Oligocene Marine Diatoms Recovered 

in Dredge Samples from the 

Navarin Basin Province, Bering Sea 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 

Oligocene Marine Diatoms Recovered 

in Dredge Samples from the 

Navarin Basin Province, Bering Sea 

By JACK G. BALDAUF and JOHN A. BARRON 

The late Oligocene diatom assemblage recovered 

from dredge samples is the first recorded 

occurrence of diatoms of this age from the Bering 

Sea 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary 

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Dallas L. Peck, Director 

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1987 

For sale by the 

Books and Open-File Reports Section 

U.S. Geological Survey 

Federal Center, Box 25425 

Denver, CO 80225 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Baldauf, Jack G. 

Oligocene marine diatoms recovered in dredge samples 

from the Navarin Basin Province, Bering Sea. 

U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1765 

Bibliography 

Supt. of Docs. No.: I 19.3:1765 

1. Diatoms, fossil. 2. Paleobotany-Oligocene. 3. 

Paleobotany-Navarin Basin. I. Barron, John A. II. Title. 

Ill. Series. 

QE75.B9 No. 1765 557.3 s 86--607902 

[561'.93] 
CONTENTS 

Abstract 1 

Introduction 1 

Acknowledgments 1 

Methods 1 

Results 2 

Paleoecology 4 

Floral list 5 

References 8 

Index 15 

PLATES 

[Plates follow index] 

1. Asterolampra, Hyalodiscus, Melosira, Asteromphalus, and Rocella 

2. Actinocyclus, Hyalodiscus, Actinoptychus, Thalassiosira, Cestodiscus, 

Cosmiodiscus, and Aulacodiscus 

3. Eucampia, Hemiaulus, Odontella, Cladogramma, and Stephanopyxis 

4. Stephanopyxis, Liradiscus, Pterotheca, Xanthiopyxis, Goniothecium, Diploneis, 

Skeletonema, Cocconeis, and genus and species indet. 

5. Goniothecium and Ploiaria 

6. Cestodiscus, Coscinodiscus, Stictodiscus, Hyalodiscus, Thalassiosira, and Melosira 

7. Cestodiscus and Coscinodiscus 

8. Stellarima, Hyalodiscus, and Thalassiosira 

9. Stellarima, Coscinodiscus, Thalassiosira, Cestodiscus, Triceratium, and 

Craspedodiscus 

10. Melosira, Rhaphoneis, Cymatosira, Kisseleviella, Goniothecium, Chaetoceros, 

Pterotheca, Rhabdonema, Pseudotriceratium, Rutilaria, and Odontella 

11. Clavicula, Sceptroneis, Pseudodimerogramma, Rhizosolenia, Pseudopyxilla, 

Pleurosigma, and genus and species indet. 

12. Stictodiscus, Cestodiscus, Pseudostictodiscus, Stellarima, Coscinodiscus, and 

Thalassiosira 

13. Stephanopyxis, Thalassiosira, and Podosira 

14. Pseudotriceratium, Trochosira, Actinoptychus, Triceratium, Coscinodiscus, and 

Pse udos tic todiscus 

FIGURES 

1. Geographic locations where Oligocene diatoms have been recorded 2 

2. Geographic locations of dredge samples collected from the Navarin Basin Province, 

western Bering Sea 4 

TABLES 

1. Location and water depth of samples examined during this study 2 

2. Relative abundance of diatom species 3 

3. Modern and inferred distribution of diatom genera 4 

m 

Oligocene Marine 

in Dredge Samples 

Diatoms Recovered 

from the 

Navarin Basin Province, Bering Sea 

1 By Jack G. Baldauf and John A. Barron 

Abstract 

One hundred and thirteen diatom taxa were 

observed in five dredge samples recovered from the 

N avarin Basin, Bering Sea. These species are 

characteristic of the late Oligocene and are the first 

recorded diatom occurrence of this age from the 

Bering Sea. Because of this unique occurrence, the 

diatom flora is documented in detail. The flora shows 

affinities to diatom floras described from the 

Norwegian Sea and suggests deposition in a shelf 

environment. 

INTRODUCTION 

Oligocene marine diatoms have been described 

by workers in sediments from the southwest Pacific 

(Hajus, 1976), the South Atlantic (Gombos, 1983; 

Gombos and Ciesielski, 1983; Fenner, 1978, 1984a), the 

Antarctic (McCollum, 1975; Schrader, 1976; Harwood, 

1984), the equatorial regions (Jouse, 1973; Fenner, 

1978, 1984a, 1984b; Barron, 1983), the North Atlantic 

(Baldauf, 1985), the Norwegian-Greenland Sea region 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976; Dzinoridze and others, 

1978), and Baja California in Mexico (Kim and Barron, 

1986). Most of these studies were part of the Deep 

Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and have reported 

Oligocene diatoms from the low latitudes or from the 

Southern Hemisphere (fig. 1). Only the studies of 

Schrader and Fenner (1976) and Dzinoridze and others 

(1978) examined in detail the Oligocene diatoms from 

the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. 

'Five dredge samples collected during cruise L5-

78-BS of the U.S. Geological Survey research vessel S. 

.f.. Lee, along the continental slope of the Navarin 

Basin Province in the western Bering Sea (fig. 2, table 

1), contain a common, moderately well to wellpreserved diatom assemblage. Although these isolated 

samples have limited stratigraphic value, taxonomic 

1 Present address: Ocean Drilling Program, Texas 

A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-34690 

studies concerning the description and documentation 

of the diatom flora are valuable because this is the 

first recorded occurrence of Oligocene diatoms in 

Bering Sea sediments. Diatoms are generally absent 

below the Neogene sediment cover in boreholes in the 

Bering Sea because destruction of diatom frustules is 

the normal result of the conversion of opal-A to 

cristobalite at a burial depth of about 600 m (Rein and 

others, 1978). 

Documentation of the diatom flora present in 

these samples will aid future studies in understanding 

the geographic distribution of Oligocene diatoms on a 

global scale and the climatic conditions which 

prevailed. 

Acknowledgments 

Special thanks is extended to Juliane Fenner 

(University of Kiel), Andrew \1. Gombos, Jr. (Exxon 

Production Research), and Nora Radionova (Geological 

Institute, Academy of Sciences, USSR) for their 

helpful comments concerning species identification. 

We also thank lVIike Nlarlow (U.S. Geological SurveyU.S.G.S.) who provided the samples. The manuscript 

was reviewed by George Andrews (U.S. Geological 

Survey), Andrew M. Gombos, Jr. (Exxon Production 

Research), Amanda Palmer (Ocean Drilling Program), 

and Elliott Taylor (Ocean Drilling Program). This 

manuscript is Ocean Drilling Program Contribution No. 

P-861085. 

METHODS 

Samples were collected during U.S. Geological 

Survey cruise L5-78-BS of the R/V S. P. Lee. Diatom 

samples were processed in hydrogen peroxide and 

hydrochloric acid following the preparation procedures 

of Barron (1975). Two strewn slides were prepared for 

each sample and examined in their entirety at 500X. 

Species identifications were confirmed at 1250X. A 

species was considered to be abundant if two 

specimens were observed in each field of view, 

common if one specimen was observed in every other 

field of view, few if specimens were observed once in 

1 
each horizontal traverse (length 40 vm), and rare if a 

species was encounter less frequently. 

Numerous specimens of unidentified taxa are 

recorded here for the first time. Formal name 

assignment of these taxa is postponed until detailed 

taxonomic studies can be completed on comparative 

material. Wide morphological variation is observed in 

species referred to as Stellarima spp. (=Coscinodiscus 

symbolophorus). All varieties of this species are 

recorded as Stellarima group, following the practice of 

Schrader (1976). 

RESULTS 

Table 2 shows the relative abundance of the 

diatom species observed from the Navarin Basin 

samples. The samples were divided into two groups on 

the basis of the diatom and silicoflagellate species 

content. Samples 2-1, 2-4, 2-9, and 2-11 compose 

Group 1 and sample 5-1 composes Group 2. 

Group 1 is characterized by Actinoptychus 

senarius, Asteromphalus symmetricus, Cestodiscus sp. 

aff. C. muhinae, C. pulchellus, Coscinodiscus oculusiridis, Hemiaulus polycistinorum, Melosira sulcata, 

Pseudostictodiscus pic us, Pseudotricera tium 

chenevieri, Pterotheca subula ta, Stellarima group, 

Stictodiscus kittonianus and Synedra miocenica. 

Although age-diagnostic species are extremely rare, 

the occurrence of Asteromphalus oligocenicus, 

Cestodiscus sp. aff. C. muhinae, C. pulchellus, 

150"W 

~. 

60°N 12 

9 

30° 

5 

8 00 7 

Table 1. Location and water depth of samples 

examined during this study 

Sample Latitude Longitude Water 

no. depth 

2-1 56° 12.3' N. 17P 42.2' w. 2500-2700m 

2-4 56° 12.3' N. 171 ° 42.2' w. 2500-2700m 

2-9 56° 1 2. 3' N. 17P 42.2' w. 2500-2700m 

2-11 56° 12.3' N. 171 ° 42.2' w. 2500-2700m 

5-1 56° 51 • 1 ' N. 173° 32.7' w. 1500-1700m 

Coscinodiscus oligocenicus, Pseudostictodiscus picus, 

Triceratium radiosoreticulatum, and Trochosira 

spinosa suggests that Group 1 is characteristic of the 

upper Oligocene. 

Species of Group 1 like Cladogramma dubium, 

Coscinodiscus nitidus, C. vetustissimus, Eucampia 

balaustium, and Goniothecium tenue, suggest a 

Miocene age. These taxa, however, do not have 

stratigraphic ranges that are well documented and may 

actually range down into the Oligocene. 

It is also possible that the species indicative of 

the upper Oligocene are reworked into lower Miocene 

sediments. There is little support for this possibility 

because diatom species such as Roc ella gelida, which 

is characteristic of the latest Oligocene and earliest 

Miocene, are not found within these samples. 

The silicoflagellate species observed in Group 1 

samples include Dictyocha deflandrei var. completa, 

Distephanus ~ subsp. darwinii, D. speculum subsp. 

q 

~. )~ 

~Qe~-- ~-... •.. 

~~-

ti d"t;; 

6 5 

Figure 1. Geographic locations where Oligocene diatoms have been recorded. 1, Gombos (1983); 2, Fenner 

(1984a); 3, Fenner (1978); 4, Gombos and Ciesielski (1983); 5, Fenner (1984b); 6, Hajos (1976); 7, Jouse (1977); 

8, Barron (1983); 9, Baldauf (1985); 10, Dzinoridze and others (1979); 11, Schrader and Fenner (1976); 12, 

Baldauf and Barron (this study); 13, Barbados deposits, Schmidt and others (1874-1959); 14, Kim and Barron 

(1986). 

2 
triommata, Mesocena apiculata subsp. curvata, and 

Naviculopsis biapiculata. David Bukry (written 

commun., 1979) placed samples 2-1 and 2-4 into the 

upper part of the Naviculo sis biapiculata 

silicoflagellate Zone. Bukry written comm., 1979) 

further indicated that the relatively common 

occurrence of Dictyocha deflandrei var. completa and 

Distephanus speculum subsp. triommata suggests 

placement of these samples into the lower part of the 

upper part of the N. biapiculata Zone. Mesocena 

apiculata subsp. curvata is also observed in these 

samples. Although this subspecies is more typical of 

the lower Miocene, Bukry (oral commun., 1985) notes 

sporadic occurrences in the upper Oligocene. A late 

Oligocene age is favored for samples composing Group 

1. 

Table 2. Relative abundance of diatom species, Navarin Basin 

[A, abundant; C, common; F, few; R, rare; -, absent] 

2-1 

Actinocyclus ehrenbergii 

Acti nocyclus sp. 1 R 

Actinoptychus senarius C 

Actinoptychus splendens 

Actinoptychus vulgaris 

Arachnoidiscus decorus 

Asterolampra praeacutiloba R 

Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. darwinii 

Asteromphalus oligocenTcus 

Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. robustus R 

Asteromphalus symmetricus 

Aulacodiscus amoenus R 

Aulacodiscus crux---

Cestodiscus s~rr. C. muhinae R 

Cestodiscus pulchellus R 

Cestodiscus robustus R 

Cestodiscus sp. 1 

Cestodiscus sp. 2 

Cestodiscus sp. 3 

Cestodiscus sp. 4 

Cestodiscus sp. 5 

Chaetoceros sp. 

Cladogramma dubium 

Clavicula polYffiQrPha 

Clavicula sp. 1 

Cocconeis antiqua var. antiqua R 

Cocconeis dirupta 

Cocconeis ~urn R 

Cocconeis vitrea R 

Coscinodiscus-8P. cf. C.decrescens 

Coscinodiscus marginatus R 

Coscinodiscus nitidus 

Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis R 

Coscinodiscus OlTgOCe~ 

Coscinodiscus sp. arf. C. radiatus R 

Coscinodiscus vetustissimus 

Coscinodiscus sp. 1 

Cosmiodiscus? sp. 1 

Craspedodiscus sp. aff. 

C. coscinodiscus 

Cymatosira compacta 

Diploneis sp. . R 

Eucampia balaustium R 

Goniothecium decoratum 

Goniothecium odontella 

Goniothecium tenue R 

Goniothecium sp:-T 

Goniothecium sp. 2 

Hemiaulus kittonii 

Hemiaulus polycistinorum 

Hemiaulus pungens 

Hemiaulus sp:-;--

Hyalodiscus denutatus R 

Hyalodiscus elegans 

Hyalodiscus radiatUs 

Hyalodiscus sp. 1 

Kisseleviella carina A 

Liradiscus sp.-arr:-L. ovalis R 

Liradiscus sp. F 

Melosira clavigera F 

Melosira sulcata F 

2-4 2-9 2-11 

R R 

R R 

F F F 

R R 

R 

R R 

R 

R 

R 

R R 

R 

R 

R R R 

R R R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R R R 

R 

R 

R R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R R R 

R R R 

F R 

R 

R 

R R 

R 

R R 

R R 

R 

R R 

R R R 

R R R 

R R 

R R R 

F 

R 

R 

R F R 

R 

R 

A F A 

R R R 

R F R 

R F F 

5-1 

R 

R 

F 

F 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

F 

F 

R 

R 

R 

F 

F 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

F 

R 

F 

F 

Species/samples 

Melosira sp. 1 

Melosira sp. 2 

Muelleriopsis sp. cr. M. limbata 

Odontella aurita 

Odontella·fimbriata 

Odontella tuomeyi 

Odontella sp:-;--

Pleurosigma planktonica 

Ploiaria petasifomis 

Ploiaria sp. 1 

Ploiaria sp. 2 

Podosira sp. 1 

Pseudodimerogramma elegans 

Pseudopyxilla ameri~ 

Pseudostictodiscus picus 

Pseudotriceratium cheneVieri 

Pseudotriceratium motabile 

Pterotheca kittoniana 

var. kamtschatica 

Pterotheca subulata 

Pterotheca tetracladia 

Rhabdonema japonicum 

Rhaponeis angulata 

Rhizosolenia hebatata 

var. subacuta 

Rhizosolenia sp. 1 

Rhizosolenia sp. 2 

Rocella gelida 

~ia epsilon 

var. 1ongiC0rnis 

Rutilaria kerneri 

Sceptronei~ 

Sceptroneis sp. 2 

Skeletonema utriculosum 

Stellarima group 

Stephanogonia sp. cr. 

S. polycantha 

Stephanopyxis eocenicus 

Stephanopyxis grunowii 

Stephanopyxis spinoissima 

Stephanopyxis turris 

Stictodiscus grovei 

Stictodiscus kittOnianus 

Stictodiscus sp. 1 

Synedra miocenica 

ThalaSSiosira sp. aff. 

T. eccentrica 

Thalassiosira sp. aff. 

T. manifesta 

Thalassiosira sp. arf. 

T. mediaconvexa 

Thalassiosira spinosa 

Thalassiosira sp:-;--

Thalassiosira sp. 2 

Thalassiosira sp. 3 

Triceratium arcticum 

Triceratium radiosoreticulatum 

Trochosira spinosa 

Xanthiopyxi~raeformis 

Xanthiopyxis sp. 1 

2-1 

R 

R 

F 

F 

F 

R 

F 

R 

R 

F 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

2-4 2-9 2-11 

R 

R 

R R R 

R 

R 

R 

R R 

R R 

R R 

R 

R R 

F R 

R R 

C R 

R R R 

R 

R R F 

R R 

R 

R R R 

F R 

R R F 

R 

R 

R R 

R R 

R 

R 

C F F 

R R 

F R R 

F 

F 

F F R 

R R R 

R R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R R 

R 

5-1 

R 

R 

c 

F 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

c 

F 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

J 
Group 2 is characterized by Actinoptychus 

senarius, Asteromphalus oligocenicus, Cestodiscus sp. 

aff. C. muhinae, Coscinodiscus marginatus, C. oculusiridis, Goniothecium decoratum, G. odontella, Melosira 

sulcata, Odontella aurita, Odontella sp. 1, Rocella 

gelida, Stellarima group, and Trochosira spinosa. 

Oligocene. Gombos and Ciesielski (1983) defined the 

Rocella gelida Zone on the basis of the range of R. 

gelida stratigraphically below the first occurrence of 

Rossiella symmetrica. Barron (1983) noted that the 

range of R. gelida in the equatorial Pacific bracketed 

the Oligocene-Miocene boundary as recognized by 

Berggren and others (1985). If we assume R. gelida has 

a range in the Bering Sea similar to that at the high 

latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and in the 

equatorial Pacific, then sample 5-1 is latest Oligocene 

to earliest Miocene in age. 

The occurrence of R. gelida in this sample 

suggests a latest Oligocene to earliest Miocene age. 

Weaver and Gombos (1981) and Gombos and Ciesielski 

(1983) place the acme of R. gelida in the latest 

160"w 

PALEOECOLOGY 

Table 3 shows the modern and inferred 

distribution of diatom genera. This inferred 

distribution follows that of Barron (1975). Of the 113 

species, varieties, and resting spores observed in the 

five samples examined, 6 7 are planktonic, 25 benthic, 

and 21 resting spores. Sample 2-4 has the greatest 

diversity, containing 69 different forms, and sample 2-

11 is the least diverse, containing only 28 different 

forms. The low number of forms observed in samples 

2-1 and 2-11 may be a result of the moderate 

preservation observed in these samples compared with 

good preservation in the remaining samples. 

Figure 2. Geographic locations of dredge samples 

(numbered dots) collected from the Navarin Basin 

Province, western Bering Sea. Contour interval is in 

meters. 

The samples having good preservation (samples 

2-4, 2-9, and 5-1) have an average of 30 planktonic 

species, 18 benthic species, and 11 resting spores. 

Thirty surface samples of Holocene age examined by 

Baldauf (1981) from the shelf and slope in the Navarin 

Basin Province contained a total of 39 species, 

varieties, and spores (28 planktonic, 10 benthic, 1 

spore). As expected, the number of benthic forms and 

resting spores increased and the number of planktonic 

forms decreased in samples proceeding from the basin 

to the slope and onto the shelf. The high number of 

4 

Table 3. Modern and inferred distribution (in parentheses) of diatom genera, 

Navarin Basin 

[Updated from Barron, 1975. P, plantonic (oceanic and neritic); B, benthic; 

S, resting spore of neritic planktonic diatom] 

Genus 

Actinocyclus 

Asterolampra 

Ces todiscus 

Clavicula 

Cosmiodiscus 

Diploneis 

Hemiaulus 

Liradiscus 

Odontella 

Podosira 

Pseudostictodiscus 

Rhabdonema 

Rocella 

Skeletonema 

Stephanopyxis 

Thalassiosira 

Xanthiopyxis 

(P) 

(P) 

(P) 

(P?) 

(P) 

(B) 

(P) 

(S) 

(P) 

(S) 

(P?) 

(B) 

(P) 

(P) 

(P) 

(P) 

(S) 

Genus 

Actinoptychus 

Asteromphalus 

Chaetoceros 

Cocconeis 

Craspedodiscus 

Eucampia 

Hyalodiscus 

Melosira 

Pleurosigma 

Pseudodimerogramma 

Pseudotriceratium 

Rhaphoneis 

Rutilaria 

Stellarima 

Stictodiscus 

Triceratium 

(B) 

(P) 

(P) 

(B) 

(P) 

(P) 

(P) 

(B) 

(B) 

(P?) 

(P) 

(B) 

(B) 

(P) 

(B) 

(P) 

Genus 

Arachnoidiscus 

Aulacodiscus 

Cladogramma 

Coscinodiscus 

Cymatosira 

Goniothecium 

Kisseleviella 

Muelleriopsis 

Ploiar ia 

Pseudopyxilla 

Pterotheca 

Rhizosolenia 

Sceptroneis 

Stephanogonia 

Synedra 

Trochosira 

(B) 

(B) 

(S) 

(P) 

(P) 

(S) 

(P) 

(S) 

(S) 

(S) 

(S) 

(P) 

(B) 

(S) 

(P) 

(S) 
benthic forms observed in the Oligocene dredge 

samples suggests shallow water, possibly shelf 

conditions. 

FLORAL LIST 

Actinocyclus ehrenbergii Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861, p. 

834; Hustedt, 1929, p. 525, fig. 298. Synonym: 

Actinocyclus octonarius Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 173, 

pl. 21, fig. 7. 

Actinocyclus sp. 1; this paper pl. 2, fig. 1. Remarks: 

This is a new species from northwest Pacific 

DSDP Site 438B and will be described by N. 

Radionova (written commun., 1980). 

Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg, 1843, pl. 1; fig. 27; 

this paper pl. 2, figs. 6, 11. Synonym: 

Actinoptychus undulatus (Bailey) Ralfs !!!. 

Pritchard, 1861, p. 839, pl. 5, fig. 88; Karsten, 

1928, p. 219, fig. 236; Actinocyclus undulatus 

Bailey, 1842, pl. 2, fig. 11. 

Actinoptychus splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs in Pritchard, 

1861, p. 840; Wolle, 1890, pl. 92, fig. 9; Karsten, 

1928, p. 219, fig. 236c; Hendey, 1964, p. 95, pl. 22, 

fig. 1; this paper pl. 2, fig. 3. Synonym: 

Actinosphaenia splendens Shadbolt, 1854, p. 16. 

Actinoptychus vulgaris Schumann, 1867, p. 64; 

Peragallo and Peragallo, 1897-1908, p. 410, pl. 

111, figs. 2 and 3; Hustedt, 1929, p. 482; this 

paper pl. 14, fig. 4. 

Arachnoidiscus decorus Brown, 1933, pl. 71, pl. 6, fig. 

3. Synonyms: Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii var. 

oamarunesis Schmidt, 1890 in Schmidt and others 

1874-1959, pl. 147, fig:- 1; Arachnoidiscus 

grevileanus Hardman in Schmidt and others, 1874-

1959, pl. 73, fig. 3; Arachnoidiscus evanescens 

{Grunow, 1881) Brown sensu Wornardt, 1967, p. 40, 

fig. 61. Remarks: Recorded from middle Eocene 

sediments at DSDP Site 356 {Fenner, 1978) and 

from the middle Miocene part of the Monterey 

Formation by Schmidt and others {1874-1959), and 

W ornardt { 196 7 ). 

Asterolampra praeacutiloba Fenner in Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976, p. 965, pl. 28, figs. 9-11; this paper 

pl. 1, figs. 1, 9, 12. Remarks: Schrader and 

Fenner (1976) recorded this species in upper 

Eocene to middle Oligocene sediments of the 

Norwegian Sea. 

Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. darwinii Ehrenberg, 1844a, p. 

200, pl. (JUNE), fig. 1; Schmidt and others, 187 4-

1959, pl. 38, fig. 16; this paper pl. 1, fig. 5. 

Asteromphalus oligocenicus Schrader & Fenner, 1976, 

p. 965, pl. 21, figs. 8, 13, 14; pl. 28, fig. 1; this 

paper pl. 1, fig. 11. Remarks: Recorded from 

upper Oligocene sediments in the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976), lower Oligocene 

sediments of equatorial and South Atlantic 

{Fenner, 1978), and lower Oligocene of DSDP Sites 

511 and 513A (Gombos and Ciesielski, 1983). 

Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. robustus Castracane, 1875, p. 

393, pl. 6, fig. 5; Hustedt, 1929, p. 496, fig. 278; 

this paper pl. 1, figs. 6, 8. 

Asteromphalus symmetricus Schrader and Fenner, 

1976, p. 966, pl. 21, figs. 7, 10-12; this paper pl. 1, 

fig. 10. Remarks: Recorded in upper Oligocene 

sediments from the Norwegian Sea (Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976). 

Aulacodiscus amoenus Greville, 1864, p. 10, pl. 1, fig. 

3; Rattray, 1888, p. 357; this paper pl. 2, fig. 9. 

Remarks: Observed specimen similar to 

Aulacodiscus amoenus Greville var.? as illustrated 

in Schmidt, 1876 in Schmidt and others, 1874-

1959, pl. 134, fig. 7-:-

Aulacodiscus crux Ehrenberg, 1844a, p. 76; Ehrenberg, 

1854 p. 8, pl. 18, fig. 47; Wolle, 1880, pl. 88, fig. 

1. 

Cestodiscus sp. aff. C. muhinae Jouse, 19'Z3, p. 344-

345, pl. 1, figs. 1-5; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 

966, pl. 27, figs. 11 and 12; pl. 29, fig. 4; this 

paper pl. 9, fig. 4. Remarks: This species is 

recorded in upper Oligocene sediments from the 

Norwegian Sea (Schrader and Fenner, 1976). 

Cestodiscus pulchellus Greville, 1866 p. 123, pl. 11, 

fig. 5. 

Cestodiscus robustus Jouse, 1973, p. 345, pl. 1, figs. 

14, 15; Schrader, 1976, p. 6 30, pl. 10, fig. 2; this 

paper pl. 7, fig. 1. 

Cestodiscus sp. 1; this paper pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 12, fig. 6. 

Cestodiscus sp. 2; this paper pl. 6, fig. 2. 

Cestodiscus sp. 3; this paper pl. 6, figs. 1, 11, 12. 

Cestodiscus sp. 4; this paper pl. 12, fig. 8. Remarks: 

Specimens are similar to Cestodiscus sp. 3 of 

Schrader, 1976, p. 630, pl. 12, fig. 15. 

Cestodiscus sp. 5; this paper pl. 12, fig. 3. 

Chaetoceros sp.; this paper pl. 10, fig. 8. 

Cladogramma dubium Lohman, 1948, p. 168, pl. 9, fig. 

5; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, 1967, fig. 192; 

Schrader, 1973, p. 702, pl. 13, figs. 17, 18, 21; this 

paper pl. 3, fig. 8. Remarks: Schrader and Fenner 

(1976) recognized this species in Miocene 

sediments of the Norwegian Sea. 

Clavicula polymorpha Grunow & Pantocsek in 

Pantocsek, 1886, p. 37; this paper pl. 11, figs. 1, 5. 

Clavicula sp. 1; this paper pl. 11, fig. 2. 

Cocconeis anti qua .. var. anti qua Tempere. & Brun in 

Brun and Tempere, 1889, p. 32, pl. 8, f1g. 5; Boyer, 

1926-27, p. 249; this paper pl. 4, fig. 14. 

Cocconeis dirupta Gregory, 1857, p. 491, pl. 1, fig. 25; 

Wolle, 1890, pl. 33, figs. 15, 16; Hustedt, 1933, p. 

354, figs. 809a-c; this paper pl. 4, fig. 13. 

Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 194, pl. 14, 

fig. 8; this paper pl. 4, fig. 16. 

Cocconeis vitrea Brun, 1891, p. 19, pl. 18, fig. 2; 

Cleve, 1895, p. 177; this paper pl. 4, fig. 15. 

Coscinodiscus sp. cf. C. decrescens Grunow, 1878 in 

Schmidt and others, 1874-1959, pl. 61, figs. 7-9; 

Grunow, 1884, pl. 80; Hustedt, 1928, p. 430, fig. 

233; this paper pl. 6, fig. 3; pl. 12, fig. 7. 

Synonym: Coscinodiscus decrescens var. repleta 

Grunow, 1884, p. 80, pl. 3, fig. 18; Rattray, 1890, 

p. 526, fig. 78. Remarks: Recorded in middle 

Eocene through lower Oligocene sediments from 

the South Atlantic (Fenner, 1978) and Franz-Josef 

Land (Grunow, 1884), in upper Eocene sediments 

of Siberia, the tropical Pacific, the east Urals 

(Jouse, 1973), and Barbados (Tempere and 

Peragallo, 1889-1895), and in the middle Miocene 

Coosawhatchie Clay Member of the Hawthorn 

Formation, South Carolina and Georgia (Abbott 

and Andrews, 1979). 

5 
Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, 1839, p. 142; 

Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 18, fig. 44; Boyer, 1916, p. 

22, pl. 3, fig. 9; Hustedt, 1928, p. 416, fig. 223; 

this paper pl. 7, figs. 2, 5. Remarks: Specimens 

have a wide range of valve size, flat valve vs. 

domed valve surfaces. Recorded in Upper 

Cretaceous through Holocene sediments of the 

Pacific (Wornardt, 1967; Kanaya, 1957), the lower 

Oligocene sediments of the southwest Pacific 

(Hajos, 1976), and Eocene and lower Oligocene 

sediments of the Norwegian Sea (Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976). 

Coscinodiscus nitidus Gregory, 1857, p. 499, pl. 2, fig. 

45; Hustedt, 1928, p. 414, fig. 221; Hendey, 1964, 

p. 76, pl. 23, fig. 12. 

Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, 1839, p. 147; 

Ehrenberg 1854, pl. 18, fig. 42; pl. 19, fig. 2; 

Hustedt, 1928, p. 454, fig. 252; this paper pl. 7, 

figs. 3, 6. Remarks: Occurs in upper Eocene 

through Holocene sediments of the eastern Pacific 

(Wornardt, 1967) and middle Eocene and lower 

Oligocene of the southern Atlantic (Fenner, 1978). 

Coscinodiscus oligocenicus Jouse, 1973, p. 348, pl. 1, 

figs. 6-8, 16; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 972, 

pl. 29, figs. 1, 2; Fenner, 1978, p. 515, pl. 4, figs. 

5-10; this paper pl. 6, fig. 7(?) pl. 14, fig. 6. 

Synonym: Coscinodiscus griseus sensu Gieser & 

Jouse, 1974, p. 56, pl. 1, fig. 10. Remarks: 

Recorded from the Eocene (Gieser and Jouse, 

1974), Oligocene (Jouse, 1973; Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976), and Eocene and Oligocene (Fenner, 

1978) in the equatorial and South Atlantic. Barron 

(1983) reports this species ranging in to the lower 

Miocene sediments in the equatorial Pacific 

Ocean. 

Coscinodiscus sp. aff. C. radiatus Ehrenberg, 1839, p. 

148, pl. 3, figs. 1-;-9; Hustedt, 1928, p. 420, fig. 

225; this paper pl. 7, fig. 4. 

Coscinodiscus vetustissimus Pantocsek, 1886, p. 71, pl. 

20, fig. 186. Remarks: Recorded from the middle 

Eocene (Fenner, 1978) and upper Eocene to 

Holocene (Gieser and Jouse, 1974) of the 

equatorial Atlantic and from the middle Miocene 

to Pliocene (Abbott and Andrews, 1979) of eastern 

North America. 

Coscinodiscus sp. 1; this paper pl. 9, fig. 2. 

Cosmiodiscus? sp. 1; this paper pl. 2, fig. 8. 

Craspedodiscus sp. aff. C. coscinodiscus Ehrenberg, 

1844b, p. 266; Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 18, fig. 108; pl. 

33, fig. 8; Kanaya, 1971, p. 555, pl. 40.4, figs. 1-3; 

this paper pl. 9, fig. 6. 

Cymatosira compacta Schrader & Fenner, 1976, p. 976, 

pl. 8, figs. 22, 25; pl. 25, figs. 30-32; this paper pl. 

10, fig. 3. Remarks: Reported from the upper 

Oligocene of the Norwegian Sea (Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976). 

Diploneis group; a typical specimen on pl. 4, fig. 11. 

Remarks: All observed specimens of this genus 

were recorded as Diploneis sp. 

Eucampia balaustium Castracane, 1886, p. 97, pl. 18, 

fig. 5; Karsten, 1905, p. 126, pl. 11, fig. 7; 

Hustedt, 1958, p. 136-137, pl. 5, figs. 40-43; 

Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 981, pl. 10, figs. 17, 

18; this paper pl. 3, figs. 1, 4. Remarks: 

6 

Recorded from the middle Miocene to Holocene of 

the southwest Pacific (Schrader, 1976; McCollum, 

1975) and the Pleistocene of the southwest 

Atlantic (Donahue, 1970; Fenner, 1978). 

Goniothecium decoratum Brun, 1891, p. 28, pl. 12, fig. 

6; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 982, pl. 6, figs. 3, 

5; pl. 37, figs. 1-5, 11-14; this paper pl. 5, figs. 4, 

5, 7, 9. Remarks: Recorded from Eocene through 

Oligocene sediments of the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976). 

Goniothecium odontella Ehrenberg, 1844a, p. 82; 

Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 18, fig. 94; pl. 33, fig. 15; 

Brightwell, 1856, p. 106, pl. 7, figs. 4, 7; this 

paper pl. 5, figs. 2, 3, 6, 8. Remarks: Recorded in 

Cretaceous sediments of the southwestern Pacific 

Ocean (Hajos and Stradner, 1975), middle Eocene 

sediments of the South Atlantic (Fenner, 1978), 

upper Oligocene of the southeastern Pacific 

(Schrader, 1976), upper Eocene through Oligocene 

sediments of the Norwegian Sea (Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976), upper Eocene of the South Atlantic 

(Gombos, 1983), and upper Eocene and lower 

Oligocene sediments of the southwest Pacific 

(Hajos, 1976). 

Goniothecium tenue Brun, 1894, p. 77, pl. 6, figs. 5, 6; 

Schrader and Fenner, 1976b, p. 983, pl. 1, figs. 6-

10; pl. 37, figs. 6-10; this paper pl. 5, fig. 1; pl. 10, 

fig. 7. Remarks: This species was previously 

considered to be restricted to Miocene sediments 

(Koizumi, 1973; Schrader and Fenner, 1976; J. 

Fenner, written commun., 1980). 

Goniothecium sp. 1; this paper pl. 4, figs. 8, 9. 

Remarks: Valves are oval in shape and heavily 

silicified. Spines are scattered over the valve 

surface in a square pattern. Valve dimension 

ranges from 12-30 )Jm. 

Goniothecium sp. 2; this paper pl. 4, fig. 10. 

Remarks: This form differs from Goniothecium 

sp. 1 by having spines that are radially arranged to 

form a centric rather than a square pattern. 

Hemiaulus kittonii Grunow, 1884 in van Heurck, 1883, 

pl. 106, figs. 6-9; Strelnikova-;-1974, p. 96, pl. 42, 

figs. 12-24; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 984, pl. 

10, fig. 19; this paper pl. 3, fig. 2. Remarks: 

Recorded from the middle Eocene of DSDP Site 

356 (Fenner, 1978), lower Oligocene of DSDP Site 

354 (Fenner, 1978), Upper Cretaceous of western 

Siberia (Strelnikova, 1974), and lower Eocene of 

Mors Jutland (Grunow, 1884; Schmidt and others, 

1874-1959). 

Hemiaulus polycistinorum Ehrenberg, 1854, p. 36, figs. 

a, b; Ralfs in Pritchard, 1861, p. 851; this paper 

pl. 3, figs. 3;1.0. 

Hemiaulus pungens Grunow, 1884, p. 63, pl. 5, figs. 5, 

6; Cleve-Euler, 1951, p. 125, figs. 27 A; this paper 

pl. 3, fig. 5. 

Hemiaulus sp. 1; this paper pl. 3, fig. 6. 

Hyalodiscus denutatus Korotkevicz, 1964, p. 104, pl. 1, 

figs. 1-4; this paper pl. 2, fig. ~; pl. 6, fig. 5. 

Hyalodiscus elegans Strelnikova, 1974, p. 51, pl. 2, 

figs. 1, 2; this paper pl. 1, fig. 2. Remarks: 

Recorded in Cretaceous sediments by Strelnikova 

(1974) and lower Oligocene sediments by Fenner 

(1978). 

Hyalodiscus radiatus (O'Meara) Grunow in Cleve and 

Grunow, 1879, p. 117; Grunow, 1884, p. 93; 

Hustedt, 1928, p. 285, fig. 135; this paper pl. 8, 

fig. 2. Synonym: Pyxidicula radiata O'Meara, 
1877' p. 58, pl. 1, fig. 9. 

Hyalodiscus sp. 1; this paper pl. 8, fig. 4. 

Kisseleviella carina Sheshukova-Poretzkaya in 

Sheshukova-Poretzkaya and Gieser, 1962, p. 207, 

figs. 1a, b, 2; Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, 1967, p. 

237. pl. 11, fig. 5; this paper pl. 10, figs. 4-6. 

Remarks: Recorded from the lower Oligocene of 

the southwest Pacific (Hajos, 1976), middle 

Eocene of the South Atlantic (Fenner, 1978), and 

lower and middle Miocene of the North Pacific 

(Barron, 1980). 

Liradiscus sp. aff. L. ovalis Greville, 1865, p. 5, pl. 1, 

figs. 15, 16; this paper pl. 4, fig. 2. Remarks: 

This resting spore is reported from upper Eocene 

through lower Oligocene sediments from the 

southwest Pacific (Haj6s, 1976). Specimens are 

similar to Liradiscus sp. of Haj6s (1976) which has 

convex-ellipsoidal valves that are well 

reticulated, irregular in shape, and contain short 

spines. 

Melosira clavigera Grunow, 1882 in Schmidt and 

others., 1874-1959, pl. 175, fig8:"""21-24; pl. 202, 

figs. 8-9; this paper pl. 6, fig. 10. 

Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kutzing, 1844, p. 55, pl. 

2, fig. 7; Wolle, 1980, pl. 58, figs. 12-15; Hanna, 

1927, p. 115, pl. 20, fig. 1; this paper pl. 1, figs. 3, 

4; pl. 6, fig. 9. Synonym: Gaillonella sulcata 

Ehrenberg, 1838, p. 170, pl. 21, fig. 5. 

Melosira sp. 1; this paper pl. 10, fig. 1. 

Melosira sp. 2; this paper pl. 10, fig. 16. 

Muelleriopsis sp. cf. M. limbata Hendey, 1972, p. 87, 

pl. 1, fig. 2. 

Odontella aurita Agardh, 1832, p. 56; this paper pl. 3, 

figs. 7, 11. Synonyms: Biddulphia aurita 

(Lyngbye) Brebisson & Godey, 1838, p. 12; Wolle, 

1890, pl. 96, figs. 9-11; Hendey, 1964, p. 103, pl. 

24, fig. 6; Diatoma auritum Lyngbye, 1819, p. 182, 

pl. 62, fig. D. 

Odontella fimbriata (Greville) Schrader in Schrader 

and Fenner, 1976, p. 992, pl. 20, fig. 6Tthis paper 

pl. 10, fig. 15. Synonym: Biddulphia fimbriata 

Greville, 1865, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 4. Remarks: Found 

in Oligocene sediments of the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976) and lower Oligocene 

sediments of the southwestern Pacific (Hajos, 

1976). 

Odontella tuomeyi (Bailey) Glezer, 1975; this paper pl. 

3, figs. 12, 14. Synonyms: Biddulphia tuomeyi 

(Bailey) Roper, 1859, p. 8, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; Hanna, 

1927, p. 110, pl. 17, fig. 6; pl. 19, figs. 1, 2; 

Zygoceros tuomeyi Bailey, 1844, p. 138, pl. 3, fig. 

13. 

Odontella sp. 1; this paper pl. 3, fig. 13. 

Pleurosigma planktonica Schrader in Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976, p. 993, pl. 5, fig. 25; this paper pl. 

11, fig. 15. 

Ploiaria petasiformis Pantocsek, 1889, p. 83, pl. 28, 

figs. 403, 405; van Heurck, 1896, p. 457, fig. 186; 

Fenner, 1978, p. 526, pl. 26, fig. 9; this paper pl. 

5, fig. 11. Synonym: Hemiaulus petasiformis 

Pantocsek, 1889, p. 50, pl. 29, fig. 295. 

Remarks: Fenner (1978) reported this species 

from middle Eocene sediments of DSDP Site 356. 

Pantocsek (1889) and Hendey (1972) recorded it 

from the Miocene of Hungary. 

Ploiaria sp. 1; this paper pl. 5, fig. 10. 

Ploiaria sp. 2; this paper pl. 5, fig. 12. 

Podosira sp. 1; this paper pl. 13, fig. 3. 

Pseudodimerogramma elegans Schrader in Schrader 

and Fenner, 1976, p. 993, pl. 3, fig. 13; this paper 

pl. 11, figs. 6, 7(?) Remarks: Recorded in lower 

and middle Miocene of the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976). 

Pseudopyxilla americana (Ehrenberg) Forti, 1909, p. 

28, 30, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1949, 

p. 200, pl. 98, fig. 4; this paper pl. 11, fig. 12. 

Synonym: Rhizosolenia americana Ehrenberg, 

1841, p. 422; Ehrenberg, 1854, pl. 33, figs. 3, 14. 

Pseudostictodiscus picus Hanna, 1927, p. 28, pl. 3, 

figs. 1-4; Proshkina-Lavrenko, 1949, pl. 16, fig. 

11; Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 994, pl. 35, figs. 

25, 26, 28; Fenner, 1978, p. 527, pl. 1, fig. 10; this 

paper pl. 12, fig. 4; pl. 14, fig. 7. Remarks: 

Recorded from upper Eocene through middle 

Oligocene sediments of the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 1976), middle Eocene of the 

South Atlantic (Fenner, 1978), and Barbados 

(Schmidt and others, 1874-1959). 

Pseudotriceratium chenevieri (Meister) Gleser, 1975, 

pl. 2, fig. 4; Strelnikova, 1960, pl. 9, fig. 3; Gieser 

and others., 1974, pl. 28, fig. 12; Schrader and 

Fenner, 1976, p. 994, pl. 11, figs. 7-9; pl. 26, fig. 

5; this paper pl. 14, figs. 1, 3, 9. Synonym: 

Triceratium chenevieri Meister, 1937, p. 261, pl. 

5, fig. 2. Remarks: Found in Eocene to lower 

Miocene sediments of the Norwegian Sea 

(Schrader and Fenner, 19 76 ). 

Pseudotriceratium motabile (Korotkevicz) Gleser, 

1974, pl. 54, fig. 4; this paper pl. 10, fig. 11. 

Synonym: Triceratium motabile Korotkevicz, 

1964, p. 110, pl. 4, fig. 4. 

Pterotheca kittoniana var. kamtschatica Gaponov, 

1927, p. 15, pl. 1, fig. 11; Proshkina-Lavrenko, 

1949, p. 202, pl. 75, fig. 5; Fenner, 1978, p. 527, 

pl. 9, figs. 2-5; this paper pl. 10, fig. 14. 

Pterotheca subulata Grunow in van Heurck, 1882, pl. 

83, fig. 6; Forti, 1909, p. T3; this paper pl. 10, fig. 

9. Synonym: Pyxilla subulata (Grunow) Wolle, 

1890, pl. 65, fig. 19. 

Pterotheca tetracladia (Ehrenberg) Thurn, 1899, p. 14; 

this paper pl. 4, figs. 4, 5. Synonym: Periptera 

tetracladia Ehrenberg, 1844b, p. 270. 

Rhabdonema japonicum Tempere & Brun in Brun and 

Tempere, 1899, p. 53, pl. 1 fig. 6; Pantocsek, 

1892, pl. 30, fig. 440; this paper pl. 10, fig. 10. 

Rhaphoneis angula ta Fenner in Schrader and Fenner, 

1976, pl. 7, fig. 7; pl. 23, figs. 28-30; Fenner, 

1978, p. 528; this paper pl. 10, fig. 2. Remarks: 

Recorded from the middle and upper Oligocene of 

the Norwegian Sea (Schrader and Fenner, 1976). 

Rhizosolenia hebetata var. subacuta Grunow, 1884, p. 

96, pl. 5, figs. 49-50; Fenner, 1978, p. 529, pl. 20, 

figs. 10, 11; this paper pl. 11, figs. 10, 11. 

Remarks: Fenner (1978) recorded this variety 

ranging from lower Oligocene to Pliocene sediments of DSDP Site 356 in the southwest Atlantic. 

Rhizosolenia sp. 1; this paper pl. 11, fig. 9. 

Rhizosolenia sp. 2; this paper pl. 11, fig. 13. 

Rocella gelida (Mann) Bukry, 1978, p. 788, pl. 5, figs. 

1-13; Barron, 1985, p. 768, fig. 4.16; this paper pl. 

1, fig. 7. Synonyms: Stictodiscus gelidus Mann, 

1907, p. 268, pl. 50, fig. 5; Rocella gemma Hanna, 

1 
1930, p. 415, 416, pl. 40A, figs. 8-18. Remarks: 

This species occurs in upper Oligocene and lower 

Miocene sediments in the southwest Atlantic 

(Gombos and Ciesielski, 1983), the equatorial 

Pacific (Barron, 1983, 1985), the North Atlantic 

(Baldauf, 1985), and the Bering Sea (as 

Stictodiscus gelidus) (Hanna, 1929). 

Rutilaria epsilon var. longicornis Tempere & Brun in 

Brun and Tempere, 1889, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 1; 

Schmidt, 1893, in Schmidt and others, 1874-1959, 

pl. 183, figs. 13-16; this paper pl. 10, fig. 12. 

Rutilaria kerneri Pantocsek, 1892, pl. 33, fig. 47 4; 

Pantocsek, 1905, p. 94; this paper pl. 10, fig. 13. 

Sceptroneis sp. 1; this paper pl. 11, fig. 3. 

Sceptroneis sp. 2; this paper pl. 11, fig. 4. 

Skeletonema utriculosum Brun, 1891, p. 44, pl. 11, figs. 

1a, 1b; Schmidt, 1892, in Schmidt and others, 

187 4-1959, pl. 180, figs. 27-30; this paper pl. 4, 

fig. 12. 

Stellarima group, Hasle and Simms, 1986, p. 111, figs. 

18-27; this paper pl. 8, figs. 1, 3, 5, 7; pl. 9, fig. 1; 

pl. 12, fig. 5. Synonym: Coscinodiscus 

symbolophorus group of Schrader (1976), p. 631, 

pl. 7, figs. 1-3; pl. 10, figs. 1, 4, 5. Remarks: 

Taxonomic revision is required. All specimens 

characterized by having a hyaline margin and 

distinct labiate processes within the central 

region have been placed in this group following 

the example of Schrader and Fenner (1976). 

Stephanogonia sp. cf. §_. polycantha Forti, 1913; Hanna, 

1932, p. 218, pl. 16, fig. 8; Hajos, 1976, pl. 17, fig. 

13. 

Stephanopyxis eocenicus Hajos, 19 76, p. 824, pl. 4, 

figs. 3, 4; this paper pl. 13, fig. 4. 

Stephanopyxis grunowii Grove & Sturt, 1888 in Schmidt 

and others, 1874-1959, pl. 130, figs. 1-4; this 

paper pl. 13, fig. 5. 

Stephanopyxis spinosissima Grunow, 1884, p. 90-91; 

Schrader and Fenner, 1976, pl. 31, fig. 5; this 

paper pl. 13, fig. 6. 

Stephanopyxis turris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs in 

Pritchard, 1861, p. 826, pl. 5, fig. 74; Karsten, 

1905, p. 73, pl. 2, fig. 1; this paper pl. 3, fig. 9; pl. 

4, fig. 1; pl. 13; fig. 1. Synonym: Cresswellia 

turgida Greville & Arnott in Gregory, 1857, p. 

538, fig. 64, pl. 14, figs. 1, 5. 

Stictodiscus grovei Schmidt, 1890 in Schmidt and 

others., 1874-1959, pl. 147, figs. 5-7; Hajos, 1976, 

p. 826, pl. 10, figs. 4-6; this paper pl. 12, fig. 2. 

Stictodiscus kitton:ianus Greville, 1861, p. 77, pl. 10, 

figs. 2, 3; Wolle, 1890, pl. 75, fig. 9; Hanna, 1932, 

p. 219, pl. 16, fig. 12; this paper pl. 12, fig. 1. 

Remarks: Recorded in Oligocene sediments of the 

Norwegian Sea (Schrader and Fenner, 1976). 

Stictodiscus sp. 1; this paper pl. 6, fig. 4. 

Synedra miocenica Schrader, 1976, p. 636, pl. 1, fig. 1. 

Thalassiosira sp. aff. _!. eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 

1904, p. 216; Fryxell and Hasle, 1972, p. 297-317; 

Abbott and Andrews, 1979, p. 259, pl. 6, fig. 12; 

this paper pl. 8, fig. 6; pl. 13, fig. 2. Synoynm: 

Coscinodiscus eccentricus Ehrenberg, 1839, p. 

146; Ehrenberg, 1841, p. 371, pl. 3, fig. 5. 

Thalassiosira sp. aff. T. manifesta SheshukovaPoretzkaya in Sheshukova-Poretzkaya and Gieser, 

1964, p. 72, pl. 1, fig. 7; this paper pl. 12, fig. 9. 

Thalassiosira sp. aff. _!. mediaconvexa Schrader in 

8 

Schrader and Fenner, 1976, p. 1002, pl. 36, fig. 1; 

this paper pl. 2, figs. 4, 10; pl. 9, fig. 3. 

Thalassiosira spinosa Schrader, 1976, p. 636, pl. 6, figs. 

5-7. 

Thalassiosira sp. 1; this paper pl. 2, fig. 5. 

Thalassiosira sp. 2; this paper pl. 6, fig. 8. 

Thalassiosira sp. 3; this paper pl. 6, fig. 6; pl. 8, fig. 8. 

Triceratium arcticum Brightwell, 1853, p. 250, pl. 4, 

fig. 11; Hustedt, 1930, p. 816, fig. 479; this paper 

pl. 9, fig. 5; pl. 14, fig. 8. 

Triceratium radiosoreticulatum Grunow, 1883 in van 

Heurck, 1883, pl. 112, fig. 5; de Toni, 1894, P":"" 926; 

this paper pl. 14, fig. 5. 

Trochosira spinosa Kitton, 1871, p. 170, pl. 14, figs. 

6, 7; Schmidt and others, 1874-1959, pl. 180, fig. 

49; this paper pl. 14, fig. 2. Remarks: This 

species is recorded from the middle Eocene 

through Oligocene of the Atlantic (Fenner, 1978), 

the lower Eocene deposits of Mors, Denmark 

(Kitton, 1871), and the middle Miocene 

Coosawhatchie Clay Member of the Hawthorn 

Formation of South Carolina and Georgia 

(Andrews and Abbott, 1985). 

Xanthiopyxis panduraeformis Forti, 1908, p. 133; Forti 

in Tempere and Peragallo, 1910, p. 197, nos. 367-

369. 

Xanthiopyxis sp. 1; this paper pl. 4, fig. 6. 

Genus and species indet.; this paper pl. 4, fig. 3. 

Genus and species indet.; this paper pl. 11, fig. 8. 

Genus and species indet.; this paper pl. 11, fig. 14. 

REFERENCES 

Abbott, W.H., and Andrews, G. W., 1979, Middle 

Miocene marine diatoms from the Hawthorn 

Formation within the Ridgeland Trough, South 

Carolina and Georgia: Micropaleontology, v. 25, 

p. 225-271. 

Agardh, C.A., 1832, Conspectus criticus 

Diatomacearum, Part 4: Lundae, p. 48-66. 

Andrews, G. W., and Abbott, W.H., 1985, Miocene 

diatoms from the Hawthorn For~nation, Thomas 

County, Georgia: Bulletins of A.nerican 

Paleontology, v. 87, no. 321, p. 57-109. 

Bailey, J.W. 1842, A sketch of the infusoria of the 

family Bacillaria: American Journal of Science, 

v. 42, p. 88-105. 

__ 1844, Account of some new infusorial forms 

discovered in the fossil infusoria from Petersburg, 

Va., and Piscataway, Md.: American Journal of 

Science, v. 46, p. 137-141. 

Baldauf, J.G., 1981, Diatoms from the late Quaternary 

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Sea: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 

81-1217, p. 100-113. 

1985, Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy and 

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reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Volume 

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Biologichekich, v. 49, no. 313, p. 171-202. 

1964, Novie vidy morskie paleognovykh 

--diatomovykh vodorosli U.S.S.R., in Komorovii, 

V.L., ed., Novosti sistematki nizschich rastenij: 

[Moscow- ]Leningrad, Izdanja "Nauka" p. 78-92. 

Strelnikova, N.I., 1960, Diatomovye vodorosli i 

kremneveye zhguitkovye iz paleognovykh 

otlozhenij Obsko-Purskogo mezhdyurechja: Trudy 

Vsesojuznogo Neftjango Navchroissledova, v. 158, 

p. 33-45. 

__ 1974, Diatomei pozdnego mela Diatoms of the 

Late Cretaceous: Moscow, Akademii Nauk USSR, 

p. 1-201. 

Tempere, J.H.A., and Peragallo, Hippolyte, 1889-1895, 

Diatomees collection: Paris, Hy-Tribout, 304 p., 

62 pls. 

1907-1915, Diatomees du Monde Entier; Edition 

-- 2: Grez-Sur-Loing, Areachon, 480 p. 

Thurn, Edward, 1899, Thurn's catalogue and slides: 

Leipzig, C.G. Naumrnan, Institut fur Mikroskopie, 

1885-1889, 87 p. 

de Toni, G.B., 1894, Sylloge algarum omnium hucusque 

cognitarurn, vol. II, Bacillarieae, Sec. m, 

Cryptoraphideae: Patavii, Typis Serniarii, p. 818-

1556. 

van Heurck, Henri, 1880-1885, Synopsis des Diatornees 

de Belgique. Atlas, pls. 1-30 (1880); pls. 31-77 

(1881); pls. 78-103 (1882); pls. 104-132 (1883); pls. 

A, B, C (1885): Anvers, Ducaju et Cie. Table 

Alphabetique: Anvers, J. F. Dieltjens, 120 p. 

(1884). Text: Anvers, Brouwors and Co., 235 p. 

(1885). 

1896, A Treatise on the Diatomaceae: London, 

--William Wesley & Son, 558 p., 35 pls. 

Weaver, F.M., and Gombos, A.M., Jr., 1981, Southern 

high-latitude diatom biostratigraphy, in Warrne, 
T.E., Douglas, R.C., and Winters, E.L., eds., The 

Deep Sea Drilling Project: a decade of progress: 

Society of Economic Paleontologists and 

Mineralogists, Special Publication 32., p. 445-470. 

Wolle, Francis, 1890, Diatomaceae of North America, 

illustrated with twenty-three hundred figures 

from the author's drawings on one hundred and 

twelve plates: Bethlehem, Penn., Comenius Press, 

112. p. 

Wornardt, W.W., Jr., 1967, Miocene and Pliocene 

marine diatoms from California: San Francisco, 

Calif., California Academy of Sciences Occasional 

Papers, v. 63, 108 p. 

13 

INDEX 

[Majer page references are underlined] 

Actinocyclus, 4 

ehrenbergii, 3, 2 

octonarius, 5 

undulatus, 5 

sp. 1, 3, 5; pl. 2 

Actinoptychus, 4 

A 

senar ius , 2, 3, 4, 5 ; pl • 2 

~s, 3, 5; pl-;- 2 

undulatus, 5 -

vulgaris, 3, 5; pl. 14 

Actin~a splendens, 5 

americana, Pseudopyxilla, 3, I; pl. 11 

americana, Rhizosolenia, 7 

amoenus, Aulacodiscus, 3, 5; pl. 2 

angulata, Rhaphoneis, 3, i; pl. 10 

antiqua antiqua, Cocconeis, 3, 5; pl. 

anti qua, """'CciCCOneis anti qua, 3, 5; pl. 

aj)I'Ciilata curvata, Mesccena, 3 - Arachnoid!~ ----

decorus, 3, 5 

~rgii oamarunesis, 

evanescens, 5 

grev ileanus, 5 

arcticum, Triceratium, 3, ~; pls. 9, 14 

AsterO'lain pr a , 4 

praeacutiloba, 3, 2; pl. 

Asteromphalus, 4 

darwinii, 3, 5; pl. 

~icus,-2, 3, 4, 2; pl. 

robustus, 3, 5; pl. 1 

SyiiiiiietMcus, 2, 3, 5; pl • 

Atlantic Ocean, 8 -

equatorial, 6 

North, 8 

South , 5, 6, 7 

southwest, 6, 7, 8 

Aulacodiscus, 4 

amoenus, 3, 5; pl. 

crux, 3, 5 -

auri ta,Biddulphia, 

a uri ta, Odontella, 3, 4, 1.; pl. 3 

auri tum, Diatcma, 7 

B 

Baja California, 1 

balaustium, Eucampia, 2, 3, ~. pl. 3 

Barbados, 1,~ 

Barron, J.A., cited, 1, 4 

Bering Sea, 1, 4, 8 

biapiculata, Naviculopsis, 

Biddulphia aurita, 7 

fimbriata";7 

tuomeyi, 7 

Bukry, David, cited, 

c 

carina, Kisseleviella, 3, 1.; pl. 10 

cestOdi scus' 4 

muhinae, 2, 3, 4, 5; pl. 

~lus, 2, 3, 5 

robustus, 3, 5; pl-;- 7 

sp:-T;'"3, 5; pls. 2, 12 

sp. 2, 3, S; pl. 6 

sp. 3, 3, 5 pl. 6 

sp. 4, 3, 5; pl. 12 

sp. 5, 3, ~; pl. 12 

Chaetocercs, 4 

sp., 3, 5; pl. 10 

chenevieri, Pseudotriceratium, 2, 3, 1.; pl. 14 

chenevieri, Triceratium, 7 

Cladogramma, 4 

dubium, 2, 3, 5; pl. 3 Clavi~4 -

polymorpha, 3, 5; pl.11 

sp. 1, 3, 5; p1:-11 

clavigera, Melosira, 3, 7; pl. 6 

Cocconeis·, -4----

antiqua antiqua, 3, 5; pl.4 

dirupta, 3, 2; pl. 4-

scutellum, 3, 5; pl. 4 

vitrea, 3, 5; pl. 4 

compacta, Cymatosira, 3, 6; pl. 10 

completa, Dictyocha deflandre!, 2, 

~tal slope, dredge samples, 

Coosawhatchie Clay Member, Hawthorn Formation, 

5, 8 

Coscinodiscus, 4 

decrescens, 3, 5; pls. 6, 12 

decrescens repleta, 5 

eccentricus, 8 

griseus, 6 

~tus, 3, 4, ~; pl. 7 

ni tidus, 2, 3, 6 

~ridis, 2, 3, 4, 6; pl. 7 

oligocenicus, 2, 3, 6; pls. 6, 14 

radiatus, 3, 6; pl.7-

~horus~ 2 

symbolophorus group, 8 

vetustissimus, 2, 3, 6 

sp. 1, 3, 6; pl. 9 

coscinodiscus, Craspedodiscus, 3, ~; pl. 9 

Cosmiodiscus, 4 

sp. 1, 3, 6; pl. 2 

Craspedodiscus,-4 

coscinodiscus, 3, 6; pl. 9 

Cresswellia turgida, 8-

Cretaceous, rUpper, 6 

Cristo bali te, 1 

crux, Aulacodiscus, 3, 5 

CriiX darwinii, Distephanus, 2 

C'UrVata, Mesocena a pi culata, 3 ~ir-a-,-4--

compacta, 3, ~; pl. 10 

D 

darwinii, Asteromphalus, 3, 5; pl. 1 

darwinii, Distephanus crux, 2 ~m. Goniotheciuiii;3, 4, ~; pl. 5 

decorus, Arachnoidiscus, 3, 2 

Deep Sea Drilling Project, 1 

decrescens, Coscinodiscus, 3, 5; pls. 6, 12 

decrescens repleta, Coscinodiscus, 5 

deflandre! completa, Dictyocha, 2, 3 

Denmark, Mors Jutland, 6, 8 

denutatus, Hyalodiscus, 3, 6; pls. 2, 

Diatoma auritum, 7 -

Diatom locations, 2 

Antarctic Ocean, 

Barbados, 1, 2, 5, 

Denmark, 6, 8 

equatorial regions, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8 

Hungary, 7 

North America, 1 

Northern Hemisphere, 

Norwegian Sea, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8 

Siberia, 5, 6 

Southern Hemisphere, 

see also Atlantic Ocean 

see also Pacific Ocean 

DictyOchadeflandrei completa, 2, 3 

Diploneis, 4 

group, 6 

sp., 3,-6; pl. 4 

dirupta, cocconeis, 3, 5; pl. 

DIStei)hanus crux darwinTi, 2 

speculum tri~2, 3 

Dredge sample locations, 2, 4 

floral assemblage, 2, 3, 

dubium, Cladogramma, 2, 3, 2; pl. 3 

E 

eccentrica, Thalassiosira, 3, 8; pls. 8, 13 

eccentricus, Coscinodiscus, 8-

ehrenbergii, Actinocyclus, 3, 5 

ehrenbergii oamarunesis, Arachnoidiscus, 5 

elegans, Hyalodiscus, 3, 6; pl. 1 

elegans, Pseudcdimerogramiiia, 3, 7; pl. 11 

epsilon longicornis, Rutilaria, 3, 8; pl. 10 

EocenP., sediments, 6, 7 

-

lower, 6, 8 

middle, 5, 6, 7, 8 

upper, 5, 6, 7 

eccenicus, Stephanopyxis, 3, 8; pl. 13 

Equatorial regions, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8 

15 
16 

Eucampia, 4 

~austium, 2, 3, 6; pl. 

evanescens, Arachnoidiscus, 5 

F, G 

Fenner, Juliane, cited, 8 

fimbriata, Biddulphia, 7 

fimbriata, Odontella, 3, ']_; pl. 10 

Floral list, 5 

Franz-Josef Land, 5 

Frustules, diatom, destruction, 

Gaillonella sulcata, 7 

gelida, Rocella, 2, 3, 4, 7; pl. 1 

gelidus,stiCtOdiscus, 7, 8 

gemma, Rocella, 7 

Georgia~ 

Goniothecium, 4 

decoratum, 3, 4, 6; pl. 5 

odontella, 3, 4, 6; pl. 5 

tenue, 2, 3, 6; pls. 5, 10 

sp:-1, 3, 6; pl. 4 

sp. 2, 3, 6,; pl.4 

grevi lean us, Arachnoi discus, 

griseus, Coscinodiscus, 6 

grovei, Stictodiscus, 3, 8; pl. 12 

grunowii, Stephanopyxis, 3, ~; pl. 13 

H 

Hawthorn Formation, Coosawhatchie Clay Member, 

5, 8 

hebatata subacuta, Rhizosolenia, 3, !; pl. 11 

Hein, J.R., cited, 1 

Hemiaulus, 4 

kittonii, 3, 6; pl. 3 

~rmis,-7 

polycistinorum, 2, 3, £.; pl. 3 

pun gens, 3, 6; pl. 3 

~3. 6;-pl. 3 

Holocene, 4, 6-

Hungary, 7 

Hyalodiscus, 

denutatus, 3, 6; pls. 2, 6 

elegans, 3, 6; -pl. 1 

radiatus, 3,-6; pl. 8 

~.!;pl. 8 

J, K 

japonicum, Rhabdonema, 3, !; pl. 10 

Jones, M.G., cited, 1 

kamtschatica, Pterotheca kittoniana, 3, !; 

pl. 10 

kerneri, Rutilaria, 3, 8; pl. 10 

KTSSelevi ella, 4 -

carina, 3, 7; pl. 10 

ki ttoriTailakamtschatica, Pterotheca, 3, I.; 

pl. 10 

kittonianus, Stictodiscus, 2, 3, 8; pl. 12 

kittonii, Hemiaulus, 3, £.; pl. 3-

L, H 

limbata, Muelleriopsis, 3, 

~cus, 4 

ovalis, 3, 7; pl. 4 

~. 7 -

longicornis, Rutilaria epsilon, 3, ~; pl. 10 

manifesta, Thalassiosira, 3, 8; pl. 12 

marginatus, Coscinodiscus, 3,-4, 6; pl. 7 

mediaconvexa, Thalassiosira, 3, 8i pls. 2, 

Melosira, 4 -

-clavigera, 3, 7; pl. 

sulcata, 2, 3,-4, 7; pls. 1, 6 

~3. 7; pl. ,.0 

sp. 2, 3, 7; pl. 10 

Mesocena apiculata curvata, 

Methods, 1 ---

Mexico, Ilija California, 1 

Miller, Jacquelyn, cited, 1 

Miocene, 2, 5, 6, 7 

early, 2, 4 

sediments, 5, 6, 7 

1 ower , 2, 7 , 8 

middle, 5, 6, 7, 8 

miocenica, Synedra, 2, 3, ~ 

Monterey Formation, 5 

Mors Jutland, Denmark, 6, 8 

motabile, Pseudotriceratium, 3, !; pl. 10 

motabile, Triceratium, 7 

~apsis, 4 

limbata, 3, 7 

muhinae, Cestodiscus, 2, 3, 4, 2_; pl. 9 

N, 0 

Naviculopsis biapiculata, 3 

Zone, silicoflagellate, 3 

nitidus, Coscinodiscus, 2, 3, 6 

North America, eastern, 6 -

Baja California, 1 

Georgia, 5, 8 

South Carolina, 5, 8 

Norwegian Sea, 1, 5, 6, 7, 

oamarunesis, Arachnoidiscus ehrenbergii, 

octonarius, Actinocyclus, 5 

oculus-iridis, Coscinodiscus, 2, 3, 4, 6; pl. 

odontella, Goniothecium, 3, 4, 6; pl. 5-

0dontella, 4 -

aurita, 3, 4, 7; pl. 3 

firii'bMata, 3, 7; pl. 10 

tuomeyi, 3, 7;-pl. 3 

~3. 4,-7; pl. 3 

Oligocene-Miocene boundary, 

Oligocene, 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 

late, 2, 3, 4 

sediments, 5, 6, 7, 8 

lower, 5, 6, 7 

middle, 7 

upper, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 

oligocenicus, Asteromphalus, 2, 3, 4, 5; pl. 1 

oligocenicus, Coscinodiscus, 2, 3, 6· pls. 6, 14 

Opal-A conversion, 1 

ovalis, Liradiscus, 3, I; pl. 4 

Pacific Ocean, 5, 6, 7 

eastern, 6 

equatorial, 6, 8 

North, 7 

northwest, 5 

southeast, 6 

southwest, 7 

tropical, 5 

Paleoecology, 4 

p 

panduraeformis-;- xanthiopyxis, 3, 

Periptera tetracladia, 7 

petasiformis, Hemiaulus, 7 

petasiformis, Ploiaria, 3, 7; pl. 5 

picus, PseudostiCtO'dTScus, 2, 3, 7; pls. 12, 14 

~tonica, Pleurosigma, 3, 7; pl. 11 

Pleistocene, 6 -

Pleurosigma, 4 

planktonica, 3, !; pl. 11 

Pliocene, 6, 7 

Ploiaria, 4 

-pefasiformis, 3, 7; pl. 5 

sp. 1 , 3, 7; pl . 5 

sp. 2, 3, 7; pl. 5 

Podosira, 4 -

---s-p-. 1, 3, 7; pl. 13 

polycantha, Stephanogonia, 3, 8 

polycistinorum, Hemiaulus, 2, 3, 6; pl. 3 

polymorpha, Clavicula, 3, 5; p1.1T 

praeacutiloba, Asterolampra, 3, 2; pl. 1 

Preservation, 1, 4 

Pseudodimerogramma, 

elegans, 3, 7; pl. 11 

PseudO"PY'XTTTa, 4 -

americana, 3, 7; pl. 11 

Pseudostictodiscus ,-4 

picus, 2, 3, 7; pls. 12, 14 

PseudatrTCeratium,-4 

chenevieri, 2, 3, 7; pl. 14 

motabile, 3, 7; pl~ 10 

Ptero~ -

kittoniana kamtschatica, 3, !; pl. 10 

subulata, 2, 3, ']_; pl. 10 
tetracladia, 3, 7; pl. 4 

pulchellus, Cestodiscus, 2, 3, 5 

pun gens, Hemi aul us, 3, 6; pl. 3-

pYXIdiCula radiata, 6 -

Pyxi lla subulata, 7 

R 

radiata, Pyxidicula, 6 

radiatus, Coscinodiscus, 3, 6; pl. 7 

radiatus, Hyalodiscus, 3, 6;-pl. 8 

Radionova, Nora, cited, 5;-pl. 2 

radiosoreticulatum, Triceratium, 2, 3, ~; pl. 14 

References, 8 

repleta, Coscinodiscus decrescens, 3, 2; 

---p-ls. 6, 12 

Results, 2 

Rhabdonema, 4 

japonicum, 3, I; pl. 10 

Rhaphoneis, 4 

angulata, 3, 7; pl. 10 

Rhizo~ 4 -

americana, 7 

hebatata subacuta, 3, 7; pl. 11 

sp:-T,'"3", ~11 

sp. 2, 3, 7; pl. 11 

robustus, Asteromphalus, 3, 5; pl. 

robustus, Cestodiscus, 3, 5;-pl. 

Rocella, 4 -

---gelida, 2, 3, 4, I; pl. 1 

---Zone, 4 

gemma, 7 

RossiEi'i:lasymmetrica, 

Rutilaria, 4 

epsilon longicornis, 3, ~; pl. 10 

kerneri, 3, 8· pl. 10 

s 

Sceptroneis, 4 

sp. 1, 3, 8; pl. 11 

sp. 2, 3, !; pl. 11 

Scholl, D.W., cited, 1 

Schrader, H.-J., cited, 2, 8 

scutellum, Cocconeis, 3, 5; pl. 

senarius, Actinoptychus, 2, 3, 4, 2; pl. 2 

Siberia, 5, 

Silicoflagellate species, Navarin Basin, 2, 

Zone, 3 

Skeletonema, 4 

utriculosum, 3, 8; pl. 4 

South Carolina, 5, 8-

speculum triommata, Distephanus, 2, 3 

spinosa, Thalassiosira, 3, 8 

spinosa, Trochosira, 2, 3, 4, 8; pl.14 

spTnOSissima, Stephanopyxis, 3-;- 8; pl. 13 

splendens, Actinoptychus, 3, 5; pl. 2 

splendens, Actinosphaenia, 5-

Stellarima, 4 

group, 2, 3, 4, 8; pls. 8, 9, 12 

spp., morphologic variation, 2 

Stephanogonia, 4 

polycantha, 3, 8 

Stephanopyxis, 4 -

eocenicus, 3, 8; pl. 13 

grunowii, 3, a; pl. 13 

~sima,-3, ~; pl. 13 

turris, 3, 8; pls. 3, 4, 13 

Sti ctoctiSCiJs, 4 -

gelidus, 7, 8 

grove i , 3, 8; pl • 1 2 

k'It'tOrlianus-;- 2, 3, 8; pl. 12 

sp. 1, 3, 8; pl. 6-

subacuta, Rhizosolenia hebatata, 3, 7; pl. 11 

subulata, Pterotheca, 2, 3, I; pl. 10 

subulata, Pyxilla, 7 

sulcata, GaT"i''Iriella, 7 

sulcata, Melosira, 2, 3, 4, 7; pls. 1, 

~ph~scinodiscus-;- 2 

symbolophorus group, Coscinodiscus, 8 

symmetrica, Rossiella, 4 

symmetricus, Asteromphalus, 2, 3, 2; pl. 

Synedra, 4 

-mTocenica, 2, 3, ~ 

T 

Taxa, unidentified, 2, 3, 8; pls. 4,11 

tenue, Goniothecium, 2, 3,-6; pls. 5, 10 

tetracladia, Periptera, 7 -

tetracladia, Pterotheca, 3, 7; pl. 

Thalassiosira, 4 

eccentrica, 3, 8; pls. 8, 13 

manifesta, 3, 8; pl. 12 

mediaconvexa, 3, 8; pls. 2, 9 

spinosa, 3, 8 -

~3. 8;-pl. 2 

sp. 2, 3, !; pl. 6 

sp. 3, 3, 8; pls. 6, 8 

Triceratium, 4 -

arcticum, 3, 8; pls. 9, 14 ~ri, 7-

motabile, 7 

ractTOSOreticulatum, 2, 3, 8; pl.14 

triommata, Distephanus speculum-;- 2, 3 

Trochosira, 4 ----

spinosa, 2, 3, 4, 8; pl.14 

tuomeyi, Biddulphia, 7-

tuomeyi, Odontella, 3, 7; pl. 3 

tuomeyi, Zygoceros, 7 -

turgida, Cresswellia, 8 

turris, Stephanopyxis, 3, ~; pls. 3, 4, 13 

U, V 

undulatus, Actinocyclus, 5 

undulatus, Actinoptychus, 5 

Unidentified taxa, 2, 3, 8; pls. 4, 11 

Ural Mountains, 5 -

utriculosum, Skeletonema, 3, ~;pl. 

vetustissimus, Coscinodiscus, 2, 3, ~ 

vitrea, Cocconeis, 3, 5; pl. 4 

vulgaris, Actinoptychus, 3, 2; pl. 14 

X, Z 

Xanthiopyxis, 4 

panduraeformis, 3, 8 

sp. 1, 3, ~;pl. 

Zygoceros tuomeyi, 

17 

PLATES 1-14 

Contact photographs of the plates in this report are available, at cost, from the U.S. 

Geological Survey, Federal Center, Denver, Colorado, 80225 
FIGURE 1 . 

2. 

3. 

PLATE 1 

Asterolampra praeacutiloba Fenner, sample 2-4; 16 ~min diameter. 

Hyalodiscus elegans Strelnikova, sample 5-1; 18 ~min diameter. 

Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kutzing, sample 2-9; 11 ~min 

diameter. 

4. Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kutzing, sample 2-9; 14 ~m in 

diameter. 

5. Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. darwinii Ehrenberg, sample 2-9; 34 ~min 

diameter. 

6. Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. robustus Castracane, sample 5-1; 30 ~min 

diameter. 

7. Rocella gelida (Mann) Bukry, sample 5-1; 30 ~m in diameter. 

8. Asteromphalus sp. cf. A. robustus Castracane, sample 2-4; 33 ~m in 

diameter. 

9. Asterolampra praeacutiloba Fenner, sample 2-4; 37 ~m in diameter. 

10. Asteromphalus symmetricus Schrader & Fenner, sample 2-9; 51 ~min 

diameter. 

11. Asteromphalus oligocenicus Schrader & Fenner, sample 2-4; 99 ~min 

diameter. 

12. Asterolampra praeacutiloba Fenner, sample 2-4; 38 ~m in diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 1 

ASTEROLAMPRA,HYALOD5CU~MELOSIRA,ASTEROMPHALU~ROCELLA 
PLATE 2 

FIGURE 1. Actinocyclus sp. 1 (to be described by N. Radionova, written 

commun., 1985), sample 2-11; 20 ~min diameter. 

2. Hyalodiscus denutatus Korotkevicz, sample 2-9; 18 ~min diameter. 

3. Actinoptychus splendens (Shadbolt) Ralfs, sample 5-1; 64 ~m in 

diameter. 

4. Thalassiosira sp. aff. T. mediaconvexa Schrader, sample 5-1; 40 ~m 

in diameter. 

5. Thalassiosira sp. 1, sample 2-9; 37 ~min diameter. 

6. Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 56 ~m in diameter. 

7. Cestodiscus sp. 1, sample 2-4; 51 ~min diameter. 

8. Cosmiodiscus? sp. 1, sample 5-1; 31 ~m in diameter. 

9. Aulacodiscus amoenus Greville, sample 2-1; 85 ~m in diameter. 

10. Thalassiosira sp. aff. I· mediaconvexa Schrader, sample 5-1; 38 ~m 

in diameter. 

11. Actinoptychus senarius Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 42 ~min diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 2 

ACTINOCYCLUS, HYALODISCUS, ACTINOPTYCHUS, THALASSIOSIRA, CE:STODISCUS, 

COSMIODISCUS, AULACODISCUS 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

PLATE 3 

Eucampia balaustium Castracane, sample 2-9; 28 ~min length. 

Hemiaulus kittonii Grunow, sample 2-9; 15 ~m in length. 

Hemiaulus polycistinorum Ehrenberg, sample 5-1, 34 ~m in length. 

Eucampia balaustium Castracane, sample 2-9; 15 ~min length. 

Hemiaulus pungens Grunow, sample 5-1; 21 ~m in length. 

Hemiaulus sp. 1, sample 5-1; 32 ~min length. 

Odontella aurita Agardh, sample 5-1; 28 ~min length. 

Cladogramma dubium Lohman, sample 5-1; 18 ~min diameter. 

Stephanopyxis-tUrris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs, sample 2-4; 

20 ~min diameter. 

Hemiaulus polycistinorum Ehrenberg, sample 2-9; 8 ~m in length. 

Odontella aurita Agardh, sample 5-1; 34 ~m in length. 

Odontella tuomeyi (Bailey) Glezer, sample 2-4; 42 ~min length. 

Odontella sp. 1, sample 5-1; 12 ~min length. 

Odontella tuomeyi (Bailey) Glezer, sample 2-4; 51 ~min length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 3 

EUCAMPIA, HEMIAULUS, ODONTELLA, CLADOGRAMMA, STEPHANOPYXIS 
PLATE 4 

FIGURE 1. Stephanopyxis turris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs, sample 2-9; 18 ~m 

in length. 

2. Liradiscus sp. aff. L. ovalis Greville, sample 2-1; 12 ~min 

length. -----

3. Genus and species indet., sample 2-9; 8 ~m in length. 

4. Pterotheca tetracladia (Ehrenberg) Thurn, sample 2-4; 14 ~min 

length. 

5. Pterotheca tetracladia (Ehrenberg) Thurn, sample 2-4; 16 ~min 

length. 

6. Xanthiopyxis sp. 1, sample 2-9; 21 ~min length. 

7. Genus and species indet., sample 5-1; 34 ~min length. 

8. Goniothecium sp. 1, sample 5-1; 10 ~min length. 

9. Goniothecium sp. 1 ., sample 5-1; 13 ~min length. 

10. Goniothecium sp. 2., sample 5-1; 15 ~min length. 

11. Diploneis sp., sample 2-4; 70 ~min length. 

12. Skeletonema utriculosum? Brun, sample 2-9; 28 ~min length. 

13. Cocconeis dirupta Gregory, sample 2-11; 62 ~min length. 

14. Cocconeis antiqua var. antiqua Tempere & Brun, sample 2~11; 43 ~m 

in length. 

15. Cocconeis vitrea Brun, sample 2-11; 35 ~min length. 

16. Cocconeis SCUtellum Ehrenberg, sample 2-1; 20 ~min length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 4 

STEPHANOPYXIS, LIRADISCUS, PTEROTHECA, XANTHIOPYXIS, GONIOTHECIUM, 

DIPLONEIS, SKELETONEMA, COCCONEIS, GENUS INDET. 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

PLATE 5 

Goniothecium tenue Brun, sample 2-9; 37 ~min length. 

Goniothecium odontella Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 36 ~m in length. 

Goniothecium odontella Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 56 ~m in length. 

Goniothecium decoratum Brun, sample 5-1; 63 ~m in length. 

Goniothecium decoratum Brun, sample 2-9; 89 ~min length. 

Goniothecium odontella Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 42 ~m in length. 

Goniothecium decoratum Brun, sample 2-11; 50 ~min length. 

Goniothecium odontella Ehrenberg, sample 5-1; 51 ~m in length. 

Goniothecium decoratum Brun, sample 2-4; 98 ~m in length. 

Ploiaria sp. 1, sample 2-9; 38 ~min length. 

Ploiaria petasiformis Pantocsek, sample 2-9; 35 ~m in length. 

Ploiaria sp. 2, sample 2-9; 42 ~m in length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 5 

GONIOTHECIUM, PLOIARIA 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

PLATE 6 

Cestodiscus sp. 3, sample 2-11; 56 ~min diameter. 

Cestodiscus sp. 2, sample 5-1= 42 ~min diameter. 

Coscinodiscus sp. cf. C. decrescens Grunow, sample 2-9, 31 ~m in 

diameter. -

4. Stictodiscus sp. 1, sample 2-9; 22 ~min diameter. 

5. Hyalodiscus denutatus Korotkevicz, sample 2-4; 26 ~min diameter. 

6. Thalassiosira sp. 3, sample 2-9; 34 ~min diameter. 

7. Coscinodiscus sp. aff. ~ oligocenicus Jouse, sample 2-4; 37 ~min 

diameter. 

8. Thalassiosira sp. 2, sample 2-9; 28 ~min diameter. 

9. Melosira sulcata (Ehrenberg) Kutzing, sample 2-4; 35 ~min 

diameter. 

10. Melosira clavigera Grunow, sample 2-4; 26 ~m in diameter. 

11. Cestodiscus sp. 3, sample 2-11; 61 ~min diameter. 

12. Cestodiscus sp. 3, sample 2-11; 53 ~min diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 6 

CESTODISCUS, COSCINODISCUS, STICTODISCUS, HYALODISCUS, THALASSIOSIRA, MELOSIRA 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

PLATE 7 

Cestodiscus robustus Jouse, sample 2-9; 28 ~~ in diameter. 

Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, sample 2-4; 39 ~m in diameter. 

Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, sample 2-4; 76 ~m in 

diameter. 

4. Coscinodiscus sp. aff. ~· radiatus Ehrenberg, sample 2-4; 74 ~min 

diameter. 

5. Coscinodiscus marginatus Ehrenberg, sample 2-4; 90 ~m in diameter. 

6. Coscinodiscus oculus-iridis Ehrenberg, sample 2-4, 83 ~m in 

diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 7 

CESTODISCUS, COSCINODISCUS 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

PLATE 8 

Stellarima group, sample 5-1; 28 ~m in diameter. 

Hyalodiscus radiatus (O'Meara) Grunow (group), sample 5-1; 30 ~m 

in diameter. 

Stellarima group, sample 2-4; 79 ~m in diameter. 

Hyalodiscus sp. 1, sample 2-4; 38 ~m in diameter. 

Stellarima group, sample 2-4; 42 ~min diameter. 

Thalassiosira sp. cf. T. eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve, sample 2-9; 

56 ~m in diameter. -

Stellarima group, sample 2-4; 39 ~m in diameter. 

Thalassiosira sp. 3, sample 2-9; 50 ~m in diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 8 

STELLARIMA, HYALODISCUS, THALASSIOSIRA 
FIGURE 

PLATE 9 

1. Stellarima group, sample 2-4; 64 j..lm in diameter. 

2. Coscinodiscus sp. 1' sample 2-9; 62 J..lm in diameter. 

3. Thalassiosira mediaconvexa Schrader, sample 5-1; 24 j..lm in 

diameter. 

4. Cestodiscus sp. aff. c. muhinae Jouse, sample 5-1 ; 62 )..lm in 

diameter. 

5. Triceratium arcticum Brightwell, sample 2-4, 99 )..lm in diameter. 

6. Craspedodiscus sp. cf. C. coscinodiscus Ehrenberg, sample 2-9; 87 

J..lm in diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 9 

STELLARIMA, COSCINODISCUS, THALASSIOSIRA, CESTODISCUS, TRICERA TIUM, CRASPEDODISCUS 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

1 o. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

1 4. 

15. 

16. 

PLATE 10 

Melosira sp. 1, sample 2-1; 113 llm in length. 

Rhaphoneis angulata Fenner, sample 2-11; 24 ~min length. 

Cymatosira compacta Schrader & Fenner, sample 5-1; 18 llm in 

length. 

Kisseleviella carina Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, sample 2-4; 24 

length. 

Kisseleviella car ina Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, sample 2-4; 30 

length. 

llm in 

llm in 

Kisseleviella carina Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, sample 5-1; 56 llm in 

length. 

Goniothecium tenue Brun, sample 2-4; 40 llm in length. 

Chaetoceros s~ample 2-11; 30 llm in length. 

Pterotheca subulata Grunow, sample 2-4; 63 llm in length. 

Rhabdonema japonicum Tempere & Brun, sample 2-4; 18 llm in length. 

Pseudotriceratium motabile (Korotkevich) Gleser, sample 2-9; 43 llm 

in length. 

Rutilaria epsilon var. longicornis Temp~re & Brun, sample 2-4; 99 

llm in length. 

Rutilaria kerneri Pantocsek, sample 2-4; 57 llm in length. 

Pterotheca kittoniana var. kamtschatica Gaponov, sample 2-1; 31 llm 

in length. 

Odontella fimbriata (Greville) Schrader, sample 2-4; 89 llm in 

length. 

Melosira sp. 2, sample 5-1; 67 llm in length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

..._.......

~ ! 

~ ; i:: 

I to 

1 

, 

11 

14 

BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 10 

8 

j f 

IJ Jg 

16 

MELOSIRA, RHAPHONEIS, CYMA TOSIRA, KISSELEVIELLA, GONIOTHECIUM, CHAETOCEROS, PTEROTHECA, 

RHABDONEMA, PSEUDOTRICERA TIUM, RUTU.ARIA, ODONTELLA 
FIGURE 1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

1 0. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

PLATE 11 

Clavicula polymorpha Grunow & Pantocsek, sample 2-4; 112 ~min 

length. 

Clavicula sp. 1, sample 2-4; 80 ~min length. 

Sceptroneis sp. 1, sample 2-4; 74 ~min length. 

Sceptroneis sp. 2, sample 2-4; 63 ~min length. 

Clavicula polymorpha Grunow & Pantocsek, sample 2-4, 65 ~m in 

length. 

Pseudodimerogramma elegans Schrader in Schrader and Fenner, sample 

5-1; 31 ~m in length. -

Pseudodimerogramma elegans? Schrader in Schrader and Fenner, 

sample 5-1; 31 ~m in length. 

Genus and species indet., sample 5-1; 26 ~m in length. 

Rhizosolenia sp. 1, sample 2-11; 44 ~min length. 

Rhizosolenia hebatata var. subacuta Grunow, sample 2-9; 48 ~min 

length. 

Rhizosolenia hebatata var. subacuta Grunow, sample 2-9; 57 ~min 

length. 

Pseudopyxilla americana (Ehrenberg) Forti, sample 2-9; 67 ~min 

length. 

Rhizosolenia sp. 2, sample 2-11; 84 ~min length. 

Genus and species indet., sample 5-1; 76 ~min length. 

Pleurosigma planktonica Schrader, sample 2-4; 121 ~min length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 11 

9 

CLAVICULA, SCEPTRONEIS, PSEUDODIMEROGRAMMA, RHIZOSOLENIA, PSEUDOPYXILLA, 

PLEUROSIGMA, GENUS INDET. 
PLATE 12 

FIGURE 1. Stictodiscus kittonianus Greville, sample 2-4; 43 ~min diameter. 

2. Stictodiscus grovei Schmidt, sample 2-9; 41 ~min diameter. 

3. Cestodiscus sp. 5, sample 5-1; 31 ~m in diameter. 

4. Pseudostictodiscus picus Hanna, sample 2-4; 67 ~m in diameter. 

5. Stellarima group, sample 2-4; 40 ~m in diameter. 

6. Cestodiscus sp. 1., sample 2-4; 39 ~min diameter. 

7. Coscinodiscus sp. cf. C. decrescens Grunow, sample 2-4; 28 ~m in 

diameter. -

8. Cestodiscus sp. 4, sample 5-1; 33 ~m in diameter. 

9. Thalassiosira sp. aff. T. manifesta Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, sample 

5-1; 19 ~m in diameter.-
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 12 

STICTODISCUS, CESTODISCUS, PSEUDOSTICTODISCUS, STELLARIMA, COSCINODISCUS, 1HALASSIOSIRA 
PLATE 13 

FIGURE 1. Stephanopyxis turris (Greville & Arnott) Ralfs, sample 2-4; 46 ~m 

in diameter. 

2. Thalassiosira sp. cf. T. eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve, sample 2-9; 

39 ~m in diameter. -

3. Podosira sp. 1, sample 2-9; 35 ~min diameter. 

4. Stephanopyxis eocenicus Hajos, sample 5-1, 65 ~m in diameter. 

5. Stephanopyxis grunowii Grove & Sturt, sample 5-1, 87 ~min 

diameter. 

6. Stephanopyxis spinosissima Grunow, sample 5-1, 27 ~min diameter. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1765 PLATE 13 

STEPHANOPYXIS, THALASSIOSIRA, PODOSIRA 
PLATE 14 

FIGURE 1. Pseudotriceratium chenevieri (Meister) Gleser, sample 2-9; 47 ~m 

in diameter. 

2. Trochosira Spinosa Kitton, sample 5-1; 35 ~m in diameter. 

3. Pseudotriceratium chenevieri (Meister) Gleser, sample 2-1; 48 ~m 

in diameter. 

4. Actinoptychus vulgaris Schumann, sample 2-4; 45 ~min diameter. 

5. Triceratium radiosoreticulatum Grunow, sample 2-4; 50 ~m in 

length. 

6. Coscinodiscus oligocenicus Jous~, sample 2-4; 52 ~min diameter. 

7. Pseudostictodiscus picus Hanna, sample 2-4; 15 ~min diameter. 

8. Triceratium arcticum Brightwell, sample 2-4; 98 ~min length. 

9. Pseudotriceratium chenevieri (Meister) Gleser, sample 2-4; 56 ~m 

in length. 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETDN1765PLATE14 

1 

5 

PSEUD01RJCERA TIUM, 1ROCHOSIRA, ACTINOPTYCHUS, TRICERA TIUM, 

COSCINODISCUS, PSEUDOSTlCTODISCUS 

3 

9 
GPO 585-045/78024