CHAPTER 7 

IMPLEMENTATION 

Introduction 

Responsible Agencies 

Control Measures 

Technology Advancement 

Implementation Support Activities 

Monitoring
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 1 

INTRODUCTION 

Achieving clean air objectives requires the effective and timely implementation of the 

measures defined in Chapter 4. In general, these measures rely on the application and 

advancement of technologies and management practices. These strategies also require 

actions by numerous agencies. This chapter presents the adoption and implementation 

schedule of the control measures proposed in the Plan and delineates each agency’s area 

of responsibility. Implementation support activities are also discussed. 

RESPONSIBLE AGENCIES 

Implementation of the Plan’s strategies requires a cooperative partnership of 

governmental agencies at the federal, state, regional and local level. As described in 

Table 7-1, these agencies form the four cornerstones from which implementation 

programs will evolve. 

At the federal level is the U.S. EPA and other agencies charged with reducing emissions 

from federally controlled sources such as commercial aircraft, trains, and marine vessels. 

As discussed in Chapter 4, the 2003 AQMP incorporates several measures carried over 

from the 1997 AQMP and 1999 Amendment to the 1997 Ozone SIP. 

At the state level is CARB which is responsible for motor vehicle emissions, fuels, and 

consumer products. The Plan’s on-road and off-road mobile source control program is 

principally based on CARB’s proposed control measures. Also, California’s inspection 

and maintenance program for on-road vehicles is administered by the Bureau of 

Automotive Repair (BAR). 

At the regional level, the District is responsible for the overall development and 

implementation of the AQMP. The District is specifically authorized to reduce the 

emissions from stationary point, and some area sources such as coatings and industrial 

solvents. Emission reductions are also sought through funding programs designed to 

provide monies for the purchase of new low-emission equipment and vehicles and the 

retrofit of existing off-road sources to low-emission alternatives. In addition, the district 

regulates indirect sources under Health and Safety Code 40716 by implementing a 

mandatory ride sharing program or equivalent mobile source emission reduction 

alternative program for large employers. As a means of achieving further emission 

reductions, the District is seeking additional authority to regulate sources that have not 

been under the District’s jurisdiction in the past such as marine vessels, consumer 

products, and other on-road and off-road sources. The District implements its 

responsibilities with participation from the regulated community through an extensive 

rule development and implementation program. This approach maximizes the input of 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 2 

those parties affected by the proposed rule through consultation meetings, public 

workshops, and ongoing working groups. 

At the regional level, the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) 

assists sub-regional and local governments in playing a formative role in the air quality 

elements of transportation planning. In addition, local governments serve an important 

role in developing and implementing the Plan's transportation control measures. SCAG 

is responsible for providing the socioeconomic forecast (e.g., population and growth 

forecasts) upon which the Plan is based. SCAG also provides assessments for 

conformity of regionally significant transportation projects with the overall Plan and is 

responsible for the adoption of the Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) and the Regional 

Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP) which include growth assumptions and 

transportation improvement projects that could have significant air quality impacts. 

TABLE 7-1 

Agencies Responsible for Implementation 

of the 2003 AQMP Revision for the South Coast Air Basin 

Agency Principal responsibilities 

EPA • Forty-nine state mobile vehicle emission 

standards; 

• Airplanes, trains, and ships; 

• New off-road construction & farm 

equipment below 175 hp; 

ARB • On-road/Off-road vehicles 

• Motor vehicle fuels; and, 

• Consumer products 

SCAQMD • Stationary (e.g., industrial/commercial) 

and area sources; 

• Indirect sources 

• Some mobile sources (e.g., visible 

emissions from trains and ships) 

SCAG • AQMP conformity assessment 

• Regional Transportation Improvement 

Program 

Local Government/ CTCs • Transportation and local government 

actions; and, 

• Transportation facilities 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 3 

CONTROL MEASURES 

The Plan proposes measures that can be implemented using currently available 

technologies and management practices as well as a long-term strategy necessary to meet 

attainment of the ozone standard. Control measures are to be implemented by all levels 

of government including federal agencies, the state ARB, the District and local 

governments and SCAG. 

Control Measure Ranking 

The California Clean Air Act requires air pollution control districts to assess the 

effectiveness of control measures in reducing ambient ozone concentrations as part of 

their plan submittals. The CCAA requires districts to determine that their AQMPs are 

cost-effective strategies that attain air quality standards by the earliest practicable date 

[H&SC 40913(b)]. In addition, plans must include an assessment of the costeffectiveness of available and proposed control measures and a list of the measures 

ranked from the least cost-effective to the most cost-effective [H&SC 40922(a)]. Tables 

6-6 and 6-7 in Chapter 6 show the ranking of the control measures by cost-effectiveness. 

In developing their control strategy implementation schedule, districts must consider the 

other effectiveness criteria including technological feasibility, total emissions reduction 

potential, rate of reduction, public acceptability, and enforceability [H&SC 40922(b)]. 

The criteria used for this Plan are listed in Table 7-2. 

Table 7-3 lists the control measures, the responsible agency, and the proposed adoption 

and implementation dates. New items proposed for the first time in this Plan have been 

placed in the appropriate position on the existing schedule based on a review of the 

AQMP control measure prioritization factors described above. 

Federal Agencies 

Under CARB’s proposed state and federal element, several control measures target 

reductions from federal sources. These measures are listed in Table 7-3. These control 

measures need to be further developed through a collaborative process between CARB 

and U.S. EPA. A contingency plan has been incorporated into the 2003 AQMP in the 

event that the federal government does not control sources under its jurisdiction. 

CARB 

CARB is also responsible for adopting on- and off-road mobile source emission 

standards, fuel requirements, and consumer product regulations. Table 7-3 identifies the 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 4 

control measures and their adoption and implementation dates that CARB will be 

responsible for implementing in the 2003 AQMP. 

TABLE 7-2 

Criteria for Evaluating 2003 AQMP Control Measures

Criteria Description 

Cost-Effectiveness The cost of a control measure to reduce air pollution by one 

ton [cost covers obtaining, installing, and operating the 

control measure]. 

Efficiency The positive effects of a control measure compared to its 

negative effects. 

Emission Reduction 

Potential 

The total amount of pollution that a control measure can 

actually reduce. 

Enforceability The ability to force polluters to comply with a control 

measure. 

Equity The fairness of the distribution of all the positive and 

negative effects among various socioeconomic groups 

Legal Authority Ability of the District or other adopting agency to 

implement the measure or the likelihood that local 

governments and agencies will cooperate to approve a 

control measures 

Public Acceptability The support the public gives to a control measure. 

Rate of Emission 

Reduction 

The time it will take for a control measure to reduce a 

certain amount of air pollution. 

Technological The likelihood that the technology for a control measure 

will be available as anticipated. 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 5 

TABLE 7-3 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation

Period 

Surface Coating and Solvent Use

CTS-07 Further Emission Reductions from 

Architectural Coatings and Cleanup 

Solvents (Rule 1113) (VOC) 

SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008 

CTS-10 Miscellaneous Industrial Coatings & 

Solvent Operations (Regulations IV 

and XI) (VOC) 

Phase I 

Phase II 

Phase III 

SCAQMD 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2005-2007 

2006-2008 

2007-2010 

Petroleum Operations and Fugitive Emissions

FUG-05 Emission Reductions from Fugitive 

Emission Sources (VOC) 

Phase I 

Phase II 

SCAQMD 

2002 

2003 

2003 

2005-2008 

Combustion Sources

CMB-07 Emission Reductions from 

Petroleum Refinery Flares 

(All) 

SCAQMD 2004 2005 

CMB-09 Emission Reductions from 

Petroleum Refinery FCCUs 

(PM10, NH3) 

SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008 

CMB-10 Additional NOx Reductions for 

RECLAIM (NOx) 

SCAQMD 2004 2006-2010 

Fugitive Dust

BCM-07 Further PM10 Reductions from 

Fugitive Dust Sources (PM10) 

SCAQMD 2004 2006 

BCM-08 Further Emission Reductions from 

Aggregate and Cement Plant 

Manufacturing Operations (PM10) 

SCAQMD 2004 2006 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 6 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation

Period 

Miscellaneous Sources

MSC-01 Promotion of Lighter Color Roofing 

and Road Materials and Tree 

Planting Programs (All Pollutants) 

SCAQMD, 

Local 

Government 

on-going on-going 

MSC-03 Promotion of Catalyst-Surface 

Coating Technology Programs (All 

Pollutants) 

SCAQMD on-going on-going 

MSC-04 Emission Reductions from 

Miscellaneous Ammonia Sources 

(NH3) 

SCAQMD N/A 2003-2006 

MSC-05 Truck Stop Electrification (All) SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010 

MSC-06 Emission Reductions from WoodBurning Fireplaces & Wood Stoves 

(PM10) 

SCAQMD 2005 2006-2020 

MSC-07 Natural Gas Fuel Specifications 

(NOx) 

SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010 

MSC-08 Further Emission Reductions from 

Large VOC sources (VOC) 

SCAQMD 2004-2006 2006-2010 

PRC-03 Emission Reductions from 

Restaurant Operations 

(VOC, PM10) 

SCAQMD 2003-2004 2004 (new) 

2005 (retrofits) 

PRC-07 Industrial Process Operations (VOC)

Phase I 

Phase II 

SCAQMD 

2004 

2005 

2006-2007 

2008-2010 

WST-01 Emission Reductions from 

Livestock Waste 

(VOC, PM10, Ammonia) 

SCAQMD 2003 2004-2006 

WST-02 Emission Reductions from 

Composting (VOC, Ammonia) 

SCAQMD 2003 2006-2008 

FSS-04 Emission Charges of $5,000 per Ton 

of VOC for Stationary Sources 

Emitting Over 10 Tons per Year 

(VOC) 

SCAQMD Post-2010 Post-2010 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 7 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation

Period 

Compliance Flexibility Programs

FLX-01 Economic Incentive Programs (All) SCAQMD on-going on-going 

District’s Mobile Source Control Measures

FSS-05 Mitigation Fee Program for Federal 

Sources (All) 

SCAQMD 2005-2008 2007-2010 

FSS-06 Further Emission Reductions from 

In-Use Off-Road Mobile Vehicles 

and Equipment (All) 

SCAQMD 2005 2007-2010 

FSS-07 Emission Fee Program for PortRelated Mobile Sources (All) SCAQMD 2006 2008-2010 

District’s Long-Term Control Measures

LTM-All Long-Term Control Measure (VOC)

Tier I 

Tier II 

SCAQMD 

2005-2007 

2006-2008 

2008-2009 

2009-2010 

Backstop Measures

TCB-01 Transportation Conformity Backstop 

Budget Measure (All) 

SCAQMD 

SCAG, CARB 

2019/2029 2020/2030 

Transportation Control Measures

TCM-A HOV Improvements (All) SCAG, 

Local Gov’t 

2002 2003-2025 

TCM-B Transit & Systems Management SCAG, 

Local Gov’t 

2002 2003-2025 

TCM-C Information Based Measures SCAG, 

Local Gov’t 

2002 2003-2025 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 8 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation

Period 

On-Road Mobile Source Control Measures

LT/MED-DUTY-1 Replace or Upgrade Emission 

Control Systems on Existing 

Passenger Vehicles – Pilot 

Program. 

CARB 2005 2007-2008 

LT/MED-DUTY-2 Smog Check Improvements BAR 2002-2005 2002-2006 

ON-RD HVYDUTY-1 

Augment Truck and Bus Highway 

Inspections with CommunityBased Inspections 

CARB 2003 2005 

ON-RD HVYDUTY-2 

Capture and Control Vapors from 

Gasoline Cargo Tankers 

CARB 2005 2006-2007 

ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Pursue Approaches to Clean Up 

the Existing Truck/Bus Fleet 

CARB 2003-2006 2004-2010 

Off-Road Mobile Source Control Measures

OFF-RD CI-1 Pursue Approaches to Clean Up 

the Existing Heavy-Duty Off-Road 

Equipment Fleet (Compression 

Ignition Engines) – Retrofit 

Controls 

CARB 2004-2008 2006-2010 

OFF-RD CI-2 Implement Registration and 

Inspection Program for Existing 

Heavy-Duty Off-Road Equipment 

to Detect Excess Emissions 

(Compression Ignition Engines) 

CARB 2006-2009 2010 

OFF-RD LSI-1 Set Lower Emission Standards for 

New Off-Road Gas Engines (Spark 

Ignited Engines 25 hp and Greater)

CARB 2004-2005 2007 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 9 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation 

Period 

OFF-RD LSI-2 Clean Up Existing Off-Road Gas 

Equipment Through Retrofit 

Controls (Spark-Ignition Engines 25 

hp and Greater) 

CARB 2004 2006-2012 

OFF-RD LSI-3 Require Zero Emission Forklifts 

Where Feasible – Lift Capacity 

<8,000 pounds 

CARB 2004 2005-2010 

SMALL OFFRD-1 

Set Lower Emission Standards for 

New Handheld Small Engines and 

Equipment (Spark Ignited Engines 

Under 25 hp such as Weed 

Trimmers, Leaf Blowers, and 

Chainsaws) 

CARB 2003 2005 

SMALL OFFRD-2 

Set Lower Emission Standards for 

New Non-Handheld Small Engines 

and Equipment (Spark Ignited 

Engines Under 25 hp Such As 

Lawnmowers) 

CARB 2003 2006 

MARINE-1 Pursue Approaches to Clean Up the 

Existing Harbor Craft Fleet – 

Cleaner Engines and Fuels 

CARB 2003-2005 2005 

MARINE-2 Pursue Approaches to Reduce LandBased Emissions at Ports – 

Alternative Fuels, Cleaner Engines, 

Retrofit Controls, Electrification, 

Education Programs, Operational 

Controls 

CARB 2003-2005 2003-2010 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 10 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation 

Period 

Fuel Reformulation

FUEL-1 Set Additives Standards for Diesel 

Fuel to Control Engine Deposits 

CARB 2006-2009 2006-2010 

FUEL-2 Set Low-Sulfur Standards for Diesel 

Fuel for Trucks/Buses, Off-Road 

Equipment, and Stationary Engines 

CARB 2003-2005 2006 (CARB) 

Consumer Products

CONS-1 Set New Consumer Products Limits 

for 2006 

CARB 2003-2004 2006 

CONS-2 Set New Consumer Products Limits 

for 2008-2010 

CARB 2006-2008 2008-2010 

Fueling and Vapor Recovery

FVR-1 Increase Recovery of Fuel Vapors 

from Aboveground Storage Tanks 

CARB 2003 2007 

FVR-2 Recover Fuel Vapors from Gasoline 

Dispensing at Marinas 

CARB 2006-2009 2006-2010 

FVR-3 Reduce Fuel Permeation Through 

Gasoline Dispenser Hoses 

CARB 2004 2007 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 11 

TABLE 7-3 (continued) 

2003 AQMP Control Measures, Implementing Agency, 

Adoption Date and Implementation Period 

Control 

Measure 

Number 

Control Measure 

Name 

Implementing 

Agency 

Adoption 

Date 

Implementation

Period 

Pesticide

PEST-1 Implement Existing Pesticide 

Strategy 

DPR TBD 1996-2010 

Proposed State Long-Term Strategy

Long-Term* Multi-Agency Effort and Public 

Process Beginning in 2004 to 

Identify and Adopt Long-Term 

Measures 

CARB/EPA 2007-2009 TBD 

* Any assignment from federal/state agencies to the District will be implemented under the District’s LTM-ALL control 

measure. 

District 

The District is responsible for implementing the stationary and mobile source control 

measures proposed by the District. As shown in Table 7-3, stationary source control 

measures will be implemented primarily through District rules and regulations as 

specified in federal and state law. 

As indicated in Chapter 4, several key approaches are proposed for implementing the 

stationary source emission reduction measures. Specifically, the Plan proposes to use 

source-specific control approaches and market incentives to implement most of the 

stationary source measures. Chapter 4 and Appendix IV-A provide more detail relative 

to these implementation approaches. 

Transportation Control Measures 

The region’s long-range transportation blueprint, its triennial Regional Transportation 

Plan (RTP), and the shorter-term programming needed to fund the improvements, the 

Regional Transportation Improvement Program (RTIP), together form the foundation for 

improving transportation system performance while at the same time assuring the timely 

attainment of air quality goals within the SCAB. The RTIP is the vehicle used to 

implement the goals of the long-range RTP and provides for timely implementation of 

TCMs for the SCAB. The RTIP is a short-term document covering six years, and it 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 12 

must be updated at least every two years. As the biennial element of the RTIP is revised, 

the list of fiscally constrained projects, or, rather, projects for which funding has been 

identified, will be updated. 

Implementation of the transportation control measures currently under consideration is 

predicated on the assumption that the following three Innovative Financial Strategies 

adopted by SCAG’s Regional Council (RC) will be implemented as expected. 

• State sales tax on gasoline revenues will continue to be dedicated to transportationrelated projects, as embodied in Proposition 42. 

• A share of the county sales tax will be dedicated to transportation-related projects 

where necessary. 

• State motor vehicle fuel excise tax rate and user-fees will be appropriately indexed, to 

maintain their historic purchasing power. 

Local Governments and SCAG

Local governments (cities and counties) are also responsible for helping to provide 

supportive actions through participation in voluntary programs. Local governments and 

transportation agencies are also responsible for implementing several measures in the 

Plan including, but not limited to, the transportation improvements called for in the Plan. 

SCAG is responsible for helping local governments coordinate their efforts and for 

ensuring that the region's transportation projects, programs and plans conform to the SIP. 

Congestion Management Program Linkage to the AQMP

The Congestion Management Program is a comprehensive strategy to relieve traffic 

congestion and maintain levels of service on roadways within the Southern California 

region. SCAG has facilitated efforts by counties and sub-regions to develop Countylevel Congestion Management Plans (CMPs) in consultation with regional and subregional transportation providers, local governments, Caltrans, and the District. 

The CMPs interlink with the AQMP in several areas, but most particularly through the 

TCMs. Most TCM projects identified in the RTIP are designed to help relieve 

congestion at the local level. Thus, implementation of the AQMP helps local 

governments tackle congestion, which, in turn, reduces emissions from idling vehicles or 

the number of vehicles traveling on congested roadways, and also helps maintain the 

level of service standards. At the same time, the CMP process provides local 

governments a mechanism to contribute to the regional effort toward attaining the 

NAAQS. 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 13 

However, local governments receive credits for emission reductions associated with the 

implementation of CMPs only to the extent they are real, quantifiable, enforceable, and 

have not been included in the AQMP baseline as part of the RTP. In addition, the 

process gives local governments an opportunity to work cooperatively with their CTCs 

and subregional agencies to craft integrated trip reduction strategies to meet the CMP 

trip reduction requirements. 

The CMP process and the AQMP are further linked through the local capital 

improvement program. This required element of the CMP must be consistent with the 

county and Regional Transportation Improvement Program, which in turn must be 

consistent with the RTP. The relationship between the air quality management plans and 

the regional transportation planning process is circular. Thus, for example, the 2001 

RTP must conform to the 1997 AQMP, and, in turn, forms the basis for the 2002 RTIP, 

and both these, together, provide the context for the current AQMP. 

Southern California Economic Partnership (The Partnership)

The Partnership is a non-profit organization with an 18-member Board of Directors 

assigned the mission of accelerating the deployment of advanced transportation 

technologies (ATTs) throughout Southern California. It was established out of the needs 

of the SCAG Regional Mobility Element and the 1994 AQMP as an effective 

implementation organization for advanced transportation technology strategies. 

The Partnership, through its public/private participatory structure, is capable of 

providing networking and guidance to those parties interested in the deployment of 

advanced transportation technologies throughout Southern California. “Technology 

Stakeholder Workshops” on each technology are held on a regular basis, usually at the 

District or at SCAG offices, to discuss implementation barriers and assist in the 

development of deployment and marketing strategies. It has in effect become a 

clearinghouse of ATT information and progress. 

To aid Southern California cities and counties in ATT deployment, The Partnership has 

developed “Model City Starter Kits” for each of the technologies. These books provide 

goals and objectives, implementation worksheets, model policies, model resolutions, 

building codes, product/service technology updates, infrastructure suggestions and 

requirements, training and safety requirements, case studies, funding opportunities and 

an activity recognition program. The Partnership provides these comprehensive guide 

books free to each Southern California community and conducts workshops and 

presentations to encourage participants to use ATTs. It also develops and distributes 

ATT newsletters and promotional materials to heighten awareness and garner unified 

understanding and support for the technologies from both the public and private sectors. 

Most of this information is also presented on The Partnership’s web site (www.the-
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 14 

partnership.org) which is continuously updated with deployment achievements 

throughout the region. 

Workshops and Outreach 

To generate additional interest and understanding of technology deployment, The 

Partnership occasionally hosts technology workshops at the District and other 

convenient locations for local elected officials, city planners and managers, with 

considerable private sector involvement and support. In addition to these workshops, 

The Partnership also: 1) makes presentations to cities, schools and organizations; 2) 

distributes monthly technology “News Flashes” to all stakeholders via email or 

published on The Partnership’s web site; and 3) attends the meetings of related 

organizations and project developers. 

Information Distribution and Industry Networking Support 

Since the Partnership works closely with the stakeholders in supporting transportation 

technologies, it has become a de facto clearinghouse of ATT information. In this 

capacity, it is suited to direct and introduce interested participants to other stakeholders 

with similar goals and into the formation of productive and mutually beneficial 

public/private partnerships. 

TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT 

The District’s Technology Advancement Office (TAO) sponsors public-private research 

and development partnerships in order to identify and promote low- and zero-emissions 

technologies for both stationary and mobile sources. The TAO has several programs 

through which advanced mobile and stationary source control strategies are funded, 

researched, and commercialized. One such program is the Carl Moyer Program which is 

a state-wide funding program that provides monies to purchase low-emission on- and 

off-road vehicles and equipment and marine engines. A second program overseen by 

TAO is the RECLAIM Executive Order Fee Program which channels monies collected 

from funds established under Executive Order and Rule 2020 – RECLAIM Reserve to 

fund projects with approved protocols established under Regulation XVI – Mobile 

Source Offset Programs. The TAO also administers projects funded through the Mobile 

Source Air Pollution Reduction Review Committee (MSRC). The MSRC, which was 

established in 1990 with the adoption of Assembly Bill 2766, funds projects to reduce 

air pollution from motor vehicles as needed for implementing the California Clean Air 

Act of 1988. A fourth mechanism where advanced mobile and stationary source control 

strategies are funded, researched, and commercialized comes from government agency 

(e.g., CARB, CEC, U.S. EPA, and DOE) grants and cost-sharing dollars. 

Table 7-4 lists some key recently-completed or currently-underway projects sponsored 

by the TAO to facilitate development and commercialization of low-polluting 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 15 

technologies. Some of the stationary source projects do not have specific linkages to the 

control measures but serve as future technologies that may be available to meet current 

regulations with future compliance dates or AQMP control measures. 

SCAQMD Clean Fuels Program – Technology Advancement Plan 

SCAQMD Cleans Fuels Program – Technology Advancement Plan is a formal plan 

required by state law to be adopted by the District’s Governing Board. The most recent 

update of the Technology Advancement Plan for 2002 focused on potential projects for 

research, development, demonstration, and commercialization of clean fuels 

technologies and advanced technologies that may reduce emissions and help meet the 

clean air goals of the District. The key areas of the 2002 Technology Advancement Plan 

are summarized below. 

TABLE 7-4 

Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects 

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated 

Control 

Measure 

Alternative Fuels – On-Road Applications

Development & Demonstration of Advanced Natural 

Gas Engine Electronic Controls 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Establishment of Design Practices for CNG Trucks & 

Requirements of the Use of Methane Detection on NG 

Trucks 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

On-Road Development of Enhanced Caterpillar C-12 

Dual-Fuel Truck Engine 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Evaluate Durability of PM Retrofit Trap on a School 

Bus 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Demonstration of Fischer Tropsch Synthetic Fuel in 

Heavy & Medium-Duty Vehicles; and Advanced 

Diesel Fuels, Engines, NOx Absorber Catalyst & Diesel 

Particulate Filter Project 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Development of Very Low-NOx Heavy-Duty Natural 

Gas Engine 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 16 

TABLE 7-4 (continued) 

Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects 

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated 

Control 

Measure 

Alternative Fuels – Infrastructure

Cosponsor Clean Fuel Infrastructure and Demographic 

Study 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Cost-share Installation of CNG Fueling Facility VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Technical and Management Assistance for 

Infrastructure 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Development and Demonstration of a Universal Card 

Reader System 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Advanced Home Refueling Appliance for CNG 

Vehicles 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B Long-Term 

Measure 

Construction of Fast-Fill CNG Fueling Station at 

AQMD Headquarters 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B Long-Term 

Measure 

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Technologies

Prototype Residential Fuel Cell Systems VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, D Long-Term 

Measure 

Develop an Improved Electrode for Direct Methanol 

Fuel Cell Using Magnetron Sputtering Techniques 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, D Long-Term 

Measure 

Methanol Fuel Quality Specification Study VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

D Long-Term 

Measure 

Complete Development of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A Long-Term 

Measure 

Demonstration of a Hydrogen Refueling Station VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B Long-Term 

Measure 

Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies

Study of Electric Hotel Shuttle Service at LAX VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C ---- 

Evaluate Hybrid Electric Vehicles VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

E ---- 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 17 

TABLE 7-4 (continued) 

Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects 

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated 

Control 

Measure 

Develop & Demonstrate Advanced Valve Regulated 

Lead-Acid Batteries 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ---- 

Development & Demonstration of Grid-Rechargeable 

Hybrid-Electric Utility Service Truck & Mobile 

Electric Power Supply 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ---- 

Evaluate Hybrid Electric Vehicles VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

B, C ---- 

Development of Dual Inductive/Conductive Charger 

Bracket to Allow Reduction of EV Charging 

Infrastructure Costs 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C ---- 

Alternative Fuels – Off-Road Applications

Zinc/Air Battery-Powered Commercial Grounds Care 

Equipment 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B OFF-RD LSI-2

SMALL OFFRD-2 

Demonstration of Particulate Trap Technologies VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C, D OFF-RD CI-1

Emissions Analysis and Health Effects

Heavy-Duty Vehicle Fleet Characterization for NOx & 

PM Emissions 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Fast-Response On-Board NOx Sensors for Heavy-Duty 

Vehicles 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Analysis of the Effectiveness of On-Board Diagnostics 

II 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D LT/MEDDUTY-2 

ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Evaluation of the Effects of Biodiesel & Other Clean 

Fuel Blends on Exhaust Emission Rates & Reactivity 

Phase 2 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D Long-Term 

Measure 

Develop On-Road System for Emissions Measurement 

for Heavy-Duty Trucks 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-1 

Investigate Emission Rates of Ammonia & Other Toxic 

& Low-Level Compounds Using FTIR 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D Long-Term 

Measure 

Analysis of Exhaust from CNG-fueled Buses VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 18 

TABLE 7-4 (continued) 

Currently or Recently Completed TAO Projects 

Project Description Pollutant(s) Goal(s) Associated 

Control 

Measure 

Chemical Analysis of Exhaust Samples from CNG 

Buses 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Ames Bioassay Analyses on Diesel- and CNG-Fueled 

Bus Exhaust Samples 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Study of Children's Pollutant Exposures During School 

Bus Commutes 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Deployment & Operation of Scanning Mobility 

Particle Sizers & Low Temperature Tapered Element 

Oscillating Microbalance in Children’s Health Study 

Communities 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

D Long-Term 

Measure 

Determination of Ammonia and Methane Emissions 

from Greenwaste Composting 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

D WST-02 

Other Advanced Technologies

Demonstration of School Buses Retrofitted with PM 

Reduction Technologies 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Evaluation of School Bus Retrofit with Exhaust AfterTreatment Devices VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C, D ON-RD HVYDUTY-3 

Stationary Sources - Clean Energy Technologies

Advanced Premixer/Catalytic Combustor for Natural 

Gas Turbines 

VOC, NOx, CO, 

PM10 

A, B, C Long-Term 

Measure 

Stationary Sources – VOC and PM Reduction Technologies

Zero- & Low-VOC Resin Technology for Advance 

Control Measure Development 

VOC, PM10 A, B, C CTS-07, 

CTS-10 

A. Supports technical feasibility 

B. Supports commercialization 

C. Demonstration of current or potential CARB standards or guidelines 

D. Enhances databases (e.g., emission factors, inventories, health data, etc.) 

Alternative Fuels - Incentives Program

The state Legislature and Governor have recognized the environmental and societal 

benefits of the Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program. The 

District will be administering incentive funds for the replacement of diesel-fueled on- 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 19 

and off-road vehicles including refuse haulers, heavy-duty trucks, transit and school 

buses, construction equipment, marine and port applications and other vehicles and 

equipment. New engines, re-powers and retrofits are allowed within the program. This 

program also helps to commercialize alternative fuel technologies in the real world, 

addressing a key goal of the 2003 AQMP for emission reductions. The Clean Fuels 

Program will provide matching funds that are required to implement this program at the 

local level. 

Exhaust emissions from high-emitting diesel-fueled school buses are harmful to children 

and are a key source of public exposure to toxic diesel particulate matter and smog 

forming pollutants. There are thousands of older school buses on the road that have 

remained in service primarily because school districts lack funds to replace them. Since 

1999, with the help of state funding, AQMD has approved more than $43 million to 

clean up and replace diesel-powered school buses in the Southland. Projects approved 

include the purchase of 206 compressed natural gas-powered school buses, 87 loweremitting new diesel buses and the retrofitting of 1,482 diesel buses with particulate 

emission traps. Recent state budget cuts have resulted in a reduction of about $2 billion 

from school budgets, potentially affecting the transition to less-polluting school buses. 

The District has recently proposed that 70% of penalty fees collected in CY 2003 be 

recognized in the "Lower-Emission School Bus Replacement & Retrofit Program Fund" 

and used to facilitate the acquisition of new CNG buses by school districts and the 

concomitant reduction or elimination of diesel-fueled school buses. Distribution of the 

penalty funds for school buses will take into consideration several elements, including, 

but not limited to, the environmental justice provisions of the Health & Safety Code as 

amended by AB-1390 (Firebaugh), population distribution among various counties, and 

the mix of older versus newer buses. 

Alternative Fuels - On-Road 

Major emission reductions are required in this area, particularly from heavy-duty 

vehicles. The District has initiated projects for the development of heavy-duty natural 

gas engines that will emit less than 0.5 g/bhp-hr NOx and the development of a midsize 

(30 foot) school bus using a low-emitting natural gas engine. Continued efforts focused 

on the development of the Next Generation of Natural Gas Vehicles, lower-NOx emitting 

heavy-duty natural gas engines, as well as development and demonstration of alternative 

fuel school buses and other heavy-duty vehicles. Additionally, plans to demonstrate 

zero-emission technology for idling heavy-duty trucks and trailers were included. 

Alternative Fuels - Infrastructure

In 2001, the District funded the development of natural gas refueling sites, and studies 

on compressors, meters, and home dispensing and liquefaction equipment. Plans to 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 20 

conduct additional studies to enhance the liquefied natural gas manufacturing, 

distribution, and detection technologies are contained in the 2002 update. Another area 

of focus will be to develop best practices that can lead to standardization and 

modularization, as well as develop templates for the design and installation of alternative 

fuel re-fueling stations. Natural gas refueling stations that are also capable of refueling 

hydrogen will be studied. Literature studies on possible station configurations and 

templates for natural gas and hydrogen refueling stations are contemplated, as well as 

demonstrating compatible equipment for handling higher pressures. Work on Codes and 

Standards development is also proposed. 

Fuel Cell Technologies

The District has cosponsored the development and demonstration of several fuel cell 

vehicles. One such project is a 30-foot fuel cell hybrid-electric midsize transit bus that 

will be operated at a local transit agency and fueled by hydrogen generated from a solarand wind-powered electrolyzer. The District plans to expand the demonstration of fuel 

cell vehicles in other conventional and non-conventional fleets. The plan also proposed 

to co-sponsor studies to develop more realistic demonstration specifications for fuel cell 

transit buses, specifically to evaluate realistic operational availability, training, on site 

service, and warranty issues. In the area of hydrogen fueling infrastructure, the plan 

included development and demonstration of distributed hydrogen production and 

refueling stations for fleet and commercial uses, as well as home refueling appliances. 

Furthermore, the plan included additional work on cosponsoring studies for certifying 

hydrogen components and subsystems, as well as the personnel involved in the 

installation, operation, and maintenance of hydrogen systems. 

Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies

Electric and Hybrid Electric Technologies, including demonstration of light-duty and 

heavy-duty electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, as well as refinement of charging 

technologies and advanced energy storage systems were proposed in the 2002 Plan. The 

District will continue the development and demonstration programs, with focus on a 

variety of fleets, including transit buses and heavy-duty trucks. There will also be 

continued focus on advanced energy storage devices such as ultra-capacitors, lithiumtechnology, and high-speed flywheel battery applications. The TAO also plans to 

upgrade hybrid-electric development and demonstration projects with current, betterperforming components resulting in enhanced reliability and lower emissions, as well as 

plug-in recharging capability. 

Alternative Fuels - Off-Road Applications

The District plans to evaluate various off-road technologies. Some of these include 

demonstration of low- and zero-emission locomotives, low-emission alternative fuel off-
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 21 

road engines using technology developed for on-road engines, including retrofit 

equipment. Another area of focus will be the use of gas-to-liquid fuels, emulsified fuels, 

bio-diesel, and low-sulfur diesel fuels in construction equipment and other off-road uses. 

Demonstration of particulate control technologies is a high priority area. The plan also 

includes projects pertaining to low-emission marine engines, including hybrid-electric 

technology. 

Stationary Sources

The District funded numerous projects for the use of microturbines for stationary power 

generation. The TAO plans to support this effort in assembling and demonstrating 

portable microturbine technology that utilizes natural gas or propane. Another 

distributed generation project of interest will be the demonstration of a hybrid fuel 

cell/microturbine power plant that could provide electricity at much higher efficiencies 

than conventional generator systems. Another area of focus will be the development and 

demonstration of emulsified fuel technology for portable power generators. The 2002 

plan also included projects focusing on technology assessments of future VOC limits in 

various District rules, as well as additional development and demonstration of near-zero 

or zero-VOC technologies for solvents, coatings, and adhesives. 

The District has funded several technology assessments as part of its obligation under 

recent rule amendments. These assessments include two studies conducted on low VOC 

coating limits for Rule 1113 – Architectural Coatings. The NTS Laboratory two-year 

real time outdoor exposure study evaluated the exposure characteristics of low-VOC 

coatings as compared to conventional products. A second study was conducted by KTA 

Tator which compared the performance characteristics of current low-VOC coatings to 

higher-VOC coatings in the same category. In addition to these studies, the District is 

sponsoring a technology assessment of the availability and performance characteristics 

of low-VOC solvents complying with the future limits of Rule 1171 – Solvent Cleaning 

Operations. This assessment is scheduled to be completed in 2004. The District will 

also be conducting an assessment to determine whether the retrofit requirements for 

boilers between 400,000 and 1 million BTU per hour under Rule 1146.2 will be 

available by the time the requirements go into effect in 2006. 

IMPLEMENTATION SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

Implementation of the 2003 AQMP will require support activities sponsored by the 

District and SCAG. These efforts are described in the following subsections. 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 22 

District Assistance and Outreach Programs 

Since the adoption of the 1991 AQMP the District has provided assistance to the 

agencies charged with implementing the Plan. A key accomplishment was the District’s 

CEQA Air Quality Handbook to assist local governments in assessing and mitigating air 

quality impacts from projects within their jurisdiction. 

The District has designed and implemented a City Executive Outreach Campaign to raise 

awareness among city managers and administrators of District programs affecting them 

and the types of District resources available to them. Areas being covered during this 

process include: 

• Fleet rule compliance and funding opportunities, including technical assistance 

available 

• Complaint Process/Constituents Issues 

• Building Department Services 

• No-cost, no-fault, compliance assistance for small businesses 

• Training programs for city and county building and safety staff, and 

• Incorporation of a model air quality element into General Plans. 

Business Assistance 

The District has initiated several programs to assist businesses that must comply with the 

requirements promulgated in the Plan. These programs include: permit streamlining 

practices, interaction with small and medium-sized businesses, source education 

programs, and compliance assessment programs. 

The Public Advisor assures business input to the District’s policy makers through 

community workshops, industry-specific meeting, and ethnic business working groups. 

Fee Review and other technical assistance helps companies resolve issues in a 

cooperative manner. 

The District’s Small Business Assistance office helps owners/operators participate in the 

District’s policy and rule development process and helps them comply with applicable 

requirements. It offers permit application and processing assistance as well as 

compliance and financial assistance. 

The District assists small business in qualifying for a state loan guarantee program for 

equipment that complies with District requirements. Under the California Capital 

Access Program (CalCAP), the District will pay the loan fees (generally 2 to 3.5% of the 

loan amount) businesses would normally have to pay to obtain a bank loan. This is a 

loan insurance program that helps businesses with limited credit qualify for a bank loan. 

The loan guarantee may be approved for up to $250,000. 
Chapter 7 Implementation 

7 - 23 

SCAG Assistance 

SCAG has provided significant assistance and outreach to local governments in 

understanding, assessing and implementing programs to address TCMs and associated 

air quality issues. SCAG provides funding to its thirteen subregions to help develop 

policies and strategies and prepare monitoring programs which address TCMs, air 

quality and mobility requirements--identifying locally sensitive implementation options 

and continuing to develop monitoring programs to report progress. 

In cooperation with the District, SCAG helped create and launch the now independent 

Southern California Economic Partnership (The Partnership), as discussed previously in 

this chapter. SCAG continues to participate in an active role to implement new 

strategies to improve air quality and mobility. 

MONITORING 

The 2003 AQMP sets the course for attaining the federal and state air quality standards 

in the Basin. As the Plan is implemented, it is essential to periodically assess the 

effectiveness of the air pollution control programs in reducing emissions, and to 

determine whether or not the Basin is still proceeding along the course set forth in the 

AQMP. Monitoring the AQMP’s effectiveness will also be an integral part of preparing 

the annual rule work plan. The monitoring report will provide the necessary information 

to monitor for maximum feasible measures and expeditious adoption schedule required 

by the CCAA. 

It is equally important that the people who live and work in the Basin be kept informed 

of the efforts being undertaken to improve air quality, and of the extent to which air 

quality is improving as a result. The monitoring report can provide this kind of feedback 

to the Basin’s residents. 

Every third year, the District is required to assess the overall effectiveness of its air 

quality program, including determining the quality of emission reductions achieved, and 

the rate of population and industrial- and vehicular-related emissions growth compared 

to the assumptions and goals contained in the Plan. The District is also required to 

assess the extent of air quality improvement, based upon ambient pollutant 

measurements and best available modeling techniques. These reports are required by 

law to be adopted by the District at a public hearing and to be transmitted to the CARB. 

Significant enhancements have been incorporated into the modeling approach for the 

2003 AQMP in order to minimize uncertainty and improve performance. These include 

use of the most up-to-date scientifically and U.S. EPA accepted ozone models and air 

chemistry modules that are currently available. Chapter 5 and Appendix V of the 2003 
Final 2003 AQMP 

7 - 24 

AQMP provide a completed discussion of the enhancements and improvement to the 

Plan’s modeling approach. 

The federal Clean Air Act also requires nonattainment areas, such as the Basin, to 

document “reasonable further progress” in achieving incremental reductions of air 

pollution. 

SCAG, with the assistance of county transportation commissions and subregions, 

prepares the portion of the monitoring reports that pertain to local government 

transportation and land use measures and submits those portions to the District for 

inclusion in the full monitoring reports. 

CARB and U.S. EPA will also be responsible for monitoring their portion of the state 

and federal element of the Plan.