroom. A prescription 

bottle with Appellant’s name on it was also found in this bedroom. Pittman found 

$101 between the cushions of a couch in the bedroom. The closet in the 

bedroom had a deadbolt lock on the door and the key was in the lock. It does 

not appear that the closet door was locked. Pittman found heroin and cocaine “in 

the pocket of a [men’s] clothing item.” Officer Travis Verrett found a locked car 

parked in the garage that was registered in Appellant’s name. Appellant told 

Verrett that the keys to the car were on the same key ring as the key found in the 

deadbolt lock on Appellant’s closet door. Verrett also found a loaded revolver 

inside a kitchen cabinet. In total, officers found 17.71 grams of heroin and 10.30 

grams of cocaine in the house, most of which appeared to be packaged for sale.

Appellant was indicted for possession with intent to deliver more than four 

grams but less than 200 grams of cocaine and for possession with intent to 

deliver more than four grams but less than 200 grams of heroin. A jury found him 

guilty of both offenses and assessed his punishment at eighty years’ confinement 

 

3

The house had only one bathroom.
4

for each offense.4 The trial court sentenced Appellant to two eighty-year 

sentences, to run concurrently.

Appellant filed a notice of appeal and now asserts that the evidence that 

he possessed the drugs is insufficient because he did not have any drugs on his 

person when arrested, he did not own the house, and there were two other 

people in the house at the time of the search and therefore the trial court erred by 

failing to grant his request for a directed verdict. Appellant also contends that the 

trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that evidence of mere presence is 

insufficient to prove possession beyond a reasonable doubt.

II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO PROVE POSSESSION

In addressing Appellant’s first issue, we note that his challenge to the trial 

court’s denial of his motion for instructed verdict is actually a challenge to the 

sufficiency of the evidence. See Canales v. State, 98 S.W.3d 690, 693 (Tex. 

Crim. App.), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1051 (2003). As such, we view all of the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any 

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond 

a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 

2789 (1979); Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In 

order to convict Appellant of possession with intent to deliver the cocaine and 

 

4

The jury found Appellant did not use or exhibit a deadly weapon during 

the commission of either offense for which they found him guilty.
5

heroin found in the house, the State had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt 

that he (1) exercised care, custody, control, or management over the drugs, (2) 

intended to deliver the controlled substance to another, and (3) knew that the 

substance in his possession was a controlled substance.

5

 Tex. Health & Safety 

Code Ann. §§ 481.002(38), 481.112(a) (West 2010); Cadoree v. State, 331 

S.W.3d 514, 524 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet ref’d).

Where, as here, the accused was not in exclusive possession of the place 

where the drugs were found, the State must produce evidence that links the 

accused to the drugs in order to show he had knowledge of and control over the 

drugs. See Poindexter v. State, 153 S.W.3d 402, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)

(quoting Deshong v. State, 625 S.W.2d 327, 329 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 

1981)). In short, “[m]ere presence at the location where drugs are found is thus 

insufficient, by itself, to establish actual care, custody, or control of those drugs.” 

Evans v. State, 202 S.W.3d 158, 162 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “However, 

presence or proximity, when combined with other evidence, either direct or 

circumstantial (e.g., ‘links’), may well be sufficient to establish that element 

beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.

Several non-exclusive links have been identified that serve to establish an 

accused’s possession of contraband. See id. at 162 n.12; Classe v. State, 840 

 

5

In his first issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support only the first of these offense elements.
6

S.W.2d 10, 12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, pet. ref’d). Our analysis of 

the evidentiary links is a weighing test, which considers the cumulative logical 

force of the evidence indicating possession and not the mere number of links

proved. See Evans, 202 S.W.3d at 162.

Appellant does not dispute that he was present in the house at the time the 

drugs were found. The evidence shows that police officers, who were familiar 

with Appellant, noticed him over a year before the search warrant was executed 

entering the house without knocking and carrying what appeared to be a cooking 

pot. Appellant also told Corporal J.R. Seabourn of the Fort Worth Police 

Department that he lived at the house on East Mulkey less than two months 

before the warrant was executed. Appellant was repairing the house for his 

mother, had his car parked in the garage, and had personal items in one of the 

bedrooms. The closet of that bedroom was secured with a deadbolt lock and 

Appellant had the key and access to the closet where drugs were found. Money 

was hidden in the cushions of a couch in this bedroom. When police officers 

entered the house to execute the warrant, Appellant appeared to act guilty by 

attempting to destroy evidence and not complying when told to get on the floor. 

A large amount of drugs was found in the house, part of which was found in the 

closet of the bedroom Appellant was using. In that bedroom, the police found 

Appellant’s social security card, parole card, and a prescription bottle with 

Appellant’s name on it. The closet had a deadbolt lock, and the key to that lock 

was on a key ring with the key to Appellant’s car. The keys were found hanging 
7

in the deadbolt lock on the closet door, as if used to gain access to the closet 

containing the drugs, after Appellant directed the police where to find the key to 

his car. Men’s clothing was in the bedroom’s closet, and the drugs were found in 

a pocket of one of the clothing items. There were no personal items that could 

be identified as belonging to anyone else in that bedroom. The other portion of 

the drugs was found in a water-heater closet that was “right across” the hall from 

the bathroom where Appellant was found. We conclude that the logical force of 

the circumstantial evidence, when viewed in combination with the reasonable 

inferences from that evidence, is sufficient to connect Appellant to the actual 

care, custody, control, or management of the heroin and cocaine seized at that 

home. See, e.g., id. at 166; Thacker v. State, No. 12-10-00013-CR, 2010 WL 

4274771, at *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler Oct. 29, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication); Ramos v. State, Nos. 2-07-118-CR, 2-07-119-CR, 

2008 WL 623777, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 20, 2008, pet. ref’d) (mem. 

op., not designated for publication); Classe, 840 S.W.2d at 12. We overrule 

issue one.

III. JURY INSTRUCTION

Appellant next asserts that the trial court erred when it denied his 

requested jury instruction. Appellant requested that the following instruction be 

given to the jury in its guilt-innocence charge: “Mere presence alone is 

insufficient to prove possession.” The trial court denied the requested instruction.
8

“[A]ll alleged jury-charge error must be considered on appellate review 

regardless of preservation in the trial court.” Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 

649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). In our review of a jury charge, we first determine 

whether error occurred; if error did not occur, our analysis ends. Id. If error did 

occur, whether it was preserved determines the degree of harm required for 

reversal. Id.

Upon timely request, an accused is entitled to an affirmative-defense 

instruction on every issue raised by the evidence. See Golden v. State, 851 

S.W.2d 291, 295 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Warren v. State, 565 S.W.2d 931, 933–

34 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). But “mere presence” is not a statutorily 

recognized affirmative defense and serves only to deny the existence of an 

essential element of the State’s case; thus, a trial court is not required to include 

it in a jury charge. See Green v. State, 566 S.W.2d 578, 584 (Tex. Crim. App. 

1978); Williams v. State, 906 S.W.2d 58, 64 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1995, pet. ref’d). 

In such a case, a reasonable-doubt instruction serves to adequately protect the 

accused. See Williams, 906 S.W.2d at 64.

As discussed above, the State introduced evidence other than Appellant’s

presence at the house that linked him to the drugs found in the house. Thus, the 

evidence did not raise “mere presence,” which negates the trial court’s need to 

include such an instruction. See Gilmore v. State, No. 2-06-302-CR, 2008 WL 

706621, at *7 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Mar. 13, 2008, no pet.) (mem. op., not 

designated for publication). Further, the reasonable-doubt instruction included in 
9

the jury charge on possession was sufficient to protect Appellant even if the 

evidence raised Appellant’s “mere presence” as a defense. See Green, 566 

S.W.2d at 584; Williams, 906 S.W.2d at 64. Finally, the trial court was correct to 

deny Appellant’s requested instruction because to give such an instruction would 

have been an improper comment on the weight of the evidence. See Harris v. 

State, 905 S.W.2d 708, 712 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d). 

The trial court did not err, and we overrule issue two.

IV. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgments. 

See Tex. R. App. P. 43.2(a).

LEE GABRIEL

JUSTICE

PANEL: WALKER, MCCOY, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DO NOT PUBLISH

Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b)

DELIVERED: June 13, 2013