MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS — CONTRACTS.

[Cuyahoga Circuit Court,

January Term, 1898.]

Hale, Marvin and Caldwell, JJ.

#### * McClain v. McKisson, Mayor of Cleveland. State et al. McClain v. Howard H. Burgess, City Clerk of Cleveland. State ex rel. McClain v. Council of Cleveland et al.

1. Taxpayer, though Non-Resident, may bring Action to restrain City prom Making an Unlawful Contract, though Aided by a Bidder who will be Benefited.

A taxpayer, though a non-resident of a city, has a right, after failure of the director of law, at the request of said taxpayer, to prosecute an action in mandamus, to bring such action himself, to restrain the city from entering into an unlawful contract for water works, if he is sincere in the claim that his principal object is to restrain the city from entering into an unlawful contract, even though his success will prove beneficial to one of the bidders, and although such bidder has agreed to «indemnify the plaintiff for expenses incurred.

2. After Council had Corrected its Journal, Clerk has no Authority to Change it or Courts to Direct it.

A council has the right, under secs. 1755 and 1679, Rev. Stat., to determine when the journal truly sets forth its proceedings, and after a journal has been corrected and disposed of by the council, the clerk has no further right to change the same and a court will not order him to do what he is not authorized by law to do.

3. Jurisdiction of Council in Approving Journal is Final in Absence of Fraud.

The jurisdiction of the council in approving its journal, in the absence of any charge of fraud or bad faith, is final and conclusive and a court will not inquire into the accuracy of that record any more than it will inquire into the motives prompted the members in voting as they did,_

*3584. City Council has Power to Rescind a Motion, Rejecting Bids, and Award Contract without Readvertising.

A council has power to reconsider and rescind a motion, unless it appears that rights have become vested, or the motion to be rescinded so fully disposed of the entire subject-matter that the council could take no further action upon the same. Therefore, after having rejected all bids, the council may reconsider and award a contract to one of the original bidders, without readvertising

5. Council has Option of Awarding to Lowest Bidder, if the Best Bidder, or to next Lowest Bidder.

Where bids are called for and received under the Federal Plan Law and sec. 2419, Rev. Stat., the city of Cleveland has an option to award the contract to the lowest bidder, if in their opinion he can be depended upon to do the work with ability, promptness and fidelity; and if such be not the case, then they may award it to the next lowest bidder or decline to contract.

6. In Absence of Fraud Discretion of Accepting or Rejecting Bids is Upon City Authorities.

In the absence of fraud or collusion the duty and discretion of accepting or rejecting bids is imposed upon the city authorities and not upon the courts.

*

 The judgment in this ease was affirmed by the Supreme Court; unreported, 54 O. S., 673.

Caldwell, J.

The city of Cleveland desired a pumping engine of certain capacity, power and dimensions, to be placed in the Division street pumping station, for use in pumping water, as a part of its water works system. ■ The city council requested the director of public works to advertise for bids for the same. The director called for bids. In response to his call a number of bids were received. One of these bids, by the Holly Manufacturing Co., was numerically the lowest bid. The Edward P. Allis Co. was the next lowest bid that could be considered. The bids were opened. Thereafter, on January 20, 1896, the council rejected all the bids; which action is known as “File Number 9520.”

Up to this point in the proceedings, it is agreed that the action of the city officers and council was regular and according to law; and it is claimed on behalf of the plaintiff, that all action on this subject taken after January 20, 1896, is irregular and without any warrant in law.

On January 27, 1896, a motion was made to reconsider the action of January 20, 1896, rejecting all the bids. This was at the next regular meeting after the meeting of January 20, 1896. The plaintiff claims this motion was lost, because a majority of all the members elected .to the council did not vote in favor of it. This is denied by the defendants. There are twenty-two members elected to the city council, and all these times they were all living and qualified to sit and act in the meetings. The chair announced the motion as carried. Then a motion was made and carried, accepting the E. P. Allis Company bid. At next council meeting, the clerk of the council had made up the minutes of the meeting of January 27, as showing that the motion to reconsider had been carried by a vote of twelve in its. favor. Upon a reading of the minutes, the correctness of the same in this respect was challenged, but the council, by a vote of sixteen for and five against, voted to approve the journal as read. Thereupon this action was brought on January 31, 1896, to enjoin the city officers from carrying out the purpose of the council to award the contract to E. P. Allis Company.

On February 5,1896, the plaintiff, in the name of the state, brought an action in mandamus to compel Howard H. Burgess, city clerk, to correct the council record of the meeting of January 27 1896, so as to make it appear and read that said motion to reconsider had only eleven votes in its favor, insteadof twelve votes as the record reads, and to have the record or journal show that the motion was lost.

*359After these two actions were appealed to this court, an action in. mandamus was commenced in this court, by plaintiff on behalf of the state, against the city council and the members of the council, asking substantially the same relief as is asked against the clerk in the action against him.

These three cases have been tried together in this court, with the understanding that if the court shall award the writ in either or both of the cases in mandamus, then the court may take its judgment therein as *res judicata*in determining the rights of the parties to the injunction case.

These cases present the following questions for the considerations of the court:

> 1. The right of John D. McClain to bring these actions.

> 2. Shall the court order the city clerk to correct the council journak

> 3. Shall the court change, or order the council to change its journal.

> 4. The right of the city council to reconsider the motion of January 20, 1896, by which motion it rejected all the bids.

> 5. Had the council authority to award the contract, after it had voted to reject all bids.

> 6. Can the contract be awarded to one who is not the lowest bidder?

These questions will be considered in the order in which they are stated.

First. The right of John D. McClain to bring these actions.

The plaintiff, under sec. 1778, Rev. Stat., served notice upon the director of law of the city, requesting him to bring these actions, who did not bring them, and thereupon the plaintiff instituted these proceedings. He has been placed upon the witness stand to testify as to how he came to bring these actions, and his motives in doing so. From his testimony it appears that he was approached in this matter by ■ the Holly Manufacturing company, and that the Holly Manufacturing Company has promised to indemnify him against the costs and expenses in prosecuting these actions. He testifies that he wanted to bring these actions himself, but was not able to undertake the payment of the costs and expenses should he fail in them. He is not a i esident of the city of Cleveland, but owns property in the city upon which he pays taxes. Some portions of his testimony tend to show that he was manifesting much interest in this contract and the proceedings to let the same, prior to January 27, 1896; but it does not appear that he is in any way connected with the Holly Manufacturing Company, further than above stated; and he does testify that his purpose in bringing these actions is to restrain the city of Cleveland from entering into what he regards an unlawful expenditure of money, in that the city of Cleveland is proposing to accept a bid which is not the lowest bid by about ten thousand dollars.

We think, under these facts, that the plaintiff had the right to bring these actions; and that, while his success in them may prove beneficial to the Holly Manufacturing Company, yet we think he is sincere in his claim that his principal object is to restrain the city from entering into an unlawful contract. We therefore hold, that he had a right to bring these actions.

Second. Shall the court order the city clerk to correct the council journal.

Section 1755. Rev. Stat., says:

> “ The clerk shall attend all the meetings of the council and make a fair and accurate record of all its proceedings and of all rules, by-laws. *360resolutions and ordinances passed by council, and the same shall be subject to the inspection of all persons interested; and in case of his absence from any meeting, the council shall appoint one of its own number to perform his duties for the time.”

Section 1679, Rev. Stat., provides :

> “ The council, and when of two branches, each branch, shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, shall determine the rules of its procedure, and keep a journal of its proceedings, and may compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and such penalties as may, by ordinance, be prescribed.”

It must be conceded that the record required to be kept by the clerk as provided in sec. 1755, is the same as the journal required to be kept by the council in sec. 1679. Construing these two sections together, it is apparent that the council has the right to determine when the journal truly .sets forth its proceedings ; and this section gives to the council the right to adopt rules governing its procedures. Under this authority, the council has adopted certain rules of procedure, in which it has provided that at each regular meeting of the council, the president of the council shall cause the journal of the preceding session to be read and disposed of, unless otherwise ordered by the council. These provisions of the law were intended to require the clerk to make an accurate record of all the doings of the council while in session, which record should be presented to the council at its next meeting for examination and for such corrections as the council should determine were necessary, to make the journal fully conform to the action of the council. After the journal has thus been corrected and disposed of by the council, the clerk has no further right to change the same. There is-no longer any duty enjoined upon him by the law to correct the journal of the council. Mandamus can be brought against him only to compel him to comply with some plain duty placed upon him by the law. If then, after the journal has been corrected and disposed of by the council, he no longer has any right to change the same, and no longer is under any such legal obligation, then the court will not order him to do what he is not authorized to do by law.

•From this it follows that the proceedings against the city clerk are not well founded, and the petition will be dismissed.

Third. Shall the court change, or order the council to change its journal.

As the basis of this action, it is claimed that when the vote was taken on January 27, 1896, to reconsider the motion of January 20, 1896, rejecting all bids, the motion was not carried by a legal vote. There were present in the council at that meeting, twenty-two members. Upon the roll-call on that motion, eleven members voted in favor of reconsidering and awarding the contract to E. P. Allis & Company, and ten voted against the reconsideration. The question to be determined from the vote is in part, if not wholly, whether councilman Jackson voted at all on that motion. The evidence shows that when the roll was called, it was customary for the clerk to look at a councilman when he called his name, ánd the councilman’s assent was often given by a nod of the head, or his dissent by a shake of the head. The evidence, we think, shows conclusively that when the roll was called, councilman Jackson looked at the clerk and nodded his head. The clerk tallied him as voting in favor of the reconsideration. The clerk announced the vote as twelve in favor of reconsideration, and ten against it. At this point in the pro*361ceedings there was much confusion in the council chamber, and one member of the council arose and claimed that two members had not voted. Then it was claimed that councilman Jackson had not voted. Mr. Jackson tried to stop the person who was making this claim, and told him to let it pass; and when he did this, he knew that he was tallied as voting in favor of the motion. The matter was pressed, until Mr. Jackson said that he had not voted, and desired to be excused from voting, as he had been sick and absent, and was not very familiar with the matter under consideration. Thereupon the council voted eighteen in favor of excusing him, and two against. There was some talk after this action was had in the council, among the members, as to whether eleven votes in favor of the reconsideration would carry the motion ; and it is claimed that some official of the city, who was present in the council chamber, gave it as his opinion that the motion would be carried if only eleven members voted in favor of it. The evidence shows that the journal clerk, who writes up the record for the city clerk, commenced to write the record as soon as possible áfter the meeting; that this clerk proceeded to write the minutes of the meeting of January 27,1896, and had written some portion of them, when the city clerk found that the minutes were being written up as showing that only eleven members voted in favor of the reconsideration. Thereupon he had certain portions of the minutes erased and written up as showing that twelve members voted in favor of the motion; and the journal as thus written, was presented to \he city council at its next regular meeting; and when read, a motion was made to strike out the number twelve, and insert number eleven as voting in favor of the motion. Mr. Jackson then said to the council that he had undoubtedly given the clerk to understand, by the nod of his head when the roll was called, that he voted in favor of the motion. The vote was taken by the council, and after a full consideration of the matter, the council voted sixteen in iavor of approving the journal as it was written, and five members voted against it.

The law requires that a majority of all the members elected to the council are necessary to carry the motion of January 20, 1896, and the rules of the council provide :

> “That any action of the council as to the passage of an ordinance for the payment of claims may be reconsidered by motion if the motion to reconsider be made not later than the next regular meeting after - such action was taken; and also that every member present shall vote on the call of the ‘yeas’ and ‘nays’ unless excused by the unanimous consent of the council.

The city council is a legislative body, and the question which is here presented, is one which relates to its proceedings as such a body; and it affirmatively appears that the question which is now submitted to this court upon mandamus, w'as made in the council itself; and upon consideration after hearing evidence on the question of approving the journal, this legislative body determined that its record, as made, was according to the facts. There is no suggestion of fraud, or collusion, or bad faith, and the court is asked to determine whether the council reached the right conclusion or not, ia approving its journal. We think that the jurisdiction of the council in this matter is final and conclusive, in the absence of any charge of fraud or bad faith in the matter, and that this court will not inquire into the accuracy of that record any more than it will inquire into the motives which prompted the members of the city council in voting as they did: We think it is not clear by any *362means that the council did not determine this question correctly, upon the evidence as it is presented' before us. There is no doubt, as Mr. Jackson and the clerk both testify, that he voted in favor of the motion. Whether he intended to so vote or not, it does not appear that he did not vote, and it appeared to the council when they approved their journal, that he intended the clerk to understand that he voted in favor of the motion, and the members had not all voted to excuse him from voting as the rule requires.

The petition against the council asking the court to change, or order the council to change its journal, is dismissed.

Fourth. The right of the city council to reconsider the motion of January 20, 1896, by which motion it rejected all the bids.

If the council has not this right, then the motion to reconsider, it is claimed, has no effect; and the action of the council still stands, that all the bids are rejected. Beach on Public Corporations, sec. 866, says:

> “The general rule is settled beyond dispute, that action taken by the town meeting may be reconsidered and rescinded at the same meeting, or at any adjourned, or at any other subsequent meeting; and a vote not to reconsider a previous vote taken at the same meeting, does not abridge the power of after meetings over that vote. Where there is a vote in the negative, the voters may nevertheless, at the same or any other meeting, rescind the vote, and pass measures in the affirmative, or they may take inconsistent action without formally rescinding the vote. If the votes are repugnant, the former is rescinded by implication.”

And in sec. 297:

> “It is the undoubted right of corporate bodies, unless clearly restrained by legislative enactment, to reconsider a vote as often as they see fit, or to rescind the same, provided vested rights are not disturbed, up to a time when by a conclusive vote, accepted as such by itself, a determination has been reached. They may adopt rules as to the time when reconsideration may be moved, and it is not necessary to the validity of the resolution to reconsider, that it should be moved by one who voted originally with the majority; and a board of aldermen, which has indefinitely postponed action on a resolution of the common council, can afterwards rescind that action and pass the resolution.”

There are a large number of authorities cited in the note that fully sustain the text of the author.

To the same effect is sec. 290 in Dillon on Municipal Corporations.

> “At any time before the rights of third persons have attached, a council or other corporate body may, if consistent with its charter and rules of action, rescind previous votes and orders.”

The rule of the council governing the matter of reconsideration has already been given. The rule, however, has some limitations.

> “If a vote of the town has given a cause of action against it, no subsequent proceedings can impair or dispute this vested right; and it is generally true that rights of third parties resting on a vote, cannot be divested by reconsideration. ”

Another exception to the general rule is :

> “If a vote has accomplished its purpose and wrought out the intended result, its force is spent, and an attempt to reconsider it is futile.”

These authorities seem to establish the right of the city council to rescind the motion of January 20, 1896, unless it shall appear that under the motion of January 20, 1896, there had become vested rights, or that *363that motion so fully disposed of the entire subject matter, that the council could take no further action upon the same.

Had the city council awarded this contract to the Holly Manufacturing Co., instead of rejecting all bids, then we can see how the Holly Manufacturing Co., would have had, under that vote, a vested right; but it is equally clear that, under the vote to reject all bids, the Holly Manufacturing Co. obtained no vested right.' The motion to reject all bids, did not dispose of the matter before the council so fully that it could not reconsider. There is no such limitation in the law, and authorities, so far as we have seen any upon the subject, are that the council, after rejecting all bids, may reconsider that vote, and award the contract; or, if the contract is awarded to a bidder, and he refuses or fails to enter into the same, the council may thereafter award the contract to another bidder. In Ross v. Stockhouse, 114 Ind., 200, it is held that:

> “ A board which has rejected all bids received in pursuance of due notice of the letting of a contract for a street improvement, may at a subsequent meeting, without a readvertising for bids, reconsider the vote of rejection and award the contract to one of the original bidders.”

In Kinsell v. City, 7 N. Y. Supplement, 317, the court decided:

> “ The common council may reject any or all of the proposals, if they shall deem it for the interest of the city; and if either of said proposals is deemed favorable to the city, the common council may direct the mayor and city clerk to contract with the party whose proposal is accepted.”

In this case, after bids for constructing a sewer were opened, and the council passed a resolution awarding the contract to the lowest bidder, he failed to enter into the contract, and the council at the next meeting reconsidered the motion awarding the contract, and awarded the contract co the next lowest bidder. The court held that the proceeding was legal.

It is apparent, then, from the very nature of the proceeding, and from the authorities, that the council had authority to award the contract after it had voted to reject all bids.

Sixth. Can the contract be awarded to one who is not the lowest bidder ?

This question involves an examination of the statutes, to determine under which provision this contract was let. Sec. 76 of the Federal Plan Haw, points out how the city is to proceed in case of an improvement or repair or purchase of supplies, where the cost exceeds five hundred dollars; and paragraph 5 of that section provides :

> “ If the work bid for embraces both labor and material, they shall be separately stated, with the price thereof.”

Paragraph 6 reads:

> “ None but the lowest and best responsible bid shall be accepted when such bids are for labor and material separately, but the council may, at its discretion, reject all the bids, or accept any bid which may be the lowest aggregate cost, when reccommehded by the board of control.”

This provision of paragraph 6 seemed to refer entirely to cases where labor and material may be bid for separately ; that separate bids may be tendered and accepted when they are the lowest and best responsible bids; but if the fractional bids are not lower than any one bid which includes all the fractional parts, or is the aggregate of all of them, then the aggregate bid may be accepted.

Section 794 applies to cities and towns and villages among other corporations and boards, but this section makes it imperative that the officer, board or authority calling for the bid, shall require séparate and distinct *364proposals to be made for furnishing the materials for doing the work, or both, in their or his discretion, for each separate and distinct trade or kind of mechanical labor or employment, or business necessary to be used in making such public improvement. In this respect, the statute is similar to the one in the Federal Plan Taw. It would seem from the notice inviting the bids, that the city was not proceeding, as to the character of the bids, under either of these provisions of law. The notice fully provides for a pumping engine, and that all steam pipes, fixtures, water pipes, mains, valves and labor are to be furnished with the pump. The bid called for is a unit, and gives no opportunity to anj'-one to bid separately on material or labor or anything else called for in the notice. The Federal Plan Taw places the waterworks of the city under the management of the director of public works of the city, who takes the place of the trustees or board under the provisions as provided for in the general law of the state pertaining to waterworks; and any authority in the law vested in the trustees or board, is now vested in such director.

Section 2415, Rev. Stat., provides :

> “ The trustees or board shall be authorized to make contracts for the building of machinery, waterworks, buildings, reservoirs, and the enlargement and repair thereof, and the manufacture and laying down of pipe, and the furnishing and supplying with connections all necessary fire hydrants for fire department purpose, and keeping the same in repair, and for all other necessary purposes to the full and efficient management and construction of waterworks.”

Section 2419; Rev. Stat., provides:

> *“*The trustees or board, before entering into any contract for work to be done, the estimated cost of which exceeds five hundred dollars, shall cause at least two weeks’ notice to be given, in one or more daily newspapers of general circulation in the corporation, that proposals will be received by the trustees, for the performing of the work specified in such notice; and the trustees shall contract with the lowest bidder, if in their opinion he can be depended on to do the work with ability, promptness, and fidelity; and if such be not the case, the trustees may award the contract to the next lowest bidder, or decline to contract, and advertise again.”

The notice seems in all its parts and purposes to have been made under this section of the law. It is not made to harmonize with the purpose and intent of the provisions of the Federal Plan Taw, nor of the general provisions of the law as found in sec. 794; nor do the bids in any manner purport to be made under those sections ; and it is evident that those sections were not intended to apply to a matter of this kind. And sec. 2419 is one under which the city authorities had a right to call for bids. They have called for bids under this section. The bids have been made to conform to these provisions, and it is under this section that the authority of the city to award the contract is to be determined. This section gives to the city an option to award the contract to the. lowest bidder, if in their opinion he can be depended upon to do the work with ability, promptness and fidelity; and if such be not the case, then they may award it to the next lowest bidder, or decline to contract. This section places this option entirely upon the opinion of the city authority, and the court certainly cannot interfere with that opinion.

In this case, proof has been introduced as to the character of the bidders, ánd it is claimed that the Holly Co. is fully capable of doing this work with ability, promptness and fidelity. There is no claim here that *365the city is in any matter acting fraudulently or by way of collusion to evade the intent of this statute; and for aught that appears in the case, it is acting honestly, and with an opinion that has to it some foundation. The city under this statute had the right to reject the Holly bid, and accept 'the bid of the Allis company. The duty and discretion of deciding this question is imposed upon the city authorities, and not upon us.

The plaintiff’s petition for an injunction is dismissed.

Marvin, J.

(dissenting opinion.)

I agree with the result reached in the two mandamus cases; but I have not been able to agree with my associates in the injunction case. The Federal Plan Law, it seems to me, undertook to, and, I think, did provide a plan of government for the city of Cleveland, and a means of letting contracts by the city of Cleveland. If it be true that the director of public works of the city of Cleveland has all the authority that the trustees of waterworks have under the general statute, then it would seem to follow that the contract in a case like this must be let by the director of public works. Section 2415, Rev. Stat., provides that the trustees of waterworks may make contracts. Now, so far as I have understood this case, it has not been claimed that the director of public works could have let this contract. The city authorities do not seem to have acted on that idea; and it was awarded by the council.

It must be conceded that as to the course to be pursued in a case like this the legislation is not plain. Section 76 of the Federal Plan Law provides:

> “When the corporation makes an improvement or repair, or purchases any supplies, the cost of which will exceed $500, it shall proceed as follows: .

> “ Then follows the various sub-divisions of the section, No. 6 being as follows:

> “ None but the lowest and best responsible bid shall be accepted when such bids are for labor and material separately, but the council may, at its discretion, reject all the bids or accept any bid which may be the lowest aggregate cost, when recommended by the board of control.”

Now, it is conceded that it is not plain as to what is to be done, except where the bids are to be separate — for different things to be furnished or done. This subdivision, as has been said in the opinion already delivered, is substantially like section 794 of the statute. That section is construed, in the main, with section 799, in State v. Commissioners, 39 Ohio St., 188, where Judge Doyle delivered the opinion. In that case Judge Doyle took occasion at least twice in the opinion to say that the court does not undertake to say, under the language, that the contract is to be let to the lowest and best bidder, whether there is a greater discretion than where it is to be let to the lowest bidder. But pursuing the matter for a moment further as to whether the contract is to be awarded by the council or director of public works. As I have said, the council seems to have proceeded upon the idea that it was to be awarded by the council; and I believe that that was the intention of the federal plan and of this sub-division 6 of the statute, although the language is not plain, and there is no other provision, so far as I know, and I have looked with some care, for the letting of contracts. Now, that being so, if this contract is to be let under that statute, it must be either let to the lowest and best responsible bidder, or to the lowest responsible bidder. My own opinion is that in no event can the contract be let to any but the lowest bidder; and if *366he is not the best bidder, the council may reject the bids and again advertise. I think the whole spirit of the statute requiring competitive-bidding is in accordance with that view.

The only general statute which provides for letting to the lowest and best bidder is sec. 794, and, as I have said, the Supreme Court, in the case to which I have called attention, where the decision was made by Judge Doyle, expressly avoided determining whether there may be a letting of the contract to other than the lowest bidder.

Under sec. 2419, which has been constructed by the circuit court of Hamilton county, to which attention has been called in the opinion already delivered, the discretion is plainly left with the public authorities; because that provides that the contract shall be let to the lowest bidder if in their opinion he can be depended on to do the work with ability, promptness and fidelity; and if such is not the case, the contract may be let to the next lowest bidder. There is clearly a discretion left. There is a discretion left under my construction of this statute, subdivision 6 of sec. 76. If in the judgment of the authorities the lowest bidder is not the best bidder, they may reject all bids. Now, to illustrate the difficulty that I think comes from taking any other view — the object of the statute being to secure the benefit of competitive bidding — take this case: The answer, among other things, says that the pump, with the appurtenances, that the E. P. Allis Co. propose to furnish, weighs 100 tons more than the one that the Holly Company proposes to furnish. But it does not follow that because the E. P. Allis Co. will furnish the apparatus desired for $64,000, weighing so much more than the one that the Holly Company propose to furnish, that the Holly Company if it had the opportunity to bid for an apparatus of this additional weight, would not still be the lowest bidder. There has been no opportunity, so far as appears in this case, for anybody to bid on a pump that should weigh the additional 100 tons ; and it would seem to me that the course to be pursued would be to reject all these bids and advertise again. If it is desirable that the pump and its appurtenances shall weigh 100 tons more than it is said the Holly Company apparatus weighs, let the advertisement indicate the weight the apparatus shall have — that it shall not be less than a given amount. It seems to me that it is in direct violation of the spirit of the statute to say that a contract may be let to a bidder not the lowest, who is a responsible bidder and who complied with the conditions of the notice; and in my judgment,- in a case like this, where the separate parts are not to be bid for separately, it must be let to the lowest bidder or not at all. Then there is subdivision 8 under this section.

“ If two or more bids are equal for the whole or any part of the work, but are lower than any others, either may be accepted, but in no case shall the work be divided between them.

It, therefore, seems to have been the intention of the legislation to let these contracts to the lowest bidder who can conform to all the requirements, and who is responsible and will give the proper bond.

Now, without stopping to give any others, these are some of the reasons for dissenting from the opinion of the majority of the court in the case brought by McClain for an injunction.