## CHAPTER 7 IMPLEMENTATION

Introduction Responsible Agencies
Control Measures Technology Advancement Implementation Support Activities MonitoringChapter 7 Implementation

7 - 1 

### INTRODUCTION
Achieving clean air objectives requires the effective and timely im plementation of the measures defined in Chapter 4. In general, these measures rely on the application and advancement of technologies and management practices. These strategies also require actions by numerous agencies. This chapter presents th e adoption and implementation schedule of the control measures proposed in the Plan and delineate s each agency’s area of responsibility. Implementation s upport activities are also discussed.



### RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES
Implementation of the Plan’s strategies requires a cooperativ e partnership of governmental agencies at the federal, state, regional and local level. As described in Table 7-1, these agencies form the f our cornerstones from which implementation programs will evolve.

At the federal level is the U.S. EPA and ot her agencies charged w ith reducing emissions from federally controlled sources such as comme rcial aircraft, trains, and marine vessels. As discussed in Chapter 4, the 2003 AQMP in corporates several measures carried over from the 1997 AQMP and 1999 Amendment to the 1997 Ozone SIP.
At the state level is CARB which is responsib le for motor vehicle emissions, fuels, and consumer products. The Plan’s on-road and off-road mobile source control program is principally based on CARB’s proposed control measures. Also, California’s inspection and maintenance program for on-road vehicl es is administered by the Bureau of Automotive Repair (BAR).
At the regional level, the District is responsible for the overall development and implementation of the AQMP. The District is specifically authorized to reduce the emissions from stationary point, and some area sources such as coatings and industrial solvents. Emission reductions are also sought through funding pr ograms designed to provide monies for the purchase of new lo w-emission equipment and vehicles and the retrofit of existing off-road sources to low-emi ssion alternatives. In addition, the district regulates indirect sources under Health and Safety Code 40716 by implementing a mandatory ride sharing program or equi valent mobile sour ce emission reduction alternative program for large employers. As a means of achieving further emission reductions, the District is seek ing additional authority to re gulate sources that have not been under the District’s jurisdiction in th e past such as marine vessels, consumer products, and other on-road and off-road s ources. The District implements its responsibilities with participation from the regulated community through an extensive rule development and implementation program. This approach maximizes the input ofFinal 2003 AQMP

7 - 2 those parties affected by the proposed ru le through consultation meetings, public workshops, and ongoing working groups.
At the regional level, the Southern Calif ornia Association of Governments (SCAG) assists sub-regional and local governments in playing a formative role in the air quality elements of transportation planning. In a ddition, local governments serve an important role in developing and implem enting the Plan's transportation control measures. SCAG is responsible for providing the socioeconom ic forecast (e.g., population and growth forecasts) upon which the Plan is based. SCAG also provides assessments for conformity of regionally significant transpor tation projects with the overall Plan and is responsible for the adoption of the Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) and the Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP) which include growth assumptions and transportation improvement projects that c ould have significant air quality impacts.

TABLE 7-1 Agencies Responsible for Implementation of the 2003 AQMP Revision for the South Coast Air Basin

Agency Principal responsibilities

EPA • Forty-nine state mobile vehicle emission standards;

• Airplanes, trains, and ships;

• New off-road construction & farm equipment below 175 hp;

ARB • On-road/Off-road vehicles

• Motor vehicle fuels; and,

• Consumer products
SCAQMD • Stationary (e.g., industrial/commercial) and area sources;

• Indirect sources

• Some mobile sources (e.g., visible emissions from trains and ships)

SCAG • AQMP conformity assessment

• Regional Transportation Improvement Program

Local Government/ CTCs • Transportation and local government actions; and,

• Transportation facilitiesChapter 7 Implementation

7 - 3 

### CONTROL MEASURES
The Plan proposes measures that can be implemented using currently available technologies and manageme nt practices as well as a long-te rm strategy necessary to meet attainment of the ozone standard. Control me asures are to be implemented by all levels of government including federal agencies, the state ARB, the District and local governments and SCAG.



### Control Measure Ranking
The California Clean Air Act requires air pollution control districts to assess the effectiveness of control measures in reduci ng ambient ozone concentr ations as part of their plan submittals. The CCAA requires dist ricts to determine that their AQMPs are cost-effective strategies that attain air qua lity standards by the earliest practicable date [H&SC 40913(b)]. In addition, plans mustinclude an assessment of the costeffectiveness of available a nd proposed control measures and a list of the measures ranked from the least cost-effective to the mo st cost-effective [H&SC 40922(a)]. Tables 6-6 and 6-7 in Chapter 6 show the ranking of the control measures by cost-effectiveness. In developing their control strategy implementa tion schedule, districts must consider the other effectiveness criteria including technol ogical feasibility, total emissions reduction potential, rate of reduction, public accepta bility, and enforceability [H&SC 40922(b)]. The criteria used for this Plan are listed in Table 7-2.

Table 7-3 lists the control measures, the re sponsible agency, and the proposed adoption and implementation dates. New items proposed for the first time in th is Plan have been placed in the appropriate position on the ex isting schedule based on a review of the AQMP control measure prioritiza tion factors described above.



### Federal Agencies
Under CARB’s proposed state and federal elem ent, several control measures target reductions from federal sources. These measures are listed in Table 7-3. These control measures need to be further developed through a collaborative process between CARB and U.S. EPA. A contingenc y plan has been incorporated into the 2003 AQMP in the event that the federal government does not control sources under its jurisdiction.



### CARB
CARB is also responsible for adopting on- and off-road mobile source emission standards, fuel requirements, and consumer product regulati ons. Table 7-3 identifies theFinal 2003 AQMP

7 - 4 control measures and their adoption and implementation dates that CARB will be responsible for implementing in the 2003 AQMP.

TABLE 7-2 Criteria for Evaluating 2003 AQMP Control Measures

Criteria Description

Cost-Effectiveness The cost of a contro l measure to reduce air pollution by one ton [cost covers obtaining, installing, and operating the control measure]. Efficiency The positive effects of a control measure compared to its negative effects.
Emission Reduction Potential The total amount of pollution that a control measure can actually reduce. Enforceability The ability to force polluters to co mply with a control

measure. Equity The fairness of the distribution of all the positive and negative effects among vari ous socioeconomic groups Legal Authority Ability of the Distri ct or other adopting agency to implement the measure or the likelihood that local governments and agencies will cooperate to approve a control measures Public Acceptability The support the pub lic gives to a control measure.
Rate of Emission Reduction The time it will take for a control measure to reduce a certain amount of air pollution. Technological The likelihood that th e technology for a control measure will be available as anticipated.Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 5 TABLE 7-3 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

Surface Coating and Solvent Use

CTS-07 Further Emission Reductions from Architectural Coatings and Cleanup Solvents (Rule 1113) (VOC) SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008

CTS-10 Miscellaneous Industrial Coatings & Solvent Operations (Regulations IV and XI) (VOC) Phase I Phase II Phase III SCAQMD

2003 2004 2005 2005-2007 2006-2008 2007-2010
Petroleum Operations and Fugitive Emissions FUG-05 Emission Reductions from Fugitive Emission Sources (VOC) Phase I Phase II SCAQMD

2002 2003 2003 2005-2008

Combustion Sources
CMB-07 Emission Reductions from Petroleum Refinery Flares (All) SCAQMD 2004 2005

CMB-09 Emission Reductions from Petroleum Refinery FCCUs (PM10, NH 3 ) SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008

CMB-10 Additional NO x Reductions for RECLAIM (NO x ) SCAQMD 2004 2006-2010

Fugitive Dust

BCM-07 Further PM10 Reductions from Fugitive Dust Sources (PM10) SCAQMD 2004 2006

BCM-08 Further Emission Reductions from Aggregate and Cement Plant Manufacturing Operations (PM10) SCAQMD 2004 2006Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 6 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

Miscellaneous Sources MSC-01 Promotion of Lighter Color Roofing and Road Materials and Tree Planting Programs (All Pollutants) SCAQMD, Local Government on-going on-going

MSC-03 Promotion of Catalyst-Surface Coating Technology Programs (All Pollutants) SCAQMD on-going on-going

MSC-04 Emission Reductions from Miscellaneous Ammonia Sources (NH 3 ) SCAQMD N/A 2003-2006

MSC-05 Truck Stop Electrification (All) SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010
MSC-06 Emission Reductions from WoodBurning Fireplaces & Wood Stoves (PM10) SCAQMD 2005 2006-2020

MSC-07 Natural Gas Fuel Specifications (NO x ) SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010

MSC-08 Further Emission Reductions from Large VOC sources (VOC) SCAQMD 2004-2006 2006-2010

PRC-03 Emission Reductions from Restaurant Operations (VOC, PM10) SCAQMD 2003-2004 2004 (new) 2005 (retrofits)

PRC-07 Industrial Process Operations (VOC) Phase I Phase II SCAQMD

2004 2005 2006-2007 2008-2010
WST-01 Emission Reductions from Livestock Waste (VOC, PM10, Ammonia) SCAQMD 2003 2004-2006

WST-02 Emission Reductions from Composting (VOC, Ammonia) SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008

FSS-04 Emission Charges of $5,000 per Ton of VOC for Stationary Sources Emitting Over 10 Tons per Year (VOC) SCAQMD Post-2010 Post-2010Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 7 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

Compliance Flexibility Programs FLX-01 Economic Incentive Programs (All) SCAQMD on-going on-going

District’s Mobile Source Control Measures

FSS-05 Mitigation Fee Program for Federal Sources (All) SCAQMD 2005-2008 2007-2010

FSS-06 Further Emission Reductions from In-Use Off-Road Mobile Vehicles and Equipment (All) SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010

FSS-07 Emission Fee Program for PortRelated Mobile Sources (All) SCAQMD 2006 2008-2010

District’s Long-Term Control Measures

LTM-All Long-Term Control Measure (VOC) Tier I Tier II SCAQMD 2005-2007 2006-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010

Backstop Measures

TCB-01 Transportation Conformity Backstop Budget Measure (All) SCAQMD SCAG, CARB 2019/2029 2020/2030

Transportation Control Measures TCM-A HOV Improvements (All) SCAG, Local Gov’t 2002 2003-2025

TCM-B Transit & Systems Management SCAG, Local Gov’t 2002 2003-2025

TCM-C Information Based Measures SCAG, Local Gov’t 2002 2003-2025Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 8 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

On-Road Mobile Source Control Measures

LT/MED-DUTY-1 Replace or Upgrade Emission Control Systems on Existing Passenger Vehicles – Pilot Program. CARB 2005 2007-2008

LT/MED-DUTY-2 Smog Check Improvements BAR 2002-2005 2002-2006

ON-RD HVYDUTY-1 Augment Truck and Bus HighwayInspections with CommunityBased Inspections CARB 2003 2005

ON-RD HVYDUTY-2 Capture and Control Vapors from Gasoline Cargo Tankers CARB 2005 2006-2007

ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Pursue Approaches to Clean Up the Existing Truck/Bus Fleet CARB 2003-2006 2004-2010

Off-Road Mobile Source Control Measures OFF-RD CI-1 Pursue Approaches to Clean Up the Existing Heavy-Duty Off-Road Equipment Fleet (Compression Ignition Engines) – Retrofit Controls CARB 2004-2008 2006-2010

OFF-RD CI-2 Implement Registration and Inspection Program for Existing Heavy-Duty Off-Road Equipment to Detect Excess Emissions (Compression Ignition Engines) CARB 2006-2009 2010

OFF-RD LSI-1 Set Lower Emission Standards for New Off-Road Gas Engines (Spark Ignited Engines 25 hp and Greater) CARB 2004-2005 2007Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 9 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

OFF-RD LSI-2 Clean Up Existing Off-Road Gas Equipment Through Retrofit Controls (Spark-Ignition Engines 25 hp and Greater) CARB 2004 2006-2012

OFF-RD LSI-3 Require Zero Emission Forklifts Where Feasible – Lift Capacity <8,000 pounds CARB 2004 2005-2010

SMALL OFFRD-1 Set Lower Emission Standards for New Handheld Small Engines and Equipment (Spark Ignited Engines Under 25 hp such as Weed Trimmers, Leaf Blowers, and Chainsaws) CARB 2003 2005

SMALL OFFRD-2 Set Lower Emission Standards for New Non-Handheld Small Engines and Equipment (Spark Ignited Engines Under 25 hp Such As Lawnmowers) CARB 2003 2006

MARINE-1 Pursue Approaches to Clean Up the Existing Harbor Craft Fleet – Cleaner Engines and Fuels CARB 2003-2005 2005

MARINE-2 Pursue Approaches to Reduce LandBased Emissions at Ports – Alternative Fuels, Cleaner Engines, Retrofit Controls, Electrification, Education Programs, Operational Controls CARB 2003-2005 2003-2010Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 10 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

Fuel Reformulation
FUEL-1 Set Additives Standards for Diesel Fuel to Control Engine Deposits CARB 2006-2009 2006-2010

FUEL-2 Set Low-Sulfur Standards for Diesel Fuel for Trucks/Buses, Off-Road Equipment, and Stationary Engines CARB 2003-2005 2006 (CARB)

Consumer Products
CONS-1 Set New Consumer Products Limits for 2006 CARB 2003-2004 2006

CONS-2 Set New Consumer Products Limits for 2008-2010 CARB 2006-2008 2008-2010

Fueling and Vapor Recovery
FVR-1 Increase Recovery of Fuel Vapors from Aboveground Storage Tanks CARB 2003 2007

FVR-2 Recover Fuel Vapors from Gasoline Dispensing at Marinas CARB 2006-2009 2006-2010

FVR-3 Reduce Fuel Permeation Through Gasoline Dispenser Hoses CARB 2004 2007Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 11 TABLE 7-3 (continued) 2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, Adoption Date and Implementation Period

Control Measure Number Control Measure Name Implementing Agency Adoption Date Implementation Period

Pesticide PEST-1 Implement Existing Pesticide Strategy DPR TBD 1996-2010

Proposed State Long-Term Strategy Long-Term* Multi-Agency Effort and Public Process Beginning in 2004 to Identify and Adopt Long-Term Measures CARB/EPA 2007-2009 TBD

* Any assignment from federal/state agencies to the Distri ct will be implemented under th e District’s LTM-ALL control

measure.



### District
The District is responsible for implementing the stationary and mobile source control measures proposed by the District. As show n in Table 7-3, stationary source control measures will be implemente d primarily through District rules and regulations as specified in federal and state law.
As indicated in Chapter 4, several key approaches are proposed for implementing the stationary source emission reduction measures. Specifically, the Plan proposes to use source-specific control approaches and market incentives to impl ement most of the stationary source measures. Chapter 4 and Appendix IV-A provide more detail relative to these implementation approaches.



### Transportation Control Measures
The region’s long-range trans portation blueprint, its trie nnial Regional Transportation Plan (RTP), and the shorter-term programmi ng needed to fund the improvements, the Regional Transportation Improve ment Program (RTIP), togeth er form the foundation for improving transportation system performance while at the same time assuring the timely attainment of air quality goals within the SCAB. The RTIP is the vehicle used to implement the goals of the long-range RTP and provides for timely implementation of TCMs for the SCAB. The RT IP is a short-term document covering six years, and itFinal 2003 AQMP

7 - 12 must be updated at least every tw o years. As the biennial element of the RTIP is revised, the list of fiscally constrained projects, o r, rather, projects for which funding has been identified, will be updated.
Implementation of the transportation control measures currently under consideration is predicated on the assumption that the follo wing three Innovative Fi nancial Strategies adopted by SCAG’s Regional Council (RC) will be implemented as expected.

• State sales tax on gasoline revenues will continue to be dedicated to transportationrelated projects, as embodied in Proposition 42.

• A share of the county sales tax will be dedicated to transportation-related projects where necessary.

• State motor vehicle fuel excise tax rate and user-fees will be appropriately indexed, to maintain their historic purchasing power

.

Local Governments and SCAG
Local governments (cities and counties) are al so responsible for helping to provide supportive actions through par ticipation in voluntary progr ams. Local governments and transportation agencies are also responsible for implementing several measures in the Plan including, but not limited to, the trans portation improvements called for in the Plan. SCAG is responsible for help ing local governments coordinate their efforts and for ensuring that the region's transportation project s, programs and plans conform to the SIP.
Congestion Management Program Linkage to the AQMP
The Congestion Management Program is a co mprehensive strategy to relieve traffic congestion and maintain levels of service on roadways within the Southern California region. SCAG has facilitated efforts by c ounties and sub-regions to develop Countylevel Congestion Management Plans (CMPs) in consultation w ith regional and subregional transportation provi ders, local governments, Caltrans, and the District.
The CMPs interlink with the AQMP in severa l areas, but most particularly through the TCMs. Most TCM projects identified in the RTIP are designed to help relieve congestion at the local level. Thus, implementation of the AQMP helps local governments tackle congestion, which, in turn , reduces emissions fro m idling vehicles or the number of vehicles trave ling on congested roadways, and also helps maintain the level of service standards. At the sa me time, the CMP process provides local governments a mechanism to contribute to th e regional effort toward attaining the NAAQS.Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 13 However, local governments receive credits fo r emission reductions associated with the implementation of CMPs only to the extent th ey are real, quantifiable, enforceable, and have not been included in the AQMP baseline as part of the RTP. In addition, the process gives local governments an opportunity to work cooperatively with their CTCs and subregional agencies to craft integrated trip reduction strategies to meet the CMP trip reduction requirements.
The CMP process and the AQMP are fu rther linked through the local capital improvement program. This required element of the CMP must be consistent with the county and Regional Transpor tation Improvement Program, which in turn must be consistent with the RTP. The relationship between the ai r quality management plans and the regional transportation pl anning process is circular. Thus, for example, the 2001 RTP must conform to the 1997 AQMP, and, in turn, forms the basis for the 2002 RTIP, and both these, together, provide the context for the current AQMP.

Southern California Economic Partnership (The Partnership)
The Partnership is a non-prof it organization with an 18-member Board of Directors assigned the mission of accelerating the de ployment of advanc ed transportation technologies (ATTs) throughout Sout hern California. It was es tablished out of the needs of the SCAG Regional Mobility Elemen t and the 1994 AQMP as an effective implementation organization for advanced transportation technology strategies.
The Partnership, through its public/private participatory structure, is capable of providing networking and guidance to those parties inte rested in the deployment of advanced transportation technologies th roughout Southern Calif ornia. “Technology Stakeholder Workshops” on each technology are held on a regular basis, usually at the District or at SCAG offices, to discuss implementation barriers and assist in the development of deployment and marketing st rategies. It has in effect become a clearinghouse of ATT information and progress.

To aid Southern California cities and countie s in ATT deployment, The Partnership has developed “Model City Starter Kits” for each of the technologies. These books provide goals and objectives, implementation worksh eets, model policies, model resolutions, building codes, product/servi ce technology updates, infrast ructure suggestions and requirements, training and safety requireme nts, case studies, funding opportunities and an activity recognition program. The Partne rship provides these comprehensive guide books free to each Southern California community and conduc ts workshops and presentations to encourage par ticipants to use ATTs. It al so develops and distributes ATT newsletters and promotional materials to heighten awareness and garner unified understanding and support for the technologies from both the public and private sectors. Most of this information is also pr esented on The Partnership’s web site ( www.the-Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 14 partnership.org ) which is continuously updated with deployment achievements throughout the region.
Workshops and Outreach To generate additional interest and understanding of technol ogy deployment, The Partnership occasionally hos ts technology workshops at the District and other convenient locations for local elected offici als, city planners and managers, with considerable private sector involvement a nd support. In addition to these workshops, The Partnership also: 1) makes presentations to cities, schools and organizations; 2) distributes monthly technology “News Flashes” to all stakeholders via email or published on The Partnership’s web site; a nd 3) attends the me etings of related organizations and pr oject developers.
Information Distribution and Industry Networking Support Since the Partnership works closely with th e stakeholders in s upporting transportation technologies, it has become a de facto clear inghouse of ATT information. In this capacity, it is suited to direct and introduce interested particip ants to other stakeholders with similar goals and into the formati on of productive and mutually beneficial public/private partnerships.



### TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT
The District’s Technology Advancement Offi ce (TAO) sponsors public-private research and development partnerships in order to identify and prom ote low- and zero-emissions technologies for both stationa ry and mobile sources. The TAO has several programs through which advanced mobile and stationary source cont rol strategies are funded, researched, and commercialized. One such program is the Carl Moyer Program which is a state-wide funding program that provides monies to purchase low-emission on- and off-road vehicles and equipm ent and marine engines. A second program overseen by TAO is the RECLAIM Executiv e Order Fee Program which channels monies collected from funds established under Executive Order and Rule 2020 – RECLAIM Reserve to fund projects with approved protocols es tablished under Regula tion XVI – Mobile Source Offset Programs. The TAO also admi nisters projects funded through the Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Co mmittee (MSRC). The MSRC, which was established in 1990 with the adoption of A ssembly Bill 2766, funds projects to reduce air pollution from motor vehicles as needed for implementing the California Clean Air Act of 1988. A fourth mechanism where advanc ed mobile and stationary source control strategies are funded, researched, and co mmercialized comes fro m government agency (e.g., CARB, CEC, U.S. EPA, and DOE ) grants and cost-sharing dollars.
Table 7-4 lists some key r ecently-completed or currently -underway projects sponsored by the TAO to facilitate development and commercialization of low-pollutingChapter 7 Implementation

7 - 15 technologies. Some of the stationary source projects do not have sp ecific linkages to the control measures but serve as future technologies that may be available to meet current regulations with future compliance dates or AQMP control measures.



### SCAQMD Clean Fuels Program – Technology Advancement Plan
SCAQMD Cleans Fuels Program – Technology A dvancement Plan is a formal plan required by state law to be adopt ed by the District’s Governi ng Board. The most recent update of the Technology Advancement Plan for 2002 focused on potential projects for research, development, demonstration, and commercialization of clean fuels technologies and advanced t echnologies that may reduce em issions and help meet the clean air goals of the District. The key areas of the 2002 Technology Advancement Plan are summarized below.

TABLE 7-4 Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated Control Measure Alternative Fuels – On-Road Applications

Development & Demonstration of Advanced Natural Gas Engine Electronic Controls VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Establishment of Design Practices for CNG Trucks & Requirements of the Use of Methane Detection on NG Trucks VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

On-Road Development of Enhanced Caterpillar C-12 Dual-Fuel Truck Engine VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Evaluate Durability of PM Retrofit Trap on a School Bus VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Demonstration of Fischer Tropsch Synthetic Fuel in Heavy & Medium-Duty Vehicles; and Advanced Diesel Fuels, Engines, NO x Absorber Catalyst & Diesel Particulate Filter Project VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Development of Very Low-NO x Heavy-Duty Natural Gas Engine VOC, NOx, CO, PM10 A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 16 TABLE 7-4 (continued) Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated Control Measure

Alternative Fuels – Infrastructure

Cosponsor Clean Fuel Infrastructure and Demographic Study VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Cost-share Installation of CNG Fueling Facility VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Technical and Management Assistance for Infrastructure VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Development and Demonstration of a Universal Card Reader System VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Advanced Home Refueling Appliance for CNG Vehicles VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B Long-Term Measure Construction of Fast-Fill CNG Fueling Station at AQMD Headquarters VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B Long-Term Measure

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies

Prototype Residential Fuel Cell Systems VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, D Long-Term Measure Develop an Improved Electrode for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Using Magnetron Sputtering Techniques VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, D Long-Term Measure Methanol Fuel Quality Specification Study VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 D Long-Term Measure Complete Development of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A Long-Term Measure Demonstration of a Hydrogen Refueling Station VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B Long-Term Measure

Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies

Study of Electric Hotel Shuttle Service at LAX VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C ----

Evaluate Hybrid Electric Vehicles VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 E ----Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 17 TABLE 7-4 (continued) Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated Control Measure

Develop & Demonstrate Advanced Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ----

Development & Demonstration of Grid-Rechargeable Hybrid-Electric Utility Service Truck & Mobile Electric Power Supply VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ----

Evaluate Hybrid Electric Vehicles VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 B, C ----

Development of Dual Inductive/Conductive Charger Bracket to Allow Reduction of EV Charging Infrastructure Costs VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C ----

Alternative Fuels – Off-Road Applications

Zinc/Air Battery-Powered Commercial Grounds Care Equipment VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B OFF-RD LSI-2SMALL OFFRD-2 Demonstration of Particulate Trap Technologies VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C, D OFF-RD CI-1

Emissions Analysis and Health Effects

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Fleet Characterization for NO x & PM Emissions VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Fast-Response On-Board NO x Sensors for Heavy-Duty Vehicles VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Analysis of the Effectiveness of On-Board Diagnostics II VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D LT/MEDDUTY-2ON-RD HVYDUTY-3
Evaluation of the Effects of Biodiesel & Other Clean Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emission Rates & Reactivity Phase 2 VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D Long-Term Measure

Develop On-Road System for Emissions Measurement for Heavy-Duty Trucks VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-1 Investigate Emission Rates of Ammonia & Other Toxic & Low-Level Compounds Using FTIR VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D Long-Term Measure Analysis of Exhaust from CNG-fueled Buses VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 18 TABLE 7-4 (continued) Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated Control Measure

Chemical Analysis of Exhaust Samples from CNG Buses VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Ames Bioassay Analyses on Diesel- and CNG-Fueled Bus Exhaust Samples VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Study of Children's Pollutant Exposures During School Bus Commutes VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 Deployment & Operation of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers & Low Temperature Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance in Children’s Health Study Communities VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 D Long-Term Measure

Determination of Ammonia and Methane Emissions from Greenwaste Composting VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 D WST-02

Other Advanced Technologies

Demonstration of School Buses Retrofitted with PM Reduction Technologies VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3
Evaluation of School Bus Retrofit with Exhaust AfterTreatment Devices VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3

Stationary Sources - Clean Energy Technologies Advanced Premixer/Catalytic Combustor for Natural Gas Turbines VOC, NO x , CO, PM10 A, B, C Long-Term Measure

Stationary Sources – VOC and PM Reduction Technologies Zero- & Low-VOC Resin Technology for Advance Control Measure Development VOC, PM10 A, B, C CTS-07, CTS-10

A. Supports technical feasibility B. Supports commercialization C. Demonstration of current or poten tial CARB standards or guidelines D. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factor s, inventories, health data, etc.)

Alternative Fuels - Incentives Program
The state Legislature and Governor have recognized the environmental and societal benefits of the Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program. The District will be administering incentive funds for the replacement of diesel-fueled on-Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 19 and off-road vehicles includi ng refuse haulers, heavy-dut y trucks, transit and school buses, construction equipment, marine and port applicati ons and other vehicles and equipment. New engines, re-powers and retr ofits are allowed within the program. This program also helps to commercialize alterna tive fuel technologies in the real world, addressing a key goal of th e 2003 AQMP for emission reductions. The Clean Fuels Program will provide matching funds that are required to implement this program at the local level.
Exhaust emissions from high-emitting diesel-fuel ed school buses are harmful to children and are a key source of public exposure to toxic diesel particulate matter and smog forming pollutants. There are thousands of older school buses on the road that have remained in service primarily because school di stricts lack funds to replace them. Since 1999, with the help of state funding, AQM D has approved more than $43 million to clean up and replace diesel-powered school bus es in the Southland. Projects approved include the purchase of 206 compressed na tural gas-powered school buses, 87 loweremitting new diesel buses and the retrofitting of 1,482 diesel buses with particulate emission traps. Recent state budget cuts have resulted in a reducti on of about $2 billion from school budgets, potentially affecting the transition to less-polluting school buses.
The District has recently proposed that 70% of penalty fees collected in CY 2003 be recognized in the "Lower-Emission School Bus Replacement & Retrofit Program Fund" and used to facilitate the acquisition of new CNG buses by school districts and the concomitant reduction or elimin ation of diesel-fueled school buses. Distribution of the penalty funds for school buses will take into consideration severa l elements, including, but not limited to, the environmental justice pr ovisions of the Health & Safety Code as amended by AB-1390 (Firebaugh ), population distribution am ong various counties, and the mix of older versus newer buses.

Alternative Fuels - On-Road
Major emission reductions are required in this area, particularly from heavy-duty vehicles. The District has initiated project s for the development of heavy-duty natural gas engines that will emit less than 0.5 g/bhp-hr NO x and the development of a midsize (30 foot) school bus using a lo w-emitting natural gas engine. Continued efforts focused on the development of the Next Genera tion of Natural Gas Vehicles, lower-NO x emitting heavy-duty natural gas engines, as well as development and demonstration of alternative fuel school buses and other heavy-duty vehicles. Additi onally, plans to demonstrate zero-emission technology for idling heavy-duty tr ucks and trailers were included.

Alternative Fuels - Infrastructure
In 2001, the District funded the development of natural gas refueling sites, and studies on compressors, meters, and home dispensing and liquefaction equipment. Plans toFinal 2003 AQMP

7 - 20 conduct additional studies to enhance th e liquefied natural gas manufacturing, distribution, and detection technologies are contained in the 2002 update. Another area of focus will be to develop best practices that can lead to standardization and modularization, as well as develop templates for the design and installation of alternative fuel re-fueling stations. Natural gas refueling stations that are also capable of refueling hydrogen will be studied. Literature studies on possible station configurations and templates for natural gas and hydrogen refueli ng stations are contemplated, as well as demonstrating compatible equipment for hand ling higher pressures. Work on Codes and Standards development is also proposed.
Fuel Cell Technologies
The District has cosponsored the developmen t and demonstration of several fuel cell vehicles. One such project is a 30-foot fuel cell hybrid-electric midsize transit bus that will be operated at a local tr ansit agency and fueled by hydrogen generated from a solarand wind-powered electrolyzer. The District plans to expand the demonstration of fuel cell vehicles in other conven tional and non-conventional fleets . The plan also proposed to co-sponsor studies to devel op more realistic demonstration specifications for fuel cell transit buses, specifically to evaluate realis tic operational availab ility, training, on site service, and warranty issues. In the area of hydrogen fueling infrastructure, the plan included development and demonstration of distri buted hydrogen production and refueling stations for fleet and commercial us es, as well as home refueling appliances. Furthermore, the plan included additional work on cosponsoring st udies for certifying hydrogen components and subs ystems, as well as the personnel involved in the installation, operation, and ma intenance of hydrogen systems.
Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies
Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies, including demonstrati on of light-duty and heavy-duty electric and hybrid-electric vehicl es, as well as refinement of charging technologies and advanced energy storage sy stems were proposed in the 2002 Plan. The District will continue the development a nd demonstration program s, with focus on a variety of fleets, including transit buses a nd heavy-duty trucks. There will also be continued focus on advanced energy storage devices such as ultra-capacitors, lithiumtechnology, and high-speed flywheel battery applications. The TAO also plans to upgrade hybrid-electric development and dem onstration projects with current, betterperforming components resulting in enhanced reliability and lower emissions, as well as plug-in recharging capability.
Alternative Fuels - Off-Road Applications
The District plans to evaluate various o ff-road technologies. Some of these include demonstration of low- and zer o-emission locomotives, low-em ission alternative fuel off-Chapter 7 Implementation

7 - 21 road engines using technol ogy developed for on-road e ngines, including retrofit equipment. Another area of focus will be the use of gas-to-liquid fuels, emulsified fuels, bio-diesel, and low-sulfur dies el fuels in construction equipm ent and other off-road uses. Demonstration of particulate c ontrol technologies is a high prio rity area. The plan also includes projects pertaining to low-emission marine engines, including hybrid-electric technology.
Stationary Sources
The District funded numerous projects for the use of microturbines for stationary power generation. The TAO plans to support this effort in assembling and demonstrating portable microturbine technology that utiliz es natural gas or propane. Another distributed generation project of interest will be the demonstra tion of a hybrid fuel cell/microturbine power plant th at could provide electricity at much higher efficiencies than conventional generator systems. Anothe r area of focus will be the development and demonstration of emulsified fuel technol ogy for portable power generators. The 2002 plan also included projects focusing on tec hnology assessments of future VOC limits in various District rules, as well as additiona l development and demons tration of near-zero or zero-VOC technologies for solven ts, coatings, and adhesives.
The District has funded several technology a ssessments as part of its obligation under recent rule amendments. Th ese assessments include two studies conducted on low VOC coating limits for Rule 1113 – Architectural Coatings. The NTS Laboratory two-year real time outdoor exposure study evaluated th e exposure characteristics of low-VOC coatings as compared to conventional products. A second st udy was conducted by KTA Tator which compared the perfo rmance characteristics of current low-VOC coatings to higher-VOC coatings in the same category. In addition to these studies, the District is sponsoring a technology assessmen t of the availability and pe rformance characteristics of low-VOC solvents complying with the fu ture limits of Rule 1171 – Solvent Cleaning Operations. This assessment is scheduled to be completed in 2004. The District will also be conducting an assessment to determ ine whether the retrofit requirements for boilers between 400,000 a nd 1 million BTU per hour under Rule 1146.2 will be available by the time the requirements go into effect in 2006.



### IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT ACTIVITIES
Implementation of the 2003 AQMP will requi re support activities sponsored by the District and SCAG. These efforts are described in the following subsections.Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 22 

### District Assistance and Outreach Programs
Since the adoption of the 1991 AQMP the Di strict has provided assistance to the agencies charged with implementing the Plan . A key accomplishment was the District’s CEQA Air Quality Handbook to assist local gove rnments in assessing and mitigating air quality impacts from projects within their jurisdiction.
The District has designed and implemented a City Executive Outreach Campaign to raise awareness among city managers and administra tors of District programs affecting them and the types of District resources availabl e to them. Areas bei ng covered during this process include:

• Fleet rule compliance and funding opportunities, including technical assistance available

• Complaint Process/Constituents Issues

• Building Department Services

• No-cost, no-fault, compliance assistance for small businesses

• Training programs for city and county building and safety staff, and

• Incorporation of a model air quality element into General Plans.



### Business Assistance
The District has initiated several programs to a ssist businesses that mu st comply with the requirements promulgated in the Plan. These programs include: permit streamlining practices, interaction with small and me dium-sized businesses, source education programs, and compliance assessment programs.

The Public Advisor assures business input to the District’s policy makers through community workshops, industry-specific mee ting, and ethnic busin ess working groups. Fee Review and other technical assistance helps companies re solve issues in a cooperative manner.

The District’s Small Business Assistance office helps owners/operators participate in the District’s policy and rule de velopment process and helps th em comply with applicable requirements. It offers permit applica tion and processing assi stance as well as compliance and financial assistance.
The District assists small business in qualif ying for a state loan guarantee program for equipment that complies with District requirements. Under the California Capital Access Program (CalCAP), the District will pay th e loan fees (generally 2 to 3.5% of the loan amount) businesses would normally have to pay to obtain a bank loan. This is a loan insurance program that helps businesses with limited credit qualify for a bank loan. The loan guarantee may be approved for up to $250,000.Chapter 7 Implementation

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### SCAG Assistance
SCAG has provided significant assistance and outreach to local governments in understanding, assessing and im plementing programs to addr ess TCMs and associated air quality issues. SCAG provides funding to its thirteen subregions to help develop policies and strategies and prepare mon itoring programs which address TCMs, air quality and mobility requirement s--identifying locally sens itive implementation options and continuing to develop monitori ng programs to report progress.
In cooperation with the District, SCAG help ed create and launch the now independent Southern California Economic Pa rtnership (The Partnership), as discussed previously in this chapter. SCAG continues to particip ate in an active role to implement new strategies to improve air quality and mobility.



### MONITORING
The 2003 AQMP sets the course for attaining the federal and state air quality standards in the Basin. As the Plan is implemente d, it is essential to periodically assess the effectiveness of the air pollution contro l programs in reducing emissions, and to determine whether or not the Basin is still proceeding along the course set forth in the AQMP. Monitoring the AQMP’s effectiveness will also be an integral part of preparing the annual rule work plan. The monitoring report will provide the necessary information to monitor for maximum feasible measures and expeditious adop tion schedule required by the CCAA.
It is equally important that the people who liv e and work in the Basi n be kept informed of the efforts being undertaken to improve air quality, and of the extent to which air quality is improving as a result. The monitoring report can pr ovide this kind of feedback to the Basin’s residents.
Every third year, the District is required to assess the overall effectiveness of its air quality program, including determ ining the quality of emissi on reductions achieved, and the rate of population and indus trial- and vehicular-related emissions growth compared to the assumptions and goals contained in th e Plan. The District is also required to assess the extent of air quality impr ovement, based upon ambient pollutant measurements and best available modeling techniques. These re ports are required by law to be adopted by the District at a public hearing and to be transmitted to the CARB.
Significant enhancements have been incorpor ated into the modeli ng approach for the 2003 AQMP in order to minimize uncertainty and improve performance. These include use of the most up-to-date sc ientifically and U.S. EPA ac cepted ozone models and air chemistry modules that are currently availa ble. Chapter 5 and Appendix V of the 2003Final 2003 AQMP

7 - 24 AQMP provide a completed discussion of th e enhancements and improvement to the Plan’s modeling approach.
The federal Clean Air Act also requires nonatta inment areas, such as the Basin, to document “reasonable further progress” in achieving incremental reductions of air pollution.
SCAG, with the assistance of county tr ansportation commissions and subregions, prepares the portion of the monitoring re ports that pertain to local government transportation and land use me asures and submits those por tions to the District for inclusion in the full monitoring reports.
CARB and U.S. EPA will also be responsible for monitoring their portion of the state and federal element of the Plan.