Real-World Solutions in Fluid Manag

World Solutions in Fluid Manag

Supply, Storage, Treatment, Recycli

Disposal Workshop Disposal Workshop

North East Shale Gas Sy p m osium

Pittsburgh, PA 

May 19, 2011

ENGINEERING • CONSULTING • TECHNOLOGIES

PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Contacts:

Derek Krivak John RobertsDirector Unconventional Gas Director, WateHatch HatchSuite 700, 840 7th Avenue Suite 700, 840 Calgary AB T2P 3G2 Calgary, AB, T2P 3G2 Calgary AB T

Calgary, AB, T

Phone: 403-999-5997 Phone: 403-26dkrivak@hatch.ca jrobertson@haDal k e Krysinski, PE Al l ex Z atic, PSenior Associate Senior EngineePrincipal Project Manager Hatch, InfrastHatch Mott MacDonald 2800 Speakma1600 West Carson Street Mississauga, OPittsburgh, PA 15219 Phone: 905-40Phone: 412-497-2918 azlatic@hatchDale.Kry @ sinski@hatchmott.com
Agenda

START END

9:00 9:15 Introductions and Workshop Overview9:15 9:30 Breakout into Group Session: "Generate H9:30 9:45 Present Hot topics9:45 10:00 Break

10:00 10:30 Hot Topic #1: Presentation and Discussion

10:30 11:00 Hot Topic #2: Presentation and Discussion11:00 11:30 Hot Topic #3: Presentation and Discussion11 30 : 12 00 : O Di i d Open Discussion and wrap-up

12:00 End of Workshop 
Typical Marcellus Developm

Water Source

Gas Gathering Pipeline

Court
Marcellus Drilling Activi

• Activity related to development of the Marcel

increased exponentially during the past five ye

• The “hot spots” for the Marcellus developmen

in the southwestern and northeastern regions Pennsylvania. 
Water Use in Marcellus

• Frac’ing fluids can contain gels, gelling agents

foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides

p , , pp 

otassium chloride, breaker fluids, and 

pro

pr

components. 

• This slurry is pumped down into the borehole 

with high pressure pumps at about 100 barregall /b l) i d h f i llons/barrel) 

a

minute, and th

e fracturing pr

be as high as 15,000 psi to crack the shale. 
Marcellus Water Deman
Water Use in Marcellus

• The wellheads are constructed on concrete p

consisting of 1 to 6 wells per pad

• 2 – 5 Million Gallons per Well for Frac’ing• Need for up to 1 MGD• Current practices

– P h i W t f M i i l A th 

Purc

hasing W

ater from Municipal A

utho

– Surface Water – Temporary Withdrawls– Trucking to Impoundments
Water Use in Marcellus

• Flowback water is approx 10 to 20 percent• For the most part, this water is stored in impo

and/or taken of

f-site for treatment and then tr

other well sites for re-use 

• The amount of TDS various depending on th

cycle .

• Frac’ing water cannot be directly disposed in 

streams of the state. 

• This flowback water requires treatment befor

reused again as fracturing water.
Shale Gas Water Manage

C t f MISWACO Courtesy of MISWACO
Water Management Issue

• Water supply for fracking

– Source availability – Economic transport to sites– Mi i i bli i Mi

nimize publi

c issues

– Storage

• Flowback & Produced water

– Treatment for reuse– Storage– Ultimate disposal

• Water / wastewater management

– Tracking and control– Reporting
Water Supply Manageme

• Becoming the most critical issue

– 2 – 5 Million Gallons per Well for Fr– Need for up to 1 MGD Courtesy of MISWACO

• Current practices

– Purchasing Water from Municipal Au– Surface Water – Temporary Withdraw– Trucking to Impoundments
Water Supply Managme

Problems:

– Road Damage (16-20 ton trucks)– Noise and Poor Public Relations

– 50 – 250 trucks/da

y

Courtesy of MISWACO

– Water Availability and Compatibility – Delivery Logistics– Storage of Frac

-water 

– Storage of Flowback– Water Disposal

Courtesy of MISWACO

– Flowback & Produced Water Treatm

– prefrac, re-use, pre-disposal

– Costs– Fines
Water Supply Managme

• Emerging Trends

– Surface Water Intakes– Groundwater Supplies– Alternate Water Sources (AMD, POTW – Water Pump Stations– Waterlines Alon

g g side Gas Gatherin

g 
Operator Needs:

– Deliver Water to a Fast Growing Basi

Fracturing

– Develop disposal, treatment, and/or r

options

– Improve Economics– Modular/Mobile Treatment Facilities 

for Economies of Scale
Supply Water Sources

• Public and Municipal Sources (pri• Extraction from rivers and streams 

(secondar

y)

• Surface water 

– While the Marcellus is laden with sm

and streams, their capacity is limitedenvironmental restrictions are consid
Water management Solu

• Optimize water handling:

– M d l / bil f ili i M

o

d

ular/mobil

e facilities

– Standard treatment with scale and bacterial managem

– Appropriate treatment (TSS removal, TDS removal) – Optimize conveyance –pipe vs truck

– Waste minimization– Minimize capital outlay– Capitalize on economies of scale –contracting

• Resulting in:

– Reduce operating costs– Conserve fresh water sources (recycle all returned wa– Less disposal– Less traffic/noise concerns and reduced carbon footp– Streamlined regulatory approval
Water Issues – Operator 

Perspective

• Water Source

– Adequate Volume– Delivery logistics– Storage -Frac water and Flowback water

• Water Disposal• Water Treatment -prefrac, re-use, pre-disposa• Supply –minimum impact, environmentally s

conservation

• Disposal –safe, cost effective, minimize• Conveyance –minimize impact (roads, safety

• Control –monitoring and reporting systems• Economics –reduce system water costs throug

optimization
Water issues – Frac 

perspective

• Continuity of Supply• Compatibility• Salinity and chemical interference• Flowback chemistry and reuse
Water Supply

• Truck It• Surface water• Groundwater

– Saline–

Non-saline

• Combination• Re

-use of flowbackand produced w

from existing wells

• Aquifer Storage and Recovery

• Out on the Cutting Edge

– –Sewage–

–Acid Mine Drainage

– –Conjunctive Use
Surface Water

• Requires permitting• Requires basin hydrology evaluati

determine basin 

yield.

• May need some treatment –more • May need pipeline –above ground• Still need storage
Groundwater 

• Well and Formation Yield• Well design and Lifting Requireme• Groundwater Chemistry and H2S• Temperature• Cumulative Effects• Groundwater / Surface Water Inte• Interference with other users
Flow Back Water

• The majority of the frac fluid is recovered 

matter of hours to a couple of weeks

• In the Marcellus, the volume of flowback 

account for less than 10% to more than 2original frac fluid

• Produced water can continue for several 

after gas production begins
Flow Back Chemistry

• Dependent on chemistry of FracWater• Dependant on chemistry of formation an

formation water

• Dependent on formation contact time• Initial flowback chemistry should resemb

chemistry of fracwater-fresh fracwater –fr

back with some modification due to conformation

• Chemistry of flow back water should be 

formation water chemistry

• With time, amount of fracwater in flow b

decrease and amount of formation water 

increase.
Water Constituents
General – Frac Water Q

• TDS (ppm) < 50,000 to 60,000• TSS (ppm) < 10• Chloride (ppm) <30,000• Iron (ppm) <25• Calcium (ppm) < 3000• Carbonate (ppm)<600• Bicarbonate (ppm) <600• Hydroxide (ppm)<600• Calcium (pp ) m <100• Barium (ppm) <1200
Common Oil Field Scale

• Carbonate Scales

– Calcium carbonate -(CaCO

3)

– Dolomite –calcium-magnesium carbo

MgCO

3 )

– Iron Carbonate –FeCO

3

• Iron 

Scales

– Iron Sulfides– Iron Carbonate– I id ron oxides