1 RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 14a0113p.06 

### UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

_________________

In re: B AYER H EATHCARE AND M ERIAL L IMITED F LEA C ONTROL P RODUCTS M ARKETING AND S ALES P RACTICES L ITIGATION

. K EVIN S IMMS ; A LAN R ESNICK ; N ASHVILLE F ARRELL ; J OHN G REGG ; M ARK B LOOM ; P AMELA J. C ARTHEN ; G ARY R ICHARDSON ; C RYSTAL B OYKIN ; M ARGARITA B ALLOVERAS ; S ALVADORE C HRISTINA , J R .; B ETH P OLLARD , Plaintiffs-Appellants ,

v

.

B AYER H EATHCARE LLC; M ERIAL L IMITED ; M ERIAL LLC; M ERIAL I NC ., Defendants-Appellees

. ┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┘ No. 13-3514

Appeal from the United St ates District Court for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland. No. 1:12-md-02319—Dan A. Polster, District Judge. Argued: January 29, 2014 Decided and Filed: May 29, 2014 Before: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

_________________ COUNSEL

ARGUED: Paul M. De Marco, MARKOVITS, ST OCK & DEMARCO, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellants. Gregory A. Castanias, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Paul M. De Marco, MARKOVITS, STOC K & DEMARCO, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, John R. Climaco, Scott D. Simpkins, MargaretM. Metzinger, CLIM ACO, WILCOX, PECA, TARANTINO & GAROFOLI CO., LPA, Clevela nd, Ohio, for Appellants. Gregory A. Castanias, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., Judy Jarecki-Black, Ph.D., MERIAL LIMITED, Duluth, Georgia, John K. Sherk, Holly P. Smith, Molly S. Care lla, SHOOK, HARDY & 

### >No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 2
BACON L.L.P., Kansas City, Miss ouri, Richard J. Bedell, Jr., Lisa B. Gates, JONES DAY, Cleveland, Ohio, J. Patrick Elsevier, Ph.D., JONES DAY, San Diego, California, Chad A. Radler, JONES DAY, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees.

_________________ OPINION

_________________ McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This case i nvolves multidistrict litigation focused on whether defendants Bayer and Merial falsely advert ised their flea-and-tick products for pets. In an effort to streamline the case, the district cour t framed the case as turning on a single issue, and crafted a case management plan in which Bayer and Merial would bear the initial burden of producing studies to substantiate their advertising claims. After Bayer and Merial met their burden, the burden would shift to the plaintiffs to refute the studies, showing how the studies were unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete. The plaintiffs’ failure to carry their burden would result in dismissal of the case. The plaintiffs ag reed to the case management plan, but then at the end of the process wanted to instead conduct disc overy relating to issues besides the agreed-on dispositive issue. The di strict court denied most of the plai ntiffs’ discovery requests, and granted summary judgment to Bayer and Merial. Fo r the reasons stated below, we affirm.

I.
This case involves various flea-and-tick produc ts for dogs and cats th at Bayer and Merial
manufacture and market. All of Merial’s products and all bu t one of Bayer’s products are considered “spot-on products” because their activ e ingredient works pr imarily through topical application to a pet’s skin rather than through the pet’s bloodstream. According to Bayer and Merial, after a small amount of th eir product is applied to one area of a pet’s skin, the product disperses over the rest of the pet’s body within one day of application via a process called translocation. Bayer and Merial advertise that th is dispersal occurs because the product collects in the oil glands in the pet’s skin, and that th e pet’s natural oils spre ad the product over the surface of the pet’s skin and “wick” the product over the pet’s hair.
The plaintiffs in this case are the named plai ntiffs in ten actions fi led in nine district courts, consolidated by the Judicial Panel on Multid istrict Litigation. The plaintiffs allege thatNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 3
Bayer and Merial made various false and mislead ing claims about their flea-and-tick products. In their briefing to this court, the plaintiffs summarize their false advertising claims against Bayer and Merial as follows:
[1] that defendants’ products are self-dis persing and cover the entire surface area of the pet’s body when applied in a single limited spot; [2 ] that they are effective for one month and require monthly applica tions to continue to be effective; [3] that they do not enter the bloodstream of the pet and instead move across the pet’s coat and skin to cover and protect th e pet; [4] and that they are waterproof and remain effective following shampoo treatments, swimming, and exposure to rain or sunlight.

Pl. Br. at 7.
On May 1, 2012, the district co urt conducted a case management conference. The district court discussed the plaintiffs’ claims with the plai ntiffs’ attorneys, noting that the “first alleged false claim is that the defendants’ products are self-dispersing and cover the entire surface of the dog or cat’s body when applied in a si ngle limited spot.” R. 16, 05/01/12 Tr. at 12, PageID # 187. After discussing all four claims with the pl aintiffs’ attorneys, the district court reasoned that there were “four claims, but there’s really only one claim. . . . We can tie everyone up for years in discovery, but we can cut through all that and do a coupl e tests, and the product either disperses or it doesn’t.” Id. at 35, PageID # 210. The district court also noted that “if this product didn’t work [the way that the defendant s claimed that it worked,] it would be readily apparent . . . within a few months.” Id. at 13, 15, PageID # 188, 190.
The district court summarized the dispute as a one-issue case several times during the case management conference. On one occasion, the district court stated, “boiled down, this case is very straightforward. The plaintiffs ar e alleging that the defendants’ product does not autodisperse across the surface of the pet’s body as the defendants claim.” Id. at 42–43, PageID # 217–18. On another occasion, the court stated : “It’s taken an hour, I now understand the plaintiffs’ case . . . it boils down to one basic c ontention, that they’re claiming that [Bayer and Merial] have misrepresented [their ] product. And that is this self-dispersing mechanism, and that it covers the pet’s body, entire body, with a single application. So th at’s what it boils down to.”
Id. at 44, PageID # 219. On a third occasion: “So the question simply is, does this product . . . translocate over the pet’s body. If it does there is no case, if it doesn’t you have a problem withNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 4
what you’re claiming, you have to stop claiming it.” Id. at 52, PageID # 227. In another exchange, the plaintiffs expressly agreed with the district court’s cate gorization of the case:

JUDGE POLSTER: . . . . This is a one-i ssue case. Okay? I mean, does this product disperse over the pet’s body? If it does, there’s no case. If it doesn’t, we’ve got a false representation. That’s it. I mean, and it’s false for everyone, because that’s the only reason you would ge t the product. If it only works on the pet’s neck, who cares, it’s worthless. MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plai ntiffs]: Your Honor, we agree. That’s the basic simplicity of the case.

Id. at 32, PageID # 207.

The district court then crafted an evidentiary plan for handling the case. In so doing, the district court again expressed concerns about spending millions of dollars in discovery. The evidentiary plan was discussed as follows:
JUDGE POLSTER: If [Bayer and Merial have] a good study . . . it will be up to the plaintiffs to demonstrate conclusi vely to me through experts what’s wrong with your study, or else they’r e out. I’ll dismiss the clai m, and they can go to the Court of Appeals, and then they’re not goi ng to succeed. Okay? That will be as a threshold matter. If . . . [Bayer and Meri al produce the study,] then it’s up to the plaintiffs to show why [the] study was in adequate, incomplete, false, fraudulent, whatever they want to say, through some expert, . . . So do plaintiffs agree with that? MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plainti ffs]: Yes, we do, Your Honor.

Id. at 48–49, PageID # 223–24.
Bayer and Merial expressed concern about the district court’s proposed evidentiary plan. They stated that “it seems like what we’re having here is almost a trial simply with comments by counsel, and no witnesses and no evidence[.]” Id. at 43, PageID # 218. Bayer and Merial further requested an alternative procedure, which would have involved ad ditional briefing on the scientific issues as well as expert affidavits. The plaintiffs’ attorney objected to Bayer and Merial’s suggestion, and was reluctant to adopt this alternative procedure:
MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Your Honor, it just seems to me that all we’re doing [if the alternative procedur e is accepted] is opening up full-scale discovery. JUDGE POLSTER: Yeah. I don’t quite understand.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 5
MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Neither do I. Let’s do the test.

Id. at 46, PageID # 221.
The district court memorialized the agr eement reached at the case management
conference in an order filed the following day. According to th e case management order, the case centered on Bayer and Merial’s alleged “false or misleading claims in the marketing and sales of their flea-and-tick products[.]” R. 17, 05/02/12 Dist. Ct. Orde r at 1, PageID # 237. Under the case management plan, Bayer and Me rial would bear the initial burden, and be required to produce studies that subs tantiated their advertising claims. 1 Id. Following this step, the plaintiffs would have to “refute the studies, e.g ., showing how they are unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete, or these cas es will be dismissed.” Id. Bayer and Merial filed a motion for reconsideration, objecting to the case management plan. R. 19. Plaintiffs filed a response in opposition, quoting the district court’s statements at the case management conference at length, and vigorously defending the case management plan. R. 24, Resp. in Opposition at 11, PageID # 728. For example, plaintiffs argu ed that the plan w ould “sav[e] both sides considerable time, effort, and money,” was within the district court’s authority to enter, and “comport[ed] with the goal of achieving the orde rly and expeditious disposition of cases.”
On May 15, 2012, Bayer and Merial submitted several studies in support of their advertising claims. These studies included Bayer’s “Chopade Study,” a peer-reviewed study which applied Bayer’s product on dogs, and tested dog hair and skin samples for distribution of the product’s active ingredient. It also included Merial’s “D yk Study,” a doctoral dissertation that topically applied Merial’s product on dogs, and tested dog ha ir samples for distribution of the product’s active ingredient.
On July 11, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion for an extension of time to submit their response. The plaintiffs stated that they needed only a short exte nsion of time to complete their independent study, which was purportedly necessary because the plaintiffs believed that the studies submitted by Bayer and Merial did not actually test for translocation. The district court “begrudgingly” granted the motion for an extension, but in so doi ng noted that the wording in

1 The case management plan further pr ovided that if Bayer and Merial did not have sufficiently recent studies, a neutral laboratory would be utilized.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 6
plaintiffs’ motion suggested that the plaintiffs were “not doing what they are supposed to, which is to attack Defendants’ studies by showing they are flawed or unreliable or inaccurate.” R. 32, 07/13/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1–2, PageID # 790–91.
On July 31, 2012, the plaintiffs submitted their response, which included information provided by one of the plaintiffs and his adoles cent son in what plaintiffs called the “Gregg Study,” which allegedly tested th e “hypothesis of pesticide distri bution” concerning one of the products’ active ingredients. The response also included information concerning the “Jones Study,” which purported to test the advertising claims made by Bayer and Merial. The Jones Study was an independent examination of whether translocation occurred when Bayer and Merial’s products were applied to a dog’s ski n, and included, among other things, the measure of the product found on the dog’s skin, hair, and in its bloodstream at different time intervals. Because it detected a presence of the product’s active ingredient in the dog’s bloodstream, the study asserted that it undermined the conclusion in Bayer and Merial’s st udies. The plaintiffs’ study did not specifically attack the basis of Ba yer and Merial’s studies ; however it did claim that Bayer and Merial’s studies reached an incorrect conclusion, a nd that the protocol utilized in Bayer and Merial’s studies wa s inferior to the protocol used in plaintiffs’ study.
Following the plaintiffs’ submission, the dist rict court conducted two conferences via telephone with the parties. On August 13, 2012, the district court noted that the studies produced by Bayer and Merial demonstrated that they had a “good faith basis” for making their advertising claims of translocation. R. 45-2, 08/13/12 Co nf. Tr. at 3, PageID # 1175. The district court proposed ways to settle the case instead of con tinuing lengthy and protracted litigation. In so doing, the district court suggested that some minor adjustments in Bayer and Merial’s advertising might be appropriate in li ght of the fact that some advertisin g claims were not fully supported by Bayer and Merial’s studies. The district court also suggested that the parties jointly commission a neutral study and accept the results of that study as a final resolution of the case.
On September 4, 2012, the district court held another status conference. The parties indicated that they had not reached a settlement. In particular, Bayer and Merial were not interested in pursuing the distri ct court’s suggestion of a neutra l study in light of the district court’s May 2 order indicating th at the neutral study would only be necessary in the event thatNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 7
Bayer and Merial could not produce studies subs tantiating their advertisement claims. The district court noted that it had “ruled that [Bay er and Merial’s] studies do” substantiate their claims, and that the plaintiffs did not show w hy the defendants were not “permitted to rely on their own studies” in making their claims, or, pu t differently, why the defendants did not have a “good faith basis” to rely on their studies. R. 44, 09/04/12 Conf. Tr. at 5, 7, PageID # 1124,
1126. The district court then instructed Bayer and Merial to f ile a summary judgment motion, indicated that the plaintiffs mi ght be entitled to limited discovery to respond to the motion, and explained that it would decide whether the case went forward from there.
On October 3, 2012, Bayer and Merial filed a joint motion for summary judgment. In response, the plaintiffs filed a Rule 56(d) Motion for Discove ry, which the district court ultimately granted, but only in part. The distri ct court noted that the plaintiffs’ motion for discovery was “broad” and involved “30 pages of interrogatories, a 25-page request for production of documents addressed to Defenda nt Merial, a 23-page request for production addressed to Defendant Bayer” and several depo sitions. R. 49, 11/07/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, PageID # 1888. The district court referenced th e case management plan, noting “[t]he Court has said from the beginning—and Plaintiffs have always agreed—that this is a false advertising case. Accordingly, the question is . . . . whether th e Defendants have substantial support for their product advertisements” and not whether the produc ts “actually work on each and every pet.”
Id. at 1–2, PageID # 1888–89. The district court thus denied all but plaintiffs’ request for consumer complaints on the basis that evidence that the companies had received a large volume of consumer complaints would call into question Bayer and Meri al’s good faith reliance on their
studies.
On March 19, 2013, the district court grante d Bayer and Merial’s joint motion for summary judgment. In the order, the district court noted that the case management plan provided for limited discovery an d briefing, and noted also that Bayer and Merial produced
studies that substantiate d their advertising claims. The dist rict court observed that Bayer and Merial received an insignificant number of co nsumer complaints concerning their products, and that the plaintiffs at that point were attempti ng “to recast the issue” as one focused on whether the defendants’ products entered the bloodstream of pets, an argum ent that the district court dismissed as a “red herring.” R. 62, 03/19/13 Dist . Ct. Order at 3, Page ID # 2201. The districtNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 8
court stated that the presence of some of the product in the pet’ s bloodstream was immaterial as to whether Bayer and Merial had “r eliable, accurate, and complete scientific studies to back up their dispersion claims,” and whether they ha d a good faith basis for making those claims. Id

. at 4, PageID # 2202. The district court granted th e defendants’ motion for summary judgment. This appeal followed.

II.

We first address the plaintiffs’ complain ts concerning the district court’s case management plan, which in turn affects the plain tiffs’ contentions that th e district court did not address the entirety of their claims, afford th em sufficient discovery, or properly apply the standard for summary judgment. This court “typically review[s] a di strict court’s casemanagement decision made pursuant to Rule 16 for abuse of discretion.” Miller v. Am. Heavy Lift Shipping , 231 F.3d 242, 252 (6th Cir. 2000). 2 Bayer and Merial not e that the plaintiffs expressly agreed to the case management plan s uggested by the district court at the May 1 case management conference, in which the district court described the plaintiffs’ four claims as really constituting only one claim. Bayer and Merial further note that the plaintiffs expressly agreed to the evidentiary plan suggested by the district court and that, in particular, the plaintiffs expressed reservations about opening up full-scale discovery. Bayer and Merial thus claim that plaintiffs are bound to their express agreement with the district court’s case management plan. This claim depends on whether it is appropriate to apply the related doctrines of waiver and invited error to
the circumstances of this case.
“Waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” Days Inns Worldwide, Inc. v. Patel , 445 F.3d 899, 905 (6th Cir. 2006). Williams v. Nashville Network , 132 F.3d 1123 (6th Cir. 1997) (per curiam), serves as an example of this cour t finding that a party waived his rights and so could not later claim that the court erred. A plaintiff claimed that the
district court had violated the Seventh Amendm ent by allowing the jury to reach a majority verdict. This court declined to review the claim because the plaintiff “explicitly agreed at trial,

2 Rule 16(a) provides “(a) Purposes of a Pretrial Conference. In any action, the court may order the attorneys and any unrepresented parties to appear for one or more pretrial conferences for such purposes as: (1) expediting disposition of the action; (2) establishing ea rly and continuing control so that the case will not be protracted because of lack of management; (3) discouraging wasteful pretrial activities; (4) improving the quality of the trial through more thorough preparation; and (5 ) facilitating settlement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 9
on several occasions, to proceed with a majority verdict.” Id. at 1128. Thus, because the plaintiff agreed with the judge’s course of conduct, he waived his right to later charge the court with error in following that course of conduct. See id.
Similarly, the “doctrine of invited error is a branch of the doctrine of waiver by which courts prevent a party from inducing an errone ous ruling and later seek ing to profit from the legal consequences of havi ng the ruling set aside.” Harvis v. Roadway Exp., Inc ., 923 F.2d 59, 61 (6th Cir. 1991) (interna l quotation marks omitted). In partic ular, the doctrine of invited error prevents a party from inducing a court to follow a course of conduct and then “at a later stage of the case us[ing] the error to set aside th e immediate consequences of the error.” Id. at 61. A court refuses a party relief for an invited erro r based on the “principle that a party may not complain on appeal of errors that he himself in vited or provoked the cour t or the opposite party
to commit.” Id. at 60. This court has described the doctrine of invited error as a “cardinal rule of appellate review,” and has noted th at courts apply the invited error doctrine to “a wide range of conduct[,]” including issues concerning a party’ s burden of proof, the submission of evidence,
and the exclusion of evidence. Id. at 60–61.

The case Harvis v. Roadway Express, Inc. serves as an example of an invited error for which a party could not later obtain relief. See id. In Harvis , a plaintiff requested a jury trial for a race discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, a nd the jury eventually returned a verdict for
the defendant. See id. at 60. The district court also entere d judgment in favor of the defendant on the plaintiff’s Title VII claim, finding it barred in light of the jury’s resolution of the plaintiff’s § 1981 claim pursuan t to collateral estoppel. See id. On appeal, seeking to evade the collateral estoppel effect of th e jury verdict, the plaintiff argued that his § 1981 claim should never have gone to a jury. In refusing relief, this court noted that the plaintiff requested the jury trial in the first place and thus “invited th e error of a jury verdict in his case.” Id. at 61 (internal quotation marks omitted). This court concluded th at, because the plainti ff did not “demonstrate[] why he should not be bound by the so -called ‘error’ he induced the [d ]istrict [c]ourt to make[,]”
this court on review w ould not relieve him of the consequences of that error (assuming that there was error). Id. at 61–62.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 10
In an attempt to avoid application of the doctrin es of waiver or invited error, the plaintiffs argue that their position that th ey should be “entitled to discove ry” was “clear” to the district court; however, this argument is undercut by an examination of the transcript from the case management conference. Admittedly, when read in isolation, statements by the plaintiffs’ counsel suggest a desire for discovery separate from that contemplated by the case management plan. See, e.g. , R. 16, 05/01/12 Tr. at 19, PageID # 194 (“It would also be helpful for us to have the testing that the company did fo r the experts to evaluate.”). But read in the context of the entire case management conference, the better infere nce is that the parties and the court initially discussed the sort of information that would be helpful in resolving the case, and then ultimately agreed to an evidentiary plan that they felt reflected their needs. See, e.g. , id. at 48–49, PageID # 223–24 (“JUDGE POLSTER: . . . So do plaintiffs ag ree with the [evidentiary plan]? MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Yes, we do, Your Honor.”). The plaintiffs’ arguments are further undermined by the district court’s case management order, which memorializes the evidentiary plan, and to which the plaintiffs did not object.
Considering the facts of this case in light of these doctrines, it is clea r that plaintiffs did indeed “agree in open court with [the district ] judge’s proposed course of conduct and [now] charge the court with error in following that course.” United States v. Aparco-Centeno , 280 F.3d 1084, 1088 (6th Cir. 2002). On multiple occasions, counsel for plaintiffs agreed in open court with the district court’s framing of the case as a single-issue case. They also agreed in open court with the district court’s pr oposed evidentiary plan. And they failed to object to the case management order and, in fact, vehemently oppos ed the defendants’ motion for reconsideration of the order. Moreover, although they gave up discovery and some of th e claims in the case, they got something in return. They no longer shouldered the initial bur den of disproving the defendants’ advertisements; the defendants instea d shouldered the initial burden of substantiating them. Therefore, even if the district court committed error in framing the case around a single issue or in crafting an evidentiar y plan, plaintiffs invited that e rror and they have waived their right to charge the district court with erro r on appeal. See id. ; Harvis , 923 F.2d at 60–61.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 11

III.
Plaintiffs next argue that the district court did not provide them with an opportunity to engage in the discovery necessary to respond to Bayer and Merial’s motion for summary judgment. This court reviews a district court’ s decision on a Rule 56(d) motion for discovery for
an “abuse of discretion.” United States v. Dairy Farmers of Am., Inc. , 426 F.3d 850, 862 (6th Cir. 2005). “A district court does not abuse its discretion in denying discovery when the discovery requested would be irrelevant to the underlying issue to be decided.” Id. Moreover,
“district courts have discretion to limit the sc ope of discovery where the information sought is overly broad or would prove unduly burdensome to produce.” Info-Hold, Inc. v. Sound Merch.,
Inc ., 538 F.3d 448, 457 (6th Cir. 2008).
In its denial of most of the plaintiffs’ discove ry requests, the district court noted that the plaintiffs’ motion for discovery was “broad” an d involved “30 pages of interrogatories, a 25- page request for production of documents addresse d to Defendant Merial, a 23-page request for production addressed to Defendant Bayer,” and se veral depositions. R. 49, 11/07/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, PageID #1888. The pl aintiffs also requested inform ation on the ingredients in the products, other studies conducted by Bayer and Me rial, regulatory compliance information, and information concerning company organizational stru ctures. Because the parties agreed that the
case turned on the issue of whether “defenda nts have substantial support for their product advertisements” and not whether the products “act ually work on each and every pet,” the district court denied all but plaintiffs’ discovery request for consumer co mplaints on the basis that “a large volume of consumer complaints” might call into question Bayer and Merial’s good faith
reliance on their studies. Id. at 1–2, PageID # 1888–89.

We find that the district court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ discovery request was not an abuse of discretion in light of the fact that the plaintiffs agreed that their case turned on a single issue and agreed on an evidentiary plan designed to limit discovery by both parties. The plaintiffs’ discovery requests relating to depositions, additional documents, and subpoenas clearly fell outside of the scope of the single issue and evidentiary plan that they agreed would govern the outcome of the case. Arguing otherwise, the plainti ffs focus on the fact that the district court denied such a large amount of it s discovery request and ar gue that the districtNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 12
court’s limitation was both severe and unreasonable, but in so doing fail to acknowledge that this arrangement was one to which they agreed. In deed, the plaintiffs e xpressly discouraged the court from opening up full-scale discovery at the case management conferen ce. Thus plaintiffs’ argument that their discovery requests were c onsistent with other ru n-of-the-mill discovery requests is undermined by their agreement to the case management plan. We conclude that the district court was within its discretion to deny di scovery requests that exceeded the scope of the case management plan that plaintiffs expressly a nd repeatedly agreed was appropriate to resolve
their claims. See Aparco-Centeno , 280 F.3d at 1088; Harvis , 923 F.2d at 60–61. Moreover, we note that the plaintiffs’ reliance on CenTra, Inc. v. Estrin , 538 F.3d 402 (6th Cir. 2008), is misplaced. C enTra involved the question whether a party could have implicitly consented to a
conflict of interest. See id. at 419–23. This court found that “it is not true that all conflicts are consentable,” and that the plaintiff’s knowledge of select pieces of information could not, as a matter of law, adequately address the scope of th e conflict of interest at issue in the case. Id. at 413–15. We also found that the district court’s co mplete denial of the plaintiff’s motion for discovery was an abuse of discretion. Id. at 419–23. The court found an abuse of discretion on the basis that the “information sought . . . [was] essential to justify [the party’s] opposition to summary judgment.” Id. at 421.

But CenTra is factually distinguishable from this case for three reasons. First, there is no issue of implicit consent to a conflict of interest in this case, and so the same concerns are not in play. Second, in this cas e, the district court denied the ma jority of the plaintiffs’ requests because the requested discovery was not meaningfu lly relevant to the question that the parties agreed would govern the case: whether Bayer and Merial had studies subs tantiating their claims, and thus a good faith basis for thei r advertisements. There is no ba sis to conclude that there was any similar agreement in CenTra

. See id. at 419–23. In other words, in CenTra , the doctrines of waiver and invited error did not apply. See id. Third, unlike in CenTra , here the district court in fact granted the plaintiffs’ disc overy motion with respect to the consumer complaints, which the district court found might be helpful in eval uating whether Bayer and Merial had a good faith basis to rely on their studies in making th eir advertising claims. By contrast, in CenTra , this court’s judgment was influenced at least in pa rt by the fact that the party had been given no opportunity for discovery. See id. at 423 (“CenTra was given no opportunity for discovery,No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 13
which suggests . . . that the district court abused its discretion.”). Theref ore, we find no abuse of
discretion in the district court’s partial denial of the plaintiffs ’ motion for discovery because the requested discovery went outside the scope of the single issue that the plaintiffs agreed
determined the outcome of their case.

IV.
Plaintiffs next argue that the district court misapplied the standard for summary judgment. This court reviews “an order gr anting summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence and drawing all reas onable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Ky. Commercial Mobile Radio Serv. Emergency Telecomms. Bd. v. TracFone Wireless, Inc ., 712 F.3d 905, 912 (6th Cir. 2013). Summ ary judgment is appropriate when a party “fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of anelement essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear th e burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett , 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986). Summary judgment is thus appropriate when there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact[.]” Id. at 323. In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, “the non-moving party’s evidence is to be believed, and all justifia ble inferences are to be drawn in [that party’s]
favor.” Hunt v. Cromartie , 526 U.S. 541, 552 (1999) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The district court referenced the case manage ment plan in granting summary judgment to Bayer and Merial, noting that Bayer and Merial pr oduced studies substantia ting their claims that their products spread across a pet’ s body after topi cal application. 3 Because the plaintiffs did not refute these studies by showing that they were unr eliable, inaccurate, or incomplete, and because there were not enough consumer complaints to put Bayer and Merial “ on notice” that their studies may be flawed, the district court found th at plaintiffs did not meet their burden. The district court then granted summary judgment to Bayer and Merial, reasoni ng that the plaintiffs failed to cast doubt on Bayer and Merial’s good fa ith reliance on their studies. We agree.

3 The plaintiffs note that the distri ct court expressed concern during th e status conference that select advertising claims might not be fully supported by Bayer and Merial’s studies, and argue that, by doing so, the district court signaled a return to conventional litigation. While it is true that the district court made this observation and proposed alternative ways of settling the case, we see no basis to conclude that the case management plan no longer applied in the event that the parties did not settle.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 14
Under the terms of the case management plan, it is clear that Bayer and Merial met their burdens, but that the plaintiffs did not. Bo th Bayer and Merial submitted multiple studies, several of which were published or peer reviewed, that substantia ted their advertising claims. For example, Bayer’s “Chopade Study” involved tw o studies which tested whether the active ingredient in Bayer’s products sp read across a dog’s body after topica l application. As part of the study, skin biopsy samples were taken seven, fourteen, twenty-eight, a nd fifty-six days after the dog was treated with the product. The pres ence of the product’s active ingredient was detected in the skin samples at all intervals in both studies, and was also detected in the dogs’ hair. Therefore this study demonstrated that th e product “migrated from the application sites . . .
to areas of skin and haircoat ” of the dogs. R. 20-1, Chopade Study at E9, PageID # 279. Another example is Bayer’s “Dyk Study,” whic h used two methods to test for the active ingredient in Bayer’s products on dog hair clippings, which in turn would demonstrate whether the product spreads by translocatio n by “wicking” across the pet’s hair. The study found that the hair clipping measurements supported claims of “t ranslocation away from th e application site to other areas on the animals” up to twenty-four ho urs after topical application. R. 21-2, Dyk Study at 103, 106. Because Bayer and Merial met their bur den and demonstrated that they had studies to substantiate their claims, the plaintiffs were required to refute their studies and demonstrate that Bayer and Merial did not in fact have a good-faith basis for their advertising claims. The plaintiffs’ “Jones Study,” which was not peer-rev iewed, asserted that Bayer and Merial’s products did not spread via translocation. The study detected the products’ active ingredients in the pets’ bloodstream, which when considered in isolation might s uggest that the products spread internally rather than by translocation, but also detected the products ’ active ingredients in the pets’ hair twenty-four hours after application. The study asserted th at its protocol was superior to the protocol used in Ba yer and Merial’s studies, but it did not attack the basis of Bayer and Merial’s studies. Viewing the evidence in the li ght most favorable to plaintiffs, the parties’
studies at best conflict with one another. However, this conf lict fails to establish that Bayer and Merial were not entitled to rely on their st udies in making their adve rtising claims, as the plaintiffs were required to show pursuant to the case management plan. The mere assertion that Bayer and Merial’s studies were wrong surely does not rise to the level of “refuting” them. As Bayer and Merial met their burdens and the plai ntiffs did not, summary judgment for Bayer and Merial was appropriate.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 15
The plaintiffs argue that the veracity of Ba yer and Merial’s claims, rather than merely whether Bayer and Merial had a good faith basis fo r making their claims, was before the court at the summary judgment stage of the proceedings. Bu t this argument ignores the language of the district court’s case management order as well as the burden-shifting process outlined in the case management plan. The district court’s case ma nagement order noted that this case revolved around whether Bayer and Merial “make false or mi sleading claims in the marketing and sales of their flea-and-tick products” and established an evidentiary plan to determine whether Bayer and Merial had a good faith basis for their advertisi ng claims. R. 17, 05/02/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, PageID # 237. Therefore the init ial burden was assigned to Bayer a nd Merial, rather than to the plaintiffs. By having Bayer and Merial submit studies to “substant iate” their claims, the district court effectively required Bayer and Merial to demonstrate thatthey had a good faith basis for making their advertising claims. Id. And by requiring Bayer and Merial to produce the studies which formed the basis for their advertising claims , rather than require the plaintiffs to submit wide-ranging discovery reque sts, the district court was able to avoid extensive discovery costs, which was one of the objectives of the case mana gement plan. Only if Bayer and Merial could demonstrate that they had a good faith basis for ma king their claims would the burden shift to the plaintiffs, who would then have to “refute [Bayer and Merial’s] studies [by] showing how they are unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete.” Id. at 2, PageID # 238. By re quiring the plaintiffs to submit studies that demonstrated why Bayer an d Merial’s studies did not provide a good faith basis for their claims, the distri ct court was able to avoid a “b attle of the experts” and the attendant costs, which was another obj ective of the case management plan.
The case management plan’s burden-shifting pr ocess would not be sensible if the case turned on the veracity of Bayer and Merial’s clai ms, because if veracity was the central issue in the case, one would expect the plaintiffs to b ear the initial burden of showing that Bayer and
Merial’s claims are false. Rath er, the central issue was whether the plaintiffs could cast doubt on Bayer and Merial’s good faith basis for their adve rtising claims through expert studies. This conclusion is further supported by the July 13 or der granting plaintiffs an extension of time, which notes that the plaintiffs must discredit Bayer and Merial’s studies in order to meet their
burden. We owe deference to the district court’s interpretation of its own order. See Kendrick v.
Bland , 931 F.2d 421, 423 (6th Cir. 1991). The plainti ffs’ studies did not attack the basis ofNo. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 16
Bayer and Merial’s studies; they merely a sserted an opposing conclusion. As the case management plan turned on the good faith basis for Bayer and Merial’s claims rather than their veracity, the plaintiffs ’ studies fell short, and summary judgment for Bayer and Merial was appropriate.
In further arguing that summary judgment for Bayer and Meri al was error, plaintiffs again allege that they were not provided with a sufficient opport unity for discovery, and note that grants of summary judgment are generally improper when a party has not been provided with an adequate opportunity for discovery. But see Ball v. Union Carbide Corp. , 385 F.3d 713, 719–20 (6th Cir. 2004) (finding no abuse of discretion in a district court’s denial of a discovery request because it was unclear how the discovery would “shed further light” on the dispositive issue). The plaintiffs’ argument is flawed in that the authorities they cite, while providing a guide as to general summary judgment procedure, do not addre ss circumstances in which a party agrees to a district court’s case management plan and then attempts to renege on that agreement. See Aparco-Centeno , 280 F.3d at 1088; Harvis , 923 F.2d at 60–61. The plaintiffs’ case authority is further unhelpful because the cited cases sta nd for the proposition that error is found in circumstances in which a district court permits no discovery, and such ci rcumstances are not at issue in this case. See CenTra , 538 F.3d at 423; Vance v. United States , 90 F.3d 1145, 1147–49 (6th Cir. 1996). As a result, these cases are of limited help in explaining why the plaintiffs should not be bound to the case management plan for purposes of summary judgment.
We conclude that Bayer and Merial produced studies substantiati ng their claims, thus demonstrating that they had a good faith basis on which to base their advertisements. Pursuant to the case management plan, plai ntiffs were then required to produce studies that refuted Bayer
and Merial’s studies. Plaintiffs instead submitt ed studies testing inde pendent hypotheses that, even when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, only suggest that the studies conflict, rather than show th at Bayer and Merial’s studies are unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete. Under the terms of the case mana gement plan, the plaintiffs’ case should be dismissed, and the plaintiffs’ arguments concer ning general summary judg ment practices do not
convince us otherwise. We ther efore affirm the district court’ s grant of summary judgment to Bayer and Merial.No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 17

V.
Finally, plaintiffs argue that the di strict court erred by not conducting any Daubert analysis. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , the Supreme Court outlined “the standard for admitting expert scientific testim ony in a federal trial.” 509 U.S. 579, 582 (1993).
Under Daubert , “the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific te stimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable.” Id. at 589. Plaintiffs argu e that the district court accepted Bayer and Merial’s st udies without conducting a Daubert analysis to ascertain whether the reports were reliable pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702.

We observe, however, that th e plaintiffs present their Daubert challenge for the first time on appeal. “Generally, an argument not raised before the district court is waived on appeal to
this Court.” City of Columbus, Ohio v. Hotels.com, L.P ., 693 F.3d 642, 652 (6th Cir. 2012). Exceptions to this general rule are narrow, and are not considered unless “f ailure to consider the issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.” Overstreet v. Lexington–Fayette Urban Cnty.
Gov’t , 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002) . Under the terms of the case management plan, the single issue was whether Bayer and Merial’s studies substantiated their claims so as to establish a good faith basis for their advertisements, not whether those st udies were admissible in court to prove some issue of fact. Plainti ffs agreed to this pl an and never presented their challenge before
the district court. We therefor e find that no “miscarriage of jus tice” within the meaning of this court’s precedent occurred, and hold that the plaintiffs forfeited any Daubert challenge. See
Overstreet , 205 F.3d at 578.

VI.
The doctrines of waiver and invited error pr eclude plaintiffs’ arguments that go to the heart of the case management plan. In light of the case management plan, therefore, we conclude that the judgments of the district court must be AFFIRMED

.