# Patent

## Title
Dielectric characterization of bituminous froth

## Abstract

A method of determining a permittivity of a substance may include providing a probe having a planar end surface, providing a signal source and a signal receiver coupled to the probe, and physically contacting the substance with the planar end surface of the probe defining an interface. The method may further include measuring a reflection coefficient of the substance by at least transmitting a signal through the probe to the interface, receiving a reflected signal from the interface, and comparing the transmitted and reflected signals. The method may further include calculating the permittivity of the substance based upon the reflection coefficient.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This specification is related to McAndrews, Held & Malloy Serial Numbers:
Ser. No. 12/396,247
Ser. No. 12/395,995
Ser. No. 12/395,945
Ser. No. 12/396,192
Ser. No. 12/396,021
Ser. No. 12/396,284
Ser. No. 12/396,057
Ser. No. 12/395,918
filed on the same date as this specification, each of which is incorporated by reference herein
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[Not Applicable]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention concerns the dielectric characterization of a substance to be heated, and more particularly to a method of heating the substance by the application of radio-frequency (RF) energy.
The current state-of-the-art suggests that heating bituminous froth is a desired step in the hydrocarbon recovery process. However this implementation has been proposed with direct steam which results in the dilution of the froth and corrupts its chemical composition and value.
Bituminous froth is unstable and loses its physical characteristics when handled. In the manufacturing process, its exact position and surface face-orientation is not accurately known. As a result, determining its dielectric characteristics is difficult. No prior record appears to exist on the resolution of this problem
Water is used and reused in the combined extraction, froth treatment, and tailings handling in present processes.
In addition, the insertion of steam into the froth at this point requires that the precipitated water be removed from the froth before the next step in the process (the up-grader) and that this water be either chemically scrubbed (cleaned) if to be discharged or, if to be reintroduced into the process, be reheated.
The use of a secondary applicator, like a heat exchanger, is not believed to useful due to the chemical nature of the froth. Such an implementation results in an excessive build up of undesired materials on the applicator.
No major alternatives to the water-based bitumen extraction are forecasted to emerge in the next decade.
A key challenge to the water based extraction process in future will be water and solids management.
Alternatives for processing the whole ore, such as solvent based extraction, have had decades of development, but have failed to overcome the basic losses (of solvent or energy) in the large mass of sand that has to be processed. Consequently, most research and technology development in mining is aimed at sustaining and improving the integration of mining operations with water-based extraction.
Bituminous froth, consisting approximately of 60% bitumen, 30% water, and 10% solids in a bubbly froth, is unstable (with time and material handling). This fact exacerbates the difficulties encountered with traditional measurement methodology.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An aspect of the invention concerns a method of determining the permittivity of a substance, e.g., a bituminous froth, using a probe comprising inner and outer conductors separated by a dielectric material of known permittivity, the probe having an at least generally planar end surface normal to the axis of the probe. A signal source and a signal receiver are operatively connected to the probe. In this aspect, the method can be carried out by contacting the substance with the planar end surface of the probe to form an interface between the probe and the substance, such as froth. The method further involves measuring the reflection coefficient of the substance by (1) transmitting a signal through the probe to the interface, (2) receiving the signal reflected from the interface, and (3) comparing said transmitted and reflected signals, and then calculating the permittivity of said substance from the reflection coefficient as so measured.
Another aspect of the invention concerns a method of heating a substance, such as bituminous froth, by determining the permittivity of the substance, e.g., a bituminous froth, using a probe, a signal source, and a signal receiver as described above. In this aspect, the determination of the permittivity is carried out by contacting the substance with the planar end surface of said probe to form an interface between the probe and the substance, such as the froth. The determination further involves measuring the reflection coefficient of the substance by (1) transmitting a signal through the probe to the interface, (2) receiving the signal reflected from the interface, and (3) comparing said transmitted and reflected signals, and then calculating the permittivity of said substance from the reflection coefficient as so measured. The method further involves providing a radiation source physically and electrically spaced from the substance.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an embodiment of the probe, illustrating practice of an embodiment of the method.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which one or more embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are examples of the invention, which has the full scope indicated by the language of the claims. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
It is reported in the literature that 8% of the bitumen entering the extraction and froth treatment steps today is lost to tailings, and the value of just half of that loss in terms of the energy reduction is estimated at some $250 million annually for every million barrels of actual production. See, Flint, Len, “Bitumen Recovery Technology” p. 40 (April 2005). Improving froth treatment is viewed in the literature as a high value target. See Flint, pp. 53-59.
Electromagnetically heating the froth could reduce water demands.
Heating bituminous froth as it is produced with RF can improve processing throughput and reduce cost.
The application of RF heat to the bituminous froth can be performed remotely without contacting the substance (the froth) itself.
Efficient RF heating requires radiation at wavelengths that penetrate the material and generate heat within it.
The process of conveying RF energy (or radiating) into a material is dictated by the dielectric characteristics of the material in question and by the electrical characteristics of the source.
Thus, the electromagnetic characterization of the various materials to be heated is an important aspect of an RF heating approach.
Determining the dielectric characteristics of bituminous froth has previously been a difficult proposition to accomplish. The present inventors contemplate that the difficulty has resulted because the location and orientation of the froth sample relative to the test probe must be precisely known in order to obtain an accurate result.
In one aspect, the measurement is carried out by placing the material in-question in contact with a controlled sampling device such as a coaxial chamber.
By characterizing the dielectric properties of the froth, it is possible to apply heat to the froth exclusively and efficiently. This can be accomplished by accurately characterizing the permittivity and the permeability of the froth itself without disturbing its state.
Such a process is facilitated when the material is addressed in such a way that its position and orientation relative to the test instrument probe is precisely known.
The process of characterizing bituminous froth requires that the material (the froth) be minimally disturbed so its dielectric characteristics can be determined as it sits in the state to which the RF energy is to be applied.
As noted, an aspect of the invention concerns a method of determining the permittivity of a substance, e.g., a bituminous froth. The determination may be made utilizing a probe, such as coaxial probe 10 depicted in FIG. 1, in which an outer conductor 12 encloses a dielectric material 14 having a known permittivity and an inner conductor 16. The probe 10 has a planar end surface 18 normal to the axis of the probe. The planar end surface 18 may be polished to increase the precision of the measurement. In this aspect, the method is carried out by contacting the substance 20, in this instance bitumen froth with unknown permittivity floating on a middling slurry 22 from which the bitumen froth 20 has separated during processing. The bitumen froth 20 is contacted with the planar end surface 18 of the probe 10 to form an interface between the probe and the froth 20. The planar end surface 18 of the probe 10 therefore functions as a reference plane for the permittivity determination.
Because the impedance of the froth or other substance will, in most circumstances, differ from that of the dielectric material of the probe, a portion of the signal 24 directed at the interface 18 will be reflected rather than propagated into the froth.
The method further involves measuring the reflection coefficient of the substance by (1) transmitting a signal 24 through the probe to the interface, (2) receiving the signal 26 reflected from the interface, (3) comparing said transmitted and reflected signals, all by use of the network analyzer 26 as is known in the art. One can then calculate the permittivity of the substance from the reflection coefficient as so measured.
In general, the permittivity ∈r of the substance (here, the froth) is determined by the following formula:




  
    ɛ
    Γ
  
  =
  
    
      
        c
        2
      
      
        ω
        2
      
    
    ·
    
      [
      
        
          
            (
            
              
                z
                +
                1
              
              
                z
                -
                1
              
            
            )
          
          2
        
        +
        
          
            (
            
              
                2
                ⁢
                π
              
              
                λ
                c
              
            
            )
          
          2
        
      
      ]
    
  




wherein,
c=speed of light
ω=frequency of the transmitted signal
λc=wavelength of the transmitted signal
and z is determined as follows:




  z
  =
  
    
      Γ
      +
      1
    
    
      Γ
      -
      1
    
  




wherein
Γ=reflection coefficient
Once the electromagnetic properties of the target material have been characterized, the next step is to select a radiation source.
Maximum energy efficiency is achieved when the impedance of the radiating source matches the complex conjugate of the impedance of the material to be heated. Otherwise, excessive energy is reflected from the material interface and the energy is wasted.
Selection of the proper wavelength and design of the radiating source to match the impedance of the material requires knowledge of both the real and imaginary components of permittivity and its dependence on frequency. The dielectric characteristics of the material dictate its impedance and drive the design of the transmitter interface. The real and imaginary components of the dielectric properties of the material determine the material impedance, which is a complex number.
Other constituent materials, like water or solids for instance, can be extracted (not required), or even simply excluded (nor included) from the heating process. This is simply a consequence of the fact that the driving mechanism impedance dictates what element of the load is dissipating this RF energy.
This approach permits the application of heat only to the element of the system of interest and not to other constituents, thus improving efficiency. This approach further may provide uniform heating, which, in turn, increases process yield. This approach further may permit the heating process to occur remotely and with minimal operator intervention. By heating the froth remotely, (i.e. by irradiation), the froth does not have to be physically contacted by any heating equipment. This is especially advantageous because of the physical characteristics of the froth—it is very viscous and tends to “gum up” whatever it passes through. This allows the froth to be heated while being transported using known mechanical handling means that work. This avoids the need for operator intervention and avoids interruptions in plant operation caused by froth transport failures.

## Claims

1. A method of determining a permittivity of a hydrocarbon resource comprising:
physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with a planar end surface of a probe to define an interface;
measuring a reflection coefficient of the hydrocarbon resource by at least
transmitting a signal through the probe to the interface,
receiving a reflected signal from the interface,
comparing the transmitted and reflected signals; and

calculating the permittivity of the hydrocarbon resource based upon the reflection coefficient.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon resource comprises bituminous froth.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with the planar end surface of the probe comprises physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with a planar end surface of a probe having an outer conductor, an inner conductor and a dielectric material therebetween.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the probe has an axis along a length thereof; and wherein physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with the planar end surface of the probe comprises physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with a planar end surface normal to the axis.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the signal transmitted through the probe to the interface is transmitted from a signal source coupled to the probe.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reflected signal from the interface is received by a signal receiver coupled to the probe.

7. A method of heating a hydrocarbon resource sample comprising:
physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource sample with a planar end surface of a probe to define an interface;
measuring a reflection coefficient of the hydrocarbon resource sample by at least
transmitting a signal through the probe to the interface,
receiving a reflected signal from the interface, and
comparing the transmitted and reflected signals;

calculating the permittivity of the hydrocarbon resource sample based upon the reflection coefficient;
calculating an impedance of the hydrocarbon resource sample from the calculated permittivity; and
applying radio frequency (RF) energy from an RF source to the hydrocarbon resource sample, the RF source having a source impedance corresponding to the impedance of the hydrocarbon resource sample.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the hydrocarbon resource sample comprises a bituminous froth sample.

9. The method according to claim 7, wherein providing the probe comprises providing a probe having an outer conductor, an inner conductor, and a dielectric material therebetween.

10. The method according to claim 7, wherein the probe has an axis along a length thereof; and wherein physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with the planar end surface of the probe comprises physically contacting the hydrocarbon resource with a planar end surface normal to the axis.

11. The method according to claim 7, wherein the signal transmitted through the probe to the interface is transmitted from a signal source coupled to the probe.

12. The method according to claim 7, wherein the reflected signal from the interface is received by a signal receiver coupled to the probe.

13. The method according to claim 7, further comprising acquiring the hydrocarbon resource sample.