DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 203 076 CE 029 126

TITLE Linking with Voluntary Youth Serving Agencies.

Institutional Linkages. Youth Knowledge Development

Report 12.1.

SPONS AGENCY Emp7ovmert and Training Administration (DOL),

Washington, D.C. Office of Youth Programs.

PUB DATE May BO

NOTE 67p.: For related documents see CE 029 106. Prepared

by the National Collaboration for Youth, National

Assembly.

AVAILABLE FPOM Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing

Office, Washington, DC 20402 (Stock No.

029-014-00193-7, $3.75).

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.

DESCRIPTORS Agency Pole: Demography: *Employment Programs:

*Employment Services: Financial Support: Futures (of

Society): Geographic Regions: Individual

Characteristics: *Job Training: Linking Agents:

Program Descriptions: Program Development: Program

Implementation: Rural Youth: Suburban Youth: Surveys:

Urban Youth: *Voluntary Agencies: *Youth Agencies:

Youth Clubs: Youth Employment: *Youth Programs

IDENTIFIERS 4 H Programs: American Red Cross Youth Services: Boys

Clubs of America: Boy Scouts of America: Camp Fire

Inc: Future Homemakers of America: Girls Clubs of

America: Girl Scouts of the USA: United Neighborhood

Centers of America: Young Mens Christian Association:

Young Womens Christian Association

ABSTRACT

A survey examined the involvement of 11 voluntary

agencies in providing employment-related services and programs for

youth. A field-tested survey was completed by 1,005 respondents from

corporate units of the following organizations: American Red Cross

Youth Services, Boys' Clubs of America, Boy Scouts of America, Camp

Fire, 4-H Youth Programs, Future Homemakers of America, Girl Scouts

of America, Girls' Clubs of America, National Boards of the Young

Men's and Women's Christian Association, and United Neighborhood

Centers of America. Data concerning services provided by each

organization were collected and summarized in a series of program

descriptions. Areas included in each program description were sample

size and return rate: youth (youth served, youth served in

employment-related programs, youth served in agency-supported and

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act or CETA-supported programs,

youth served by major U.S. region': program (youth employment

programs 1975-1978: types of programs offered: employment programs

for rural, suburban, inner city, and urban youth: ant programs

by major U.S. regton: employment programs supported by e Incy and

CETA budgets': program funding: and future programs (types of

programs and funding sources). (Related youth knowledge and

development reports are available--see note.) (MN)
YOUTH KNOWLE

RE

Linking with Voluntar.
.

I' OF WEALTH,

WELFARE

rITUTE OF

ION

S BEEN REPRORECEIVED FNOM

NIZATION ORIGIN-

, IEW OR OPINIONS

ESSARILY REPRENAL INSTITUTE OF

OR POLICY
U.S. Department of Labor

Ray Marshall, Secretary

Employment and Training Administration

Ernest G. Green, Assistant Secretary for

Employment and Training Administration

Office of Youth Programs

Material contained in this publication is

in the public domain and may be

reproduced, fully or partially, witnout

permission of the Federal Government.

Source credit is requested but not

required. Permission is required only

to reproduce any copyrighted material

contained herein.

3
YOUTH KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT REPORT 12.1

LINKING WITH VOLUNTARY YOUTH-SERVING AGENCIES

National Collaboration for Youth

National Assembly

May 1980

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing 011Ice

Washington. D.C. 20402

4
OVERVIEW

Voluntary youth-serving agencies--such as Boys' Clubs, 3oy Scouts,

Camp Fire Girls, 4-H, Future Homemakers, Girls' Clubs, Girl Scouts,

Settlement and Neighborhood Centers, Red Cross, the YMCA and YWCA--can play

a meaningful role in employment and training efforts for youth. These

twelve major national youth-serving organizations have a combined membership of 30 million young people of all races, ethnic and demographic

groups and from every geographic area. There are over 1,000 local program

units, 36,000 professional staff, and four million youth and adults working

as group leaders and individual service volunteers. The programs operated

by these agencies are "mainstream" in their approach, seeking to integrate

youth of all types and addressing the many facets of the developmental

process including employability development. Thus, the voluntary youthserving agencies have the capacity to substantially benefit CETA eligible

youth, to improve the reach and impact of the CETA system and to improve

their own effectiveness through such interaction:

First, the agencies, by dint of their vast membership, are implicitly

an outreach and recruiting mechanism--they can identify many youth who

could benefit from CETA who would not otherwise take advantage of services.

With so many local units, there is the capacity to reach these youth on a

continuing basis in already established settings.

Second, through the use of volunteers, and linking with the broad

human resource development focus of most of their programs, the agencies

can achieve economies in the delivery of some services.

Third, CETA youth are frequently segregated because the agencies or institutions serving them are focused only on the disadvantaged. The

"mainstream" approach of the agencies can be important to low-income youth

who lack exposure to traditional socialization mechanisms.

Fourth, experience has shown that employability development depends on much more than work or training alone, particularly, ,for youth with disadvantaged backgrounds. A full range of support and motivational options

is required. The success of training or work depends on these supplements

and supports.

Fifth, the participation of the volunteers who work in these agencies

will give them better understanding of and sympathy towards the problems of

the disadvantaged, which might have long-term payoffs. By the same token,

the peer and role model effects, as well as the network of contacts, could

be useful to low-income youth.

Despite these obvious reasons for involvement, the youth-serving

agencies have played a minor role in CETA youth programs. It is estimated

that less than one percent of all CETA youth funds distributed locally are utilized by the twelve major national youth-serving agencies. Only

recently has there been an education process for the local chapters of

these agencies concerning the availability of funds under CETA. It is,

however, difficult for locals to cut through the maze of regulations and

application paperwork to compete for funds. The "demonstrated effective-
ness" requirement for funding is a barrier to entry of new delivery agents.

Most projects envisioned by these agencies locally are small and serviceoriented; the cost of the red tape and overhead to get a small grant

sometimes discourages the effort.

Similar problems have faced antipoverty and minority groups as well as

unions. The approach of the Department of Labor has been to provide

national organizations with institutional support to finance technical

assistance to local branches so they can better compete for funds. This

technical assistance has been comp',mented by seed money for the operation

of some programs locally so that a track record of demonstrated effectiveness can be established. However, such an approach had not been adopted

for voluntary youth-serving agencies.

The Office of Youth Programs, in its YETP discretionary activities,

sought to provide a foundation for greater involvement of voluntary youthserving agencies. In fiscal 1978 and 1979, the National Collaboration for

Youth--the consortium of the major national agencies--was funded to survey

local participation by member agencies in CETA, to identify model programs

and approaches, to provide information to the agencies on CETA youth

programs, to provide a national forum and conference to bring together the

leadership of these groups to discuss a more active role, and to broker

participation of these agencies in national youth policy formulation.

Building on this base, significant discretionary funding was provided

in fiscal 1980 for local CETA-linked projects that would be operated by the

chapters of these youth-serving agencies. The funds were distributed

through a competitive process within each agency to select the best

projects and at the same time to promote interest and to better assess the

ideas and alternative approaches within the system. The grants were for

activities such as job search assistance, odd-job brokering, job fairs and

job development, career education, vocational exploration, peer and adult

one-on-one support, motivational efforts, limited-scale entrepreneurship

projects and other supportive services. The ultimate aim, beyond the

delivery of effective services to youth in need, was to provide the impetus

for continuing involvement of youth-serving agencies at the local level.

In the end, the goal is to link CETA with all agencies and institutions

which affect the employment and employability development of youth. CETA

should be an open system and a nexus for cooperative action.

This volume is a product of the first phase of this effort. It is the

first national survey of the involvement of the major youth-serving

agencies. It identifies model programs throughout the country that can be

replicated in other areas. Likewise, the study provides a baseline to

measure the success of involvement efforts and seed grants.

This study is one of "knowledge development" activities mounted in

conjunction with research, evaluation and development activities funded

under the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act of 1977. The

knowledge development effort will result in literally thousands of written

products. Each activity has been structured from the outset so that it is

self-standing but also interrelated with a host of other activities. The

framework is presented in A Knowledge Development Plan for the Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Ac. of 1977, A Knowledge Development

ii
Plan for the Youth Initiatives Fiscal 1979 and Completing the Youth Agenda:

A Plan for Knowledge Development, Dissemination and Application for Fiscal

1980.

Information is available or will be coming available from these

various knowledge development efforts to help resolve an almost limitless

array of issues. However, policy and practical application will usually

require integration and synthesis from a wide range of products, which, in

turn, depend on knowledge and availability of these products. A major

shortcoming of past research, evaluation and demonstration activities has

been the failure to organize and disseminate the products adequately to

assure the full exploitation of the findings. The magnitude and structure

of the youth knowledge development effort puts a premium on structured

analysis and wide dissemination.

As part of its knowledge development mandate, therefore, the Office of

Youth Programs of the Department of Labor will organize, publish and

disseminate the written products of all major research, evaluation and

demonstration activities supported directly by or mounted in conjunction

with OYP knowledge development efforts. Some of the same products may also

be published and disseminated through other channels, but they will be

included in the .structured series of Youth Knowledge Development Reports in

order to facilitate access and integration.

The Youth Knowledge Development Reports, of which this is one, are

divided into twelve broad categories:

1. Knowledge Development Framework: The products in this category

are concerned with the structure of knowledge development activities, the

assessment methodologies which are employed, the measurement instruments

and their validation, the translation of knowledge into policy, and the

strategy for dissemination of findings.

2. Research on Youth Employment and Employability Development: The

products in this category represent analyses of existing data, presentation

of findings from new data sources, special studies of dimensions of youth

labor market problems, and policy issue assessments.

3. Program Evaluations: The products in this category include

impact, process and benefit-cost evaluations of youth programs including

the Summer Youth Employment Program, Job Corps, the Young Adult Conservation Corps, Youth Employment and Training Programs, Youth Community

Conservation and Improvement Projects, and the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit.

4. Service and Participant Mix: The evaluations and demonstrations

summarized in this category concern the matching of different types of

youth with different service combinations. This involves experiments with

work vs. work plus remediation vs. straight remediation as treatment

options. It also includes attempts to.mix disadvantaged and more affluent

participants, as well as youth with older workers.

5. Education and Training Approaches: The products in this category

present the findings of structured experiments to test the impact and

effectiveness of various education and vocational training approaches

iii
including specific education methodologies for the disadvantaged, alternative education approaches and advanced career training.

6. Pre-Employment and Transition Services: The products in this

category present the findings of structured experiments to test the impact

and effectiveness of school-to-work transition activities, vocational

exploration, job-search assistance and other efforts to better prepare

youth for labor market success.

7. Youth Work Experience: The products in this category address the

organization of work activities, their output, productive roles for youth,

and the impacts of various employment approaches.

8. Implementation Issues: This category includes cross-cutting

analyses of the practical lessons concerning "how-to-do-it." Issues such

as learning curves, replication processes and programmatic "batting

averages" will be addressed under this category, as well as the comparative

advantages of alternative delivery agents.

9. Design and Organizational Alternatives: The products in this

category represent assessments of demonstrations of alternative program and

delivery arrangements such as consolidation, year-round preparation for

summer programs, the use of incentives, and multi-year tracking of

individuals.

10. Special Needs Groups: The products in this category present

findings on the special problems of and the programmatic adaptations needed

for significant segments including minorities, young mothers, troubled

youth, Indochinese refugees, and the handicapped.

11. Innovative Approaches: The products in this category present the

findings of those activities designed to explore new approaches. The

subjects covered include the Youth Incentive Entitlement Pilot Projects,

private sector initiatives, the national youth service experiment, and

energy initiatives ili weatherization, low-head hydroelectric dam restoration, windpower, and the like.

12. Institutional Linkages: The products in this category include

studies of institutional arrangements and linkages as well as assessments

of demonstration activities to encourage such linkages with education,

volunteer groups, drug abuse, and other youth serving agencies.

In each of these knowledge development categories, there will be a

range of discrete demonstration, research and evaluation activities focused

on different policy, program and analytical issues. In turn, each discrete

knowledge development project may have a series of written products

addressed to different dimensions of the issue. For instance, all

experimental demonstration projects have both process and impact evaluations, frequently undertaken by different evaluation agents. Findings

will be published as they become available so that there will usually be a

series of reports as evidence accumulates. To organize these products,

each publication is classified in one of the twelve broad knowledge

development categories, described in terms of the more specific issue,

activity or cluster of activities to which it is addressed, with an ideniv
tifier of the product and what it represents relative to other products in

the demonstrations. Hence, the multiple products under a knowledge

development activity are closely interrelated and the activites in each

broad cluster have significant interconnections.

This volume on linkages with voluntary youth-serving agencies should

be read in conjunction with Program Models and Innovations in the "program

evaluations" category which includes analyses of some of the innovative

projects developed at the local level through cooperative efforts. Youth

Employment--The Link to the Future, published by the Office of Youth

Programs outside the knowre7development reports series, presents the

results of a conference on CETA and voluntary youth -serving agencies.

Robert Taggart

Administrator

Office o. Youth Programs
CONTENTS

PAGE

Overview

Introduction 1

Development of the Youth Employment Program Survey 2

The Survey Sample 3

The Report 4

Results of the Youth Employment Survey 5

Youth 5

Programs .7

Funding 10

Future Programs 12

Summary 13

American Red Cross Youth Services 16

Boys' Clubs of America 19

Boy Scouts of America 23

Camp Fire, Inc.

4H Youth Programs 31

Future Homemakers of America 34

Girls Clubs of America 37

Girl Scouts of the USA 40

National Board of YMCAs 44

National Board of the YWCA of the USA 48

United Neighborhood Centers of America 52

vii
The National Assembly of National Voluntary Health and Social Welfare Organizations,

Inc., is an organization whose members consist of private health and social welfare

agencies. To be a member, an agency must be national and voluntary, have broad lay

citizen participation, be supported largely through voluntary contributions, and recognized as a nonprofit organization under Section 501 (c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

At present the National Assembly consists of thirty-six members.

Member agencies with common interests may join together. The National Collaboration for Youth, as an affinity group of the National Assembly, represents just s'ich a group.

Presently, thirteen member agencies comprise the National Collaboration for Youth: two

agencies, Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America and The National Network, are recent

members and were not included in this survey. The eleven agencies that were the focus of

this survey are listed below.

American Red Cross Youth Services ARYYS

Boys' Clubs of America BC A

Boy Scouts of America BSA

Camp Fire, Inc. CF

4-H Youth Programs 4-H

Future Homemakers of America FHA

Girl Scouts of the U.S.A. GSUSA

Girls Clubs of America GC A

National Board of Y.M.C.A.s YMCA

.National Board of Y.W.C.A. of the U.S.A. YWCA

United Neighborhood Centers of America UNCA

As part of the contract with the Department of Labor (Contract #99-8-1915-33-48), the

National Collaboration for Youth was responsible for conducting a survey of the local

youth-serving agencies affiliated with its member organizations. The purpose of the

survey was to determine to what degree and in what way the above agencies are involved

in providing employment and training activities for youth. In addition, it was hoped that

the survey would identify the resources and capabilities available through these agencies

to address youth employment problems.

The need for a survey of this nature is obvious. These eleven National Youth Serving

Agencies serve millions of youth across the United States. Knowledge of the extent of

involvement of each of the agencies' local member affiliates in providing employmentrelated services and programs for youth, and the general nature of those programs, is

invaluable in planning, programming and funding efforts of each of the National Collaboration for Youth agencies the Department of Labor, CETA prime sponsors, community

based organizations, private sector employers, and many others involved in developing

and conducting employment and training programs for youth.

It should be noted that while volunteers are often an integral part of each of these

organizations, the question in the survey which relates to volunteers is specific to those

involved in the employment related programs for youth.
Section IDevelopment of the Youth Employment Program Survey

On December 15, 1978, the National Assembly entered into a contract with Behavior Associates to survey the local

affiliates of the eleven participating members of the National Collaboration for

Youth.

The original objectives of the survey

were fort.: ,1,;,

to detf r:. ;' extent to which, as well

as how th.,.6vely, the resources and

capabil),,-.:.: of youth-verving organizations are utilized in addressing youth employment problems.

to demonstrate the experience and expertise that voluntary organizations have

developed in serving young people and in

dealing with youth employmen and

training problems, and to provide examples of successful programs and approaches.

to identify areas for establishing linkages

between voluntary youth organizations

and other agencies that serve youth such

as CETA prime sponsors, employment

service agencies, school systems, community based organizations and the business community.

to identify programs and approaches where CETA prime sponsors have

maximized use of voluntary youth serving organizations and to demonstrate to

others the resultant benefits.

After discussions and further projections

of the methodology, original objectives

were modified to reflect a survey format.

Subsequently, some objectives were modified or determined as not appropriate for

the survey format. Specifically, it was felt

that the determination of "how effectively

the resources and capabilities of the

youth-serving organizations are utilized in

addressing youth employment problems"

was beyond the scope of a national mail

survey.

2

12

Further, it was felt that providing examples of successful programs and approaches was also beyond the scope of a

survey and might best be left to a follow-up

through the development and submission

of model programs as required by the Department of Labcr contract.

After the development of a series of

questions that reflected the objectives and

the data needs of the participating National

Organizations, the survey was field tested.

Each of the eleven National Organizations

submitted the names and addresses of three

of their local member affiliates. A copy of

the field-test version was mailed to them

with a letter requesting an evaluation of the

survey from a user's viewpoint. Of 33

field-test surveys mailed, 20 were returned.

The input gained from the field-testing of

the survey facilitated the development of

the final version of the Youth Employment

Program Survey.
The Sury ey Semple

With eleven participating National Organizations, the issue of to whom the survey

should be sent was an important one. It was

decided that the survey would be sent to

each organization's corporate unit, defined

as the unit responsible for program services

and administration over a territorial jurisdiction as contracted or chartered by the

National Organizations. Using this basic

definition, each National Organization

identified its own corporate units for the

purpose of the survey and prepared the

mailing list.

Four organizations, BCA, 4-H, FHA and

YMCA, have a large number of corporate

units. In consultation with representatives

from each of the agencies, it was agreed

that a random sample would be selected

from the total number of corporate units.

The 4-H sample included 15 randomly

selected states and a random selection of

520 units within those states.

Because the total number of corporate

units for the other seven participating National Organizations was small relative to

the other four organizations, it was decided

to mail the survey to each of their corporate

units.

The survey was conducted in two

Phases. In Phase I, 3,508 survey forms

were mailed. The return rate was not

evenly distributed among the participating

organizations, as shown in Table I. To help

assure a more accurate tabulation of youth

employment and training activities, a second survey Phase was contracted. Survey

forms were mailed to those who did not

'Bible 1Youth Employment Survey Return Rate for Phase I and Phase U

NVO

Phase I Phase I & Phase II

Sample

Size

Number of

Surveys

Returned

% Return

of ibtal

Surveys

Mailed

Sample

Size

Number of

Surveys

Returned

% Return

of 'Mal

Surveys

Mailed

ARC-YS' 128 40 31 188 70 37

BCA 300 109 300 209 70

BSA' 420 250 420 253 60

CFG 330 81 25 330 231 70

4-H' 520 96 18 520 96 18

FHA' 400 23 6 400 23 6

GCA 120 57 48 120 80 67

GSUSA 348 146 42 348 227 65

UNCA 114 33 29 114 58 51

YMCA' 404 73 18 934 315 34

YWCA 424 97 23 424 254 60

TOTAL 3,508 1,005 29 4,098 1,816 44

'In Phase II, ARC -YS increased sample size by 60 corporate units.

'BSA, 4-H & FHA elected not to resurvey in Phase 11.

'In Phase H, YMCA increased sample size to include total population of corporate units.

respond in Phase I. The sample size for

ARC-YS and the YMCA were increased as

a result of correcting mail*, crrors and

omissions; three organizations (BSA, 4-H,

and FHA) elected not to participate in

Phase II, the reopened survey.

Table 1 shows the number of corporate

units surveyed for each National Organization, the number of surveys returned and

the percent of surveys returned for each

organization in Phase I and in Phases I and

II combined. Overall, the return rate for the

eleven participating National Organizations was 44% of the total surveys mailed.
The Report

This report is presented in two sections.

Section 1 is an analysis of the responses of

the 1,816 corporate units of the eleven

National Youth Serving Agencies. For

simplicity, those corporate units which returned completed surveys, are referred to

as RESPONDENTS. All data have been

summed to yield a national view of the

Youth Employment Programs.

Section 11 of the report contains an

analysis for each of the eleven National

Youth Serving Agencies. The responding

corporate units are again referred to as

RESPONDENTS.

In both sections; the information presented refers to youth employment programs during three periods: The Past

(1975-1977), The Recent Past (1978) and

the Future. The greatest number of questions in The Youth Employment Survey

refer to The Recent Past (1978) activities of

the respondents. In most cases, 1978 in4

formation is presented first, and, when

possible, followed by information about

1975-1977 and/or the Future.

The data are presented in a variety or

formats. Figures and tables have been used

rir ease of interpretation. When reading figures or tables, please note that the

percentages may not total 100% due to

rounding.
Results of The Youth Employment Program Survey

Youth

Youth Served by The Respondents

The surveyed affiliate organizations offer a

wide range of services to youth and their

families. In order to identify the geographic

area served by the organizations and the

geographic sources for the youth recruited

for all programs and services, the following

question was asked:

Please tell us what perc,,nt of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

The response to this question indicated

that the respondents recruit and serve

youth on a fairly even distribution from

each of the four geographic areas served by

these agencies.

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations.

Nonetheless, the URBAN areas seem to

have the highest percentage of youth

served, while the majority, 55% of the respondents, indicated that they did not

serve youth residing in the INNER CITY

areas. Table 2 presents the percentage of

youth served by the respondents across the

four geographic areas.

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

287,992 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a national mean of 263 youth per program:

however, the median of 35 youth per program is more accurate reflection of the participation level per program.

In Figure I, the characteristics of the

youth participants in employment programs are presented. A majority (61%) of

the youth were MALE, while 39% were

FEMALE.

Table 2Youth Served by All Agency Programs.

Respondent's Identification of Service by Geographic Areas

Percent of Respondents

The ethnic characteristics data indicate

that the youth were predominately WHITE

(69%). The proportion of other ethnic/

cultural groups are as follows: BLACK/

AFRO-AMERICAN (21%), HISPANIC

(5 %), ORIENTAL/ASIAN (3Pi ), AMERICAN INDIAN (1%), OTHER

(1%). In addition, the youth in employment-related programs tended to

reside primarily in SUBURBAN (34%) and

URBAN (28%) areas. Nineteen percent of

the youth were reported living in RURAL

and INNER CITY areas each.

To what extent vvere youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs? The respondents reported serving only a small percent of special needs

youth; i.e. LEARNING DISABLED (5%),

YOUTH OFFENDERS (2%), PHYSI- CALLY HANDICAPPED (2%-) and

STATUS OFFENDERS (1%).

Tabulations of family income levels indicated that 42% of the youth lived in families

with annual incomes between $10,000 and

$19,999,36% of the youth had familiv, with

annual incomes below $10,000 per year.

while 21%, had families with income,, shove

$20,00G annually.

ARC-YS BCA BSA CF 4-H FHA GCA GSUSA UNCA YMCA YWCA

All

Rewrondew..

Inner City

No Youth 41% 40% 46% 53% 79% 88% 64% 60%, 13%

7%

53%

31V4. 48%32%

20%

532 '4

14'';

1-5M 52% 17% 53% 39% 21% 0% 13% 40%

51-100% 7% 43% I% 8% 12% 22% I% MO% 9' ;,;

Urban

No Youth 39% 45% 22% 31% 50% 77% 39% 35%, 70% 38% 36% 19' ;

1-50% 49(% 38% 68% 46% 42% 12% 25% 4W 17%. 421.,4, 37',7. 43' ;

51-100% 13% 17% 10% 23% 8% 12% 36% 18'/ 13% 2(Y. 27% 18',i

Suburban

44%

38%

No Youth 30% 56% 32% 41% 48% 77%, 55% 39% 85% 38% 45%

1-50% 56% 34% 54% 30% 35% 12% 33% 40%, 13% 38% 42r4

51 -I00% 14% 10% 14% 29% 17% 12% 12%, 22% 2% 254; 14% 18%

Rural

25'%

62%

17

53' 32'

4 1')e.

46%

13%

No Youth 59% 62% 16% 27% 14% 53% 7O

285;,

94%

1'40% 41% 32% 55'7 65% 46% 12%, 47'

51-100% 0^4 6% 30% 8% 40% 35% 2% 13'4 2% 1 0%

'These data represent the entire youth membership of the respondents and is not limited to the youth involved in employment

programs. Piguresare percent or respondents and should be rend, for example: 49% of the respondents from the Alec- YS

indicated that 1-50% of the youth served reside in the Urban Area

or 43% of all respondents indicated that 1-5(r/o of the youth served reside in the Urban Area

5
Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent Ot*Youtti Sewed

S2X

Mete

Female

61%

39%

Ethnicity

Native American 1 1%

Black/Alro-Arnericen 21%

Hispanic II. 5%

Asten/Orierdal II 3%

White 69%

Other 1 1%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders 12%

Status Offenders 1 1%

Physically Handicapped 12%

Learning Disnbisd ill 5%

Geographic Areas

Irma City

Suburban

Urban

Rural

Family Annual Income

0-$4,999 III 11%

$5,000-9,999

$10,000-19,999

$20,000-29,999

$30,000-Above 111 5%

18%

26%

42%

Figure 2 Youth Participation in Programs Supported

by Agency Funds and CETA Funds in 1978

type of Youth Percent of Youth

Sex

Male

Female

40%

60%

50%

50%

Ethnicity

White

Black /Afro - American

Hispanic

Native American

Other

1%

1%

.6%

1%

37%

46%

83%

MO Agency Funded Progress MI CITA Funded Programs

6

1.6

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in pr'-

grams supported by agency budg- versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

There appears to have been a clear difference between these two groups. Youth

in CETA funded programs were 50% MALE and 50% FEMALE, whereas in

Agency supported programs more were

FEMALE (60%) than MALE (40%). In addition, CETA funded programs involved

more minority populations, particularly

BLACKS and HISPANICS, than youth

who were involved in Agency supported

programs. Figure 2 presents data which illustrate these differences.

One can conclude that CETA programs

enable the youth serving organizations to

better meet the employment training needs

of minority groups and women. Since one

of the goals of CETA is to meet the employment needs of minority groups such as

BLACKS and HISPANICS, it would appear that the National Organizations are

helping to fulfill this goal.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of youth in the

four major U.S. regions?

North Central South

North East West

The responses indicated the following percentages:

30% live in the NORTH CENTRAL

25% live in the NORTH EAST

25% live in the SOUTH

20% five in the WEST

The median number of youth was stable

across the four regions and ranged from 32

per program In the NORTH CENTRAL to

39 per program in the WEST. The U.S.

Regions are defined in Appendix B.

Were the National Organizations responsive to the ethnic distribution of

Youth? The answer is yes. In the SOUTH

and WEST where there is a greater number

of NATIVE AMERICANS than the

NORTH EAST or NORTH CENTRAL,

the median number of youth per program

was also greater.

Specifically, the median number of NATIVE AMERICAN youth per program

was 4 in the SOUTH and WEST, 3 in the

NORTH CENTRAL and I in the EAST In

the SOUTH, NORTH EAST and NORTH CENTRAL where the number of

BLACKS is greater than the WEST, the

median number per program is also greater. Specifically, the median number of
BLACKS/AFRO-AMERICANS per program was 15 in the SOUTH, 12 in the

NORTH EAST, 11 in the NORTH CENTRAL and 5 in the WEST. The same trend

appears to be true for the remaining ethnic

groups, i.e., for HISPANICS the median

number of youth per program was 10 in the

SOUTH, 8 in the WEST, 7 in the NORTH

EAST and S in the NORTH CENTRAL;

, for ORIENTAL/ASIAN AMERICAN

youth the median number was 3 youth per

program in the WEST, 2 in the NORTH

EAST, I in the SOUTH and none in the

NORTH CENTRAL; for WHITE youth

the met,' Ln number was 24 per program in

the NORTH EAST, 21 in the NORTH

CENTRAL, 20 in the SOUTH and 17 in

the WEST.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1973-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and, when possible, comparisons with

1975-1977 programs are made.

A total of 4,737 separate and distinct

youth employment-related programs was

offered in 1978. As of June 1979, 73% of

these program services were still being offered to youth. Of the total reported, 41%

operated only during the summer. The

mean number of programs offered was four

per respondent; however, the median was

two. Interestingly, the number of separate

and distinct programs ranged from I to 99.

For the three-year period, 1975 through

1977, the respondents reported a total of

5,923 employment-related programs for

youth. Of these, 2,617 programs were operated only during the summer. In 1978,

4,737 employment-related programs were

offered, with 1,944 of them offered only

during the summer months. By comparing

the number of programs offered between

1975 and 1977 (5,923) with those offered in

1978 (4,737), it can be seen that the number

of programs offered in 1978 approaches the

number offered during the previous threeyear period, constituting a rather dramatic

increase in the availability of youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of respondents financially supporting employment-related

programs for youth, In 1975, 949 respondents reported expending money on such

programs, the number increased to 985 in

1976, 1,009 in 1977 and 1,250 in 1978; 1978

demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

Figure 3 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

48%

Education 46%

24%

Ufe Skills Management 26%

22%

1/oviform' Job Canalising

23111. 32%

Job Preparation

35%

Assistanat In Maid%

Transition fromoo110 Wont

Trenoportation Assistance

8. Preparation for

Employment-Related EXIMS

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

25%

24%

62%

47%

=

10%

20%

=40%

11%

11111 s%

20%

21%

70%

68%

1076- 1977(n 1146) 111. 1076(n = 1250)

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth? The data presented in Figure 3 show

the types of employment-related programs

that have been offered by the affiliates over

the past four years. The data are highly

consistent between .1975 -1977 and 1978

and indicate that each agency basically

emphasized the same program areas in

1978 as it did between 1975-1977. The most

frequently offered programs were PAID or

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, and

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION.

Other areas that were emphasized to a

lesser degree were JOB TRAINING,

JOB PREPARATION, LIFE SKILLS

MANAGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING

7

7

THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas

were TUTORING and PREPARATION

for EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS

and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban Sr Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

Four geographic areas were identified in

the survey; INNER CITY, URBAN,

SUBURBAN and RURAL. The respondents were asked to indicate what percent

of the youth in their youth employment
programs came from each of these areas.

Because the range of percentages could be

from 0% to 100% for each of these areas, it

was decided to present information about

programs for those respondents who indicated a level of service of 50% or more.

The data reveal that programs with predominately INNER CITY youth, participated in mainly PAID WORK EXPERT

ENCE programs, probably CETA funded.

Fifty-three percent of the respondents said

they provided JOB TRAINING and

another 51% said they provided JOB

PREPARATION programs for INNER

CITY youth.

Programs for predominately URBAN,

SUBURBAN and RURAL youth also emphasized PAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

but to a lesser degree than the programs for

INNER CITY youth. Programs for predominately URBAN and SUBURBAN

youth emphasized UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Programs for predominately RURAL youth tended to emphasize CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION and JOB PREPARATION

experience.

Clearly, the youth employment programs were focused on different program

content areas depending upon the geographic area served. It is logical to assume

that the reason for different program content in the four primary geographic areas

was because the employment and training

needs of the youth differed. If this were so,

the respondents can be credited with being

responsive to the needs of the youth.

Programs Supported by Agency Budgets

and CETA Budgets

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency budgets versus

CETA only budgets In 1978?

The information that follows represents

those respondents who indicated that their

source of funding for their youth employment programs came only from their

Agency budgets or only from their CETA

budgets. Respondents with combined funding sources are not included.

Thble 3 illustrates that CETA monies

supported primarily programs that were PAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

TRAINING and JOB PREPARATION.

Agency budgets mainly supported PAID

Thble 3Youth Employment Programs Suported by Agency Funds and CETA

Funds in 1978

Employment-Related Programs

Percent of Respondents

Agency Funds CETA Funds

Career Awareness/Education 32% 31%

Life Skills Management 28% 15%

Vocational Job Counseling 17% 20%

Job Preparation 25% 39%

Assistance in Making

Transition from School to Work 13% 18%,

Transportation Assistance 2% 5%

Tutoring & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams 4% 13%

Unpaid Work Experience 47% 28%

Paid Work Experience 55% 79%

Supportive Services 14% 16%

Job Training 24% 47%

Job Placement 8% 24%

Other 12% 13%

Agency Funds (n = 265) CETA Funds (n = 131)

WORK EXPERIENCE, CAREER

AWARENESS /EDUCATION and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE. Although

PAID WORK EXPERIENCE was the

primary emphasis of both CETA and

Agency funded programs, there were 24%

more respondents with PAID WORK EXPERIENCE programs supported by CETA

funds than by Agency funds. In addition,

13% of the respondents with CETA funded

programs reported offering TUTORING

and PREPARATION for EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS and 24%

offered special JOB PLACEMENT

activities. These figures are considerably

higher than those indicated by respondents

with Agency supported programs.

CETA monies appear to support primarily those types of programs that build basic

skills, knowledge and attitudes relating to

employment and employability; i.e.,

WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB PREPARATION and TRAINING. This approach is

consistent with the philosophy of CETA to

build and develop these types of skills in

youth who lack them.

Agency budgets reflect an emphasis on

WORK EXPERIENCE, but also on such

things as expanding the youth's awareness

of various career opportunities and, in gen.

eral, LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT.

Programs by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the respondents that offer youth employment programs?

North Central South

North East West

8 I d

For those respondents with Youth Employment Programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

32% are in the NORTH CENTRAL

28% are in the NORTH EAST

20% are in the SOUTH

19% are in the WEST

It is clear that a majority (60%) of the

respondents to the Youth Employment

Survey came from the NORTH EAST or

NORTH CENTRAL regions. It is also

clear that the WEST had the smallest percentage of respondents from the four regions. Thble 4 further illustrates the findings. The U.S. regions are defined in Appt.r.dix B.

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions? As

can be seen in litble 4, 30% of respondents

with CETA programs came from the

NORTH EAST, 28% from the NORTH

CENTRAL, 25% from the SOUTH and

17% from the WEST. CETA programs approximately parallel the general population

distribution of the United States.
Table 4Number and Percent of Respondents with 1978 Youth Employment

Programs by Geographic Regions

Geographic

Region

North East

North Central

South

West

TOTAL

Respondents with 1978

Youth Employment Programs

Number of

Respondents

323

364

223

211

1.121

% of lbtal

Respondents

28%

32%

20%

19%

Number and Percent of Respondents with 1978 CETA Funded

Programs by Geographic Regions

Geographic

Region

Respondents with

1978 CETA Funded Programs

Number of

Respondents

% of lbtal

Respondents

North East 162 30%

North Central 153 28%

South 135 25%

West 89 17%

TOTAL 539 100%

This figure does not equrJ the total reported earlier of 1,250 because some respondents 6id not

indicate their geographic region.

Program Staff

The respondents were requested to provide

the number of paid staff positions and the

average number of hours worked in

monthly employment related programs.

These positions co'd be full or part-time

and were to include professional, technical

and support staff 2 'itiur.s. The same request was v," ' t! ^,iunteers.

A tot . . PAID STAFF and

48,223 k'1.1;. It7ritl; was reported.

While the nu.', ".umber of VOLUNTEERS far exceeds the mean number of

PAID STAFF, the median of three PAID

STAFF and five VOLUNTEERS per program is a more accurate reflection of the

staffing patterns.

The responses indicated 'nal the mean

number of hours per month devoted to employment programs by PAID STAFF was

99 and 113 hours by VOLUNTEERS. The

median reveals, however, that the number

of hours per month is closer to 49 hours for

PAID STAFF and 10 hours for VOLUNTEERS.

The involvement of volunteers is a major

strength of the Voluntary Youth Serving

Agencies and that strength is demonstrated

in this survey.

If one uses the median number of volunteered hours per month, per respondent,

and multiplies that figure by the number of

respondents with employment-related programs in 1978, an estimate of the total

number of volunteered hours per month

could be obtained across all respondents.

Since the median was 10 volunteered hours

per month and there 1,250 respondents

with programs in 1978, total estimated

hours per month is 12,500. Without taking

into account the many professional roles

and responsibilities performed by volunteers, an application of the minimum wage

of $2.90 per hour would equal $36,250

monthly. Annually, this would amount to

$435,000.

9

Programs with Volunteer Services

Fifty-four percent of the respondents reported VOLUNTEER services in youth

employment programs during 1978, at a

total estimate of 12,500 hours per month.

To ascertain if the use of volunteers alters the type of program or program emphasis, a comparison of the surveys from

those respondents who reported having

volunteers involved in their youth employment programs during 1978 (Figure 4)

with all responder is having youth employinent programs during 1978 (Figure 3)

was made.

The results indicated that VOLUNTEERS were involved in all of the program

categories identified in 1978 (Figure 3).

Further, the comparison revealed that the

programs in which volunteers served represented a higher percentage of programs

offered in all categories than offered by the

combined respondents. For example, in

1978, 45% of all the respondents reported

providing CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION programs, whereas 60% of

the respondents with volunteer services

reported providing CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION programs. Among

the indications of the thrust of volunteer

services are programs of LIFE SKILLS

MANAGEMENT, UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE and JOB PREPARATION.

Reasons for Not or 'ring

Employment-Relatee Programs

For the period 1975-1977, 670 (37%) of the

responding agencies reported that they did

not offer employment-related programs.

For 1978, however, there was a modest

decrease in the number, 566, and percentage, 31%, of those not offering employ--

ment-related services.

Among the reasons given for not including employment-related programs in the

array of locally offered services, the majority of the respondents for both periods indicated that it was NOT A PROGRAM

PRIORITY. NO KNOWN FUNDING

SOURCES and INSUFFICIENT STAFF

were two other frequently cited responses

for the period 1975-1977 and 1978.

In 1978, employment-related programs

became somewhat more of a program priority and the agencies were more successful

in getting funding and program development assistance. However, agencies still

had to contend with an insufficient number

of staff available for employment-related

programs. Responses are summarized in

Table 5.
Figure 4 Types of Youth Employment Programs

With Volunteer Services

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/Education

Life Skills Management

Vocational Job CounseIng

Job Preparation

Assistance in

Transition from School tPoliZ

Transportation Assistance

"Morino & Preparation for

Employment- ams Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

716 13%

38%

28%

42%

28%

60%

60%

g%

28%

23%

48%

71%

Table 5Reasons Respondents Did Not Offer Employment Related Programs

Reasons

Percent of

Respondents

1975-77

Percent of

Respondents

1978

Not a Program Priority 53% 50%

No Known Funding Source 42% 36%

Insufficient Number of Staff 40% 45%

No Program Development Assistance 25% 20%

Do Not Know for Sure 17% 10%

No Board of Directors Approval 11% 9%

No Community Need 8% 8%

Other 15% 17%

1975-77 N si 670 1978 N = 566

10

o

4- 0

Program Evaluation

Sixty-eight percent of the respondents indicated that some form of evaluation of

their programs was conducted. Of those

agencies that had an evaluation performed,

53% conducted their own INTERNAL

EVALUATION, 20% had an evaluation

performed by a FEDERAL/STATE/

LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY

and only 6% used an OUTSIDE EVALUATION FIRM. However, 38% of the agencies said that a written report was available, indicating that evaluations probably

tended to be rather informal.

Due to the prevalence of funding from

agency budgets for employment-related

programs, the emphasis on internal evaluation is logical. In addition, the lower percentages of FEDERAL/STATE/LOCAL

GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY or OUTSIDE EVALUATION FIRM evaluations

are also consistent with the analysis of the

source of program monies presented earlier

in this report.

Funding.

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

liable 6 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the agencies for

1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding. Because

an agency could have had more than one

source of funding for its employmentrelated programs, the percentages total

more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Although most respondents checked more than one source of

funding, 61% indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported many of their youth

employment programs. The next most frequently indicated source (44%) was CETA

TITLE 11,111 or IV monies. Other than the

above two categories of funding sources,

the remaining categories were infrequently

checked by the respondents. Only 9% of

the respondent's monies came from a

UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT), 8%

from the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 7% each from STATE FUNDS and

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, and 6% each

from CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS and CITY

FUNDS. Less than 5% of the respondents

indicated each of the following sources of

money: STATE, COUNTY, L.E.A.A.,

TITLE XX, HEW sources or CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Seven percent of the respondents

listed an OTHER source. In general, these

data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.
Table 6Funding Source for Employment-Related Programs

Funding Source

Percent of

Respondents

1978

Percent of

Respondents with

Funding Pions

Agency Budget 61% 0

CETA Title 11, III or IV 44% 46%

United Way (Special Grant) 9% 15%

Local Business Community 8% 17%

Civic/Service Club 6% 18%

Private Foundations 7% 18%

Corporations or Corporate

Foundations 11% 9%

State Funds (Non CETA or

Title XX) 7% 7%

County Funds (Non CETA or

Title XX) 4% 6%

City Funds (Non CETA or Title XX) 6% 7%

L.E.A.A. 4% 7%

Title XX 4% 5%

HEW 1% 4%

Vocational Rehabilitation 0 2%

Other 7% 12%

'Iltbk 7Range of Money Expended by The Respondents in 1978 According to

Funding (All figures are percent of respondents)

Funding Sources None

$5,000 or

Less

$5,001

$25,000

$25,001

$50,000

$50,001-- $100,001

$100,000 or more

Agency Budget 39 40 16 3 1 1 CETA Title 11,

III or IV 56 20 18 3 0 2

United Way

(Special Grant) 91 4 3 1 0 0

Local Business

Community 91 7 1 0 0

Civic/Service Club 94 7 0 0 0 0

Private Foundations 93 5 2 0 0 0

Corporations or

Corporate Foundations 96 3 1 0 0 0

State Funds (non

CETA or Title XX) 93 4 2 1 0 0

City Funds (non CETA or Title XX) .94 3 1 0 0 0

County (non CETA

or Title XX) 96 3 1 0 0 0

L.E.A.A. 96 2 2 0 0 0

Title XX 96 3 1 0 0 0

HEW 99 1 0 0 0 0

Other 92 5 1 0 0 0

Table 8Money Expended for Employment Related Programs

Percent of

Respondents

Percent of

Respondents

Percent of

Respondents

Amount of Money 1973 1976 1977

No Money 20% 15% 14%

$1,000$5,000 51% 53% 50%

$5,001$25,000 21% 34% 26%

$25,001 $50,000 3% 4% 5%

$50,001S100,000 2% 2% 2%

$100,000 or more 3% 3% 3%

11

ti

Range of Money Expended

Table 7 presents the source of funding and

the range of money expended by the respondents for youth employment programs

in 1978.

With regard to Table 7, except for their

own Agency budgets and some CETA

monies, most (91%-99%) of the respondents reported not receiving money for

their employment-related programs from

any other possible funding sources.

Further, when agencies did receive money

from any of the funding sources, that

amount tended to be small, usually less

than $25,000.

'Bible 8 illustrates how much money the

respondents expended for employmentrelated programs in 1975, 1976 and 1977.

The data are consistent from year to year;

however, a slight increase in the amount of

money expended each year is indicated.

This increase can be observed in several

ways. First, there was a reduction, over

three years, of agencies expending no

money on employment-related programs

and second, there was a slight decrease in

agencies expending a small amount of

money ($1,000 to $5,000). It is difficult to

judge the role inflation plays in these

figures; however, all things being equal, inflation would cause part of these slight increases to occur.

Another important factor influencing the

slight monetary increases is the number

of local member affiliates offering

employment-related programs. As previously mentioned, there has been a steady

increase of affiliates offering employmentrelated programs over the past four years.

Although specific dollar amounts were

not available, there appears to have been

an increase in money expended on youth

employment programs over the four years

covered in the survey.
Community Involvement

A question of central importance is: To

what extent were the respondents involved

with other community agencies in planning, developing or implementing employment-related programs for youth?

In Table 9, a diversified picture of the responses is presented. In general, the

affiliates were involved with a variety of

public and private community agencies in

planning and implementing employmentrelated programs. Of all community agencies, CETA PRIME SPONSORS are the

organizations with which the respondents

were most involved. Forty-five percent indicated that they were INVOLVED to

VERY INVOLVED with CETA PRIME

SPONSORS in planning, developing or implementing e. iployment-related programs

For youth. 7 Airty-eight percent said they

were INVO.'NED to VERY INVOLVED

with the SCHOOLS and EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM. between 20% and 28% indicated that they were INVOLVED or VERY

INVOLVED with EMPLOYMENT SERVICES AGENCIES, OTHER YOUTH.

SERVING ORGANIZATIONS, the

BUSINESS COMMUNITY or COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES. Almost NO

INVOLVEMENT was indicated for the

PRIVATE AGENCIES in the community

CIVIC/SERVICES ORGANIZATIONS

or with ORGANIZED LABOR.

Future Programs

Projections

Forty-three percent of the respondents

who had Youth Employment-Related Programs in 1978 indicated plans to increase

their programming in this area in the future.

Fifty percent had plans to maintain the current level of program services, while less

than 2% planned any decrease in emphasis

or effort. Of those respondents who had no

Youth Employment-Related Programs in

1978, 37% indicated plans to,become involved in such programs in the future. The

picture appears quite clear. A majority of

respondents with programs in 1978 will

either increase their involvement in youth

employment-related programs, or maintain

their current level of involvement. In the

future, many respondents who had no 1978

programs in this area plan to become

involved.

Table 9lb What Extent Were The Respondents Involved with Other Agencies

in The Planning, Development, or Implementation of Current

Employment-Related Programs for Youth?

Community Involvement

Agendes

Very

Involved

1 2 3 4

Not

Involved

5

Percent of Respondents

CETA Prime Sponsors 30% 15% 18% 9% 29%

Employment Services Agencies 10% 10% 22% 18% 40%

Other Youth Serving Organizations 13% 15% 24% 16% 32%

Private Agencies 4% 8% 14% 16% 58%

Business Community 12% 15% 22% 15% 40%

Schools & Educational System 18% 20% 22% 10% 30%

College & Universities I I% 15% 21% 17% 35%

Organized Labor I% 3% 7% 12% 78%

Civic/Service Organizations 6% I I% 21% 18% 44%

Table 10Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Percent. of All

Respondent Who

Plan Future Programs

Career Awareness/Education 50%

Life Skills Management 27%

Vocational Job Counseling 21%

Job Preparation 31%

Assistance in Making nansition from School to Work 22%

ihmsportation Assistance 5%

lbtoring & Preparation for Employment-Related Exams 10%

Unpaid Work Experience 43%

Paid Work Experience 51%

Supportive Services 19%

Job 11.aining 31%

Job Placement 17%

Other 7%

Types of Future Programs

'able 10 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES

and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis will include LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB PREPARATION, JOB

TRAINING and VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING.

12 :22

Sources of Future Funds

As can be seen in Table 6, a large percentage (46%) of the agencies plan to seek

monies from CETA (Title II, III or IV) for

future employment-related programs. This

emphasis upon seeking CETA monies is

consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the agencies. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that t!,dre will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources,

with the greatest increase directed toward

obtaining financial support from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, LOCAL CIVIC/

SERVICE CLUBS, the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY and UNITED WAY

(SPECIAL GRANT). Other than CETA,

the emphasis is clearly upon seeking

monies from NON-GOVERNMENTAL

sources.
Summary

Thirteen member agencies of the National

Assembly of National Voluntary Health

and Social Welfare Organizations, Inc.

have joined together to form the National

Collaboration for Youth. Eleven of the

agencies are the focus of this survey and

are listed below in alphabetical order.

American Red CrossYouth Services

Boy Scouts of America

Boys' Clubs of America

Camp Fire, Inc.

4-H Youth Programs

Future Homemakers of America

Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.

Girls Clubs of America

National Board of Y.M.C.A.s

National Board of Y W.C.A. of

the U.S.A.

United Neighbor!. Centers

of America

As a part of the contract from the Department of Labor (Contract #99-8-I9 15-

33-48), a survey was to be conducted of the

local youth servi: g agencies affiliated with

these member organizations. The purpose

of the survey was to. determine to what

degree and in what way the agencies were

involved in providing employment-related

programs for youth.

Development of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

On December 15, 1978, the National Assembly contracted Behavior Associates to

conduct the survey of the local member

affiliates of eleven of the participating

member agencies of the National Collaboration for Youth. The proposed survey

questions were reviewed by the Project's

Advisory Committee for input and modification. The suggestions and recommendations were incorporated into a fieldtest version of the survey. Three local

affiliates of each of the eleven member

agencies were sent copies of the field-test

version and a letter requesting them to

evaluate the survey from a user's viewpoint. Of the 33 field-test surveys mailed to

the local affiliates, 20 were returned. Input

gained from the field-test of the survey was

incorporated into the final version of the

Youth Employment Survey.

The Survey Sample

The Survey was sent to each organization's

corporate unit, defined as the unit responsible for program services and administration over a territorial jurisdiction as contracted or chartered by the National Organization. Depending upon the size of the

population, either a random sample was

selected or the total sample was used. The

Survey was conducted in two phases. During Phase I, 3,508 surveys were mailed and

1,005 were returned completed. In hopes of

increasing the return rate, Phase II was

implemented. During this Phase, a second

survey form was sent to the nonrespondents in Phase I. In some instances, sample

sizes were increased as a result of mailing

list corrections. The total number of surveys mailed during Phase I and Phase II

was 4,908. The total number of surveys

returned was 1,816, which constitutes a

44% return rate.

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a, total of

287,992 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a national median of 35 youth per program. The

majority (61%) of the youth were MALE,

while 39% were FEMALE. The youth were predominately WHITE (69%),

BLACK /AFRO - AMERICAN (21%) and

HISPANIC (5%) and lived primarily in the

SUBURBAN (34%) and URBAN (28%)

areas. Forty-two percent of the youth lived

in families with annual incomes between

$10,000 and $19,999, 36% of the youth had

families with annual incomes below

$10,000 per year, while 21% had families

with incomes above $20,000 annually.

The Youth Employment Programs

1975-1978

A total of 4,737 separate and distinct y ..Ath

employment-related programs were offered in 1978. Of this total, 41% operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was 4 per respondent

while the median was 2. A total of 5,923

employment-related programs for youth

was reported for the 1975-1977 period,

Summer-only programs comprised 44% of

this total. Interestingly, the total number of

programs offered in 1978 approached the

total number offered during the previous

three-year period.

13

Types of Programs Offered

The data indicate that each agency basically emphasized the same program areas

in 1978 as it did between 1975-1977. The

most frequently offered programs were

PAID or UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE

and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. The programs that received so.newhat less of an emphasis were JOB

TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION, LIFE

SKILLS MANAGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE

IN MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK.

CETA Supported Programs

This survey reveals that a large percentage

(54%) of the local member affiliates of the

eleven National Youth Serving Organizations have youth employment programs

supported by CETA (Title II, III or IV)

funds. These programs varied greatly in

content and focus but tended to emphasize

the experiential aspects of the world of

work, preparation and training for employment and job placement.

An equal distribution of male and female

youth participated in the various CETA

programs. Forty-five percent of the youth

in CETA programs were WHITE, 37%

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN and 14%

HISPANIC. When compared with all programs, CETA programs showed an increase in females and ethnic minority group

participation.

Next to Agency budgets, CETA was the

largest supporter of youth employment

programs for the respondents. It appears

that CETA has provided the means to increase the number of employment-related

programs over the past four years.
Community Involvement

Community organizations with which the

respondents were most involved were

CETA PRIME SPONSORS, with 45% indicating that they were INVOLVED to

VERY INVOLVED with CETA PRIME

SPONSORS in planning, developing and

implementing employment-related programs for youth. Thirty-eight percent said

they were INVOLVED to VERY INVOLVED with SCHOOLS and EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS while 20%-28% indicated that they were INVOLVED or VERY

INVOLVED with EMPLOYMENT SERVICES AGENCIES, OTHER YOUTH

SERVING ORGANIZATIONS, TrIE

BUSINESS COMMUNITY or COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES.

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Sixty-one percent of the respondents indicated that their youth employment programs were supported by their regular

operating budget. The next most frequently

indicated source of funds (44%) was CETA

;Title II, III or IV). Other than these two

categories of funding sources, the remaining categories were infrequently indicated.

Range of Money Expended

The respondents reported that the monies

they received from any funding source

tendvd to 'oe rather small, usually less than

$25,000. Although specific dollar amounts

were not available, there appears to have

been an increase in money expended in

youth employment programs over the four

years covered in the survey.

Program Staff

A total of 48,223 VOLUNTEERS and

11,259 PAID STAFF were involved in the

employment-related programs in 1978. The

median number of hours per month devoted to the employment-related programs

per VOLUNTEER was 10, while the median number per PAID STAFF was 49.

Using the minimum wage of $2.90, a total

monthly dollar value contributed by

VOLUNTEERS would be $36,250. Annually this would amount to $435,000.

Program Evaluation

Sixty-eight percent of the respondents indicated that some form of evaluation of

their programs was conducted. Fifty-three

percent performed their OWN INTERNAL EVALUATION, 20% had an evaluation performed by a FEDERAL/

STATE/LOCAL GOVERNMENTAL

AGENCY, and 6% indicated using an

OUTSIDE EVALUATION FORM. Of the

68% who indicated that some form of

evaluation was conducted, 38% indicated

that a written report was available.

Reasons for Not Offering

Employment-Related Programs

In the period 1975-1977, 37% of the responding agencies reported that they did

not offer employment-related programs.

For 1978, 31% of the respondents indicated

not offering employment-related services.

Among the reasons given for not having

employment-related programs, the majority of the respondents indicated that it was

NOT A PROGRAM PRIORITY. NO

KNOWN FUNDING SOURCES and INSUFFICIENT STAFF were the two other

most frequently cited responses. In addition, for 6 of the 8 categories there was a

decrease in the percent of respondents so

indicating those categories between

1975-1977 and 1978.

14

Future Programs

Forty-three percent of the respondents

who had youth employment-related programs in 1978 indicated plans to increase

their programming in this area, 50% had

plans to maintain the current level of program services, while less than 2% plan any

decrease in emphasis. Of those respondents who had no youth employmentrelated programs in 1978, 37% indicated

plans to become involved in such programs

in the future.

Types of Future Programs

In essence, the respondents who anticipate

having programs in the future plan to

emphasize both PAID and UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCES and CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other

areas of emphasis will include LIFE

SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB PREPARATION, JOB TRAINING and VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING.

Sources of Future Funds

Forty-six percent of the respondents plan

to seek monies from CETA (TITLE II, III

or IV) for future employment-related programs. The respondents also indicated that

there will be increased effort in obtaining

monies from all funding sources, with the

greatest increase in effort directed toward

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, LOCAL

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS, the LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY and UNITED

WAY (SPECIAL GRANT.
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT

PROGRAMS: A Survey of

National Youth Serving Organizations

15

Survey Report Presentations

Sample Size and Return Rate

Youth

Youth Served

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

'Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

'Youth Served By Major U. S. Regions

Program

Youth Employment Programs 1975-

1978

'types of Programs Offered

*Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

*Employment Programs By Major U. S.

Regions

*Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

Program Funding

Fundint; for Youth Employment

Programs

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Source of Funds

Appendices

Appendix A iltbles

Appendix B U.S. Regions

'These presentations are the results of cross

tabulations. In some instances (ARY-YS, 4-H

FHA, OCA, and UNCA), the number of responses was too small to develop meaningful

interpretations and the findings are not included.
American Red Cross Youth Services

The aims of the American Red Cross are to

improve the quality of human life and enhance individual self-reliance and concern

for others. It works toward these aims

through national and chapter services governed and directed by volunteers. American Red Cross services help people avoid

emergencies, prepare for emergencies and

cope with them when they occur.

To accomplish its aims, the Red Cross

provides volunteer blood services to a large

segment of the nation, conducts community services and, as mandated by its Congressional Charter, serves as an independent medium of voluntary relief and communication between the American people

and their armed forces; maintains a system

of local, national and international disaster

preparedness and relief; and assists the

government of the United States to meet

humanitarian treaty commitments.

Through Youth Services young people

serve others as Red Cross volunteers or

participate in Red Cross programs in

schools or out of school. Across the counlty, Red Cross chapters offer a wide variety

3f programs for both elementary and secondary age youth.

Elementary school programs focus on

service to others, health and safety, and

international and intercultural relationships. Through first aid, water safety and

child care courses, young people learn and.

practice health and safety rules. They develop concern for the environment, good

nutrition and accident prevention. Through

the Red Cross, young people help to alleviate the loneliness of the elderly by

"adopting" grandparents and by sharing

creative materials, companionship, and

talents with the hospitalized, the handicapped, and the aged. They become acquainted with youth in other parts of the

United States and overseas through varied

means of communication.

For junior and senior high school age

young people, the Red Cross provides an

opportunity for action-oriented school and

community projects in hospitals, nursing

homes, preschool centers, recreation sites,

and in blood donor recruitment. In-school

projects include "adopting" community

agencies and meeting their specific needs,

providing services as a part of schoolwork

or course requirements, and promoting

health and safety programs foi. the student

body and the community. Young people

learn and practice leadership and other important skills through participation in a

number of volunteer experiences and training activ. ties.

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

American Red Cross Youth Services

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 188 corporate units was surveyed. The total responses for Phase I & II

was 70; i.e., a 37% return of the total surveys mailed.

Cross Tabulation

To add depth to the Youth Employment

Survey results, several cross tabulations

were performed on the data. In order for

cross tabulations to have meaning they

must be based upon a relatively large sample of survey respondents.

In the case of American Red Cross Youth

Services, the number of respondents for

each cross tabulation was too small to

allow meaningful interpretation. A criterion was established that the cross tabulation response rate must be at least 25% of

the total number of respondents for each

cross tab. There were no cross tabulations

which reached this criterion, and the findings for the following cross tabulations are

not presented:

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

Employment Programs for INNER

CITY, URBAN, SUBURBAN and

RURAL Youth

Employment Programs by Major U.S.

Regions

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

Youth

Youth Served

American Red Cross Youth Services offer a

wide range of services to youth and their

families. In order to identify the geographic

area served by the organizations and the

geographic sources for the youth recruited

for all program's and services, the following

question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban.

Suburban and Rural?

The response to this question indicated

that the respondents recruit and serve

youth on a fairly even distribution from

each of the four geographic areas served by

these agencies.

16

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. Table

I presents the percentage of youth served

by the respondents across the four geographic areas. The majority (59%) of the

respondents indicated that they did not

serve youth residing in the RURAL areas,

while the SUBURBAN areas seemed to

have the highest percentage of youth

served (70%).

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

7,937 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 156 youth per program; however, the

median of 70 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A major -

ity (74%) of the youth were FEMALE,

while (27%) were MALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately WHITE (68%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows:

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN (23%),

HISPANIC (4%), ASIAN (3%), NATIVE

AMERICAN (.5%), OTHER (2%). In addition, the youth in employment related programs tended to reside primarily in SUBURBAN (48%) and URBAN (26%) areas.

Twenty -two percent of the youth were reported living in INNER CITY areas, and

only 5% were reported living in RURAL

areas. To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs? The respondents reported serving only a small percent of special needs

youth; i.e., YOUTH OFFENDERS (1%),

STATUS OFFENDERS (1%), LEARNING DISABLED (.5%) and PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (.5%).

Family income data revealed that 55% of

the youth lived in families with annual incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, 22%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 24%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.
ARC-YS

Sex

Ethnicity

Figure 1Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Male

Female

27%

Native American I .5%

Black/Afro-American

Hispanic II 4%

Asian/Oriental 1 3%

White

Other 12%

23%

74%

68%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders 1%

Status Offenders 1%

Physically Handicapped I .5%

Learning Disabled .5%

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban

Urban

Rural 5%

Family Annual Income

0$4.999

55.000-9.999

510.000-19,999

S20.000-29,998

530.000Above

5%

22%

26%

17%

120%

48%

55%

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.

A total of 201 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 175 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 88 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was 4 per respondent,

however. the median was two.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 262

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 43% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (262)

with those offered in 1978 (201), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three-year period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in the

availability of youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a stable

but slightly increasing number of

employment - related programs for youth.

In 1975, 44 respondents reported expending money on such programs, the number

decreased to 43 in 1976 and 1977 and increased to 57 in 1978; 1978 demonstrated

the most dramatic increase.

17

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were olli,red to the

youth? The data presented in Figure 2 show

the types of employment-related programs

that have been offered by respondents over

the past four years. The data are highly

consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978

and indicate that the American Red Cross

Youth Services basically emphasized the

same program areas in 1978 as they did

between 1975-1977. However, there are

some exceptions. There was a moderate

increase from 1975-1977 and 1978 in the

percent of respondents offering VOCATIONAL COUNSELING, TUTORING

SERVICES, PAID WORK EXPERIENCE and JOB PLACEMENT. In addition, there was a large decrease in the

number of respondents providing UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE. The most frequently offered programs were PAID

or UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas emphasized to a lesser

degree were JOB TRAINING, JOB

PREPARATION, LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING

THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas

were TUTORING and PREPARATION

for EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS

and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.
Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Thble 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Fifty-four percent of

the respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs, while the next most frequently indicated source (33%) was CETA

(TITLE II, III or IV) monies. Other than

the above two categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:

Only 7% of the monies came from CITY

FUNDS, 5% from UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT), 3% each from CIVIC/

SERVICE CLUBS and HEW. Two percent

of the respondents indicated each of the

following sources of money: COUNTY, L.E.A.A., TITLE XX, LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY and PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS. Sixteen percent of the

respondents listed an OTHER source. In

general, these data reflect a diversified but

low-level funding pattern.

Future Program Plans

type. of Employment Programs

Thb le 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES

AND CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis

wiU include SUPPORTIVE SERVICES,

LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB

TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE

TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK. The largest increase in emphasis

between 1978 and the future will be in the

area of SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE.

ARC-YS Figure 2Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Life Skills Management

Vocational Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance in Making

Transition from S&901 to Work

Transportation Assistance

TUtoring & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

25%

26%

1111 6%

23%

31%

24%

35%

33%

46%

47%

41%

55%

rA.

27%

20%.

21%

27%

37%

40%

- 1975-1977 (n = 40) ill 1978 (n = 57)

Source of Future Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a large percentage (43%) of the respondents plan to seek monies from CETA (Title II, III or IV) for

future employment-related programs. This

emphasis upon seeking CETA monies is

consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there wiU be inc eased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources

witil the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, LOCAL CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS, the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY and L.E.A.A. Other than CETA

and L.E.A.A. the emphasis is clearly

upon seeking monies from NON-GOVERNMENTAL sources.

18
Boys' Clubs of America

With a special concern for boys from disadvantaged backgrounds, typified by cultural, spiritual and social as well as economic deprivation, Boys' Clubs provide

youth:

Daily access to facilities and programs

on a voluntary basis.

Professional leadership which understands and truly cares about the stresses of growing up.

Advocates and spokesmen who address the critical issues facing them.

Programs which are developed to meet

their needs and interests.

Varied and diversified experiences

which have an impact on their lives.

Boys' Clubs in 50 States, Puerto Rico

and the Virgin Islands currently serve

1,190,694 youth. The total Club staff include more than 68,225 adults, youth and

volunteers with nearly 97,000 individuals

serving on the Boards of Directors and

similar support groups. LWenty -seven percent (27%) of the members are fourteen and

over; thirty-four percent (34%) are from

eleven through thirteen and thirty-eight

percent (38%) are ten and under. Forty-six

percent (46%) are from single parent homes

and forty-four percent (44%) come from

families with incomes under $8,000 per

year. Annual operating expenditures for

Boys' Club services exceed $109,000,000

per year.

Through its NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS in New York City and eight

Regional Offices, Boys' Clubs of America

provides direct consultative services to

local Boys' Clubs in Management Services;

Program Development; Professional Manpower Development; Advocacy and Uban

Focus; Communications and Marketing;

Resource Development; Board Relations;

as well as providing communities assistance in establishing new Boys' Clubs.

The primary mission of the Boys' Clubs

of America is to assure and enhance the

quality of life for boys as participating

members of a richly diverse urban society.

Programs in local Boys' Clubs are designed to stress objectives in: citizenship

education; leadership development; skill

development; health and fitness; preparation for leisure; personal adjustment and

development of individual potential;

educational-vocational motivation; intergroup understanding; value development;

sense of community; enriching family and

community life. Programs for youth currently receiving emphasis include: Youth

Employment; Health Services and Education; Delinquency Prevention; Youth

Leadership Development; Alcohol Abuse

Prevention and Education for Parentheiod.

BCA Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female 21%

79%

Ethnicity

Native American

Black/Afro-American

Hispanic

Asian/Oriental

White

Other

12%

1%

I 1%

13%

42%

43%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders

Status Offenders

Physically Handicapped

Learning Disabled

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban

Urban

Rural

Family Annual Income

0-94,999

95,000-9,999

910,030-19,999

920,000-29,999

930,000Above

6%

18%

30%

47%

3%

1%

25%

19%

52%

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

Boys' Clubs of America

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 300 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & II

was 209; i.e., 70% return of the total surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

Boys' Clubs of America offer a wide range

of services to youth. In order to identify the

geographic area served by the organization

and the geographic sources of the youth

recruited for all programs and services, the

following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

19

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. The

response to this question indicated that the

respondents recruit and serve youth in predominately INNER CITY (60%) and

URBAN (55%) areas. Figure 1 presents the

percentage of youth served by the respondents across the fourgeographic are .1. The

majority (62%) of the respondents indicated that they did not serve youth residing

in the RURAL areas.

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

11,797 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 89 youth per program; however, the median of 36 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A majority (79%) of the youth were MALE, while

21% were FEMALE.
In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predomi- nately WHITE (43%) and BLACK/

AFRO-AMERICAN (42%). The proportion of other ethnic/cultural groups

are as follows: HISPANIC (13 %). ORIENTAL/ASIAN (1%), NATIVE

AMERICAN (2%), OTHER (1%). In addition, the youth in employment related programs tended to reside primarily in INNER

CITY (47%) and URBAN (30%) areas.

Eighteen percent of the youth were reported living in SUBURBAN areas, and

6% in RURAL communities.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs? The respondents reported serving a modest percent of special needs youth: i.e., LEARNING DISABLED

(7%), YOUTH OFFENDERS (8%),

STATUS OFFENDERS (5%) and PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (1%).

In terms of family income, 19% of the

youth lived in families with annual incomes

between $10,000 and $19,999, 77% of the

youth had families with annual incomes

below $10,000 per year, while 4% had

families with incomes above $20,000 annually. Clearly, the Boys' Clubs of

America serves lower income INNER

CITY children.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were invoked in programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for agency

budget was 17 while n for CETA was 26.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the youth by

the four major geographic regions?

North Central

North East

South

West

The distribution by the four geographic

regions does not parallel the distribution of

the respondents. Specifically, 50% of the

youth were in the NORTH EAST, 21%

were in the WEST, 17% were in the

SOUTH and 13% were in the NORTH

CENTRAL. Clearly, although the NORTH

EAST had about the same number of respondents as the SOUTH and WEST, it had

a much larger percentage of youth than

either the SOUTH, WEST or even the

NORTH CENTRAL. The reason for this

difference is that the average number of

youth participants was almost twice that in

any of the other regions. The U.S. Regions

are defined in Appendix B.

What was the ethnic distribution of the

youth in the major geographic regions?

There does appear to be some differences between the four geographic regions

with regard to the ethnic distribution of

youth. In particular, the percentage of NATIVE AMERICAN youth was ff.'; in the

NORTH CENTRAL, 2% in the WEST, 1%

in the SOUTH and less than 1%, in the

NORTH EAST. With regard to the distribution of BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN

youth, the percentage of youth per program

was 62% in the SOUTH, 54% in the WEST,

35% in the NORTH CENTRAL and 33% in

the NORTH EAST. For HISPANIC youth,

the percentage of youth per program was

38% in the WEST, I I% in the SOUTH, 9%

in the NORTH CENTRAL and 7% in the

NORTH EAST region. Less than I% of the programs in

any geographic region had ASIAN

ORIENTAL youth. In terms of WHITE

youth, the percentage of youth per program

was 58% in the NORTH EAST, 49% in the

NORTH CENTRAL, 26r); in the SOUTH,

and 4% in the WEST.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.

A total of 471 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 245 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 214 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was 4 per respondent,

however the median was three.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 606

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 41% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (606)

with those offered in 1978 (471), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three-year period, constituting an increase in the availability of

youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975, 113

respondents reported expending money on

20

such programs, the number increased to

121 in 1976, 125 in 1977 and 146 in 1978;

1978 demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

Types of Programs Offered

What type .+ of programs were offered to the'

youth? The data presented in Figure 2 show

the types of employment-related programs

that have been offered by respondents over

the past four years. The data are highly

consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978

and indicate that each agency basically

emphasized the same program areas in

1978 as it did between 1975-1977. The most

frequently offered programs were PAID or

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

PREPARATION, JOB PLACEMENT,

JOB TRAINING, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree were TUTORING, LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT,

SUPPORTIVE SERVICES, ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized was TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

The data reveal that programs with predominately .INNER CITY youth (defined

as 51% of the youth participating in the

programs who came from this geographic

area) emphasized mainly PAID WORK

EXPERIENCE, JOB PREPARATION,

JOB TRAINING, CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION and JOB PLACEMENT. Programs with predominately

SUBURBAN youth tended to emphasize PAID WORK EXPERIENCE

also, then UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, followed by JOB PLACEMENT,

JOB TRAINING and JOB PREPARATION. Programs for predominately

URBAN youth tended to emphasize PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB PLACEMENT, UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

JOB PREPARATION and JOB TRAINING. Finally, programs for predominately

RURAL youth tended to emphasize PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE, followed by UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

TRAINING, ASSISTANCE IN MAKING

THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK, and CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION.

Clearly, the youth employment programs emphasized different program areas

depending upon the different geographic

areas served; however, it is apparent that in
BCA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Ufs Sidle Management

Vocations! Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance Ma

'Transition from SchoolInto Work

Transportation Assistance

Titoring 8 Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

44%

44%

19%

23%

39%

40%

39%

47%

30% =5%

25%

23%

50% =

47%

23%25%

42%

44%

43%

145%

111= 10%

5%

82%

1975-1977 (n = 134) 1978 (n = 148)

all geographic regions, the primary program being offered was PAID WORK EXPERIENCE. It is logical to assume that the

reason for different program content in the

four primary geographic areas was because

the employment training needs differed between the areas.

Employment Programs by Major

U.S. Regions

What was distribution of the respondents

by the major U.S. regions?

North Central South

North East West

For those respondents with youth employment programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

28% were in the NORTH EAST

27% were in the SOUTH

26% were in the WEST

18% were in the NORTH CENTRAL

Except for the NORTH CENTRAL, the

distribution of respondents between the

NORTH EAST, SOUTH and WEST was

fairly equal. The U.S. Regions are defined

in Appendix B.

21

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

The data reveal that 32% of the CETA

programs were located in the SOUTH, 28%

were in the NORTH EAST, 24% were in

the WEST and 16% were in the NORTH

CENTRAL.

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency budgets and

CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for the

agency budget was 17, while n for CETA

was 26.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS and CETA, with 66% of

the respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs. The next most frequently

indicated source (62%) was CETA (TITLE

II, III or IV) monies. Other than the above

two categories of funding sources, the remaining categories were infrequently

checked by the respondents: Only 9% of

the monies came from UNITED WAY

(SPECIAL GRANT) and STATE FUNDS,

8% each from the LOCAL BUSINESS

COMMUNITY and L.E.A.A., 7% from

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, and 6% from

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS and 5% from

CITY FUNDS. Less than 5% of the respondents indicated each of the following

sources of money: COUNTY, TITLE XX,

HEW sources or CORPORATIONS or

CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Six percent of the respondents listed an OTHER

source. In general, these data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by

the member affiliates for youth employment programs.
Future Program Plans

Thus of Employment Programs

11tble 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES,

JOB PREPARATION, JOB TRAINING,

and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis will include

JOB PLACEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING and LIFE SKILLS

MANAGEMENT

Sources of Future Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a large percentage (67%) of the respondents plan to seek

monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV) for

future employment-related programs. This

emphasis upon seeking CETA monies is

consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources

with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support coming from LOCAL CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS, LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY, PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS, UNITED WAY, CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS and L.E. A.A.

Other than CETA and L.E.A.A., the emphasis is clearly upon seeking monies from

NON-GOVERNMENTAL sources.

22

32
Soy Scouts of America

The purpose of the Boy Scouts of America,

incorporated on February 8, 1910, and

chartered by Congress in 1916, is to provide an educational program for boys and

young adults to build character, to train in

the responsibilities of participating citizenship, and to develop personal fitness.

Community groups receive national

charters to use the Scouting program as a

part of their own youth work. These groups

which have goals compatible with those of

the BSA include religious, educational, civic, fraternal, business, labor, governmental bodies, corporations, professional associations, and groups of citizens.

Program

Cub Scouting: A family- and homecentered program for boys who are 8, 9,

and 10 years old. When they are 10, they

can become Webelos Scouts and prepare to

become Boy Scouts. (Boys also may become Cub Scouts if they are 7 and have

completed the second grade or Webelos

Scouts when they are 9 and have completed

the fourth grade.)

Boy Scouting: A program for boys 11

through 17 designed to achieve Scouting's

objectives through a vigorous outdoor program and peer group leadership with the

counsel of an adult Scoutmaster. (Boys

also may become Boy Scouts if they are 10

and have completed the fifth grade.)

Exploring: A contemporary program for

young men and women 15 through 20 that

provides opportunities to learn about adult

roles and vocational opportunities in association with business and community

partners. Special-interest posts cover more

than 100 vocations with the most popular

including aviation, law enforcement, medical and health, law and government, and

Sea Exploring which also have national associations. (Young adults also may become

Explorers if they are 14 and have completed the eighth grade.)

Membership since 1910 totali more than

62 million. As of December 31, 1978, membership was 4,493,491.

Volunteer adult leaders serve at all levels

of Scouting in 417 local councils, 31 areas,

six regions, and nationally with volunteer

executive boards and committees providing guidance.

Each autonomous local council is chartered by the BSA which provides program

and training aids along the guidelines established by the national Executive Board and

the national charter from Congress.

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

Boy Scouts of America

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 420 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & II

was 253; i.e., 60% return of the total surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

The Boy Scouts of America offer a wide

range of services to youth. In order to identify the geographic area served by the organization and the geographic sources for

the youth recruited for all programs and

services, the following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. Table 1

presents the percentage of youth served by

the respondents in the four geographic

areas. RURAL areas seemed to have the

highest percentage of youth served, (85%),

with URBAN areas (78%) and SUBURBAN areas (68%) following.

In reviewing the unserved areas, a majority (46%) of the respondents indicated that

they did not serve youth residing in the

INNER CITY.

23

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

177,014 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 890 youth per program; however, the

median of 65 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A majority (74%) of the youth were MALE, while

(26%) were FEMALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately WHITE (83%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows:

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN (9%), HISPANIC (4%), ASIAN /ORIENTAL (1%),

NATIVE AMERICAN (1%), OTHER

(1%). In addition, the youth in employment

related programs tended to reside primarily

in SUBURBAN (33%) and RURAI (31%)

areas. A total of (37%) of the youth were

reported living in URBAN (27%) and

INNER CITY (10%) areas.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs? The respondents reported serving only a small percent of special needs youth, i.e., LEARNING DISABLED

(1%), YOUTH OFFENDERS (1%), PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (1%)

and STATUS OFFENDERS (1%)

In terms of family income, 50% of the

youth lived in families with annual incomes

between $10,000 and $19,999, 30% cf the

youth had families with annual incomes

below $10,000 per year, while 21% had

families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in the programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross-tabulation, the

data are not presented, i.e., n for agency

budget was 98, while n for CETA was 3.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of me participants in youth employment programs by

the four major geographic regions?

North Central

North East

South

West
BSA Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Family Annual Income

044,999

$5,000 -9,999

$10,000-19,999

$20,000-29,999

$30,000-Above

Interestingly, although 18% of the respondents came from the WEST, 27% of

the youth involved in employment-related

programs lived in the WEST. This represents the highest percentage of youth

served for any geographic area for the Boy

Scouts of America. Twenty-six percent of

the youth came from the NORTH CENTRAL, 75% from the SOUTH and 21%

from tht NORTH EAST. An inspection of

the median number of youth served per

program in the various geographic regions

supports the above distribution of youth,

i.e., in the WEST, the median number of

youth served per program was 150. In contrast, the median number of youth served in

the NORTH CENTRAL was 78, 41 in the

SOUTH and 36 in the NORTH EAST.

Clearly, the WEST respondents tend to

have more youth per program than do the

NORTH EAST, NORTH CENTRAL, or

SOUTH. Appendix B defines the U.S.

Regions.

What was the ethnic distribution of youth in

the four geographic regior.

For NATIVE AMERICAN youth, the percentage of youth per program was 3% in the

WEST, 2% in the NORTH CENTRAL, and

less than 1% in both the SOUTH and

NORTH EAST. For BLACK/AFROAMERICAN youth, the percentage of youth per program was 23% in the

SOUTH, 10% in the NORTH CENTRAL,

8% in the WEST and 4% in the NORTH

EAST With regard to HISPANIC youth,

the percent of youth per program was 9%

in the WEST, 3% in the SOUTH, 2% in

the NORTH CENTRAL and 1% in

the NORTH EAST region. For ORIENTAL/ASIAN youth, the percent of

youth per program was 18% in the NORTH

CENTRAL, 2% in the WEST, and less than

1% in both the SOUTH and the NORTH

EAST With regard to WHITE youth, the

percent of youth per program was 94% in

EAST, 77% in the WEST, 72%

TH, and 67% in the NORTH

-.AL region.

24

3 4

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs are presented first

and, when important, comparisons with

1975-1977 programs are made.

A total of 1,820 separate and distinct

youth employment-related programs was

offered in 1978. As of June 1979, 1,451 of

these program services were still being offered to youth. Of the total reported, 510

operated only during the summer. The

mean number of programs offered was

10 per respondent, however the median

was two.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 1,011

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 40% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977

(1,011) with those offered in 1978 (1,820), it

can be seen that the number of programs

offered in 1978 alone exceeded the number

offered during the previous three-year

period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in the availability of youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of member affiliates

providing employment-related programs

for youth. In 1975, 192 respondents re- ported expending money on such programs, the number increased to 196 in 1976,

195 in 1977 and 218 in 1978; 1978 demonstrated the most dramatic increase in

member affiliates.

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past fou years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that each agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were PAID or

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE and

CAREER AWARENESS /EDUCATION.

Other areas which were emphasized to a

lesser degree were JOB TRAINING. JOB

PREPARATION, LIFE SKILL MAN- AGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING and ASSISTANCE IN

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas were TUTORING, JOB

PLACEMENT, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES, PREPARATION for EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.
BSA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/ 58%

Education 58%

39% Lilo Skills Management

39%

Vocational Job Counseling 32%

30%

35%

Job Preparation

34%

Assistance in Maldng 34%

Transition from School to Work 30%

Tienspodation Assistance 12%

1 1%

Tutoring & Preparation tor 1%

Employment-Related Exams i2%

45%

Unpaid Work Experience

39%

70% Paid Work Experience

84%

12%

Supportive Services MI 11%

27%

Job Training

27%

Job Placement

In 5%

18%

Other

17%

INN 1975-19177 (n = 209) 1978 (n = 218)

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic areas served?

The data reveal that programs with predominately INNER CITY youth (defined

as 51% of the youth participating in the

programs who come from this geographic

area) emptfaiized mainly PAID WORK

EXPERIENCE, ASSISTAorE IN MAK- ING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK, JOB PREPARATION and CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION. Programs for predominately SUBURBAN and URBAN youth were similar. These programs tended to

emphasize PAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION

and LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT. Finally, programs for predominately RURAL

youth tended to emphasize CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION, PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE and UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE.

In general, the data are consistent with

the national view of the Boy Scouts of

America in that all programs, regardless of

the population served, tended to em- phasize PAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

first and foremost. However, after this

area, the pattern of programs tends to be

somewhat different between programs for

predominately INNER CITY, SUBUR25

BAN, URBAN and RURAL youth.

Clearly, by emphasizing different program

content areas, depending upon the geographic area served, it is logical to assume

that the organization is responsive to the

differential youth employment training.

needs of various youth populations.

Employment Programs by Major

U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the respondents by major U.S. regions; i.e. North

Central, North East, South and West?

For those respondents with youth employment programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

31% came from the SOUTH

26% came from the FORTH EAST

25% came from the NORTH CENTRAL

18% came from the WEST

The U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the data are not presented; i.e., n was 3

respondents.

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency budgets and

CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the data are not presented; i.e., n for the

agency budget was 98, while n for CETA

was 3.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Eighty percent of the

respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs while the next most frequently indicated source (25%) was CETA
(TITLE II, III or IV) monies. Other than

the above two categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:

Only 13% of the monies came from the

LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 11%

from CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS, 10%

from CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE

FOUNDATIONS, 9% from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, and 7% from a

UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT); 4%

of the respondents indicated each of the

following sources of money; CITY,

STATE, COUNTY, L.E.A.A., TITLE

XX, and HEW. Six percent of the respondents listed an OTHER source. In general,

these data reflect a diversified but low-level

funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphasis placed on the

programming for youth employment programs seen in the previous four years. In

essence, the respondents who plan to have

programs will emphasize both PAID and

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES,

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION

and LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT.

Other areas of emphasis will include JOB

PREPARATION, JOB TRAINING, THE

TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK and VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING.

Sources of Future Funds

As can be seen in lhble 4, a moderate percentage (33%) of the respondents plan to

seek monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or

IV) for future employment-related programs.

This emphasiR upon seeking C. l'A monies

is consistm.vith previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources,

with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, LOCAL CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS, the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, UNITED WAY and CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Other than CETA, the emphasis is

clearly upon seeking monies from NONGOVERNMENTAL sources.

26

3i"
Camp Firs, Inc.

Camp Fire's corporate purpose is to provide, through a program of informal education, opportunities for youth to realize their

potential and to function effectively as caring, self-directed individuals, responsible

to themselves and to others and, as an organization, to seek to improve those conditions in society which affect youth. The

organization's membership includes girls

and boys up to 21 years of age.

Camp Fire's basic program methodology

is the small group, led by skilled, caring

adults, using informal education, recreation and group work principles and techniques. Programs focus on learning by doing, developing a positive self-image, responsibility and creativity, gaining

decision-making and planning skills and

learning to appreciate, care for and work

with others. They build opportunities for

personal and social language, for developing life skills and for reducing sex-role

stereotyping.

Camp Fire is a multi-program membership agency. Its three major program areas are:Club Programs are year-round small

groups with four program levels including Blue Bird, Adventure, Discovery and

Horizon.

Outdoor Programs include group camping, day camping, resident camping and

trip programs

Response Programs are designed by

councils and/or the national organization to meet identified needs of various

groups of youth. This has resulted in a

variety of programs, such as: Day care and drop-in centers

Tutorial and in-school enrichment

programs

Youth employment education programs

Deliquency prevention projects

using athletics and club leadership

opportunities

Camp Fire is a not-for-profit national

volunteer membership organization

founded in 1910. There are now 330 councils chartered by Camp Fire to serve youth

in rural, urban and suburban areas in over

35,000 communities. The new Corporate

Headquarters of Camp Fire at 4601 Madison Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri 64112,

represents the membership, develops

materials for national and local use, trains,

advises, consults, provides merchandise

and apparel for local members, and supports those involved with Camp Fire programs throughout the country.

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

Camp Fire, Inc.

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 330 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & II

was 231; i.e., a 70% return of the total surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

Camp Fire offers a wide range of services

to youth. In order to identify the geographic area served by the organization and

the geographic sources for the youth recruited for all programs and services, the

following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations.

The response to this question indicated

that the respondents recruit and serve

youth on a fairly even distribution from

each of the four geographic areas served by

these agencies. Table 1 presents the percentage of youth served by the respondents

across the four geographic areas. While the

RURAL areas seemed to have the highest

percentage of youth served (73%), it is

noted that there are substantial services to

URBAN youth (69%). Geographic areas

served are directly dependent upon the

jurisdictional lines of each corporate unit.

Jurisdictions do not always include each of

the geographic areas.

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that- a total of

11,964 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 144 youth per program; however, the

median of 22 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A majority (59%) of the youth were FEMALE,

while 41% were MALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately BLACK (54%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows: WHITE (42%), HISPANIC (3%),

ASIAN/ORIENTAL (1%), NATIVE

27

3 7

AMERICAN (1%), OTHER (1%). In addition, the youth in employment related pro- grams tended to reside primarily in

URBAN (36%) and SUBURBAN (30%)

areas. lventy-one percent of the youth

were reported living in INNER CITY areas

and 12% in RURAL areas.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs? The respondents reported serving a small percent of special needs youth;

i.e., LEARNING DISABLED (<1%),

YOUTH OFFENDERS (<1%), PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (<1%) and

STATUS OFFENDERS (3%).

Family income data indicated that 37%

of the youth lived in families with annual

incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, 60%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 3%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e.; n for agency

budget was 25, while n for CETA was 12.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the youth by

the four major geographic regions?

North Central

North East

South

West

Interestingly enough, 74% of the youth

are identified as coming from the SOUTH,

while only 11% came from the WEST, 9%

from the NORTH EAST and 5% from the

NORTH CENTRAL. It is clear that the

majority of the youth in youth employment programs for Camp Fire reside in the

SOUTH. The median number of youth per

program was 28 in the SOUTH, 17 in the

NORTH EAST, 15 in the WEST and 11 in

the NORTH CENTRAL. However, an inspection reveals that the mean number of

youth per program was 403 in the SOUTH,

107 in the NORTH EAST, 52 in the WEST,

and 26 in the NORTH CENTRAL. The

U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.
CF Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female

41%

59%

Ethnicity

Native American

Siack/Afro-American

Hispanic

Asian/OrleMal

White

Other

Special Needs

Youth Of

Status Offenders

Pfyysically Handicapped

Learning Disabled

42%

54%

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban

Urban

Rural 12%

21%

30%

35%

Family Annual Income

044.999

$5,000-9,999

$10.000-19.999

320.000-29,999

$30.000-Above

12%

11%

15%

45%

37%

What was the ethnic distribution of the

youth by the major geographic regions?

In terms of the NATIVE AMERICAN

population of youth, the percent of NATIVE AMERICANS by each of the geographic regions of NORTH EAST,

NORTH CENTRAL, SOUTH and WEST

was less than 1%. For BLACK/AFROAMERICAN, the distribution of youth was

61% in the SOUTH, 50% in the NORTH

EAST, 37% in the WEST and 5% in the

NORTH CENTRAL. For HISPANIC

youth, the percent of youth per program

was 24% in the WEST, 1% in the SOUTH.

and less than 1% in both the NORTH

CENTRAL and NORTH EAST areas. For

ASIAN/ORIENTAL youth, the distribution was less than 1% in each of the four

geographic areas. Finally, for WHITE

youth, the percent of youth per program

was 93% in the NORTH CENTF.AL,

50% in the NORTH EAST. 40% in the

WEST and 38% in the SOUTH.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first

and, when important, comparisons with

1975-1977 programs are made.

A total of 183 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 139 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 103 operated

only during the summer. The mean and

median number of programs offered was

two per respondent.

28

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 198

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 59% of

the total. comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (198)

with those offered in 1978 (183), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered :n

1978 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three year period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in

the availability of youth employment

programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975, 69 respondents reported expending money on

such programs, the number decreased to 68

in 1976, then increased to 73 in 1977 and 103

in 1978; 1978 demonstrated the most

dramatic increase.

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that each agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most

frequently offered programs were PAID

or UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION

and JOB TRAINING. Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree were JOB PREPARATION and LIFE SKILLS

MANAGEMENT. Infrequently emphasized areas were TUTORING AND

PREPARATION FOR EMPLOYMENTRELATED EXAMS, TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE, VOCATIONAL

JOB COUNSELING, ASSISTANCE IN

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK and SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES.

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

The data reveal that programs with predominately INNER CITY youth (defined

at 51% of the youth participating in the

programs who come from this geographic

area) emphasized mainly CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION, followed

by JOB TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION and PAID WORK EXPERIENCE.

Programs for predominately URBAN

youth emphasized PAID and UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE, CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION and JOB

md
CF Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Pc rcent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Ufe Skills Management

Iocatlonal Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance in Making

Transition from School to Work

Transportation Assistance

Tirtoring & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid lAlorit Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

19%

20%

24%

25%

38%

33%

31%

48%

41%

58%

55%

52%

1111 1975- 1977(n = es) ON 197e (n = 103)

TRAINING. Programs for predominately

SUBURBAN youth tended to emphasize UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

TUTORING and PREPARATION FOR

EMPLOYMENT RELATED EXAMS

such as the GED, and SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES. Finally, programs for predominately RURAL youth tended to em- phasize PAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

CAREER AWARENESS /EDUCATION,

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE.

Clearly, the youth employment programs emphasized different program

content areas depending upon the geo- graphic area served. It is logical to

assume that the reason for different

program content in the four major

geographic areas was because the employment training needs of youth differed between the areas.

Employment Programs by Major

U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the respondents by the major U.S. regions; i.e. North

Central, North East, South and West?

For those respondents with youth employMent programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

36% were in the SOUTH

35% were in the NORTH CENTRAL

14% were in the NORTH EAST

14% v le in the WEST

Generally, the NORTH CENTRAL and

the SOUTH had the largest percent of respondents while the NORTH EAST and

the WEST had the least. The U.S. Regions

are defined in Appendix B.

29

33

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

Because of the small number of respondents with CETA programs by each of the

geographic regions, the data for this cross

tabulation cannot be presented.

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency and CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for the

agency budget was 25, while n for CETA

was 12.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respon- dents fl - 1978 employment-related programs a. ,rding to the source of funding.

Because a respcmdent ;mild have had more

than one source of funding for its

cmployment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

z.c.lree of fimdirr- was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Fifty percent of the re- spondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs, while the next most frequently indicated source (25%) was CETA

(TITLE 11, III or IV) monies. Other than

the above two categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:' Only 9% of the monies came from a

UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT). Less

than 5% of the respondents indicated each

of the following sources of money: LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY,

PRIVATE, CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS,

CITY, STATE, COUNTY, L.E.A.A.,

TITLE XX, HEW sources or CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Ten percent of the respondents

listed an OTHER source. In general, these

data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.
Future Program Plans

Types of rengrams

Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the rrogramming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES

and CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis

will include JOB PREPARATION, JOB

TRAINING and VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a moderate percentage (25%) of the respond. its plan to

seek monies from CETA (TI1 LE II, III or

IV) for future employment-related programs. This emphasis upon seeking CETA

monies is consistent with previous (1978)

efforts of the respondents. When compared

with the 1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased

effort to obtain monies from all funding

sources with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS and LOCAL CIVIC/

SERVICE CLUBS.

30

4 0
4-111Youth Programs

Science and Education AdministrationExtension USDA

4-H is operated through the Extension Service, USDA, Cooperative Extension Services of the State land-grant universities,

State and local governments. The Extension Service, USDA, provides national

leadership guided by USDA 'ons, the

Extension Committee on Org. Ation and

Policy (ECOP) and its 4-H Youth Subcommittee, and recommendations of the

4-11 Century III program goals document.

State Extension Services of the land-grant

universities give State leadership.

Through informal, practical, learn-bydoing educational programs in agriculture

and natural resources, home economics,

community development, and related

areas, 4-H helps youth establish real-life

goals and become competent, productive

citizens. Cooperative Extension's 4-H

youth programs are based on a unique

partnership of government, land-grant universities, volunteers and the private sector.

4-H programs are carried out locally by

volunteer leaders under the guidance,

supervision and training of county Extension professionals and pare - professionals

representing land-grant university systems. The National 4-H Council, a private

support organization, assists the Cooperative Extension Service in carrying out a

number of programs in behalf of 4-H.

Today's 4-H program is for all youth

rural and urban from all racial, cultural,

economic and social backgrounds. Family

cooperation and participation in 4-H programs are Oven high priority. Youth participate in 411 as members of organized

4-H Clubs and in 4-H special interest

groups, through the 4-H Expanded Food

and Nutrition Education Program (primarily for low income city youth), or as participants in 4-H Instructional TV program

series. 4-H is located in all states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands and Guam.

Approximately 5.8 million youth are now

participating in 4-H youth programs with

over 25% of these youth coming from

minority groups. 4-H'ers enrolled in over 9

million projects last year.

In keeping with recommendations from

"4-H in Century Ill," a recently developed

4-H goals statement prepared by a Task

Force of the Extension Committee on Organization and Policy, the following eight

4-H program areas are now receiving major

attention:

Economics, Jobs and Careers

Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences

Energy and Mechanical Sciences

Environment and Natural Resources

Community Development, Leadership, and Citizenship Education

Home and Family Resources including

Consumer Education and Nutrition

Education

Health and Safety

Leisure Education, Creative and Performing Arts, Communications

To carry out effective programs in these

areas will require expansion in numbers of

volunteer leaders, inreased teen involvement, intensive staff development and

training programs, expanded use of TV and

other educational program mediums, and

improved systems for evaluation, reporting

and accountability.

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

4-H Youth Programs

Sample She and Return Rate

A total of 520 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I of the

survey was 96; i.e., an 18% return of the

total surveys mailed. 4-H was not able to

participate in Phase II of the survey.

Cross TabuIstion

To add depth to the Youth Employment

Survey results, several cross tabulations

were performed on the data. In order for

cross tabulations to have meaning, they

must be based upon a relatively large sample of survey respondents.

In the case of the 4-H Youth Programs,

the number of respondents for each cross

tabulation was too small to allow meaningful interpretation. A criterion was

established that the cross tabulation response rate must be at least 25% of the total

number of respondents for each cross tab.

There were no cross tabulations that

reached this criterion, and the findings for

the following cross tabulations are not

presented:

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

Employment Programs for INNER CITY, URBAN, SUBURBAN and

RURAL Youth

Employment Programs by Major U.S.

Regions

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

Youth

Youth Served

In order to identify the geographic areas

from which the respondents recruit their

youth for all program activities, the following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretationi. The

response to this question indicated that the

respondents recruit and serve youth principally in RURAL and SUBURBAN areas.

Table 1 presents the percentage of youth

served by the respondents across the four

geographic areas. Youth were served in all

geographic areas, ranging from 86% in

RURAL areas to 21% in the INNER

CITIES.

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

177,014 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 890 youth per program; however, the

median of 65 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1 the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A majority (54%) of the youth were FEMALE,

while 46% were MALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the yo'rth were predominately WHITE (86%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows:

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN (10%),

HISPANIC (4%), ORIENTAL/ASIAN

(.5%), NATIVE AMERICAN (0%),

OTHER (.5%). In addition, the youth in

employment-related programs tended to

reside primarily in RURAL (39%) and

INNER CITY (24%) areas. Twenty -two

percent of the youth were reported living in

SUBURBAN areas and 17% in URBAN

areas. To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

Programs?

The respondents reported serving only a

small percent of special needs youth; i.e.,

LEARNING DISABLED (8%), YOUTH

OFFENDERS (2%), STATUS OFFENDERS ( I%) and PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (1%).
4-H Figure 1 Chamteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female

48%

54%

Ethnicity

Native American

Black /Afro-American

"Panic

Asien/Opiontsi

White

,Other

0%

10%

4%

.5%

86%

' .5%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders

Status Offenders

Physically Handicapped

Learning Disabled

12%

11%

11%

8%

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban

Urban

Rural

24%

22%

17%

39%

Family Annual Income

0-84,999 8%

$5,000-9,999 32%

$10,000-19,999 48%

320,000-29,999 12%

$30,000 -Above I 1%

Family income data revealed that 48% of

the youth lived in families with annual incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, 40%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 13%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1917 programs are made.

A total of 83 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 100% of these

program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 94 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was 2 per respondent,

however the median was one.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 166

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 37% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (166)

with those offered in 1978 (83), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three-year period, constituting a small increase in the availability

of youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of youth employment-related programs offered. In

1975, 45 respondents reported expending

money on such programs, the number

changed to 46 in 1976, 43 in 1977 and 52

in 1978; 1978 demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

32

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to

the youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that each agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION, PAID WORK EXPERIENCE and LIFE

SKILLS MANAGEMENT Other areas

emphasized to a lesser degree we .1 JOB

TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION, UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING, and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas were

TUTORING and PREPARATION for

EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS,

TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE and

SUPPORTIVE SERVICES.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Forty-eight percent of

the respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs while the next most frequently indicated source (33%) was CETA

(TITLE II, III or IV) monies. Other than

the above two categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:

Only 15% of the monies came from

COUNTY FUNDS, 12% came from the

LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 6%

each from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS and

CORPORATE or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS and 4% from UNITED WAY

(SPECIAL GRANT). Less than 3% of the

respondents indicated each of the following sources of money: CITY, STATE,

COUNTY, L.E.A.A., TITLE XX, HEW,

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS or CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Three percent of the respondents

listed an OTHER source. In general, these

data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.
4-H Figure 2 'yes of Employment-Related Programs

Offered In 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs

froakitsnoe

Percent of Respondents

Canter Awareness/

Education

Uhl Sidle Management

*colonel Job Counseling

Job Preparation

line men born School toPhVVork Traneportatice Assistance

lleorinp IL Preparation for

Employment - Related Exams

Unpaid WO* Expenenoe

Paid Work Exradence

Supporthrc SenAcee

Job Making

Job Placation,

Other

18%

14%

17%

_10%

e%

27%

24%

23%

22%

21%

37%

41%

42%

SO%

40%

87%

11111 1975-1977 in 51) ME 1978 in in 52)

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Thble 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE,

LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMEN,T and

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION.

Other areas of emphasis will include JOB

PREPARATION and JOB TRAINING.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in 'Bible 4, a moderate percentage (27%) of the respondents plan to

seek monies from CETA (TITLE II, Ill or

IV) for future employment-related programs. This emphasis upon seeking CETA

monies is consistent with previous (1978)

efforts of the respondents. When compared

with the 1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased

effort to obtain monies from all funding

sources, with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from COUNTY

FUNDS, CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS and

the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY.

33

43
Future Homemakers of America

Future Homemakers of America is a nonprofit national vocational education organization for young men and women in

home economics and related occupations

courses in public and private schools with a

national membership of half a million in

12,500 chapters located in all 50 states, the

District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and American schools overseas. Membership is voluntary for all students who are taking or have taken a course

in consumer homemaking or occupational

home economics.

There are two types of chapters:

FHA Chapters place major emphasis on

projects involving consumer education,

homemaking and family life education.

Chapters also explore home economics

related jobs and careers with the realization that homemakers fill multiple roles

as community leaders and wage earners.

HERO Chapters place major emphasis

on preparation for jobs and careers with

recognition that workers also fill multiple

roles as homemakers.

The objective is to help youth assume

their roles in society through Home Economics Education in areas of personal

growth, family life, vocational preparation

and community involvement.

The major program goal is to develop

youth leadership capabilities. Program Action Impact, a decision-making process,

and Encounter, an individual goal-setting

process, were designed with student input

as methods for members to plan and carry

through in-depth, home economics related

projects based on their own concerns and

interests. A third process, one in which

students can identify forms of recognition

that have meaning for them, provides an

opportunity to evaluate awards programs

and identify the type of recognition most

valued by individuals.

Fourteen National Officers (youth) are

elected by the voting delegates to the National Leadership Meeting and make up the

National Executive Council. The National

Board of Directors is composed of adult

representatives plus five youth representatives. State Associations and local chapters

elect their own youth officers. State programs come under the direction of the

Home Economics Education Staff, State

Department of Education. Chapter advisors are home economics teachers.

Results of The Ungth Employment

Program Survey

Future Homemakers

Sample Sizes and Return Rates

A total of 400 corporate units of Future

Homemakers of America was surveyed.

The total response for Phase I was 23; i.e.,

a 6% return of the total surveys mailed.

Future Homemakers of America was not

able to participate in Phase II of the -,urvey.

Cross Iltiluladon

To add depth to the Youth Employment

Survey results, several cross tabulations

were performed on the data. In order for

cross tabulations to have meaning, they

must be based upon a relatively large sample of survey respondents.

In the case of the Future Homemakers of

America, the total number of respondents

was too small to allow meaningful interpretation. There were no cross tabulations and

the findings for the following areas are not

presented:

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

Employment Programs for INNER

CITY, URBAN, SUBURBAN and

RURAL Youth

Employment Programs by Major U.S.

Regions

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets.

Youth

Youth Served

In order to identify the geographic areas

from which the respondents recruit their

youth for all program activities, the following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

The response to this question indicated

that the majority of youth mcruited and

served (50%-100%) are evenly distributed

at 12% between the INNER CITY,

URBAN and SUBURBAN Areas. The

RURAL area, in contrast, has 35%. Table I

presents the percentage of youth served by

the respondents in each of the four areas.

34

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

1,157 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 89 youth per program; however, the median of 31 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants are presented. A majority (63%) of the youth were FEMALE,

while 37% were MALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately WHITE (69%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows:

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN (14%),

HISPANIC (16%), ORIENTAL/ASIAN

(0%), NATIVE AMERICAN (1%) and

OTHER (0%). In addition, the youth in

employment-related programs tended to

reside primarily in URBAN (65%) and

RURAL (24%) areas. Seven percent of the

youth were reported living in SUBURBAN, and 4% in INNER CITY areas.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The responses indicated that less than

1% of the program served YOUTH OFFENDERS, STATUS OFFENDERS, the

LEARNING DISABLED or the PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED.

Family income date revealed that 33% of

the youth lived in families with annual incomes between S10,000 and $19,999, 35%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 33%

had families with incomes above S20,000

annually.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 197S -1l7$

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.
FHA Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

In the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male 37%

Female - 53%

Ethnicity

Native American 1%

Bieck/Afro-American 14%

Hispanic 16%

Aslan/Odents1 0%

White 69%

Other 0%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders .5%

Slate Offenders .5%

Physically Handicapped .1%

Leaning Disabled .5%

Geographic Areas

Inner City 4%

Suburban 7%

Urban 55%

Rural 24%

Family Annual Income

0-54,969 14%

55,000-9,990

510,000-19,900

$20,000-29,999

$30,000-Above 10%

21%

33%

23%

A total of 36 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 27 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reputed, five operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was two per respondent, however, the median was two.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of five

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 20% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (5)

with those offered in 1978 (36), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three-year period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in

the availability of youth employment

programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975 and

1976, 13 respondents reported expending

money on such programs, the number

increased to 14 in 1977 and 17 in 1978,

demonstrating a small but steady increase

in youth employment programs.

35

4

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that the agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION, PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE. JOB TRAINING

and VOCATIONALJOB COUNSELING.

Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree were JOB PREPARATION, LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB

PLACEMENT and ASSISTANCE IN

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas were TUTORING, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES, TUTORING AND

PREPARATION for EMPLOYMENTRELATED EXAMS and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.

Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related prorams according to the source of funding.

,, cause a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

sources of funding were the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGET and CETA funds. Each of

the two funding sources were cited by 29%

of the respondents, while the next most

frequently indicated sources were the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY

(17%) and CITY GOVERNMENT (12%).

Other than the above categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:

Eight percent of the respondents secured

STATE FUNDS, while 5% of the indicated

funding sources were UNITED WAYSPECIAL GRANTS, CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS and TITLE XX. In general, these

data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.
FHA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs I Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Ufa Skills Maragement

Vocational Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance In Making

Transition from School to Work

Transportation Assistance

Tutoring & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

16%

12%

0%

0%

16%

29%

42%

59%

53%

47%

41%

65%

63%

59%

53%

59%

56%

53%

89%

Nis 11%

6%

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Table 3 represents the future programming

74% emphases for all respondents planning to

77% have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years. In

essence, the respondents who plan to have

programs will emphasize both CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION, PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB TRAINING

and JOB PREPARATION. Other areas of

emphasis will include LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING, ASSISTANCE IN

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK and JOB PLACEMENT.

71%

71%

79%

1975-1977 (n = 19) gig 1978 (n = 17)

36

Sources of Future Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a large percentage (30%) of the respondents plan to seek monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV)

for future employment-related programs.

This emphasis upon seeking CETA monies

is consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources,

with the greatest increase in obtaining

financial support from the LOCAL BUSI- NESS COMMUNITY and STATE

FUNDS. Increased emphasis is also

planned to secure more funds from HEW

and CIVIC/SERVICE CLUES.

AA.
Girls Clubs of America

GCA is a national service and advocacy

agency for the rights and needs cf all girls.

National goals of GCA are established to

provide services consistent with preparation of today's girls for their transition to

womanhood and the responsibilities they

will face.

Within national guidelines, programs are

initiated by Member Clubs to meet the

needs of girls in that community. Girls

Clubs in 34 states offer programs in tutoring

and specialized learning, physical fitness

and team sports, career development, performing and fine arts, health and sexuality

education, parenting and homemaking

skills, individual and group counseling.

Open five to seven days a week, Girls Clubs

provide members with a supportive environment in which to develop personal

strengths, relationships and goals.

Youth Employment Programs are conducted in most clubs. Several clubs have

developed outstanding models that are replicable in other communities and some are

approved for school credit.

Program emphasis in each club is closely

related to the target population in that city.

Programs are adapted to specific community needs and capabilities rather than

pre-packaged and imposed by the parent

organization.

Services of a Girls Club are ongoing and

youth involved in a specific program have

the opportunity to participate in other programs and supportive services. All programs provide the benefits of agenc y volunteers, professional staff and community

involvement. Career Development Programs access all resources of the agency.

Girls Clubs are uniquely qualified to provide services to girls, as the only agency

providing daily building centered programs

specifically designed with and for females.

The professional staff locally receives special training and technical assistance

through the national staff and other consultants skilled in working with girls. The national agency is a leading advocate for the

rights of girls of all backgrounds and

abilities and applies this policy to all service areas. Girls become decision-makers

through GCA.

Results of The Youth Employment

Survey

Girls Clubs of America

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 120 corporate units of Girls Clubs

of America was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & 11 was 80; i.e., a 67%

return of the total surveys mailed.

Cross llibulation

To add depth to the Youth Employment

Survey results, several cross tabulations

were performed on the data. In order for

cross tabulations to have meaning, they

must be based upon a relatively large sample of survey respondents. In the case of

the Girls Clubs of America, the number of

respondents for each cross tabulation was

too small to allow meaningful interpretation. A criterion was established that the

cross tabulation response rate must be at

least 25% of the total number of respondents for each cross tabulation.

For the Girls Clubs of America, there

were no cross tabulations that reached this

criterion. Therefore, the finding for the following cross tabulations are not presented:

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

Employment Programs for INNER CITY, URBAN, SUBURBAN and

RURAL Youth

Employment Progrp :... by Major U.S.

Regions

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets.

Youth

Youth Served

The Girls Clubs of Americi offer a wide

range of :services to your'" ' . order to identify the geographic are A- ed by the organizatioa and the gt phie sources for

the )...uth rect programs and

services, the fo.,t,./Ing question was asked:

Plea.,e tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no wot king definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. The

response indicated, however, that the principal recruitment and service is based in

URBAN areas (61%) followed by SUB.

URBAN areas (45%) and the INNER

CITY (35%). Table I presents the percent

age of youth served by the respondents

across the four geographic areas.

37

4

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs 1975-1978

The respondents reported that a total of

7,553 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 124 youth per program; however, the

median of 38 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure I, the characteristics of the

youth participants in 1978 employment

programs are presented. A majority (91%)

of the youth were FEMALE, while 9e/

were MALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately BLACK (55%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows:

WHITE (35%), HISPANIC (7%),. ORIENTAL /ASIAN (1%), NATIVE

AMERICAN (1%) and OTHER (1 %). In

addition, the youth in employment-related

programs tended to reside primarily in

INNER CITY (41%) and URBAN (34%)

areas. Nineteen percent of the youth were

reported living in SUBURBAN and 7% in

the RURAL areas.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The respondents reported serving a

small percent of special needs youth; i.e.,

STATUS OFFENDERS (7%), YOUTH

OFFENDERS (4%), LEARNING DISABLED (3%) and PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (1%).

Family income data revealed that 22% of

the youth lived in families with annual incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, 75%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 2%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.
GC Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female 91%

Ethnicity

Native American

Black /Afro - American

Hispanic

Asian/Oriental

1%

55%

7%

1%

White 35%

Other 1%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders 4%

Status Offenders 7%

Physically Handicapped .5%

Learning Disabled 3%

Geographic Areas

Inner City 41%

Suburban 19%

urban 34%

Rural 7%

Family Annual Income

0-64,999

$5,000 -9,999

$10,000-19,999

620,000-29.999

930,000-Above 0%

16%

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975 -1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.

A total of 222 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 1 t7 of these program services were still beitig offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 112 operated

only during ay.: summer. The mean number

of programs offered was fc,br per respondent, however. the median was three.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respon- dents reported, providing a total of 273

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 34% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (273)

with those offered in 1978 (222), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone approached the number offered

during 01 previous three-year period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in

the availability of youth employment

programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975, 50 respondents reported expending money on

such programs, the number increased to 52

in 1976, 53 in 1977 and 67 in 1978; 1978

demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

38

Types oi Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment - related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that the agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were PAID or UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE and

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION.

Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree

were JOB TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION, LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT,

VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING,

SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION

FROM SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas were

TUTORING and PREPARATION for

EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS,

JOB PLACEMENT and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.

Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related pro- grams according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the CETA (TITLE

II, III, IV). Sixty-one percent of the respondents indicated that CETA funds supported their youth employment programs,

while the next most frequently indicated

source (55%) was the AGENCIES' OWN

BUDGET. Other than the above two

categories of funding sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents: Only 15% of the

monies came from a UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT), 17% from the LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 14% from

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, 13% from

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS, 9% from

CITY FUNDS. Less than 6% of the respondents indicated each of the following

sources of money: STATE, COUNTY,

L.E.A.A., TITLE XX, or HEW. Fourteen

percent of the respondents listed an

OTHER source. In general, these data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for youth employment programs.
GCA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Life Skills Management 11111111.1111 37 -

71%

73%

43%

30%

Vocational Jab Counseling 36%

44%

Job Preparation 43%

Assistance in Making 27%

Transition from School to Work 30%

Transportation Assistance

Mill 10%

13%

Tutoring it Preparation for 13%

Employment-Related Exams 15%

66% Unpaid Work Experience

67%

77%

Pa ld Work Experience 84%.

24%

Supportive Services 33%

53%

Job Training

55%

23%

Job Placement

27%

7% Other

6%

N. 1976-1977 (n = 82) MI 1978 (n = 67)

39

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXP'.7.RIENCES

and CAREER/AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis will include

LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT. JOB

PREPARATION, JOB TRAINING and

VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a large percentage (65%) of the respondents plan to seek

monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV)

for future employment-related programs.

This emphasis upon seeking CETA inonief

is consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources,

with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS, PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS,

L.E.A.A., LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY and UNITED WAY (SPECIAL.

GRANT).
Girl Scouts of The U.S.A.

Girl Scouting Is An organization that provides opportunities for girls from all segments of American life to develop their potential, make friends, and become a vital

part of their community. Based on ethical

values, it opens up an exciting world of

opportunity for youth and adult volunteers

working in partnership with them.

Its Program Is a continuous adventure in

learning that offers girls a broad range of

activities that address both their c.irrent

interests and their future roles as women.

Through activities that stimulate selfdiscovery, they are introduced to the excitement in the worlds of science, the arts,

the out-of-doors and people. Girls have opportunities to develop new skills and selfconfidence, to have fun, to make new

friends, and through meaningful community service to acquire understanding about

themselves and others.

It Is The largest voluntary organization

for girls in the world. It is open to all girls

ages 6 through 17 (or in grades I through 12)

who subscribe to its ideals as stated in the

Girl Scout Promise and Law.

It is part of a worldwide family of girls

and adults in 98 countries through its membership in the World Association of Girl

Guides and Girl Scouts. There are more

than three million members with 2,511,000

girls, or one out of every nine girls, ages

6-17, in the United States. There are

573,000 adult members (women and men)

who participate as volunteer leaders,

consultants, board members and staff

specialists in the areas of child development, adult education, outdoor education

and administration.

Girls and leaders participate in Girl

Scouting through group activities in over

159,000 troops, including those on foreign

soil (TOFS). The Girl Scout troops are organized by Girl Scout councils: 346 in the

U.S.A. Councils are local units chartered

by the national organization to administer

and develop Girl Scouting in a council's

jurisdiction (a specific geographic area).

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

Girls Scouts of the USA

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 348 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & II

was 227: i.e., a 65% return of the total

surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

The Girl Scouts of the USA offer a wide

range of services to youth. In order to identify the geographic area served by the organization and the geographic source for

the youth recruited for all programs and

services, the following question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serve, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. Table

I presents the percentage of youth served

by the respondents across the four geographic areas. Recruitment and service to a

majority of youth (51% to 100%) was almost evenly matched in URBAN areas

(18%) and SUBURBAN areas (22%). This

contrasts with (1 %0) in the INNER CITY

areas and (13%) in RURAL areas. Overall,

RURAL areas have the highest percentage of youth served (75%) followed by

URBAN areas at (68%) and SUBURBAN

areas at (62%).

Youth Served In Employment- Rclated

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

13,945 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment- related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 117 youth per program: however, the

median of 30 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

participants in the 1978 Youth Employment

program are presented. A majority (99%)

of the youth were FEMALE, while I%

were MALE.

40

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately WHITE (90%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups is as follows: BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN

(8%), HISPANIC (1 %), ORIENTAL/ ASIAN (1%), NATIVE AMERICAN

(1%), OTHER (1%). The residence of the

youth participating in employment-related

programs were fairly evenly distributed between SUBURBAN areas (35%), RURAL

areas (25%) and a combination (35%) of

URBAN (28%) and INNER CITY (7%).

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The respondents reported serving less

than one percent of the LEARNING DISABLED, YOUTH OFFENDERS,

STATUS OFFENDERS and PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED.

In terms of family income, 65% of the

youth lived in families with annual incomes

between $10,000 and $19,999, 25% of

the youth had families with annual incomes

below $10,000 per year, while 10% had

families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented: i.e., n for agency

budgets was 50, while n for CETA was 6.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the youth in

the four major geographic regions?

North Central South

North East West

The percentage of youth by the four geographic regions are as follows:

57% lived in the NORTH CENTRAL

18% lived in the SOUTH

13%fived in the NORTH EAST

11% lived in the WEST

The median number of youth was 35

youth per program in the NORTH EAST

and in the SOUTH, 25 in the NORTH

CENTRAL and 20 in the WEST. The

U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.
GSUSA Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs In 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female

11%

99%

Ethnicity

Native American I .5%

Black/Afro-American 8%

Hispanic ,I 1%

Asian/Oriental 1%

White 90%

Other 1 1%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders .01%

Status Offenders .01%

Physically Handicapped .01%

Learning Disabled .01%

Geographic Areas

Inner City 7%

Suburban 35%

Urban 28%

Rural 29% . Family Annual Income

044,999 8%

55.000-9,999 17%

$10,000-19,999 85%

520,000-29,999 9%

$30,000Above I 1%

What was the ethnic distribution of the

youth in the four geographic regions?

In general, the percentage of NATIVE

AMERICAN youth per program was less

than I% in each of the four regions. For

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN youth, the percent per program was 29% in the

SOUTH, 6% in the NORTH EAST, 3% in

the NORTH CENTRAL and 3% in the

WEST. For ORIENTAL/ASIAN youth,

the percent of youth per program was 8% in

the WEST, I% in the SOUTH and less than

% in both the NORTH EAST and

NORTH CENTRAL. For WHITE youth,

the percent of youth per program was 97%

in the NORTH CENTRAL, 86% in the

WEST, 76% in the NORTH EAST and 70%

in the SOUTH.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.

A total of 395 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 227 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 256 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was three per respondent, however, the median was two.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 341

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 64% of

41

5 i

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975-1977 (341)

with those offered in 1978 (395), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1978 alone exceeded the number offered

during the previous three-year period, constituting a dramatic increase in the availability of youth employment programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of member affiliates

providing employment-related programs

for youth. In 1975 and 1976 each, ninetyseven respondents reported expending

money on such programs. The number increased to 102 in 1977 and 139 in 1978; 1978

demonstrating the most dramatic increase.

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and

indicate that the agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION, UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE and PAID. Other

areas emphasized to a lesser degree were

JOB TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION

and LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT.

Infrequently emphasized areas were

TUTORING AND PREPARATION FOR

EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS,

TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE,

VOCATIONAL JOB COUNSELING,

SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION

FROM SCHOOL TO WORK.

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

The data reveal that programs with predominately INNER CITY youth (defined

as 51% of the youth participating in the

programs who come from this geographic area) emphasized mainly PAID WORK EXPERIENCE, CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION and JOB

TRAINING. In contrast, programs for
GSUSA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Life Skills Management

Vocational Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance in Making

Transition from School to Work

Transportation Assistance

Tutoring S Preparation for

EmploymentRelated Exams

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

4%

5%

19%

111111 11%

.111 9%

28%

28%

25%

Youth Employment Programs

by Major U.S. Regions

What was the population distribution of the

respondents by the major U.S. regions?

81% North Central South

80% North East Wept

For those respondents with youth employment programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

43% were in the NORTH CENTRAL

25% were in the SOUTH

20% were in the NORTH EAST

I1% were in the WEST

Clearly the NORTH CENTRAL region

of the United States had the highest percentage of respondents of all the regions,

with the lowest percentage coming from

the WEST. The U.S. Regions are defined in

Appendix B.

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

=53% Due to the fact that the total number of

51% CETA programs reported for each of the

regions was very low, the data for this cross

se% tabulation will not be presented. Specifically, only 14 CETA programs were reported in the NORTH CENTRAL, 9 in the

NORTH EAST, 7 in the SOUTH and 3 in

the WEST.

13%

29%

34%

48%

IIII 1975-1977 (n = 129) IN 1978 (n = 139)

predominately RURAL youth emphasized

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION,

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE and JOB

TRAINING. Programs for predominately

URBAN youth tended to emphasize UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, CAREER

AWARENESS /EDUCATION and then

PAID WORK EXPERIENCE. Finally, programs for predominately RURAL

youth were CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, followed by PAID WORK

EXPERIENCE. Generally speaking, the

pattern or type of youth employment pro

gram offered to youth from predominately

INNER CITY, SUBURBAN, URBAN

and RURAL areas tended to be slightly

different. Clearly, in the INNER CITY

area the emphasis is on PAID WORK EXPERIENCE, whereas in SUBURBAN and

RURAL areas the emphasis is on

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION

and in the URBAN area on UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE. The fact that

there is variability between these four areas

might lead one to conclude that the Girl

Scouts of America is responsive to the differential employment training needs of

their youth.

42

Youth Employment Programs Supported

by Agency Budgets and CETA Budget

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency and CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents from this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for agency

budgets was 50, while n for CETA was 6.
Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGET. Sixty-eight percent of the

respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs, while the next most frequently indicated source (24%) was CETA

(TITLE II, III or IV). Other than the glove

two categories of funding sources, the remaining categories were infrequently

checked by the respondents. Only 9% of

the monies came from a UNITED WAY

(SPECIAL GRANT), 6% from the PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS. Less than 5% of

the respondents indicated each of the following sources of money: LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS, CITY, STATE, COUNTY,

L.E.A.A., TITLE XX, HEW sources or

CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE

FOUNDATIONS. Seven percent of the respondents listed an OTHER source. In

general, these data reflect a diversified but

low-level funding pattern by the member

affiliates for youth employment programs.

Future Program Plans

'bins of Programs

Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize CAREER

AWARENESS/EDUCATION and both

PAID and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES. Other areas of emphasis

will include LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB PREPARATION and JOB

TRAINING.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a moderate percentage (23%) of the respondents plan to

seek monies from CETA (TITLE II, Ill or

IV) for future employment-related pogroms. This level of approach for seeking

CETA funds is consistent with previous

(1978) efforts of the respondents. When

compared with the 1978 funding pattern,

the respondents indicated that there will be

increased effort to obtain monies from all

funding sources, with the greatest increase

in obtaining financial support from

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS, LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY, PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS and UNITED WAY.

Other than CETA, the emphasis is clearly upon seeking monies from NONGOVERNMENTAL sources.
Young Rion's Christian Association

The Young Men's Christian Association

was founded in London, England in 1844

by George Williams and eleven other

young men. The YMCA was established by

them as a reaction to what they considered

the corrupt and immoral life in 19th century

London. Influenced by the initial success

of the organization, Thomas Sullivan organized the first YMCA in the Upited

States in Boston in 1851.

Throughout its 125 -year history, the

YMCA in the United States has developed

into a multi-service community agency

serving all segments of the population. The

YMCA, in policy and practice, supports all

activities that help boys, girls, men and

women realize their full potential as persons. This means that no one approach can

be the only answer for its members. Therefore, a wide variety of opportunities exist

as deemed most important by the different

local YMCAs. Financed almost entirely by

income from membership, rentals, program fees, United Way and private contributions, YMCAs are challenged to offer

the kinds of meaningful and significant programs that will attract increasing numbers

of members and other constituents.

In addition to traditional programs of

group work and health and physical fitness,

YMCAs in the past two decades have

channeled resources into programs that

respond to social needs sine problems.

Many YMCAs have developed programs

that focus on the particular concerns of

disadvantaged persons, especially young

men and women in poverty areas. Through

such activity, YMCAs have provided leadership and coordination for more effective

utilization of available community resources and have opened many avenues

leading toward resolution of this country's

pressing social concerns.

A particular example of these efforts is

the YMCAs' juvenile justice and youth de

velopment programs. In 1972, the National

Board of YMCAs adopted as one of its six

program goals the task of developing programs to change the conditions that lead to

delinquency and youth alienation. Since

that time, over 500 juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs have been

implemented by local YMCAs. In 1978, the

National Board broadened the scope of this

work by adopting a major goal on youth

development. Included in this effort will be

programs that focus on the youth employment crisis. In tandem with continuing

work in juvenile justice, it is expected that

over the next three to five years programs

related to youth employment will grow in

number and quality to become a major

component of YMCA's responses to the

social challenges of our times.

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

National Board of YMCAs

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 934 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I it II

was 315; i.e., a 34% return of the total

surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

The affiliates of the YMCA offer a wide

range of services to youth and their

families. In order to identify the geographic

area served by the organizations and the

geographic sources for the youth recruited

for all programs and services, the following

question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburban and Rural?

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. The

response to this question indicated that the

respondents recruit and serve youth on a

fairly even distribution from each of the

four geographic areas served by these

agencies. Table I presents the percentage

of youth served by the respondents. There

is a significant metropolitan presence reflected in the responses for INNER CITY

(47%), URBAN (62%) and SUBURBAN

(63%).

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

25,880 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 126 youth per program; however, the

median of 25 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure I, the characteristics of the

youth participants in employment-related

programs are presented. A majority (58%)

of the youth were MALE, while (42%)

were FEMALE.

44

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were predominately WHITE (60%). The proportion of

other ethnic/cultural groups are as follows: BLACK /AFRO - AMERICAN

(29%), HISPANIC (7%), ORIENTAL/ ASIAN (1%), NATIVE AMERICAN

(1%). In addition, the youth in

employment-related programs tended to

reside primarily in INNER CITY (36%),

SUBURBAN (26%) and URBAN (25%) areas. TO' what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The respondents reported serving only a

small percent of special needs youth; i.e.,

LEARNING DISABLED (2%), YOUTH OFFENDERS (4%), PHYSICALLY

HANDICAPPED (1%) and STATUS OFFENDERS (3%)

Family income data indicates that 25%

of the youth lived in families with annual

incomes between $10,000 and $19,999,

63% of the youth had families with annual

incomes below $10,000 per year, while 12%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Becausc of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for agency

budget was 22, while n for CETA was 25.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the youth by

the four major geographic regions?

North Central South

North East West

The distribution of the youth by the four

geographic regions does not parallel either

the distribution of respondents or the distribution of CETA programs. The data reveal the following distribution:

51% lived in the NORTH CENTRAL

21% lived in the SOUTH

19% lived in the NORTH EAST

9% lived in the WEST

It is clear that the NORTH CENTRAL

had the greatest number of youth, whereas

the WEST had the least number. The difference between the percentage in the

NORTH CENTRAL versus the WEST is

considerable. An inspection or the mean

number of youth per program reveal that

the NORTH CENTRAL had a mean of 197

youth per program, the SOUTH had a
YMCA Figure 1 Characteristks of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male

Female 42%

58%

Ethnicity

Native American

Bleck/Afro-American

Hispanic

Asian/Oriental

White

Other

1%

rt4

I 1%

I 1%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders

Status Offenders II 3%

Physically Handicapped 11%

Learning Disabled 12%

29%

60%

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban

Urban

Rural 12%

26%

25%

36%

Family Annual Income

0-$4,999

$5.000 -9.999

510,000-19.999

$20.000- 29,999

530,000-Above

26%

25%

37%

mean of 130 youth per program, the

NORTH EAST 78 youth per program and

the WEST 64 youth per program. It is clear

that the large number of youth per program

in the NORTH CENTRAL versus the

WEST is the prime factor in the differences

between these regions. The U.S. Regions

are defined in Appendix B.

Was the YMCA responsive to the ethnic

distribution of the youth by the four major

geographic regions?

The answer appears to be yes. The percentage of NATIVE AMERICAN youth

per program was 5% in the WEST, 2% in

the NORTH CENTRAL, 1% in the

SOUTH and less than 1% in the NORTH

EAST. This distribution generally reflects

the distribution of NATIVE AMERICANS

across the United States; however, the

parallel in this case is only slight. In the

SOUTH, NORTH EAST, and NORTH

CENTRAL where the number of

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICANS is greater than in the WEST, the percentage

of BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN youth

per program is also greater. Specifically, the percentage of BLACK/AFROAMERICANS per program was 32% in the

SOUTH, 32% in the NORTH CENTRAL,

21% in the NORTH EAST and 8% in the

WEST.

The same trend appears to be true for

HISPANIC, ORIENTAL/ASIAN, and

WHITE youth; i.e., for HISPANIC, the

percent of youth per program was 23% in

the WEST, 8% in the NORTH CENTRAL,

6% in the NORTH EAST and 1% in the

SOUTH. For ORIENTAL/ASIAN youth,

the distribution was 5% in the WEST and

less than 1% in the NORTH EAST,

NORTH CENTRAL and SOUTH. With

regard to the distribution of WHITE, the

percent of youth was 70% per program in

the NORTH EAST, 66% in the SOUTH,

57% in both the NORTH CENTRAL and

WEST.

45

5 5

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represent:, data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information about 1978 programs is presented first

and, when important, comparisons with

1975-1977 programs are made.

A total of 712 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offered

in 1978. As of June 1979, 488 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 369 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was four per respondent, however, the median was three.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 1,422

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 33% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977

(1,422) with those offered in 1978 (712), it

can be seen that the number of programs

offered in 1978 alone, approached the

number offered during the previous threeyear period, constituting an increase in

the availability of youth employment

programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975, 168

respondents reported expending money on

such programs, the number increased to 179

in 1976, 181 in 1977 and 229 in 1978; 1978

demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs that

have been offered by respondents over the

past four years. The data are highly consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978 and indicate that the agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were PAID and

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

TRAINING and JOB PREPARATION.

Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree

were JOB PLACEMENT, VOCATIONAL

JOB COUNSELING, LIFE SKILLS

MANAGEMENT, CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION, SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas were TUTORING AND

PREPARATION FOR EMPLOYMENTRELATED EXAMS and TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE.
YMCA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Life Skills Management

Vocational Job Counseing

Job Preparation

Assistance in Making

. Transition from Schoc! %Wit

Transportation Assistance

'Morin° & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid Vitt* Experience

Paid Wolk Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

18%

120%

9%

14%

6%

13%

18%

14%

13%

MI 11%

II 5%

25%

31%

22%

25%

21%

21%

24%

128%

53%

49%

49%

49%

84%

85%

1975- 1977(n = 202) in 1978(n = 229)

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

The data reveal that programs with predominately INNER CITY youth as participants (defined as 51% of the youth participating in the programs who come from

this geographic area) emphasized mainly

PAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

TRAINING, JOB PREPARATION and

UNPAID W0':( EXPERIENCE. Programs for predominately URBAN, SUB- URBAN and RURAL youth also emphasize these same areas; however, the

emphasis on JOB PREPARATION was

considerably lower than in programs for

predominately INNER CITY youth. A

consistent emphasis is apparent, regardless of the geographic area served.

46

Youth Employment Programs

by Major U.S. Regions

What was the population distribution ofthe

respondents by the major U.S. regions;

i.e., North Central, North East, South and

West?

The data reveal that for respondents with

youth employment programs in 1978, their

geographic distribution was as follows:

31% were in the NORTH CENTRAL

30% were in the NORTH EAST

21% were in the SOUTH

18% were in the WEST

It appears, that the NORTH EAST and

NORTH CENTRAL had the greatest

number of respondents while the SOUTH

and WEST had the smallest number. The

U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

The data reveal the: 34% of the CETA

programs were located in the NORTH

CENTRAL region, 29% were located in

the NORTH EAST, 20% in the SOUTH

and 18% in the WEST. It is interesting to note the parallel ,o the distribution of

CETA programs by the geographic regions

with the distribution of respondents.

Youth Employment Programs Supported

by Agency Budgets and CETA Budget

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency budgets and

CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for the

agency budget was 22, while n for CETA

was 25.
Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of fimding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Sixty-seven percent of

the respondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth employment programs, while the next most frequently indicated source (64%) was CETA

(TITLE II, III or IV) monies. Other than

the above two categories of funding

sources, the remaining categories were infrequently checked by the respondents:

only 11% of the monies came from a

UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT), 15%

from the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 12% from CITY, 10% from STATE

FUNDS and TITLE XX, and 9% from

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS. Eight percent

or less indicated each of the following

sources of money: COUNTY,

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, HEW and

CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE

FOUNDATIONS. Eight percent of the respondents listed an OTHER source. In

general, these data reflect a diversified but

low-level funding pattern by the member

affiliates for youth employment programs.

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

'Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES

and JOB TRAINING. Other areas of emphasis will include LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT, JOB PREPARATION, JOB

TRAINING and VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSE1 !NG, CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION, ASSISTANCE IN

MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM

SCHOOL TO WORK and SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES.

Source of Funds

As can be seen in 'Table 4, a large percentage (64%) of the respondents plan to seek

monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV)

for future employment-related programs.

This emphasis upon seeking CETA monies

is consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be a modest increase in

effort to obtain monies from all funding

sources.

47

5;
Young Women's Christian Association of The U.S.A.

Founded in England, 1855

U.S. Founding, 1858

The YWCA is for women and girls over

12 years, representing a cross section of

racial and ethnic, economic and religious

backgrounds working in partnership to

achieve human rights for all people.

The YWCA, at its 1979 convention,

adopted as one of its objectives, special

attention to the needs of teens.

Its progrtup includes education, career

guidance, non-traditional employment opportunitiest health education, training in

the arts. Its juvenile justice program stresses advocacy programs for high-risk teen

girls. It is where, together, teens and adults

can affect social action.

The YWCA emphasizes youth as full

partners, as the Association works towards

youth empowerment through programs

such as leadership development, involvement in decision-making value choices,

cultural awareness and spiritual growth.

At the base of all Association program is

the YWCA's One Imperative, which calls

for elimination of racism wherever it

exists and by any means necessary.

The YWCA of the U.S.A., with a membership of 21/2 million women and girls and

participants is at work in 49 states at 5,000

!ocations. It is part of a worldwide membership ma,lement in over 80 countries.

1

I Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

National Board of the YWCA of the U.S.A.

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 424 corporate units was surveyed. The total responses for Phase I & II

was 254; i.e., a 60% return of the total surveys mailed.

Youth

Youth Served

The YWCA offers a wide range of services

to youth. In order to identify the geographic areas served by the organization

and the geographic sources for the youth

recruited for all programs and services, the

following question was asked:

Plemirtill us what percent of the youth,

whicIkAur agency serves, reside in the

followidg areas: Inner City, Urban,

Suburbdn and Rural?

f

0 ,I

YWCA Figure 1Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Male 27%

Female 73%

Ethnicity

Native American 1%

Bleck/Afro-American 42%

Hispanic 6%

Asian/Oriental 1%

White 49%

Other 11%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders N 3%

Status Offenders 4%

Physically Handicapped I 2%

Learning Disabled I 2%

Geographic Areas

Inner City 40%

Suburban 25%

Urban 33%

Rural In 5%

Family Annual Income

044,999 31%

65,000-9,999 45%

$10,000-19,999 19%

$20,000- 29,999 II 4%

930,000-Above 11%

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. As

shown in Table 1, the response to this question indicates an emphasis on recruitment

and service in the metropolitan areas of

INNER CITY (52%), URBAN (64%) and

SUBURBAN (56%).

Youth Served in Employment-Related

Programs

The respondents reported that a total of

8,414 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 58 youth per program; however, the me- dian of 33 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure 1, the characteristics of the

youth participants in Employment-Related

Programs are presented. A majority (73%)

of the youth were FEMALE, while 27%

were MALE.

48

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate an almost equal percentage

of WHITE youth (49%) and BLACK

AFRO-AMERICAN (42%), other ethnic/

cultural groups as follows: HISPANIC

(6%), ORIENTAL/ASIAN (1%), NATIVE AMERICAN (1%), OTHER (1%).

In addition, the youth in employmentrelated programs tended to reside primarily

in INNER CITY (40%) and URBAN (33%)

areas. Twenty-five percent of the youth

were reported living in SUBURBAN and

5% in RURAL areas.

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The respondents reported serving a

small percent of youth with special needs; i.e., LEARNING DISABLED (2%),

YOUTH OFFENDERS (3%), PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (2%) and

STATUS OFFENDERS (4%).
Family income data indicates that 19% of

the youth lived in families with annual incomes between $10,000 and $19,999, 76%

of the youth had families with annual incomes below $10,000 per year, while 5%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Are the characteristics of the youth different for those who were involved in programs supported by agency budgets versus

programs supported by CETA budgets?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for agency

budget was 22, while n for CETA was 25.

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions

What was the distribution of the youth by

the four major geographic regions?

North Central South

North East West

The distribution of the youth only

slightly parallels the distribution of respondents by the four geographic regions. In

particular, 43% of the youth came from the

NORTH CENTRAL region, 25% came

from the NORTH, EAST region, 17% came

from the SOUTH and 15% from the WEST.

Even though the percentage of youth for

the NORTH CENTRAL was greater than

the percentage of respondents for the

NORTH CENTRAL, the pattern is very

similar; i.e., the NORTH CENTRAL and

NORTH EAST have the greatest number

of youth, while the SOUTH and WEST

have the fewest. The median number of

youth across the four geographic regions

was 72 youth per program in the NORTH

CENTRAL, 55 youth per program in the WEST, 50 youth per program in the

SOUTH and 48 youth per program in the

NORTH EAST. The U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.

Was the YWCA responsive to the ethnic

distribution of the youth by the major geographic regions?

It appears clear that the YWCA Is responsive to the ethnic distribution of the

youth of the United States. Specifically, the

WEST had the greatest percentage of

youth of NATIVE AMERICAN extraction

with three percent of the total youth copulation. The percentage of N 'IVE

AMERICANS in the NORTH LAST,

NORTH CENTRAL and SOUTH was less

than 1%. In the SOUTH, NORTH CENTRAL and NORTH EAST, where the general distribution of BLACK/AFROAMERICANS is greater than in the WEST,

the distribution of youth per program of

BLACK/AFRO-AMERICAN origin is

also greater than in the WEST. In particu

lar, the percent of BLACK/AFROAMERICAN by the four geographic regions is as follows: 55% in the SOUTH,

47% in the NORTH CENTRAL, 39% in

the NORTH EAST and 17% in the WEST.

In the WEST the same trend appears to

be true for HISPANIC, ORIENTAL/

ASIAN and WHITE youth; i.e., for HISPANICS the percentage of youth per program was 14% in the WEST, 13% in the

SOUTH, 5% in the NORTH EAST, and

2% in the NORTH CENTRAL. For

ORIENTAL/ASIAN youth the distribution was 5% in the WEST, 2% in the

NORTH CENTRAL and less than 1% in

both the SOUTH and NORTH EAST. For

WHITE youth the distribution was 59% in

the WEST, 55% in the NORTH EAST, 50%

in the NORTH CENTRAL and 31% in the

SOUTH.

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information

about 1978 programs is presented first and,

when important, comparisons with 1975-

1977 programs are made.

A total of 419 separate and distinct youth

empkwment-related programs was offered

in 1976. As of June 1979, 283 of these program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 151 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was two per respondent; the median was also two.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 427

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 48% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (427)

with those offered in 1978 (419), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered in

1?78 alone approached the number offered

during the previous three-year period,

constituting a rather dramatic increase in

the availability of youth employment

programs.

49

5 d

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelated programs for youth. In 1975, 116

respeadents reported expending money on

such programs, the numt er increased to

127 in 1976, 138 in 1977 and 168 in 1978;

1978 demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

Types of Programs Offered

What types of programs were offered to the

youth?

The data presented in Figure 2 show the

types of employment-related programs

that have been offered by respondents over

the past four years. The data are highly

consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978

and indicate that the agency basically emphasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were PAID or

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB

TRAINING and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas emphasized to a lesser degree were JOB

PREPARATION, LIFE SKILLS MAN- AGEMENT, VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING, SUPPORTIVE SERVICES and ASSISTANCE IN MAKING

THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK. Infrequently emphasized areas

were TUTORING AND PREPARATION

FOR EMPLOYMENT-RELATED

EXAMS and TRANSPORTATION

ASSISTANCE.

Employment Programs for Inner City,

Urban, Suburban and Rural Youth

Did the youth employment programs emphasize different program content depending upon the geographic area served?

The data reveal that programs for predominately INNER CITY youth (defined

as 51% of the youth participating in the programs who come from this geographic area)

emphasized mainly PAID WORK EXPERIENCE, JOB TRAINING, UNPAID

WORK EXPERIENCE and CAREER

AWARENESS /EDUCATION. This pattern is almost identical for programs for predominately SUBURBAN and URBAN

youth. Programs for predominately

RURAL youth were so infrequent that the

data are not presented in this cross tabulation. The total number of respondents who

had programs for predominately RURAL

youth was six.
YWCA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment - Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Awareness/

Education

Life Skills Management

Vocational Job Counseling

Job Preparation

Assistance in Making

Transition from School to Work

Transixatation Assistance

Tutoring & Preparation for

Employment-Related Exams

Unpaid Work Experience

Paid Work Experience

Supportive Services

Job Training

Job Placement

Other

45%

41%

19%

23%

24%

24%

33%

34%

24%

23%

856 15%

17%

48%

45%

23%

24%

47%

48%

27%

130%

MO 10%

7%

71%

72%

- 1975-1977(n=157) .111 1978 (n = 188)

Youth Employment Programs

by Major U.S. Regions

What was-thepopulation distribution of the

respondents by the major U.S. regions?

North Central South

North East West

For those respondents with youth employment programs in 1978, their geographic distribution was as follows:

33% were in the NORTH CENTRAL

30% were in the NORTH EAST

20% were in the SOUTH

16% were in the WEST

It is clear that the majority of respondents

were from the NORTH CENTRAL and

NORTH EAST regions. The SOUTH, with

20%, and the WEST, with 16%, have the

least number of respondents. The U.S. Regions are defined in Appendix B.

CETA Programs

What was the distribution of CETA programs by the four geographic regions?

The data reveal that 34% of the CETA

programs were located in the NORTH

CENTRAL, 32% in the NORTH EAST,

18% in the WEST and 17% in the SOUTH.

There appears to be a parallel between the

percentage of respondents by the four regions and the percent of CETA programs

by the four regions. Basically, the majority of CETA programs are located in the

NORTH CENTRAL and NORTH EAST

regions, while the fewest number of CETA

programs are located in the SOUTH and

WEST. Interestingly, the WEST had 1%

more CETA programs than the SOUTH,

even though the SOUTH had a greater percentage of respondents than the WEST.

Youth Employment Programs Supported

by Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets

What types of youth employment programs

were supported by agency and CETA budgets in 1978?

Because of the relatively low number of

respondents for this cross tabulation, the

data are not presented; i.e., n for the

agency budget was 25, while n for CETA

was 22.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

'Bible 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment - related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Sixty percent of the re- spondents indicated that their OWN

BUDGET supported their youth-employment programs, while the next most

frequently indicated source (54%) was

CETA (TITLE II, III or IV). Other than the

above two categories of funding sources,

the remaining categories were infrequently

checked by the respondents: Only 11% of

the monies came each from a UNITED

WAY (SPECIAL GRANT) and CORPORATIONS, 6% from the LOCAL BUSINESS COMMUNITY, 8% each from

STATE & CITY FUNDS and PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS, 7% each from CIVIC/

SERVICE CLUBS. Less than 5% of

the respondents irAcated each of the following sources of money: COUNTY,

L.E.A.A., TITLE XX and HEW sources.

Seven percent of the respondents listed an

OTHER source. In general, these data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for youth

employment programs.
Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

'Bible 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize both PAID

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES

and CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION. Other areas of emphasis will include LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT,

JOB PREPARATION, JOB TRAINING

and SUPPORTIVE SERVICES.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in 'Bible 4, a large percentage (57%) of the respondents plan to seek

monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV)

for future employment-related programs.

This emphasis upon seeking CETA monies

is consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources,

with the greatest effort directed toward obtaining financial support from UNITED WAY, PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS,

CIVIC/SERVICE CLUBS and LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY. Other than

CETA, the emphasis is clearly upon seeking monies from NON-GOVERNMENTAL sources.

51
United Neighborhood Centers of America

United Neighborhood Centers of America

was organized in 1911 by Jane Addams and

other pioneer leaders of the settlement

movement in the United States. It was then

known as the National Federation of Settlements. The aim of the organization is to

improve the quality of life at the neighborhood level.

Settlements and neighborhood centers

believe that the neighborhood is the living

cell in the life of a city. The neighborhood is

where children are born and reared, where

family life is nurtured. Neighborhood con

ditions, therefore, have a direct bearing on

the values and behavior patterns of

neighborhood residents. Settlements and

neighborhood residents enhance the development of individuals and families for a

full and productive life.

UNCA is a voluntary nonprofit agency

with 140 member agencies, which operate

360 centers in 80 cities and 30 states. Our

member agencies are located in poor communities where problems are most severe

and where help is most needed. We're trying to even the odds for people who don't

normally get an even break.

UNCA seeks to achieve its goals through

a variety of supportive programs to local

settlements and neighborhood centers.

Local agencies provide direct services to

inner city residents. UNCA services to

local agencies include but are not limited to

the following:

National Representation

Technical Assistance

Accreditation Service

Conferences

Training

Program Development

Information

Results of The Youth Employment

Program Survey

United Neighborhood Centers of America

Sample Size and Return Rate

A total of 114 corporate units was surveyed. The total response for Phase I & II

was 58; i.e., 51% return of the total surveys

mailed.

Cross Thbulation

To add depth to the Youth Employment

Survey results, several cross tabulations

were performed on the data. In order for

cross tabulations to have meaning, they

must be based upon a relatively large sample of survey respondents. In the cases of

the United Neighborhood Centers of

America, the number of respondents for

each cross tabulation was too small to

allow meaningful interpretation. A criterion was established that the cross tabulation response rate must be at least 25% of

the total number of respondents.

For the United Neighborhood Centers of

America, there were no cross tabulations

that reached this criterion. Therefore, the

findings for the following subjects are not

presented:

Youth Served in Agency Supported and

CETA Supported Programs

Youth Served by Major U.S. Regions Employment Programs for INNER CITY, URBAN, SUBURBAN and

RURAL Youth

Employment Programs by Major U.S.

Regions

Employment Programs Supported by

Agency Budgets and CETA Budgets.

Youth

Youth Served

The United Neighborhood Centers of

America offer a wide range of services to

youth. In order to identify the geographic

area served by the organization and the

geographic sources for the youth recruited

for all programs and services, the following

question was asked:

Please tell us what percent of the youth,

which your agency serves, reside in the

following areas: Inner City, Urban.

Suburban and Rural?

52

There was no working definition for the

listed geographic areas, so replies were

subject to individual interpretations. Table

I presents the percentage of youth served

by the respondents across the four geographic areas. The responses clearly indicate that the major recruitment and service

efforts are in the INNER CITY areas

(87%).

Youth Served in Employment-Related

programs

The respondents reported that a total of

14,669 youth participated in a wide variety

of employment-related programs during

1978. This participation represents a mean

of 319 youth per program; however, the

median of 76 youth per program is a more

accurate reflection of the participation

level.

In Figure I, the characteristics of the

youth participants in 1978 employment

programs are presented. A majority (51%)

of the youth were MALE, while (49%)

were FEMALE.

In terms of ethnic characteristics, the

data indicate that the youth were evenly divided between BLACK/AFROAMERICAN (42%) and WHITE (42%).

The proportion of other ethnic/cultural

groups is as follows: HISPANIC (9%), ORIENTAL/ASIAN (1%), NATIVE

AMERICAN (7%), OTHER (1%). In addition, the youth in employment- related programs tended to reside primarily in the

INNER CITY (59%) with smaller percentages of them residing in URBAN areas

(15%), SUBURBAN areas (7%) and

RURAL areas (18%).

To what extent were youth with special

needs involved in the youth employment

programs?

The respondents reported serving a

small percent of special needs youth; i.e.,

LEARNING DISABLED (4%), YOUTH

OFFENDERS (5%), STATUS OFFENDERS (3%), PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED (1%).

Family income data revealed that 12% of

the youth lived in families with annual

incomes between $10,000 and $19,999,

83% of the youth had families with annual

incomes below $10,000 per year, while 5%

had families with incomes above $20,000

annually.
UNCA Figure 1 Characteristics of the Participants

in the Youth Employment Programs in 1978

Percent of Youth Served

Sex

Ethnicity

Male

gime le

Native American

Black /Afro- American

Hispanic

Asian/Oriental

White

D'her

IIII

IN 9%

1%

1%

51%

49%

42%

42%

Special Needs

Youth Offenders

Status Offenders

Physically Handicapped

Learning Disabled

Geographic Areas

Inner City

Suburban 7%

Urban

Rural

15%

18%

59%

Family Annual Income

0$4,9119

$5,000-9,999

$10,000- 19,999 12%

$20.000-29,999 5%

$30,000 Above .01%

39%

44%

Programs

Youth Employment Programs 1975-1978

The information presented in this section

represents data about the respondent's

Youth Employment Programs. Information about 1978 programs is presented first

and, when important, comparisons with

1975-1977 programs are made.

A total of 195 separate and distinct youth

employment-related programs was offaed

in 1978. As of June 1979, 160 of thc:.e program services were still being offered to

youth. Of the total reported, 72 operated

only during the summer. The mean number

of programs offered was four per respondent, however, the median was three.

For the 1975-1977 period, the respondents reported providing a total of 159

employment-related programs for youth.

Summer-only programs comprised 45% of

the total. By comparing the number of programs offered between 1975 and 1977 (159)

with those offered in 1978 (195), it can be

seen that the number of programs offered

in 1978 alone approached the number of- fered during the previous three-year

period, constituting a rather dramatic increase in the availability of youth employment programs.

programs.

In addition, it should be noted that over

the past four years there has been a steady

increase in the number of employmentrelate.4 programs for youth. In 1975, 42 respondents reported expending money on

such programs, the number increased to 43

in 1976, 46 in 1977 and 54 in 1978; 1978

demonstrated the most dramatic increase.

tni

1te..Y.S 11VrCti ?tv,,r ed

V.:10 :t.e., orn,. vre,a, tth r offered to the

you. h

'Do a presented in Figure 2 show the

types of emproyrriznt-related programs

that have been offered by respondents over

the past four years. The data are highly

consistent between 1975-1977 and 1978

and indicate that the agency basically em

phasized the same program areas in 1978 as

it did between 1975-1977. The most frequently offered programs were PAID

WORK EXPERIENCE, SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES, JOB PREPARATION, JOB

TRAINING, CAREER AWARENESS/

EDUCATION and VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING. Other areas emphasized

to a lesser degree were TUTORING, ASSISTANCE IN MAKING THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK

and UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCE.

Infrequently emphasized areas were

TUTORING AND PREPARATION FOR

EMPLOYMENT-RELATED EXAMS,

TRANSPORTATION ASSISTANCE and

LIFE SKILLS MANAGEMENT.

Program Funding

Funding for Youth Employment Programs

Table 2 presents data regarding the proportion of money expended by the respondents for 1978 employment-related programs according to the source of funding.

Because a respondent could have had more

than one source of funding for its

employment-related programs, the percentages total more than 100%.

The data clearly indicate that the primary

source of funding was the AGENCIES'

OWN BUDGETS. Seventy percent of the

respondents indicated that their OWN BUDGET supported their youthemployment programs, while the next most

frequently indicated source (54%) was

CETA (TITLE II, III or IV). Other than the

above two categories of funding sources,

the remaining categories were infrequently
UNCA Figure 2 Types of Employment-Related Programs

Offered in 1975-1977 and in 1978

Employment-Related Programs Percent of Respondents

Career Atfrarrnees/

Ede .::!ion Life Ski Hu ManN...4vAnt

Vocational Joe Ootstsal'ng

18%

20%

49%

52%

39%

52%

45%

Job Prep,vation

59%

Assistance in Molting 37%

Tram:lion from School to Work 43%

18%

Tram portation Assistance

=

19%

Tutoring 3 Preparst..rn for 47%

EmploymentRelatod Exams 43%

43%

Uopaid Work Experience 43%

76%

Paid Work Experience 74%

57%

Supportive Services 59%

47%

Job Training 52%

49%

Job Placement 48%

0% Other

9%

1975-1977 (n = 49) 1978 (n = 54)

54

64

checked by the respondents: Only 17%

from STATE FUNDS, 15% from

L.E.A.A., 11% of the monies came from a

UNITED WAY (SPECIAL GRANT),

11% from CITY FUNDS, 9% from TITLE

XX, 8% from the LOCAL BUSINESS

COMMUNITY and 8% from PRIVATE

FOUNDATIONS. Less than 7% of the respondents indicated each of the following

sources of money: CIVIC/SERVICE

CLUBS, COUNTY, HEW, CORPORATIONS or CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS. Five percent of the respondents

listed an OTHER source. In general, these

data reflect a diversified but low-level funding pattern by the member affiliates for

youth employment programs.

Future Program Plans

Types of Programs

Table 3 represents the future programming

emphases for all respondents planning to

have employment-related programs for

youth in the next twelve months. The pattern is similar to the emphases placed on

the programming for youth employment

programs seen in the previous four years.

In essence, the respondents who plan to

have programs will emphasize PAID and

UNPAID WORK EXPERIENCES,

CAREER AWARENESS/EDUCATION,

JOB PREPARATION, SUPPORTIVE

SERVICES, and VOCATIONAL JOB

COUNSELING. Other areas of emphasis

will include ASSISTANCE IN MAKING

THE TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO

WORK, TUTORING and JOB PLACEMENT.

Sources of Funds

As can be seen in Table 4, a large percentage (79%) of the respondents plan to seek

monies from CETA (TITLE II, III or IV)

for future employment-related programs.

This emphasis upon seeking CETA monies

is consistent with previous (1978) efforts of

the respondents. When compared with the

1978 funding pattern, the respondents indicated that there will be increased effort to

obtain monies from all funding sources, with the greatest increase in obtaining financial support from PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS, UNITED WAY (SPECIAL

GRANT), L.E.A.A. and the LOCAL

BUSINESS COMMUNITY.
Appendix A Mb les 1-4

'Bible 1Youth Served by All Agency Programs.

Respondent's Identification of Service by Geographic Areas

Percent of Respondents

ARC-YS BCA BSA CF 4-H FHA GCA GSUSA UNCA YMC1. YWCA

AU

Respondents

Inner City

No Youth 41% 40% 46% 53% 79% 88% 64% 60% 13% 53(,', S% 55%

1-50% 52% 17% 53% 39% 21% 0% 13% 40% 7% 38% 31% 32%

51-100% 7% 43% A% 8% 0% 12% 22% I% 80% 9% 20% 14%

Urban

No Youth 39% 45% 22% 31% 50% 77% 39% 35% 70% 38% 36% 39%

1-50% 49% 38% 68% 46% 42% 12% 25% 48% 17% 42% 37c, 43%

51-100% 13% 17% 10% 23% 8% 12% 36% 18% 13% 20% 27% 18%

Suburban

No Youth 30% 56% 32% 41% 48% 77% 55% 39% 85% 38% 45% 44%

1-50% 56% 34% 54% 30% 35% 12% 33% 40% 13% 38% 42% 38%

51-100% 14% 10% 14% 29% 17% 12% 12% 22% 2% 25% 14% 18%

Rural

No Youth 59% 62% 16% 27% 14% 53% 70% 25% 94% 37% 67% 41%

1-50% 41% 32% 55% 65% 46% 12% 28% 62% 4% 53% 32% 46%

51-100% 0% 6% 30% 8% 40% 35% 2% 13% 2% 10% 1% 13%

'These data represent the entire youth membership of the respondents and is not limited to the youth i nvolved in employment

programs. Figures are percent of respondents and should be read, for example: 49% of the respondents from the ARC-YS

indicated that 1 -50% of the youth served reside in the Urban Area

or

43% of all respondents indicated that 1-50% of the youth served reside in the Urban Area.

2--Funding Sources for Employment-Related Programs in 1978

Percent Of Respondents

Funding Sources ARC-YS BCA BSA CF 4-H FHA GCA GSUSA UNCA YMCA YWCA

Agency Budget 54% 66% 80% 50% 48% 29% 55% 68% 70% 67% 60%

CETA (TITLE II, III or IV) 33% 62% 25% 25% 33% 29% 61% 24% 54% 64% 54%

United Way (Special Grant) 5% 9% 7% 9% 4% 5% 15% 9% 11% 11% 11%

Local Business Community 2% 8% 13% 4% 12% 17% 17% 4% 8% 15% 6%

Civic 'Service Clubs 3% 6% 11% 4% 3% 5% 13% 5% 0% 9% 7%

Private Foundations 2% 7% 9% 1% 6% 0% 14% 6% 8% 7% 8%

Corporations or

Corporate Foundations 0% 2% 10% 2% 6% 0% 6% 2% 4% 2% 11%

State Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) 0,b 9% 2% 1% 13% 8% 6% 4% 17% 10% 8%

County Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) 2% 3% 3% 0% 15% 0% 6% 0% 7% 7% 5%

City Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) 7% 6% 0% 5% 3% 12% 9% 4% 11% 12% 8%

L.E.A.A. 2% 8% 2% 1% 0% 0% 1% 1% 15% 8% 4%

TITLE XX 2% 4% 2% 2% 0% 5% 3% 2% 9% 10% 4%

HEW 3% 2% 0% 0% 2% 4% 3% 1% 2% 8% 0%

Other 16% 6% 6% 10% 3% 6% 14% 6% 5% 8% 7%
fable 3Future Program Pk

Agencici

Percent Of Respondents Career

iwarenen Education Wk Skills Management Voc. Job Counsel Job Preparation

'Munition

to Work

"Wain

and Exam

Reparation

Unpaid Work Experience Paid Work T.opertroce

Supportive Services Job

"Veining

Job

'imminent

'Wens- portant% Ottser ARC -YS 50% 26% VA, 30% 29% 64% 36% 34% 34% 6% 7% 10%

BCA 50% 22% 35% 47% 33% 25% 46% 63% 22% 43% 38% 6% 6%

BSA 57% 35% 27% 31% 26% I% 37% 59% 10% 25% 4% 2% 13%

CF 36% 13% 6% 14% 9% 2% 33% 26% 7% 18% 5% 1% 6%

4-H 60% 31% 9% 23% 12% 3% 26% 27% 8% 14% 4% 2%

FHA 70% 44% 52% 61% 4b% 0% 44% 61% 26% 52% 48% 9% 13%

GCA 79% 61% 40% 48% 31% 26% 657, 70% 28% 51% 30% 19% 8%

GSUSA 73% 31% 8% 22% 11% 48% 37% 14% 23% 3% 2% 6%

UNCA 69% 38% 59% 62% 52% 50% 47% 76% 60% 45% 50% 17% 10%

YMCA 19% 11% 14% 25% 20% 10% 41% 63% 19% 40% 21% 4% 4%

YWCA 52% 33% 25% 344 26% 15% 45% 54% 30% 32% 24% 4% 7%

Table 4Future Funding Plans

Percent Of All Respondents Who Plan Future Employment Programs

Funding Sources ARC-YS BCA BSA CF 4-H FHA GCA GSUSA UNCA YMCA YWCA

CETA (TITLE II, III or IV) 43% 67% 33% 25% 27% 30% 65% 23% 79% 64% 57%

Local Business

Community 4% 25% 28% 10% 18% 35% 25% 14% 17% 16% 12%

Civic/Service Clubs 9% 27% 28% 12% 19% 13% 34% 15% 9% 13% 13%

Private Foundations 10% 21% 22% 10% 12% 0% 26% 14% 31% 15% 18%

Corporate Foundations 1% I I% 19% 5% 6% 0% 14% 7% 9% 9% 5%

United Way (Special Grant) 6% 23% 14% 10% 5% 9% 20% 14% 26% 13% i8%

State Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) I% 7% 2% 1% 14% 359i, 10% 4% 14% 10% 7%

County Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) 3% 11% 2% I% 20% 47( 14% 3% 5% 9% 4%

City Funds

(Non CETA or TITLE XX) 6% 11% 2% 2% 7% 13% 8% 3% 14% 12% 6%

TITLE XX 3% 8% 3% I% 4% 4% 3% 10% 10% 7%

HEW 4% 6% 3% 1% 13% 13% I% 7% 4% 4%

L.E.A.A. 6% 15% 2% 2% 4% 15% 1% 22% 11% 8%

Vocational Rehabilitation 4% 3% I% I% 13% 4% I% 2% 2% 2%

Other 17% 6% 24% 10% 14% 17% 6% 14% 17% 8% 10%

56
North East

Maine Connecticut

New Hampshire New York

Vermont New Jersey

Massachusetts Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

North Central

Ohio Iowa

Indiana Missouri

Illinois North Dakota

Michigan South Dakota

Wisconsin Nebraska

Minnesota Kansas

South

Delaware Florida

Maryland Kentucky

District of Columbia Tennessee

Virginia Alabama

North Carolina Mississippi

South Carolina Arkansas

Georgia Louisiana

Oklahoma Texas

West Virginia

West

Montana Nevada

Idaho Washington

Wyoming Oregon

Colorado California

New Mexico Alaska

Arizona Hawaii

Utah

6 7

57

* U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1980 0 - 326-761 : QL 3