IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-1344 

Filed January 25, 2017 

SAMIR M. SHAMS, 

 Plaintiff/Counterclaim Defendant-Appellant, 

vs. 

SONA HASSAN, 

 Defendant/Counterclaimant-Appellee. 

________________________________________________________________ 

 Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeanie Kunkle Vaudt, 

Judge. 

 Sona Hassan appeals from judgment entered against her on claims by 

Samir Shams of conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of oral contract. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR NEW TRIAL. 

 Steven C. Reed of the Law Offices of Steven C. Reed, Des Moines, for 

appellant. 

 Andrew B. Howie of Hudson, Mallaney, Shindler & Anderson, P.C., West 

Des Moines, for appellee. 

 Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Doyle and McDonald, JJ. 

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ELECTRONICALLY FILED JAN 25, 2017 CLERK OF SUPREME COURT
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DANILSON, Chief Judge.

 Sona Hassan appeals from judgment entered against her on claims by her 

brother, Samir Shams, for conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of 

oral contract. Hassan contends the trial court erred in refusing to submit a 

proposed jury instruction on the statute-of-limitations affirmative defense. 

Because we conclude Hassan was entitled to submission of a jury instruction or 

interrogatory on the statute-of-limitations theory, we reverse. 

I. Background Facts & Proceedings.

 This matter stems from the breach of one or two oral agreements between 

siblings Shams and Hassan. Shams was going overseas to work. In 2003, 

Hassan agreed to manage a checking account for Shams for the sole purpose of 

providing money for Shams’ children and Shams’ personal expenses. Shams 

signed three booklets of checks—left otherwise blank—and gave them to Hassan 

to use. Shams went abroad sometime in April or May 2003. 

 In May 2006, Shams returned to the United States and, while visiting 

Hassan in Maryland, inquired about the statements for his bank account. 

Hassan did not have the bank statements because they were sent to their 

brother in Arizona. While subsequently visiting his brother in Arizona, Shams did 

not receive the bank statements, but was given a record of checks that indicated 

funds had been withdrawn and paid to bank accounts belonging to Hassan. 

Shams testified that when he returned to Maryland in June 2006 he asked 

Hassan about his money. Hassan informed Shams his money was safe, she had 

used it to purchase a piece of land they would divide and sell for profit, and 

Shams would receive a return on the investment. Hassan told Shams if he 

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needed money she would provide it to him, and all of his money would eventually 

be returned. 

 Pursuant to this understanding or agreement, in 2009, Shams requested 

$50,000 to purchase a house, and Hassan provided the requested amount. 

However, when Shams requested the return of all of his remaining money in 

2010, Hassan denied the request and told Shams his money had been spent. 

 The evidence in the record reflects that while managing Shams’ checking 

account, Hassan wrote many checks payable to herself, totaling $269,980.66. 

 Shams filed the petition in this matter on July 26, 2011, asserting claims 

for breach of oral agreement, conversion, bad faith, fraud, and breach of fiduciary 

duty. Jury trial was held March 30 through April 10, 2015. At the close of 

testimony, the parties made a record on jury instructions. Counsel for Hassan 

submitted a proposed jury instruction on the statute-of-limitations affirmative 

defense: 

 The defendant has raised as a defense to the plaintiff’s 

claims of oral contract, conversion, fraud and breach of fiduciary 

duty that the plaintiff cannot prevail on that claim because he did 

not bring suit on that claim with[in] the time allowed by the law. 

There are state statu[t]es that specify how much time a person has 

to bring certain kinds of claims. These are called statutes of 

limitation. A person cannot recover on a claim that is brought after 

the time period that applies to a particular claim, even if it is only 

one day late. The statute of limitation that applies [to] each of the 

above claims provides that the claim must be brought within 5 

years of the date the incident occurred. The plaintiff brought his 

suit against the defendant on July 26, 2011. A claim for oral 

contract, conversion, fraud, and breach of fiduciary duty, based on 

acts or occurrence that took place more than 5 years before that 

date is barred by the statute of limitation[s]. You must decide when 

each act or occurrence on which the plaintiff bases his claim 

occurred. If any of these acts or occurrences took place more than 

5 years before the plaintiff brought suit, then a claim based on that 

act or occurrence is barred by the statute of limitation[s]. 

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 On the issue of the proffered jury instruction, the trial court stated: 

Mr. Shams is contending that there was a breach of agreement, 

and the other claims that roll along with that that he has pled, as a 

consequence of conversation that was had allegedly between him 

and the defendant concerning the return of his money after there 

had been, again allegedly, some investment in real estate, and that 

occurred later than a date that would trip the statute of limitations 

that [counsel for Hassan] is arguing is applicable. 

 . . . I am going to let the case go to the jury without the 

instruction that [counsel for Hassan] has proposed for the reasons 

that, A, it’s not a stock; B, I don’t think it applies; and C, as it is 

drafted, I believe the jurisdictions that [counsel for Hassan] found 

the instruction located in, used it for purposes that were not 

associated with the kinds of claims we have asserted here. 

 So for all of those reasons, I am not going to submit that 

instruction to the jury. 

 On April 13, 2015, the jury entered its verdict for judgment against Hassan 

on the conversion, breach of fiduciary duty, and breach of contract claims, and 

ordered payment of damages to Shams in the amount of $148,501.60. On April 

27, 2015, Hassan filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and 

motion for new trial. The trial court entered judgment on May 13, 2015. Hearing 

on the posttrial motions was held on May 15, 2015. In its July 14, 2015 order on 

Hassan’s posttrial motions, the court again addressed the statute-of-limitations 

jury-instruction issue. The court held: 

The statute of limitations instruction [Hassan] proposed was 

properly withheld from the jury as to all of [Shams’] claims she 

asserts it applied to. This proposed instruction is not the law in 

Iowa and does not include the discovery rule. Furthermore, the 

evidence presented was sufficient for the jury to conclude that 

[Shams] and [Hassan] entered into a new oral agreement in June of 

2006, and his claims for breach of contract, conversion, and breach 

of fiduciary duty occurred in 2010 when [Hassan] declined to return 

additional money to [Shams]. 

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 Hassan now appeals, asserting the trial court erred in refusing to submit 

the proposed jury instruction on the statute-of-limitations theory. 

II. Standard of Review.

 “[W]e review refusals to give a requested jury instruction for correction of 

errors at law.” Alcala v. Marriot Int’l, Inc., 880 N.W.2d 699, 707 (Iowa 2016). 

III. Analysis.

 The district court must give a requested jury instruction if the instruction 

(1) correctly states the law, (2) has application to the case, and (3) is not stated 

elsewhere in the instructions. Beyer v. Todd, 601 N.W.2d 35, 38 (Iowa 1999); 

see Deboom v. Raining Rose, Inc., 772 N.W.2d 1, 5 (Iowa 2009) (“It is error for a 

court to refuse to give a requested instruction where it ‘correctly states the law, 

has application to the case, and is not stated elsewhere in the instructions.’” 

(citation omitted)). “Parties are entitled to have their legal theories submitted to a 

jury if they are supported by the pleadings and substantial evidence in the 

record.” Beyer, 601 N.W.2d at 38. “When we weigh the sufficiency of the 

evidence to support a requested instruction, we review the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the party seeking the instruction.” Weyerhaeuser Co. v. 

Thermogas Co., 620 N.W.2d 819, 824 (Iowa 2000). “Error in giving or refusing to 

give a particular jury instruction does not merit reversal unless it results in 

prejudice to the party.” Wells v. Enter. Rent-A-Car Midwest, 690 N.W.2d 33, 36 

(Iowa 2004). 

 We therefore consider whether there was substantial evidence in the 

record supporting submission of Hassan’s statute-of-limitations jury instruction. 

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 Under application of the discovery rule, Hassan contends the Iowa Code 

section 614.1(4) (2011) five-year statute of limitations began to run in June 2006 

when Shams was aware of checks indicating Hassan had withdrawn funds from 

his account paid to Hassan. Shams asserts the parties reached a new 

agreement in June 2006 by which Shams allowed Hassan to use his money, 

understood any funds from his account would be paid to him upon request, and 

believed all of his money would eventually be returned. Shams contends his 

causes of action did not accrue until he was told his money was all gone. 

 A cause of action does not begin at the time of contracting but when the 

cause of action “accrue[s].” Iowa Code § 614.1; see Bob McKiness Excavating & 

Grading, Inc., v. Morton Bldgs., Inc., 507 N.W.2d 405, 408 (Iowa 1993) (“It is well 

settled that no cause of action accrues under Iowa law until the wrongful act 

produces loss or damage to the claimant.”). Accordingly, whether Shams’ claims 

arise out of the original agreement in 2003—or a subsequent agreement in 2006 

as urged by Shams—the statute of limitations begins when the cause of action 

accrues. 

 The parties also debate when Shams was aware of the cause of action 

because, as both parties acknowledge, Iowa follows the discovery rule. 

 Under the discovery rule, the statute of limitations begins to 

run when the injured person discovers or in the exercise of 

reasonable care should have discovered the allegedly wrongful act. 

. . . The rule is based on the theory that a statute of limitations 

should not bar the remedy of a person who has been excusably 

unaware of the existence of the cause of action. 

Franzen v. Deere & Co., 377 N.W.2d 660, 662 (Iowa 1985) (citations omitted). 

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 Thus, “[u]nder the discovery rule, ‘the statute of limitations does not begin 

to run until the injured person has actual or imputed knowledge of all the 

elements of the cause of action.’” Hook v. Lippolt, 755 N.W.2d 514, 521 (Iowa 

2008) (quoting Franzen, 377 N.W.2d at 662). “[L]imitations begin to run when a 

claimant gains knowledge sufficient to put [the claimant] on inquiry.” Franzen, 

377 N.W.2d at 662 (citation omitted). Moreover, a cause of action for fraud, one 

of Shams’ claims, is not “deemed to have accrued until the fraud . . . complained 

of shall have been discovered by the party aggrieved.” Iowa Code § 614.4. 

 Here, neither party disputes Shams became aware his money was 

missing from his bank account when he visited the United States in 2006. 

Although Shams knew at that point his money had not been expended solely for 

his children or his own needs, he asserts this was not the injury upon which he 

bases his claims. Sham contends that after June 2006 he believed his money 

would be returned to him upon request because it simply existed in another form, 

namely, a real-estate investment. Shams testified as to his understanding in 

June 2006: 

 Q. Did you discuss with her what happened to your money? 

A. Yes. 

 Q. Okay. What did you ask her? A. Said, what happened to 

my money? 

 Q. Okay. And what did she say? A. She said, your money’s 

safe. Your money is safe. And I—we both—we went to buy a 

piece of land connected to the house we bought in Rose Lane. 

 . . . . 

 Q. Okay. What did—during this conversation did she tell you 

anything about how your money was going to be kept safe? A. By 

using my money for to buy the land. 

 Q. Okay. Did she tell you anything about how you could get 

your money back? A. Said after we divide the land to six pieces, 

you’re going to have a piece, which you are going to sell it for 

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$300,000, each one. That means you’re going to double your 

money. 

 Q. Okay. Did she say anything about what you could do in 

the meantime since you didn’t have access to your money? A. She 

said in the meantime, I’m going to open checking account. She put 

me in an account with Chevy Chase Bank, and she’s going to 

deposit $1000 a month for my own use when I go overseas. 

 . . . . 

 Q. Did she ever indicate to you that if you needed money, 

you just had to ask her? A. Yes. 

 Consequently, after Shams became aware of the money missing from his 

account, he questioned Hassan and she assured Shams the money was 

invested in real estate to his benefit and would ultimately be returned to him. 

Whether Shams was diligent and used reasonable care to investigate when he 

first discovered checks had been written on his account contrary to his 

instructions was an issue not addressed by the jury. If presented with the issue, 

the jury could have determined that Shams did not need to investigate further 

due to Hassan’s additional misrepresentations, his familial relationship with 

Hassan, and Hassan’s perpetuation of Shams’ belief that his money was 

available to him by providing the requested $50,000 to Shams in 2009. The jury 

could have concluded Shams only became aware of his injury in 2010 when he 

requested the return of all of his money and was told there was nothing left. 

Notwithstanding, considering the evidence in a light most favorable to Hassan, 

the jury may have concluded that a reasonable person would not rely upon 

further representations by Hassan after discovering what appeared to be 

embezzlement of Shams’ monies in bank account. Viewing the evidence in the 

light most favorable to Hassan, we conclude Hassan’s assertion that the statute 

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of limitations began to run in June 2006 was supported by substantial evidence, 

entitling Hassan to a jury instruction on the statute-of-limitations theory. 

 We acknowledge, however, Hassan’s proposed jury instruction did not 

fully state Iowa law. Significantly, the proffered jury instruction did not accurately 

define the discovery rule and, upon these facts, reversible error would have 

existed if the jury had been instructed as proposed by Hassan without also 

correctly instructing on the discovery rule. But our concern is with Hassan’s legal 

theory—that the claims were barred by the statute of limitations—not the 

sufficiency of the evidence to support the instruction itself. “The court is required 

to instruct the jury as to the law applicable to all material issues in the case.” 

Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.924. The applicability of the statute of limitations and the 

question whether the limitation period was tolled, were material issues supported 

by the pleadings and substantial evidence in the record. Beyer, 601 N.W.2d at 

38. Without an instruction or interrogatory related to the statute of limitations, 

Hassan was unable to defend against the claims on this theory. 

 One authority has aptly summarized when a statute-of-limitations issue 

may be a question for the court or a question for the jury: 

 Ordinarily, whether or not a cause of action is barred by the 

statute of limitations is a mixed question of law and fact and may be 

either, according to the manner in which it is presented. Where the 

facts are not disputed, the question of whether the case is within 

the bar of the statute of [limitations] is one of law for the court, 

provided that the question is properly presented by the pleadings. 

Where, however, the facts are in doubt or in dispute, the question is 

not one of law but is one of fact to be determined by the jury or by 

the court where the trial is before the court alone. 

 The validity of a limitations defense or the application of a 

statute of limitations is a question of law, and the decision as to 

whether a particular statute of limitations is applicable to an action 

is a matter of law. If, however, the application of a statute of 

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limitations rests on questions of fact, it is generally an issue for a 

jury to decide. Particular matters have been found to be questions 

of fact for the trier of fact, such as whether the plaintiff did not know 

or should not have reasonably known the facts underlying the 

cause of action in time to reasonably comply with the limitations 

period; whether or not the plaintiff prosecuted the suit diligently 

after it was filed; whether the statute of limitations was tolled by the 

conduct of the defendant; whether an estoppel exists, preventing 

application of the statute of limitations to bar the plaintiff’s claim, if 

more than one reasonable inference can be drawn from the 

evidence offered on such issue; and whether or not the plaintiff was 

under a personal disability at the time the cause of action accrued 

so as to suspend the running of the statute of limitations. 

54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 437 (2016) (footnotes omitted). 

 Here, we have a factual dispute whether the statute of limitations had 

expired or was tolled, and the jury should have been instructed on the issues in 

some manner such as written interrogatories. See Vertman v. Drayton, 272 N.W. 

438, 440 (Iowa 1937) (“Before it could be determined whether the plaintiff's 

action was barred by the statute of limitations, it was necessary that several fact 

questions be determined, among which are concealment by the defendant of a 

cause of action against him in favor of the appellant, and of facts he was bound 

to disclose; when plaintiff discovered the fraud, and whether there was failure on 

her part to use due diligence in discovering the wrong. The determination of the 

facts was for the jury.”); see also Dillon Cty. Sch. Dist. No. Two v. Lewis Sheet 

Metal Works, Inc., 332 S.E.2d 555, 561 (S.C. Ct. App. 1985) (“The question of 

whether a defendant’s conduct lulled a plaintiff into a false sense of security and 

thereby prevented the plaintiff from filing suit within the statutory period is 

ordinarily one of fact for a jury to determine.”), overruled on other grounds by

Atlas Food Sys. & Servs., Inc. v. Crane Nat’l Vendors Div. of Unidynamics Corp., 

462 S.E.2d 858 (S.C. 1995); see also Pavone v. Kirke, 801 N.W.2d 477, 496-497 

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(Iowa 2011) (explaining the use of general verdicts, special verdicts, and general 

verdicts with interrogatories). 

IV. Conclusion. 

We conclude the district court erred in refusing to submit the statute-oflimitations legal defense as raised by Hassan, and we reverse for a new trial. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED FOR NEW TRIAL. 

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State of Iowa Courts

Case Number Case Title

15-1344 Shams v. Hassan

Electronically signed on 2017-01-25 09:16:19

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