United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted November 29, 2005

Decided November 30, 2005

Before

 Hon. WILLIAMJ. BAUER, Circuit Judge

 Hon. FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

 Hon. ANN CLAIRE WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge

No. 05-1490

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

JUAN M. LIMON-ROSAS,

Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District

Court for the Northern District of

Illinois, Eastern Division

No. 04-CR-221-1

Joan Humphrey Lefkow, 

Judge.

O R D E R

Juan Manuel Limon-Rosas pleaded guilty to being in the United States

without permission following his removal in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a). The

district court sentenced Limon-Rosas to 57 months’ imprisonment, two years’

supervised release, and a $100 special assessment. Appointed counsel filed a notice

of appeal but now moves to withdraw because he cannot discern a nonfrivolous basis

for appeal. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Limon-Rosas has not

accepted our invitation to comment on counsel’s motion, see Cir. R. 51(b), and

because counsel’s supporting brief is facially adequate, we limit our review to the

UNPUBLISHED ORDER

Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53
No. 05-1490 Page 2

potential issues identified by counsel, see United States v. Tabb, 125 F.3d 583, 584

(7th Cir. 1997).

When Limon-Rosas was arrested in Illinois for domestic battery in January

2004, law enforcement authorities discovered that he previously had been removed

to Mexico following an Illinois conviction for mob action. Limon-Rosas admitted that

he returned to the United States without permission but told the court that he came

back to care for his four minor children who still lived here with their mother. He

also asserted that the United States has been his only home since he was an infant

and that he has no living relatives in Mexico. The district court, mindful of

Limon-Rosas’s reasons for returning to the United States and the discretionary

nature of the sentencing guidelines, sentenced Limon-Rosas at the bottom of the

guideline range.

In his brief, counsel first advises that Limon-Rosas does not wish to rescind his

guilty plea. Thus counsel correctly avoids framing any potential issue about the

voluntariness of the plea or the adequacy of the plea colloquy. See United States v.

Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 670-71 (7th Cir. 2002).

Counsel then considers whether, despite the fact that sentencing occurred

after United States v. Booker, 125 S. Ct. 738 (2005), Limon-Rosas could argue that

his offense level was improperly increased by 16 levels when the judge and not a jury

determined that his prior conviction for mob action constitutes a “crime of violence.” 

See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). But the proper characterization of the conviction is a

legal, not factual, question, United States v. Byrant, 310 F.3d 550, 552 (7th Cir.

2002), and in any event, prior convictions remain excluded from the limitations on

judicial factfinding that led to Booker, see Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523

U.S. 224, 244 (1998); United States v. Pittman, 418 F.3d 704, 709 (7th Cir. 2005). In

addition, judicial findings of fact, such as the fact of a prior conviction, that affect

only the guideline range do not raise constitutional concerns since the judge is no

longer required to impose the guideline sentence. See United States v. Dean, 414

F.3d 725, 730 (7th Cir. 2005). This potential argument therefore is frivolous.

Counsel also considers whether Limon-Rosas could argue that his prison term

is unreasonable because the district court declined to sentence him below the

guideline minimum based upon his cultural assimilation. Any sentence within a

properly calculated guideline range is presumptively reasonable. United States v.

Paulus, 419 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Mykytiuk, 415 F.3d 606,

608 (7th Cir. 2005). The district judge evaluated Limon-Rosas’s arguments and

concluded that his case did not warrant a sentence below the guideline minimum

because, she reasoned, many deportable aliens must leave family and friends when
No. 05-1490 Page 3

they are imprisoned or removed. The district court then looked to the factors in 18

U.S.C. § 3553(a) and imposed a 57-month sentence, noting that she thought the

circumstances were unfortunate but that the sentence nonetheless must reflect the

seriousness of his crime and not be so lenient as to be unfair to other similarly

situated aliens. Since a judge is not required to accept an argument for imposing a

discretionary sentence below the guideline range, it would be frivolous for

Limon-Rosas to argue on this record that his prison sentence is unreasonable. See

United States v. Gipson, 425 F.3d 335, 337 (7th Cir. 2005).

Counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED, and the appeal is DISMISSED.