TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-03-00374-CV

Jan Lubin, Gilberto Villanueva, Michael Paladinao, Gerald Hooks and

Lesly K. Hooks, Appellants

v.

Farmers Group, Inc.; Farmers Underwriters Association; Fire Underwriters Association;

Farmers Insurance Exchange; Fire Insurance Exchange; Texas Farmers Insurance

Company; Mid-Century Insurance Company of Texas; Mid-Century Insurance

Company; Truck Insurance Exchange; Truck Underwriters Association;

Farmers Texas County Mutual Insurance Company; The State of

Texas; Texas Department of Insurance; and Texas

Commissioner of Insurance, Appellees

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 261ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. GV202501, HONORABLE SCOTT H. JENKINS, JUDGE PRESIDING

O P I N I O N

The issue in this interlocutory appeal is whether article 21.21, section 17 of the

insurance code allows the Attorney General to maintain a class action without satisfying the class

action prerequisites set out in article 21.21, section 18. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, §§ 17,

18 (West Supp. 2004-05). Section 17 of article 21.21 authorizes the Attorney General, at the request

of the Texas Department of Insurance (the “Department”), to institute a class-action suit to recover
 There are eleven appellees, all related or associated insurance providers. We will refer to

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appellees collectively as “Farmers.”

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from an insurer damages for injuries done to the insurance-buying public. Id. § 17(a). Section 18

sets out procedural requirements for class actions, including the appointment of a class

representative. Id. § 18. In this case, the Attorney General initiated a class action under section 17,

but did not comply with section 18’s procedural requirements; in particular, no class representative

was appointed. The district court found that strict compliance with section 18 was unnecessary

because the Attorney General was qualified through his capacity as parens patriae to adequately

represent the interests of the potential class members without the appointment of a class

representative. Appellants, individual policyholders who intervened and objected to the class

settlement agreement, contend that the trial court erred in allowing the Attorney General to pursue

a class action without satisfying the requirements ordinarily applied to class action lawsuits. We

agree and hold that the Attorney General must comply with the procedural requirements of section

18 to maintain a class-action suit under section 17. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s order

certifying the class and remand the cause to the district court for further proceedings.

PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In late 2001, Farmers stopped offering HO-B (“all-risk”) homeowners policies and 1

began offering HO-A (“stated-peril”) homeowners policies that limited coverage for water damage

and eliminated mold coverage. The Department investigated and discovered that even with the

reduced coverage, Farmers’ premiums had in fact increased. The Department determined that the

rate increase was due to the method Farmers used to calculate homeowner rates. Although Farmers
 “Tying” is the practice of conditioning the sale of one policy on the purchase of another, 2

for example, requiring a purchaser to buy an auto policy as a condition of obtaining a homeowners

policy. 

 Originally, the suit was brought not as a class action but “in the name of the State of Texas 3

and on behalf of the Texas Commissioner of Insurance” against Farmersfor “deceptive, misleading,

and discriminatory homeowners-insurance practices” in violation of the insurance code and the

Deceptive Trade Practices Act. See Tex. Bus. & Com. Code Ann. §§ 17.41-.63 (West 2002 & Supp.

2004-05) (the “DTPA”).

 Section 83.051 of the insurance code authorizes the Commissioner of Insurance to issue 4

an emergency cease and desist order if he believes an insurer is committing an unfair act that is

fraudulent, endangers public safety, or will cause imminent public injury incapable of being rectified

and likely to have effect. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. § 83.051 (West Supp. 2004-05). 

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had established discounts based on a policyholder’s good credit, geographic location, and age of the

home, those discounts were not applied uniformly, resulting in over- and undercharges, unfair rates,

and geographic discrimination. 

In late 2001, the Office of the Attorney General opened an investigation into Farmers’

failure to disclose the use of credit scoring in determining rates or the particulars of its managementfee arrangement with subsidiaries. In June 2002, the Attorney General opened a separate antitrust

investigation into whether Farmers was improperly tying auto and homeowners policies and whether 2

it engaged in an unlawful boycott when it discontinued offering all-risk insurance.

The Department referred its investigation to the Attorney General, and on August 5,

2002, the Attorney General sued Farmers, alleging that Farmers failed to adequately disclose its

rating practices and the use of credit scoring and that some of its rating practices were unfairly

discriminatory. On August 13, 2002, the Commissioner of Insurance began an administrative 3

proceeding against Farmers and issued an emergency cease and desist order, ordering Farmers to

change its rating practices within three months. On August 30, 2002, Farmers filed suit in district 4
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court, appealing the cease and desist order and seeking a declaration that the Commissioner of

Insurance lacked regulatory authority over Farmers.

On November 30, 2002, the State, the Attorney General, the Department, and the

Commissioner of Insurance entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (“MOU”) with Farmers,

settling the administrative proceeding and the Attorney General’s investigations and suit and setting

forth the terms of a “global settlement.” Under the settlement, the Attorney General was to amend

his pleadings to transform the suit into a settlement class action including all claims that had been

or could be made by individual policyholders in Texas. The MOU stated that the amended suit: 

shall include (and the Parties will stipulate to) the definition of a settlement class or

class with settlement sub-classes under Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure and the parens patriae doctrine, and based upon the [Attorney General]’s

authority under article 21.21 § 17 of the Texas Insurance Code . . . .

Under the MOU, Farmers agreed to reduce homeowners’ base rates by 6.8%

immediately, refrain from increasing those base rates until August 31, 2003, and adopt

nondiscriminatory discounts based on a home’s age and location and the insureds’ credit history.

The MOU also created several settlement funds. Farmers agreed to offer refunds to past

policyholders who did not renew their homeowners’ policies when Farmers replaced the HO-B

policies with HO-A policies. One fund was to be used to compensate policyholders who were

wrongly denied any discounts, and another was to reimburse policyholders for any overcharges

associated with erroneous credit information. The MOU also called for the payment of $2 million

in attorneys’ fees and costs to the State, included a provision allowing either party to terminate the
 The Rate Class was to encompass all Farmers’ Texas homeowners-insurance policyholders 5

whose policies began or were renewed between December 28, 2001 and December 27, 2002, or who

received notice after November 14, 2001 that their HO-B policies would not be renewed. The

Discount Class was to consist of all Texas homeowners-insurance policyholders who were eligible

to receive certain discounts from November 16, 2000 through December 10, 2002. The Credit Usage

Class was to include all Texas homeowners or auto-insurance policyholders who received or should

have received a credit usage notice from October 1, 1999 through February 28, 2003.

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settlement agreement if more than 2% of the eligible policyholders opted out of the settlement, and

required Farmers to discontinue its practice of tying one kind of policy with another.

On December 18, as required by the MOU, the Attorney General filed his first

amended petition “in the name of the State of Texas . . . and on behalf of the Commissioner of

Insurance . . . , the Department of Insurance . . . , and certain classes of Texas homeowners and

automobile insureds.” The amended petition stated, “At the request of the Commissioner and in the

public interest, the State, by and through the Office of the Attorney General, brings these claims as

a class action pursuant to Tex. Ins. Code art. 21.21, § 17 and Tex. R. Civ. P. 42 on behalf of the

Settlement Classes,” and defined the following three settlement classes: the “Rate Class,” the

“Discount Class,” and the “Credit Usage Notice Class.” The petition also alleged: 5

The prerequisites to maintaining a class action under the Texas Insurance Code have

been met. The classes are so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable,

there are questions of law or fact common to the classes, the claims that Plaintiffs

have brought are typical of the claims of class members, and the State will fairly and

adequately protect the interests of the classes. . . . Furthermore, the questions of law

or fact common to each class predominate over any questions affecting only

individual members, and a class action is superior to other available methods for the

fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.
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On February 18, 2003, the AttorneyGeneral filed a second amended petition making

the same substantive allegations. The Attorney General changed the manner in which he purported

to represent the class parties from stating that he was bringing the suit “on behalf of . . . certain

classes of Texas homeowners and automobile insureds” to asserting that he was bringing the suit “in

the interest of Farmers’ Texas homeowners-insurance policyholders and the Automobile Insurers’

automobile-insurance policyholders.” (Emphasis added.) The description of the Attorney General’s

role changed as well, to state, “At the request of the Commissioner and in the public interest, the

State, by and through the Office of the Attorney General, brings these claims as a class action

pursuant to Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 17 and as parens patriae under Tex. R. Civ. P. 42 to

seek restitution for insureds of Defendants.” The petition again alleged that the prerequisites to

maintaining a class action under the insurance code were met, and added an assertion that the

prerequisites to maintaining a class action as parens patriae were also satisfied.

The district court conducted a lengthy hearing on the class certification issue and

heard testimony from several witnesses. One of the main issues was whether sections 17 and 18 of

article 21.21 of the insurance code authorized the Attorney General to bring a class action suit

without satisfying traditional class-action prerequisites, in particular, the appointment of a class

representative who would adequately represent the interests of the class and whose claims were

typical of the class. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, §§ 17, 18(a)(3), (a)(4). The Attorney

General argued that he was not required to designate a class representative because section 18(a)

applied by its terms only to “private class actions” and because the AttorneyGeneral was, as a matter

of law, unauthorized to enter into an attorney-client relationship with an individual class
Under federal law, an attorney general may sue as parens patriae on behalf of the state’s

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citizens for monetary relief for injury done to citizens by antitrust violations. 15 U.S.C.A. § 15c(a)

(West 1997). This legislation was designed to enhance the effectiveness of antitrust enforcement

on behalf of small consumers by authorizing states’ attorneys general to bring suits in their capacities

as parens patriae on behalf of their citizens without compliance with Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23 prerequisites for maintaining a federal class action. Illinois v. Abbott & Assocs., Inc.,

460 U.S. 557, 573 n.29 (1983). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 42 (“Rule 42”) was patterned after

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 (“Rule 23”). Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 353 (Tex. 1998).

Rule 42 and section 18 of article 21.21 are nearly identical, and those rules, along with Rule 23,

impose the same requirements for establishing the propriety of a class-action suit. Compare Fed.

R. Civ. P. 23 with Tex. R. Civ. P. 42 and Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 18 (West Supp. 2004-05).

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representative. One of Farmers’s witnesses, Professor Samuel Issacharoff, agreed and opined that

a suit brought by the Attorney General under section 17 was comparable to a parens patriae action

brought under federal law.6

On June 27, 2002, the court signed an “Order of Preliminary Approval,” finding that

the Attorney General could bring the class action. The court found that the Attorney General could,

“fulfill the role of the Settlement Classes’ Counsel” by virtue of “the parens patriae authority

granted in section 17 of article 21.21 of the Insurance Code and Rule 42 of the Texas Rules of Civil

Procedure.” The court further found that, if the requirements of Rule 42 and section 18 had to be

satisfied:

each of those requirements has been met, specifically: (a) each of the Settlement

Classes is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; (b) there are

questions of law or fact common to the Settlement Classes which predominate over

any individual questions; (c) the claims or defenses brought by the State on behalf of

Farmers’ policyholders are typical of the claims or defenses of the Settlement Classes

and the State is authorized to bring claims on behalf of the Settlement Classes; (d)

in negotiating and entering into the Settlement Agreement, the State has fairly and

adequately represented and protected the interests of the Settlement Classes; (e) the

questions of law or fact common to the Settlement Classes predominate over any

questions affecting only individual members; and (f) certifying this Action as a class
 The Hookses, who are also class members in a breach of contract suit brought against

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Farmers in August 2002 by Sandra Geter in Jefferson County, further assert in this appeal that the

Attorney General was not authorized to release the claims of the Geter class dealing with Farmers’

contractual obligation to renew HO-B policies. On October 21, 2004, the Beaumont Court of

Appeals reversed the trial court’s order certifying the Geter class and remanded the cause to allow

the trial court to consider notice and opt-out issues and to “rigorously analyze [class] cohesiveness,”

relying on a recent supreme court decision regarding class certifications under rule 42(b)(s) of the

rules of civil procedure. Farmers Group, Inc. v. Geter, Nos. 09-03-404-CV, 09-03-396-CV, 2004

Tex. App. LEXIS 9364, at *13-17 (Beaumont Oct. 21, 2004, no pet.) (memorandum op.) (citing

Compaq Computer Corp. v. LaPray, 135 S.W.3d 657, 667-70 (Tex. 2004)).

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action is superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of

the controversy.

Appellants brought this interlocutory appeal. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21,

§ 18(d) (authorizing interlocutory appeals of certification orders). Appellants argue that the district

court abused its discretion in certifying the settlement class action because (1) the Attorney General

is not exempt from the requirements of section 18 and rule 42; (2) there is no class representative;

(3) settlement classes are subject to heightened scrutiny; (4) the Attorney General lacks authority to

assert the class’s strongest claims; (5) there is a conflict of interest between the Attorney General and

the Department; (6) there is intra-class conflict; and (7) the Attorney General failed to evaluate some

of the released claims. Because we conclude that the district court committed an error of law in

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certifying the settlement class without a class representative, we limit our review to that issue alone.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s preliminary order to certify a class for an abuse of discretion.

Southwestern Ref. Co. v. Bernal, 22 S.W.3d 425, 433 (Tex. 2000); see General Motors Corp. v.

Bloyed, 916 S.W.2d 949, 955 (Tex. 1996). A trial court abuses its discretion when ruling on class
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certification if it does not properly apply the law to the undisputed facts. State Indus., Inc. v. Fain,

38 S.W.3d 167, 169 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. denied).

Because the trial court’s ruling was based on its construction of sections 17 and 18

of the insurance code, we apply rules of statutory construction in deciding to what extent the

Attorney General must comply with section 18(a) of article 21.21 of the insurance code in bringing

a class-action suit under section 17. Statutory construction is a question of law we review de novo.

Johnson v. City of Fort Worth, 774 S.W.2d 653, 656 (Tex. 1989). In construing a statute, the

primary objective is to determine and give effect to the legislature’s intent, beginning with the plain

and common meaning of the statute’s words. McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 745 (Tex.

2003). We are bound to construe the statute as written, and if possible, ascertain the legislature’s

intent from the language used in the statute. Texas Workers’ Comp. Ins. Fund v. Del Indus., Inc.,

35 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. 2000). In ascertaining legislative intent, we may consider the evil sought

to be remedied, the legislative history, and the consequences of a particular construction. See Liberty

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 482, 484 (Tex. 1998). Additionally, we

must consider the statute as a whole rather than as isolated provisions and should not give one

provision a meaning inconsistent with other provisions, although it might be susceptible to such a

construction standing alone. Barr v. Bernhard, 562 S.W.2d 844, 849 (Tex. 1978).

DISCUSSION

The issue is whether sections 17 and 18 of article 21.21 authorize the Attorney

General to bring a parens patriae action or, alternatively, whether he may bring a class action

without complying with the class action requirements of section 18, subsections (a)(3) and (4).
The Board is empowered to “investigate into the affairs of every person engaged in the 8

business of insurance in this state” to determine whether “such person has been or is engaged in any

unfair method of competition or in any unfair or deceptive act or practice.” Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art.

21.21, § 5 (West Supp. 2004-05).

Section 14, entitled “Administrative Class Action,” authorizes the Department to order an

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insurer to refund premiums to policyholders injured by the insurer’s unlawful acts. Tex. Ins. Code

Ann. art. 21.21, § 14(a) (West Supp. 2004-05). If the insurer fails to comply with the Department’s

refund order, the Department may ask the Attorney General to sue the insurer to enforce the order.

Id. § 14(b).

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We begin our analysis with a textual review of sections 17 and 18. Section 17 is

entitled “Class Actions.” Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 17. Section 17(a) authorizes a class

action for damages if a member of the insurance-buying public is harmed by an unlawful deceptive

trade practice. Id. The suit may be brought by “the individual damaged . . . on behalf of himself and

others similarly situated” or by the Attorney General at the request of the Board of Insurance. Id.

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In either situation, the plaintiff may seek damages, costs and attorneys’ fees, injunctive relief, and

any other relief the court deems proper. Id. § 17(a), (b). Subsection (c) authorizes a court to award

attorney’s fees to a defendant insurer where an “individual plaintiff” has sued in bad faith or for the

purpose of harassment. Id. § 17(c). Subsection (e) prohibits a class-action suit by an individual or

the Attorney General if the Attorney General had already initiated an “administrative class action

under Section 14 of this Article” against the same insurer for the same acts or practices. Id. § 17(e).

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Section 18 is entitled “Class Action: Procedure.” Id. § 18. Paragraph (a) provides

that a court may allow one or more class members to act as “representative parties” and to sue or be
11

sued on behalf of the class if the number of potential class members is so large that it would be

impracticable to join each individually, the class members share common questions of law or fact,

the representative’s claims are typical of individual class members’ claims, and the representative

would fairly and adequately protect the interests of the individual class members. Id. § 18(a)

(referred to as “numerosity,” “commonality,” “typicality,” and “adequacy of representation”

requirements). Under section 18(b), “an action may be maintained as a class action if the

prerequisites of Subsection (a)” are met and one of the following is true: (1) prosecution of separate

actions by individual class members would create a risk of inconsistent adjudications or individual

adjudications essentially disposing of the non-party class members’s interests or substantially

impairing their ability to protect their interests; (2) the opposing party has acted or refused to act on

grounds generally applicable to the class, therebymaking appropriate injunctive or declaratory relief

with respect to the class as a whole; or (3) common questions of law or fact predominate over

individual issues, making a class action superior to other methods for a fair and efficient adjudication

of the controversy. Id. § 18(b). The remainder of section 18 can be summarized as follows:

subsection (c) directs the courts to consider cases interpreting federal Rule 23 for guidance in

construing section 18; subsection (d) requires an expedited certification proceeding and authorizes

an interlocutory appeal from a certification order; notice is discussed in subsections (e), (f), and (i);

subsection (g) requires court approval of an agreement dismissing, settling, or compromising the

class action; subsection (h) allows the creation of subclasses; subsection (j) authorizes the court to

manage the proceedings; and subsection (k) provides for the tolling of limitations. Id. § 18(c)-(j)

(West Supp. 2004-05).
 “Quasi-sovereign” interests include those touching on the “health and well-being—both 10

physical and economic—of its residents in general.” Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico, 458

U.S. 592, 607 (1982). 

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Parens Patriae

Appellees argue that section 17 of article 21.21 of the insurance code grants parens

patriae authority for the Attorney General to bring this type of class action, pointing to the evolution

of the parens patriae doctrine and the legislative history of article 21.21. Derived from the English

common law, parens patriae means “parent of the country,” and enabled the King to act as guardian

for “infants, idiots, and lunatics.” See Alfred L. Snapp & Son, Inc. v. Puerto Rico, 458 U.S. 592, 600

(1982); Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co., 405 U.S. 251, 257 (1972); Black’s Law Dictionary 1114 (6th

ed. 1990). In the United States, the parens patriae doctrine expanded to include state-brought suits

to “prevent or repair harm to its quasi-sovereign interests.” Hawaii, 405 U.S. at 257-28. To have

standing under parens patriae, a governmental entity must establish that the state has a

quasi-sovereign interest, apart from the interests of private parties, there is an injury to a substantial 10

segment of its population, and the injured individuals could not obtain complete relief through a

private suit. Alfred L. Snapp, 458 U.S. at 607-08.

According to appellees, the legislative purpose behind the passage of article 21.21

can be traced to Hawaii v. Standard Oil Co. and California v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 474 F.2d 774 (9th Cir.

1973), both of which concerned the use of parens patriae power. The issue in Hawaii was whether

a particular federal statute authorized a state to sue for damages for injury to its economy. 405 U.S.

at 252-53. Acting in its proprietary capacity, in its parens patriae capacity, and as the representative

of a class, Hawaii sued Standard Oil for antitrust violations. Id. at 253. The Supreme Court held
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that in determining whether Hawaii could maintain the action, the issue was not whether Hawaii

could sue on behalf of its citizens under general parens patriae principles but whether the injury was

compensable under the statute in question. Id. at 259. The Court held that the statute authorized a

state to recover for injuries suffered in its capacity as a consumer of goods and services, but not for

economic injuries to the sovereign interests of a state. Id. at 265. The Court concluded that if the

statute were intended to allow a state to recover for damage to its general economy, then “we should

insist upon a clear expression of a congressional purpose to make it so, and no such expression is

to be found in” the statute. Id. at 264. 

The issue addressed in Frito Lay was whether a state could sue as parens patriae for

injury to the business or property of the state’s citizens. See 474 F.2d at 775. California sued FritoLay, arguing that the practical inability of an injured citizen to bring an individual antitrust suit

warrants a state to act on behalf of the individual. Id. The Ninth Circuit noted that parens patriae

actions had not been recognized as a basis for recovery of money damages for injuries suffered by

individuals; instead, parens patriae actions were generally used to “halt injury to a quasi-sovereign

state interest . . . ‘apart from that of particular individuals who may be affected.’” Id. (quoting

Georgia v. Pennsylvania R.R., 324 U.S. 439, 451 (1945)). The court observed that the state was

acting “not as parens patriae in the sense in which that term is recognized in this country, but as

guardian ad litem” for the class it purported to represent and that the state’s procedure bypassed the

procedural requirements of Rule 23. Id. at 776 & n.9. Heeding the Supreme Court’s admonition in

Hawaii, the Ninth Circuit concluded that “if the state is to be empowered to act in the fashion here
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sought, we feel that authority must come not through judicial improvisation but by legislation and

rule making.” Id. at 777.

Under Hawaii and Frito-Lay, without a specific statutory grant of authority, the

Attorney General may not rely on a general invocation of parens patriae authority to bring suit for

damages on behalf of individually injured persons. See Hawaii, 405 U.S. at 264-65; Frito-Lay, 474

F.2d at 777. We disagree with appellees’ assertion that the legislature, in drafting article 21.21 of

the insurance code, provided a “classic grant of statutory parens patriae authority to the Attorney

General to protect the interest of Texas insureds.”

The general rule in Texas is that the Attorney General can only act within the limits

of the Texas Constitution and statutes. Perry v. Del Rio, 67 S.W.3d 85, 92 (Tex. 2001). Consistent

with this rule, absent a special provision, the Attorney General must comply with the same rules of

procedure as other litigants. Texas Dep’t of Corrections v. Herring, 513 S.W.2d 6, 7-8 (Tex. 1974).

Parens patriae has been used sparingly in Texas. Lakeshore Util. Co. v. Texas Natural Res.

Conservation Comm’n, 92 S.W.3d 556, 565 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. granted). Clear

legislative intent is required before we will recognize parens patriae authority to sue for monetary

damages. See Hawaii, 405 U.S. at 264.

A plain reading of article 21.21 reveals no clear grant of parens patriae authority

under sections 17 and 18. The legislature explicitly stated that in interpreting section 18, courts

should be guided by federal cases construing the federal class action rule, and throughout article

21.21, the statutory language references “class actions,” not parens patriae suits. As the Supreme

Court made clear, parens patriae actions are not interchangeablewith class actions: “Parens patriae
15

actions may, in theory, be related to class actions, but the latter are definitely preferable in the

antitrust area. Rule 23 provides specific rules for delineating the appropriate plaintiff-class,

establishes who is bound by the action, and effectively prevents duplicative recoveries.” Id. at 266.

A comparison to a federal statute that expressly grants parens patriae authority

further supports our reading of article 21.21 as nothing more than a class action statute. The

Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976, enacted soon after the Hawaii and Frito-Lay

decisions, authorizes states’ attorneys general to sue for monetary relief on behalf of state residents

injured by federal antitrust violations. See 15 U.S.C.A. § 15c (West 1997) (the “HSRA”) (“Any

attorney general of a State may bring a civil action in the name of such State, as parens patriae on

behalf of natural persons residing in such State.”). The HSRA’s provisions allowing state attorneys

general to bring parens patriae suits on behalf of state residents were enacted to remedy the

difficulties and complexities associated with certifying and maintaining antitrust class actions under

federal Rule 23 and in distributing damages. Illinois v. Abbott & Assocs., Inc., 460 U.S. 557, 573

n.29 (1983); see New York v. Reebok Int’l Ltd., 96 F.3d 44, 46 (2d Cir. 1996). Congress understood

that an individual consumer overcharged a small amount lacked a practical, individual remedy and

that Rule 23 class-action suits were ineffective because large consumer classes with small individual

claims were unmanageable. See H.R. Rep. No. 94-499, pt. 1, at 2575-76 (1976).

The HSRA illustrates the kind of “clear and express” statutory mandate required to

create parens patriae authority. It does not refer to class actions or class action procedures but

instead explicitly allows a state attorney general to bring a civil action in the state’s name as parens

patriae on behalf of the state’s citizens. 15 U.S.C.A. § 15c. In contrast, nothing in article 21.21’s
 Appellees cite Bara v. Major Funding Corporation Liquidating Trust, 876 S.W.2d 469 11

(Tex. App.—Austin 1994, writ denied), and Texas Department of Mental Health & Mental

Retardation v. Petty, 778 S.W.2d 156 (Tex. App.—Austin 1989, writ dism’d w.o.j.), asserting that

“Texas courts have recognized the validity of statutory parens patriae suits brought by the Attorney

General in orderto restore unlawfully obtained funds to Texas citizens.” However, we note first that

our reference to section 17 in Petty was dicta and second that the other two cited statutes explicitly

allowed the Attorney General to intervene in suit or represent certain individuals. See 778 S.W.2d

at 163 (citing formersection 32.51 of education code, which required compliance with Rule 42 and

allowed Attorney General to join as class action plaintiff, see Act of May 29, 1971, 62d Leg., R.S.,

ch. 620, § 1, 1971 Tex. Gen. Laws 2006, 2015 (repealed 1993), and article 4447w, section 6 of

revised statutes, which specifically authorized Attorney General to represent “class of individuals

composed of veterans,” see Act of May 27, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 874, § 1, 1981 Tex. Gen. Laws

3330, 3331 (repealed 1989)). In Bara, we held that a DTPA suit brought by the Attorney General

in the State’s name and on behalf of “a specified group of individuals” was a “de facto class action”

that tolled the running of limitations against individuals while they were part of the Attorney

General’s suit. 876 S.W.2d at 472-73. Petty and Bara do not support a conclusion that section 17

grants the Attorney General parens patriae authority to sue.

16

language or legislative history indicates that the legislature intended to create parens patriae

authority as an alternative to class actions in this context. See Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 17(a)

(“If a member of the insurance buying public has been damaged by an unlawful method, act, or

practice . . . the Board may request the Attorney General to bring a class action . . . .”). We therefore

hold that article 21.21 of the insurance code does not grant parens patriae authority.11

Modified Class Action

Appellees concede that the settlement class does not have a class representative; thus,

the settlement class does not meet the typicality and adequacy of representation prerequisites.

However, they contend the Attorney General is not required to do so, arguing that section 17 allows

for two different types of class action suits—(1) one brought by an individual, and (2) one brought

by the Attorney General—and that only actions brought by individuals must meet the prerequisites
17

of section 18(a). According to appellees, the legislature has determined that the Attorney General

adequately fulfills the role of class representative, thus obviating the need for a traditional class

representative with typical claims. For support, they focus on the first sentence of section 18(a):

“The court shall permit one or more members of a class to sue or be sued as representative parties

on behalf of the class only if” the prerequisites of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy

of representation are satisfied. Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art 21.21, § 18(a) (emphasis added). Appellees

conclude that only in class actions initiated by individual class members must the prospective class

satisfy section 18(a)’s prerequisites. In other words, appellees assert that when the Attorney General

institutes a class action under article 21.21, he is not constrained by the traditional class action

requirements and need only comply with section 18(b) because the legislature has already determined

that he is an adequate class representative. We disagree.

Statutory Language

A review of the language used in article 21.21 shows that a class-action suit brought

by the Attorney General should be treated the same as one brought by a member of the insurancebuying public. Article 21.21 provides for two types of class-action suits: (1) an administrative civil

enforcement class action under section 14 and (2) a more traditional section 17 class action. See

Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, §§ 14 (West Supp. 2004-05) (“Administrative Class Action”), 17

(“Class Actions”). The two types of suits address two distinct circumstances: (1) recovery through

an administrative class action of unlawfully obtained premiums after a Board finding that an insurer

committed some sanctionable act, and (2) recovery of damages after a judicial determination that an

insurer has committed a sanctionable act. Clearly, section 17 authorizes a class action by either the
18

Attorney General or an individual. See id. § 17(a). Such a suit, however, may only be brought if “a

member of the insurance buying public has been damaged.” Id. In other words, even at the

insistence of the Board, the Attorney General cannot initiate a class action to recover damages done

only to the State or the Department in their proprietary capacities. A class action for damages may

be brought under section 17 only when the public has been injured, although it offers two choices

as to who may initiate such an action.

We disagree with appellees that section 18 creates two types of class actions that may

be brought on behalf of the injured insurance-buying public. Indeed, section 18(b), which mandates

compliance with the subsection (a) class action prerequisites, makes clear that section 17 class

actions brought by the Attorney General are subject to the same prerequisites as those initiated by

individual class members. Subsection 18(b) does not distinguish suits brought by class members

from those brought by the Attorney General in requiring compliance with subsection (a)’s

prerequisites. Compare id. § 18(a) with id. § 18(b). Under appellees’ argument, the Attorney

General could bring a class action on behalf of any number of class members without regard to

typicality or commonality of injury or adequacy of representation. Appellees’ argument lacks

support in the plain language of section 18(b), which does not qualify its requirement of section 18

compliance based on the initiator of the suit. The language is clear: all section 17 class actions must

meet the requirements of section 18(a). 

Legislative History and Federal Rule 23

Article 21.21 was enacted in 1951 to bar insurers from discriminating in the setting

of premiums. See Act of June 7, 1951, 52d Leg., R.S., ch. 491, § 2, 1951 Tex. Gen. Laws 868, 1075-
Appellees cite the comments preceding House Bill 417, which enacted the DTPA and 12

expanded article 21.21 to allow class actions, in which then-Attorney General John Hill stated: 

[House Bill 417] strikes directly at the inequities now existing in consumer

protection legislation, and will provide remedies under which the Attorney

General’s Office can properly determine between premeditated practiced

deception and honest error. . . . Under our system as it now stands, a suit can

be filed by a consumer against a person or organization committing an act, but

the consumer must prove common law fraud. The present conditions provide

only for the Attorney General’s office to bring a restraining order and limits

their ability to prosecute. The common law remedy is not adequate for a

consumer to recover the loss, thereby making this bill a major step in the

direction of providing the consumer, through the Attorney General’s office,

with the necessary tools for equitable recovery subject to, of course, a ruling in

favor of the consumer.

House Comm. on Bus. & Indus., Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 417, 63d Leg., R.S. (1973). This explains

the rationale for allowing the Attorney General to bring a class-action suit but does not answer

whether, in doing so, the Attorney General must comply with section 18(a). 

19

76. In 1973, the legislature enacted House Bill 417, which amended article 21.21, adding section

14, “Administrative Class Actions,” section 17, “Class Actions,” and section 18, “Class Action:

Procedure.” See Act of May 10, 1973, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 143, § 2, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws 322, 338-

41. The parties disagree over the legislative purpose behind the enactment of House Bill 417.12

Appellees assert that the legislative history shows that the legislature intended to exempt Attorney

General class actions from traditional class-action requirements, citing the committee notes on

sections 17 and 18, which state that section 17 “[d]elineates the procedures available for class

actions,” and that section 18 “[s]ets out the procedure for a private class action and is the same as”

the procedure formerly included in the DTPA. House Comm. on Bus. & Indus., Bill Analysis, Tex.

H.B. 417, 63d Leg., R.S. (1973). Although appellees argue that by “private class action” the
20

committee meant one instituted by an injured individual, the notes can also be interpreted as

distinguishing “a private class action,” which must be brought by a person aggrieved by an insurer’s

conduct or the Attorney General, from a section 14 “administrative class action” brought by the

Attorney General at the Department’s request.

According to appellants, the bill was enacted in response to the Texas Supreme

Court’s decision in Commercial Travelers Life Insurance Co. v. Spears, which revealed the problem

with the former version of Rule 42 under which class action certification depended on whether the

class action was “true,” “hybrid,” or “spurious.” See 484 S.W.2d 577, 578-79 (Tex. 1972) (orig.

proceeding). A year after the Spears decision, the legislature enacted article 21.21’s class action

provisions, using Rule 23’s procedures and federal decisions construing Rule 23 as precedent. See

Bernal, 22 S.W.3d at 433; Stary v. DeBord, 967 S.W.2d 352, 353 (Tex. 1998). 

The language of section 18 mirrors that found in federal Rule 23, which includes

subtitles for each subsection. For example, Rule 23(a) is titled, “Prerequisites to a Class Action,”

and Rule 23(b) is “Class Actions Maintainable,” making it clear that subsections (a) and (b) were

intended to work together. Before individuals may sue on behalf of a class, they must first satisfy

the subsection (a) prerequisites. After those prerequisites are satisfied, the class action can only be

“maintained” if the elements of subsection (b) are present. In other words, subsection (a) determines

whether an individual can represent the class, and if so, subsection (b) determines whether the suit

may be maintained as a class action. Although section 18 does not include these same titles, it is

modeled after Rule 23 and the descriptive phrases of Rule 23 may properly guide our construction

of section 18.
21

Federal Case Law

A review of federal case law reveals that some courts have approved of a state’s

attorney general acting as a class representative. In some of those cases, however, the state itself was

part of the injured class and therefore satisfied the “typicality” requirement, a fact not present in the

case before us. See State Teachers Ret. Bd. v. Fluor Corp., 73 F.R.D. 569, 572 (S.D.N.Y. 1976)

(holding that state attorney general may act on behalf of out-of-state class members when state

agency he represents is allied with class members and agency’s representativeness is sufficiently

shown); In re Antibiotic Antitrust Actions, 333 F. Supp. 278, 280 (S.D.N.Y. 1971) (court determined

states’ claims were typical of consumer claims because states supported welfare programs that

reimbursed for prescription drugs and therefore stood “in the shoes of a substantial number of

purchasers of the drugs”); see generally In re Anthracite Coal Antitrust Litigations, 78 F.R.D. 709

(M.D. Pa. 1978) (state-plaintiff satisfied requirement that it be personally affected and harmed by

defendant in same manner as proposed class but did not satisfy other requirements for class

certification, such as common questions of law and fact). In other cases in which state attorneys

general were allowed to represent a class, the attorneys general represented other governmental

entities. See Illinois v. Brunswick Corp., 32 F.R.D. 453, 460 (N.D. Ill. 1963) (attorney general acted

as class representative in antitrust suit brought by “the State of Illinois, for itself, its agencies and

public institutions, the various school districts of the State . . . and all other Illinois school districts

similarly situated by class”); see generally Minnesota v. United States Steel Corp., 44 F.R.D. 559

(D. Minn. 1968) (attorneys general, representing plaintiff-states in antitrust suit, allowed to represent
 As supporting authority, appellees cite In re Toys “R” Us Antitrust Litigation, 191 F.R.D. 13

347 (E.D.N.Y. 2000), and In re Sclater, 40 B.R. 594, 595 (E.D. Mich. 1984). In Toys “R” Us, the

attorney general sued pursuant to his statutory parens patriae authority, which is lacking here. 191

F.R.D. at 349. In Sclater, the attorney general was allowed to act as class representative under his

parens patriae authority and under a state law allowing him to “bring a class action on behalf of

persons residing in or injured in this state.” 40 B.R. at 597. The Sclater court relied on

distinguishable federal cases, and we decline to follow its reasoning.

22

class of governmental entities); Illinois v. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 301 F. Supp. 484 (N.D.

Ill. 1969) (same).

When a state-plaintiff has not been injured in the same manner as the members of a

class, however, courts have frequently refused to allow the attorney general to act as class

representative. See Illinois ex. rel. Bowman v. Home Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n, 521 F.2d 704, 707

(7th Cir. 1975) (state’s attorney sought to sue savings and loan associations on behalf of citizens

seeking home mortgage loans but did not allege that state sought such a loan; “[a] state, like any

plaintiff-representative, may maintain a class action on behalf of its citizens only if it satisfies the

requirements of Rule 23,” and “[s]ince the State’s Attorney is not a member of the class which he

purports to represent, the district court properly dismissed the complaint”); see also In re Rusty

Jones, Inc., 128 B.R. 1001, 1012-15 (N.D. Ill. 1991) (proposed class representatives (attorney

general, banking commissioner, insurance commissioner, and governmental committee) could not

satisfy requirements of Rule 23(a) and could not adequately and fairly represent the proposed class).

We conclude that absent express statutory language granting the Attorney General

parens patriae authority, the Attorney General cannot maintain a class action without satisfying the

class-action prerequisites. Article 21.21, which mirrors the federal class-action rule, contains no 13

clear, express grant of authority for the Attorney General to assume parens patriae authority.
23

Further, the Attorney General has not shown that the State has suffered an injury similar to those

suffered by the class members and thus has not shown that he may act as the class representative

himself. Therefore, the Attorney General must comply with the class-action prerequisites listed in

section 18.

1. Class Representative and the Attorney General as Class Counsel

The Attorney General maintains that he may not act as class counsel in the usual

meaning of the term. Jeff Boyd, Deputy Attorney General, testified that there was no authority for

the Attorney General to have an attorney-client relationship with individuals other than state

officials, agencies, or employees. Professor Issacharoff read 17(a) to “grant the Attorney General

the capacity to bring a class action when requested by” the Department and opined that allowing the

Attorney General to represent an individual would create a “bizarre mechanism” whereby he might

have to solicit a class representative. Issacharoff continued:

I’ll concede that the AG could easily find somebody to put up as a named plaintiff

if they had to. But the reason that it’s not required in the AG class actions, I believe,

is that when the AG speaks on behalf of the citizens of the state, the legitimacy of

representation is presumed, or conclusively presumed, as opposed to when a private

party does that. . . . It is presumed that certain officials can act on behalf of the

people that they already represent.

However, the plain language of sections 17 and 18 does not show a legislative intent

to allow the Attorney General to avoid meeting the class representative requirement. See generally

Susan Beth Farmer, More Lessons from the Laboratories: Cy Pres Distributions in Parens Patriae

Antitrust Actions Brought by State Attorneys General, 68 Fordham L. Rev. 361, 376-81 (1999).
24

Indeed, section 17 arguably confers on the AttorneyGeneral the very authority Boyd and Issacharoff

testified was lacking—the authority to represent “a member of the insurance buying public [who]

has been damaged by an unlawful method, act, or practice.” Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 17(a);

cf. Texas Dep’t of Mental Health & Mental Retardation v. Petty, 778 S.W.2d 156, 163 (Tex.

App.—Austin 1989, writ dism’d w.o.j.) (citing Act of May 27, 1981, 67th Leg., R.S., ch. 874, § 1,

1981 Tex. Gen. Laws 3330, 3331 (repealed 1989)) (statute provided that Attorney General “may

represent a class of individuals composed of veterans” injured by Agent Orange). 

2. Does Adequacy of Representation Excuse Section 18 Compliance?

Appellees contend that strict compliance with section 18 and Rule 42 is unnecessary

because the Attorney General will adequately represent the class members. However, the Supreme

Court rejected a similar argument that as long as there was adequate representation, technical

compliance with federal Rule 23 and its notice provisions was unnecessary. See Eisen v. Carlisle

& Jacquelin, 417 U.S. 156, 176-77 (1974). The Eisen Court held that a finding of adequate

representation did not excuse the class representative from giving notice to potential class members

under Rule 23. Id. The Court observed that under the petitioner’s argument, notice would not be

required at all, and stated, “This cannot be so, for quite apart from what due process may require, the

command of Rule 23 is clearly to the contrary.” Id. In other words, “individual notice to identifiable

class members is not a discretionary consideration to be waived in a particular case. It is, rather, an

unambiguous requirement of Rule 23.” Id. at 176. Similarly, section 18 imposes unambiguous

requirements, not discretionary considerations, on class actions brought under the insurance code.
25

Appellees argue that strict compliance is unnecessary if the settlement is determined

to be fair, but in Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor the Supreme Court rejected the same argument:

The safeguards provided by the Rule 23(a) and (b) class-qualifying criteria, we

emphasize, are not impractical impediments—checks shorn of utility—in the

settlement class context. First, the standards set for the protection of absent class

members serve to inhibit appraisals of the chancellor’s foot kind—class certifications

dependent upon the court’s gestalt judgment or overarching impression of the

settlement’s fairness.

Second, if a fairness inquiry under Rule 23(e) controlled certification, eclipsing Rule

23(a) and (b), and permitting class designation despite the impossibility of litigation,

both class counsel and court would be disarmed. . . . Federal courts, in any case, lack

authority to substitute for Rule 23’s certification criteria a standard never

adopted—that if a settlement is “fair,” then certification is proper.

521 U.S. 591, 621-622 (1997); see also Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 849 (1999) (“a

fairness hearing . . . is no substitute for rigorous adherence to those provisions of the Rule ‘designed

to protect absentees’”). Further, the Texas Supreme Court recently reaffirmed that the law requires

strict compliance with Rule 42’s class-action requirements. See Compaq Computer Corp. v. Lapray,

135 S.W.3d 657, 670-71 (Tex. 2004). In Lapray, the court admonished trial courts to perform a

“rigorous analysis” to determine whether all prerequisites to class certification have been met, and

stated, “All prerequisites means all prerequisites.” Id. at 671 (quoting Bernal, 22 S.W.3d at 435)

(emphasis added); see also McAllen Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Cortez, 66 S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. 2001)

(subjecting settlement class action to “heightened scrutiny”). Although the district court made an

alternative finding that the Attorney General did comply with the procedural requirements of Rule

42 and section 18, the record shows a lack of strict compliance with Rule 42 and article 21.21,
26

section 18(a) and (b) because no class representative was appointed. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 42(a)(3),

(4); Tex. Ins. Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 18(a)(3), (4).

Finally, to ensure fair and adequate representation there must be (1) an absence of

antagonism between the class representative and the class members and (2) an assurance that the

class representative will vigorously prosecute the class members’ claims and defenses. Forsyth v.

Lake LBJ Inv. Corp., 903 S.W.2d 146, 150 (Tex. App.—Austin 1995, writ dism’d w.o.j.); see

General Tel. Co. of the SW v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 157 n.13 (1982); Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S. 393,

403 (1975).

Although the district court found that there were no conflicts between the class and

the Attorney General, it had no class representative against which conflicts could be measured. The

record shows that a discovery dispute arose between the Attorney General and

appellants/intervenors, putative members of the class he sought to represent. Appellants, as putative

class members, sought documentation related to the settlement negotiations resulting in the MOU,

some of which were in the possession of two senators involved in settling the dispute. The Attorney

General resisted, and the district court granted the Attorney General a protective order. Further, there

was evidence that the AttorneyGeneral himself initially saw the seeds of possible conflict. In a letter

to Farmers, Executive Deputy Commissioner of Insurance Casari said, “Farmers’ proposal clearly

attempts to use Farmers’ significant market share as leverage to induce a conflict between the

Department’s responsibilities to protect policyholders from unfair acts and to also promote

competition in the marketplace.” The Attorney General may be conflicted by the dual roles he

purports to play as both the Department’s attorney and the class representative. See Trbovich v.
27

United Mine Workers of Am., 404 U.S. 528, 539 (1972) (discussing conflicting interests of Secretary

of Labor in protecting rights of union members). A class representative against whom the adequacy

of settlement can be measured is indispensable to protect both the class and Farmers. See Phillips

Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 812 (1985) (notice, opportunities to be heard and to opt out,

and adequate representation are fundamental due process components of class litigation); Hansberry

v. Lee, 311 U.S. 32, 44-45 (1940) (persons with conflicting interests who are inadequately

represented in prior action cannot be bound by prior judgment); see also Amchem Prods., 521 U.S.

at 625-26 & n.20 (adequacy inquiry uncovers conflicts of interest between representative and class

members). We hold that the Attorney General must comply with section 18.

CONCLUSION

Appellees argue that only some of the rules set out in section 18 and Rule 42 apply

to class actions brought by the Attorney General: “Although section 18(a) & (b) are inapplicable to

this suit, other portions of section 18 are indeed applicable. Indeed, section 18(g), requiring court

approval of the settlement, applies because unlike section 18(a), section 18(g) is not limited by its

terms to class actions brought by a class member ‘on behalf of’ others similarly situated.” We

disagree. As in federal Rule 23, section 18(a) determines whether a party can represent a class, and

section 18(b) determines whether the suit may be maintained as a class action. Section 18(a) does

not excuse a class action brought by the Attorney General under section 17 from strict compliance

with the other rules set out in section 18 and Rule 42. Nor may the Attorney General bring this suit

under parens patriae powers without an explicit grant of those powers in this context.
28

Section 17 allows the Attorney General to bring a class action at the Department’s

request if a member of the insurance-buying public has been damaged by an unlawful act. Tex. Ins.

Code Ann. art. 21.21, § 17(a). Section 18 provides that a class action may be instituted if the

requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality and adequacy of representation are met. Id.

§ 18. We are bound by the plain language of the statutes, see Bernal, 22 S.W.3d at 435 (citing

Amchem Prods., 521 U.S. at 620), and do not believe that the legislature intended sections 17 and

18 to allow the Attorney General to bring a class action suit without complying with the traditional

class action requirements. Unlike the legislative history of the HSRA, the legislative history of

article 21.21 does not show an intent to exempt the Attorney General from the requirements of Rule

42 or section 18(a). As stated in Frito-Lay, such an exemption would ignore the problems associated

with class actions: “The joining of the claims of numerous, dispersed claimants in a single judicial

action is inherently complicated and requires safeguards if injustice is to be avoided.” See 474 F.2d

at 777 n.11. When the Attorney General brings a class action suit pursuant to article 21.21, section

17 of the insurance code, he must comply with the requirements outlined in section 18(a) and (b).

We reverse the trial court’s judgment certifying the class and remand the case for proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

__________________________________________

David Puryear, Justice

Before Chief Justice Law, Justices Kidd and Puryear;

 Justice Kidd Not Participating

Reversed and Remanded

Filed: January 21, 2005