U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

census.gov

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

Current Population Reports

Issued September 2014

P60-249

By Carmen DeNavas-Walt and Bernadette D. Proctor
Acknowledgments

Carmen DeNavas-Walt, with the assistance of Melissa A. Kollar

and Jessica L. Semega, prepared the income sections of this report 

under the direction of Edward J. Welniak, Jr., Chief of the Income 

Statistics Branch. Bernadette D. Proctor prepared the poverty section 

under the direction of Trudi J. Renwick, Chief of the Poverty Statistics 

Branch. Charles T. Nelson, Assistant Division Chief for Economic 

Characteristics, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, 

provided overall direction.

David E. Adams, Vonda M. Ashton, Susan S. Gajewski, Demographic 

Surveys Division, and Tim J. Marshall and Lisa Cheok, Associate 

Directorate Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population 

Survey 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement file.

Christopher J. Boniface, Kirk E. Davis, Matthew Davis, Raymond 

E. Dowdy, Van P. Duong, Thy K. Le, Chandararith R. Phe, and Nora 

P. Szeto programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation 

and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.

Matthew Herbstritt and Rebecca A. Hoop, under the supervision of 

David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, 

conducted sample review.

Greg Weyland, Tim J. Marshall, Lisa Cheok, and Aaron Cantu, 

Associate Directorate Demographic Programs, and Roberto Picha, 

Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp, Technologies Management Office, 

prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant 

contributions to the preparation of this report. Marjorie Hanson, 

John Hisnanick, Joshua W. Mitchell, Laryssa Mykyta, Jonathan L. 

Rothbaum, Bereket T. Shibeshi, Kathleen S. Short, and Bruce H. 

Webster, Jr. reviewed the contents.

Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected 

the data. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any 

report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.

Linda Chen of the Census Bureau’s Center for New Media and Promotion 

and Donna Gillis and Anthony Richards of the Public Information 

Office provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media.

Don Meyd of the Census Bureau’s Administrative and Customer Services 

Division provided printing management.
U.S. Department of Commerce

Penny Pritzker, 

Secretary

Bruce H. Andrews,

Deputy Secretary

Economics and Statistics Administration

Mark Doms, 

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

John H. Thompson, 

Director

P60-249

Income and Poverty in 

the United States: 2013 Issued September 2014
Suggested Citation

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen and 

Bernadette D. Proctor,

 U.S. Census Bureau, 

Current Population Reports, P60-249, 

Income and Poverty

 in the United States: 2013, 

U.S. Government Printing Office, 

Washington, DC,

2014.

Economics and Statistics

Administration

Mark Doms,

Under Secretary for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

John H. Thompson, 

Director

Nancy A. Potok,

Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer

Enrique Lamas,

Associate Director for Demographic Programs

Victoria Velkoff,

Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 iii

Contents

TEXT

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 ...............................1

Introduction .........................................................................................1

Source of Estimates .............................................................................1

Statistical Accuracy ..............................................................................2

Supplemental Poverty Measure ............................................................2

State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty ................................3

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being ........................................................4

Income in the United States ................................................................5

Highlights ............................................................................................5

Household Income ...............................................................................7

Type of Household ...............................................................................7

Race and Hispanic Origin .....................................................................7

Age of Householder .............................................................................7

Nativity ................................................................................................8

Region .................................................................................................8

Residence ............................................................................................8

Income Inequality ...............................................................................8

Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality ..............................................9

Earnings and Work Experience ...........................................................10

Poverty in the United States ..............................................................12

Highlights ..........................................................................................12

Race and Hispanic Origin ...................................................................12

Age ....................................................................................................14

Sex ....................................................................................................15

Nativity ..............................................................................................15

Region ...............................................................................................15

Residence ..........................................................................................15

Work Experience ................................................................................15

Families .............................................................................................16

Depth of Poverty ...............................................................................16

Ratio of Income to Poverty ...........................................................16

Income Deficit ..............................................................................18

Shared Households ............................................................................18

Alternative/Experimental Poverty Measures .......................................19

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-Based Measures ...................19

Research Files ...............................................................................20

CPS Table Creator .........................................................................20

Comments .............................................................................................20
iv Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

TEXT TABLES

Table 1. Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 

2012 and 2013 ...................................................................................................................6

Table 2. Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and EquivalenceAdjusted Income: 2012 and 2013 .......................................................................................9

Table 3. People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013 .............................................13

Table 4. Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2012 and 2013 .........................................................16

Table 5. People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds 

by Selected Characteristics: 2013 .....................................................................................17

Table 6. Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals 

by Poverty Status: 2013 ....................................................................................................19

FIGURES

Figure 1. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2013 ........................5

Figure 2. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, 

Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2013 .........................................10

Figure 3. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2013 ....................11

Figure 4. Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2013 ...........................................................12

Figure 5. Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2013 ..................................................................................14

Figure 6. Poverty Rates by Age by Sex: 2013 ....................................................................................15

Figure 7. Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees of Poverty: 2013 ....................18
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 v

APPENDIXES

Appendix A. Estimates of Income ............................................................................................. 21

How Income Is Measured ............................................................................................................. 21

Recessions ................................................................................................................................... 21

Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) 

Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2013 ...................................................................... 22

Cost-of-Living Adjustment ........................................................................................................... 22

Poverty Threshold Adjustment ..................................................................................................... 22

Appendix B. Estimates of Poverty ............................................................................................. 43

How Poverty Is Calculated ........................................................................................................... 43

Poverty Thresholds for 2013 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children 

Under 18 Years......................................................................................................................... 43

Weighted Average Poverty Thresholds in 2013 by Size of Family................................................. 43

Appendix C. Replicate Weights .................................................................................................. 57

Appendix D. Description of the Split Panel Test of the Current Population 

Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) 

Income Redesign ............................................................................................ 59

Appendix E. Additional Data and Contacts ............................................................................ 61

Customized Tables ..................................................................................................................... 61

The CPS Table Creator ............................................................................................................ 61

Data Ferrett ............................................................................................................................ 61

Public Use Microdata ................................................................................................................... 61

CPS ASEC .............................................................................................................................. 61

Taxes and Noncash Benefits ................................................................................................... 61

Research Files ......................................................................................................................... 61

Topcoding .................................................................................................................................... 61

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 

1967 to 2013 ................................................................................................................ 23

Table A-2. Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013. ................................. 30

Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013 ................. 36

Table A-4. Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round 

Workers by Sex and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2013 ................................ 40

Table B-1. Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 

1959 to 2013 ................................................................................................................ 44

Table B-2. Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013 ....................... 50

Table B-3. Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2013 ............................................. 56

U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 1

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013

INTRODUCTION

This report presents data on income 

and poverty in the United States 

based on information collected in the 

2014 and earlier Current Population 

Survey Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by 

the U.S. Census Bureau. 

Summary of findings:

•	 Real median household income 

in 2013 was not statistically 

different from the 2012 median 

income.1

•	 The official poverty rate 

decreased between 2012 and 

2013, while the number in poverty in 2013 was not statistically 

different from 2012.

For most groups, the 2013 income 

estimates were not statistically different from 2012 estimates. There were 

a few exceptions. Real median household income increased for Hispanic 

households, households maintained 

by a noncitizen, and households 

maintained by a householder aged 15 

to 24 or aged 65 and older. The 2013 

poverty rates decreased for all people 

and for these groups: Hispanics, 

males and females, children under 

age 18, the foreign born, people outside metropolitan statistical areas, all 

families, and married-couple families.

1 “Real” refers to income after adjusting for 

inflation. All income values are adjusted to 

reflect 2013 dollars. The adjustment is based on 

percentage changes in prices between 2013 and 

earlier years and is computed by dividing the 

annual average Consumer Price Index Research 

Series (CPI-U-RS) for 2013 by the annual average 

for earlier years. The CPI-U-RS values for 1947 

to 2013 are available in Appendix A and on the 

Internet at <www.census.gov/hhes/www

/income/data/incpovhlth/2013/CPI-U-RS

-Index-2013.pdf>. Consumer prices between 

2012 and 2013 increased by 1.5 percent.

Source of Estimates

The data in this report are from the 2014 Current Population Survey (CPS) 

Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The 2014 CPS ASEC 

included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. 

All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the 

redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned 

income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 

addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 

addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to 

those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses 

were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of 

data for this report is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received 

the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 

68,000 addresses.

Estimates published in this report and the corresponding income and 

poverty detailed tables available on the Internet may vary from estimates 

based on the full sample. A description of the split panel test and the 

income redesign are available in Appendix D. 

Data from the CPS ASEC were collected in the 50 states and the District 

of Columbia. The data do not represent residents of Puerto Rico and U.S. 

Island Areas.* The 2013 estimates in this report are controlled to independent national population estimates by age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin 

for March 2014. Beginning with 2010, population estimates are based 

on 2010 Census population counts and are updated annually taking into 

account such things as births, deaths, emigration, and immigration. 

The CPS is a household survey primarily used to collect employment data. 

The sample universe for the basic CPS consists of the resident civilian 

noninstitutionalized population of the United States. People in institutions, such as prisons, long-term care hospitals, and nursing homes, are 

not eligible to be interviewed in the CPS. Students living in dormitories 

are included in the estimates only if information about them is reported in 

an interview at their parents’ home. Since the CPS is a household survey, 

persons who are homeless and not living in shelters are not included in 

the sample. The sample universe for the CPS ASEC is slightly larger than 

that of the basic CPS since it includes military personnel who live in a 

household with at least one other civilian adult, regardless of whether they 

live off post or on post. All other Armed Forces are excluded. For further 

documentation about the CPS ASEC, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs

-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

* U.S. Island Areas include American Samoa, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern 

Mariana Islands, and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
2 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

This report contains two main 

sections—one focuses on income and 

the other on poverty. Each section 

presents estimates by characteristics 

such as race, Hispanic origin, nativity, and region.2 Other topics, such as 

earnings and family poverty rates are 

included only in the relevant section.

2 Federal surveys give respondents the option 

of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two 

basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as 

those who reported Asian and no other race (the 

race-alone or single-race concept) or as those 

who reported Asian regardless of whether they 

also reported another race (the race-alone-or-incombination concept). The body of this report 

(text, figures, and tables) shows data using the 

first approach (race alone). The appendix tables 

show data using both approaches. Use of the 

single-race population does not imply that it is 

the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of 

approaches.

In this report, the terms “White, not Hispanic” 

and “non-Hispanic White” are used interchangeably and refer to people who are not Hispanic 

and who reported White and no other race. The 

Census Bureau uses non-Hispanic Whites as the 

comparison group for other race groups and 

Hispanics.

Since Hispanics may be any race, data in this 

report for Hispanics overlap with data for race 

groups. Being Hispanic was reported by 14.5 

percent of White householders who reported 

only one race, 5.3 percent of Black householders 

who reported only one race, and 1.8 percent of 

Asian householders who reported only one race.

The small sample size of the Asian population and the fact that the CPS does not use separate population controls for weighting the Asian 

sample to national totals contribute to the large 

variances surrounding estimates for this group. 

As a result, we are unable to detect statistically 

significant differences between some estimates for the Asian population. The American 

Community Survey (ACS), based on a much 

larger sample size of the population, is a better 

source for estimating and identifying changes 

for small subgroups of the population.

The householder is the person (or one of the 

people) in whose name the home is owned or 

rented and the person to whom the relationship 

of other household members is recorded. If a 

married couple owns the home jointly, either the 

husband or the wife may be listed as the householder. Since only one person in each household 

is designated as the householder, the number of 

householders is equal to the number of households. This report uses the characteristics of the 

householder to describe the household.

Data users should exercise caution when 

interpreting aggregate results for the Hispanic 

population or for race groups because these 

populations consist of many distinct groups that 

differ in socioeconomic characteristics, culture, 

and recent immigration status. Data were first 

collected for Hispanics in 1972 and for Asians 

and Pacific Islanders in 1987. For further information, see <www.census.gov/cps>.

Statistical Accuracy

Most of the data from the CPS ASEC were collected in March (with some 

data collected in February and April). The estimates in this report (which 

may be shown in text, figures, and tables) are based on responses from 

a sample of the population and may differ from actual values because 

of sampling variability or other factors. As a result, apparent differences 

between the estimates for two or more groups may not be statistically 

significant. All comparative statements have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90 percent confidence level unless otherwise noted. In this report, the variances of estimates were calculated 

using both the Successive Difference Replication (SDR) method and 

the Generalized Variance Function (GVF) approach. (See Appendix C

for a more extensive discussion of these methods.) Further information about the source and accuracy of the estimates is available at 

<ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>.

Supplemental Poverty Measure

In 2010, an interagency technical working group (which included representatives from the Bureau of Labor Statistics [BLS], the Census Bureau, 

the Economics and Statistics Administration, the Council of Economic 

Advisers, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and the 

Office of Management and Budget) issued a series of suggestions to the 

Census Bureau and the BLS on how to develop the Supplemental Poverty 

Measure (SPM). Their suggestions drew on the recommendations of a 

1995 National Academy of Sciences report and the extensive research on 

poverty measurement conducted over the subsequent 15 years.

The new measure based on these suggestions serves as an additional 

indicator of economic well-being and provides a deeper understanding of 

economic conditions and policy effects. The new measure creates a more 

complex statistical picture incorporating additional items such as tax 

payments and work expenses in its family resource estimates. Thresholds 

used in the new measure are derived from Consumer Expenditure Survey 

expenditure data on basic necessities (food, shelter, clothing, and utilities) and are adjusted for geographic differences in the cost of housing. 

The new thresholds are not intended to assess eligibility for government 

programs.

The Census Bureau published preliminary poverty estimates using the 

new approach in November 2011, November 2012, and November 2013. 

Poverty rates were lower for children and higher for those aged 18 to 64 

and 65 years and older than under the official poverty measure. They 

can be found at <www.census.gov/library/publications/2013/demo

/p60-247.html>. SPM estimates for 2013 will be published in fall 2014.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 3

The CPS is the longest-running survey 

conducted by the Census Bureau. The 

CPS ASEC asks detailed questions 

categorizing income into over 50 

sources. The key purpose of the CPS 

ASEC is to provide timely and detailed 

estimates of income and poverty and 

to measure change in these nationallevel estimates. The CPS ASEC is the 

official source of the national poverty 

estimates calculated in accordance 

with the Office of Management and 

Budget’s Statistical Policy Directive 14 

(Appendix B).

The Census Bureau also reports 

income and poverty estimates 

based on data from the American 

Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is 

part of the 2020 Census program and 

eliminates the need for a long-form 

census questionnaire. The ACS offers 

broad, comprehensive information on 

social, economic, and housing topics 

and provides this information at many 

levels of geography.

Since the CPS ASEC produces more 

complete and thorough estimates 

of income and poverty, the Census 

Bureau recommends that people use 

it as the data source for national 

estimates. Estimates for income and 

poverty and other economic characteristics at the state level can be 

found on the American FactFinder 

Web site at <factfinder2.census.gov> 

and in forthcoming reports based on 

2013 ACS data. For more information 

on state and local estimates, see the 

text box “State and Local Estimates of 

Income and Poverty.”

The CPS ASEC provides reliable estimates of the net change, from one 

year to the next, in the overall distribution of economic characteristics of 

the population, such as income and 

earnings, but it does not show how 

those characteristics change for the 

same person, family, or household. 

Longitudinal measures of income and 

poverty that are based on following 

the same people over time are available from the Survey of Income and 

Program Participation (SIPP). Estimates 

derived from SIPP data answer questions such as:

•	 What percentage of households 

move up or down the income 

distribution over time?

•	 How many people remain in poverty over time?

State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty

The U.S. Census Bureau presents annual estimates of median household 

income and poverty by state and other smaller geographic units based 

on data collected in the American Community Survey (ACS). Single-year 

estimates are available for geographic units with populations of 65,000 or 

more. The ACS produces estimates of income and poverty for counties and 

places with populations of 20,000 or more by pooling 3 years of ACS data. 

Five-year income and poverty estimates are available for all geographic 

units, including census tracts and block groups, from pooling 5 years of 

ACS data. 

The Census Bureau’s Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) 

program produces annual estimates of a select set of income and poverty 

measures. Using statistical models, SAIPE produces estimates of median 

household income and poverty for states and all counties, as well as 

population and poverty estimates for school districts. The SAIPE approach 

combines data from a variety of sources, including administrative records, 

population estimates, the decennial census, and the ACS, to provide consistent and reliable single-year estimates. In general, SAIPE estimates have 

lower variances than ACS estimates but are released later because they 

incorporate ACS data in the models. 

The income and poverty estimates for 2012 are available at <www.census

.gov/did/www/saipe/index.html>. Estimates for 2013 will be available 

later this year.
4 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

The text box “Dynamics of Economic 

Well-Being” provides more information 

about the SIPP.

The income and poverty estimates 

shown in this report are based solely 

on money income before taxes and 

do not include the value of noncash 

benefits, such as those provided by 

the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 

Program (SNAP), Medicare, Medicaid, 

public housing, or employer-provided 

fringe benefits. 

Since the publication of the first official U.S. poverty estimates in 1964, 

there has been a continuing debate 

about the best approach to measuring 

income and poverty in the United 

States. Recognizing that alternative 

estimates of income and poverty can 

provide useful information to the public as well as to the federal government, the U.S. Office of Management 

and Budget’s (OMB) Chief Statistician 

formed the Interagency Technical 

Working Group on Developing a 

Supplemental Poverty Measure. This 

group asked the Census Bureau, in 

cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of 

Labor Statistics (BLS), to develop a 

new measure that allows an improved 

understanding of the economic wellbeing of American families and how 

federal policies affect those living 

in poverty. In November 2011, the 

Census Bureau released the first sets 

of estimates for the Supplemental 

Poverty Measure.3 These and additional current estimates are available 

at <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas

/methodology/supplemental/index

.html>. The text box “Supplemental 

Poverty Measure” provides more information about this initiative.

3 See <www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas

/methodology/supplemental/research/Short

_ResearchSPM2010.pdf>.

Dynamics of Economic Well-Being

The Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 

provides monthly data about labor force participation and income sources and amounts. The data yield 

insights into the dynamic nature of these experiences 

and the economic mobility of U.S. residents. For example, the data demonstrate that using a longer time frame 

to measure poverty (e.g., 4 years) yields, on average, a 

lower poverty rate than the annual measures presented 

in this report, while using a shorter time frame (e.g., 

2 months) yields higher poverty rates. Some specific 

findings include:

•	 The proportion of households in the bottom quintile 

in 2004 that moved up to a higher quintile in 2007 

(30.9 percent) was not statistically different from 

the proportion of households in the top quintile in 

2004 that moved to a lower quintile in 2007 (32.2 

percent).

•	 Households with householders who had lower levels 

of education were more likely to remain in or move 

into a lower quintile than households whose householders had higher levels of education.

•	 During the 3-year period from 2009 to 2011, 

approximately 31.6 percent of the population had at 

least one spell of poverty lasting 2 or more months.

•	 Chronic poverty over the 3-year period from 2009 

to 2011 was relatively uncommon, with 3.5 percent 

of the population living in poverty during all 36 

months.

More information based on these data is available in the 

Census Bureau’s P70 Series Reports, as well as in table 

packages and working papers. For more information, 

see <www.census.gov/programs-surveys/sipp

/publications.html>.

The U.S. Census Bureau recently reengineered the SIPP. 

The redesigned survey was fielded in early 2014, collecting data for calendar year 2013. The survey changed 

to a design that reduces respondent burden and cost 

by collecting data in an annual format rather than the 

three-times per year format of the prior SIPP panels. The 

redesigned SIPP addresses the same topic areas as the 

earlier SIPP panels, combining the topical module and 

core content into an integrated instrument. For more 

information, see <www.census.gov/sipp/>. 
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 5

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES

Highlights

•	 Median household income was 

$51,939 in 2013, not statistically 

different in real terms from the 

2012 median of $51,759 (Figure 1 

and Table 1). This is the second 

consecutive year that the annual 

change was not statistically significant, following two consecutive years of annual declines in 

median household income. 

•	 In 2013, real median household 

income was 8.0 percent lower 

than in 2007, the year before the 

most recent recession (Figure 1 

and Table A-1).

•	 Changes in real median incomes 

between 2012 and 2013 for family and nonfamily households 

were not statistically significant 

(Table 1).

•	 The real median income of 

Hispanic households increased 

by 3.5 percent between 2012 and 

2013. For non-Hispanic White, 

Black, and Asian households 

the 2012-2013 changes in real 

median household income were 

not statistically significant (Table 1).

•	 The real median income of 

households maintained by a noncitizen increased by 6.0 percent 

between 2012 and 2013. The 

median incomes of households 

maintained by a native-born or 

foreign-born naturalized citizen 

in 2013 were not statistically 

different from their respective 

2012 incomes (Table 1).4

•	 For the Northeast, Midwest, 

South, and West, the 2012-2013 

changes in real median household 

income were not statistically significant (Table 1).

•	 The number of men and women 

working full time, year round 

with earnings increased by 1.8 

4 Native-born households are those in which 

the householder was born in the United States, 

Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Island Areas of Guam, the 

Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, 

American Samoa, or the Virgin Islands of the 

United States or was born in a foreign country 

but had at least one parent who was a U.S. citizen. All other households are considered foreign 

born regardless of the date of entry into the 

United States or citizenship status. The CPS does 

not interview households in Puerto Rico. Of all 

householders, 85.7 percent were native born; 7.7 

percent were foreign-born, naturalized citizens; 

and 6.6 percent were noncitizens.

Figure 1.

Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2013

Note: Median household income data are not available prior to 1967. For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. 

For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov

/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

2013 dollars Recession

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

$67,065

$58,270

$51,939

$40,963

$34,598

All races

White, not Hispanic 

Black

Asian

Hispanic (any race) 
6 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table 1.

Income and Earnings Summary Measures by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013

(Income in 2013 dollars. Households and people as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, 

nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf. Standard errors calculated 

using replicate weights)

Characteristic

2012 20131

Percentage change* in 

real median income 

(2013 less 2012)

Number 

(thousands)

Median income (dollars)

Number 

(thousands)

Median income (dollars)

Estimate

90 percent 

C.I.2 Estimate (±)

90 percent 

C.I.2 (±) Estimate

90 percent 

C.I.2 (±)

HOUSEHOLDS

 All households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,459 51,759 348 122,952 51,939 455 0.3 1.05

Type of Household

Family households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,902 64,984 783 81,192 65,587 643 0.9 1.59

Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,204 76,794 621 59,669 76,509 674 –0.4 1.20

Female householder, no husband present. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,469 34,496 998 15,193 35,154 832 1.9 3.78

Male householder, no wife present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,229 49,341 1,581 6,330 50,625 1,503 2.6 4.28

Nonfamily households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,558 31,329 482 41,760 31,178 518 –0.5 2.18

Female householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,810 26,394 594 22,266 26,425 795 0.1 3.75

Male householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,747 37,527 761 19,494 36,876 937 –1.7 3.06

Race3

 and Hispanic Origin of Householder

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,705 54,487 640 97,774 55,257 699 1.4 1.64

White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,792 57,837 600 83,641 58,270 1,006 0.7 1.90

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,872 33,805 1,318 16,108 34,598 1,198 2.3 5.09

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,560 69,633 3,154 5,759 67,065 2,830 –3.7 5.77

Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,589 39,572 892 15,811 40,963 908 *3.5 3.33

Age of Householder

Under 65 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,535 58,186 513 94,223 58,448 958 0.4 1.82

15 to 24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,314 31,049 1,101 6,323 34,311 1,808 *10.5 7.22

25 to 34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,017 52,128 606 20,008 52,702 1,489 1.1 2.93

35 to 44 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,334 64,553 1,530 21,046 64,973 1,620 0.7 3.52

45 to 54 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,068 67,376 1,003 23,809 67,141 1,265 –0.3 2.33

55 to 64 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,802 59,478 1,374 23,036 57,538 1,662 –3.3 3.45

65 years and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,924 34,340 640 28,729 35,611 722 *3.7 2.83

Nativity of Householder

Native born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,909 52,556 391 105,328 52,779 754 0.4 1.56

Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,550 46,136 790 17,624 46,939 1,037 1.7 2.85

Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,192 53,786 1,962 9,491 54,974 2,898 2.2 6.98

Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,358 38,269 1,050 8,133 40,578 1,113 *6.0 3.90

Region

Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,125 55,421 1,625 22,053 56,775 1,426 2.4 3.82

Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,093 51,213 789 27,214 52,082 1,160 1.7 2.72

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,938 48,731 869 46,499 48,128 1,104 –1.2 2.66

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,303 55,958 1,037 27,186 56,181 1,190 0.4 2.76

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,784 53,758 728 103,573 54,042 790 0.5 1.90

Inside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,152 46,570 806 41,359 46,778 892 0.4 2.55

Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,631 59,634 943 62,213 59,497 1,090 –0.2 2.46

Outside metropolitan statistical areas4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,676 41,796 1,046 19,379 42,881 1,238 2.6 3.02

EARNINGS OF FULL-TIME, YEAR-ROUND WORKERS

Men with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,009 50,116 780 60,769 50,033 404 –0.2 1.64

Women with earnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,042 38,340 602 45,068 39,157 596 2.1 2.24

* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. 

1

 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 

addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a 

probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were 

eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS 

ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals 

shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo

/p60-249sa.pdf>. 3

 Federal surveys give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who 

reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept). 

This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau 

uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from 

Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific 

Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 4

 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see 

“About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/metro/>. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 7

million and 1.0 million, respectively, between 2012 and 2013 

(Table 1).5 

•	 The changes in the real median 

earnings of men and women 

who worked full time, year round 

between 2012 and 2013 were not 

statistically significant (Table 1). 

•	 The 2013 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.78, not statistically different from the 2012 ratio 

(Table 1 and Figure 2). 

Household Income 

Median household income was 

$51,939 in 2013, not statistically 

different from the 2012 median in 

real terms, 8.0 percent lower than the 

2007 (the year before the most recent 

recession) median ($56,436), and 

8.7 percent lower than the median 

household income peak ($56,895) 

that occurred in 1999 (Figure 1 and 

Table A-1).6

Type of Household

Real median incomes in 2013 for 

family households, $65,587, and 

nonfamily households, $31,178, were 

not statistically different from their 

respective 2012 medians (Table 1). 

Among the specific types of family and nonfamily households, the 

changes in real income between 

2012 and 2013 were also not statistically significant. Annual increases 

in median household income were 

last experienced in 2007 for family 

households and in 2009 for nonfamily 

households.

For family households, married-couple 

households had the highest median 

5 The difference between the 2012-2013 

increases in the number of male and female fulltime, year-round workers with earnings is not 

statistically significant. 6 The difference between the 1999 and 2007 

median household incomes was not statistically 

significant. The difference between the 2007-

2013 and 1999-2013 percentage changes (8.0 

and 8.7 percent, respectively) was not statistically significant. 

income in 2013 ($76,509), followed 

by households maintained by men 

with no wife present ($50,625). Those 

maintained by women with no husband present had the lowest income 

($35,154).

Race and Hispanic Origin

The real median income of Hispanic 

households increased by 3.5 percent between 2012 and 2013, from 

$39,572 to $40,963. For non-Hispanic 

White, Black, and Asian households, 

the 2012-2013 changes in real 

median household income were not 

statistically significant (Table 1). 

Before 2013, Hispanic households had 

not experienced an annual increase 

in median income since 2000. NonHispanic White and Black households 

last experienced an annual increase in 

median incomes in 2007, and Asian 

households’ last annual increase in 

median income was in 1999.

Among the race groups, Asian 

households had the highest median 

income in 2013 ($67,065). The 

median income for non-Hispanic 

White households was $58,270, and 

it was $34,598 for Black households 

(Table 1 and Figure 1). For Hispanic 

households, the median income was 

$40,963. 

The real median household income for 

each of the race and Hispanic-origin 

groups has not yet recovered to its 

pre-2001-recession median household income peak. Household income 

in 2013 was 5.6 percent lower for 

non-Hispanic Whites (from $61,733 in 

1999), 13.8 percent lower for Blacks 

(from $40,131 in 2000), 11.1 percent lower for Asians (from $75,423 

in 2000), and 8.7 percent lower for 

Hispanics (from $44,867 in 2000) 

(Table A-1). 7 

Comparing the 2013 income of nonHispanic White households with that 

of other households shows that the 

ratio of Asian to non-Hispanic White 

income was 1.15, the ratio of Black 

to non-Hispanic White income was 

0.59, and the ratio of Hispanic to 

non-Hispanic White income was 0.70. 

Between 1972 and 2013, the change 

in the Black to non-Hispanic White 

income ratio was not statistically 

significant.8 Over the same period, 

the Hispanic to non-Hispanic White 

income ratio declined from 0.74 

to 0.70. Income data for the Asian 

population was first available in 1987. 

The 2013 Asian to non-Hispanic White 

income ratio was not statistically different from the 1987 ratio. 

Age of Householder

Households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years or aged 

65 and older experienced significant 

increases in real median income 

between 2012 and 2013. Median 

income increased by 10.5 percent for 

households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 24 years, from 

$31,049 to $34,311(Table 1). The last 

time young householders experienced 

an annual increase in income was in 

2006 (Table 1). The median income of 

households maintained by a householder aged 65 and older increased 

by 3.7 percent, from $34,340 to 

7 The differences between the declines 

for Asian households and Black and Hispanic 

households were not statistically significant. The 

difference between the declines for non-Hispanic 

White households and Hispanic households was 

also not statistically significant. For non-Hispanic 

White households, the $61,733 income peak 

in 1999 was not statistically different from 

their 2000 median of $61,715. For Blacks, the 

$40,131 income peak in 2000 was not statistically different from their 1999 median of 

$39,019. For Hispanics, the $44,867 income 

peak in 2000 was not statistically different from 

their 2001 median of $44,164. 8 1972 was the first year that income data for 

the Hispanic and non-Hispanic White populations 

were collected in the CPS ASEC.
8 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

$35,611.9 This was their first increase 

since 2009.

Households maintained by a householder aged 45 to 54 had the highest 

median income in 2013 ($67,141), 

followed by those with a householder 

aged 35 to 44 ($64,973), those with a 

householder aged 55 to 64 ($57,538), 

and those with a householder aged 25 

to 34 ($52,702). Households maintained by a householder aged 15 to 

24 years and aged 65 and older had 

the lowest median incomes, $34,311 

and $35,611, respectively, not statistically different from each other.

Nativity

The real median income of households maintained by a noncitizen 

increased 6.0 percent between 2012 

and 2013, from $38,269 to $40,578. 

The median incomes of households 

maintained by a native-born or 

foreign-born naturalized citizen in 

2013 were not statistically different 

from their respective 2012 incomes 

(Table 1).

In 2013, the median income of households maintained by a naturalized 

citizen ($54,974) was not statistically different from the income of 

households maintained by a nativeborn person ($52,779). Both types of 

households had incomes higher than 

households maintained by a noncitizen ($40,578) (Table 1). 

9 The difference between the 2012-2013 

percentage changes in median household income 

of households maintained by a householder aged 

15 to 24 years and aged 65 years and older was 

not statistically significant. The differences were 

not statistically significant between the following 

median household incomes: the 2013 incomes 

of households maintained by a 15- to 24-yearold and those maintained by a person 65 years 

and older, and the 2013 income of households 

maintained by a 15- to 24-year-old and the 2012 

income of households maintained by a person 65 

years and older.

Region10

In 2013, households with the highest 

median household incomes were in 

the Northeast ($56,775) and the West 

($56,181), followed by the Midwest 

($52,082) and the South ($48,128).11 

None of the regions had a statistically 

significant change in median household income between 2012 and 2013 

(Table 1).

Residence

In 2013, households within metropolitan areas but outside principal 

cities had the highest median income 

($59,497), while households outside 

metropolitan areas had the lowest ($42,881). Between 2012 and 

2013, the changes in the real median 

incomes of households for the four 

residential categories shown in Table 1 

were not statistically significant. 

Income Inequality 

The Census Bureau traditionally 

reports two measures of income 

inequality: (1) the shares of aggregate 

household income received by quintiles and (2) the Gini index. In addition 

to these measures, the Census Bureau 

also produces estimates of the ratio 

of income percentiles; the Theil index, 

which is similar to the Gini index in 

that it is a single statistic that summarizes the dispersion of income across 

the entire income distribution; the 

mean logarithmic deviation of income 

(MLD), which measures the gap 

between median and average income; 

and the Atkinson measure, which is 

10 The Northeast region includes Connecticut, 

Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New 

Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont. The Midwest region includes 

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, 

Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, 

Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The South 

region includes Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, 

Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, 

Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South 

Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West 

Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state 

equivalent. The West region includes Alaska, 

Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, 

Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, 

Washington, and Wyoming. 11 The difference between the median household incomes for the Northeast and the West was 

not statistically significant.

useful in determining which end of 

the income distribution contributed 

most to inequality.12 

Changes in income inequality 

between 2012 and 2013 were not 

statistically significant as measured 

by the shares of aggregate household 

income by quintiles, the Gini index, 

the MLD, the Theil index, and the 

Atkinson measures (Table 2 and A-2). 

Households in the lowest quintile had 

incomes of $20,900 or less in 2013. 

Households in the second quintile 

had incomes between $20,901 and 

$40,187, those in the third quintile 

had incomes between $40,188 and 

$65,501, and those in the fourth quintile had incomes between $65,502 

and $105,910. Households in the 

highest quintile had incomes of 

$105,911 or more. The top 5 percent 

had incomes of $196,001 or more. 

The Gini index was 0.476 in 2013, 

not statistically different from 2012. 

Since 1993, the earliest year available 

for comparable measures of income 

inequality, the Gini index was up 4.9 

percent (Table A-2).13,14

Comparing changes in household 

income at selected percentiles shows 

that income inequality has increased 

between 1999 (the year that household income peaked before the 2001 

recession) and 2013 (Table A-2). 

Incomes at the 50th and 10th percentiles declined by 8.7 percent and 

14.3 percent, respectively, while there 

was no statistically significant decline 

in income at the 90th percentile 

12 An article by Paul Allison, “Measures of 

Inequality,” American Sociological Review, 43, 

December 1977, pp. 865-880, provides an explanation of inequality measures. 13 Exercise caution when making direct comparisons with years earlier than 1993 because 

of substantial methodological changes in the 

1994 CPS ASEC. In that year, the Census Bureau 

introduced computer-assisted interviewing and 

increased income reporting limits. 14 For further discussion of how high incomes 

reported in the CPS ASEC affect income distribution measures, see Jessica Semega and Ed 

Welniak, “Evaluating the Impact of Unrestricted 

Income Values on Income Distribution Measures 

Using the Current Population Survey’s Annual 

Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC),” April 

2007, <www.census.gov/hhes/www/income

/publications/unrestrict-tables/index.html>.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 9

between 1999 and 2013. In 2013, the 

90th to 10th percentile income ratio 

was 12.10, not statistically different 

from the 2012 ratio. Since 1999, the 

90th to 10th percentile income ratio 

increased 16.1 percent, from 10.42 to 

12.10.

Equivalence-Adjusted Income 

Inequality 

Another way to measure income 

inequality is to use an equivalenceadjusted income estimate that takes 

into consideration the number of 

people living in the household and 

how these people share resources and 

take advantage of economies of scale. 

For example, the money-incomebased distribution treats an income of 

$30,000 for a single-person household and a family household similarly, while the equivalence-adjusted 

income of $30,000 for a single-person 

household would be more than twice 

the equivalence-adjusted income of 

$30,000 for a family household with 

two adults and two children. The 

equivalence adjustment used here is 

based on a three-parameter scale15

that reflects:

1. On average, children consume 

less than adults.

2. As family size increases, expenses 

do not increase at the same rate.

15 The three-parameter scale used here is 

the same as the one used in the report The 

Effect of Taxes and Transfers on Income and 

Poverty in the United States: 2005, Current 

Population Reports, P60-232, U.S. Census 

Bureau, March 2007, <www.census.gov/library 

/publications/2007/demo/p60-232.html>. 

The three-parameter scale was applied to the 

incomes of families and unrelated individuals 

and assigned to each family member or unrelated individual living within the household. For 

details on the derivation of the three-parameter 

scale, see Kathleen Short, Experimental Poverty 

Measures: 1999, Current Population Reports, 

P60-216, U.S. Census Bureau, October 2001, 

<www.census.gov/library/publications/2001

/demo/p60-216.html>.

Table 2. 

Income Distribution Measures Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income: 

2012 and 2013

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps

/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Measure

2012 20131 Percentage change2,*

Money 

income 

Equivalenceadjusted 

income

Money

income 

Equivalenceadjusted 

income

Money 

income 

Equivalenceadjusted 

income

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

 Shares of Aggregate Income by 

Percentile

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 0.05 3.4 0.06 3.2 0.05 3.5 0.06 –0.6 2.06 *2.7 2.53

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 0.08 9.0 0.08 8.4 0.10 9.1 0.10 0.8 1.57 0.9 1.40

Middle quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.4 0.12 14.8 0.12 14.4 0.14 14.9 0.13 0.3 1.22 0.4 1.16

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.0 0.16 22.9 0.17 23.0 0.18 22.9 0.18 –0.2 1.02 Z 1.04

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.0 0.32 49.9 0.35 51.0 0.40 49.6 0.41 –0.1 1.00 –0.5 1.05

Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 0.43 22.1 0.43 22.2 0.49 21.8 0.49 –0.6 2.83 –1.5 2.82

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . 0.477 0.0033 0.463 0.0036 0.476 0.0041 0.459 0.0042 –0.2 1.09 –0.8 1.16

Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . 0.586 0.0112 0.629 0.0119 0.578 0.0130 0.620 0.0136 –1.4 2.81 –1.5 2.80

Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.423 0.0097 0.405 0.0102 0.415 0.0111 0.392 0.0110 –1.9 3.37 –3.3 3.50

Atkinson:

 e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.101 0.0019 0.097 0.0019 0.100 0.0022 0.095 0.0022 –1.3 2.76 –2.6 2.87

 e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.198 0.0029 0.192 0.0031 0.196 0.0035 0.188 0.0036 –0.9 2.26 –2.1 2.37

 e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.300 0.0038 0.298 0.0040 0.298 0.0046 0.293 0.0047 –0.8 1.92 –1.6 2.01

* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

Z Represents or rounds to zero.

1

 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of 

the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented 

to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to 

those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is 

the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2

 Calculated estimate may be different due to rounded components.

3

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information, see “Standard Errors and Their Use” 

at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>.

Source: U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
10 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

3. The increase in expenses is larger 

for a first child of a single-parent 

family than the first child of a 

two-adult family. 

Table 2 shows several income inequality measures, including aggregate 

income shares and the Gini index, 

using both money income and 

equivalence-adjusted income for 2012 

and 2013. For both 2012 and 2013, 

the Gini index was lower when based 

on an equivalence-adjusted income 

estimate than on the traditional 

money-income estimate, suggesting 

a more equal income distribution. 

Generally, the shares of income in 

the lower quintiles are higher with 

equivalence-adjusted income than 

money income while the reverse is 

true for the higher quintiles. This 

redistribution would be expected 

because the lower end of the income 

distribution has a higher concentration of single-person households and 

smaller family sizes than those at the 

upper end of the distribution. Thus, 

equivalence adjusting increases the 

relative income of people living in 

lower-income groups.

Based on equivalence-adjusted 

income, changes in inequality between 

2012 and 2013 were not statistically significant as measured by the 

Gini index, the MLD, the Theil index, 

and the Atkinson measures (Table 2). 

The share of aggregate equivalenceadjusted income in the lowest quintile 

increased 2.7 percent between 2012 

and 2013; the changes in the other 

quintiles were not statistically significant. The Gini index was 0.459 in 

2013. The MLD was 0.620, the Theil 

index was 0.392, and the Atkinson 

measure calculated with e=0.25 was 

0.095 and 0.293 with e=0.75 in 2013. 

Table A-3 shows equivalence-adjusted 

measures of income distribution as 

well as the Gini index, MLD, Theil 

index, and Atkinson measure for 

income years 1967 to 2013. 

Earnings and Work Experience 

In 2013, the real median earnings of men ($50,033) and women 

($39,157) who worked full time, year 

round were not statistically different 

from their respective 2012 medians 

(Table 1 and Figure 2). Neither group 

has experienced a significant annual 

increase in median earnings since 

2009. The 2013 female-to-male earnings ratio was 0.78, not statistically 

different from the 2012 ratio. The 

female-to-male earnings ratio has 

not experienced a significant annual 

increase since 2007.

Figure 2.

Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers

15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2013

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Note: Data on earnings of full-time, year-round workers are not readily available before 1960. For more information on recessions, 

see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Earnings in thousands (2013 dollars), ratio in percent Recession

Earnings of women

Female-to-male 

earnings ratio

78 percent

$50,033

$39,157

Earnings of men
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 11

The changes between 2012 and 2013 

in the number of men and women 

with earnings, regardless of work 

experience, were not statistically significant. However, the number of men 

and women working full time, year 

round with earnings increased by 1.8 

million and 1.0 million, respectively, 

between 2012 and 2013, suggesting 

a shift from part-year, part-time work 

status to full-time, year-round work 

status (Figure 3 and Table A-4).16 An 

estimated 72.7 percent of working 

men with earnings and 60.5 percent 

of working women with earnings 

worked full time, year round in 2013, 

both percentages higher than the 

16 The difference between the 2012-2013 

increases in the number of men and women 

full-time, year-round workers was not statistically 

significant. A full-time, year-round worker is a 

person who worked 35 or more hours per week 

(full time) and 50 or more weeks during the 

previous calendar year (year round). For school 

personnel, summer vacation is counted as weeks 

worked if they are scheduled to return to their 

job in the fall. For detailed information on work 

experience, see Table PINC-05, “Work Experience 

in 2013—People 15 Years Old and Over by Total 

Money Earnings in 2013, Age, Race, Hispanic 

Origin, and Sex” at <www.census.gov/hhes

/www/cpstables/032014/perinc/toc.htm>. 

2012 estimates of 71.1 percent and 

59.4 percent, respectively.

Between 2010 (the year following 

the most recent recession) and 2013, 

the number of workers with earnings, regardless of work experience, 

increased by 4.5 million to 158.1 million. For those working full time, year 

round, the increase was 6.4 million, to 

105.8 million. While the number of all 

workers in 2013 was not statistically 

different from the peak that occurred 

in 2007, the number of full-time, yearround workers in 2013 was less than 

the 2007 peak of 108.6 million.

Figure 3.

Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2013

Note: Data on number of workers are not readily available before 1967. Data are for people aged 15 and older beginning in 1980 and people 

aged 14 and older for previous years. Before 1989, data are for civilian workers only. For more information on recessions, see Appendix A. 

For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Numbers in millions Recession

83.6 million

74.5 million

60.8 million

45.1 million

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Female full-time, year-round 

workers

Male workers

Female workers

Male full-time, year-round 

workers
12 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES 17

Highlights

•	 In 2013, the official poverty rate 

was 14.5 percent, down from 

15.0 percent in 2012 (Figure 4 

and Table 3). This was the first 

decrease in the poverty rate since 

2006.

•	 In 2013, there were 45.3 million 

people in poverty. For the third 

consecutive year, the number of 

people in poverty at the national 

level was not statistically different 

from the previous year’s estimate 

(Figure 4 and Table 3).

•	 The 2013 poverty rate was 2.0 

percentage points higher than in 

2007, the year before the most 

recent recession (Figure 4).17

•	 The poverty rate for children 

under 18 fell from 21.8 percent 

in 2012 to 19.9 percent in 2013 

(Table 3 and Figure 5).18

•	 The poverty rate for people aged 

18 to 64 was 13.6 percent, while 

the rate for people aged 65 and 

older was 9.5 percent. Neither of 

these poverty rates was statistically different from its 2012 estimates (Table 3 and Figure 5).

•	 Both the poverty rate and the 

number in poverty decreased for 

Hispanics in 2013 (Table 3).

•	 Despite the decline in the 

national poverty rate, the 2013 

regional poverty rates were not 

statistically different from the 

2012 rates. 

Race and Hispanic Origin

Hispanics were the only group among 

the major race and ethnic groups to 

experience a statistically significant 

change in their poverty rate and the 

number of people in poverty. For 

Hispanics, the poverty rate fell from 

25.6 percent in 2012 to 23.5 percent in 2013, while the number of 

Hispanics in poverty fell from 13.6 

million to 12.7 million.

The poverty rate for non-Hispanic 

Whites was 9.6 percent in 2013.19

Non-Hispanic Whites accounted for 

62.4 percent of the total population 

and 41.5 percent of people in poverty. For Blacks, the 2013 poverty 

rate was 27.2 percent, and there were 

19 The poverty rate for non-Hispanic Whites 

was not statistically different from the poverty 

rate for Asians.

17 The Office of Management and Budget 

determined the official definition of poverty 

in Statistical Policy Directive 14. Appendix B

provides a more detailed description of how the 

Census Bureau calculates poverty.

18 Since unrelated individuals under 15 are 

excluded from the poverty universe, there are 

430,000 fewer children in the poverty universe 

than in the total civilian noninstitutionalized 

population.

Figure 4.

Number in Poverty and Poverty Rate: 1959 to 2013

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. 

For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

<ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

Numbers in millions Recession

45.3 million

14.5 percent

Number in poverty

Poverty rate

Percent 

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0

5

10

15

20

25

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000 1995 2005 20132010
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 13

Table 3.

People in Poverty by Selected Characteristics: 2012 and 2013

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information 

on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Characteristic

2012 20131

Change in poverty 

(2013 less 2012) 

2,*

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number

90 

percent

C.I.3

 (±) Percent

90 

percent

C.I.3 (±) Number

90 

percent

C.I.3 (±) Percent

90 

percent

C.I.3 (±) Number Percent

PEOPLE

 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,648 46,496 899 15.0 0.3 312,965 45,318 1,014 14.5 0.3 – 1,178 *–0.5

Family Status

In families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252,863 33,198 823 13.1 0.3 254,988 31,530 845 12.4 0.3 *–1,669 *–0.8

Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,944 9,520 230 11.8 0.3 81,217 9,130 247 11.2 0.3 *–390 *–0.5

Related children under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . 72,545 15,437 431 21.3 0.6 72,573 14,142 445 19.5 0.6 *–1,295 *–1.8

 Related children under age 6. . . . . . . . . . 23,604 5,769 221 24.4 0.9 23,585 5,231 225 22.2 1.0 *–538 *–2.3

In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,599 740 99 46.3 4.9 1,413 608 114 43.0 6.3 –132 –3.3

Reference person. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 278 36 43.3 4.6 595 246 48 41.3 6.4 –32 –2.0

Children under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 440 65 51.4 5.3 714 340 69 47.7 6.7 *–99 –3.7

Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,185 12,558 344 22.4 0.5 56,564 13,181 414 23.3 0.6 *623 *1.0

Race4 and Hispanic Origin

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,147 30,816 709 12.7 0.3 243,085 29,936 816 12.3 0.3 –880 –0.4

White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,112 18,940 595 9.7 0.3 195,167 18,796 722 9.6 0.4 –144 –0.1

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,125 10,911 422 27.2 1.1 40,615 11,041 506 27.2 1.3 130 Z

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,417 1,921 191 11.7 1.1 17,063 1,785 176 10.5 1.0 –136 –1.2

Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,105 13,616 458 25.6 0.9 54,145 12,744 513 23.5 0.9 *–871 *–2.1

Sex

Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,058 20,656 464 13.6 0.3 153,361 20,119 568 13.1 0.4 –537 *–0.5

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,590 25,840 529 16.3 0.3 159,605 25,199 573 15.8 0.4 –641 *–0.5

Age

Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 16,073 447 21.8 0.6 73,625 14,659 455 19.9 0.6 *–1,415 *–1.9

Aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 26,497 522 13.7 0.3 194,833 26,429 648 13.6 0.3 –68 –0.1

Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,287 3,926 174 9.1 0.4 44,508 4,231 227 9.5 0.5 *305 0.4

Nativity

Native born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270,570 38,803 827 14.3 0.3 271,968 37,921 943 13.9 0.3 –882 –0.4

Foreign born. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,078 7,693 304 19.2 0.6 40,997 7,397 373 18.0 0.8 –296 *–1.2

Naturalized citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,193 2,252 159 12.4 0.8 19,147 2,425 173 12.7 0.9 173 0.3

Not a citizen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,885 5,441 254 24.9 1.0 21,850 4,972 311 22.8 1.2 *–469 *–2.1

Region

Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,050 7,490 302 13.6 0.6 55,478 7,046 437 12.7 0.8 –444 –0.9

Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,337 8,851 388 13.3 0.6 66,785 8,590 430 12.9 0.7 –261 –0.5

South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,957 19,106 686 16.5 0.6 116,961 18,870 706 16.1 0.6 –236 –0.3

West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,303 11,049 409 15.1 0.6 73,742 10,812 434 14.7 0.6 –237 –0.4

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas. . . . . . . . 262,949 38,033 914 14.5 0.3 265,915 37,746 1,007 14.2 0.4 –287 –0.3

Inside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,225 19,934 610 19.7 0.5 102,149 19,530 842 19.1 0.7 –404 –0.6

Outside principal cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,724 18,099 669 11.2 0.4 163,767 18,217 738 11.1 0.4 118 –0.1

Outside metropolitan statistical areas5. . . . . . 47,698 8,463 639 17.7 0.9 47,050 7,572 665 16.1 1.0 *–891 *–1.6

Work Experience

 Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 26,497 522 13.7 0.3 194,833 26,429 648 13.6 0.3 –68 –0.1

All workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,814 10,672 294 7.3 0.2 146,252 10,736 347 7.3 0.2 64 Z

Worked full-time, year-round. . . . . . . . . . . . 98,715 2,867 133 2.9 0.1 100,855 2,771 155 2.7 0.2 –96 –0.2

Less than full-time, year-round. . . . . . . . . . . 47,099 7,805 233 16.6 0.5 45,397 7,965 322 17.5 0.6 160 *1.0

Did not work at least 1 week. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,828 15,825 369 33.1 0.6 48,581 15,693 515 32.3 0.9 –132 –0.8

Disability Status6

 Total, aged 18 to 64. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,642 26,497 522 13.7 0.3 194,833 26,429 648 13.6 0.3 –68 –0.1

With a disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,996 4,257 161 28.4 0.9 15,098 4,352 233 28.8 1.2 95 0.4

With no disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,727 22,189 478 12.5 0.3 178,761 22,023 567 12.3 0.3 –166 –0.2

Z Represents or rounds to zero.

*An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 

addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a 

probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were 

eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS 

ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding. 3 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown 

in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. 4 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those who 

reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination concept).

This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a 

variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 

through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 

those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 5 The “Outside metropolitan statistical areas” category includes both micropolitan statistical areas and territory outside of metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. For more information, see 

“About Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas” at <www.census.gov/population/metro>. 6

The sum of those with and without a disability does not equal the total because disability status is not defined for individuals in the Armed Forces.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
14 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

11.0 million people in poverty. For 

Asians, the 2013 poverty rate was 

10.5 percent, which represented 1.8 

million people in poverty.

Age

In 2013, both the poverty rate and 

the number in poverty decreased for 

children, defined as those under age 

18. The poverty rate fell from 21.8 

percent to 19.9 percent. The number of children in poverty fell from 

16.1 million to 14.7 million. Children 

represented 23.5 percent of the total 

population and 32.3 percent of people 

in poverty.

The poverty rate for children was 

higher than the rates for people aged 

18 to 64 and those aged 65 and older. 

Neither the poverty rate nor the number of people in poverty aged 18 to 

64 were statistically different in 2013 

than 2012, at 13.6 percent and 26.4 

million in 2013 (Table 3 and Figure 5). 

The number of people aged 65 and 

older in poverty increased from 3.9 

million in 2012 to 4.2 million in 2013. 

The 2013 poverty rate for this group 

was 9.5 percent, which was not statistically different from the 2012 poverty 

rate. 

Related children are people under 

age 18 related to the householder 

by birth, marriage, or adoption who 

are not themselves householders or 

spouses of householders.20 The poverty rate and the number in poverty 

for related children under age 18 

were 19.5 percent and 14.1 million 

in 2013, down from 21.3 percent 

and 15.4 million in 2012. For related 

children in families with a female 

householder, 45.8 percent were in 

poverty in 2013, not statistically different from 2012. The poverty rate 

for related children in married-couple 

20 Official poverty estimates for children are 

compiled in two ways—estimates for all children 

and estimates for related children. In 2013, estimates for all children included an additional 1.1 

million children. About 714,000 were members 

of unrelated subfamilies.

families decreased from 11.1 percent 

in 2012 to 9.5 percent in 2013.21

About 1 in 5 related children under 

age 6 were in poverty in 2013. 

The poverty rate and the number in 

poverty for these children were 22.2 

percent and 5.2 million in 2013, down 

from 24.4 percent and 5.8 million in 

2012. Among related children under 

age 6 in families with a female householder, more than half (55.0 percent) 

were in poverty.22 This was more than 

five times the rate for related children in married-couple families (10.2 

percent).

21 In the text of this report, families with a 

female householder with no husband present will 

be referred to as families with a female householder. Families with a male householder with no 

wife present will be referred to as families with a 

male householder. 22 The 2013 poverty rate for related children 

under age 6 in families with a female householder was not statistically different from their 

2012 poverty rate.

Figure 5.

Poverty Rates by Age: 1959 to 2013

Note: The data points are placed at the midpoints of the respective years. Data for people aged 18 to 64 and 65 and older are not available 

from 1960 to 1965. For information on recessions, see Appendix A. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error,

nonsampling error, and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 

Percent 

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1959 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013

Recession

13.6 percent

9.5 percent

19.9 percent

Aged 18 to 64

Under age 18

Aged 65 and older
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 15

Sex

Between 2012 and 2013, poverty 

rates fell for both males and females. 

In 2013, 13.1 percent of males and 

15.8 percent of females were in 

poverty, down from 13.6 percent and 

16.3 in 2012 (Table 3).

Gender differences in poverty rates 

were more pronounced for those 

aged 65 and older. The poverty rate 

for women aged 65 and older was 

11.6 percent, while the poverty rate 

for men aged 65 and older was 6.8 

percent. The poverty rate for women 

aged 18 to 64 was 15.3 percent, while 

the poverty rate for men aged 18 to 

64 was 11.8 percent. On the other 

hand, for children under age 18, the 

poverty rate for girls (20.0 percent) 

was not statistically different from the 

poverty rate for boys (19.8 percent) 

(Figure 6). 

Nativity

The foreign-born population was estimated to be 13.1 percent of the total 

population. In 2013, the poverty rate 

for the foreign born decreased from 

19.2 percent in 2012 to 18.0 percent 

in 2013, while the number in poverty 

was not statistically different from 

2012 at 7.4 million. In contrast, the 

2013 poverty rate and the number in 

poverty for the native born were not 

statistically different from the previous year at 13.9 percent and 37.9 

million (Table 3). 

Within the foreign-born population, 46.7 percent were naturalized 

citizens. The poverty rate and the 

number in poverty in 2013 were 12.7 

percent and 2.4 million for foreignborn naturalized citizens, neither statistically different from 2012. On the 

other hand, both the poverty rate and 

the number in poverty fell for foreignborn noncitizens. The rate fell from 

24.9 percent in 2012 to 22.8 percent 

in 2013, while the number fell from 

5.4 million to 5.0 million.

Region

None of the four regions experienced 

a significant change in the poverty rate or the number in poverty 

between 2012 and 2013. In 2013, the 

poverty rate and the number in poverty were 12.7 percent and 7.0 million 

for the Northeast, 12.9 percent and 

8.6 million for the Midwest, 16.1 percent and 18.9 million for the South, 

and 14.7 percent and 10.8 million for 

the West (Table 3). The South continued to have a higher poverty rate than 

the other three regions.23

Residence

Inside metropolitan statistical areas, 

the poverty rate and the number of 

people in poverty were 14.2 percent 

and 37.7 million in 2013, which were 

not statistically different from 2012. 

Among those living outside metropolitan statistical areas, the poverty rate 

and the number in poverty decreased 

from 17.7 percent and 8.5 million in 

2012 to 16.1 percent and 7.6 million 

in 2013.

The 2013 poverty rate and the number of people in poverty for those living inside metropolitan areas but not 

in principal cities were 11.1 percent 

and 18.2 million. Among those who 

lived in principal cities, the 2013 poverty rate and the number in poverty 

were 19.1 percent and 19.5 million. 

Neither estimate was statistically different from 2012.

Within metropolitan areas, people in 

poverty were more likely to live in 

principal cities in 2013. While 38.4 

percent of all people living in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities, 

51.7 percent of poor people in metropolitan areas lived in principal cities 

(Table 3).

Work Experience

In 2013, the percentage of workers 

aged 18 to 64 in poverty was 7.3 

percent, not statistically different from 

2012. For those who worked full time, 

year round, the poverty rate was 2.7 

percent in 2013, which was not statistically different from 2012. One of 

the only major groups to experience 

higher poverty in 2013 than in 2012 

was the group working less than full 

time, year round. The poverty rate 

for this group increased from 16.6 

23 The difference in the poverty rates for the 

Northeast and the Midwest was not statistically 

significant.

Figure 6.

Poverty Rates by Age by Sex: 2013

(In percent)

Female

Male

19.8

20.0

11.8

15.3

6.8

11.6

Under age 18

 Aged 18 to 64

Aged 65

 and older

Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, 

and definitions, see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

 
16 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

percent in 2012 to 17.5 percent in 

2013 (Table 3). However, the number 

of workers who worked less than full 

time, year round fell from 47.1 million 

in 2012 to 45.4 million in 2013.

Among those who did not work at 

least 1 week in 2013, the poverty rate 

and the number in poverty were 32.3 

percent and 15.7 million in 2013, not 

statistically different from the 2012 

estimates (Table 3). Those who did 

not work at least 1 week in 2013 

represented 24.9 percent of all people 

aged 18 to 64, compared with 59.4 

percent of people aged 18 to 64 in 

poverty (Table 3).

Families

The poverty rate for families fell from 

11.8 percent in 2012 to 11.2 percent 

in 2013. The number of families in 

poverty fell from 9.5 million to 9.1 

million over the same period (Table 4).

For married-couple families, both 

the poverty rate and the number in 

poverty decreased to 5.8 percent 

and 3.5 million in 2013, down from 

6.3 percent and 3.7 million in 2012. 

The poverty rate and the number in 

poverty showed no statistical change 

in 2013 for other families. The poverty rate for families with a female 

householder was 30.6 percent, while 

the poverty rate for families with a 

male householder was 15.9 percent. 

There were 4.6 million female-householder families in poverty and 1.0 

million male-householder families in 

poverty in 2013.

Depth of Poverty

Categorizing a person as “in poverty” 

or “not in poverty” is one way to 

describe his or her economic situation. The income-to-poverty ratio and 

the income deficit or surplus describe 

additional aspects of economic wellbeing. While the poverty rate shows 

the proportion of people with income 

below the relevant poverty threshold, 

the income-to-poverty ratio gauges 

the depth of poverty and shows how 

close a family’s income is to its poverty threshold. The income-to-poverty 

ratio is reported as a percentage that 

compares a family’s or an unrelated 

person’s income with the applicable 

poverty threshold. For example, a 

family with an income-to-poverty ratio 

of 125 percent has income that is 25 

percent above its poverty threshold.

The income deficit or surplus shows 

how many dollars a family’s or an individual’s income is below (or above) 

their poverty threshold. For those 

with an income deficit, the measure is 

an estimate of the dollar amount necessary to raise a family’s or a person’s 

income to their poverty threshold.

Ratio of Income to Poverty

Table 5 presents the number and the 

percentage of people with specific 

income-to-poverty ratios—those 

below 50 percent of poverty (“Under 

0.50”), those below 125 percent of 

poverty (“Under 1.25”), those below 

150 percent of poverty (“Under 1.50”), 

and those below 200 percent of poverty (“Under 2.00”).

In 2013, 19.9 million people lived in 

families with an income below onehalf of their poverty threshold. They 

represented 6.3 percent of all people 

and 43.8 percent of those in poverty. 

One in 5 people (19.2 percent) had 

a family income below 125 percent 

of their threshold, 1 in 4 people 

Table 4.

Families in Poverty by Type of Family: 2012 and 2013

(Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as appropriate. Families as of March of the following year. 

For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys

/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Characteristic

2012 20131 Change in poverty 

(2012 less 2013)2,*

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number

90 

percent

C.I.3

 (±) Percent

90 

percent

C.I.3

 (±) Number

90 

percent

C.I.3

 (±) Percent

90 

percent

C.I.3

 (±) Number Percent

FAMILIES

 Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,944 9,520 230 11.8 0.3 81,217 9,130 247 11.2 0.3 *–390 *–0.5

Type of Family

Married-couple. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,224 3,705 145 6.3 0.2 59,692 3,476 165 5.8 0.3 *–228 *–0.4

Female householder, no husband 

present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,489 4,793 195 30.9 1.0 15,195 4,646 200 30.6 1.1 –147 –0.4

Male householder, no wife present. . . 6,231 1,023 81 16.4 1.2 6,330 1,008 97 15.9 1.4 –15 –0.5

* An asterisk preceding an estimate indicates change is statistically different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level.

1

 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the 

approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a 

subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those 

used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the 

portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2

 Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

3

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at 

<ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2013 and 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 17

(24.3 percent) had a family income 

below 150 percent of their poverty 

threshold, while approximately 1 in 

3 (33.9 percent) had a family income 

below 200 percent of their threshold 

(Table 5).

Of the 19.9 million people with a 

family income below one-half of their 

poverty threshold, 6.5 million were 

children under age 18, 12.2 million 

were aged 18 to 64, and 1.2 million were aged 65 years and older. 

The percentage of people aged 65 

and older with an income below 50 

percent of their poverty threshold 

was 2.7 percent, less than one-half 

the percentage of the total population 

at this poverty level (6.3 percent) 

(Table 5).

The demographic makeup of the 

population differs at varying degrees 

of poverty (Figure 7). In 2013, children represented:

•	 23.5 percent of the overall 

population.

•	 32.6 percent of the population 

below 50 percent of their poverty 

threshold.

•	 27.5 percent of people with an 

income between 100 percent 

and 200 percent of their poverty 

threshold.

•	 20.4 percent of the people with 

an income above 200 percent of 

their poverty threshold (Figure 7).

By comparison, people aged 65 and 

older represented:

•	 14.2 percent of the overall 

population.

•	 6.1 percent of people below 50 

percent of their poverty threshold.

•	 17.3 percent of people between 

100 percent and 200 percent of 

their poverty threshold.

•	 14.4 percent of people with an 

income above 200 percent of 

their poverty threshold (Figure 7).

Table 5.

People With Income Below Specified Ratios of Their Poverty Thresholds by Selected 

Characteristics: 2013

(Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses.1 Numbers in thousands, confidence intervals [C.I.] in thousands or percentage points as 

appropriate. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Characteristic

Total

Income-to-poverty ratio2

Under 0.50 Under 1.25 Under 1.50 Under 2.00

Number

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Percent

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±) Number

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Percent

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±) Number

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Percent

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±) Number

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

Percent

90 

percent 

C.I.3

(±)

 All people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312,965 19,870 587 6.3 0.2 60,215 1,129 19.2 0.4 76,077 1,244 24.3 0.4 106,024 1,422 33.9 0.5

Age

Under age 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,625 6,484 310 8.8 0.4 19,215 473 26.1 0.6 23,656 502 32.1 0.7 31,364 538 42.6 0.7

Aged 18 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,833 12,165 391 6.2 0.2 34,298 778 17.6 0.4 43,073 851 22.1 0.4 59,911 1,002 30.7 0.5

Aged 65 and older. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,508 1,221 143 2.7 0.3 6,702 284 15.1 0.6 9,348 327 21.0 0.7 14,749 386 33.1 0.9

Sex

Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,361 8,816 358 5.7 0.2 26,816 627 17.5 0.4 34,193 670 22.3 0.4 48,629 770 31.7 0.5

Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,605 11,054 349 6.9 0.2 33,399 639 20.9 0.4 41,885 720 26.2 0.5 57,395 781 36.0 0.5

Race4

 and Hispanic Origin

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,085 12,861 506 5.3 0.2 40,577 958 16.7 0.4 52,127 1,017 21.4 0.4 75,228 1,228 30.9 0.5

 White, not Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,167 8,383 434 4.3 0.2 25,420 811 13.0 0.4 33,332 895 17.1 0.5 49,843 1,068 25.5 0.5

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,615 4,963 336 12.2 0.8 13,825 574 34.0 1.4 16,551 575 40.8 1.4 20,610 555 50.7 1.4

Asian. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,063 882 113 5.2 0.7 2,507 231 14.7 1.3 3,274 275 19.2 1.6 4,792 306 28.1 1.7

Hispanic (any race). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,145 5,114 306 9.4 0.6 17,112 581 31.6 1.1 21,310 629 39.4 1.2 28,680 685 53.0 1.3

Family Status

In families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254,988 12,967 506 5.1 0.2 42,874 965 16.8 0.4 54,850 1,068 21.5 0.4 78,035 1,252 30.6 0.5

Householder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,217 3,901 169 4.8 0.2 12,375 298 15.2 0.4 15,924 339 19.6 0.4 22,922 417 28.2 0.5

Related children under age 18. . . . . . 72,573 6,135 299 8.5 0.4 18,634 457 25.7 0.6 23,003 492 31.7 0.7 30,579 527 42.1 0.7

 Related children under age 6 . . . . 23,585 2,521 173 10.7 0.7 6,652 234 28.2 1.0 8,109 237 34.4 1.0 10,639 261 45.1 1.1

In unrelated subfamilies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,413 377 96 26.7 5.9 722 116 51.1 6.1 830 119 58.7 5.4 1,045 134 73.9 4.6

Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,564 6,526 302 11.5 0.5 16,619 443 29.4 0.7 20,397 505 36.1 0.7 26,944 577 47.6 0.7

1

 The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health 

insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were 

eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of data 

for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2

 The estimates for people with income below 100 percent of their poverty thresholds (under 1.00) can be found in Table 3.

3

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the estimate. Confidence intervals shown 

in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>. 4

 Federal surveys now give respondents the option of reporting more than one race. Therefore, two basic ways of defining a race group are possible. A group such as Asian may be defined as those 

who reported Asian and no other race (the race-alone or single-race concept) or as those who reported Asian regardless of whether they also reported another race (the race-alone-or-in-combination 

concept). This table shows data using the first approach (race alone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census 

Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available 

from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. Data for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiian and Other 

Pacific Islanders, and those reporting two or more races are not shown separately. 

Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
18 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Income Deficit

The income deficit for families in 

poverty (the difference in dollars 

between a family’s income and its 

poverty threshold) averaged $9,834 

in 2013, which was not statistically 

different from the inflation-adjusted 

2012 estimate. The average income 

deficit was larger for families with a 

female householder ($10,691) than 

for married-couple families ($9,013) 

and families with a male householder 

($8,717) (Table 6).24

For families in poverty, the average 

income deficit per capita for families 

with a female householder ($3,183) 

was higher than for married-couple 

families ($2,442) and families with 

a male householder ($2,841).25 For 

24 The income deficit for married-couple families was not statistically different from families 

with a male householder. 25 The income deficit per capita is computed 

by dividing the average deficit by the average 

number of people in that type of family. Since 

families with a female householder were smaller 

on average than married-couple families, the 

larger per capita deficit for female householder 

families reflects their smaller average family size 

as well as their lower average family income.

unrelated individuals, the average 

income deficit for those in poverty 

was $6,422 in 2013. The $6,041 

deficit for women was lower than the 

$6,905 deficit for men.

Shared Households

Shared households are defined as 

households that include at least one 

“additional” adult, a person aged 18 

years or older who is not the householder, spouse, or cohabiting partner 

of the householder. Adults aged 18 to 

24 years who are enrolled in school 

are not counted as additional adults.

In 2014, the number and percentage 

of shared households was higher than 

in 2007, prior to the recession.26 In 

2007, there were 19.7 million shared 

households, representing 17.0 percent of all households; by 2014, there 

were 23.5 million shared households 

26 While poverty estimates are based on 

income in the previous calendar year, estimates 

of living arrangements, including shared households, reflect household composition at the time 

of the survey. The CPS ASEC is collected during 

the months of February, March, and April of each 

year.

representing 19.1 percent of all 

households. The number of adults in 

shared households grew from 61.7 

million (27.7 percent) in 2007 to 73.9 

million (30.9 percent) in 2014. 

Between 2013 and 2014, the change 

in the number and percentage of 

shared households was not statistically significant. However, the number 

of additional adults residing in shared 

households increased by 1.8 million 

(0.6 percentage points) between 2013 

and 2014.

In 2014, an estimated 10.7 million 

adults aged 25 to 34 (25.2 percent) 

were additional adults in someone 

else’s household. Of these young 

adults, 6.1 million (14.4 percent) 

lived with their parents. The change 

between 2013 and 2014 in the 

number and percentage of additional 

adults in this age group living in their 

parents’ household was not statistically significant. Further, there has 

been no significant annual change 

since 2011 in the number or percent 

of adults aged 25 to 34 living with 

their parents. 

It is difficult to assess the precise 

impact of household sharing on overall poverty rates. In 2014, adults aged 

25 to 34 living with their parents had 

an official poverty rate of 9.3 percent 

(when the entire family’s income is 

compared with the threshold that 

includes the young adult as a member 

of the family). However, if poverty 

status were determined using only the 

additional adult’s own income, 43.7 

percent of those aged 25 to 34 would 

have been below the poverty threshold for a single person under age 65. 

Moreover, although 9.0 percent of 

families including an adult child of the 

householder aged 25 to 34 years of 

age were poor, 14.0 percent of these 

families would be poor if the young 

adult was not living in the household.

Figure 7.

Demographic Makeup of the Population at Varying Degrees 

of Poverty: 2013

Below 50%

Between 50% and 99%

Between 100% and 199%

200% and above

Population with

income-to-poverty ratios

Total

Children under

age 18

(In percent)

23.5 62.3 14.2

65.2 14.4

17.3

11.8

6.1

55.2

56.1

61.2

20.4

27.5

32.1

32.6

People aged 

18 to 64 

People aged 

65 and older

Note: For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf>.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 19

Alternative/Experimental 

Poverty Measures

The poverty estimates in this report 

compare the official poverty thresholds to money income before taxes, 

not including the value of noncash 

benefits. The money income measure 

does not completely capture the economic well-being of individuals and 

families, and there are many questions about the adequacy of the official poverty thresholds. Families and 

individuals also derive economic wellbeing from noncash benefits, such 

as food and housing subsidies, and 

their disposable income is determined 

by both taxes paid and tax credits 

received. The official poverty thresholds developed more than 40 years 

ago do not take into account rising 

standards of living or such things 

as childcare expenses, other workrelated expenses, variations in medical costs across population groups, 

or geographic differences in the cost 

of living. Poverty estimates using the 

Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) 

address many of these concerns. SPM 

estimates for 2012 were published in 

November 2013 <www.census.gov

/library/publications/2013/demo

/p60-247.html>. SPM estimates for 

2013 will be released in fall 2014. 

For more details, see the text box 

“Supplemental Poverty Measure” on 

page 2.

National Academy of Sciences (NAS)-

Based Measures

The Census Bureau also computes 

alternative poverty measures based 

on the 1995 recommendations of the 

National Academy of Sciences Panel 

on Poverty and Family Assistance. The 

NAS-based measures, which use both 

alternative poverty thresholds and an 

expanded income definition, provide 

a consistent time series available from 

Table 6.

Income Deficit or Surplus of Families and Unrelated Individuals by Poverty Status: 2013

(Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses.1 Numbers of families and unrelated individuals in thousands, deficits and 

surpluses and their confidence intervals [C.I.] in dollars. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, 

and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Characteristic

Total

Size of deficit or surplus Average deficit 

or surplus 

(dollars)

Deficit or 

surplus per 

capita (dollars)

Under

$1,000 

$1,000 

to 

$2,499

$2,500 

to 

$4,999

$5,000 

to 

$7,499

$7,500 

to 

$9,999

$10,000 

to 

$12,499

$12,500 

to 

$14,999

$15,000 

or 

more

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.2

(±)

Estimate

90 

percent 

C.I.2

(±)

Below Poverty Threshold, Deficit

All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,130 651 790 1,400 1,171 1,131 806 884 2,298 9,834 188 2,848 65

Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . 3,476 322 330 598 438 464 276 347 700 9,013 308 2,442 83

Families with a female 

householder, no husband 

present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,646 228 342 658 620 516 436 471 1,376 10,691 270 3,183 93

Families with a male householder, 

no wife present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,008 101 119 143 112 151 94 65 222 8,717 572 2,841 218

Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,181 1,353 2,137 2,706 1,483 1,207 4,295 Z Z 6,422 154 6,422 154

Above Poverty Threshold, Surplus

All families. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,086 593 1,119 1,783 1,842 1,815 2,004 1,865 61,064 74,667 1,158 24,087 394

Married-couple families. . . . . . . . . . 56,215 286 570 988 1,024 962 1,234 1,149 50,002 83,767 1,349 26,600 442

Families with a female 

householder, no husband 

present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,548 258 428 554 653 596 546 481 7,033 37,245 1,250 12,511 456

Families with a male householder, 

 no wife present. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,322 49 120 241 166 258 224 235 4,029 52,717 3,480 18,668 1,250

Unrelated individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,384 1,065 1,587 3,454 2,837 3,054 2,196 2,369 26,821 34,066 816 34,066 816

Z represents or rounds to zero.

1

 The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the 

redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability 

split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 

addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income 

questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2

 A 90 percent confidence interval is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the confidence interval in relation to the size of the estimate, the less reliable the 

estimate. Confidence intervals shown in this table are based on standard errors calculated using replicate weights. For more information see “Standard Errors and Their Use” 

at <ftp://ftp2.census.gov/library/publications/2014/demo/p60-249sa.pdf>.

Note: Details may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplement.
20 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

1999 to the present (www.census

.gov/library/publications/2001/demo

/p60-216.html).27 The Census Bureau 

will release estimates for these alternative measures for 2013 in fall 2014. 

Estimates for 2012 for the NAS-based 

measures can be found at <www

.census.gov/hhes/www/povmeas

/tables.html>.

Research Files

The Census Bureau makes available 

microdata research files that provide 

the variables used to construct SPM 

estimates and NAS-based alternative 

measures at <www.census.gov/hhes

/povmeas/data/public-use.html>. An 

expanded version of the CPS ASEC 

public use file includes estimates of 

the value of taxes and noncash benefits at <http://thedataweb.rm.census

.gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html>. Microdata 

files are currently available for 2012. 

Data for 2013 will be released later 

this year.

CPS Table Creator

CPS Table Creator is a Web-based tool 

designed to help researchers explore 

alternative income and poverty measures. The tool is available from a link 

on the Census Bureau’s poverty Web 

site at <www.census.gov/cps/data

/cpstablecreator.html>. Table Creator 

allows researchers to produce poverty 

27 Many of the elements of these measures are 

no longer being updated. 

and income estimates using their 

own combinations of threshold and 

resource definitions and to see the 

incremental impact of the addition or 

subtraction of a single resource element. For example:

•	 In 2013, the number of people 

aged 65 and older in poverty 

would be higher by 14.7 million 

if social security payments were 

excluded from money income, 

more than quadrupling the number of elderly people in poverty.

•	 If unemployment insurance benefits were excluded from money 

income, 1.2 million more people 

would be counted as in poverty in 

2013.

•	 If SNAP benefits were counted as 

income, almost 3.7 million fewer 

people would be categorized as in 

poverty in 2013.

•	 Taking account of the value of the 

federal earned income tax credit 

would reduce the number of 

children classified as in poverty in 

2012 by 2.9 million.28

Researchers can also estimate poverty rates using alternative poverty 

28 At this time, Table Creator can calculate 

these estimates for 2012. Data for 2013 from 

the 2014 CPS ASEC will be added to the Table 

Creator later this year when the enhanced CPS 

ASEC file with estimates of noncash benefits, 

tax credits, and tax liabilities is released to the 

public.

thresholds. Many other countries use 

relative poverty measures with thresholds that are based on a percentage of 

median or mean income.29 The Table 

Creator allows researchers to estimate 

poverty rates using a relative poverty 

threshold calculated as any percentage of mean or median equivalenceadjusted income. For example, using 

poverty thresholds based on 50 

percent of median income rather than 

the official poverty thresholds would 

increase the overall poverty rate from 

15.0 percent to 22.9 percent in 2012.

COMMENTS

The Census Bureau welcomes the 

comments and advice of data and 

report users. If you have suggestions 

or comments on the income and poverty data, please write to:

Charles T. Nelson

Assistant Division Chief, Economic 

Characteristics

Social, Economic, and Housing 

Statistics Division

U.S. Census Bureau

Washington, D.C. 20233-8500

or send e-mail to

<charles.t.nelson@census.gov>

29 For example, the Organization for Economic 

Cooperation and Development (OECD) uses 

a poverty threshold of 50 percent of median 

income. The European Union defines poverty 

as an income below 60 percent of the national 

median equalized disposable income after social 

transfers.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 21

APPENDIX A. ESTIMATES OF INCOME

How Income Is Measured

For each person 15 years and older 

in the sample, the Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (ASEC) asks 

questions on the amount of money 

income received in the preceding calendar year from each of the following 

sources: 

1. Earnings 

2. Unemployment compensation 

3. Workers’ compensation 

4. Social security 

5. Supplemental security income 

6. Public assistance 

7. Veterans’ payments 

8. Survivor benefits 

9. Disability benefits 

10. Pension or retirement income 

11. Interest 

12. Dividends 

13. Rents, royalties, and estates and 

trusts 

14. Educational assistance 

15. Alimony 

16. Child support 

17. Financial assistance from outside 

of the household 

18. Other income 

It should be noted that although the 

income statistics refer to receipts during the preceding calendar year, the 

demographic characteristics, such as 

age, labor force status, and household 

composition, are as of the survey date. 

The income of the household does not 

include amounts received by people 

who were members during all or part 

of the previous year if these people 

no longer resided in the household at 

the time of the interview. The ASEC 

collects income data for people who 

are current residents but did not reside 

in the household during the previous 

year.

Data on income collected in the ASEC 

by the U.S. Census Bureau cover 

money income received (exclusive 

of certain money receipts such as 

capital gains) before payments for 

personal income taxes, social security, union dues, Medicare deductions, 

etc. Therefore, money income does 

not reflect the fact that some families 

receive noncash benefits, such as 

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance/

food stamps, health benefits, subsidized housing, and goods produced 

and consumed on the farm. In addition, money income does not reflect 

the fact that noncash benefits are also 

received by some nonfarm residents, 

which often take the form of the use of 

business transportation and facilities, 

full or partial payments by business 

for retirement programs, medical and 

educational expenses, etc. Data users 

should consider these elements when 

comparing income levels. Moreover, 

readers should be aware that for many 

different reasons there is a tendency 

in household surveys for respondents 

to underreport their income. Based on 

an analysis of independently derived 

income estimates, the Census Bureau 

determined that respondents report 

income earned from wages or salaries 

more accurately than other sources of 

income, and that the reported wage 

and salary income is nearly equal to 

independent estimates of aggregate 

income.

Recessions

Business cycle peaks and troughs used 

to delineate the beginning and end of 

recessions, as shown in the text box 

above, are determined by the National 

Bureau of Economic Research, a private 

research organization. The data points 

in the time series charts in this report 

use July as a reference.

Recessions

Peak month Year Trough month Year

November 1948 October 1949

July 1953 May 1954

August 1957 April 1958

April 1960 February 1961

December 1969 November 1970

November 1973 March 1975

January 1980 July 1980

July 1981 November 1982

July 1990 March 1991

March 2001 November 2001

December 2007 June 2009

Source: National Bureau of Economic Research

 Cambridge, MA 02138

 <www.nber.org>
22 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Annual Average Consumer Price Index Research Series (CPI-U-RS) 

Using Current Methods All Items: 1947 to 2013

Year CPI-U-RS1

 index

(December 1977 = 100) Year CPI-U-RS1

 index

(December 1977 = 100)

1947. . . . . . . . . . . 37.5 1981. . . . . . . . . . . 139.2

1948. . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 1982. . . . . . . . . . . 147.6

1949. . . . . . . . . . . 40.0 1983. . . . . . . . . . . 153.9

1950. . . . . . . . . . . 40.5 1984. . . . . . . . . . . 160.2

1951. . . . . . . . . . . 43.7 1985. . . . . . . . . . . 165.7

1952. . . . . . . . . . . 44.5 1986. . . . . . . . . . . 168.7

1953. . . . . . . . . . . 44.8 1987. . . . . . . . . . . 174.4

1954. . . . . . . . . . . 45.2 1988. . . . . . . . . . . 180.8

1955. . . . . . . . . . . 45.0 1989. . . . . . . . . . . 188.6

1956. . . . . . . . . . . 45.7 1990. . . . . . . . . . . 198.0

1957. . . . . . . . . . . 47.2 1991. . . . . . . . . . . 205.1

1958. . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 1992. . . . . . . . . . . 210.3

1959. . . . . . . . . . . 48.9 1993. . . . . . . . . . . 215.5

1960. . . . . . . . . . . 49.7 1994. . . . . . . . . . . 220.1

1961. . . . . . . . . . . 50.2 1995. . . . . . . . . . . 225.4

1962. . . . . . . . . . . 50.7 1996. . . . . . . . . . . 231.4

1963. . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 1997. . . . . . . . . . . 236.4

1964. . . . . . . . . . . 52.1 1998. . . . . . . . . . . 239.7

1965. . . . . . . . . . . 52.9 1999. . . . . . . . . . . 244.7

1966. . . . . . . . . . . 54.4 2000. . . . . . . . . . . 252.9

1967. . . . . . . . . . . 56.1 2001. . . . . . . . . . . 260.0

1968. . . . . . . . . . . 58.3 2002. . . . . . . . . . . 264.2

1969. . . . . . . . . . . 60.9 2003. . . . . . . . . . . 270.1

1970. . . . . . . . . . . 63.9 2004. . . . . . . . . . . 277.4

1971. . . . . . . . . . . 66.7 2005. . . . . . . . . . . 286.7

1972. . . . . . . . . . . 68.7 2006. . . . . . . . . . . 296.1

1973. . . . . . . . . . . 73.0 2007. . . . . . . . . . . 304.5

1974. . . . . . . . . . . 80.3 2008. . . . . . . . . . . 316.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . 86.9 2009. . . . . . . . . . . 315.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . 91.9 2010. . . . . . . . . . . 320.2

1977. . . . . . . . . . . 97.7 2011. . . . . . . . . . . 330.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . 104.4 2012. . . . . . . . . . . 337.2

1979. . . . . . . . . . . 114.4 2013. . . . . . . . . . . 342.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . 127.1

1 The Census Bureau uses the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index Research Series 

(CPI-U-RS) for 1977 through 2013. The Census Bureau derived the CPI-U-RS for years before 1977 by 

applying the 1977 CPI-U-RS-to-CPI-U ratio to the 1947-to-1976 CPI-U.

Note: Data users can compute the percentage changes in prices between earlier years’ data and 

2013 data by dividing the annual average CPI-U-RS for 2013 by the annual average for the earlier 

year(s).

For more information on the CPI-U-RS, see <www.bls.gov/cpi/cpiurs.htm>.

Cost-of-Living Adjustment

In order to accurately assess changes 

in income and earnings over time, 

an adjustment for changes in the 

cost of living is required. The Census 

Bureau uses the research series of 

the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U-RS), 

provided by the U.S. Bureau of Labor 

Statistics for 1977 through 2013, 

to adjust for changes in the cost of 

living. The indexes used to make the 

constant dollar conversions are shown 

in the text box “Annual Average 

Consumer Price Index Research Series 

(CPI-U-RS) Using Current Methods All 

Items: 1947 to 2013.”

Poverty Threshold Adjustment

The Office of Management and 

Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy 

Directive 14 directs the Census 

Bureau to use the CPI-U to update 

the poverty thresholds each year for 

changes in the cost of living. These 

thresholds are compared to current 

year (unadjusted for inflation) money 

income. If alternatively, the CPI-U-RS 

index were used to inflation-adjust 

money income in previous years and 

this income were compared to the 

current year thresholds, poverty rates 

would be higher in earlier years. This 

is because the CPI-U-RS results in a 

smaller cost of living adjustment over 

time than the CPI-U used to adjust the 

thresholds. For example, the official poverty rate for 1978 was 11.4 

percent. Using the CPI-U-RS to adjust 

1978 income to 2013 dollars and the 

2013 thresholds, the poverty rate for 

1978 would be 12.8 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 23 Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error ALL RACES 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,952 100.0 12.7 11.3 10.4 13.6 17.6 11.9 12.4 5.3 4.8 51,939 276 72,641 499 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,459 100.0 12.8 11.6 10.6 13.5 17.4 11.7 12.6 5.1 4.6 51,759 212 72,310 427 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,084 100.0 13.1 11.3 10.6 13.9 17.5 11.5 12.3 5.3 4.6 51,842 260 72,166 381 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,927 100.0 12.8 11.5 10.5 13.3 17.6 11.8 12.9 5.1 4.6 52,646 347 72,001 385 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,538 100.0 11.8 11.2 10.6 13.8 17.4 12.3 13.1 5.3 4.7 54,059 231 73,824 264 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117,181 100.0 11.8 11.1 10.5 13.6 17.2 12.6 13.3 5.3 4.7 54,423 148 74,029 262 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,783 100.0 11.5 10.6 10.2 13.0 17.9 12.3 14.1 5.5 4.9 56,436 157 75,957 265 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,011 100.0 11.1 10.6 10.5 13.7 17.5 12.5 13.6 5.5 5.1 55,689 239 76,912 297 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,384 100.0 11.6 10.8 9.8 13.7 18.0 12.5 13.5 5.2 4.9 55,278 185 75,584 285 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113,343 100.0 11.9 10.8 10.2 13.9 17.5 12.6 13.3 5.3 4.5 54,674 242 74,569 281 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,000 100.0 11.7 10.7 10.2 13.4 17.8 12.5 13.9 5.3 4.7 54,865 238 74,812 274 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,278 100.0 11.4 10.6 10.4 13.6 17.7 13.0 13.8 5.0 4.6 54,913 180 74,910 281 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,297 100.0 10.9 10.5 10.3 13.8 17.9 12.9 13.8 5.1 4.8 55,562 170 76,588 305 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,209 100.0 10.7 10.1 9.9 13.7 18.4 12.9 14.1 5.4 4.8 56,800 179 77,287 304 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,434 100.0 10.5 10.4 10.3 13.4 18.1 13.0 14.1 5.2 4.9 56,895 266 76,524 397 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,874 100.0 11.3 10.5 9.9 14.2 18.3 13.1 13.7 4.8 4.3 55,497 328 74,007 400 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,528 100.0 11.9 11.0 10.3 13.7 18.7 13.0 13.0 4.6 3.9 53,551 247 71,910 402 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101,018 100.0 12.3 11.2 10.3 14.3 18.6 13.1 12.4 4.4 3.4 52,471 265 69,666 390 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,627 100.0 12.1 11.7 10.5 14.3 19.0 12.8 12.2 4.0 3.3 51,719 299 68,204 373 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,990 100.0 13.0 12.0 10.5 14.5 18.5 12.5 11.8 3.9 3.3 50,148 228 67,041 361 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,107 100.0 13.4 11.7 10.8 14.7 18.5 12.6 11.6 3.8 3.0 49,594 232 65,766 356 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,426 100.0 13.4 11.8 10.6 14.7 19.0 12.9 11.4 3.6 2.6 49,836 236 63,182 265 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,669 100.0 13.1 11.2 10.7 14.8 19.6 12.7 11.8 3.7 2.5 50,249 242 63,253 260 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,312 100.0 12.7 10.9 10.5 14.5 20.2 13.1 11.8 3.7 2.7 51,735 264 64,624 273 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,347 100.0 12.4 10.7 10.4 14.5 19.7 13.3 12.2 3.8 2.9 52,432 288 66,243 288 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,830 100.0 13.0 11.0 10.4 14.5 19.6 13.3 12.0 3.7 2.6 51,514 252 64,365 288 198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,124 100.0 13.3 10.9 10.3 14.8 19.8 13.1 11.9 3.5 2.4 51,121 241 63,575 261 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89,479 100.0 13.6 10.9 10.8 14.5 20.0 13.1 11.4 3.4 2.3 50,488 262 62,375 253 198512. . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,458 100.0 13.9 11.5 10.6 15.3 20.3 12.5 10.9 2.9 2.0 48,761 264 60,009 237 198413. . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,789 100.0 13.9 11.7 11.3 15.2 20.3 12.6 10.4 2.9 1.7 47,866 218 58,648 216 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,407 100.0 14.2 12.1 11.4 15.7 20.3 12.4 9.7 2.6 1.6 46,425 211 56,463 211 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,918 100.0 14.5 11.9 11.6 15.7 20.8 12.1 9.4 2.4 1.5 46,751 211 56,342 209 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,527 100.0 14.2 12.2 11.7 15.4 20.9 12.6 9.6 2.2 1.3 46,877 246 56,002 204 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,368 100.0 13.9 11.7 11.6 15.2 21.5 13.1 9.5 2.3 1.3 47,668 245 56,693 207 197914. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,776 100.0 13.5 11.2 11.0 15.2 21.6 13.6 9.8 2.5 1.5 49,225 233 58,474 221 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,330 100.0 13.2 11.7 11.0 15.1 21.6 13.7 9.7 2.4 1.4 49,362 200 58,098 223 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,030 100.0 13.6 12.3 10.9 15.7 21.9 13.2 9.0 2.0 1.3 47,523 179 56,375 172 197615. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,142 100.0 13.8 12.1 11.3 15.8 22.6 12.9 8.6 1.9 1.2 47,224 175 55,548 171 197516. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,867 100.0 14.1 12.4 11.2 16.6 22.4 12.5 8.0 1.8 1.0 46,453 189 54,244 169 197416,17. . . . . . . . . . . . 71,163 100.0 13.5 11.5 11.4 16.4 22.7 12.9 8.6 1.9 1.2 47,702 183 55,784 175 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,859 100.0 13.5 11.5 10.2 15.9 22.8 13.3 9.3 2.0 1.5 49,262 187 56,971 173 197218. . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,251 100.0 14.2 11.3 10.7 16.3 22.8 12.9 8.5 2.0 1.3 48,287 184 56,200 174 197119. . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,676 100.0 14.8 11.3 11.2 17.0 23.6 12.1 7.5 1.5 1.0 46,304 180 53,254 169 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,778 100.0 14.8 10.8 11.3 17.4 23.7 12.1 7.4 1.6 1.0 46,759 171 53,542 171 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,401 100.0 14.6 10.7 11.0 17.5 24.4 12.1 7.3 1.5 1.0 47,124 174 53,613 169 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,214 100.0 15.0 11.3 10.9 19.3 23.9 11.5 6.1 1.2 0.9 45,435 164 51,403 164 196720. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,813 100.0 16.3 11.4 11.6 19.8 23.1 10.1 5.5 1.3 0.9 43,558 159 48,717 159 See footnotes at end of table.
24 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error WHITE ALONE21 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,774 100.0 11.0 10.9 10.1 13.5 18.1 12.7 13.0 5.6 5.2 55,257 425 75,839 544 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,705 100.0 11.0 11.2 10.6 13.5 17.8 12.3 13.3 5.5 4.9 54,487 390 75,497 471 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,964 100.0 11.2 10.8 10.5 14.1 18.0 12.0 12.9 5.7 4.9 54,079 233 75,413 437 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96,306 100.0 10.9 11.2 10.3 13.4 17.9 12.3 13.7 5.3 5.0 55,246 270 75,228 433 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,489 100.0 10.1 10.9 10.3 13.8 17.8 12.7 13.8 5.6 5.0 56,323 167 76,613 295 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,297 100.0 10.3 10.8 10.2 13.4 17.6 13.1 14.0 5.6 5.0 56,597 164 77,022 296 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,112 100.0 9.9 10.3 10.0 12.9 18.2 12.8 14.8 5.8 5.3 58,550 173 79,016 301 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,705 100.0 9.6 10.1 10.2 13.7 17.8 13.0 14.3 5.8 5.4 58,545 170 79,843 333 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,588 100.0 10.0 10.4 9.7 13.8 18.3 13.1 14.1 5.5 5.3 57,936 253 78,708 326 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,880 100.0 10.3 10.5 10.0 13.7 17.9 13.0 14.1 5.6 4.9 57,540 226 77,582 319 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,962 100.0 10.1 10.3 10.0 13.4 18.0 13.0 14.6 5.6 5.1 57,795 227 78,004 313 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,645 100.0 10.0 10.2 10.1 13.3 18.0 13.6 14.6 5.4 4.9 58,380 237 77,906 317 WHITE22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,682 100.0 9.5 10.2 10.0 13.6 18.1 13.4 14.5 5.4 5.2 58,574 275 79,620 342 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,030 100.0 9.5 9.8 9.6 13.7 18.5 13.3 14.8 5.7 5.2 59,406 262 80,153 344 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,893 100.0 9.0 10.1 10.2 13.4 18.4 13.5 14.8 5.3 5.2 59,172 299 79,305 449 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,212 100.0 9.6 10.0 9.6 14.1 18.7 13.7 14.4 5.1 4.7 58,390 293 77,364 455 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,106 100.0 10.3 10.6 10.1 13.7 19.0 13.5 13.7 4.9 4.3 56,397 357 75,109 457 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,059 100.0 10.5 10.9 10.1 14.4 19.0 13.6 13.1 4.7 3.8 54,939 284 72,432 429 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,511 100.0 10.4 11.2 10.4 14.4 19.4 13.4 12.9 4.4 3.6 54,284 284 70,923 411 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,737 100.0 11.2 11.5 10.4 14.5 19.0 13.1 12.5 4.2 3.6 52,889 297 69,996 407 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,387 100.0 11.4 11.2 10.6 14.7 19.2 13.3 12.3 4.0 3.3 52,323 305 68,714 397 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,795 100.0 11.4 11.3 10.5 14.8 19.5 13.6 12.2 3.8 2.8 52,395 254 66,035 294 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,675 100.0 11.0 10.8 10.6 15.0 20.1 13.4 12.6 3.9 2.7 52,656 255 65,923 287 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,968 100.0 10.8 10.5 10.4 14.6 20.7 13.7 12.5 3.9 2.9 53,960 247 67,231 301 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,163 100.0 10.5 10.3 10.3 14.6 20.2 14.0 12.9 4.1 3.1 55,153 268 69,002 319 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,734 100.0 11.1 10.3 10.3 14.6 20.3 14.0 12.7 3.9 2.8 54,458 322 67,111 316 198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,519 100.0 11.3 10.3 10.2 14.8 20.5 13.8 12.7 3.7 2.7 53,861 271 66,292 286 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,284 100.0 11.8 10.4 10.5 14.5 20.6 13.9 12.1 3.7 2.5 53,079 258 64,973 278 198512. . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,576 100.0 12.2 10.9 10.4 15.4 21.0 13.2 11.6 3.1 2.2 51,424 275 62,472 262 198413. . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,328 100.0 12.1 11.1 11.1 15.4 21.1 13.3 11.0 3.1 1.9 50,497 254 61,068 237 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,376 100.0 12.3 11.6 11.2 16.0 21.1 12.9 10.3 2.8 1.8 48,685 220 58,806 229 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,182 100.0 12.8 11.3 11.4 15.9 21.5 12.7 10.1 2.6 1.6 48,944 223 58,665 229 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,845 100.0 12.4 11.6 11.5 15.5 21.7 13.3 10.3 2.3 1.4 49,528 229 58,349 221 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,872 100.0 12.1 11.0 11.4 15.4 22.3 13.8 10.1 2.5 1.4 50,290 258 58,981 226 197914. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,766 100.0 11.9 10.6 10.8 15.3 22.3 14.3 10.4 2.7 1.7 51,611 245 60,780 242 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,028 100.0 11.7 11.2 10.8 15.2 22.2 14.4 10.3 2.6 1.6 51,315 226 60,251 242 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,934 100.0 12.1 11.5 10.6 15.8 22.7 14.0 9.6 2.2 1.5 49,974 210 58,577 189 197615. . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,353 100.0 12.3 11.4 11.1 15.8 23.2 13.6 9.2 2.1 1.3 49,469 205 57,684 186 197516. . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,392 100.0 12.6 11.8 11.0 16.6 23.1 13.1 8.6 2.0 1.1 48,579 177 56,248 185 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 62,984 100.0 12.1 10.9 10.9 16.5 23.5 13.6 9.2 2.1 1.3 49,888 187 57,850 187 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,965 100.0 12.2 10.8 9.9 15.8 23.5 14.1 9.9 2.2 1.6 51,629 197 59,174 187 197218. . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,618 100.0 12.8 10.6 10.3 16.4 23.7 13.5 9.1 2.2 1.4 50,658 194 58,386 189 197119. . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,463 100.0 13.4 10.7 10.9 17.1 24.5 12.8 8.0 1.6 1.1 48,433 185 55,182 180 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,575 100.0 13.5 10.2 10.8 17.5 24.6 12.8 7.9 1.7 1.1 48,702 187 55,416 182 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,248 100.0 13.3 9.9 10.5 17.5 25.4 12.9 7.7 1.6 1.1 49,180 180 55,601 185 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,394 100.0 13.7 10.4 10.5 19.6 25.0 12.1 6.5 1.2 0.9 47,307 176 53,251 176 196720. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,188 100.0 14.9 10.6 11.2 20.1 24.2 10.7 5.8 1.4 1.0 45,424 165 50,498 171 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 25 Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error WHITE ALONE, NOT HISPANIC21 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,641 100.0 10.2 10.4 9.6 13.0 18.3 13.0 13.8 6.0 5.7 58,270 612 79,340 631 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,792 100.0 10.1 10.6 10.1 13.1 17.9 12.7 14.1 5.9 5.4 57,837 364 78,974 522 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,573 100.0 10.5 10.2 10.0 13.6 18.1 12.4 13.7 6.1 5.4 57,392 340 78,780 495 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,314 100.0 10.1 10.7 9.7 13.1 18.0 12.7 14.6 5.7 5.4 58,185 477 78,349 491 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,158 100.0 9.4 10.3 9.8 13.6 17.9 13.1 14.5 6.0 5.4 59,146 303 79,541 325 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,884 100.0 9.6 10.3 9.7 12.9 17.7 13.6 14.8 6.0 5.5 60,078 243 80,172 328 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,765 100.0 9.3 9.8 9.5 12.5 18.1 13.0 15.7 6.2 5.9 61,702 277 82,219 331 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,675 100.0 9.0 9.7 9.8 13.3 17.7 13.4 15.0 6.2 5.9 60,567 217 82,891 366 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,003 100.0 9.5 9.8 9.3 13.3 18.2 13.5 14.8 5.9 5.7 60,597 205 81,859 362 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,628 100.0 9.8 10.0 9.5 13.3 17.7 13.4 14.9 6.0 5.3 60,318 276 80,479 350 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,148 100.0 9.6 9.8 9.6 12.9 18.0 13.3 15.3 6.0 5.5 60,513 293 80,917 343 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,166 100.0 9.5 9.7 9.7 12.9 18.0 13.9 15.3 5.7 5.3 60,729 238 80,430 342 WHITE, NOT HISPANIC22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,818 100.0 9.1 9.8 9.6 13.2 18.1 13.6 15.2 5.7 5.6 60,927 253 82,162 372 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,527 100.0 9.1 9.3 9.3 13.3 18.4 13.6 15.4 6.1 5.5 61,715 248 82,592 371 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,819 100.0 8.5 9.7 9.7 13.0 18.4 13.9 15.4 5.7 5.6 61,733 390 81,905 485 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,577 100.0 8.9 9.6 9.3 13.7 18.8 14.1 15.1 5.5 5.0 60,569 348 79,842 488 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,936 100.0 9.5 10.2 9.7 13.4 19.0 14.0 14.4 5.2 4.6 58,720 307 77,515 N 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,240 100.0 9.8 10.4 9.7 14.2 19.2 14.0 13.7 5.0 4.0 57,342 393 74,623 N 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,932 100.0 9.6 10.6 10.0 14.2 19.8 13.9 13.5 4.6 3.9 56,427 294 73,236 439 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,004 100.0 10.5 11.1 10.2 14.4 19.2 13.4 13.0 4.4 3.8 54,596 289 71,779 426 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,697 100.0 10.8 10.8 10.3 14.5 19.4 13.7 12.8 4.3 3.4 54,249 317 70,525 421 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,107 100.0 10.8 10.9 10.2 14.6 19.7 14.0 12.7 4.0 3.0 54,154 335 67,712 312 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,625 100.0 10.5 10.5 10.3 14.8 20.2 13.7 13.0 4.1 2.8 53,914 265 67,337 300 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,035 100.0 10.3 10.1 10.2 14.5 20.8 14.0 13.0 4.1 3.1 55,194 257 68,721 311 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,495 100.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 14.5 20.3 14.3 13.3 4.3 3.2 56,339 276 70,384 345 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,067 100.0 10.5 10.0 10.1 14.4 20.5 14.3 13.1 4.0 3.0 55,958 329 68,481 322 198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,120 100.0 10.8 10.0 10.0 14.6 20.8 14.1 13.2 3.8 2.8 55,342 308 67,588 314 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,067 100.0 11.3 10.0 10.4 14.4 20.8 14.2 12.5 3.8 2.6 54,286 280 66,262 304 198512. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,540 100.0 11.7 10.5 10.3 15.3 21.2 13.5 12.0 3.3 2.3 52,581 268 63,688 289 198413. . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,586 100.0 11.6 10.8 10.9 15.4 21.2 13.5 11.4 3.2 2.0 51,546 286 62,129 278 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,648 100.0 11.8 11.3 11.1 15.9 21.3 13.2 10.6 2.9 1.9 49,937 251 60,351 258 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,214 100.0 12.4 11.0 11.3 15.8 21.7 13.0 10.4 2.7 1.7 49,764 250 59,527 255 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,996 100.0 12.1 11.4 11.4 15.4 21.8 13.5 10.5 2.4 1.5 50,243 256 59,084 246 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,106 100.0 11.8 10.8 11.2 15.3 22.5 14.0 10.4 2.5 1.5 51,180 108 59,756 269 197914. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,203 100.0 11.7 10.4 10.6 15.1 22.4 14.6 10.7 2.8 1.7 52,338 290 61,482 269 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,836 100.0 11.5 11.0 10.6 15.0 22.3 14.7 10.5 2.7 1.6 52,282 275 60,962 262 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,721 100.0 11.9 11.3 10.4 15.6 22.8 14.3 9.8 2.3 1.5 50,965 287 59,302 280 197615. . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,365 100.0 12.0 11.2 10.9 15.7 23.4 13.8 9.5 2.2 1.3 50,477 294 58,425 261 197516. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,533 100.0 12.4 11.5 10.9 16.5 23.3 13.4 8.8 2.1 1.2 48,945 260 56,937 276 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 60,164 100.0 11.9 10.6 10.8 16.3 23.6 13.9 9.5 2.1 1.3 50,314 247 58,502 256 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,236 100.0 12.1 10.6 9.6 15.6 23.5 14.4 10.2 2.3 1.7 52,084 244 59,835 253 197218. . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,005 100.0 12.7 10.3 10.1 16.2 23.9 13.8 9.4 2.2 1.5 51,380 244 59,063 264 BLACK ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,855 100.0 22.7 14.7 12.7 14.8 14.8 8.2 7.8 2.5 1.7 34,775 700 49,706 871 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,559 100.0 23.7 15.1 12.0 14.3 14.9 8.6 7.7 2.2 1.6 34,208 810 48,860 749 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,165 100.0 24.8 14.8 11.9 13.6 15.3 8.2 7.2 2.5 1.7 33,522 573 49,203 801 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,909 100.0 24.1 14.2 12.4 14.4 15.2 8.5 7.3 2.3 1.5 34,355 502 48,611 670 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,212 100.0 21.8 14.2 13.4 14.6 15.3 9.5 7.4 2.4 1.5 35,568 454 50,262 560 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,056 100.0 21.4 13.8 12.8 15.7 15.4 9.1 7.9 2.5 1.5 37,158 475 50,502 528 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,976 100.0 21.6 13.3 12.2 14.0 16.5 9.4 8.6 2.6 1.7 38,301 522 52,614 575 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,709 100.0 21.0 13.9 12.9 14.9 15.6 9.2 8.2 2.4 1.9 37,124 275 52,560 645 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,399 100.0 21.8 14.8 11.4 14.7 16.3 8.9 8.0 2.7 1.4 36,935 352 50,983 555 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,151 100.0 22.4 13.3 12.2 15.6 15.3 9.9 7.5 2.4 1.5 37,287 342 50,266 534 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,969 100.0 21.4 13.8 12.4 14.2 16.7 9.3 8.5 2.4 1.4 37,603 472 51,063 541 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,778 100.0 21.0 14.1 12.2 15.4 15.7 9.5 7.9 2.4 1.9 37,780 497 52,227 609 See footnotes at end of table.
26 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error BLACK ALONE23 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,108 100.0 22.9 14.8 12.7 14.7 14.8 8.2 7.7 2.4 1.8 34,598 728 49,629 885 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,872 100.0 23.8 15.3 11.9 14.3 14.9 8.6 7.5 2.1 1.5 33,805 801 48,431 764 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,583 100.0 24.9 14.8 11.9 13.6 15.3 8.2 7.1 2.4 1.6 33,380 527 48,943 832 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,265 100.0 24.4 14.2 12.3 14.4 15.4 8.5 7.2 2.2 1.4 34,321 533 48,032 669 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,730 100.0 21.9 14.3 13.4 14.6 15.2 9.4 7.4 2.3 1.4 35,387 428 50,007 570 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,595 100.0 21.5 13.8 12.8 15.7 15.4 9.1 7.8 2.4 1.4 37,021 477 50,345 539 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,551 100.0 21.6 13.4 12.3 13.9 16.6 9.5 8.5 2.5 1.6 38,104 534 52,389 584 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,354 100.0 21.1 14.0 13.0 14.9 15.5 9.2 8.1 2.3 1.9 36,935 278 52,138 645 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,002 100.0 21.9 14.9 11.4 14.7 16.3 8.9 7.9 2.6 1.4 36,821 359 50,658 550 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,809 100.0 22.5 13.4 12.3 15.6 15.1 9.8 7.4 2.3 1.5 37,114 386 50,110 543 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,629 100.0 21.5 13.7 12.4 14.3 16.6 9.2 8.5 2.3 1.4 37,547 489 50,829 545 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,465 100.0 21.1 14.2 12.3 15.4 15.6 9.5 7.8 2.3 1.8 37,584 506 51,808 598 BLACK22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,315 100.0 20.3 13.4 12.3 15.3 16.9 10.1 8.4 2.1 1.3 38,776 457 51,641 545 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,174 100.0 19.3 13.1 12.6 14.6 18.0 9.5 8.8 2.7 1.4 40,131 532 52,996 537 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,838 100.0 20.2 13.2 12.5 13.8 16.7 9.9 8.8 3.3 1.6 39,019 727 53,771 772 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,579 100.0 22.8 14.0 12.1 15.0 15.4 9.3 7.9 2.2 1.2 36,181 567 48,723 651 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,474 100.0 22.6 14.2 12.3 14.6 16.8 9.7 6.9 1.9 1.0 36,250 624 47,702 684 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,109 100.0 23.8 14.3 12.1 14.7 15.9 10.0 6.6 1.6 1.0 34,716 683 47,989 937 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,577 100.0 23.8 15.4 12.0 14.6 16.4 8.3 7.2 1.4 0.9 33,987 580 46,139 789 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,655 100.0 25.9 15.0 11.8 14.2 15.2 8.4 6.6 1.8 1.1 32,682 608 45,477 653 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,281 100.0 27.5 15.2 12.5 14.5 14.4 7.6 6.1 1.5 0.9 31,008 613 43,225 718 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 100.0 28.2 15.9 11.2 14.4 15.2 7.9 5.3 1.4 0.6 30,509 623 41,400 561 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,083 100.0 28.3 14.1 11.6 14.2 16.2 7.9 5.6 1.6 0.5 31,369 659 41,771 545 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,671 100.0 27.1 14.4 12.1 13.6 16.4 8.6 5.8 1.4 0.7 32,268 736 42,873 579 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,486 100.0 26.6 14.2 11.7 14.5 16.0 8.1 6.8 1.5 0.5 32,801 668 43,524 591 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,561 100.0 27.8 15.4 11.3 14.5 14.3 8.3 6.3 1.4 0.7 31,044 647 42,530 621 198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,192 100.0 28.4 14.8 11.7 15.3 14.5 7.8 5.4 1.5 0.7 30,742 588 41,509 571 1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,922 100.0 28.3 14.6 12.4 14.3 15.4 8.0 5.2 1.3 0.5 30,580 600 41,028 558 198512. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,797 100.0 27.8 15.9 12.3 14.4 15.5 7.7 5.2 1.0 0.3 30,595 595 39,919 518 198413. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 100.0 28.3 16.5 13.4 14.4 14.0 7.5 4.7 0.9 0.2 28,767 553 38,366 472 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,236 100.0 29.5 16.3 13.4 14.2 14.3 7.1 4.5 0.6 0.1 27,628 518 36,746 453 1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,916 100.0 29.2 16.8 13.1 14.3 15.6 7.1 3.2 0.5 0.2 27,739 445 36,498 457 1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,961 100.0 29.5 16.9 13.3 14.2 14.9 6.9 3.8 0.4 0.1 27,793 467 36,510 442 1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,847 100.0 27.8 17.1 13.5 14.0 15.5 7.4 4.1 0.6 0.2 28,972 546 37,601 463 197914. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,586 100.0 26.7 16.3 13.4 14.6 15.9 8.0 4.4 0.5 0.2 30,302 553 38,881 478 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,066 100.0 26.5 16.0 13.1 14.9 16.2 7.8 4.8 0.7 0.1 30,838 652 39,410 514 1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,977 100.0 25.5 18.8 13.4 15.5 15.4 6.7 3.9 0.5 0.3 29,490 396 37,785 336 197615. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,776 100.0 26.2 17.4 13.4 15.1 16.9 6.9 3.6 0.3 0.2 29,415 365 37,583 335 197516. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,489 100.0 27.1 17.6 12.7 16.7 15.7 6.5 3.2 0.4 Z 29,163 429 36,403 323 197416, 17. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 100.0 25.9 16.6 15.3 15.9 15.9 7.0 2.9 0.4 0.1 29,669 358 36,898 328 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,040 100.0 24.7 17.9 13.1 16.2 17.3 6.3 3.6 0.6 0.2 30,391 473 37,739 375 197218. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 100.0 26.8 17.3 13.6 16.2 15.3 7.2 2.9 0.4 0.3 29,569 443 37,352 398 197119. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,578 100.0 27.3 17.2 14.5 16.5 15.5 5.9 2.7 0.4 0.1 28,609 426 35,451 364 1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,180 100.0 26.8 16.3 15.3 16.2 15.8 6.1 3.0 0.4 0.2 29,643 407 36,196 391 1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,053 100.0 26.0 17.3 15.7 17.0 15.5 5.5 2.6 0.3 0.1 29,727 438 35,390 376 1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,870 100.0 26.8 18.9 15.0 17.4 14.0 5.1 2.4 0.3 Z 27,896 405 33,975 358 196720. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,728 100.0 29.6 18.8 15.5 16.5 12.6 4.2 2.2 0.4 0.2 26,374 439 31,692 354 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 27 Table A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Race and Hispanic origin of householder and year Number (thousands) Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars) Total Under $15,000 $15,000 to $24,999 $25,000 to $34,999 $35,000 to $49,999 $50,000 to $74,999 $75,000 to $99,999 $100,000 to $149,999 $150,000 to $199,999 $200,000 and over Value Standard error Value Standard error ASIAN ALONE OR IN COMBINATION 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,111 100.0 10.9 7.5 7.6 11.7 16.9 11.5 16.6 8.8 8.5 67,366 1,822 91,332 2,265 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,872 100.0 10.2 7.2 7.6 11.1 17.2 12.6 16.4 8.8 8.7 69,173 1,762 93,036 1,922 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,705 100.0 10.5 8.8 7.8 11.1 16.9 12.9 17.2 7.1 7.7 67,317 1,620 88,850 2,126 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,550 100.0 10.1 8.8 7.8 10.2 18.1 11.4 16.5 9.2 7.9 67,872 1,565 89,439 1,718 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,940 100.0 11.0 7.1 8.4 10.3 15.7 12.6 16.6 8.8 9.4 70,671 1,558 97,862 1,922 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,805 100.0 10.8 7.8 7.7 11.5 14.1 13.1 17.4 9.1 8.3 70,938 1,529 93,394 1,609 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 100.0 9.6 7.3 7.4 9.7 16.6 12.8 18.6 9.7 8.2 74,010 1,557 95,003 1,625 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,664 100.0 8.9 7.1 7.9 9.6 16.8 13.1 17.5 10.5 8.5 73,827 1,868 101,126 2,117 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 100.0 10.2 7.7 6.4 9.5 18.0 12.3 18.5 7.9 9.4 72,845 870 95,455 1,666 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,346 100.0 9.6 7.5 7.2 11.1 17.8 13.5 17.1 8.8 7.5 70,848 1,428 93,888 1,772 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,235 100.0 12.1 8.6 5.8 9.8 16.7 14.2 16.9 8.7 7.2 69,993 1,560 87,915 1,512 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,079 100.0 9.4 7.3 8.6 11.8 17.4 12.8 17.9 7.8 7.1 67,701 1,024 89,961 1,711 ASIAN ALONE24 20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,759 100.0 11.0 7.8 7.6 11.6 16.9 11.3 16.4 8.9 8.4 67,065 1,720 90,752 2,306 2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,560 100.0 10.4 7.3 7.6 10.8 17.1 12.8 16.5 8.9 8.7 69,633 1,917 92,728 1,863 2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,374 100.0 10.3 8.7 7.9 11.1 17.1 12.9 17.3 7.2 7.5 67,456 1,623 88,704 2,147 20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,212 100.0 10.3 8.8 7.6 9.7 18.1 11.3 16.6 9.5 8.1 68,654 1,683 90,369 1,812 20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,687 100.0 11.0 7.0 8.3 10.0 16.0 12.7 16.7 8.9 9.5 71,101 1,376 98,624 2,004 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,573 100.0 11.0 7.8 7.7 11.3 14.1 12.9 17.4 9.4 8.3 71,013 1,500 93,244 1,626 2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,494 100.0 9.6 7.4 7.5 9.5 16.6 12.6 19.0 9.6 8.3 74,265 1,556 95,516 1,685 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,454 100.0 9.0 7.2 8.1 9.5 16.6 12.9 17.5 10.5 8.8 74,218 1,934 102,010 2,195 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,273 100.0 10.3 7.8 6.5 9.2 18.1 12.3 18.4 8.0 9.5 72,899 850 95,573 1,686 20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,123 100.0 9.6 7.5 7.2 11.0 17.8 13.3 17.2 8.7 7.7 70,916 1,507 94,364 1,825 2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,040 100.0 12.2 8.6 5.5 9.8 16.5 14.2 17.0 8.8 7.4 70,547 1,386 88,626 1,569 2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,917 100.0 9.3 7.3 8.6 11.9 17.1 12.8 18.0 7.9 7.3 68,143 1,193 90,701 1,769 ASIAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER22 2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,071 100.0 9.4 7.0 8.1 11.8 17.0 13.5 17.0 8.2 8.1 70,571 1,684 96,260 2,272 20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,963 100.0 8.4 6.8 7.3 11.0 16.4 13.9 18.3 9.3 8.5 75,423 1,286 98,473 2,044 19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,742 100.0 9.6 7.2 7.5 11.3 16.6 13.0 16.3 9.4 9.0 71,244 2,511 94,210 2,388 1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 100.0 10.0 7.8 7.5 12.7 18.1 12.0 18.9 6.9 6.1 66,560 1,853 85,929 2,482 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,125 100.0 10.5 8.0 7.5 11.2 19.4 14.4 16.6 7.3 5.2 65,481 1,820 85,221 2,641 1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,998 100.0 11.3 7.5 8.1 11.6 19.5 12.0 17.9 7.5 4.6 63,979 2,293 83,599 2,998 19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,777 100.0 11.0 10.0 6.4 12.4 19.6 14.2 15.0 6.1 5.3 61,642 1,547 83,822 3,382 19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,040 100.0 10.7 10.1 7.1 12.9 17.8 13.9 15.9 6.2 5.5 62,921 2,384 81,697 2,911 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,233 100.0 13.1 9.4 8.8 12.2 14.6 14.0 17.9 5.6 4.5 60,875 2,994 79,761 3,211 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,262 100.0 11.0 9.9 8.3 11.8 19.1 13.2 16.3 6.0 4.4 61,492 1,775 76,212 2,095 1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,094 100.0 10.9 8.2 9.6 12.5 18.0 14.2 15.1 7.0 4.5 60,796 1,962 77,190 2,275 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,958 100.0 9.5 8.1 8.8 11.5 19.4 13.5 18.0 6.6 4.7 66,433 1,968 80,190 2,270 1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,988 100.0 9.1 8.1 7.9 12.1 20.2 15.1 16.7 4.8 6.1 65,485 1,770 81,407 2,369 1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,913 100.0 9.0 11.0 8.1 12.1 19.2 13.9 16.0 6.6 4.1 61,054 2,509 76,331 2,280 198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . N 100.0 10.9 11.0 7.9 11.1 19.1 12.9 17.1 6.9 3.1 63,214 2,350 N N See footnotes at end of table.
28 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census BureauTable A-1. Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Median income 

Mean income 

Table A-1.Households by Total Money Income, Race, and Hispanic Origin of Householder: 1967 to 2013—Con.(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Households as of March of the following year. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using the generalized variance function. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race and Hispanic 

origin of householder 

and year Number (thousands)

Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars)

Total

Under 

$15,000

$15,000

 to $24,999

$25,000

 to $34,999

$35,000

 to $49,999

$50,000

 to $74,999

$75,000

 to $99,999

$100,000 to 

$149,999

$150,000 to 

$199,999

$200,000 

and over Value

Standard 

error Value

Standard 

error 

HISPANIC

(ANY RACE)25

20131. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,811 100.0 15.9 13.8 13.3 16.2 17.1 10.5 8.6 2.7 1.8 40,963 552 54,644 737 

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,589 100.0 16.6 14.5 13.6 15.6 17.2 9.7 8.1 2.7 1.9 39,572 542 54,198 708 

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,939 100.0 16.1 14.4 13.4 16.9 17.2 9.2 7.9 3.0 1.8 40,004 567 54,222 615 

20102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,435 100.0 16.4 14.0 13.8 15.0 17.8 9.9 8.4 2.9 1.7 40,205 622 54,909 705 

20093. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,298 100.0 15.0 14.4 13.6 15.5 17.5 10.1 9.0 2.8 2.0 41,312 545 56,722 622 2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,425 100.0 15.2 14.2 13.8 16.4 16.9 9.9 8.8 3.1 1.8 41,018 526 55,796 578 

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,339 100.0 14.2 13.5 13.3 15.8 18.6 11.2 9.0 2.7 1.9 43,455 584 57,104 601 

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,973 100.0 13.9 13.4 13.2 16.3 18.5 10.5 9.1 3.2 1.9 43,650 583 58,432 670 

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,519 100.0 14.1 14.2 12.0 17.4 18.7 10.2 8.6 2.6 2.2 42,917 426 56,247 566 

20044. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,178 100.0 14.4 13.8 13.5 16.5 18.9 9.8 8.4 2.7 1.9 42,264 592 56,577 692 

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,693 100.0 13.7 13.8 13.7 17.1 17.8 10.5 8.9 2.4 2.1 41,793 581 56,322 623 

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,339 100.0 13.5 13.4 13.9 16.5 18.4 10.9 8.8 2.7 2.0 42,863 624 58,122 777 

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 100.0 12.9 13.7 13.1 16.8 18.3 11.5 8.9 3.0 1.8 44,164 561 58,398 738 

20005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,034 100.0 12.8 13.4 12.1 16.9 19.9 10.9 9.3 2.5 2.1 44,867 647 59,489 856 

19996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,579 100.0 13.4 13.9 13.9 16.6 18.5 10.3 9.3 2.3 1.8 42,984 625 56,467 1,002 

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,060 100.0 16.7 14.0 12.7 17.3 17.3 10.0 8.2 2.1 1.7 40,433 779 54,633 1,162 

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,590 100.0 18.1 14.7 13.4 15.7 18.3 9.0 7.2 1.9 1.7 38,534 687 51,927 1,048 

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,225 100.0 18.2 15.6 13.9 16.1 17.2 9.0 6.7 1.9 1.3 36,821 714 50,273 1,163 

19957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,939 100.0 19.6 16.9 14.1 15.5 16.0 9.1 6.2 1.6 1.0 34,696 756 47,355 1,062 

19948. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,735 100.0 19.8 16.0 12.5 16.2 16.7 8.8 6.9 1.8 1.2 36,403 676 49,088 1,225 19939. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,362 100.0 19.0 15.9 13.8 17.0 16.8 8.5 6.4 1.5 1.1 36,331 730 48,086 1,011 199210. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,153 100.0 19.0 15.5 13.7 17.0 16.8 9.0 6.3 1.7 0.9 36,759 760 46,885 737 

1991. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,379 100.0 17.7 15.1 13.5 16.6 18.4 9.1 6.9 1.9 0.9 37,848 787 48,158 771 

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,220 100.0 17.7 15.6 12.8 16.2 19.2 9.3 6.6 1.6 1.0 38,581 791 48,329 797 

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,933 100.0 17.7 13.6 13.0 16.2 18.2 11.0 7.0 2.0 1.2 39,762 771 50,774 872 

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,910 100.0 18.9 14.5 12.7 16.6 18.0 9.9 6.4 2.0 1.1 38,522 976 49,183 1,043 

198711. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,642 100.0 19.0 15.1 12.4 17.3 17.1 9.9 6.3 1.7 1.2 37,929 824 48,620 900 

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,418 100.0 18.5 16.2 13.3 15.2 18.2 9.2 7.3 1.4 0.6 37,215 969 46,992 773 

198512. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,213 100.0 19.8 16.5 12.2 16.6 18.1 8.7 6.4 1.1 0.6 36,058 842 45,055 733 

198413. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,883 100.0 20.1 14.8 14.2 15.4 18.6 9.4 5.8 1.2 0.5 36,286 910 45,120 880 1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,326 100.0 20.8 15.8 13.2 17.6 17.5 8.7 5.2 1.0 0.3 35,357 896 43,055 827 

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,085 100.0 19.8 16.6 14.1 16.9 17.9 8.3 4.9 0.9 0.6 35,179 929 43,416 881 

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,980 100.0 17.5 15.6 13.5 18.4 19.0 9.2 5.3 1.0 0.4 37,602 1,030 45,154 863 

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,906 100.0 17.9 15.6 14.4 17.4 18.5 9.5 5.1 1.1 0.5 36,743 996 44,879 894 

197914. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,684 100.0 16.4 14.3 14.4 17.6 20.3 9.3 6.0 1.2 0.6 39,001 1,124 47,188 948 

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,291 100.0 16.1 14.9 14.2 18.3 20.5 9.7 5.0 1.1 0.3 38,676 937 45,685 924 

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,304 100.0 16.4 15.7 14.4 19.5 19.9 8.4 4.7 0.9 0.3 37,281 655 43,997 679 

197615. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,081 100.0 18.7 16.7 14.0 18.4 19.6 8.1 3.7 0.5 0.2 35,621 759 42,094 685 

197516. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,948 100.0 18.2 17.1 14.9 18.7 19.7 7.2 3.1 0.6 0.4 34,899 772 41,430 736 197416,17. . . . . . . . . . . . 2,897 100.0 15.2 16.4 15.2 18.9 21.2 7.8 4.3 0.6 0.4 37,942 831 43,953 716 1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,722 100.0 14.4 15.9 14.9 19.3 22.5 7.9 4.5 0.4 0.3 38,165 867 44,342 722 

197218. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,655 100.0 14.6 16.6 15.0 22.0 19.5 7.4 3.6 0.7 0.5 38,229 747 43,940 747 

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 29

Race and Hispanic 

origin of householder 

and year Number 

Percentage distribution Median income (dollars) Mean income (dollars)

Under $15,000 $25,000 $35,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 to $150,000 to $200,000 Standard Standard 

err

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and

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30 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Highest quintile ............................... 185,206 184,548 184,380 180,977 185,542 185,068 188,712 194,296 190,420 186,758

 Top 5 percent ............................... 322,343 322,674 322,571 306,844 320,801 318,849 322,654 343,608 335,484 325,447

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

Lowest quintile ................................ 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4

Second quintile ............................... 8.4 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.7

Third quintile ................................. 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.6 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.5 14.6 14.7

Fourth quintile ................................ 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.4 23.2 23.3 23.4 22.9 23.0 23.2

Highest quintile ............................... 51.0 51.0 51.1 50.3 50.3 50.0 49.7 50.5 50.4 50.1

 Top 5 percent ............................... 22.2 22.3 22.3 21.3 21.7 21.5 21.2 22.3 22.2 21.8

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.476 0.477 0.477 0.470 0.468 0.466 0.463 0.470 0.469 0.466

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.578 0.586 0.585 0.574 0.550 0.541 0.532 0.543 0.545 0.543

Theil ........................................ 0.415 0.423 0.422 0.400 0.403 0.398 0.391 0.417 0.411 0.406

Atkinson:

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality 

measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality 

protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Measures of income 

dispersion 20131 2012 2011 20102 20093 2008 2007 2006 2005 20044

MEASURE

Household Income at 

Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,401 12,414 12,429 12,672 13,163 13,157 13,664 13,864 13,469 13,450

20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,900 20,898 20,986 21,368 22,213 22,409 22,797 23,147 22,884 22,798

40th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,187 40,342 39,896 40,599 41,867 42,194 43,928 43,642 42,956 42,763

50th (median). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,939 51,759 51,842 52,646 54,059 54,423 56,436 55,689 55,278 54,674

60th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,501 65,520 64,664 65,706 67,118 67,863 69,656 69,321 68,802 68,112

80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,910 105,609 105,211 106,870 108,603 108,451 112,348 112,106 109,425 108,527

90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,000 148,122 148,742 148,269 149,473 149,628 152,793 153,662 150,455 149,056

95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,000 193,934 192,645 192,829 195,487 194,744 198,856 201,045 198,077 193,806

Household Income Ratios

of Selected Percentiles

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.10 11.93 11.97 11.70 11.36 11.37 11.18 11.08 11.17 11.08

95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.38 9.28 9.18 9.02 8.80 8.69 8.72 8.69 8.66 8.50

95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.78 3.75 3.72 3.66 3.62 3.58 3.52 3.61 3.58 3.54

80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.04 2.04 2.03 2.03 2.01 1.99 1.99 2.01 1.98 1.98

80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.07 5.05 5.01 5.00 4.89 4.84 4.93 4.84 4.78 4.76

20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.41 0.42

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,651 11,657 11,640 11,746 12,546 12,611 12,978 13,115 12,714 12,633

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,509 30,127 30,247 30,484 31,774 31,934 33,077 33,248 32,644 32,326

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,322 51,923 51,623 52,530 53,796 54,238 56,138 55,714 55,248 54,769

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,519 83,291 82,941 84,272 85,464 86,293 88,880 88,187 86,898 86,359

 e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.100 0.101 0.101 0.097 0.097 0.096 0.095 0.099 0.098 0.097

 e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.196 0.198 0.198 0.191 0.190 0.188 0.185 0.192 0.192 0.190

 e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.298 0.300 0.300 0.293 0.288 0.285 0.281 0.289 0.289 0.286

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 220 17 140 92 90 91 95 92 91

20th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 242 183 127 117 116 125 127 127 128

40th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 339 371 140 177 171 141 206 150 160

50th (median). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 212 260 347 231 148 157 239 185 242

60th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 523 483 464 189 289 301 189 301 223

80th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717 613 587 179 338 332 337 423 384 384

90th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 938 994 946 693 630 662 653 641 606

95th percentile limit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,267 1,396 1,529 1,207 955 998 963 1,157 1,333 1,130

Household Income Ratios

of Selected Percentiles

90th/10th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.167 0.211 0.082 0.130 0.095 0.091 0.089 0.090 0.090 0.088

95th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.133 0.114 0.094 0.076 0.063 0.063 0.064 0.069 0.076 0.069

95th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.045 0.031 0.030 0.026 0.022 0.023 0.021 0.025 0.028 0.025

80th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.011

80th/20th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.051 0.056 0.042 0.031 0.030 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.031 0.032

20th/50th. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 107 120 109 45 45 45 47 46 46

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 188 188 211 39 39 42 40 41 40

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 253 265 293 51 52 53 52 52 53

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 392 401 433 82 81 84 85 82 81

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,897 1,644 1,371 1,352 914 895 905 1,091 1,022 1,010

Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,938 5,230 4,362 4,290 2,880 2,801 2,847 3,586 3,281 3,292

Shares of Household Income 

of Quintiles

Lowest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

Second quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06

Third quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

Fourth quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16

Highest quintile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24 0.20 0.17 0.18 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34

Top 5 percent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.30 0.30 0.29 0.31 0.31 0.31

Summary Measures

Gini index of income inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0025 0.0020 0.0018 0.0019 0.0028 0.0027 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0029

Mean logarithmic deviation of income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0079 0.0068 0.0067 0.0066 0.0064 0.0063 0.0062 0.0063 0.0063 0.0063

Theil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0067 0.0059 0.0050 0.0049 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001

Atkinson:

 e=0.25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0013 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013

 e=0.50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0022 0.0018 0.0016 0.0016 0.0018 0.0017 0.0018 0.0021 0.0020 0.0020

 e=0.75. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0028 0.0023 0.0021 0.0021 0.0024 0.0023 0.0024 0.0027 0.0026 0.0026

See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 31

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income 

 measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality 

 protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

 inequality 

Measures of income

dispersion 2003 2002 2001 20005 19996 1998 1997 1996 19957 19948

MEASURE

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit ............................ 13,345 13,751 14,060 14,314 14,464 13,844 13,335 13,172 13,168 12,478

20th percentile limit ............................ 22,778 23,199 23,644 24,241 23,957 23,001 22,286 21,833 21,856 20,868

40th percentile limit ............................ 43,063 43,218 43,834 44,639 44,625 43,398 42,256 41,040 40,849 39,168

50th (median) ................................ 54,865 54,913 55,562 56,800 56,895 55,497 53,551 52,471 51,719 50,148

60th percentile limit ............................ 68,968 68,837 69,736 70,576 70,439 68,987 66,568 65,058 63,748 62,327

80th percentile limit ............................ 110,023 108,788 109,867 110,606 110,769 107,040 103,469 100,553 98,842 97,673

90th percentile limit ............................ 149,708 147,758 149,508 151,503 150,678 144,575 141,329 136,086 133,105 131,933

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

195,203 194,230 198,022 196,440 198,521 188,675 183,133 176,727 171,505 170,694

90th/10th .................................... 11.22 10.75 10.63 10.58 10.42 10.44 10.60 10.33 10.11 10.57

95th/20th .................................... 8.57 8.37 8.38 8.10 8.29 8.20 8.22 8.10 7.85 8.18

95th/50th .................................... 3.56 3.54 3.56 3.46 3.49 3.40 3.42 3.37 3.32 3.40

80th/50th .................................... 2.01 1.98 1.98 1.95 1.95 1.93 1.93 1.92 1.91 1.95

80th/20th .................................... 4.83 4.69 4.65 4.56 4.62 4.65 4.64 4.61 4.52 4.68

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

Lowest quintile ................................ 12,661 12,936 13,336 13,739 13,861 13,163 12,791 12,707 12,666 11,989

Second quintile ............................... 32,522 32,889 33,510 34,306 34,036 33,237 31,978 31,190 30,958 29,879

Third quintile ................................. 55,207 55,422 56,090 57,129 56,970 55,614 53,799 52,462 51,764 50,336

Fourth quintile ................................ 87,386 87,178 87,944 88,810 88,667 86,011 83,328 81,196 79,574 78,328

Highest quintile ............................... 186,284 186,126 192,063 192,449 189,084 182,010 177,654 170,775 166,058 164,670

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

320,744 325,020 342,711 341,423 328,647 317,243 311,763 297,483 286,593 284,504

Lowest quintile ................................ 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.7 3.6

Second quintile ............................... 8.7 8.8 8.7 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.0 9.1 8.9

Third quintile ................................. 14.8 14.8 14.6 14.8 14.9 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.0

Fourth quintile ................................ 23.4 23.3 23.0 23.0 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.3 23.3 23.4

Highest quintile ............................... 49.8 49.7 50.1 49.8 49.4 49.2 49.4 49.0 48.7 49.1

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

21.4 21.7 22.4 22.1 21.5 21.4 21.7 21.4 21.0 21.2

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.464 0.462 0.466 0.462 0.458 0.456 0.459 0.455 0.450 0.456

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.530 0.514 0.515 0.490 0.476 0.488 0.484 0.464 0.452 0.471

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.397 0.398 0.413 0.404 0.386 0.389 0.396 0.389 0.378 0.387

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.095 0.095 0.098 0.096 0.092 0.093 0.094 0.093 0.090 0.092

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.187 0.186 0.189 0.185 0.180 0.181 0.183 0.179 0.175 0.180

 e=0.75 ....................................

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

0.283 0.279 0.282 0.275 0.268 0.271 0.272 0.266 0.261 0.268

10th percentile limit ............................ 91 92 97 97 97 95 100 93 94 87

20th percentile limit ............................ 127 133 131 138 133 140 132 133 122 121

40th percentile limit ............................ 206 202 201 220 161 221 277 267 223 234

50th (median) ................................ 238 180 170 179 266 328 247 265 299 228

60th percentile limit ............................ 239 287 279 257 213 356 309 340 281 288

80th percentile limit ............................ 404 297 318 325 346 334 459 350 371 318

90th percentile limit ............................ 641 582 567 657 632 547 584 630 577 583

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

902 924 994 1,259 1,105 1,094 957 870 1,019 967

90th/10th .................................... 0.091 0.083 0.083 0.085 0.083 0.082 0.091 0.087 0.084 0.087

95th/20th .................................... 0.062 0.062 0.063 0.070 0.065 0.069 0.065 0.063 0.064 0.066

95th/50th .................................... 0.021 0.022 0.023 0.026 0.024 0.024 0.022 0.022 0.023 0.024

80th/50th .................................... 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

80th/20th .................................... 0.032 0.030 0.029 0.029 0.029 0.032 0.034 0.032 0.031 0.031

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Lowest quintile ................................ 46 46 47 48 48 47 46 43 44 44

Second quintile ............................... 42 41 42 43 43 44 43 42 42 41

Third quintile ................................. 53 53 54 54 55 55 52 52 50 50

Fourth quintile ................................ 83 81 83 83 84 81 79 76 76 77

Highest quintile ............................... 958 1,005 1,134 1,123 988 1,030 1,058 1,030 968 972

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

3,073 3,254 3,730 3,688 3,113 4,722 4,916 4,829 4,505 4,534

Lowest quintile ................................ 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Second quintile ............................... 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07

Third quintile ................................. 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

Fourth quintile ................................ 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17

Highest quintile ............................... 0.34 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.36

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

0.30 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.31 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.44 0.45

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0030 0.0041 0.0042 0.0043 0.0043 0.0043 0.0042

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0059 0.0069 0.0067 0.0064 0.0063 0.0061

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.0001 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0001 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.0012 0.0012 0.0014 0.0013 0.0013 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.0018 0.0020 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0023 0.0025 0.0024 0.0024 0.0023

 e=0.75 ....................................

See footnotes at end of table.

0.0024 0.0025 0.0027 0.0026 0.0027 0.0029 0.0030 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028
32 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income 

 measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality 

 protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

 inequality 

Measures of income

dispersion 19939 199210 1991 1990 1989 1988 198711 1986 198512

MEASURE

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit ............................ 12,201 12,200 12,380 12,647 13,060 12,420 12,234 12,131 12,175

20th percentile limit ............................ 20,585 20,497 21,001 21,597 21,941 21,536 21,185 20,779 20,524

40th percentile limit ............................ 39,177 39,269 40,031 40,883 41,720 40,681 40,212 39,746 38,616

50th (median) ................................ 49,594 49,836 50,249 51,735 52,432 51,514 51,121 50,488 48,761

60th percentile limit ............................ 61,583 61,653 61,832 62,546 64,121 63,398 62,771 61,685 59,821

80th percentile limit ............................ 95,725 94,361 94,672 95,382 97,424 95,729 94,868 93,245 89,970

90th percentile limit ............................ 129,761 126,152 126,570 128,028 130,517 126,774 125,157 122,381 118,007

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

166,111 161,078 160,792 163,703 166,425 162,043 158,747 156,360 148,658

90th/10th .................................... 10.64 10.34 10.22 10.12 9.99 10.21 10.23 10.09 9.69

95th/20th .................................... 8.07 7.86 7.66 7.58 7.59 7.52 7.49 7.53 7.24

95th/50th .................................... 3.35 3.23 3.20 3.16 3.17 3.15 3.11 3.10 3.05

80th/50th .................................... 1.93 1.89 1.88 1.84 1.86 1.86 1.86 1.85 1.85

80th/20th .................................... 4.65 4.60 4.51 4.42 4.44 4.45 4.48 4.49 4.38

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42

Lowest quintile ................................ 11,682 11,804 12,053 12,381 12,686 12,232 12,028 11,710 11,591

Second quintile ............................... 29,616 29,575 30,274 31,152 31,564 30,875 30,570 30,119 29,372

Third quintile ................................. 49,644 49,827 50,286 51,455 52,467 51,639 51,109 50,402 48,755

Fourth quintile ................................ 77,149 76,490 76,655 77,579 79,363 78,059 77,254 75,929 73,337

Highest quintile ............................... 160,736 148,211 146,994 150,553 155,140 149,024 146,916 143,716 136,992

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

275,877 235,237 229,395 239,739 250,653 235,033 231,467 225,141 211,317

Lowest quintile ................................ 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.9

Second quintile ............................... 9.0 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.8

Third quintile ................................. 15.1 15.8 15.9 15.9 15.8 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.2

Fourth quintile ................................ 23.5 24.2 24.2 24.0 24.0 24.2 24.3 24.3 24.4

Highest quintile ............................... 48.9 46.9 46.5 46.6 46.8 46.3 46.2 46.1 45.6

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

21.0 18.6 18.1 18.5 18.9 18.3 18.2 18.0 17.6

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.454 0.433 0.428 0.428 0.431 0.426 0.426 0.425 0.419

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.467 0.416 0.411 0.402 0.406 0.401 0.414 0.416 0.403

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.385 0.323 0.313 0.317 0.324 0.314 0.311 0.310 0.300

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.092 0.080 0.078 0.078 0.080 0.078 0.077 0.077 0.075

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.178 0.160 0.156 0.156 0.158 0.155 0.155 0.155 0.151

 e=0.75 ....................................

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

0.266 0.242 0.237 0.236 0.239 0.236 0.238 0.237 0.231

10th percentile limit ............................ 87 87 89 97 96 96 96 97 93

20th percentile limit ............................ 123 123 128 133 137 135 136 137 135

40th percentile limit ............................ 234 242 239 247 262 233 234 236 223

50th (median) ................................ 232 236 242 264 288 252 241 262 264

60th percentile limit ............................ 341 311 262 261 288 331 274 254 287

80th percentile limit ............................ 359 312 343 367 302 336 325 362 295

90th percentile limit ............................ 453 416 454 491 787 515 453 558 502

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

825 815 822 924 888 1,006 740 653 1,240

90th/10th .................................... 0.085 0.081 0.082 0.087 0.095 0.089 0.088 0.093 0.085

95th/20th .................................... 0.063 0.062 0.061 0.063 0.062 0.066 0.060 0.059 0.077

95th/50th .................................... 0.022 0.021 0.021 0.022 0.021 0.023 0.020 0.018 0.028

80th/50th .................................... 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.010

80th/20th .................................... 0.033 0.032 0.032 0.032 0.031 0.032 0.033 0.034 0.032

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003

Lowest quintile ................................ 43 42 43 45 45 44 45 45 45

Second quintile ............................... 41 42 42 43 44 43 44 43 42

Third quintile ................................. 49 49 49 49 51 50 52 51 49

Fourth quintile ................................ 75 72 72 73 74 73 72 71 69

Highest quintile ............................... 972 539 513 567 627 568 557 526 478

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

4,592 1,920 1,823 2,064 2,360 2,132 2,185 1,820 1,635

Lowest quintile ................................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03

Second quintile ............................... 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.08

Third quintile ................................. 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.13

Fourth quintile ................................ 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19

Highest quintile ............................... 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

0.45 0.38 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.38 0.41 0.37 0.37

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.0042 0.0038 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0038 0.0038 0.0037

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.0061 0.0055 0.0056 0.0053 0.0053 0.0055 0.0055 0.0057 0.0056

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.0015 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.0024 0.0013 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012 0.0011

 e=0.75 ....................................

See footnotes at end of table.

0.0029 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 0.0020 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 33

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income 

 measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality 

 protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

 inequality 

Measures of income

dispersion 1984 198313 1982 1981 1980 197914 1978 1977 197615

MEASURE

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit ............................ 12,166 11,686 11,730 11,944 12,112 12,276 12,514 12,262 12,113

20th percentile limit ............................ 20,287 19,892 19,469 19,720 20,128 20,933 20,703 20,078 20,120

40th percentile limit ............................ 37,968 36,989 37,028 36,864 37,747 38,875 39,145 37,817 37,486

50th (median) ................................ 47,866 46,425 46,751 46,877 47,668 49,225 49,362 47,523 47,224

60th percentile limit ............................ 58,497 56,770 56,576 57,017 57,869 59,811 59,229 57,642 57,104

80th percentile limit ............................ 88,365 85,794 84,366 84,296 84,731 86,721 86,141 84,037 82,156

90th percentile limit ............................ 116,233 112,288 111,259 110,113 110,094 112,256 111,412 107,182 105,347

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

146,279 141,152 139,264 135,660 136,358 140,129 137,807 133,058 130,288

90th/10th .................................... 9.55 9.61 9.49 9.22 9.09 9.15 8.90 8.74 8.70

95th/20th .................................... 7.21 7.10 7.15 6.88 6.78 6.69 6.66 6.63 6.48

95th/50th .................................... 3.06 3.04 2.98 2.89 2.86 2.85 2.79 2.80 2.76

80th/50th .................................... 1.85 1.85 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.77 1.74

80th/20th .................................... 4.36 4.31 4.33 4.28 4.21 4.14 4.16 4.19 4.08

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.43

Lowest quintile ................................ 11,608 11,232 11,101 11,311 11,601 11,980 12,076 11,678 11,735

Second quintile ............................... 28,913 28,216 28,094 28,174 28,873 29,797 29,656 28,743 28,728

Third quintile ................................. 47,915 46,649 46,503 46,673 47,645 49,127 48,966 47,549 47,244

Fourth quintile ................................ 72,145 70,002 69,162 69,572 70,192 72,092 71,728 69,667 68,608

Highest quintile ............................... 132,656 128,525 126,849 124,277 125,150 129,380 128,061 124,233 121,423

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

200,250 194,187 191,671 184,674 187,023 197,318 194,923 190,054 185,011

Lowest quintile ................................ 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.2 4.2 4.3

Second quintile ............................... 9.9 9.9 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.2 10.3

Third quintile ................................. 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.7 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.0

Fourth quintile ................................ 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.7 24.7 24.7

Highest quintile ............................... 45.2 45.1 45.0 44.3 44.1 44.2 44.1 44.0 43.7

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

17.1 17.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 16.9 16.8 16.8 16.6

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.415 0.414 0.412 0.406 0.403 0.404 0.402 0.402 0.398

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.391 0.397 0.401 0.387 0.375 0.369 0.363 0.364 0.361

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.290 0.288 0.287 0.277 0.274 0.279 0.275 0.276 0.271

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.073 0.072 0.072 0.070 0.069 0.070 0.069 0.069 0.068

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.147 0.147 0.146 0.141 0.140 0.141 0.139 0.139 0.137

 e=0.75 ....................................

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

0.225 0.226 0.226 0.220 0.216 0.216 0.213 0.213 0.211

10th percentile limit ............................ 92 94 94 141 138 136 137 131 131

20th percentile limit ............................ 122 125 125 127 132 142 143 140 143

40th percentile limit ............................ 233 201 212 220 229 236 208 216 218

50th (median) ................................ 218 211 211 246 245 233 200 179 175

60th percentile limit ............................ 268 250 260 287 238 249 271 237 238

80th percentile limit ............................ 314 284 314 251 296 250 319 246 284

90th percentile limit ............................ 400 495 427 412 467 450 369 507 370

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

731 675 803 755 723 774 753 652 750

90th/10th .................................... 0.079 0.088 0.084 0.114 0.110 0.108 0.102 0.102 0.099

95th/20th .................................... 0.056 0.056 0.062 0.059 0.057 0.059 0.059 0.056 0.059

95th/50th .................................... 0.020 0.019 0.021 0.020 0.019 0.020 0.020 0.018 0.020

80th/50th .................................... 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.009 0.010

80th/20th .................................... 0.030 0.031 0.032 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.033 0.032 0.032

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.004

Lowest quintile ................................ 45 45 45 46 46 47 48 49 48

Second quintile ............................... 41 40 41 40 42 43 45 44 45

Third quintile ................................. 48 47 47 48 48 51 51 49 50

Fourth quintile ................................ 70 67 66 64 64 65 66 65 62

Highest quintile ............................... 421 407 408 383 414 461 460 470 467

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

1,335 1,256 1,285 1,208 1,408 1,504 1,486 1,583 1,596

Lowest quintile ................................ 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Second quintile ............................... 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09

Third quintile ................................. 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.15

Fourth quintile ................................ 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21

Highest quintile ............................... 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.37

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

0.36 0.36 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.36 0.36

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.0037 0.0037 0.0038 0.0038 0.0036 0.0038 0.0039 0.0039 0.0041

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.0055 0.0056 0.0057 0.0056 0.0051 0.0050 0.0054 0.0054 0.0054

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011

 e=0.75 ....................................

See footnotes at end of table.

0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017 0.0016 0.0017 0.0016 0.0017 0.0017
34 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-2.

Selected Measures of Household Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con.

(Income in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality 

 measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality 

 protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Measures of income

dispersion 197516 197416,17 1973 197218 197119 1970 1969 1968 196720

MEASURE

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

10th percentile limit ............................ 12,046 12,385 12,302 11,747 11,017 10,847 11,100 10,820 9,940

20th percentile limit ............................ 19,684 20,705 20,606 20,167 19,490 19,744 20,082 19,499 18,294

40th percentile limit ............................ 36,942 38,406 39,623 38,841 37,154 37,824 38,535 36,968 35,674

50th (median) ................................ 46,453 47,702 49,262 48,287 46,304 46,759 47,124 45,435 43,558

60th percentile limit ............................ 55,823 56,751 58,626 57,405 54,674 55,014 55,730 52,987 50,632

80th percentile limit ............................ 80,151 82,364 84,410 82,164 77,960 78,490 78,082 74,452 72,201

90th percentile limit ............................ 102,748 106,204 108,957 105,568 100,014 99,980 99,074 93,887 91,715

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

126,483 130,364 135,668 132,234 123,802 124,071 122,459 116,478 115,863

90th/10th .................................... 8.53 8.58 8.86 8.99 9.08 9.22 8.93 8.68 9.23

95th/20th .................................... 6.43 6.30 6.58 6.56 6.35 6.28 6.10 5.97 6.33

95th/50th .................................... 2.72 2.73 2.75 2.74 2.67 2.65 2.60 2.56 2.66

80th/50th .................................... 1.73 1.73 1.71 1.70 1.68 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.66

80th/20th .................................... 4.07 3.98 4.10 4.07 4.00 3.98 3.89 3.82 3.95

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.42 0.43 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.42

Lowest quintile ................................ 11,453 11,855 11,899 11,369 10,730 10,663 10,852 10,595 9,755

Second quintile ............................... 28,131 29,466 29,917 29,366 28,360 28,888 29,301 28,415 27,031

Third quintile ................................. 46,155 47,491 49,072 47,925 45,978 46,519 46,821 45,065 43,158

Fourth quintile ................................ 67,064 68,586 70,592 68,802 65,368 65,571 65,581 62,864 60,384

Highest quintile ............................... 118,407 121,518 126,309 123,520 115,825 116,085 115,270 109,235 108,669

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

179,688 184,706 194,555 191,450 177,656 178,177 177,425 167,009 171,414

Lowest quintile ................................ 4.3 4.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.2 4.0

Second quintile ............................... 10.4 10.6 10.4 10.4 10.6 10.8 10.9 11.1 10.8

Third quintile ................................. 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.0 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.3

Fourth quintile ................................ 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.2

Highest quintile ............................... 43.6 43.5 43.9 43.9 43.5 43.3 43.0 42.6 43.6

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

16.5 16.5 16.9 17.0 16.7 16.6 16.6 16.3 17.2

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.397 0.395 0.400 0.401 0.396 0.394 0.391 0.386 0.397

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.361 0.352 0.355 0.370 0.370 0.370 0.357 0.356 0.380

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.270 0.267 0.270 0.279 0.273 0.271 0.268 0.273 0.287

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.067 0.067 0.068 0.070 0.068 0.068 0.067 0.067 0.071

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.136 0.134 0.136 0.140 0.138 0.138 0.135 0.135 0.143

 e=0.75 ....................................

STANDARD ERROR

Household Income at 

 Selected Percentiles

0.210 0.207 0.210 0.216 0.214 0.214 0.209 0.208 0.220

10th percentile limit ............................ 125 132 131 130 126 131 134 131 127

20th percentile limit ............................ 145 176 175 173 168 175 178 175 170

40th percentile limit ............................ 217 224 240 234 222 228 225 212 202

50th (median) ................................ 189 183 187 184 180 171 174 164 159

60th percentile limit ............................ 246 264 285 235 231 245 226 222 232

80th percentile limit ............................ 340 233 271 321 380 203 216 242 285

90th percentile limit ............................ 465 383 394 531 285 322 381 504 678

95th percentile limit ............................

Household Income Ratios 

 of Selected Percentiles

681 860 617 833 498 616 758 523 492

90th/10th .................................... 0.097 0.096 0.100 0.109 0.107 0.115 0.113 0.115 0.136

95th/20th .................................... 0.059 0.068 0.063 0.070 0.060 0.064 0.066 0.060 0.065

95th/50th .................................... 0.019 0.022 0.018 0.021 0.016 0.017 0.020 0.016 0.016

80th/50th .................................... 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.010

80th/20th .................................... 0.035 0.036 0.037 0.038 0.040 0.037 0.036 0.036 0.040

20th/50th ....................................

Mean Household Income of Quintiles

0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004

Lowest quintile ................................ 49 51 50 51 50 53 52 53 50

Second quintile ............................... 44 46 50 49 47 49 51 49 49

Third quintile ................................. 48 47 50 49 47 46 46 44 43

Fourth quintile ................................ 62 65 66 65 62 62 61 58 57

Highest quintile ............................... 467 472 512 536 508 522 533 500 543

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Shares of Household Income 

 of Quintiles

1,647 1606 1734 1892 1842 1904 1965 1839 1981

Lowest quintile ................................ 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Second quintile ............................... 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.10

Third quintile ................................. 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17

Fourth quintile ................................ 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23

Highest quintile ............................... 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.41

 Top 5 percent ...............................

Summary Measures

0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.41

Gini index of income inequality ................... 0.0056 0.0066 0.0040 0.0069 0.0063 0.0078 0.0066 0.0042 0.0044

Mean logarithmic deviation of income .............. 0.0059 0.0058 0.0057 0.0060 0.0061 0.0060 0.0058 0.0057 0.0060

Theil ........................................

Atkinson:

0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001

 e=0.25 .................................... 0.0007 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0007 0.0008

 e=0.50 .................................... 0.0012 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014

 e=0.75 ....................................

See footnotes on next page.

0.0018 0.0017 0.0017 0.0018 0.0019 0.0019 0.0020 0.0018 0.0020
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 35

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 

addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a 

probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were 

eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS 

ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2

 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3

 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more. 

Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with "$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of "$100,000" was used. 4

 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

5

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

6

 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

7

 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.

8

 Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

9

 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected 

questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and 

public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10 Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

11 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

12 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design. 

13 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.

14 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.

15 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation.

16 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation.

17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions. 

18 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.

19 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.

20 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements. 
36 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013 (Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 20131 2012 2011 20102 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 20043 2003 2002 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 3.5 9.1 14.9 22.9 49.6 0.459 0.620 0.392 0.095 0.188 0.293 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.25 0.0026 0.0083 0.0067 0.0013 0.0022 0.0028 3.4 9.0 14.8 22.9 49.9 0.463 0.629 0.405 0.097 0.192 0.298 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.21 0.0022 0.0072 0.0062 0.0012 0.0019 0.0024 3.4 9.0 14.8 22.8 50.0 0.463 0.626 0.404 0.097 0.191 0.297 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.09 0.18 0.0019 0.0073 0.0053 0.0010 0.0016 0.0022 3.4 9.2 15.0 23.1 49.2 0.456 0.617 0.382 0.093 0.185 0.290 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.18 0.0019 0.0080 0.0048 0.0010 0.0016 0.0023 3.6 9.3 15.0 22.9 49.4 0.456 0.605 0.390 0.094 0.186 0.289 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.21 0.0021 0.0069 0.0053 0.0011 0.0017 0.0023 3.7 9.4 15.1 22.8 48.9 0.450 0.568 0.377 0.091 0.180 0.278 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0043 0.0001 0.0007 0.0012 0.0015 3.8 9.5 15.3 22.9 48.5 0.444 0.548 0.368 0.089 0.175 0.271 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0018 0.0042 0.0001 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 3.8 9.4 14.9 22.5 49.3 0.452 0.557 0.393 0.093 0.182 0.278 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0042 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017 3.8 9.5 15.1 22.6 49.1 0.450 0.571 0.386 0.092 0.181 0.280 0.04 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0043 0.0001 0.0009 0.0013 0.0017 3.8 9.6 15.2 22.7 48.7 0.447 0.559 0.380 0.091 0.179 0.276 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0042 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017 3.9 9.5 15.2 22.8 48.6 0.445 0.548 0.373 0.090 0.176 0.272 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.49 0.0018 0.0041 0.0001 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 4.0 9.6 15.2 22.7 48.4 0.443 0.523 0.373 0.089 0.174 0.267 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0019 0.0039 0.0001 0.0008 0.0013 0.0016
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 37 Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 2001 20004 19995 1998 1997 1996 19956 19947 19938 19929 1991 1990 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 4.0 9.6 15.2 22.4 48.8 0.446 0.527 0.386 0.091 0.177 0.270 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.49 0.0019 0.0039 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 4.1 9.8 15.2 22.3 48.6 0.442 0.501 0.380 0.090 0.174 0.263 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.22 0.49 0.0019 0.0037 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0017 4.0 9.7 15.3 22.6 48.4 0.441 0.492 0.366 0.088 0.171 0.260 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0026 0.0046 0.0001 0.0009 0.0014 0.0018 4.0 9.8 15.4 22.7 48.1 0.439 0.506 0.369 0.088 0.172 0.262 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0027 0.0048 0.0001 0.0010 0.0015 0.0019 4.0 9.8 15.4 22.6 48.3 0.440 0.500 0.374 0.089 0.173 0.263 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0027 0.0047 0.0001 0.0010 0.0016 0.0020 4.0 9.8 15.5 22.7 47.9 0.437 0.474 0.370 0.088 0.170 0.256 0.04 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.48 0.0028 0.0045 0.0001 0.0010 0.0016 0.0020 4.1 9.9 15.6 22.8 47.6 0.433 0.463 0.356 0.085 0.166 0.251 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48 0.0027 0.0044 0.0001 0.0010 0.0015 0.0019 4.0 9.8 15.6 22.8 47.8 0.436 0.474 0.363 0.087 0.169 0.256 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48 0.0027 0.0042 0.0001 0.0010 0.0015 0.0019 3.9 9.8 15.6 23.0 47.7 0.436 0.472 0.363 0.087 0.169 0.256 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.48 0.0027 0.0041 0.0001 0.0009 0.0015 0.0018 4.1 10.3 16.3 23.7 45.5 0.413 0.419 0.299 0.074 0.149 0.230 0.04 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0024 0.0038 0.0001 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 4.3 10.6 16.5 23.7 45.0 0.406 0.402 0.289 0.072 0.144 0.223 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0024 0.0037 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0012 4.4 10.6 16.3 23.5 45.1 0.406 0.388 0.293 0.072 0.144 0.220 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.24 0.45 0.0025 0.0035 0.0001 0.0005 0.0009 0.0012
38 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 1989 1988 198710 1986 198511 1984 198312 1982 1981 1980 197913 1978 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See footnotes at end of table. 4.4 10.5 16.3 23.4 45.4 0.408 0.393 0.298 0.073 0.145 0.222 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.45 0.0025 0.0035 0.0001 0.0005 0.0009 0.0013 4.4 10.7 16.5 23.7 44.7 0.402 0.380 0.285 0.070 0.141 0.216 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.45 0.0026 0.0036 0.0001 0.0006 0.0010 0.0013 4.4 10.8 16.7 23.8 44.4 0.399 0.381 0.281 0.069 0.139 0.215 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.0024 0.0035 0.0001 0.0005 0.0008 0.0012 4.5 10.8 16.6 23.8 44.3 0.397 0.375 0.276 0.068 0.137 0.212 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.0024 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0008 0.0011 4.6 10.9 16.7 23.7 44.1 0.394 0.369 0.269 0.067 0.135 0.208 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.0024 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 4.6 11.0 16.8 24.0 43.6 0.389 0.366 0.261 0.065 0.132 0.205 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.0023 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 4.6 11.0 16.9 24.0 43.5 0.389 0.373 0.260 0.065 0.132 0.207 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.0023 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 4.7 11.1 17.0 23.9 43.2 0.384 0.370 0.255 0.064 0.129 0.203 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.43 0.0023 0.0036 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.0 11.4 17.2 24.0 42.4 0.373 0.352 0.241 0.060 0.123 0.194 0.05 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0023 0.0035 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0011 5.2 11.6 17.3 24.0 41.9 0.367 0.330 0.234 0.058 0.119 0.186 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0022 0.0031 0.0001 0.0003 0.0006 0.0010 5.3 11.7 17.2 23.8 41.9 0.366 0.322 0.234 0.058 0.118 0.184 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0023 0.0030 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0010 5.4 11.8 17.3 23.7 41.8 0.363 0.315 0.231 0.057 0.116 0.180 0.05 0.12 0.17 0.24 0.42 0.0023 0.0032 0.0001 0.0004 0.0007 0.0010
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 39 Table A-3. Selected Measures of Equivalence-Adjusted Income Dispersion: 1967 to 2013—Con. (Beginning with 2009, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. For further explanation of income inequality measures, see Current Population Reports, Series P60-204, The Changing Shape of the Nation’s Income Distribution: 1947–1998. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov /programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) Measures of income dispersion 1977 197614 197515 197415, 16 1973 197217 197118 1970 1969 1968 196719 MEASURES Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Incomes of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.6 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 11.8 11.9 12.1 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.0 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.3 17.4 17.3 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.2 17.3 17.3 17.4 17.1 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.7 23.8 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.2 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.7 41.5 41.6 41.2 41.7 41.9 41.7 41.5 41.3 41.1 42.1 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.362 0.359 0.359 0.354 0.360 0.362 0.359 0.357 0.353 0.351 0.362 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.315 0.311 0.306 0.295 0.298 0.302 0.300 0.299 0.283 0.285 0.303 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.231 0.227 0.227 0.221 0.230 0.233 0.229 0.228 0.224 0.220 0.238 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057 0.056 0.056 0.055 0.057 0.057 0.057 0.056 0.055 0.054 0.058 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.116 0.113 0.114 0.110 0.114 0.115 0.113 0.113 0.110 0.109 0.116 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.180 0.177 0.176 0.171 0.176 0.177 0.175 0.175 0.169 0.169 0.179 STANDARD ERRORS Shares of Equivalence-Adjusted Income of Quintiles Lowest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Second quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 Third quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 Fourth quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 Highest quintile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.41 0.41 0.42 Summary Measures Gini index of income inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0023 0.0024 0.0024 0.0026 0.0027 0.0029 0.0028 0.0035 0.0062 0.0070 0.0025 Mean logarithmic deviation of income . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0032 0.0032 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0030 0.0031 Theil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 Atkinson: e=0.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 e=0.50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0007 0.0008 e=0.75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0011

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included 

redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 addresses 

were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income 

questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in 

the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income 

questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the 

income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3 Data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.4 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.5 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.6 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 

household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race. 7 Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

8 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 

1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected questionnaire items. 

Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social 

security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999.

9 Implementation of 1990 census population controls.10 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.11 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 

1980 census-based sample design.

12 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based 

sample design.

13 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of 

up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.

14 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all 

medians were derived using linear interpolation.

15 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data 

which were derived using linear interpolation.

16 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income 

questions.

17 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.18 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.19 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1968 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic 

Supplements.
40 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table A-4.

Number and Real Median Earnings of Total Workers and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers by Sex 

and Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio: 1960 to 2013

(People 15 years and older beginning in 1980 and people 14 years and older as of the following year for previous years. Before 1989, earnings are for civilian workers only. 

Earnings in 2013 CPI-U-RS adjusted dollars. Beginning with 2010, standard errors were calculated using replicate weights. Before 2010, standard errors were calculated using 

the generalized variance function. See Appendix C for more information. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf) 

Year

Total workers Full-time, year-round workers

Male Female Male Female

Femaletomale

earnings

ratio

Number of 

workers

(thousands)

Median

earnings

(dollars)

Number of

workers

(thousands)

Median

earnings

(dollars)

Number of

workers

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Number of 

workers

(thousands)

Median 

earnings 

(dollars)

Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error Total

With 

earnings Value

Standard 

error

20131

. . . . . . . 83,605 83,555 39,903 437 74,598 74,545 27,736 364 60,781 60,769 50,033 246 45,081 45,068 39,157 363 0.783 

2012. . . . . . . 83,070 83,003 38,467 420 74,252 74,188 27,273 139 59,028 59,009 50,116 474 44,059 44,042 38,340 366 0.765 

2011. . . . . . . 81,418 81,366 38,675 172 73,178 73,094 27,499 137 58,014 57,993 49,924 491 43,702 43,683 38,444 160 0.770 

20102

. . . . . . . 80,893 80,856 39,300 170 72,789 72,716 28,316 140 56,294 56,283 51,231 522 43,184 43,179 39,411 156 0.769 

20093

. . . . . . . 81,979 81,934 39,457 128 73,063 72,972 28,269 101 56,072 56,053 51,181 160 43,253 43,217 39,399 114 0.770 

2008. . . . . . . 84,088 84,039 39,563 116 74,600 74,538 27,751 105 59,875 59,861 50,165 157 44,163 44,156 38,673 115 0.771 

2007. . . . . . . 84,532 84,482 41,159 119 74,382 74,295 29,073 102 63,000 62,984 50,684 169 45,640 45,613 39,436 115 0.778 

2006. . . . . . . 83,980 83,928 41,453 124 73,761 73,683 28,267 177 63,070 63,055 48,826 102 44,682 44,663 37,566 214 0.769 

2005. . . . . . . 82,987 82,934 40,986 335 72,544 72,476 27,533 171 61,515 61,500 49,383 107 43,369 43,351 38,014 97 0.770 

20044

. . . . . . . 81,503 81,448 40,059 199 72,016 71,930 27,447 97 60,103 60,088 50,311 111 42,414 42,380 38,526 97 0.766 

2003. . . . . . . 80,554 80,508 40,591 100 71,446 71,372 27,870 103 58,784 58,772 51,509 114 41,922 41,908 38,914 105 0.755 

2002. . . . . . . 80,548 80,500 40,978 106 71,500 71,411 27,747 97 58,774 58,761 51,055 316 41,900 41,876 39,108 104 0.766 

2001. . . . . . . 80,300 80,209 41,268 104 71,308 71,232 27,435 104 58,728 58,712 50,361 339 41,651 41,639 38,440 217 0.763 

20005

. . . . . . . 80,572 80,494 41,868 106 71,758 71,657 27,415 104 59,619 59,602 50,391 137 41,744 41,719 37,148 138 0.737 

19996

. . . . . . . 79,360 79,322 42,052 203 71,153 71,053 25,780 226 58,318 58,299 50,876 190 40,890 40,871 36,791 158 0.723 

1998. . . . . . . 77,323 77,295 41,039 333 68,950 68,846 25,284 230 56,957 56,951 50,444 190 38,819 38,785 36,910 168 0.732 

1997. . . . . . . 76,731 76,694 38,845 177 67,851 67,736 24,190 156 54,933 54,909 48,730 465 37,715 37,683 36,139 224 0.742 

1996. . . . . . . 76,165 76,121 38,120 182 66,744 66,661 23,696 161 53,801 53,787 47,521 170 36,457 36,430 35,053 245 0.738 

19957

. . . . . . . 74,681 74,619 37,971 240 65,657 65,557 23,255 155 52,675 52,667 47,803 175 35,502 35,482 34,145 208 0.714 

19948

. . . . . . . 74,326 74,264 36,768 288 64,803 64,706 22,262 204 51,597 51,580 47,956 193 34,182 34,155 34,513 171 0.720 

19939

. . . . . . . 73,287 73,198 35,628 208 63,808 63,660 22,059 216 49,838 49,818 48,270 186 33,552 33,524 34,523 152 0.715 

199210. . . . . . 73,142 73,120 35,630 187 62,535 62,408 22,005 218 48,554 48,551 49,122 185 33,296 33,241 34,771 166 0.708 

1991. . . . . . . 72,064 72,040 36,457 183 61,959 61,796 21,490 208 47,987 47,888 49,073 369 32,491 32,436 34,282 163 0.699 

1990. . . . . . . 72,380 72,348 37,185 176 61,946 61,732 21,165 138 49,181 49,171 47,821 358 31,758 31,682 34,248 219 0.716 

1989. . . . . . . 72,093 72,045 38,774 189 61,586 61,338 21,288 141 49,698 49,678 49,575 203 31,428 31,340 34,045 229 0.687 

1988. . . . . . . 70,496 70,467 39,001 214 60,873 60,658 20,995 149 48,303 48,285 50,437 221 31,334 31,237 33,313 238 0.660 

198711. . . . . . 69,624 69,545 38,875 284 59,557 59,359 20,832 137 47,048 47,013 50,895 212 29,982 29,912 33,172 155 0.652 

1986. . . . . . . 68,783 68,728 38,087 282 57,932 57,686 20,311 168 45,912 45,912 51,216 219 28,493 28,420 32,916 172 0.643 

198512. . . . . . 67,852 67,809 36,706 279 56,592 56,296 19,258 194 44,952 44,943 49,952 291 27,470 27,383 32,257 169 0.646 

198413. . . . . . 66,513 66,454 36,358 203 55,596 55,226 18,525 179 43,836 43,808 49,581 254 26,587 26,466 31,562 186 0.637 

1983. . . . . . . 65,216 65,138 35,726 196 53,413 53,108 18,294 133 41,548 41,528 48,639 222 25,288 25,166 30,931 189 0.636 

1982. . . . . . . 64,827 64,730 35,631 202 52,299 51,820 17,814 130 40,135 40,105 48,851 206 23,845 23,702 30,163 204 0.617 

1981. . . . . . . 65,362 65,233 37,014 211 52,504 51,940 17,749 128 41,811 41,773 49,791 174 23,488 23,329 29,494 123 0.592 

1980. . . . . . . 64,861 64,730 37,712 261 51,988 51,448 17,829 145 41,923 41,881 50,096 253 23,025 22,859 30,138 132 0.602 

197914. . . . . . 64,769 63,422 38,720 260 51,462 49,839 17,874 153 42,469 42,437 50,878 200 22,248 22,082 30,355 156 0.597 

1978. . . . . . . 63,101 62,903 39,758 193 49,214 48,398 17,200 157 41,078 41,036 51,544 177 21,131 20,914 30,638 170 0.594 

1977. . . . . . . 61,959 61,704 38,646 200 47,333 46,194 16,366 144 39,325 39,263 51,213 242 19,544 19,238 30,176 137 0.589 

197615. . . . . . 60,703 60,450 38,346 175 45,659 44,565 15,992 149 38,214 38,184 50,087 197 18,372 18,073 30,149 149 0.602 

197516. . . . . . 59,509 59,268 38,084 205 43,725 42,926 15,562 165 37,316 37,267 50,225 197 17,738 17,452 29,541 150 0.588 

197416, 17. . . . . 60,102 59,752 38,858 N 43,694 42,650 15,179 N N 37,916 50,540 217 N 16,945 29,694 145 0.588 

1973. . . . . . . 59,816 59,438 40,686 N 42,835 41,583 15,315 N 39,643 39,581 52,421 N 17,547 17,195 29,688 N 0.566 

197218. . . . . . 58,194 57,774 39,792 N 40,723 39,470 15,845 N 38,234 38,184 50,802 N 16,976 16,675 29,395 N 0.579 

197119. . . . . . 57,303 56,886 37,893 N 39,910 38,485 15,315 N 36,868 36,819 48,207 N 16,353 16,002 28,686 N 0.595 

1970. . . . . . . 56,265 55,821 38,290 N 39,682 38,273 14,616 N 36,193 36,132 48,001 N 15,805 15,476 28,498 N 0.594 

1969. . . . . . . 55,700 55,273 38,754 N 39,060 37,737 14,403 N 37,055 37,008 46,214 N 15,678 15,374 27,958 N 0.605 

1968. . . . . . . 55,095 54,026 37,801 N 38,279 35,695 14,740 N 37,099 37,068 44,972 N 15,336 15,013 26,153 N 0.582 

196720. . . . . . 54,412 53,222 36,710 N 36,971 34,391 14,336 N 36,695 36,645 43,796 N 15,141 14,846 25,307 N 0.578 

196621. . . . . . 53,016 N 37,122 N 35,295 N 14,866 N N N 43,115 N N N 24,815 N 0.576 

196522. . . . . . N N 34,947 N N N 14,997 N N N 41,311 N N N 24,755 N 0.599 

1964. . . . . . . 51,978 N 34,611 N 33,146 N 14,052 N N N 40,730 N N N 24,091 N 0.591 

1963. . . . . . . 51,039 N 36,819 N 32,188 N 13,531 N N N 39,801 N N N 23,461 N 0.589 

196223. . . . . . 50,639 N 33,157 N 31,418 N 13,239 N N N 38,825 N N N 23,023 N 0.593 

196124. . . . . . 49,854 N 32,138 N 30,433 N 12,750 N N N 38,128 N N N 22,591 N 0.592 

1960. . . . . . . 50,033 N 30,975 N 30,585 N 12,590 N N N 36,950 N N N 22,419 N 0.607 

See footnotes on next page.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 41

N Not available.

1

 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the approximately 98,000 

addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a 

probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were 

eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS 

ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3

 Medians are calculated using $2,500 income intervals. Beginning with 2009 income data, the Census Bureau expanded the upper income intervals used to calculate medians to $250,000 or more. 

Medians falling in the upper open-ended interval are plugged with “$250,000.” Before 2009, the upper open-ended interval was $100,000 and a plug of “$100,000” was used. 4

 The 2004 data have been revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

5

 Implementation of a 28,000 household sample expansion.

6

 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls.

7

 Full implementation of 1990 census-based sample design and metropolitan definitions, 7,000 household sample reduction, and revised editing of responses on race.

8

 Introduction of 1990 census sample design.

9

 Data collection method changed from paper and pencil to computer-assisted interviewing. In addition, the 1994 ASEC was revised to allow for the coding of different income amounts on selected 

questionnaire items. Limits either increased or decreased in the following categories: earnings limits increased to $999,999; social security limits increased to $49,999; supplemental security income and 

public assistance limits increased to $24,999; veterans’ benefits limits increased to $99,999; child support and alimony limits decreased to $49,999. 10 Implementation of 1990 census population controls.

11 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

12 Recording of amounts for earnings from longest job increased to $299,999. Full implementation of 1980 census-based sample design.

13 Implementation of Hispanic population weighting controls and introduction of 1980 census-based sample design.

14 Implementation of 1980 census population controls. Questionnaire expanded to allow the recording of up to 27 possible values from a list of 51 possible sources of income.

15 First year medians were derived using both Pareto and linear interpolation. Before this year, all medians were derived using linear interpolation.

16 Some of these estimates were derived using Pareto interpolation and may differ from published data, which were derived using linear interpolation.

17 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system. Questionnaire expanded to ask 11 income questions.

18 Full implementation of 1970 census-based sample design.

19 Introduction of 1970 census sample design and population controls.

20 Implementation of a new CPS ASEC processing system.

21 Questionnaire expanded to ask eight income questions.

22 Implementation of new procedures to impute missing data only.

23 Full implementation of 1960 census-based sample design and population controls.

24 Introduction of 1960 census-based sample design. Implementation of first hotdeck procedure to impute missing income entries.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1961 through 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.

U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 43

APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF POVERTY

How Poverty Is Calculated

Following the Office of Management and Budget’s (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the U.S. Census Bureau uses a set of 

dollar value thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (see the matrix below).

If a family’s total money income is 

less than the applicable threshold, 

then that family and every individual in it are considered in poverty. 

The official poverty thresholds are 

updated annually for inflation using 

the Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The 

official poverty definition uses money 

income before taxes and tax credits 

and excludes capital gains and noncash benefits (such as Supplemental 

Nutrition Assistance Program benefits 

and housing assistance). The thresholds do not vary geographically.

Example: Suppose Family A consists 

of five people: two children, their 

mother, their father, and their greataunt. Family A’s poverty threshold in 

2013 was $28,498. Each member of 

Family A had the following income in 

2013:

Mother $11,000

Father 8,000

Great-aunt 10,000

First child 0 

Second child 0 

Total: $29,000

Since their total family income, 

$29,000, was higher than their 

threshold ($28,498), Family A would 

not be considered “in poverty.” 

While the thresholds, in some sense, 

represent the needs of families, they 

should be interpreted as a statistical 

yardstick rather than as a complete 

description of what people and families need to live. Many government 

assistance programs use different 

income eligibility cutoffs. While 

official poverty rates and the number 

of people or families in poverty are 

important, other poverty indicators 

are considered in the section “Depth 

of Poverty Measures” and other 

approaches to setting thresholds 

and defining resources are discussed 

in the section “Alternative Poverty 

Measures.”

For a history of the official poverty 

measure, see “The Development of 

the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds 

and Their Subsequent History as the 

Official U.S. Poverty Measure” by 

Gordon M. Fisher, available at

<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas

/publications/orshansky.html>. 

Weighted average thresholds: Since 

some data users want a summary of 

the 48 thresholds to get a general 

sense of the “poverty line,” the following table provides the weighted 

average thresholds for 2013. The 

weighted average thresholds are 

based on the relative number of families of each size and composition and 

are not used in computing poverty 

estimates.

Poverty Thresholds for 2013 by Size of Family and Number of Related Children Under 18 Years

(Dollars)

Size of family unit

Related children under 18 years

 None One Two Three Four Five Six Seven

 Eight or 

more

One person (unrelated individual):

Under age 65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,119

Aged 65 and older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,173

Two people:

Householder under age 65 . . . . . . . . 15,600 16,057

Householder aged 65 and older . . . . . 14,081 15,996

Three people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,222 18,751 18,769

Four people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,028 24,421 23,624 23,707

Five people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,977 29,398 28,498 27,801 27,376

Six people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,329 33,461 32,771 32,110 31,128 30,545

Seven people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,349 38,588 37,763 37,187 36,115 34,865 33,493

Eight people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,890 43,269 42,490 41,807 40,839 39,610 38,331 38,006

Nine people or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,594 51,844 51,154 50,575 49,625 48,317 47,134 46,842 45,037

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.

Weighted Average Poverty 

Thresholds in 2013 by Size of 

Family

(Dollars) 

One person 11,888

Two people 15,142

Three people 18,552

Four people 23,834

Five people 28,265

Six people 31,925

Seven people 36,384

Eight people 40,484

Nine people or more 48,065

Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
44 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

ALL RACES

20131

 ................. 312,965 45,318 14.5 254,988 31,530 12.4 47,007 15,606 33.2 56,564 13,181 23.3

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310,648 46,496 15.0 252,863 33,198 13.1 47,085 15,957 33.9 56,185 12,558 22.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308,456 46,247 15.0 252,316 33,126 13.1 48,103 16,451 34.2 54,517 12,416 22.8

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306,130 46,343 15.1 250,200 33,120 13.2 46,454 15,911 34.3 54,250 12,449 22.9

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303,820 43,569 14.3 249,384 31,197 12.5 45,315 14,746 32.5 53,079 11,678 22.0

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301,041 39,829 13.2 248,301 28,564 11.5 44,027 13,812 31.4 51,534 10,710 20.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298,699 37,276 12.5 245,443 26,509 10.8 43,961 13,478 30.7 51,740 10,189 19.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,450 36,460 12.3 245,199 25,915 10.6 43,223 13,199 30.5 49,884 9,977 20.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,135 36,950 12.6 242,389 26,068 10.8 42,244 13,153 31.1 49,526 10,425 21.1

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,617 37,040 12.7 240,754 26,544 11.0 42,053 12,832 30.5 48,609 9,926 20.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287,699 35,861 12.5 238,903 25,684 10.8 41,311 12,413 30.0 47,594 9,713 20.4

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285,317 34,570 12.1 236,921 24,534 10.4 40,529 11,657 28.8 47,156 9,618 20.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,475 32,907 11.7 233,911 23,215 9.9 39,261 11,223 28.6 46,392 9,226 19.9

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278,944 31,581 11.3 231,909 22,347 9.6 38,375 10,926 28.5 45,624 8,653 19.0

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,208 32,791 11.9 230,789 23,830 10.3 38,580 11,764 30.5 43,977 8,400 19.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271,059 34,476 12.7 227,229 25,370 11.2 39,000 12,907 33.1 42,539 8,478 19.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268,480 35,574 13.3 225,369 26,217 11.6 38,412 13,494 35.1 41,672 8,687 20.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,218 36,529 13.7 223,955 27,376 12.2 38,584 13,796 35.8 40,727 8,452 20.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263,733 36,425 13.8 222,792 27,501 12.3 38,908 14,205 36.5 39,484 8,247 20.9

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,616 38,059 14.5 221,430 28,985 13.1 37,253 14,380 38.6 38,538 8,287 21.5

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,278 39,265 15.1 219,489 29,927 13.6 37,861 14,636 38.7 38,038 8,388 22.1

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256,549 38,014 14.8 217,936 28,961 13.3 36,446 14,205 39.0 36,842 8,075 21.9

19917

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,192 35,708 14.2 212,723 27,143 12.8 34,795 13,824 39.7 36,845 7,773 21.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248,644 33,585 13.5 210,967 25,232 12.0 33,795 12,578 37.2 36,056 7,446 20.7

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,992 31,528 12.8 209,515 24,066 11.5 32,525 11,668 35.9 35,185 6,760 19.2

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,530 31,745 13.0 208,056 24,048 11.6 32,164 11,972 37.2 34,340 7,070 20.6

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,982 32,221 13.4 206,877 24,725 12.0 31,893 12,148 38.1 32,992 6,857 20.8

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238,554 32,370 13.6 205,459 24,754 12.0 31,152 11,944 38.3 31,679 6,846 21.6

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236,594 33,064 14.0 203,963 25,729 12.6 30,878 11,600 37.6 31,351 6,725 21.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,816 33,700 14.4 202,288 26,458 13.1 30,844 11,831 38.4 30,268 6,609 21.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,700 35,303 15.2 201,338 27,933 13.9 30,049 12,072 40.2 29,158 6,740 23.1

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,412 34,398 15.0 200,385 27,349 13.6 28,834 11,701 40.6 27,908 6,458 23.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,157 31,822 14.0 198,541 24,850 12.5 28,587 11,051 38.7 27,714 6,490 23.4

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,027 29,272 13.0 196,963 22,601 11.5 27,565 10,120 36.7 27,133 6,227 22.9

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,903 26,072 11.7 195,860 19,964 10.2 26,927 9,400 34.9 26,170 5,743 21.9

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215,656 24,497 11.4 191,071 19,062 10.0 26,032 9,269 35.6 24,585 5,435 22.1

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,867 24,720 11.6 190,757 19,505 10.2 25,404 9,205 36.2 23,110 5,216 22.6

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212,303 24,975 11.8 190,844 19,632 10.3 24,204 9,029 37.3 21,459 5,344 24.9

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,864 25,877 12.3 190,630 20,789 10.9 23,580 8,846 37.5 20,234 5,088 25.1

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,362 23,370 11.2 190,436 18,817 9.9 23,165 8,462 36.5 18,926 4,553 24.1

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207,621 22,973 11.1 189,361 18,299 9.7 21,823 8,178 37.5 18,260 4,674 25.6

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,004 24,460 11.9 189,193 19,577 10.3 21,264 8,114 38.2 16,811 4,883 29.0

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204,554 25,559 12.5 188,242 20,405 10.8 20,153 7,797 38.7 16,311 5,154 31.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,183 25,420 12.6 186,692 20,330 10.9 19,673 7,503 38.1 15,491 5,090 32.9

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199,517 24,147 12.1 184,891 19,175 10.4 17,995 6,879 38.2 14,626 4,972 34.0

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,628 25,389 12.8 183,825 20,695 11.3 18,048 6,990 38.7 13,803 4,694 34.0

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,672 27,769 14.2 182,558 22,771 12.5 17,788 6,898 38.8 13,114 4,998 38.1

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,388 28,510 14.7 181,117 23,809 13.1 17,240 6,861 39.8 12,271 4,701 38.3

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,413 33,185 17.3 179,281 28,358 15.8 16,371 7,524 46.0 12,132 4,827 39.8

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,710 36,055 19.0 177,653 30,912 17.4 N 7,297 44.4 12,057 5,143 42.7

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,258 36,436 19.5 176,076 31,498 17.9 N 7,646 47.7 11,182 4,938 44.2

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,276 38,625 21.0 173,263 33,623 19.4 N 7,781 50.3 11,013 5,002 45.4

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,277 39,628 21.9 170,131 34,509 20.3 N 7,252 48.1 11,146 5,119 45.9

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,503 39,851 22.2 168,615 34,925 20.7 N 7,247 48.9 10,888 4,926 45.2

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176,557 39,490 22.4 165,858 34,562 20.8 N 7,014 49.4 10,699 4,928 46.1

 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 45

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

WHITE ALONE9

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,085 29,936 12.3 197,001 19,944 10.1 28,795 8,404 29.2 44,998 9,544 21.2

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,147 30,816 12.7 196,378 21,328 10.9 28,707 8,691 30.3 44,509 8,940 20.1

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,334 30,849 12.8 196,709 21,456 10.9 29,636 8,999 30.4 43,295 8,809 20.3

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,982 31,083 13.0 195,441 21,543 11.0 28,032 8,721 31.1 43,324 8,971 20.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,047 29,830 12.3 197,938 20,701 10.5 28,163 8,283 29.4 43,010 8,580 19.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240,548 26,990 11.2 197,763 18,558 9.4 27,010 7,340 27.2 41,810 7,982 19.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239,133 25,120 10.5 195,944 17,141 8.7 27,159 7,188 26.5 41,931 7,505 17.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,619 24,416 10.3 196,061 16,644 8.5 27,057 7,160 26.5 40,461 7,334 18.1

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235,430 24,872 10.6 194,277 16,782 8.6 25,943 7,021 27.1 40,164 7,718 19.2

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233,741 25,327 10.8 193,024 17,445 9.0 26,139 6,892 26.4 39,712 7,416 18.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,866 24,272 10.5 192,074 16,740 8.7 25,536 6,530 25.6 38,913 7,225 18.6

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230,376 23,466 10.2 190,823 16,043 8.4 24,903 5,992 24.1 38,575 7,105 18.4

WHITE10

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229,675 22,739 9.9 190,413 15,369 8.1 24,619 5,972 24.3 38,294 6,996 18.3

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227,846 21,645 9.5 188,966 14,692 7.8 24,166 5,609 23.2 37,699 6,454 17.1

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,361 22,169 9.8 187,833 15,353 8.2 23,913 5,947 24.9 36,441 6,411 17.6

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222,837 23,454 10.5 186,184 16,549 8.9 24,211 6,674 27.6 35,563 6,386 18.0

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,200 24,396 11.0 185,147 17,258 9.3 23,773 7,296 30.7 34,858 6,593 18.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219,656 24,650 11.2 184,119 17,621 9.6 23,744 7,073 29.8 34,247 6,463 18.9

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,028 24,423 11.2 183,450 17,593 9.6 23,732 7,047 29.7 33,399 6,336 19.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,460 25,379 11.7 182,546 18,474 10.1 22,713 7,228 31.8 32,569 6,292 19.3

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214,899 26,226 12.2 181,330 18,968 10.5 23,224 7,199 31.0 32,112 6,443 20.1

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213,060 25,259 11.9 180,409 18,294 10.1 22,453 6,907 30.8 31,170 6,147 19.7

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210,133 23,747 11.3 177,619 17,268 9.7 21,608 6,806 31.5 31,207 5,872 18.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208,611 22,326 10.7 176,504 15,916 9.0 20,845 6,210 29.8 30,833 5,739 18.6

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,853 20,785 10.0 175,857 15,179 8.6 20,362 5,723 28.1 29,993 5,063 16.9

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205,235 20,715 10.1 175,111 15,001 8.6 20,396 5,950 29.2 29,315 5,314 18.1

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203,605 21,195 10.4 174,488 15,593 8.9 20,244 5,989 29.6 28,290 5,174 18.3

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202,282 22,183 11.0 174,024 16,393 9.4 20,163 6,171 30.6 27,143 5,198 19.2

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200,918 22,860 11.4 172,863 17,125 9.9 20,105 5,990 29.8 27,067 5,299 19.6

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198,941 22,955 11.5 171,839 17,299 10.1 19,727 5,866 29.7 26,094 5,181 19.9

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,496 23,984 12.1 171,407 18,377 10.7 19,256 6,017 31.2 25,206 5,189 20.6

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,919 23,517 12.0 170,748 18,015 10.6 18,374 5,686 30.9 24,300 5,041 20.7

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,504 21,553 11.1 169,868 16,127 9.5 18,795 5,600 29.8 23,913 5,061 21.2

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,912 19,699 10.2 168,756 14,587 8.6 17,642 4,940 28.0 23,370 4,760 20.4

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,742 17,214 9.0 168,461 12,495 7.4 17,349 4,375 25.2 22,587 4,452 19.7

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,450 16,259 8.7 165,193 12,050 7.3 16,877 4,371 25.9 21,257 4,209 19.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,254 16,416 8.9 165,385 12,364 7.5 16,721 4,474 26.8 19,869 4,051 20.4

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,165 16,713 9.1 165,571 12,500 7.5 15,941 4,463 28.0 18,594 4,213 22.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,164 17,770 9.7 165,661 13,799 8.3 15,577 4,577 29.4 17,503 3,972 22.7

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,376 15,736 8.6 166,081 12,181 7.3 15,433 4,278 27.7 16,295 3,555 21.8

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,185 15,142 8.4 165,424 11,412 6.9 14,303 4,003 28.0 15,761 3,730 23.7

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,125 16,203 9.0 165,630 12,268 7.4 13,739 3,770 27.4 14,495 3,935 27.1

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,398 17,780 9.9 165,184 13,566 8.2 13,502 4,099 30.4 14,214 4,214 29.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177,376 17,484 9.9 163,875 13,323 8.1 13,226 3,761 28.4 13,500 4,161 30.8

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175,349 16,659 9.5 162,779 12,623 7.8 12,285 3,577 29.1 12,570 4,036 32.1

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,732 17,395 10.0 161,777 13,546 8.4 12,190 3,551 29.1 11,955 3,849 32.2

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,038 18,983 11.0 160,720 14,851 9.2 12,131 3,453 28.5 11,318 4,132 36.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170,247 19,290 11.3 159,561 15,430 9.7 12,261 3,646 29.7 10,686 3,860 36.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168,732 22,496 13.3 158,255 18,508 11.7 11,573 4,092 35.4 10,477 3,988 38.1

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,313 24,957 14.9 156,898 20,716 13.2 N 3,911 33.4 10,415 4,241 40.7

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165,309 25,238 15.3 155,584 21,149 13.6 N 4,051 35.6 9,725 4,089 42.0

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162,842 26,672 16.4 153,348 22,613 14.7 N 4,089 37.9 9,494 4,059 42.7

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,306 27,890 17.4 150,717 23,747 15.8 N 4,062 37.6 9,589 4,143 43.2

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,863 28,309 17.8 149,458 24,262 16.2 N 4,296 39.0 9,405 4,047 43.0

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156,956 28,484 18.1 147,802 24,443 16.5 N 4,232 40.2 9,154 4,041 44.1

 See footnotes at end of table.
46 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

WHITE ALONE, 

 NOT HISPANIC9

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,167 18,796 9.6 155,119 10,710 6.9 18,889 4,325 22.9 39,245 7,758 19.8

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,112 18,940 9.7 155,395 11,387 7.3 19,180 4,655 24.3 38,822 7,202 18.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,960 19,171 9.8 155,982 11,562 7.4 19,909 4,746 23.8 38,003 7,222 19.0

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,783 19,251 9.9 155,723 11,509 7.4 18,914 4,689 24.8 38,211 7,351 19.2

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,164 18,530 9.4 158,646 11,211 7.1 19,033 4,532 23.8 37,757 6,946 18.4

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,940 17,024 8.6 159,344 10,138 6.4 18,799 4,046 21.5 36,848 6,539 17.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,583 16,032 8.2 158,703 9,553 6.0 19,179 4,099 21.4 36,909 6,155 16.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196,049 16,013 8.2 159,572 9,676 6.1 19,349 4,353 22.5 35,642 6,021 16.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,553 16,227 8.3 159,204 9,604 6.0 18,899 4,278 22.6 35,626 6,393 17.9

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195,098 16,908 8.7 159,221 10,323 6.5 19,009 4,116 21.7 35,141 6,237 17.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,595 15,902 8.2 159,215 9,658 6.1 18,792 3,959 21.1 34,683 6,015 17.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

WHITE, NOT 

 HISPANIC10

194,144 15,567 8.0 158,764 9,389 5.9 18,664 3,733 20.0 34,614 5,947 17.2

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,538 15,271 7.8 159,178 9,122 5.7 18,365 3,661 19.9 34,603 5,882 17.0

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193,691 14,366 7.4 158,838 8,664 5.5 18,196 3,412 18.8 33,943 5,356 15.8

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,565 14,735 7.7 158,550 9,013 5.7 17,892 3,545 19.8 33,189 5,412 16.3

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,754 15,799 8.2 159,301 10,061 6.3 18,547 4,074 22.0 32,573 5,352 16.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,859 16,491 8.6 158,796 10,401 6.5 18,474 4,604 24.9 32,049 5,632 17.6

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,459 16,462 8.6 159,044 10,553 6.6 18,597 4,339 23.3 31,410 5,455 17.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,951 16,267 8.5 159,402 10,599 6.6 18,340 4,183 22.8 30,586 5,303 17.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192,543 18,110 9.4 161,254 12,118 7.5 18,186 4,743 26.1 30,157 5,500 18.2

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190,843 18,882 9.9 160,062 12,756 8.0 18,508 4,724 25.5 29,681 5,570 18.8

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,001 18,202 9.6 159,102 12,277 7.7 18,016 4,640 25.8 28,775 5,350 18.6

19917

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,116 17,741 9.4 158,850 11,998 7.6 17,609 4,710 26.7 29,215 5,261 18.0

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188,129 16,622 8.8 158,394 11,086 7.0 17,160 4,284 25.0 28,688 5,002 17.4

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,979 15,599 8.3 158,127 10,723 6.8 16,827 3,922 23.3 28,055 4,466 15.9

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185,961 15,565 8.4 157,687 10,467 6.6 16,828 3,988 23.7 27,552 4,746 17.2

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,936 16,029 8.7 157,785 11,051 7.0 16,787 4,075 24.3 26,439 4,613 17.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184,119 17,244 9.4 157,665 12,078 7.7 16,739 4,350 26.0 25,525 4,668 18.3

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183,455 17,839 9.7 157,106 12,706 8.1 16,749 4,136 24.7 25,544 4,789 18.7

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,469 18,300 10.0 156,930 13,234 8.4 16,742 4,193 25.0 24,671 4,659 18.9

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,393 19,538 10.8 156,719 14,437 9.2 16,369 4,448 27.2 23,894 4,746 19.9

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,903 19,362 10.6 157,818 14,271 9.0 15,830 4,161 26.3 23,329 4,701 20.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,909 17,987 9.9 157,330 12,903 8.2 16,323 4,222 25.9 22,950 4,769 20.8

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179,798 16,365 9.1 156,633 11,568 7.4 15,358 3,699 24.1 22,455 4,474 19.9

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,814 14,419 8.1 156,567 10,009 6.4 15,410 3,371 21.9 21,638 4,179 19.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174,731 13,755 7.9 154,321 9,798 6.3 15,132 3,390 22.4 20,410 3,957 19.4

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,563 13,802 8.0 154,449 9,977 6.5 14,888 3,429 23.0 19,114 3,825 20.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,235 14,025 8.1 155,324 10,066 6.5 14,261 3,516 24.7 17,912 3,959 22.1

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,417 14,883 8.6 155,539 11,137 7.2 13,809 3,570 25.9 16,879 3,746 22.2

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,463 13,217 7.7 155,764 9,854 6.3 13,763 3,379 24.6 15,699 3,364 21.4

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

BLACK ALONE 

 OR IN COMBINATION

170,488 12,864 7.5 155,330 9,262 6.0 12,731 3,185 25.0 15,158 3,602 23.8

20131

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,112 11,959 27.1 35,657 9,174 25.7 14,906 6,319 42.4 8,199 2,657 32.4

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,583 11,809 27.1 35,205 9,016 25.6 15,113 6,220 41.2 8,179 2,663 32.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,648 11,730 27.5 34,495 9,012 26.1 15,282 6,500 42.5 7,986 2,635 33.0

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,385 11,597 27.4 34,347 8,891 25.9 15,362 6,269 40.8 7,730 2,587 33.5

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,876 10,575 25.9 33,330 8,184 24.6 14,463 5,755 39.8 7,368 2,285 31.0

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,097 9,882 24.6 32,818 7,768 23.7 14,332 5,782 40.3 7,123 2,042 28.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,564 9,668 24.4 32,427 7,668 23.6 14,396 5,702 39.6 7,036 1,968 28.0

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,013 9,447 24.2 32,130 7,411 23.1 13,848 5,422 39.2 6,715 1,935 28.8

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,551 9,517 24.7 31,663 7,459 23.6 14,080 5,524 39.2 6,754 2,003 29.7

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,037 9,411 24.7 31,468 7,495 23.8 13,830 5,484 39.7 6,418 1,840 28.7

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,503 9,108 24.3 31,059 7,162 23.1 13,664 5,312 38.9 6,194 1,814 29.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,207 8,884 23.9 31,008 6,985 22.5 13,551 5,145 38.0 6,034 1,851 30.7

 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 47

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

BLACK ALONE11

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,615 11,041 27.2 32,564 8,390 25.8 13,816 5,871 42.5 7,842 2,536 32.3

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,125 10,911 27.2 32,122 8,251 25.7 13,931 5,735 41.2 7,841 2,549 32.5

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,609 10,929 27.6 31,800 8,334 26.2 14,145 5,980 42.3 7,659 2,524 33.0

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,283 10,746 27.4 31,596 8,181 25.9 14,236 5,831 41.0 7,419 2,479 33.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,556 9,944 25.8 31,306 7,642 24.4 13,680 5,427 39.7 7,102 2,209 31.1

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,966 9,379 24.7 30,986 7,339 23.7 13,648 5,533 40.5 6,835 1,970 28.8

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,665 9,237 24.5 30,778 7,312 23.8 13,741 5,459 39.7 6,807 1,898 27.9

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,306 9,048 24.3 30,621 7,072 23.1 13,244 5,180 39.1 6,545 1,897 29.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,802 9,168 24.9 30,154 7,164 23.8 13,481 5,303 39.3 6,521 1,949 29.9

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,426 9,014 24.7 30,065 7,153 23.8 13,244 5,247 39.6 6,217 1,792 28.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,989 8,781 24.4 29,727 6,870 23.1 13,118 5,115 39.0 6,034 1,781 29.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,678 8,602 24.1 29,671 6,761 22.8 13,030 4,980 38.2 5,858 1,800 30.7

BLACK10

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,871 8,136 22.7 29,869 6,389 21.4 12,550 4,694 37.4 5,873 1,692 28.8

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,425 7,982 22.5 29,378 6,221 21.2 12,383 4,774 38.6 5,885 1,702 28.9

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,756 8,441 23.6 29,819 6,758 22.7 12,823 5,232 40.8 5,668 1,562 27.5

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,877 9,091 26.1 29,333 7,259 24.7 13,156 5,629 42.8 5,390 1,752 32.5

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,458 9,116 26.5 28,962 7,386 25.5 13,218 5,654 42.8 5,316 1,645 31.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,110 9,694 28.4 28,933 7,993 27.6 13,193 6,123 46.4 4,989 1,606 32.2

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,740 9,872 29.3 28,777 8,189 28.5 13,604 6,553 48.2 4,756 1,551 32.6

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,353 10,196 30.6 28,499 8,447 29.6 12,926 6,489 50.2 4,649 1,617 34.8

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,910 10,877 33.1 28,106 9,242 32.9 13,132 6,955 53.0 4,608 1,541 33.4

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,411 10,827 33.4 27,790 9,134 32.9 12,591 6,799 54.0 4,410 1,569 35.6

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,313 10,242 32.7 26,565 8,504 32.0 11,960 6,557 54.8 4,505 1,590 35.3

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,806 9,837 31.9 26,296 8,160 31.0 11,866 6,005 50.6 4,244 1,491 35.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,332 9,302 30.7 25,931 7,704 29.7 11,190 5,530 49.4 4,180 1,471 35.2

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,849 9,356 31.3 25,484 7,650 30.0 10,794 5,601 51.9 4,095 1,509 36.8

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,362 9,520 32.4 25,128 7,848 31.2 10,701 5,789 54.1 3,977 1,471 37.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,871 8,983 31.1 24,910 7,410 29.7 10,175 5,473 53.8 3,714 1,431 38.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,485 8,926 31.3 24,620 7,504 30.5 10,041 5,342 53.2 3,641 1,264 34.7

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,087 9,490 33.8 24,387 8,104 33.2 10,384 5,666 54.6 3,501 1,255 35.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,678 9,882 35.7 24,138 8,376 34.7 10,059 5,736 57.0 3,287 1,338 40.7

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,216 9,697 35.6 23,948 8,355 34.9 9,699 5,698 58.8 3,051 1,229 40.3

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,834 9,173 34.2 23,423 7,780 33.2 9,214 5,222 56.7 3,277 1,296 39.6

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,408 8,579 32.5 23,084 7,190 31.1 9,338 4,984 53.4 3,208 1,314 41.0

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,944 8,050 31.0 22,666 6,800 30.0 9,065 4,816 53.1 3,127 1,168 37.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,956 7,625 30.6 22,027 6,493 29.5 8,689 4,712 54.2 2,929 1,132 38.6

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,710 7,726 31.3 21,850 6,667 30.5 8,315 4,595 55.3 2,860 1,059 37.0

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,399 7,595 31.1 21,840 6,576 30.1 7,926 4,415 55.7 2,559 1,019 39.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,089 7,545 31.3 21,687 6,533 30.1 7,679 4,168 54.3 2,402 1,011 42.1

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,699 7,182 30.3 21,341 6,255 29.3 7,483 4,116 55.0 2,359 927 39.3

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,512 7,388 31.4 21,328 6,560 30.8 7,188 4,064 56.5 2,183 828 37.9

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,144 7,710 33.3 21,116 6,841 32.4 7,125 4,139 58.1 2,028 870 42.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,784 7,396 32.5 20,900 6,530 31.2 6,398 3,587 56.1 1,884 866 46.0

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,515 7,548 33.5 20,724 6,683 32.2 6,225 3,656 58.7 1,791 865 48.3

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,011 7,095 32.2 20,192 6,245 30.9 5,537 3,225 58.2 1,819 850 46.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,944 7,616 34.7 N 6,839 33.7 N 3,312 58.9 N 777 46.3

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,590 8,486 39.3 N 7,677 38.4 N 3,362 61.6 N 809 49.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,206 8,867 41.8 N 8,090 40.9 N 3,160 65.3 N 777 54.4

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,013 9,927 55.1 N 9,112 54.9 N 2,416 70.6 1,430 815 57.0

 See footnotes at end of table.
48 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con. (Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

ASIAN ALONE 

 OR IN COMBINATION

20131

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,023 1,974 10.4 16,642 1,305 7.8 1,923 323 16.8 2,333 660 28.3

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,173 2,072 11.4 15,751 1,467 9.3 1,756 374 21.3 2,334 580 24.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,813 2,189 12.3 15,591 1,550 9.9 1,847 411 22.2 2,133 614 28.8

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,237 2,064 12.0 14,950 1,463 9.8 1,804 386 21.4 2,208 578 26.2

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,272 1,901 12.4 13,403 1,361 10.2 1,539 290 18.9 1,826 527 28.8

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,543 1,686 11.6 12,817 1,270 9.9 1,471 228 15.5 1,707 410 24.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,430 1,467 10.2 12,527 1,012 8.1 1,421 250 17.6 1,837 426 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,331 1,447 10.1 12,463 984 7.9 1,210 220 18.1 1,801 449 24.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,731 1,501 10.9 11,931 1,039 8.7 1,223 220 18.0 1,771 457 25.8

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,291 1,295 9.7 11,661 876 7.5 1,190 170 14.3 1,599 417 26.1

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,891 1,527 11.8 11,266 1,116 9.9 1,184 294 24.8 1,590 402 25.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ASIAN ALONE12

12,487 1,243 10.0 10,742 816 7.6 1,146 175 15.3 1,708 417 24.4

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,063 1,785 10.5 14,895 1,154 7.7 1,657 228 13.7 2,128 623 29.3

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,417 1,921 11.7 14,190 1,357 9.6 1,515 309 20.4 2,156 547 25.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,086 1,973 12.3 14,100 1,389 9.9 1,570 327 20.8 1,921 571 29.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,611 1,899 12.2 13,515 1,341 9.9 1,471 327 22.2 2,040 547 26.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,005 1,746 12.5 12,296 1,244 10.1 1,353 250 18.5 1,673 491 29.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,310 1,576 11.8 11,719 1,192 10.2 1,308 209 16.0 1,574 378 24.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,257 1,349 10.2 11,471 930 8.1 1,256 217 17.3 1,720 391 22.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,177 1,353 10.3 11,428 912 8.0 1,057 187 17.7 1,683 428 25.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,580 1,402 11.1 10,911 970 8.9 1,059 189 17.8 1,645 427 26.0

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,231 1,201 9.8 10,734 812 7.6 1,024 135 13.2 1,472 388 26.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,856 1,401 11.8 10,333 1,017 9.8 1,028 242 23.6 1,494 375 25.1

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

ASIAN AND PACIFIC 

 ISLANDER10

11,541 1,161 10.1 9,899 763 7.7 1,019 155 15.2 1,613 390 24.2

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,465 1,275 10.2 10,745 873 8.1 1,333 198 14.8 1,682 393 23.4

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,672 1,258 9.9 11,044 895 8.1 1,231 289 23.4 1,588 350 22.0

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,955 1,285 10.7 10,507 1,010 9.6 1,201 275 22.9 1,415 270 19.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,873 1,360 12.5 9,576 1,087 11.4 1,123 373 33.2 1,266 257 20.3

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,482 1,468 14.0 9,312 1,116 12.0 932 313 33.6 1,134 327 28.9

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,054 1,454 14.5 8,900 1,172 13.2 1,018 300 29.5 1,120 255 22.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,644 1,411 14.6 8,582 1,112 13.0 919 266 28.9 1,013 260 25.6

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,654 974 14.6 5,915 776 13.1 582 137 23.6 696 179 25.7

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,434 1,134 15.3 6,609 898 13.6 725 126 17.4 791 228 28.8

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,779 985 12.7 6,922 787 11.4 729 183 25.0 828 193 23.3

19917

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,192 996 13.8 6,367 773 12.1 721 177 24.6 785 209 26.6

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,014 858 12.2 6,300 712 11.3 638 132 20.7 668 124 18.5

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,673 939 14.1 5,917 779 13.2 614 212 34.6 712 144 20.2

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,447 1,117 17.3 5,767 942 16.3 650 263 40.5 651 160 24.5

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

 See footnotes at end of table.

6,322 1,021 16.1 5,785 875 15.1 584 187 32.0 516 138 26.8
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 49

Table B-1.

Poverty Status of People by Family Relationship, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All people People in families Unrelated individuals

Below poverty All families

Families with female 

householder, no 

husband present

Below poverty

Below poverty Below poverty

Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent Total Number Percent

HISPANIC (ANY RACE)

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,145 12,744 23.5 47,254 10,536 22.3 11,679 4,860 41.6 6,545 2,063 31.5

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,105 13,616 25.6 46,183 11,358 24.6 11,255 4,816 42.8 6,502 2,018 31.0

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,279 13,244 25.3 45,781 11,143 24.3 11,368 4,996 44.0 6,096 1,882 30.9

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,971 13,522 26.5 44,612 11,384 25.5 10,719 4,748 44.3 5,846 1,863 31.9

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,811 12,350 25.3 42,717 10,345 24.2 10,283 4,176 40.6 5,718 1,801 31.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,398 10,987 23.2 41,732 9,303 22.3 9,265 3,751 40.5 5,417 1,577 29.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,933 9,890 21.5 40,125 8,248 20.6 8,917 3,527 39.6 5,508 1,490 27.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,784 9,243 20.6 39,177 7,650 19.5 8,652 3,189 36.9 5,317 1,468 27.6

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,020 9,368 21.8 37,759 7,767 20.6 7,868 3,069 39.0 4,971 1,451 29.2

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,690 9,122 21.9 36,438 7,705 21.1 7,825 3,072 39.3 4,971 1,293 26.0

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,300 9,051 22.5 35,469 7,637 21.5 7,452 2,861 38.4 4,620 1,325 28.7

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,216 8,555 21.8 34,598 7,184 20.8 7,013 2,554 36.4 4,364 1,255 28.8

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,312 7,997 21.4 33,110 6,674 20.2 6,830 2,585 37.8 3,981 1,211 30.4

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,955 7,747 21.5 31,700 6,430 20.3 6,469 2,444 37.8 3,978 1,163 29.2

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,632 7,876 22.7 30,872 6,702 21.7 6,527 2,642 40.5 3,481 1,068 30.7

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,515 8,070 25.6 28,055 6,814 24.3 6,074 2,837 46.7 3,218 1,097 34.1

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,637 8,308 27.1 27,467 7,198 26.2 5,718 2,911 50.9 2,976 1,017 34.2

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,614 8,697 29.4 26,340 7,515 28.5 5,641 3,020 53.5 2,985 1,066 35.7

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,344 8,574 30.3 25,165 7,341 29.2 5,785 3,053 52.8 2,947 1,092 37.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,442 8,416 30.7 24,390 7,357 30.2 5,328 2,920 54.8 2,798 926 33.1

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,559 8,126 30.6 23,439 6,876 29.3 5,333 2,837 53.2 2,717 972 35.8

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,646 7,592 29.6 22,695 6,455 28.4 4,806 2,474 51.5 2,577 881 34.2

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,070 6,339 28.7 19,658 5,541 28.2 4,326 2,282 52.7 2,146 667 31.1

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,405 6,006 28.1 18,912 5,091 26.9 3,993 2,115 53.0 2,254 774 34.3

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,746 5,430 26.2 18,488 4,659 25.2 3,763 1,902 50.6 2,045 634 31.0

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,064 5,357 26.7 18,102 4,700 26.0 3,734 2,052 55.0 1,864 597 32.0

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,395 5,422 28.0 17,342 4,761 27.5 3,678 2,045 55.6 1,933 598 31.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,758 5,117 27.3 16,880 4,469 26.5 3,631 1,921 52.9 1,685 553 32.8

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,075 5,236 29.0 16,276 4,605 28.3 3,561 1,983 55.7 1,602 532 33.2

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,916 4,806 28.4 15,293 4,192 27.4 3,139 1,764 56.2 1,481 545 36.8

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,544 4,633 28.0 15,075 4,113 27.3 3,032 1,670 55.1 1,364 457 33.5

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,385 4,301 29.9 13,242 3,865 29.2 2,664 1,601 60.1 1,018 358 35.1

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,021 3,713 26.5 12,922 3,349 25.9 2,622 1,465 55.9 1,005 313 31.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,600 3,491 25.7 12,547 3,143 25.1 2,421 1,319 54.5 970 312 32.2

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,371 2,921 21.8 12,291 2,599 21.1 2,058 1,053 51.2 991 286 28.8

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,079 2,607 21.6 11,193 2,343 20.9 1,817 1,024 56.4 886 264 29.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,046 2,700 22.4 11,249 2,463 21.9 1,901 1,077 56.7 797 237 29.8

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,269 2,783 24.7 10,552 2,516 23.8 1,766 1,000 56.6 716 266 37.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,117 2,991 26.9 10,472 2,755 26.3 1,842 1,053 57.2 645 236 36.6

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,201 2,575 23.0 10,584 2,374 22.4 1,723 915 53.1 617 201 32.6

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,795 2,366 21.9 10,269 2,209 21.5 1,534 881 57.4 526 157 29.9

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,588 2,414 22.8 10,099 2,252 22.3 1,370 733 53.5 488 162 33.2

N Not available.

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS 

ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of 

the approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health 

insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a 

subsample of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 

68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used 

in the 2013 CPS ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the 

redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of 

the CPS ASEC sample which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS 

ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household 

sample expansion. 5 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

6 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

7 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original 

March 1992 CPS file.

8 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also 

revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money 

Income and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 9 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone 

refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of 

this single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or 

analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people 

who reported more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native 

or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American 

FactFinder. About 2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 10 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race 

group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic 

White, Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 11 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 12 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.

Note: Prior to 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. 

Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are 

excluded from people in families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social 

and Economic Supplements.
50 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ALL RACES

20131

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,625 14,659 19.9 72,573 14,142 19.5 194,833 26,429 13.6 44,508 4,231 9.5

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,719 16,073 21.8 72,545 15,437 21.3 193,642 26,497 13.7 43,287 3,926 9.1

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,737 16,134 21.9 72,568 15,539 21.4 193,213 26,492 13.7 41,507 3,620 8.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,873 16,286 22.0 72,581 15,598 21.5 192,481 26,499 13.8 39,777 3,558 8.9

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,579 15,451 20.7 73,410 14,774 20.1 190,627 24,684 12.9 38,613 3,433 8.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,068 14,068 19.0 72,980 13,507 18.5 189,185 22,105 11.7 37,788 3,656 9.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,996 13,324 18.0 72,792 12,802 17.6 187,913 20,396 10.9 36,790 3,556 9.7

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,727 12,827 17.4 72,609 12,299 16.9 186,688 20,239 10.8 36,035 3,394 9.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,285 12,896 17.6 72,095 12,335 17.1 184,345 20,450 11.1 35,505 3,603 10.1

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,241 13,041 17.8 72,133 12,473 17.3 182,166 20,545 11.3 35,209 3,453 9.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,999 12,866 17.6 71,907 12,340 17.2 180,041 19,443 10.8 34,659 3,552 10.2

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,696 12,133 16.7 71,619 11,646 16.3 178,388 18,861 10.6 34,234 3,576 10.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,021 11,733 16.3 70,950 11,175 15.8 175,685 17,760 10.1 33,769 3,414 10.1

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,741 11,587 16.2 70,538 11,005 15.6 173,638 16,671 9.6 33,566 3,323 9.9

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,685 12,280 17.1 70,424 11,678 16.6 171,146 17,289 10.1 33,377 3,222 9.7

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,338 13,467 18.9 70,253 12,845 18.3 167,327 17,623 10.5 32,394 3,386 10.5

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,069 14,113 19.9 69,844 13,422 19.2 165,329 18,085 10.9 32,082 3,376 10.5

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,650 14,463 20.5 69,411 13,764 19.8 163,691 18,638 11.4 31,877 3,428 10.8

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,566 14,665 20.8 69,425 13,999 20.2 161,508 18,442 11.4 31,658 3,318 10.5

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,020 15,289 21.8 68,819 14,610 21.2 160,329 19,107 11.9 31,267 3,663 11.7

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,292 15,727 22.7 68,040 14,961 22.0 159,208 19,781 12.4 30,779 3,755 12.2

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,440 15,294 22.3 67,256 14,521 21.6 157,680 18,793 11.9 30,430 3,928 12.9

19917

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,918 14,341 21.8 64,800 13,658 21.1 154,684 17,586 11.4 30,590 3,781 12.4

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,049 13,431 20.6 63,908 12,715 19.9 153,502 16,496 10.7 30,093 3,658 12.2

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,144 12,590 19.6 63,225 12,001 19.0 152,282 15,575 10.2 29,566 3,363 11.4

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,747 12,455 19.5 62,906 11,935 19.0 150,761 15,809 10.5 29,022 3,481 12.0

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,294 12,843 20.3 62,423 12,275 19.7 149,201 15,815 10.6 28,487 3,563 12.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,948 12,876 20.5 62,009 12,257 19.8 147,631 16,017 10.8 27,975 3,477 12.4

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,876 13,010 20.7 62,019 12,483 20.1 146,396 16,598 11.3 27,322 3,456 12.6

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,447 13,420 21.5 61,681 12,929 21.0 144,551 16,952 11.7 26,818 3,330 12.4

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,334 13,911 22.3 61,578 13,427 21.8 143,052 17,767 12.4 26,313 3,625 13.8

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,345 13,647 21.9 61,565 13,139 21.3 141,328 17,000 12.0 25,738 3,751 14.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,449 12,505 20.0 61,756 12,068 19.5 139,477 15,464 11.1 25,231 3,853 15.3

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,914 11,543 18.3 62,168 11,114 17.9 137,428 13,858 10.1 24,686 3,871 15.7

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,375 10,377 16.4 62,646 9,993 16.0 135,333 12,014 8.9 24,194 3,682 15.2

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,311 9,931 15.9 61,987 9,722 15.7 130,169 11,332 8.7 23,175 3,233 14.0

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,137 10,288 16.2 62,823 10,028 16.0 128,262 11,316 8.8 22,468 3,177 14.1

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,028 10,273 16.0 63,729 10,081 15.8 126,175 11,389 9.0 22,100 3,313 15.0

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,079 11,104 17.1 64,750 10,882 16.8 124,122 11,456 9.2 21,662 3,317 15.3

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,134 10,156 15.4 65,802 9,967 15.1 122,101 10,132 8.3 21,127 3,085 14.6

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,959 9,642 14.4 66,626 9,453 14.2 120,060 9,977 8.3 20,602 3,354 16.3

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,930 10,284 15.1 67,592 10,082 14.9 117,957 10,438 8.8 20,117 3,738 18.6

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,816 10,551 15.3 68,474 10,344 15.1 115,911 10,735 9.3 19,827 4,273 21.6

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,159 10,440 15.1 68,815 10,235 14.9 113,554 10,187 9.0 19,470 4,793 24.6

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,090 9,691 14.0 68,746 9,501 13.8 111,528 9,669 8.7 18,899 4,787 25.3

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,385 10,954 15.6 70,035 10,739 15.3 108,684 9,803 9.0 18,559 4,632 25.0

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,408 11,656 16.6 70,058 11,427 16.3 107,024 10,725 10.0 18,240 5,388 29.5

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,218 12,389 17.6 69,869 12,146 17.4 105,241 11,007 10.5 17,929 5,114 28.5

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,986 14,676 21.0 69,638 14,388 20.7 N N N N N N

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,711 16,051 23.0 69,364 15,736 22.7 N N N N N N

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,181 16,005 23.1 68,837 15,691 22.8 N N N N N N

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,722 16,963 25.0 67,385 16,630 24.7 N N N N N N

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,121 16,909 25.6 65,792 16,577 25.2 N N N N N N

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,601 17,634 26.9 65,275 17,288 26.5 N N N N N N

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,315 17,552 27.3 63,995 17,208 26.9 96,685 16,457 17.0 15,557 5,481 35.2

 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 51

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE9

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,846 8,808 16.4 53,074 8,428 15.9 151,334 17,931 11.8 37,905 3,197 8.4

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,066 9,979 18.5 53,201 9,547 17.9 151,042 17,946 11.9 37,039 2,891 7.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,186 10,103 18.6 53,268 9,643 18.1 151,416 18,007 11.9 35,732 2,739 7.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,490 10,092 18.5 53,573 9,590 17.9 151,218 18,353 12.1 34,274 2,638 7.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,266 9,938 17.7 55,397 9,440 17.0 152,367 17,391 11.4 33,414 2,501 7.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,153 8,863 15.8 55,339 8,441 15.3 151,681 15,356 10.1 32,714 2,771 8.5

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,419 8,395 14.9 55,483 8,002 14.4 150,875 14,135 9.4 31,839 2,590 8.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,205 7,908 14.1 55,330 7,522 13.6 150,143 14,035 9.3 31,270 2,473 7.9

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,075 8,085 14.4 55,152 7,652 13.9 148,450 14,086 9.5 30,905 2,700 8.7

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,053 8,308 14.8 55,212 7,876 14.3 146,974 14,486 9.9 30,714 2,534 8.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,779 7,985 14.3 54,989 7,624 13.9 145,783 13,622 9.3 30,303 2,666 8.8

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,703 7,549 13.6 54,900 7,203 13.1 144,694 13,178 9.1 29,980 2,739 9.1

WHITE10

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,089 7,527 13.4 55,238 7,086 12.8 143,796 12,555 8.7 29,790 2,656 8.9

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,980 7,307 13.1 55,021 6,834 12.4 142,164 11,754 8.3 29,703 2,584 8.7

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,833 7,639 13.7 54,873 7,194 13.1 139,974 12,085 8.6 29,553 2,446 8.3

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,016 8,443 15.1 55,126 7,935 14.4 138,061 12,456 9.0 28,759 2,555 8.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,863 8,990 16.1 54,870 8,441 15.4 136,784 12,838 9.4 28,553 2,569 9.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,606 9,044 16.3 54,599 8,488 15.5 135,586 12,940 9.5 28,464 2,667 9.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,444 8,981 16.2 54,532 8,474 15.5 134,149 12,869 9.6 28,436 2,572 9.0

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,186 9,346 16.9 54,221 8,826 16.3 133,289 13,187 9.9 27,985 2,846 10.2

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,639 9,752 17.8 53,614 9,123 17.0 132,680 13,535 10.2 27,580 2,939 10.7

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,110 9,399 17.4 53,110 8,752 16.5 131,694 12,871 9.8 27,256 2,989 11.0

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,523 8,848 16.8 51,627 8,316 16.1 130,312 12,097 9.3 27,297 2,802 10.3

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,929 8,232 15.9 51,028 7,696 15.1 129,784 11,387 8.8 26,898 2,707 10.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,400 7,599 14.8 50,704 7,164 14.1 128,974 10,647 8.3 26,479 2,539 9.6

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,203 7,435 14.5 50,590 7,095 14.0 128,031 10,687 8.3 26,001 2,593 10.0

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,012 7,788 15.3 50,360 7,398 14.7 126,991 10,703 8.4 25,602 2,704 10.6

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,111 8,209 16.1 50,356 7,714 15.3 125,998 11,285 9.0 25,173 2,689 10.7

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,031 8,253 16.2 50,358 7,838 15.6 125,258 11,909 9.5 24,629 2,698 11.0

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,814 8,472 16.7 50,192 8,086 16.1 123,922 11,904 9.6 24,206 2,579 10.7

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,726 8,862 17.5 50,183 8,534 17.0 123,014 12,347 10.0 23,754 2,776 11.7

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,920 8,678 17.0 50,305 8,282 16.5 121,766 11,971 9.8 23,234 2,870 12.4

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,140 7,785 15.2 50,553 7,429 14.7 120,574 10,790 8.9 22,791 2,978 13.1

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,653 7,181 13.9 51,002 6,817 13.4 118,935 9,478 8.0 22,325 3,042 13.6

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,262 6,193 11.8 51,687 5,909 11.4 117,583 8,110 6.9 21,898 2,911 13.3

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,669 5,831 11.3 51,409 5,674 11.0 113,832 7,897 6.9 20,950 2,530 12.1

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,563 6,097 11.6 52,299 5,943 11.4 112,374 7,893 7.0 20,316 2,426 11.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,428 6,189 11.6 53,167 6,034 11.3 110,717 7,890 7.1 20,020 2,633 13.2

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,405 6,927 12.7 54,126 6,748 12.5 109,105 8,210 7.5 19,654 2,634 13.4

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,590 6,223 11.2 55,320 6,079 11.0 107,579 7,053 6.6 19,206 2,460 12.8

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 56,211 5,462 9.7 N N N N 2,698 14.4

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 57,181 5,784 10.1 N N N N 3,072 16.8

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 58,119 6,341 10.9 N N N N 3,605 19.9

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 58,472 6,138 10.5 N N N N 4,011 22.6

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 58,578 5,667 9.7 N N N N 4,052 23.3

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 6,373 10.7 N N N 17,062 3,939 23.1

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 6,729 11.3 N N N 16,791 4,646 27.7

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 7,204 12.1 N N N 16,514 4,357 26.4

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 8,595 14.4 N N N N N N

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 11,229 20.0 N N N N N N

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 11,386 20.6 N N N N 4,744 33.1

 See footnotes at end of table.
52 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

WHITE ALONE, 

 NOT HISPANIC9

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,395 4,094 10.7 37,849 3,833 10.1 121,991 12,133 9.9 34,781 2,569 7.4

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,759 4,782 12.3 38,167 4,510 11.8 122,221 11,833 9.7 34,131 2,324 6.8

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,955 4,850 12.5 38,322 4,554 11.9 123,101 12,112 9.8 32,904 2,210 6.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,437 4,866 12.3 38,823 4,544 11.7 123,731 12,230 9.9 31,616 2,155 6.8

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,917 4,850 11.9 40,319 4,518 11.2 125,511 11,658 9.3 30,736 2,022 6.6

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,309 4,364 10.6 40,707 4,059 10.0 125,482 10,380 8.3 30,149 2,280 7.6

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,979 4,255 10.1 41,304 3,996 9.7 125,161 9,598 7.7 29,442 2,179 7.4

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,212 4,208 10.0 41,563 3,930 9.5 124,847 9,761 7.8 28,990 2,044 7.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,523 4,254 10.0 41,867 3,973 9.5 124,326 9,708 7.8 28,704 2,264 7.9

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,978 4,519 10.5 42,363 4,190 9.9 123,481 10,236 8.3 28,639 2,153 7.5

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,150 4,233 9.8 42,547 3,957 9.3 123,110 9,391 7.6 28,335 2,277 8.0

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

WHITE, NOT 

 HISPANIC10

43,614 4,090 9.4 43,017 3,848 8.9 122,511 9,157 7.5 28,018 2,321 8.3

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,095 4,194 9.5 43,459 3,887 8.9 122,470 8,811 7.2 27,973 2,266 8.1

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,244 4,018 9.1 43,554 3,715 8.5 121,499 8,130 6.7 27,948 2,218 7.9

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,272 4,155 9.4 43,570 3,832 8.8 120,341 8,462 7.0 27,952 2,118 7.6

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,355 4,822 10.6 44,670 4,458 10.0 120,282 8,760 7.3 27,118 2,217 8.2

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,491 5,204 11.4 44,665 4,759 10.7 119,373 9,088 7.6 26,995 2,200 8.1

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,605 5,072 11.1 44,844 4,656 10.4 118,822 9,074 7.6 27,033 2,316 8.6

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,689 5,115 11.2 44,973 4,745 10.6 118,228 8,908 7.5 27,034 2,243 8.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,668 5,823 12.5 45,874 5,404 11.8 119,192 9,732 8.2 26,684 2,556 9.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,096 6,255 13.6 45,322 5,819 12.8 118,475 9,964 8.4 26,272 2,663 10.1

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,590 6,017 13.2 44,833 5,558 12.4 117,386 9,461 8.1 26,025 2,724 10.5

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,236 5,918 13.1 44,506 5,497 12.4 117,672 9,244 7.9 26,208 2,580 9.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,797 5,532 12.3 44,045 5,106 11.6 117,477 8,619 7.3 25,854 2,471 9.6

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,492 5,110 11.5 43,938 4,779 10.9 116,983 8,154 7.0 25,504 2,335 9.2

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,438 4,888 11.0 43,910 4,594 10.5 116,479 8,293 7.1 25,044 2,384 9.5

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,461 5,230 11.8 43,907 4,902 11.2 115,721 8,327 7.2 24,754 2,472 10.0

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,664 5,789 13.0 44,041 5,388 12.2 115,157 8,963 7.8 24,298 2,492 10.3

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,752 5,745 12.8 44,199 5,421 12.3 114,969 9,608 8.4 23,734 2,486 10.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,886 6,156 13.7 44,349 5,828 13.1 114,180 9,734 8.5 23,402 2,410 10.3

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,830 6,649 14.8 44,374 6,381 14.4 113,570 10,279 9.1 22,992 2,610 11.4

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,531 6,566 14.4 45,001 6,229 13.8 113,717 10,082 8.9 22,655 2,714 12.0

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,950 5,946 12.9 45,440 5,639 12.4 112,722 9,207 8.2 22,237 2,834 12.7

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,578 5,510 11.8 45,989 5,174 11.3 111,460 7,990 7.2 21,760 2,865 13.2

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,967 4,730 10.1 46,448 4,476 9.6 110,509 6,930 6.3 21,339 2,759 12.9

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,819 4,506 9.6 46,606 4,383 9.4 107,481 6,837 6.4 20,431 2,412 11.8

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,689 4,714 9.9 47,459 4,582 9.7 106,063 6,772 6.4 19,812 2,316 11.7

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,824 4,799 9.8 48,601 4,664 9.6 104,846 6,720 6.4 19,565 2,506 12.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,670 5,342 10.8 49,421 5,185 10.5 103,496 7,039 6.8 19,251 2,503 13.0

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

BLACK ALONE OR 

 IN COMBINATION

50,759 4,820 9.5 50,520 4,697 9.3 101,894 6,051 5.9 18,810 2,346 12.5

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,104 4,838 36.9 12,882 4,730 36.7 26,923 6,410 23.8 4,085 712 17.4

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,108 4,815 36.7 12,908 4,675 36.2 26,482 6,265 23.7 3,993 730 18.3

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,968 4,849 37.4 12,815 4,762 37.2 25,962 6,241 24.0 3,718 640 17.2

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,015 4,923 37.8 12,759 4,814 37.7 25,815 6,031 23.4 3,555 643 18.1

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,655 4,480 35.4 12,445 4,349 34.9 24,815 5,441 21.9 3,405 655 19.2

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,388 4,202 33.9 12,201 4,104 33.6 24,404 5,017 20.6 3,305 663 20.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,380 4,178 33.7 12,227 4,106 33.6 23,968 4,742 19.8 3,215 748 23.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,375 4,086 33.0 12,206 3,977 32.6 23,510 4,652 19.8 3,128 710 22.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,159 4,074 33.5 11,975 3,972 33.2 23,338 4,735 20.3 3,053 708 23.2

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,190 4,059 33.3 12,012 3,962 33.0 22,842 4,638 20.3 3,005 714 23.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,215 4,108 33.6 11,989 3,977 33.2 22,355 4,313 19.3 2,933 688 23.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,114 3,817 31.5 11,931 3,733 31.3 22,170 4,376 19.7 2,922 691 23.6

 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 53

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

BLACK ALONE11

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,088 4,244 38.3 10,916 4,153 38.0 25,552 6,099 23.9 3,975 698 17.6

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,078 4,201 37.9 10,931 4,097 37.5 25,154 6,002 23.9 3,893 708 18.2

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,138 4,320 38.8 11,005 4,247 38.6 24,831 5,980 24.1 3,640 630 17.3

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,173 4,355 39.0 10,953 4,271 39.0 24,667 5,775 23.4 3,443 617 17.9

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,282 4,033 35.7 11,102 3,919 35.3 23,953 5,264 22.0 3,320 647 19.5

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,172 3,878 34.7 10,998 3,781 34.4 23,565 4,855 20.6 3,229 646 20.0

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,302 3,904 34.5 11,174 3,838 34.3 23,213 4,602 19.8 3,150 731 23.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,315 3,777 33.4 11,168 3,690 33.0 22,907 4,570 19.9 3,085 701 22.7

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,136 3,841 34.5 10,962 3,743 34.2 22,659 4,627 20.4 3,007 701 23.3

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,244 3,788 33.7 11,080 3,702 33.4 22,226 4,521 20.3 2,956 705 23.8

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 3,877 34.1 11,162 3,750 33.6 21,746 4,224 19.4 2,876 680 23.7

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,275 3,645 32.3 11,111 3,570 32.1 21,547 4,277 19.9 2,856 680 23.8

BLACK10

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,556 3,492 30.2 11,419 3,423 30.0 21,462 4,018 18.7 2,853 626 21.9

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,480 3,581 31.2 11,296 3,495 30.9 21,160 3,794 17.9 2,785 607 21.8

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,488 3,813 33.2 11,260 3,698 32.8 21,518 4,000 18.6 2,750 628 22.8

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,317 4,151 36.7 11,176 4,073 36.4 20,837 4,222 20.3 2,723 718 26.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,367 4,225 37.2 11,193 4,116 36.8 20,400 4,191 20.5 2,691 700 26.0

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,338 4,519 39.9 11,155 4,411 39.5 20,155 4,515 22.4 2,616 661 25.3

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,369 4,761 41.9 11,198 4,644 41.5 19,892 4,483 22.5 2,478 629 25.4

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,211 4,906 43.8 11,044 4,787 43.3 19,585 4,590 23.4 2,557 700 27.4

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,127 5,125 46.1 10,969 5,030 45.9 19,272 5,049 26.2 2,510 702 28.0

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,956 5,106 46.6 10,823 5,015 46.3 18,952 4,884 25.8 2,504 838 33.5

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,350 4,755 45.9 10,178 4,637 45.6 18,355 4,607 25.1 2,606 880 33.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,162 4,550 44.8 9,980 4,412 44.2 18,097 4,427 24.5 2,547 860 33.8

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,012 4,375 43.7 9,847 4,257 43.2 17,833 4,164 23.3 2,487 763 30.7

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,865 4,296 43.5 9,681 4,148 42.8 17,548 4,275 24.4 2,436 785 32.2

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,730 4,385 45.1 9,546 4,234 44.4 17,245 4,361 25.3 2,387 774 32.4

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,629 4,148 43.1 9,467 4,037 42.7 16,911 4,113 24.3 2,331 722 31.0

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,545 4,157 43.6 9,405 4,057 43.1 16,667 4,052 24.3 2,273 717 31.5

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,480 4,413 46.6 9,356 4,320 46.2 16,369 4,368 26.7 2,238 710 31.7

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,417 4,398 46.7 9,245 4,273 46.2 16,065 4,694 29.2 2,197 791 36.0

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,400 4,472 47.6 9,269 4,388 47.3 15,692 4,415 28.1 2,124 811 38.2

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,374 4,237 45.2 9,291 4,170 44.9 15,358 4,117 26.8 2,102 820 39.0

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,368 3,961 42.3 9,287 3,906 42.1 14,987 3,835 25.6 2,054 783 38.1

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,307 3,833 41.2 9,172 3,745 40.8 14,596 3,478 23.8 2,040 740 36.2

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,229 3,830 41.5 9,168 3,781 41.2 13,774 3,133 22.7 1,954 662 33.9

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,296 3,888 41.8 9,253 3,850 41.6 13,483 3,137 23.3 1,930 701 36.3

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,322 3,787 40.6 9,291 3,758 40.4 13,224 3,163 23.9 1,852 644 34.8

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,421 3,925 41.7 9,374 3,884 41.4 12,872 2,968 23.1 1,795 652 36.3

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,439 3,755 39.8 9,384 3,713 39.6 12,539 2,836 22.6 1,721 591 34.3

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 9,405 3,822 40.6 N N N 1,672 620 37.1

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 9,426 4,025 42.7 N N N 1,603 640 39.9

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 9,414 3,836 40.4 N N N 1,584 623 39.3

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 9,448 3,922 41.5 N N N 1,422 683 48.0

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 9,290 3,677 39.6 N N N 1,373 689 50.2

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 4,188 43.1 N N N 1,374 655 47.7

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 4,558 47.4 N N N 1,341 715 53.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 4,774 50.6 N N N 1,311 722 55.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N N 5,022 65.6 N N N N 711 62.5

 See footnotes at end of table.
54 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ASIAN ALONE OR 

 IN COMBINATION

20131

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,740 457 9.6 4,701 442 9.4 12,374 1,258 10.2 1,910 259 13.6

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,557 570 12.5 4,485 533 11.9 11,913 1,291 10.8 1,703 211 12.4

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,572 607 13.3 4,495 566 12.6 11,660 1,397 12.0 1,581 185 11.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,308 586 13.6 4,256 560 13.2 11,414 1,265 11.1 1,515 214 14.1

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,996 531 13.3 3,946 507 12.9 9,898 1,154 11.7 1,378 216 15.7

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,717 494 13.3 3,678 476 12.9 9,507 1,031 10.8 1,319 162 12.3

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,606 431 11.9 3,558 402 11.3 9,531 892 9.4 1,293 144 11.2

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,573 408 11.4 3,530 398 11.3 9,553 897 9.4 1,205 142 11.8

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,472 359 10.3 3,435 352 10.2 9,115 999 11.0 1,144 144 12.6

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,406 329 9.7 3,367 311 9.2 8,780 819 9.3 1,104 147 13.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,316 420 12.7 3,279 406 12.4 8,510 956 11.2 1,065 152 14.2

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,199 353 11.0 3,159 338 10.7 8,292 804 9.7 995 86 8.7

ASIAN ALONE12

20131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,651 367 10.1 3,621 354 9.8 11,531 1,162 10.1 1,881 256 13.6

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,596 497 13.8 3,542 470 13.3 11,153 1,220 10.9 1,669 205 12.3

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,657 494 13.5 3,600 466 13.0 10,873 1,297 11.9 1,555 182 11.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,431 494 14.4 3,399 477 14.0 10,696 1,191 11.1 1,484 214 14.4

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,311 463 14.0 3,271 444 13.6 9,344 1,069 11.4 1,350 213 15.8

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,052 446 14.6 3,016 430 14.2 8,961 974 10.9 1,296 157 12.1

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,980 374 12.5 2,932 345 11.8 9,012 832 9.2 1,265 143 11.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 360 12.2 2,915 351 12.0 9,039 851 9.4 1,182 142 12.0

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 317 11.1 2,842 312 11.0 8,591 941 11.0 1,118 143 12.8

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,854 281 9.9 2,823 265 9.4 8,294 774 9.3 1,083 146 13.5

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,759 344 12.5 2,726 331 12.1 8,044 907 11.3 1,052 151 14.3

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,683 315 11.7 2,648 302 11.4 7,881 764 9.7 977 82 8.4

ASIAN AND PACIFIC 

 ISLANDER10

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,215 369 11.5 3,169 353 11.1 8,352 814 9.7 899 92 10.2

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,294 420 12.7 3,256 407 12.5 8,500 756 8.9 878 82 9.3

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,212 381 11.9 3,178 367 11.5 7,879 807 10.2 864 96 11.1

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,137 564 18.0 3,099 542 17.5 6,951 698 10.0 785 97 12.4

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,096 628 20.3 3,061 608 19.9 6,680 753 11.3 705 87 12.3

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,924 571 19.5 2,899 553 19.1 6,484 821 12.7 647 63 9.7

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,900 564 19.5 2,858 532 18.6 6,123 757 12.4 622 89 14.3

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,739 318 18.3 1,719 308 17.9 4,401 589 13.4 513 67 13.0

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,061 375 18.2 2,029 358 17.6 4,871 680 14.0 503 79 15.6

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218 363 16.4 2,199 352 16.0 5,067 568 11.2 494 53 10.8

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,056 360 17.5 2,036 348 17.1 4,582 565 12.3 555 70 12.7

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,126 374 17.6 2,098 356 17.0 4,375 422 9.6 514 62 12.1

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,983 392 19.8 1,945 368 18.9 4,225 512 12.1 465 34 7.4

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,970 474 24.1 1,949 458 23.5 4,035 583 14.4 442 60 13.5

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,937 455 23.5 1,908 432 22.7 4,010 510 12.7 375 56 15.0

 See footnotes at end of table.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 55

Table B-2.

Poverty Status of People by Age, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2013—Con.

(Numbers in thousands. People as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, 

see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic 

origin, and year

Under 18 years 18 to 64 years 65 years and older

All people Related children in families

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Total

Below poverty

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

HISPANIC 

 (ANY RACE)

20131

 ............. 17,837 5,415 30.4 17,559 5,273 30.0 32,903 6,654 20.2 3,405 676 19.8

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,664 5,976 33.8 17,341 5,773 33.3 32,228 6,977 21.6 3,213 663 20.6

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,600 6,008 34.1 17,276 5,820 33.7 31,643 6,667 21.1 3,036 569 18.7

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,371 6,059 34.9 16,964 5,815 34.3 30,740 6,948 22.6 2,860 516 18.0

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,965 5,610 33.1 16,655 5,419 32.5 29,031 6,224 21.4 2,815 516 18.3

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,370 5,010 30.6 16,138 4,888 30.3 28,311 5,452 19.3 2,717 525 19.3

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,647 4,482 28.6 15,375 4,348 28.3 27,731 4,970 17.9 2,555 438 17.1

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,147 4,072 26.9 14,907 3,959 26.6 27,209 4,698 17.3 2,428 472 19.4

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,654 4,143 28.3 14,361 3,977 27.7 26,051 4,765 18.3 2,315 460 19.9

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,173 4,098 28.9 13,929 3,985 28.6 25,324 4,620 18.2 2,194 403 18.4

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,730 4,077 29.7 13,519 3,982 29.5 24,490 4,568 18.7 2,080 406 19.5

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,210 3,782 28.6 12,971 3,653 28.2 23,952 4,334 18.1 2,053 439 21.4

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,763 3,570 28.0 12,539 3,433 27.4 22,653 4,014 17.7 1,896 413 21.8

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,399 3,522 28.4 12,115 3,342 27.6 21,734 3,844 17.7 1,822 381 20.9

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,188 3,693 30.3 11,912 3,561 29.9 20,782 3,843 18.5 1,661 340 20.5

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,152 3,837 34.4 10,921 3,670 33.6 18,668 3,877 20.8 1,696 356 21.0

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,802 3,972 36.8 10,625 3,865 36.4 18,217 3,951 21.7 1,617 384 23.8

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,511 4,237 40.3 10,255 4,090 39.9 17,587 4,089 23.3 1,516 370 24.4

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,213 4,080 40.0 10,011 3,938 39.3 16,673 4,153 24.9 1,458 342 23.5

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,822 4,075 41.5 9,621 3,956 41.1 16,192 4,018 24.8 1,428 323 22.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,462 3,873 40.9 9,188 3,666 39.9 15,708 3,956 25.2 1,390 297 21.4

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,081 3,637 40.0 8,829 3,440 39.0 15,268 3,668 24.0 1,298 287 22.1

19917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,648 3,094 40.4 7,473 2,977 39.8 13,279 3,008 22.7 1,143 237 20.8

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,457 2,865 38.4 7,300 2,750 37.7 12,857 2,896 22.5 1,091 245 22.5

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,186 2,603 36.2 7,040 2,496 35.5 12,536 2,616 20.9 1,024 211 20.6

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,003 2,631 37.6 6,908 2,576 37.3 12,056 2,501 20.7 1,005 225 22.4

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,792 2,670 39.3 6,692 2,606 38.9 11,718 2,509 21.4 885 243 27.5

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,646 2,507 37.7 6,511 2,413 37.1 11,206 2,406 21.5 906 204 22.5

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,475 2,606 40.3 6,346 2,512 39.6 10,685 2,411 22.6 915 219 23.9

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,068 2,376 39.2 5,982 2,317 38.7 10,029 2,254 22.5 819 176 21.5

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,066 2,312 38.1 5,977 2,251 37.7 9,697 2,148 22.5 782 173 22.1

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,527 2,181 39.5 5,436 2,117 38.9 8,262 1,963 23.8 596 159 26.6

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,369 1,925 35.9 5,291 1,874 35.4 8,084 1,642 20.3 568 146 25.7

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,276 1,749 33.2 5,211 1,718 33.0 7,740 1,563 20.2 582 179 30.8

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,483 1,535 28.0 5,426 1,505 27.7 7,314 1,232 16.8 574 154 26.8

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,012 1,384 27.6 4,972 1,354 27.2 6,527 1,098 16.8 539 125 23.2

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,028 1,422 28.3 5,000 1,402 28.0 6,500 1,164 17.9 518 113 21.9

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,771 1,443 30.2 4,736 1,424 30.1 6,034 1,212 20.1 464 128 27.7

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 4,896 1,619 33.1 N N N N 137 32.6

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 4,939 1,414 28.6 N N N N 117 28.9

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . N N N 4,910 1,364 27.8 N N N N 95 24.9

N Not available. 

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the 

approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample 

of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS 

ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample 

which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.

5 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

6 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

7 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.

8 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income 

and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166. 9 The 2003 CPS allowed respondents to choose more than one race. White alone refers to people who reported White and did not report any other race category. The use of this 

single-race population does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. Information on people who reported 

more than one race, such as White and American Indian and Alaska Native or Asian and Black or African American, is available from Census 2010 through American FactFinder. About 

2.9 percent of people reported more than one race in Census 2010. 10 For 2001 and earlier years, the CPS allowed respondents to report only one race group. The reference race groups for 2001 and earlier poverty data are White, non-Hispanic White, 

Black, and Asian and Pacific Islander. 11 Black alone refers to people who reported Black and did not report any other race. 12 Asian alone refers to people who reported Asian and did not report any other race.

Note: Before 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies were included in people in families. Beginning in 1979, people in unrelated subfamilies are included in all people but are excluded 

from people in families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
56 Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 U.S. Census Bureau

Table B-3.

Poverty Status of Families, by Type of Family: 1959 to 2013

(Numbers in thousands. Families as of March of the following year. For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and

definitions, see ftp://ftp2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar14.pdf)

Race, Hispanic origin, 

and year

All families Married-couple families Male householder,

no wife present

Female householder,

no husband present

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Total

Below poverty 

Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent

ALL RACES

20131

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,217 9,130 11.2 59,692 3,476 5.8 6,330 1,008 15.9 15,195 4,646 30.6

2012. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,944 9,520 11.8 59,224 3,705 6.3 6,231 1,023 16.4 15,489 4,793 30.9

2011. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,529 9,497 11.8 58,963 3,652 6.2 5,888 950 16.1 15,678 4,894 31.2

20102

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79,559 9,400 11.8 58,667 3,681 6.3 5,649 892 15.8 15,243 4,827 31.7

2009. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,867 8,792 11.1 58,428 3,409 5.8 5,582 942 16.9 14,857 4,441 29.9

2008. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,874 8,147 10.3 59,137 3,261 5.5 5,255 723 13.8 14,482 4,163 28.7

2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,908 7,623 9.8 58,395 2,849 4.9 5,103 696 13.6 14,411 4,078 28.3

2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,454 7,668 9.8 58,964 2,910 4.9 5,067 671 13.2 14,424 4,087 28.3

2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77,418 7,657 9.9 58,189 2,944 5.1 5,134 669 13.0 14,095 4,044 28.7

20043

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,866 7,835 10.2 57,983 3,216 5.5 4,901 657 13.4 13,981 3,962 28.3

2003. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,232 7,607 10.0 57,725 3,115 5.4 4,717 636 13.5 13,791 3,856 28.0

2002. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,616 7,229 9.6 57,327 3,052 5.3 4,663 564 12.1 13,626 3,613 26.5

2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,340 6,813 9.2 56,755 2,760 4.9 4,440 583 13.1 13,146 3,470 26.4

20004

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,778 6,400 8.7 56,598 2,637 4.7 4,277 485 11.3 12,903 3,278 25.4

19995

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,206 6,792 9.3 56,290 2,748 4.9 4,099 485 11.8 12,818 3,559 27.8

1998. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71,551 7,186 10.0 54,778 2,879 5.3 3,977 476 12.0 12,796 3,831 29.9

1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,884 7,324 10.3 54,321 2,821 5.2 3,911 507 13.0 12,652 3,995 31.6

1996. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,241 7,708 11.0 53,604 3,010 5.6 3,847 531 13.8 12,790 4,167 32.6

1995. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,597 7,532 10.8 53,570 2,982 5.6 3,513 493 14.0 12,514 4,057 32.4

1994. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69,313 8,053 11.6 53,865 3,272 6.1 3,228 549 17.0 12,220 4,232 34.6

1993. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,506 8,393 12.3 53,181 3,481 6.5 2,914 488 16.8 12,411 4,424 35.6

19926

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,216 8,144 11.9 53,090 3,385 6.4 3,065 484 15.8 12,061 4,275 35.4

19917

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,175 7,712 11.5 52,457 3,158 6.0 3,025 392 13.0 11,693 4,161 35.6

1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,322 7,098 10.7 52,147 2,981 5.7 2,907 349 12.0 11,268 3,768 33.4

1989. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,090 6,784 10.3 52,317 2,931 5.6 2,884 348 12.1 10,890 3,504 32.2

19888

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,837 6,874 10.4 52,100 2,897 5.6 2,847 336 11.8 10,890 3,642 33.4

19878

 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,204 7,005 10.7 51,675 3,011 5.8 2,833 340 12.0 10,696 3,654 34.2

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,491 7,023 10.9 51,537 3,123 6.1 2,510 287 11.4 10,445 3,613 34.6

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63,558 7,223 11.4 50,933 3,438 6.7 2,414 311 12.9 10,211 3,474 34.0

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,706 7,277 11.6 50,350 3,488 6.9 2,228 292 13.1 10,129 3,498 34.5

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,015 7,647 12.3 50,081 3,815 7.6 2,038 268 13.2 9,896 3,564 36.0

1982. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,393 7,512 12.2 49,908 3,789 7.6 2,016 290 14.4 9,469 3,434 36.3

1981. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,019 6,851 11.2 49,630 3,394 6.8 1,986 205 10.3 9,403 3,252 34.6

1980. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,309 6,217 10.3 49,294 3,032 6.2 1,933 213 11.0 9,082 2,972 32.7

1979. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,550 5,461 9.2 49,112 2,640 5.4 1,733 176 10.2 8,705 2,645 30.4

1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,804 5,280 9.1 47,692 2,474 5.2 1,654 152 9.2 8,458 2,654 31.4

1977. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,215 5,311 9.3 47,385 2,524 5.3 1,594 177 11.1 8,236 2,610 31.7

1976. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,710 5,311 9.4 47,497 2,606 5.5 1,500 162 10.8 7,713 2,543 33.0

1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56,245 5,450 9.7 47,318 2,904 6.1 1,445 116 8.0 7,482 2,430 32.5

1974. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,698 4,922 8.8 47,069 2,474 5.3 1,399 125 8.9 7,230 2,324 32.1

1973. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55,053 4,828 8.8 46,812 2,482 5.3 1,438 154 10.7 6,804 2,193 32.2

1972. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,373 5,075 9.3 46,314 N N 1,452 N N 6,607 2,158 32.7

1971. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,296 5,303 10.0 45,752 N N 1,353 N N 6,191 2,100 33.9

1970. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,227 5,260 10.1 44,739 N N 1,487 N N 6,001 1,952 32.5

1969. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,586 5,008 9.7 44,436 N N 1,559 N N 5,591 1,827 32.7

1968. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,511 5,047 10.0 43,842 N N 1,228 N N 5,441 1,755 32.3

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,835 5,667 11.4 43,292 N N 1,210 N N 5,333 1,774 33.3

1966. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,921 5,784 11.8 42,553 N N 1,197 N N 5,171 1,721 33.1

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,278 6,721 13.9 42,107 N N 1,179 N N 4,992 1,916 38.4

1964. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,836 7,160 15.0 41,648 N N 1,182 N N 5,006 1,822 36.4

1963. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,436 7,554 15.9 41,311 N N 1,243 N N 4,882 1,972 40.4

1962. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,998 8,077 17.2 40,923 N N 1,334 N N 4,741 2,034 42.9

1961. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,341 8,391 18.1 40,405 N N 1,293 N N 4,643 1,954 42.1

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,435 8,243 18.1 39,624 N N 1,202 N N 4,609 1,955 42.4

1959. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,054 8,320 18.5 39,335 N N 1,226 N N 4,493 1,916 42.6

N Not available.

1 Data are based on the CPS ASEC sample of 68,000 addresses. The 2014 CPS ASEC included redesigned questions for income and health insurance coverage. All of the 

approximately 98,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned set of health insurance coverage questions. The redesigned income questions were implemented to a subsample 

of these 98,000 addresses using a probability split panel design. Approximately 68,000 addresses were eligible to receive a set of income questions similar to those used in the 2013 CPS 

ASEC and the remaining 30,000 addresses were eligible to receive the redesigned income questions. The source of the 2013 data for this table is the portion of the CPS ASEC sample 

which received the income questions consistent with the 2013 CPS ASEC, approximately 68,000 addresses. 2 Implementation of Census 2010-based population controls.

3 For 2004, figures are revised to reflect a correction to the weights in the 2005 ASEC.

4 Implementation of Census 2000-based population controls and a 28,000 household sample expansion.

5 For 1999, figures are based on Census 2000 population controls.

6 For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls.

7 For 1991, figures are revised to correct for nine omitted weights from the original March 1992 CPS file.

8 For 1988 and 1987, figures are based on new processing procedures and are also revised to reflect corrections to the files after publication of the 1988 advance report Money Income 

and Poverty Status in the United States: 1988, P-60, No. 166.

Note: Before 1979, unrelated subfamilies were included in all families. Beginning in 1979, unrelated subfamilies are excluded from all families.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 1960 to 2014 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 57

APPENDIX C. REPLICATE WEIGHTS

Beginning in the 2011 CPS ASEC 

report, the variance of CPS ASEC estimates used to calculate the standard 

errors and confidence intervals displayed in the text tables were calculated using the Successive Difference 

Replication (SDR) method documented 

by Fay and Train (1995). This method 

involves the computation of a set of 

replicate weights which account for 

the complex survey design of the 

CPS. The SDR method has been used 

to estimate variances in the American 

Community Survey since its inception. 

In previous years, the standard errors 

of CPS ASEC estimates were calculated 

using a Generalized Variance Function 

(GVF) approach. Under this approach, 

generalized variance parameters were 

used in formulas provided in the 

source and accuracy (S&A) statement 

to estimate standard errors. 

A study by Davern et al. (2006) 

found that the CPS ASEC GVF standard errors performed poorly against 

more precise Survey Design-Based 

(SDB) estimates. In most cases, 

Davern’s results indicated that the 

published GVF parameters significantly underestimated standard 

errors in the CPS ASEC. This and 

other critiques prompted the Census 

Bureau to transition from using the 

GVF method of estimating standard 

errors to using the SDR method 

of estimating standard errors for 

the CPS ASEC. In 2009, the Census 

Bureau released replicate weights for 

the 2005 through 2009 CPS ASEC 

collection years and has released 

replicate weights for 2010, 2011, 

2012, and 2013 with the release of 

the CPS ASEC public use data.

Following the 2009 release of CPS 

ASEC replicate weights, Boudreaux, 

Davern, and Graven (2011) compared 

replicate weight standard error estimates with SDB estimates. Replicate 

weight estimates performed markedly 

better against SDB standard errors 

than those calculated using the published GVF parameters. The Census 

Bureau will continue to provide the 

GVF parameters in the source and 

accuracy statement.

Since the published GVF parameters 

generally underestimated standard 

errors, standard errors produced 

using SDR may be higher than in 

previous reports. For most CPS ASEC 

estimates, the increase in standard 

errors from GVF to SDR will not alter 

the findings. However, marginally 

significant differences using the GVF 

may not be significant using replicate 

weights. 

References:

Boudreaux, Michel, Michael Davern, 

and Peter Graven. “Alternative 

Variance Estimates in the Current 

Population Survey and the 

American Community Survey,” 

presented at the 2011 Annual 

Meeting of the Population 

Association of America.

Davern, Michael, Arthur Jones, James 

Lepkowski, Gestur Davidson, 

and Lynn A. Blewett. “Unstable 

Inferences? An Examination of 

Complex Survey Sample Design 

Adjustments Using the Current 

Population Survey for Health 

Services Research,” Inquiry. 

Vol. 43, No. 3, 2006, pp. 283–297. 

Fay, Robert E. and George F. Train. 

“Aspects of Survey and ModelBased Postcensal Estimation 

of Income and Poverty 

Characteristics for States and 

Counties,” Proceedings of 

the Section on Government 

Statistics, American Statistical 

Association, Alexandria, VA, 1995, 

pp. 154–159.

U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 59

APPENDIX D. DESCRIPTION OF THE SPLIT PANEL TEST OF THE CURRENT POPULATION SURVEY 

ANNUAL SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUPPLEMENT (CPS ASEC) INCOME REDESIGN

The 2014 CPS ASEC utilized a probability split panel design to test a new 

redesigned set of income questions. 

The Census Bureau conducted an 

initial nationwide test of a redesigned 

set of income questions by telephone in March 2013.1 Based on the 

results of that initial test, a second, 

more comprehensive test was conducted in 2014. The second test was 

administered to three-eighths of the 

total 2014 ASEC production sample.2

There were approximately 98,000 

addresses in the 2014 CPS ASEC 

sample; a subsample of about 30,000 

addresses were randomly assigned 

to be eligible to receive the redesigned income questions, the remaining sample (approximately 68,000 

addresses) were eligible to receive 

the set of ASEC income questions that 

have been in use since 1994, referred 

to here as the traditional income 

questions.3

1 For more details of the March 2013 content 

test and more specific details on all the changes 

to the ASEC redesigned income questions see, 

Jessica Semega and Ed Welniak, “Evaluating the 

2013 CPS ASEC Income Redesign Content Test,” 

presented at the November 2013 meetings of the 

Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology, 

<www.census.gov/hhes/www/income

/publications/Evaluating%20the%202013%20

CPS%20ASEC%20Income%20Redesign%20

Content%20Test.pdf> 2 All 2014 ASEC sample addresses were 

eligible to receive a new set of health insurance 

questions. 3 Each address in the sample was assigned 

a random number to determine if the address 

would receive the traditional or redesigned ASEC 

questionnaire. One caveat is that all month-insample-one addresses received the traditional 

ASEC. Census field representatives did not know 

in advance if the household they were interviewing would receive the traditional or redesigned 

income questions until they began the interview. 

All CPS ASEC interviewers were trained to conduct both sets of questions.

The income questions were redesigned with the goals of improving 

income reporting, increasing response 

rates, reducing reporting errors by 

taking better advantage of an automated questionnaire environment, 

and updating questions on retirement 

income and the income generated 

from retirement accounts and all other 

assets. The following were components of the redesign instrument:

•	 Tailor the order of income questions to match those sources 

most likely received by respondents given certain known 

characteristics of the respondent 

focusing on households with a 

householder aged 62 and older, 

lower income households, and 

a default for all other household 

types.

•	 Use a dual-pass identifying all 

sources of income received first 

and then ask amounts for those 

sources the respondent indicated 

receiving.

•	 Use income ranges as a followup for “don’t know” or “refused” 

income amount questions.

•	 Remove the family income 

screener for determining which 

households to ask low-income 

sources (such as Temporary 

Assistance for Needy Families 

[TANF]).

•	 Change the disability questions 

to eliminate confusion between 

disability from Social Security and 

Supplemental Security Income 

(SSI).

•	 Collect lump sum back-payments 

for disability benefits.

•	 Use a new strategy to collect 

property income by asking separately about income from retirement accounts and other assets. 

•	 Collect the value of assets that 

generate income if the respondent is unsure of the income 

generated.

•	 Ask about retirement account 

withdrawals and distributions.

The Census Bureau is currently analyzing the results of the split panel 

test. It is the Census Bureau’s intent 

to use a single questionnaire administered to the full sample in 2015. The 

results of our analysis will determine 

the makeup of that questionnaire—

redesign or traditional. Census will 

release the results of this analysis 

along with a research file in 2015. 

U.S. Census Bureau Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013 61

APPENDIX E. ADDITIONAL DATA AND CONTACTS

Detailed tables, historical tables, 

press releases, and briefings are 

available electronically on the Census 

Bureau’s income and poverty Web 

sites. The Web sites may be accessed 

through the Census Bureau’s home 

page at <www.census.gov> or directly 

at <www.census.gov/hhes

/www/income/> for income data and 

<www.census.gov/hhes/www

/poverty/> for poverty data.

For assistance with income and 

poverty data or questions about 

them, contact the U.S. Census Bureau 

Customer Services Center at 1-800-

923-8282 (toll free) or search your 

topic of interest using the Census 

Bureau’s “Question and Answer 

Center” found at <ask.census

.gov/>.

Customized Tables 

The CPS Table Creator

<www.census.gov/cps/data

/cpstablecreator.html> 

Gives data users the ability to create 

customized tables from the Current 

Population Survey Annual Social and 

Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC). 

Table Creator can access data back to 

the 2003 CPS ASEC.

Data Ferrett

<http://dataferrett.census.gov/>

Users can also generate customized 

tables using the Data Ferrett tool. CPS 

ASEC files from 1992 to the present 

are available through Data Ferrett.

Public Use Microdata

CPS ASEC

Microdata for the 2014 CPS ASEC 

and earlier years is available online 

at <http://thedataweb.rm.census

.gov/ftp/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch> 

or via DataFerrett at <http://

dataferrett.census.gov/>. Technical 

methods have been applied to CPS 

microdata to avoid disclosing the 

identities of individuals from whom 

data were collected.

Taxes and Noncash Benefits

In the early 1980s, the Census Bureau 

embarked on a research program 

to examine the effects of taxes and 

noncash benefits on poverty and 

income distributional measures. Public 

use data containing these additional 

variables are typically released later 

in the year and are available online at 

<http://thedataweb.rm.census.gov 

/ftp/cps_ftp.html#cpsmarch>.

Research Files

In addition, the Census Bureau 

produces special research files that 

enable researchers to replicate 

alternative poverty estimates. These 

files are typically released later in 

the year and are available online at 

<www.census.gov/hhes/povmeas 

/data/index.html>.

Topcoding

In its long history of releasing public use microdata files based on 

the CPS ASEC, the Census Bureau 

has censored the release of “high 

income” amounts in order to meet 

the requirements of Title 13. This 

process is often called topcoding. 

During the period prior to the March 

1996 survey, this censorship was 

applied by limiting the values for 

income amounts to be no greater 

than a specified maximum value (the 

topcode). Values above the maximum 

were replaced by the maximum value. 

Maximum values varied by income 

source and year. Beginning with the 

1996 survey, the censorship method 

was modified so that mean values 

were substituted for all amounts 

above the topcode (for historically 

consistent extracts from 1975 to 

1995, call the Income Surveys Branch, 

301-763-3243). 

Differences in the methods used to 

censor high-income amounts over 

time made it difficult to generate 

consistent time series for important 

measures of income distribution such 

as the Gini Coefficient of Income 

Concentration (GINI), and decile 

shares. Moreover, using the mean 

value for all amounts above the topcode made it impossible to examine 

the distribution of income above the 

topcode. In an effort to alleviate these 

problems and improve the overall 

usefulness of the ASEC, the Census 

Bureau sponsored research on methods that both met Title 13 requirements and preserved the income 

distribution above the topcode. This 

research led to the implementation 

in the 2011 ASEC of rank proximity swapping methods that switch 

income amounts above the topcode 

for respondents that are of similar 

income rank. Swapped amounts are 

rounded following the swapping process to provide additional disclosure 

avoidance.

Extract files containing swapped 

income values for survey years 

1975 to 2010 are now available 

on the Census Bureau’s FTP site at 

<www.census.gov/housing

/extract_files>.


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