IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2021-NCSC-100

No. 494A20

Filed 27 August 2021

IN THE MATTER OF: M.J.M. and A.M.M.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from orders entered on 20 

August 2020 by Judge Brooke Clark in District Court, Robeson County. This matter 

was calendared for argument in the Supreme Court on 21 June 2021 but determined 

on the record and brief without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North 

Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.

No brief for petitioner-appellee.

Dorothy Hairston Mitchell for respondent-appellant mother.

HUDSON, Justice.

¶ 1 Respondent-mother appeals from the trial court’s orders terminating her 

parental rights to the minor children M.J.M. (Mariel)

1 and A.M.M. (Audrey). Upon 

consideration of respondent-mother’s arguments, we affirm. 

I. Background

¶ 2 This is an appeal in private termination proceedings initiated by the children’s 

paternal aunt (petitioner) to terminate the parental rights of respondent-mother and 

 

1 Pseudonyms are used to protect the identity of the minor children and for ease of 

reading. 
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the children’s father.2 On 19 September 2019, petitioner filed a verified petition to 

terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights to Mariel. The petition alleged that 

Mariel, who was born in June 2014, had resided with petitioner since October 2014 

and that petitioner had been awarded guardianship of Mariel on 28 June 2016 in 

juvenile proceedings in the District Court in Wake County. The petition further 

alleged that grounds existed to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights to 

Mariel for failure to make reasonable progress, willful failure to pay a reasonable 

portion of Mariel’s cost of care, and willful abandonment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B1111(a)(2)–(3), (7) (2019). On 18 November 2019, petitioner filed a verified petition to 

terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights to Audrey. The petition alleged that 

Audrey, who was born in May 2015, had resided with petitioner since May 2015. The 

petition further alleged that grounds existed to terminate respondent-mother’s 

parental rights to Audrey for willful failure to pay a reasonable portion of Audrey’s 

cost of care and willful abandonment. See N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3), (7). 

¶ 3 The termination petitions were served on respondent-mother by certified mail,

and respondent-mother did not file answers to the petitions.

¶ 4 At a pre-adjudication hearing on the termination petitions on 17 February 

 

2 The father ultimately consented to petitioner’s adoption of Mariel and Audrey, 

making it unnecessary for petitioner to proceed with the termination of his parental rights.

Accordingly, he is not a party to this appeal, and this opinion does not discuss the allegations 

in the termination petitions related to the father.
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2020, the trial court determined it had jurisdiction over the petitions and scheduled 

a termination hearing for 20 April 2020. The termination hearing was continued once 

upon a motion by respondent-mother, but the trial court denied respondent-mother’s 

motion to further continue the matter and heard the termination petitions together 

on 29 June 2020. On 20 August 2020, the trial court entered orders terminating 

respondent-mother’s parental rights to Mariel and Audrey. The trial court concluded 

that grounds existed to terminate respondent-mother’s parental rights to both 

children for willful failure to pay a reasonable portion of their cost of care and willful 

abandonment, see N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(3) and (7), and it was in the children’s best 

interests to terminate her parental rights. Respondent-mother appealed the 

termination orders.

II. Analysis

¶ 5 Respondent-mother argues on appeal: (1) the trial court lacked subject-matter 

jurisdiction to enter the order terminating her parental rights to Mariel, and (2) the 

trial court erred by failing to exercise its discretion to appoint a guardian ad litem for 

the children. Respondent-mother does not otherwise challenge the trial court’s 

adjudication of the existence of grounds to terminate her parental rights or its 

determination that termination was in the children’s best interests. 

A. Jurisdiction

¶ 6 We first address respondent-mother’s argument that the trial court lacked 
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subject-matter jurisdiction over the petition to terminate her parental rights to 

Mariel. “Whether or not a trial court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction is a 

question of law that is reviewed de novo. Challenges to a trial court’s subject-matter 

jurisdiction may be raised at any stage of proceedings, including for the first time 

before this Court.” In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. 99, 101 (2020) (cleaned up) (quoting In re 

T.R.P., 360 N.C. 588, 595 (2006)).

¶ 7 Respondent-mother argues the District Court in Robeson County lacked 

subject-matter jurisdiction over the petition to terminate her parental rights to 

Mariel because the District Court in Wake County obtained and retained exclusive 

jurisdiction “over Mariel” in Mariel’s underlying juvenile case, in which the District 

Court in Wake County granted petitioner guardianship of Mariel in June 2016. 

Respondent-mother thus asserts the order entered by the District Court in Robeson 

County terminating her parental rights to Mariel must be vacated. See In re T.R.P., 

360 N.C. at 590 (“Subject[-]matter jurisdiction is the indispensable foundation upon 

which valid judicial decisions rest, and in its absence a court has no power to act[.]”).

We disagree. 

¶ 8 This Court recently rejected a similar jurisdictional argument in In re A.L.L.,

in which the respondent argued “the Davie County District Court lacked subjectmatter jurisdiction to enter an order terminating her parental rights because the 

Davidson County District Court had previously entered a permanency-planning order 
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establishing [the] petitioners as [the juvenile’s] legal permanent guardians.” In re 

A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 103. In that case, we recognized “[a] trial court’s subject-matter 

jurisdiction over a petition to terminate parental rights is conferred by N.C.G.S. § 7B1101.” Id. at 104. That section provides,

[t]he court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear 

and determine any petition or motion relating to 

termination of parental rights to any juvenile who resides 

in, is found in, or is in the legal or actual custody of a county 

department of social services or licensed child-placing 

agency in the district at the time of filing of the petition or 

motion.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 (2019). This Court further explained, 

[i]t is well-established that a court’s jurisdiction to 

adjudicate a termination petition does not depend on the 

existence of an underlying abuse, neglect, and dependency 

proceeding. Indeed, although the Juvenile Code permits 

petitioners to seek termination in the same district court 

that is simultaneously adjudicating an underlying abuse, 

neglect, or dependency petition, the statutory language 

does not mandate filing in a single court. Thus, . . . a trial 

court lacks jurisdiction over a termination petition if the 

requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 have not been met, 

even if there is an underlying abuse, neglect, or 

dependency action concerning that juvenile in the district 

in which the termination petition has been filed. However, 

if the requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 have been met 

in one county, then a district court in that county has 

jurisdiction, even if an abuse, neglect, or dependency action 

is pending in another county.

In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. at 105 (cleaned up) (quoting In re E.B., 375 N.C. 310, 317

(2020)). Accordingly, we held the trial court had jurisdiction in In re A.L.L. when “the 
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petitioners were [the juvenile’s] legal permanent guardians who filed their petition 

in the district court in the county where they resided with [the juvenile], satisfying 

the requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101.” Id.

¶ 9 In the present case, it is undisputed that petitioner was Mariel’s legal 

permanent guardian and that petitioner filed the termination petition in the District

Court in Robeson County, the county in which petitioner resided with Mariel. 

Therefore, the requirements of N.C.G.S. § 7B-1101 were satisfied so as to confer 

jurisdiction over the termination petition in the District Court in Robeson County. 

Accordingly, we overrule respondent-mother’s argument that the District Court in 

Robeson County lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the petition to terminate her

parental rights to Mariel.

B. Guardian ad Litem

¶ 10 We next address respondent-mother’s argument that the trial court erred by 

failing to exercise its discretion to appoint a guardian ad litem (GAL) for the children. 

The appointment of a GAL for a juvenile in termination proceedings is governed by 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1108. That section provides, in relevant part:

(b) If an answer or response denies any material allegation 

of the petition or motion, the court shall appoint a guardian 

ad litem for the juvenile to represent the best interests of 

the juvenile . . . .

(c) In proceedings under this Article, the appointment of a 

guardian ad litem shall not be required except, as provided 

above, in cases in which an answer or response is filed 
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denying material allegations . . . ; but the court may, in its 

discretion, appoint a guardian ad litem for a juvenile, 

either before or after determining the existence of grounds 

for termination of parental rights, in order to assist the 

court in determining the best interests of the juvenile.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1108(b)–(c) (2019). 

¶ 11 It is undisputed that respondent-mother did not file an answer or response to 

the termination petitions. Therefore, the trial court was not required to appoint a 

GAL pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1108(b). However, respondent-mother contends the 

trial court failed to exercise its discretion under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1108(c) to appoint a 

GAL absent an answer or response because the trial court was under a mistaken 

belief that it could not do so. Due to the trial court’s alleged misapprehension of the 

law, respondent-mother contends the termination orders must be reversed and 

remanded in order for the trial court to exercise its discretion under N.C.G.S. § 7B1108(c). Again, we disagree.

¶ 12 First, although the trial court considered appointing a GAL in deciding 

whether to grant respondent-mother’s motion to further continue the termination 

hearing, no party moved for the trial court to appoint a GAL for the children, nor was 

there any objection to the lack of a GAL. Thus, respondent-mother failed to preserve 

this issue for appellate review. See In re A.D.N., 231 N.C. App. 54, 65–66 (2013) 

(reiterating that “in order to preserve for appeal the argument that the trial court 

erred by failing to appoint the child a GAL, a respondent must object to the asserted 
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error below” (citing In re Fuller, 144 N.C. App. 620, 623 (2001); In re Barnes, 97 N.C. 

App. 325, 326 (1990))), disc. rev. denied, 367 N.C. 321 (2014); see also N.C. R. App. P. 

10(a)(1) (“In order to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must have 

presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion . . . .”).3

¶ 13 Moreover, assuming arguendo the issue was preserved, the record does not 

“undoubtedly show the trial court mistakenly believed [it] could not appoint a 

guardian ad litem since an answer was not filed[,]” as asserted by respondent-mother. 

The transcript of the termination hearing shows that respondent-mother’s attorney

moved to continue the termination hearing for a second time when the matter was 

called on 29 June 2020 due to respondent-mother’s absence. Although respondentmother was not physically present, she participated by telephone. In considering the 

motion to continue, the trial court identified various considerations, including that 

respondent-mother indicated she was contesting termination of her parental rights 

despite her prior indecisiveness and failure to file an answer. The trial court indicated 

it believed it was better practice to have a GAL involved if respondent-mother was 

 

3 We note that respondent-mother asserts the matter should be reviewed on appeal

despite her failure to raise the issue or an objection in the trial court. She relies on the Court 

of Appeals’ decisions in In re Fuller, 144 N.C. App. 620 (2001), and In re Barnes, 97 N.C. App. 

325 (1990). In those cases, however, the court did not hold that challenges to the trial court’s 

failure to appoint a GAL were preserved for appellate review; the court instead invoked Rule 

2 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure to suspend the appellate rules in order 

to reach the issue of whether the trial court committed prejudicial error by failing to comply 

with the statutory mandate that a GAL shall be appointed when an answer is filed contesting 

a termination petition. In re Fuller, 144 N.C. App. at 623; In re Barnes, 97 N.C. App. at 326–

27.
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contesting the matter and acknowledged that the reason there was not yet a GAL 

involved was because respondent did not file an answer. However, the trial court 

indicated it wanted to hear from the parties before deciding how to proceed. The 

transcript shows that the trial court remained concerned about further delay in the 

proceedings after hearing from the parties, and the trial court ultimately denied the 

motion to continue and proceeded without appointing a GAL after respondent-mother 

indicated the only evidence she could offer was her own testimony, which the trial 

court allowed by telephone.

4 The record does not indicate the trial court was under a 

misapprehension of the law or failed to exercise its discretion. We overrule 

respondent’s argument. 

III. Conclusion

¶ 14 Having overruled respondent-mother’s arguments that the trial court lacked 

subject-matter jurisdiction over the petition to terminate her parental rights to 

Mariel and that the trial court erred in failing to exercise its discretion to appoint a 

GAL for the children, and because respondent-mother does not challenge the trial 

court’s adjudication of the existence of grounds to terminate her parental rights or 

determination that termination was in the children’s best interests, we affirm the 

trial court’s orders terminating respondent-mother’s parental rights to Mariel and 

 

4 Respondent-mother does not challenge the trial court’s denial of her motion to 

continue.
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Audrey.

AFFIRMED.