II 

116TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 4066 

To require transparency, accountability, and protections for consumers online. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JUNE 24, 2020 

Mr. SCHATZ (for himself and Mr. THUNE) introduced the following bill; which 

was read twice and referred to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and 

Transportation 

A BILL 

To require transparency, accountability, and protections for 

consumers online. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Platform Account5 ability and Consumer Transparency Act’’ or the ‘‘PACT 

6 Act’’. 

7 SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. 

8 In this Act: 


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1 (1) COMMISSION.—Except as otherwise pro2 vided, the term ‘‘Commission’’ means the Federal 

3 Trade Commission. 

4 (2) DEMONETIZE.—The term ‘‘demonetize’’, 

5 with respect to content on an interactive computer 

6 service, means to take action to prohibit the infor7 mation content provider that generated or dissemi8 nated the content from receiving financial benefit 

9 based on the content. 

10 (3) DEPRIORITIZE.—The term ‘‘deprioritize’’, 

11 with respect to content on an interactive computer 

12 service, means to take action or use certain tech13 niques to reduce the priority level of the content in 

14 response to potentially policy-violating content. 

15 (4) ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.—The term ‘‘illegal ac16 tivity’’ means activity conducted by an information 

17 content provider that has been determined by a Fed18 eral or State court to violate Federal criminal or 

19 civil law. 

20 (5) ILLEGAL CONTENT.—The term ‘‘illegal con21 tent’’ means information provided by an information 

22 content provider that has been determined by a Fed23 eral or State court to violate— 

24 (A) Federal criminal or civil law; or 

25 (B) State defamation law. 


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1 (6) INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SERVICE.—The 

2 term ‘‘interactive computer service’’ has the meaning 

3 given the term in section 230 of the Communica4 tions Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230). 

5 (7) INFORMATION CONTENT PROVIDER.—The 

6 term ‘‘information content provider’’ has the mean7 ing given the term in section 230 of the Communica8 tions Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230). 

9 (8) POTENTIALLY POLICY-VIOLATING CON10 TENT.—The term ‘‘potentially policy-violating con11 tent’’ means content that may violate the acceptable 

12 use policy of the provider of an interactive computer 

13 service. 

14 (9) SMALL BUSINESS PROVIDER.—The term 

15 ‘‘small business provider’’ means a provider of an 

16 interactive computer service that, during the most 

17 recent 24-month period— 

18 (A) received fewer than 1,000,000 monthly 

19 active users or monthly visitors; and 

20 (B) accrued revenue of less than 

21 $25,000,000. 

22 SEC. 3. FINDINGS. 

23 Congress finds the following: 

24 (1) Technological advancements involving the 

25 internet and interactive computer service providers 


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1 have led to innovations that offer substantial benefit 

2 to the people and the economy of the United States. 

3 (2) People in the United States increasingly 

4 rely on the internet and other interactive computer 

5 services to communicate, gather information, and 

6 conduct transactions that are central to many as7 pects of economic, political, social, and cultural life. 

8 (3) The decisions made by providers of inter9 active computer services shape the online informa10 tion ecosystem available to people in the United 

11 States and impact the environment for free expres12 sion. 

13 (4) The people of the United States benefit 

14 from understanding the choices that interactive com15 puter service providers make in maintaining their 

16 services, including by removing, blocking, amplifying, 

17 or otherwise modifying information provided by 

18 other users. 

19 (5) Online consumers are not adequately pro20 tected in the United States because, with the excep21 tion of Federal criminal statutes, providers of inter22 active computer services are immune from the en23 forcement of most Federal statutes and regulations. 

24 (6) Federal and State court decisions and Fed25 eral statutes and regulations that apply to offline 


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1 commerce do not always govern online commerce 

2 and communications. 

3 (7) The rights of consumers should extend to 

4 online commerce and communications to provide a 

5 level playing field for all consumers and companies, 

6 and to prevent wrongdoing and victimization of peo7 ple in the United States. 

8 SEC. 4. POLICY. 

9 It is the policy of the United States— 

10 (1) to preserve the internet and other inter11 active computer services as forums for diversity of 

12 political discourse, unique opportunities for cultural 

13 development, and myriad avenues for intellectual 

14 and commercial activity; 

15 (2) to ensure consumers have easily accessible 

16 and clear information about the acceptable use poli17 cies of interactive computer services to inform con18 sumer decisions on participation in, or engagement 

19 with, those services through accountability and 

20 transparency measures; 

21 (3) to encourage the development and use of 

22 technologies that minimize illegal activities and con23 tent and potentially policy-violating content; and 

24 (4) to ensure that the consumer rights of users 

25 of interactive computer services are maintained and 


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1 extended to activities that the users may participate 

2 in online. 

3 SEC. 5. TRANSPARENCY AND PROCESS REQUIREMENTS. 

4 (a) ACCEPTABLE USE POLICY.— 

5 (1) PUBLICATION OF ACCEPTABLE USE POL6 ICY.—A provider of an interactive computer service 

7 shall publish an acceptable use policy in accordance 

8 with paragraph (2) in a location that is easily acces9 sible to the user. 

10 (2) CONTENTS OF POLICY.—The acceptable use 

11 policy of a provider of an interactive computer serv12 ice shall— 

13 (A) reasonably inform users about the 

14 types of content that are allowed on the inter15 active computer service; 

16 (B) explain the steps the provider takes to 

17 ensure content complies with the acceptable use 

18 policy; 

19 (C) explain the means by which users can 

20 notify the provider of potentially policy-violating 

21 content, illegal content, or illegal activity, which 

22 shall include— 

23 (i) subject to subsection (e), making 

24 available a live company representative to 

25 take user complaints through a toll-free 


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1 telephone number during regular business 

2 hours for not fewer than 8 hours per day 

3 and 5 days per week; 

4 (ii) an email address or relevant in5 take mechanism to handle user complaints; 

6 and 

7 (iii) a complaint system described in 

8 subsection (b); and 

9 (D) include publication of a quarterly 

10 transparency report outlining actions taken to 

11 enforce the policy, as described in subsection 

12 (d). 

13 (b) COMPLAINT SYSTEM.—A provider of an inter14 active computer service shall provide a system that is eas15 ily accessible to a user through which the user may submit 

16 a complaint in good faith and track the status of the com17 plaint, including a complaint regarding— 

18 (1) potentially policy-violating content, illegal 

19 content, or illegal activity; or 

20 (2) a decision of the interactive computer serv21 ice provider to remove content posted by the infor22 mation content provider. 

23 (c) PROCESSING OF COMPLAINTS.— 


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1 (1) COMPLAINTS REGARDING ILLEGAL CON2 TENT, ILLEGAL ACTIVITY, OR POTENTIALLY POLICY3 VIOLATING CONTENT.— 

4 (A) ILLEGAL CONTENT OR ILLEGAL ACTIV5 ITY.—Subject to subsection (e), if a provider of 

6 an interactive computer service receives notice 

7 of illegal content or illegal activity on the inter8 active computer service that substantially com9 plies with the requirements under paragraph 

10 (3)(B)(ii) of section 230(c) of the Communica11 tions Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(c)), as added 

12 by section 6(a), the provider shall remove the 

13 content or stop the activity within 24 hours of 

14 receiving that notice, subject to reasonable ex15 ceptions based on concerns about the legitimacy 

16 of the notice. 

17 (B) POTENTIALLY POLICY-VIOLATING CON18 TENT.—Subject to subsection (e), if a provider 

19 of an interactive computer service receives no20 tice of potentially policy-violating content on the 

21 interactive computer service, the provider shall, 

22 not later than 14 days after receiving that no23 tice— 

24 (i) review the content; 


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1 (ii) determine whether the content ad2 heres to the acceptable use policy of the 

3 provider; and 

4 (iii) take appropriate steps based on 

5 the determination made under clause (ii). 

6 (2) PROCESS AFTER REMOVAL OF CONTENT.— 

7 (A) REMOVAL BASED ON USER COM8 PLAINT.— 

9 (i) IN GENERAL.—Subject to clause 

10 (ii), if a provider of an interactive com11 puter service removes potentially policy-vio12 lating content based on a user complaint, 

13 the provider of the interactive computer 

14 service shall, concurrently with the re15 moval— 

16 (I) notify the information content 

17 provider and the complainant of the 

18 removal and explain why the content 

19 was removed; 

20 (II) allow the information content 

21 provider to appeal the decision; and 

22 (III) notify the information con23 tent provider and the complainant 

24 of— 


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1 (aa) the determination re2 garding the appeal under sub3 clause (II); and 

4 (bb) in the case of a reversal 

5 of the decision to remove the con6 tent in question, the reason for 

7 the reversal. 

8 (ii) EXCEPTIONS.—A provider of an 

9 interactive computer service shall not be 

10 required to provide an information content 

11 provider with notice or an opportunity to 

12 appeal under clause (i)— 

13 (I) if the provider of the inter14 active computer service is unable to 

15 contact the information content pro16 vider after taking reasonable steps to 

17 do so; or 

18 (II) if the provider of the inter19 active computer service knows that 

20 the potentially policy-violating content 

21 relates to an ongoing law enforcement 

22 investigation. 

23 (B) REMOVAL BASED ON MODERATION DE24 CISIONS OF INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SERVICE

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1 puter service receives notice, through a com2 plaint from the information content provider, 

3 that the provider of the interactive computer 

4 service removed content of the information con5 tent provider that the information content pro6 vider believes was not potentially policy-vio7 lating content, the provider of the interactive 

8 computer service shall, not later than 14 days 

9 after receiving notice— 

10 (i) review the content; 

11 (ii) determine whether the content ad12 heres to the acceptable use policy of the 

13 provider of the interactive computer serv14 ice; 

15 (iii) take appropriate steps based on 

16 the determination made under clause (ii); 

17 and 

18 (iv) notify the information content 

19 provider regarding the determination made 

20 under clause (ii) and steps taken under 

21 clause (iii). 

22 (d) QUARTERLY TRANSPARENCY REPORT.— 

23 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection (e), as 

24 part of the acceptable use policy required under sub25 section (a), a provider of an interactive computer 


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1 service shall publish a quarterly transparency report 

2 in accordance with paragraph (2) of this subsection. 

3 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—A provider of an inter4 active computer service shall include in the report 

5 required under paragraph (1), with respect to the 

6 preceding 3-month period— 

7 (A) the total number of instances in which 

8 illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially 

9 policy-violating content was flagged— 

10 (i) due to a user complaint; or 

11 (ii) internally, by— 

12 (I) an employee or contractor of 

13 the provider; or 

14 (II) an internal automated detec15 tion tool; 

16 (B) the number of instances in which the 

17 interactive computer service provider took ac18 tion with respect to illegal content, illegal activ19 ity, or known potentially policy-violating content 

20 due to its nature as illegal content, illegal activ21 ity, or known potentially policy-violating con22 tent, including content removal, content demon23 etization, content deprioritization, appending 

24 content with an assessment, account suspen25 sion, account removal, or any other action 


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1 taken in accordance with the acceptable use pol2 icy of the provider, categorized by— 

3 (i) the category of rule violated; 

4 (ii) the source of the flag, including 

5 government, user, internal automated de6 tection tool, coordination with other inter7 active computer service providers, or per8 sonnel employed or contracted for by the 

9 provider; 

10 (iii) the country of the information 

11 content provider; and 

12 (iv) coordinated campaign, if applica13 ble; 

14 (C)(i) the number of instances in which an 

15 information content provider appealed the deci16 sion to remove potentially policy-violating con17 tent; and 

18 (ii) the percentage of appeals described in 

19 clause (i) that resulted in the restoration of 

20 content; and 

21 (D) a description of each tool, practice, ac22 tion, or technique used in enforcing the accept23 able use policy. 

24 (3) FORMAT.—A provider of an interactive 

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1 scribed in paragraph (2) with an open license, in a 

2 machine-readable and open format, and in a location 

3 that is easily accessible to consumers. 

4 (e) SMALL BUSINESS PROVIDER EXEMPTIONS.— 

5 (1) LIVE COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE; TRANS6 PARENCY REPORT.—Subsections (a)(2)(C)(i) and (d) 

7 shall not apply to a small business provider. 

8 (2) PROCESSING OF COMPLAINTS.—Notwith9 standing the deadlines under subsection (c)(1), a 

10 small business provider shall take action with re11 spect to illegal content, illegal activity, or potentially 

12 policy-violating content under subparagraph (A) or 

13 (B) of that subsection, as applicable, within a rea14 sonable period of time based on the size and capac15 ity of the provider. 

16 (f) INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICE EXEMP17 TION.—Subsections (a) through (e) shall not apply to a 

18 provider of an interactive computer service that is used 

19 by another interactive computer service for the manage20 ment, control, or operation of that other interactive com21 puter service, including for services such as web hosting, 

22 domain registration, content delivery networks, caching, 

23 back-end data storage, and cloud management. 

24 (g) ENFORCEMENT BY COMMISSION.— 


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1 (1) UNFAIR OR DECEPTIVE ACTS OR PRAC2 TICES.— 

3 (A) IN GENERAL.—A violation of sub4 section (c)(1)(B), (c)(2), or (d) shall be treated 

5 as a violation of a rule defining an unfair or de6 ceptive act or practice under section 

7 18(a)(1)(B) of the Federal Trade Commission 

8 Act (15 U.S.C. 57a(a)(1)(B)). 

9 (B) LIMITATION ON AUTHORITY.—Nothing 

10 in subparagraph (A) shall be construed to su11 persede paragraph (1) or (2) of section 230(c) 

12 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 

13 230(c)) or to otherwise authorize the Commis14 sion to review any action or decision by a pro15 vider of an interactive computer service related 

16 to the application of the acceptable use policy of 

17 the provider. 

18 (2) POWERS OF COMMISSION.— 

19 (A) IN GENERAL.—Except as provided in 

20 subparagraph (C), the Commission shall enforce 

21 this section in the same manner, by the same 

22 means, and with the same jurisdiction, powers, 

23 and duties as though all applicable terms and 

24 provisions of the Federal Trade Commission 


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1 Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.) were incorporated 

2 into and made a part of this Act. 

3 (B) PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES.—Ex4 cept as provided in subparagraph (C), any per5 son who violates this section shall be subject to 

6 the penalties and entitled to the privileges and 

7 immunities provided in the Federal Trade Com8 mission Act (15 U.S.C. 41 et seq.). 

9 (C) NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS.—Not10 withstanding section 4 of the Federal Trade 

11 Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 44) or any jurisdic12 tional limitation of the Commission, the Com13 mission shall also enforce this section, in the 

14 same manner provided in subparagraphs (A) 

15 and (B) of this paragraph, with respect to orga16 nizations not organized to carry on business for 

17 their own profit or that of their members. 

18 (h) GAO REPORT ON WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION

19 AND AWARDS.—Not later than 1 year after the date of 

20 enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the 

21 United States shall submit a report to Congress assessing 

22 the viability, including the anticipated cost and benefit to 

23 consumers, of establishing a whistleblower protection and 

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1 mission, that would enable reporting and enforcement of 

2 violations of consumer protections that take place online. 

3 (i) NIST VOLUNTARY FRAMEWORK.— 

4 (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months 

5 after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director 

6 of the National Institute of Standards and Tech7 nology shall develop a voluntary framework, with 

8 input from relevant experts, that consists of non9 binding standards, guidelines, and best practices to 

10 manage risk and shared challenges related to, for 

11 the purposes of this Act, good faith moderation 

12 practices by interactive computer service providers. 

13 (2) CONTENTS.—The framework developed 

14 under paragraph (1) shall include— 

15 (A) technical standards and processes for 

16 the sharing of information among providers of 

17 an interactive computer service; 

18 (B) recommendations on automated detec19 tion tools and the appropriate nature and level 

20 of human review to correct for machine error in 

21 assessing nuanced or context-specific issues; 

22 (C) standards and processes for providing 

23 researchers access to data to conduct scientific, 

24 historical, statistical, and other relevant re25 search, including with respect to content that is 


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1 removed, demonetized, or deprioritized by the 

2 provider of an interactive computer service; and 

3 (D) methods to strengthen the capacity of 

4 a provider of an interactive computer service to 

5 authenticate documentation of a determination 

6 by a court that content or an activity violates 

7 Federal law or State defamation law. 

8 SEC. 6. INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY. 

9 (a) INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY STANDARD.—Section 

10 230(c) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 

11 230(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

12 ‘‘(3) INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY STANDARD.— 

13 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The protection under 

14 paragraph (1) shall not apply to a provider of 

15 an interactive computer service, with respect to 

16 illegal content shared or illegal activity occur17 ring on the interactive computer service, if the 

18 provider— 

19 ‘‘(i) has knowledge of the illegal con20 tent or illegal activity; and 

21 ‘‘(ii) subject to subparagraph (C), 

22 does not remove the illegal content or stop 

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1 able exceptions based on concerns about 

2 the legitimacy of the notice. 

3 ‘‘(B) NOTIFICATION OF ILLEGAL CONTENT

4 OR ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.— 

5 ‘‘(i) IN GENERAL.—A provider of an 

6 interactive computer service shall be 

7 deemed to have knowledge of illegal con8 tent or illegal activity for purposes of sub9 paragraph (A) only if the provider receives 

10 a notification of such content or activity 

11 that substantially complies with the re12 quirements under clause (ii) of this sub13 paragraph. 

14 ‘‘(ii) ELEMENTS.—A notification of il15 legal content or illegal activity provided to 

16 a provider of an interactive computer serv17 ice as described in clause (i) shall be in 

18 writing and include the following: 

19 ‘‘(I) A copy of the order of a 

20 Federal or State court under which 

21 the content or activity was determined 

22 to violate Federal law or State defa23 mation law, and to the extent avail24 able, any references substantiating the 

25 validity of the order, such as the web 


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1 addresses of public court docket infor2 mation. 

3 ‘‘(II) Identification of the illegal 

4 content or illegal activity, and infor5 mation reasonably sufficient to permit 

6 the provider to locate the content or 

7 each account involved. 

8 ‘‘(III) Information reasonably 

9 sufficient to permit the provider to 

10 contact the complaining party, which 

11 shall include— 

12 ‘‘(aa) if the complaining 

13 party is a user of the interactive 

14 computer service, information 

15 identifying the user account; and 

16 ‘‘(bb) if the complaining 

17 party is not a user of the inter18 active computer service, an email 

19 address of the complaining party. 

20 ‘‘(IV) A statement by the com21 plaining party, made under penalty of 

22 perjury in accordance with section 

23 1746 of title 28, United States Code, 

24 that— 


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1 ‘‘(aa) the content in the no2 tification is accurate; and 

3 ‘‘(bb) the content or activity 

4 described in the notification has 

5 been determined by a Federal or 

6 State court to be illegal. 

7 ‘‘(C) EXEMPTIONS.— 

8 ‘‘(i) SMALL BUSINESS PROVIDERS.— 

9 Notwithstanding the deadline under clause 

10 (ii) of subparagraph (A), a small business 

11 provider shall take action with respect to 

12 illegal content or illegal activity under that 

13 subparagraph within a reasonable period of 

14 time based on the size and capacity of the 

15 provider. 

16 ‘‘(ii) INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE

17 SERVICES.—Subparagraph (A) shall not 

18 apply with respect to an interactive com19 puter service that is used by another inter20 active computer service for the manage21 ment, control, or operation of that other 

22 interactive computer service, including for 

23 services such as web hosting, domain reg24 istration, content delivery networks, 


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1 caching, back-end data storage, and cloud 

2 management. 

3 ‘‘(D) MONITORING OR AFFIRMATIVE FACT4 SEEKING NOT REQUIRED.—Nothing in this 

5 paragraph shall be construed to condition the 

6 applicability of paragraph (1) to a provider of 

7 an interactive computer service on the provider 

8 monitoring the interactive computer service or 

9 affirmatively seeking facts indicating illegal con10 tent or illegal activity in order to identify in11 stances of noticed activity or content additional 

12 to any instances about which the provider has 

13 received a notification. 

14 ‘‘(E) ENFORCEMENT EXEMPTION.—Noth15 ing in this paragraph shall be construed to im16 pair or limit the application of subsection (e)(1) 

17 or (g).’’. 

18 (b) DEFINITIONS.—Section 230(f) of the Commu19 nications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(f)) is amended by 

20 adding at the end the following: 

21 ‘‘(5) ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.—The term ‘illegal ac22 tivity’ means activity conducted by an information 

23 content provider that has been determined by a Fed24 eral or State court to violate Federal criminal or 

25 civil law. 


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1 ‘‘(6) ILLEGAL CONTENT.—The term ‘illegal 

2 content’ means information provided by an informa3 tion content provider that has been determined by a 

4 Federal or State court to violate Federal criminal or 

5 civil law or State defamation law. 

6 ‘‘(7) SMALL BUSINESS PROVIDER.—The term 

7 ‘small business provider’ means a provider of an 

8 interactive computer service that, during the most 

9 recent 24-month period— 

10 ‘‘(A) received fewer than 1,000,000 month11 ly active users or monthly visitors; and 

12 ‘‘(B) accrued revenue of less than 

13 $25,000,000.’’. 

14 (c) TECHNICAL CORRECTION.—Section 230(c)(2)(B) 

15 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 

16 230(c)(2)(B)) is amended by striking ‘‘paragraph (1)’’ 

17 and inserting ‘‘subparagraph (A)’’. 

18 SEC. 7. FEDERAL AND STATE ENFORCEMENT. 

19 (a) FEDERAL ENFORCEMENT.—Section 230(e)(1) of 

20 the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(e)) is 

21 amended— 

22 (1) in the heading, by striking ‘‘CRIMINAL

23 LAW’’ and inserting ‘‘FEDERAL CRIMINAL OR CIVIL

24 LAW’’; 


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1 (2) by inserting ‘‘by the Federal Government’’ 

2 after ‘‘enforcement’’; and 

3 (3) by striking ‘‘or any other Federal criminal 

4 statute’’ and inserting ‘‘any other Federal criminal 

5 or civil statute, or any regulations of an Executive 

6 agency (as defined in section 105 of title 5, United 

7 States Code) or an establishment in the legislative or 

8 judicial branch of the Federal Government’’. 

9 (b) ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL CIVIL LAWS BY

10 STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL.—Section 230 of the Com11 munications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230) is amended by 

12 adding at the end the following: 

13 ‘‘(g) ENFORCEMENT OF FEDERAL CIVIL LAWS BY

14 STATE ATTORNEYS GENERAL.— 

15 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding any other 

16 provision of this section, and in consultation with 

17 the Attorney General, the attorney general of a 

18 State alleging a violation by a provider of an inter19 active computer service of a Federal civil law that 

20 affects or may affect the State or the residents of 

21 the State may bring a civil action on behalf of the 

22 residents of the State in any district court of the 

23 United States for the district in which the provider 

24 is found or transacts business if the underlying 


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1 claim would constitute a violation of the substantive, 

2 nonjurisdictional elements of a civil law of the State. 

3 ‘‘(2) RELATION TO OTHER LAWS.—Nothing in 

4 paragraph (1) shall be construed to impair or limit 

5 the authority of the attorney general of a State 

6 under any other Federal law to bring a civil action 

7 on behalf of the residents of the State against a pro8 vider of an interactive computer service for violation 

9 of a Federal civil law.’’. 

10 SEC. 8. SEVERABILITY. 

11 If any provision of this Act or an amendment made 

12 by this Act, or the application of such a provision or 

13 amendment to any person or circumstance, is held to be 

14 unenforceable or invalid, the remaining provisions of this 

15 Act and amendments made by this Act, and the applica16 tion of the provision or amendment so held to other per17 sons not similarly situated or to other circumstances, shall 

18 not be affected thereby. 

19 SEC. 9. EFFECTIVE DATE. 

20 This Act and the amendments made by this Act shall 

21 take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of 

22 enactment of this Act. 

Æ 


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