United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92–3014

Summary Calendar.

Debbie CROSBY, et al., Plaintiffs,

v.

OLD REPUBLIC INSURANCE COMPANY, et al., Defendants–Appellants,

v.

CHICK–FIL–A, INC., Defendant–Appellee.

Nov. 30, 1992.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before JOLLY, DUHÉ, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

DUHÉ, Circuit Judge:

A suit for personal injuries resulting from a bone in a chicken sandwich spawned the cross

claim at issue on this appeal: the defendant restaurant Chick–Fil–A, Inc., claimed indemnity or

contribution from its supplier, defendant Pilgrim's Pride Corporation. Upon a jury verdict finding

Chick–Fil–A not at fault and Pilgrim's Pride totally at fault, the court entered judgment that Pilgrim's

Pride and itsinsurer, Old Republic Insurance Company, bear all costs and attorneys' feesincurred by

Chick–Fil–A.

The sole issue on appeal is whether the court properly awarded Chick–Fil–A attorneys' fees
 

1The parties also brief a procedural issue: whether Chick–Fil–A's failure to plead attorneys'

fees as an item of special damages bars recovery of fees under Rule 9. We hold that any pleading

defect has been cured, because the district court effectively permitted an amendment to the

pleading after finding no prejudice to Pilgrim's Pride. 2R. 250–51. Failure to plead special

damages does not bar recovery if the defect can be cured by amendment. See 5 Charles A.

Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1312 (1990). Because the claim

was advanced by Chick–Fil–A during pretrial conferences, the court did not err in considering the

merits of the claim as though the pleadings had been amended. See Sherman v. Hallbauer, 455

F.2d 1236, 1242 (5th Cir.1972) (holding that the district court should have construed a summary

judgment memorandum containing a revised theory of the case as a motion to amend pleadings

under Rule 15). 

 

2La.Rev.Stat.Ann. §§ 9:2800.51–2800.59 (West 1991). 

 

3La.Civ.Code Ann. arts. 2520–48 (West 1952 and Supp.1992). 

against Pilgrim's Pride.1 The parties disagree about whether the Louisiana Products Liability Act2or

the Louisiana Civil Code articles on redhibition3govern the cross-claim. Finding that attorneys' fees

are not allowed under the Act and that redhibition was neither pleaded nor proven, we hold that the

fee award was improper.

No Fee Under Products Liability Act

The plaintiffstried their case on a products liability theory of liability. According to the jury

verdict, both Chick–Fil–A and Pilgrim's Pride are "manufacturers" within the meaning of the

Louisiana ProductsLiabilityAct, and the sandwichwas unreasonablydangerous. It is undisputed that

if Chick–Fil–A's cross-claim was also under the Products Liability Act, Chick–Fil–A cannot recover

attorneys' fees. See La.Rev.Stat.Ann. § 9:2800.53(5).

Redhibition not Pleaded or Proven

The court allowed a fee award in favor of Chick–Fil–A on the basis of the law of redhibition,

a remedy which permits a fee award in certain circumstances. Redhibition is the right of a buyer to

rescind a sale on account of a hidden vice or defect in the thing sold. See La.Civ.Code Ann. arts.

2520–21 (West 1952). If the seller cannot repair the vice, it must restore the purchase price and pay

expenses of the sale and for the preservation of the thing sold. Id. art. 2531 (West Supp.1992). An

award of attorneys' fees is provided in redhibition by the following article: "The seller, who knows

the vice of the thing he sells and omits to declare it, besides the restitution of price and repayment of

the expenses, including reasonable attorneys' fees, is answerable to the buyer in damages." Id. art.
2545 (West Supp.1992). Jurisprudence permits this additional recovery of attorneys' fees against

manufacturers on the presumption that they "know the vice" and are deemed to be in bad faith in

selling a defective product. E.g., Cox v. Lanier Business Products, Inc., 423 So.2d 690, 693–94

(La.Ct.App.1982), cert. denied, 429 So.2d 129 (La.1983).

An intermediate seller may recover its attorneys' fees from a manufacturer based on this

jurisprudential development of article 2545 and the following code article:

In any case in which the seller is held liable because of redhibitory defects in the thing

sold, the seller shall have a corresponding and similar right of action against the manufacturer

of the thing for any losses sustained by the seller, and ... any ... manufacturer-seller contract

... attempting to limit ... such recoupment by the seller shall not be given any force or effect.

La.Civ.Code Ann. art. 2531; see also Cox, 423 So.2d at 694.

As evidenced from the qualifying language in article 2531, the seller's rights against the

manufacturer are derivative of the plaintiff/buyer's action against the seller. That is, only if a seller

is liable in redhibition may it "recoup" itsliability to a buyer from its manufacturer. See La.Civ.Code

Ann. art. 2531; see also Mouillier v. Hallmark Pool Corp., 514 So.2d 523 (La.Ct.App.1987)

(manufacturer not liable for seller's attorneys' fees if seller is not "liable because of redhibitory

defects").

The judge erred in applying these principles to the cross claim against the manufacturer.

Chick–Fil–A was not a "seller ... held liable because ofredhibitory defect," and so can claim no rights

under the foregoing code articles and jurisprudence. Plaintiffs were not seeking to avoid a sale and

recover the price of the sandwich. No redhibitory claim was pleaded or proven by the plaintiffs or

cross-claimant Chick–Fil–A. Accordingly, Chick–Fil–A had no right of recoupment against Pilgrim's

Pride under the redhibition articles and no right to an award of attorneys' fees under article 2545.

Chick–Fil–A has cited no contract or other statute providing for an award of attorneys' fees

to the trial court or this Court.

There is no reason for remand. We simply amend the judgment to strike the order that Old

Republic InsuranceCompany and Pilgrim's Pride Corporation payreasonable attorneys'feesincurred

by Chick–Fil–A, Inc. Chick–Fil–A's request for additional attorneys' fees in defense of this appeal

is DENIED.
Judgment VACATED in part and RENDERED.