TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT.-

ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS

FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS:

FLW _SCENT LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE

Including:

Environmental Assessment

Regulatory Impact Analysis

Janmaary 2000

U.S. Department of Energy

Assistant Secretary,

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy

Office of Building Research and Standards

Washington, DC 20585

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS 

FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS: 

FLlJORESCENT LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE 

Including: 

Environmental Assessment 

Regulatory Impact Analysis 

January 2000 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Assistant Secretary, 

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 

Office of Building Research and Standards 

\Nashington, DC 20585 

TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS 

FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS: 

FLlJORESCENT LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE 

Including: 

Environmental Assessment 

Regulatory Impact Analysis 

January 2000 

U.S. Department of Energy 

Assistant Secretary, 

Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy 

Office of Building Research and Standards 

\Nashington, DC 20585 
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT'

DOE Project Manager

Carl Adams

LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader

James E. McMahon

Lead LBNL Author

Isaac Turiel

Chapter Authors

Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1)

Isaac Turiel (ch. 2)

Sajid Hakim (Ch 3)

Sajid Hakim (Ch. 4)

Barbara Atkinson (Ch. 5)

1,4.ike Rivestb (Ch. 6)

Chris Marnay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & App. D)

Technical Contributors

Barbara Atkinson Sachu Constantine° Diana Morris

Steve Brown Andrea Denver Julie Osborn

Stuart Chaitkin Diane Fisher Nan Wishner

Peter Chan Kristina Hamachi

Terry Chan Chris Marnay

° Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted

bArthur D. Little, Inc.

Alliance to Save Energy

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

CONTRffiUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENr 

DOE Project Manager 

Carl Adams 

LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader 

James E. McMahon 

Lead LBNL Author 

Isaac Turiel 

Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1) 

Isaac Turiel (Ch.2) 

Sajid Hakim (Ch 3) 

Sajid Hakim (Ch.4) 

Barbara Atkinson (Ch.5) 

Mike Rivestb (Ch. 6) 

Chapter Authors 

Chris Mamay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & App. D) 

Barbara Atkinson 

Steve Brown 

Stuart Chaitkin 

Peter Chan 

Terry Chan 

Technical Contributors 

Sachu ConstantineC 

Andrea Denver 

Diane Fisher 

Kristina Hamachi 

Chris Marnay 

a Lawrence Berkeley NatIOnal Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted 

b Arthur D. Little, Inc. 

e Alliance to Save Energy 

11 

Diana Morris 

Julie Osborn 

Nan Wishner 

CONTRffiUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENr 

DOE Project Manager 

Carl Adams 

LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader 

James E. McMahon 

Lead LBNL Author 

Isaac Turiel 

Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1) 

Isaac Turiel (Ch.2) 

Sajid Hakim (Ch 3) 

Sajid Hakim (Ch.4) 

Barbara Atkinson (Ch.5) 

Mike Rivestb (Ch. 6) 

Chapter Authors 

Chris Mamay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & App. D) 

Barbara Atkinson 

Steve Brown 

Stuart Chaitkin 

Peter Chan 

Terry Chan 

Technical Contributors 

Sachu ConstantineC 

Andrea Denver 

Diane Fisher 

Kristina Hamachi 

Chris Marnay 

a Lawrence Berkeley NatIOnal Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted 

b Arthur D. Little, Inc. 

e Alliance to Save Energy 

11 

Diana Morris 

Julie Osborn 

Nan Wishner 
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................... 1-1

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT .......................... 1-1

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH ......................................... 2-1

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 2-1

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK ................... 2-2

2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS ...................... 2-5

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis ................................... 2-5

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) ..................... 2-6

2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) .............. 2-6

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model .................. 2-7

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory

Impact Model) ................................. 2-7

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA) ........... 2-8

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ....................................... 3-1

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 3-1

3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS .......................... 3-3

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS .................................. 3-4

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA ................................ 3-6

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA .............. 3-8

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps ................................... 3-8

3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps ................................... 3-10

3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ....................... 3-11

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY .................................... 3-15

CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS ..................... 4-1

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS ............ 4-1

4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs ..................................... 4-2

4.1.2 LCC Results ........................................ 4-8

4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL ....... 4-20

4.2.1 Payback Period Results ............................... 4-21

4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ................................. 4-32

CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................... 5-1

5.1 METHODOLOGY ......................................... 5-1

5.2 DATA ................................................... 5-2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1-1 

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................. " 1-1 

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT .......................... 1-1 

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH ......................................... 2-1 

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 2-1 

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK ................... 2-2 

2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS .................... " 2-5 

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -5 

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCe) ..................... 2-6 

2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) .............. 2-6 

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model .................. 2-7 

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory 

Impact Model) ................................. 2-7 

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA) ........... 2-8 

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ....................................... 3-1 

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 3-1 

3.2 LAMPIBALLAST COMBINATIONS .......................... 3-3 

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS .................................. 3-4 

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA ................................ 3-6 

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA .............. 3-8 

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps ................................... 3-8 

3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps ................................... 3-10 

3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ....................... 3-11 

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY .................................... 3-15 

CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS ..................... 4-1 

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS ............ 4-1 

4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs ..................................... 4-2 

4.1.2 LCC Results ........................................ 4-8 

4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL ....... 4-20 

4.2.1 Payback Period Results ............................... 4-21 

4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ................................. 4-32 

CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................... 5-1 

5.1 METHODOLOGY ......................................... 5-1 

5.2 DATA ................................................... 5-2 

iii 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1-1 

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................. " 1-1 

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT .......................... 1-1 

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH ......................................... 2-1 

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 2-1 

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK ................... 2-2 

2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS .................... " 2-5 

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -5 

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCe) ..................... 2-6 

2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) .............. 2-6 

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model .................. 2-7 

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory 

Impact Model) ................................. 2-7 

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA) ........... 2-8 

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ....................................... 3-1 

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 3-1 

3.2 LAMPIBALLAST COMBINATIONS .......................... 3-3 

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS .................................. 3-4 

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA ................................ 3-6 

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA .............. 3-8 

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps ................................... 3-8 

3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps ................................... 3-10 

3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ....................... 3-11 

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY .................................... 3-15 

CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS ..................... 4-1 

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS ............ 4-1 

4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs ..................................... 4-2 

4.1.2 LCC Results ........................................ 4-8 

4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL ....... 4-20 

4.2.1 Payback Period Results ............................... 4-21 

4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ................................. 4-32 

CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................... 5-1 

5.1 METHODOLOGY ......................................... 5-1 

5.2 DATA ................................................... 5-2 

iii 
5.2.1 Shipments .......................................... 5-2

5.2.2 Market Weights ...................................... 5-6

5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards ................ 5-6

5.2.2.2 Market Segments .................................. 5-6

5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards ....................... 5-7

5.2.3 Year of Standards .......................................... 5-7

5.2.4 Social Discount Rate ........................................ 5-7

5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates ................................... 5-7

5.2.6 Lighting/HVAC Interactions ................................... 5-8

5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS ................................ 5-8

5.3.1 Base Cases ............................................... 5-9

5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015 ........................ 5-9

5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027 ........................ 5-9

5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts ............................ 5-9

5.3.2 Standards Scenarios ....................................... 5-10

5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios ...................... 5-11

5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios ....................... 5-12

5.3.5 Alternative Electricity Price Projections .......................... 5-13

5.3.6 Results .................................................. 5-14

5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT ................................... 5-19

CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ............................ 6-1

6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER ........ 6-1

6A.1 Manufacturer Impact Analysis Methodology ....................... 6-1

6A. 1.1 Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification .................... 6-1

6A. 1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis .................. 6-2

6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis ............................ 6-3

6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow .................................. 6-3

6A.2 MIA Results .................................................... 6-4

6A.2.1 Industry Characterization .................................... 6-4

6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments ................................ 6-4

6A.2.1.2 Manufacturer Market Shares and Characteristics ......... 6-6

6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts ........................................ 6-8

6A.2.2.1 Shipments ...................................... 6-9

6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments .............................. 6-11

6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal ....................... 6-12

6A.2.2.4 Industry Value of the Electronic Ballast Business ......... 6-16

6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis of Cash Flow ................... 6-19

6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts .............................. 6-20

6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and

Loss of Capital Assets ................................... 6-24

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

5.2.1 Shipments .......................................... 5-2 

5.2.2 Market Weights ...................................... 5-6 

5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards ................ 5-6 

5.2.2.2 Market Segments .................................. 5-6 

5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards ....................... 5-7 

5.2.3 Year of Standards .......................................... 5-7 

5.2.4 Social Discount Rate ........................................ 5-7 

5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates ................................... 5-7 

5.2.6 LightingIHV AC Interactions ................................... 5-8 

5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS ............ , ................... 5-8 

5.3.1 Base Cases ............................................... 5-9 

5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015 ........................ 5-9 

5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027 ........................ 5-9 

5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts ............................ 5-9 

5.3.2 Standards Scenarios ....................................... 5-10 

5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios ...................... 5-11 

5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios ....................... 5-12 

5.3.5 Altemative Electricity Price Projections .......................... 5-13 

5.3.6 Results .................................................. 5-14 

5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOyMENT ................................... 5-19 

CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ............................ 6-1 

6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER ........ 6-1 

6A.1 ManufacturerImpact Analysis Methodology ....................... 6-1 

6A.I.I Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification .................... 6-1 

6A.1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis .................. 6-2 

6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis ............................ 6-3 

6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow .................................. 6-3 

6A.2 MIA Results .................................................... 6-4 

6A.2.1 Industry Characterization .................................... 6-4 

6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 

6A.2.1.2 Manufacturer Market Shares and Characteristics ......... 6-6 

6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts ........................................ 6-8 

6A.2.2.1 Shipments ...................................... 6-9 

6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments .............................. 6-11 

6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal ....................... 6-12 

6A.2.2.4 Industry Value of the Electronic Ballast Business . . . . . . . . . 6-16 

6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis of Cash Flow ................... 6-19 

6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts .............................. 6-20 

6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and 

Loss of Capital Assets ................................... 6-24 

IV 

5.2.1 Shipments .......................................... 5-2 

5.2.2 Market Weights ...................................... 5-6 

5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards ................ 5-6 

5.2.2.2 Market Segments .................................. 5-6 

5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards ....................... 5-7 

5.2.3 Year of Standards .......................................... 5-7 

5.2.4 Social Discount Rate ........................................ 5-7 

5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates ................................... 5-7 

5.2.6 LightingIHV AC Interactions ................................... 5-8 

5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS ............ , ................... 5-8 

5.3.1 Base Cases ............................................... 5-9 

5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015 ........................ 5-9 

5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027 ........................ 5-9 

5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts ............................ 5-9 

5.3.2 Standards Scenarios ....................................... 5-10 

5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios ...................... 5-11 

5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios ....................... 5-12 

5.3.5 Altemative Electricity Price Projections .......................... 5-13 

5.3.6 Results .................................................. 5-14 

5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOyMENT ................................... 5-19 

CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ............................ 6-1 

6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER ........ 6-1 

6A.1 ManufacturerImpact Analysis Methodology ....................... 6-1 

6A.I.I Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification .................... 6-1 

6A.1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis .................. 6-2 

6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis ............................ 6-3 

6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow .................................. 6-3 

6A.2 MIA Results .................................................... 6-4 

6A.2.1 Industry Characterization .................................... 6-4 

6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 

6A.2.1.2 Manufacturer Market Shares and Characteristics ......... 6-6 

6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts ........................................ 6-8 

6A.2.2.1 Shipments ...................................... 6-9 

6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments .............................. 6-11 

6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal ....................... 6-12 

6A.2.2.4 Industry Value of the Electronic Ballast Business . . . . . . . . . 6-16 

6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis of Cash Flow ................... 6-19 

6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts .............................. 6-20 

6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and 

Loss of Capital Assets ................................... 6-24 

IV 
6A.2.3.1 Interview Results ........................... ..... 6-25

6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers ..................... 6-26

6A.2.4 Employment Impacts ...................................... 6-26

6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998 ......................... 6-27

6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards .......... 6-27

6A.2.4.3 Employment Impacts on the Industry .................. 6-29

6A.2.5 Other Impacts ......................................... ...

6A.2.5.1 Impact of the Decline in Magnetic Ballast

6-31

Shipments on Sub-group 1 ............................. 6-31

6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with

Regards to their Ability to Compete in the

Marketplace ....................................... 6-32

6A.2.5.3 Global Competition .............................. 6-32

6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact of Regulations .................... 6-33

6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT

LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY .............................. 6-33

6B. 1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND

ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION ......................... 6-35

6B. 1.1 Cost ofMaterials for Magnetic Ballast .......................... 6-35

6B. 1.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and

Electronic Ballast Manufacturers ......................... 6-38

6B. 1.3 Cash Flow Impacts ....................................... 6-39

6B. 1.4 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-43

613, 1.5 Impacts of Recent Market Trends ........................... 6-46

6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST

PRODUCTION ............................................. 6-48

6B.2.1 Cost ofMaterials ........................................ 6-48

6B.2.2 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-50

6B.2.3 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-51

6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT

IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS ................................ 6-52

6B.3.1 Financial Impacts .... .................................... 6-52

6B.3.2 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-53

6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ........... 6-55

6C.1 SUMMARY ................................................... 6-55

6C.2 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-57

6C.3 RESULTS ...... ..... ........................... ........... 6-58

6C.3.1 Customer Choice .......................................... 6-64

v

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

6A.2.3.1 Interview Results ................................ 6-25 

6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers ..................... 6-26 

6A.2.4 Employment Impacts ...................................... 6-26 

6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998 ......................... 6-27 

6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards .......... 6-27 

6A.2.4J Employment Impacts on the Industry .................. 6-29 

6A.2.5 Other Impacts ........................................... 6-31 

6A.2.5.1 Impact ofthe Decline in Magnetic Ballast 

Shipments on Sub-group 1 ............................. 6-31 

6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with 

Regards to their Ability to Compete in the 

Marketplace ....................................... 6-32 

6A.2.5.3 Global Competition .............................. 6-32 

6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact of Regulations .................... 6-33 

6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY .............................. 6-33 

6B.1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND 

ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION ......................... 6-35 

6B.1.1 Cost of Materials for Magnetic Ballast .......................... 6-35 

6B.l.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and 

Electronic Ballast Manufacturers ......................... 6-38 

6B.1.3 Cash Flow Impacts ....................................... 6-39 

6B.l.4 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-43 

6B.1.5 Impacts of Recent Market Trends ........................... 6-46 

6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST 

PRODUCTION ............................................. 6-48 

6B.2.1 Cost of Materials ........................................ 6-48 

6B.2.2 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-50 

6B.2J Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-51 

6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT 

IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS ................................ 6-52 

6BJ.1 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-52 

6B.3.2 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-53 

6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY .. , ........ 6-55 

6C.1 SUMMARy ................................................... 6-55 

6C.2 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-57 

6C.3 RESULTS .............. , .................. , ... " ., ........ 6-58 

6C.3.1 Customer Choice .......................................... 6-64 

v 

6A.2.3.1 Interview Results ................................ 6-25 

6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers ..................... 6-26 

6A.2.4 Employment Impacts ...................................... 6-26 

6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998 ......................... 6-27 

6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards .......... 6-27 

6A.2.4J Employment Impacts on the Industry .................. 6-29 

6A.2.5 Other Impacts ........................................... 6-31 

6A.2.5.1 Impact ofthe Decline in Magnetic Ballast 

Shipments on Sub-group 1 ............................. 6-31 

6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with 

Regards to their Ability to Compete in the 

Marketplace ....................................... 6-32 

6A.2.5.3 Global Competition .............................. 6-32 

6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact of Regulations .................... 6-33 

6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY .............................. 6-33 

6B.1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND 

ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION ......................... 6-35 

6B.1.1 Cost of Materials for Magnetic Ballast .......................... 6-35 

6B.l.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and 

Electronic Ballast Manufacturers ......................... 6-38 

6B.1.3 Cash Flow Impacts ....................................... 6-39 

6B.l.4 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-43 

6B.1.5 Impacts of Recent Market Trends ........................... 6-46 

6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST 

PRODUCTION ............................................. 6-48 

6B.2.1 Cost of Materials ........................................ 6-48 

6B.2.2 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-50 

6B.2J Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-51 

6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT 

IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS ................................ 6-52 

6BJ.1 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-52 

6B.3.2 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-53 

6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY .. , ........ 6-55 

6C.1 SUMMARy ................................................... 6-55 

6C.2 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-57 

6C.3 RESULTS .............. , .................. , ... " ., ........ 6-58 

6C.3.1 Customer Choice .......................................... 6-64 

v 
6C.3.2 Exemption Issues .......................................... 6-64

6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications ............................. 6-64

6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems ................................. 6-64

6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications ....................... 6-65

6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference .......................... 6-65

6C.3.3 Global Market Competition ............................... 6-65

6C.3.4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts .................. 6-66

6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ................ 6-68

6D.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-68

6D.2 RESULTS ................................................. 6-69

CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT

LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES .................. 7-1

7.1 SUMMARY .......................................................7-1

7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ....................................... 7-1

7.3 ASSUMPTIONS ................................................... 7-2

7.4 METHODS ........................................................ 7-2

7.5 RESULTS ......................................................... 7-3

APPENDIX A. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ...... A-1

A.1 ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARY ...................... A-1

A.2 LAMP PRICES ................................................. A-4

A.3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA ..................... A-4

A.4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA ...................................... A-16

A.5 LABOR COST DATA .................................... A-18

A.6 COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS ... A-21

A.7 LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION ......................... A-22

APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND

NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................ B-1

B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES ............... B-1

B. 1.1 Background ...............................................B-1

B1.2 Overview ................................................. B-1

B.1.3 Sample Tariffs ............................................. B-2

B.1.3.1 Tariff Collection ..................................... B-2

B.1.3.2 Commercial Tariff Structure ............................ B-4

B. 1.3.3 Commercial Tariff Spreadsheet Modeling .................. B-5

B. 1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers ................................... B-S

B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS) ......................... B-7

B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations ................................... B-7

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

6C.3.2 Exemption Issues .......................................... 6-64 

6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications ............................. 6-64 

6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems ................................. 6-64 

6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications ....................... 6-65 

6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference .......................... 6-65 

6C.3.3 Global Market Competition ............................... 6-65 

6C.3,4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts .................. 6-66 

6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRy ................ 6-68 

6D.l INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-68 

6D.2 RESULTS ................................................. 6-69 

CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES .................. 7-1 

7.1 SUMMARY ....................................................... 7-1 

7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ....................................... 7-1 

7.3 ASSUMPTIONS ................................................... 7-2 

7.4 METHODS ........................................................ 7-2 

7.5 RESULTS ......................................................... 7-3 

APPENDIXA ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ...... A-I 

Al ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARy ...................... A-I 

A.2 LAMP PRICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

A3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA ..................... A-4 

A4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA ...................................... A-16 

A5 

A6 

A7 

LABOR COST DATA A-18 

COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS ... A-21 

LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-22 

APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND 

NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................ B-1 

B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES ............... B-1 

B.1.1 Background ............................................... B-1 

B 1.2 Overview ................................................. B-1 

B.1.3 Sample Tariffs ............................................. B-2 

B.1.3.1 Tariff Collection ..................................... B-2 

B.1.3.2 Commercial Tariff Structure ............................ B-4 

B.1.3.3 Commercial Tariff Spreadsheet Modeling .................. B-5 

B.1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers ................................... B-5 

B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS) ......................... B-7 

B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations ................................... B-7 

VI 

6C.3.2 Exemption Issues .......................................... 6-64 

6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications ............................. 6-64 

6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems ................................. 6-64 

6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications ....................... 6-65 

6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference .......................... 6-65 

6C.3.3 Global Market Competition ............................... 6-65 

6C.3,4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts .................. 6-66 

6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRy ................ 6-68 

6D.l INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-68 

6D.2 RESULTS ................................................. 6-69 

CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES .................. 7-1 

7.1 SUMMARY ....................................................... 7-1 

7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ....................................... 7-1 

7.3 ASSUMPTIONS ................................................... 7-2 

7.4 METHODS ........................................................ 7-2 

7.5 RESULTS ......................................................... 7-3 

APPENDIXA ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ...... A-I 

Al ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARy ...................... A-I 

A.2 LAMP PRICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

A3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA ..................... A-4 

A4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA ...................................... A-16 

A5 

A6 

A7 

LABOR COST DATA A-18 

COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS ... A-21 

LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-22 

APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND 

NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................ B-1 

B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES ............... B-1 

B.1.1 Background ............................................... B-1 

B 1.2 Overview ................................................. B-1 

B.1.3 Sample Tariffs ............................................. B-2 

B.1.3.1 Tariff Collection ..................................... B-2 

B.1.3.2 Commercial Tariff Structure ............................ B-4 

B.1.3.3 Commercial Tariff Spreadsheet Modeling .................. B-5 

B.1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers ................................... B-5 

B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS) ......................... B-7 

B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations ................................... B-7 

VI 
B.1.5.2 CTAS Output ....................................... B-7

B. 1.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards - The Role of

Lighting Coincidence and Diversity ............................ B-8

B. 1.5.4 Weighting Method ................................... B-9

B.1.6 RESULTS ............................................... B-10

B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION .......................... B-12

B.2.1 Overview ................................................ B-12

B.2.2 Model Worksheets ........................................ B-12

B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation ...................................... B-13

B.2.4 Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios ................. B-18

B.2.5 Modeling the Regulatory Impact Analysis Alternative Cases .......... B-19

B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS ........................... B-21

B.4 LIGHTING/HVAC INTERACTIONS ............................... B-23

B.4.1 Methodology ............................................. B-23

B.4.2 Savings in Existing Buildings .................................. B-23

B.4.3 Savings in Newer Buildings ................................... B-27

B.4.4 Average Savings During the Analysis Period ...................... B-30

B.5 NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS ................................ B-30

B.5.1 Utility DSM Rebates ....................................... B-31

B.5.1.1 Introduction ...................................... B-31

B.5.1.2 Utility Data ....................................... B-31

B.5.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending ................... B-32

B.5.1.4 Methodology ..................................... B-33

B.5.1.5 Results .......................................... B-34

B.5.1.6 Market Impacts of DSM Rebates ...................... B-35

B.5.2 ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 Building Code ........................ B-36

B.5.2.1 Introduction ...................................... B-36

B.5.2.2 Methodology ..................................... B-36

B.5.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code ............. B-38

B.5.2.4 Impact of Upgraded Code ........................... B-38

B.5.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs .............. B-42

B.5.4 Federal Energy Management Program .......................... B-44

B.5.4.1 Procurement Challenge (PEERS) ....................... B-44

B.5.4.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI) ....................... B-47

B5.5 Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC) .......................... B-48

B.5.6 Voluntary Luminaire Program ................................. B-49

B.5.7 Summary ................................................ B-49

B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS ............... B-50

B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards .................................. B-50

B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards ................................... B-52

B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS ................................ B-53

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

B.1.S.2 CTAS Output ....................................... B-7 

B.l.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards - The Role of 

Lighting Coincidence and Diversity ............................ B-8 

B.1.SA Weighting Method ................................... B-9 

B.1.6 RESULTS ............................................... B-I0 

B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION .... , ..................... B-12 

B.2.1 Overview ................................................ B-12 

B.2.2 Model Worksheets ........................................ B-12 

B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation ...................................... B-13 

B.2A Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios ................. B-18 

B.2.S Modeling the RegulatOlY Impact Analysis Alternative Cases .......... B-19 

B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS ........................... B-21 

BA LIGHTINGIHV AC INTERACTIONS ............................... B-23 

BA.l Methodology ............................................. B-23 

BA.2 Savings in Existing Buildings .................................. B-23 

BA.3 Savings in Newer Buildings ................................... B-27 

BAA Average Savings During the Analysis Period ...................... B-30 

B.S NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS ................................ B-30 

B.S.l Utility DSM Rebates ....................................... B-31 

B.S.1.1 Introduction ...................................... B-31 

B.S.1.2 Utility Data ....................................... B-31 

B.S.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending ................... B-32 

B.S.1.4 Methodology ..................................... B-33 

B.S.l.S Results .......................................... B-34 

B.S.1.6 Market Impacts ofDSM Rebates ...................... B-3S 

B.S.2 ASHRAEIIES 90.l-1999 Building Code ........................ B-36 

B.S.2.1 Introduction ...................................... B-36 

B.S.2.2 Methodology ..................................... B-36 

B.S.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code ............. B-38 

B.S.2A Impact of Upgraded Code ........................... B-38 

B.S.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs .............. B-42 

B.SA Federal Energy Management Program .......................... B-44 

B.SA.l Procurement Challenge (PEERS) ....................... B-44 

B.SA.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI) ....................... B-47 

BS.S Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC) .......................... B-48 

B.S.6 Voluntary Lurninaire Program ................................. B-49 

B.S.7 Summary ................................................ B-49 

B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS ............... B-SO 

B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards .................................. B-SO 

B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards ................................... B-S2 

B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS ................................ B-S3 

vii 

B.1.S.2 CTAS Output ....................................... B-7 

B.l.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards - The Role of 

Lighting Coincidence and Diversity ............................ B-8 

B.1.SA Weighting Method ................................... B-9 

B.1.6 RESULTS ............................................... B-I0 

B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION .... , ..................... B-12 

B.2.1 Overview ................................................ B-12 

B.2.2 Model Worksheets ........................................ B-12 

B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation ...................................... B-13 

B.2A Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios ................. B-18 

B.2.S Modeling the RegulatOlY Impact Analysis Alternative Cases .......... B-19 

B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS ........................... B-21 

BA LIGHTINGIHV AC INTERACTIONS ............................... B-23 

BA.l Methodology ............................................. B-23 

BA.2 Savings in Existing Buildings .................................. B-23 

BA.3 Savings in Newer Buildings ................................... B-27 

BAA Average Savings During the Analysis Period ...................... B-30 

B.S NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS ................................ B-30 

B.S.l Utility DSM Rebates ....................................... B-31 

B.S.1.1 Introduction ...................................... B-31 

B.S.1.2 Utility Data ....................................... B-31 

B.S.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending ................... B-32 

B.S.1.4 Methodology ..................................... B-33 

B.S.l.S Results .......................................... B-34 

B.S.1.6 Market Impacts ofDSM Rebates ...................... B-3S 

B.S.2 ASHRAEIIES 90.l-1999 Building Code ........................ B-36 

B.S.2.1 Introduction ...................................... B-36 

B.S.2.2 Methodology ..................................... B-36 

B.S.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code ............. B-38 

B.S.2A Impact of Upgraded Code ........................... B-38 

B.S.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs .............. B-42 

B.SA Federal Energy Management Program .......................... B-44 

B.SA.l Procurement Challenge (PEERS) ....................... B-44 

B.SA.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI) ....................... B-47 

BS.S Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC) .......................... B-48 

B.S.6 Voluntary Lurninaire Program ................................. B-49 

B.S.7 Summary ................................................ B-49 

B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS ............... B-SO 

B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards .................................. B-SO 

B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards ................................... B-S2 

B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS ................................ B-S3 

vii 
APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS ........................................ C-1

APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT

LAMP BALLASTS .................................................... D-1

D.1 SUMMARY ................................................... D-1

D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ................................... D-1

D.3 ASSUMPTIONS ........................................... .. .. D-1

D.4 METHODS .................................................... D-2

D.5 RESULTS ..................................................... D-3

APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS ........................ E-1

E.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... E-1

E.2 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NPV ......................... E-1

E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios ........................................ E-1

E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions ....................................... E-2

E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV ............................... E-3

E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT .................................. E-5

E.4 UTILITY IMPACT ............................................... E-8

E.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .................................... E-12

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS ........................................... R-1

1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................R-1

2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES ......... R-3

2.1 Comparative Analysis of The Alternatives ......................... R-3

2.2 No-action Alternative ........................................ R-6

2.2.1 Energy Prices ........................................ R-6

2.2.2 Existing Consumer Information Programs ................... R-9

2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards .......................... R-10

2.2.4 Base Case Description ................................ R-10

2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers ................................... R-I 1

2.3.1 Discussion ......................................... R-11

2.3.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-11

2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers ................................. R-12

2.4.1 Discussion ......................................... R-12

2.4.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-12

2.5 Rebates to Consumers ...................................... R-13

2.5.1 Discussion ......................................... R-13

2.5.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-14

2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets ............................ R-14

2.6.1 Discussion ......................................... R-14

viii

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS ............ , ........ , .................. C-l 

APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLASTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.l SUMMARy ................................................... D-l 

D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.3 ASSUMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.4 METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-2 

D.S RESULTS ................................................... " D-3 

APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS ........................ E-l 

E.l INTRODUCTION ............................................... E-l 

E.2 NATIONALENERGYSAVINGSANDNPV ......................... E-l 

E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios ........................................ E-l 

E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions ....................................... E-2 

E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV ............................... E-3 

E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT .................................. E-S 

E.4 UTILITY IMPACT ............................................... E-8 

E.S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .................................... E-12 

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALySIS ........................................... R-l 

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... R-l 

2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES ......... R-3 

2.1 Comparative Analysis of The Altematives ......................... R-3 

2.2 No-action Altemative ........................................ R-6 

2.2.1 Energy Prices ........................................ R-6 

2.2.2 Existing Consumer Infonnation Programs ................... R-9 

2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards .......................... R-10 

2.2.4 Base Case Description ................................ R-I0 

2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers ................................... R-ll 

2.3.1 Discussion ......................................... R-ll 

2.3.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-ll 

2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers ................................. R-12 

2.4.1 Discussion ......................................... R-12 

2.4.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -12 

2.5 Rebates to Consumers ...................................... R-13 

2.5.1 Discussion ......................................... R-13 

2.5.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -14 

2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets ............................ R-14 

2.6.1 Discussion ......................................... R-14 

viii 

APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS ............ , ........ , .................. C-l 

APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT 

LAMP BALLASTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.l SUMMARy ................................................... D-l 

D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.3 ASSUMPTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l 

D.4 METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-2 

D.S RESULTS ................................................... " D-3 

APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS ........................ E-l 

E.l INTRODUCTION ............................................... E-l 

E.2 NATIONALENERGYSAVINGSANDNPV ......................... E-l 

E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios ........................................ E-l 

E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions ....................................... E-2 

E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV ............................... E-3 

E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT .................................. E-S 

E.4 UTILITY IMPACT ............................................... E-8 

E.S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .................................... E-12 

REGULATORY IMPACT ANALySIS ........................................... R-l 

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... R-l 

2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES ......... R-3 

2.1 Comparative Analysis of The Altematives ......................... R-3 

2.2 No-action Altemative ........................................ R-6 

2.2.1 Energy Prices ........................................ R-6 

2.2.2 Existing Consumer Infonnation Programs ................... R-9 

2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards .......................... R-10 

2.2.4 Base Case Description ................................ R-I0 

2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers ................................... R-ll 

2.3.1 Discussion ......................................... R-ll 

2.3.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-ll 

2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers ................................. R-12 

2.4.1 Discussion ......................................... R-12 

2.4.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -12 

2.5 Rebates to Consumers ...................................... R-13 

2.5.1 Discussion ......................................... R-13 

2.5.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -14 

2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets ............................ R-14 

2.6.1 Discussion ......................................... R-14 

viii 
2.6.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R- 14

2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling

Programs - Current Technologies ............................ R-15

2.7.1 Discussion ......................................... R-15

2.72 Quantitative Description ............................... R-16

2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling

Programs - Advanced Technologies .......................... R-17

2.8.1 Discussion ......................................... R-17

2.8.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-17

2.9 Government Purchases ...................................... R-18

2.9.1 Discussion ......................................... R-18

2.9.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-18

2.10 Lighting Research .......................................... R-19

2.10.1 Discussion ......................................... R- 19

2.10.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-19

2.11 Building Codes ............................................ R-20

2.11.1 Discussion ......................................... R-20

2.11.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21

2.12 Performance Standards ..................................... R-21

2.12.1 Discussion ......................................... R-21

2.12.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21

3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL

STANDARD LEVELS ..................................... R-22

3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value Of Standards ............... R22

TABLES

Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors ............................. 3-3

Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations ......................................... 3-4

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ........................ 3-4

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts ................. 3-7

Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T12 Lamps ..................................................... 3-9

Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T8 Lamps ..................................................... 3-10

Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

Operating T12 and T8 Lamps ...................................... 3-12

Table 3.8 Mean Lumens .................................................. 3-15

Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data .............................. 3-17

Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data .................................. 3-18

ix

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

2.6.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-14 

2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling 

Programs - Current Technologies ............................ R-15 

2.7.1 Discussion ......................................... R-15 

2.72 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -16 

2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling 

Programs - Advanced Technologies .......................... R-17 

2.8.1 Discussion ......................................... R-17 

2.8.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -1 7 

2.9 Government Purchases ...................................... R-18 

2.9.1 Discussion ......................................... R-18 

2.9.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -18 

2.10 Lighting Research .......................................... R-19 

2.10.1 Discussion ......................................... R-19 

2.10.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-19 

2.11 Building Codes ............................................ R-20 

2.11.1 Discussion ......................................... R-20 

2.11.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21 

2.12 Performance Standards ..................................... R-21 

2.12.1 Discussion ......................................... R-21 

2.12.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -21 

3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL 

Table 3.1 

Table 3.2 

Table 3.3 

Table 3.4 

Table 3.5 

Table 3.6 

Table 3.7 

Table 3.8 

Table 3.9 

Table 3.10 

STANDARD LEVELS ..................................... R-22 

3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value Of Standards ............... R22 

TABLES 

Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors ............................. 3-3 

LamplBallast Combinations ......................................... 3-4 

Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ........................ 3-4 

ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts ................. 3-7 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps ..................................................... 3-9 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T8 Lamps ..................................................... 3-10 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

Operating TI2 and T8 Lamps ...................................... 3-12 

Mean Lumens .................................................. 3-15 

1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data .............................. 3-17 

1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data .................................. 3-18 

IX 

2.6.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-14 

2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling 

Programs - Current Technologies ............................ R-15 

2.7.1 Discussion ......................................... R-15 

2.72 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -16 

2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling 

Programs - Advanced Technologies .......................... R-17 

2.8.1 Discussion ......................................... R-17 

2.8.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -1 7 

2.9 Government Purchases ...................................... R-18 

2.9.1 Discussion ......................................... R-18 

2.9.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -18 

2.10 Lighting Research .......................................... R-19 

2.10.1 Discussion ......................................... R-19 

2.10.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-19 

2.11 Building Codes ............................................ R-20 

2.11.1 Discussion ......................................... R-20 

2.11.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21 

2.12 Performance Standards ..................................... R-21 

2.12.1 Discussion ......................................... R-21 

2.12.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -21 

3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL 

Table 3.1 

Table 3.2 

Table 3.3 

Table 3.4 

Table 3.5 

Table 3.6 

Table 3.7 

Table 3.8 

Table 3.9 

Table 3.10 

STANDARD LEVELS ..................................... R-22 

3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value Of Standards ............... R22 

TABLES 

Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors ............................. 3-3 

LamplBallast Combinations ......................................... 3-4 

Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ........................ 3-4 

ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts ................. 3-7 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps ..................................................... 3-9 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T8 Lamps ..................................................... 3-10 

Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

Operating TI2 and T8 Lamps ...................................... 3-12 

Mean Lumens .................................................. 3-15 

1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data .............................. 3-17 

1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data .................................. 3-18 

IX 
Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts ........................................ 3-20

Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) ....................... 3-22

Table 3.13 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed ......................... 3-23

Table 3.14 Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses ....................... 3-25

Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses .............. 3-26

Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation of Incremental Ballast Prices ................ 4-2

Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast ........................... 4-4

Table 4.3 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an T12 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ..... 4-9

Table 4.4 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline ...... 4-17

Table 4.5 T8 Ballast Prices for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis ................... 4-18

Table 4.6 Summary of Payback Periods Using the T12 EEM as the Baseline ........... 4-22

Table 4.7 Summary of Payback Periods Using a T8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ........ 4-30

Table 4.8 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate .......... 4-33

Table 4.9 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate ......... 4-34

Table 4.10 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth ..... 4-35

Table 4.11 Summary of Payback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast ....... 4-36

Table 4.12 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 ............... 4-37

Table 4.13 Summary of Payback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast ...... 4-38

Table 5-1 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products,

1993-1997 .............................................. 5-3

Table 5.2 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998 ........... 5-3

Table 5.3 Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors .............................. 5-8

Table 5.4 Ballast Scenario Assumptions ....................................... 5-13

Table 5.5 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic

Standards ............................................... 5-14

Table 5.6 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards ....... 5-15

Table 5.7 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-15

Table 5.8 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards ............ 5-16

Table 5.9 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-16

Table 5.10 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards ............ 5-17

Table 6A.1 "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements .............. 6-5

Table 6A.2 Shipment and Value of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997 .................. 6-6

Table 6A.3 List of Lamp Ballast Manufacturers .................................... 6-7

Table 6A.4 Number of Manufacturers and Market Shares ........................... 6-7

Table 6A.5 Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and

Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis .......................... 6-14

x

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.11 

Table 3.12 

Table 3.13 

Table 3.14 

Table 3.15 

Table 4.1 

Table 4.2 

Table 4.3 

Table 4.4 

Table 4.5 

Table 4.6 

Table 4.7 

Table 4.8 

Table 4.9 

Table 4.10 

Table 4.11 

Table 4.12 

Table 4.13 

Table 5-1 

Table 5.2 

Table 5.3 

Table 5.4 

Table 5.5 

Table 5.6 

Table 5.7 

Table 5.8 

Table 5.9 

Table 5.10 

Table 6A.l 

Table 6A.2 

Table 6A.3 

Table 6A.4 

Table 6A.5 

Weighted Prices for Ballasts ........................................ 3-20 

Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) ....................... 3-22 

Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed ......................... 3-23 

Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses ....................... 3-25 

Range oflncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses .............. 3-26 

Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 

AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast ........................... 4-4 

Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an TI2 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ..... 4-9 

Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline ...... 4-17 

T8 Ballast Pllces for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis ................... 4-18 

Summary of Payback Periods Using the TI2 EEM as the Baseline ........... 4-22 

Summary of Payback Periods Using a T8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ........ 4-30 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate .......... 4-33 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate ......... 4-34 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth ..... 4-35 

Summary of Payback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast ....... 4-36 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 ............... 4-37 

Summary of Payback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast ...... 4-38 

U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products, 

1993 - 1997 .............................................. 5-3 

U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998 ........... 5-3 

Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors .............................. 5-8 

Ballast Scenario Assumptions ....................................... 5-13 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic 

Standards ............................................... 5-14 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards ....... 5-15 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-15 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards ............ 5-16 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-16 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards ............ 5-17 

"Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements .............. 6-5 

Shipment and Value of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997 .................. 6-6 

List of Lamp Ballast Manufacturers .................................... 6-7 

Number of Manufacturers and Market Shares ........................... 6-7 

Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and 

Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis .......................... 6-14 

x 

Table 3.11 

Table 3.12 

Table 3.13 

Table 3.14 

Table 3.15 

Table 4.1 

Table 4.2 

Table 4.3 

Table 4.4 

Table 4.5 

Table 4.6 

Table 4.7 

Table 4.8 

Table 4.9 

Table 4.10 

Table 4.11 

Table 4.12 

Table 4.13 

Table 5-1 

Table 5.2 

Table 5.3 

Table 5.4 

Table 5.5 

Table 5.6 

Table 5.7 

Table 5.8 

Table 5.9 

Table 5.10 

Table 6A.l 

Table 6A.2 

Table 6A.3 

Table 6A.4 

Table 6A.5 

Weighted Prices for Ballasts ........................................ 3-20 

Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) ....................... 3-22 

Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed ......................... 3-23 

Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses ....................... 3-25 

Range oflncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses .............. 3-26 

Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 

AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast ........................... 4-4 

Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an TI2 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ..... 4-9 

Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline ...... 4-17 

T8 Ballast Pllces for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis ................... 4-18 

Summary of Payback Periods Using the TI2 EEM as the Baseline ........... 4-22 

Summary of Payback Periods Using a T8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ........ 4-30 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate .......... 4-33 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate ......... 4-34 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth ..... 4-35 

Summary of Payback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast ....... 4-36 

Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 ............... 4-37 

Summary of Payback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast ...... 4-38 

U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products, 

1993 - 1997 .............................................. 5-3 

U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998 ........... 5-3 

Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors .............................. 5-8 

Ballast Scenario Assumptions ....................................... 5-13 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic 

Standards ............................................... 5-14 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards ....... 5-15 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-15 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards ............ 5-16 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-16 

National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards ............ 5-17 

"Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements .............. 6-5 

Shipment and Value of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997 .................. 6-6 

List of Lamp Ballast Manufacturers .................................... 6-7 

Number of Manufacturers and Market Shares ........................... 6-7 

Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and 

Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis .......................... 6-14 

x 
Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast

Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario ...................... 6-14

Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast

Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario ....................... 6-15

Table 6A.8 Industry Value of "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business

Under Different Growth Rate Projections ........................ 6-16

Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1%

Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ............. 6-17

Table 6A. 10 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual

Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ................... 6-18

Table 6A. 11. Cash Flow Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard

Under the 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with

Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003 ......................... 6-20

Table 6A. 12 Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic

Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by

All Regulated Ballast Product Classes ........................... 6-21

Table 6A. 13 Direct Employment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected"

Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-27

Table 6A. 14 Direct Employment Levels in 2002 ................................... 6-28

Table 6A. 15 Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard ......... 6-30

Table 6A. 16 Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard

Under the Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants

Close in 2003 in the Base Case ............................... 6-31

Table 6B.1 Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews .................... 6-34

Table 6B.2 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic

Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ............ 6-40

Table 6B.3 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic

Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares ............. 6-42

Table 6B.4 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign

Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ............ 6-43

Table 6B.5 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/Electronic Ballast

Supplier Industries (3% Scenario) ............................. 6-44

Table 6B.6 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast

Supplier Industries (5% Scenario) ............................. 6-44

Table 6B.7 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast

Supplier Industries ......................................... 6-51

Table 6B.8 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries Serving

Only Electronic Ballasts ..................................... 6-51

Table 6B.9 Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ....... 6-52

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting ii-om an Electronic Ballast 

Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario ...................... 6-14 

Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast 

Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario ....................... 6-15 

Table 6A.8 Industry Value of "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business 

Under Different Growth Rate Projections ........................ 6-16 

Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1 % 

Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ............. 6-17 

Table 6A.l 0 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1 % Annual 

Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ................... 6-18 

Table 6A.ll. Cash Flow Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard 

Table 6A.12 

Table 6A.13 

Table 6A.14 

Table 6A.15 

Table 6A.16 

Table 6B.l 

Table 6B.2 

Table 6BJ 

Table 6BA 

Table 6B.5 

Table 6B.6 

Table 6B.7 

Table 6B.8 

Table 6B.9 

Under the 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with 

Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003 ......................... 6-20 

Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Elech'onic 

Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by 

All Regulated Ballast Product Classes ........................... 6-21 

Direct Employment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected" 

Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-27 

Direct Employment Levels in 2002 ................................... 6-28 

Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard ......... 6-30 

Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard 

Under the Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants 

Close in 2003 in the Base Case ............................... 6-31 

Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews .................... 6-34 

Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic 

Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for h1dusnies Supplying Both 

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic 

Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares ............. 6-42 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both 

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign 

Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ............ 6-43 

Estimated Employment Impacts for MagneticlElectronic Ballast 

Supplier Industries (3% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast 

Supplier Indushies (5% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 

Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast 

Supplier Indusnies ......................................... 6-51 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Indusnies Serving 

Only Electronic Ballasts .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ....... 6-52 

Xl 

Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting ii-om an Electronic Ballast 

Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario ...................... 6-14 

Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast 

Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario ....................... 6-15 

Table 6A.8 Industry Value of "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business 

Under Different Growth Rate Projections ........................ 6-16 

Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1 % 

Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ............. 6-17 

Table 6A.l 0 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1 % Annual 

Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ................... 6-18 

Table 6A.ll. Cash Flow Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard 

Table 6A.12 

Table 6A.13 

Table 6A.14 

Table 6A.15 

Table 6A.16 

Table 6B.l 

Table 6B.2 

Table 6BJ 

Table 6BA 

Table 6B.5 

Table 6B.6 

Table 6B.7 

Table 6B.8 

Table 6B.9 

Under the 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with 

Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003 ......................... 6-20 

Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Elech'onic 

Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by 

All Regulated Ballast Product Classes ........................... 6-21 

Direct Employment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected" 

Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-27 

Direct Employment Levels in 2002 ................................... 6-28 

Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard ......... 6-30 

Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard 

Under the Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants 

Close in 2003 in the Base Case ............................... 6-31 

Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews .................... 6-34 

Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic 

Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for h1dusnies Supplying Both 

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic 

Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares ............. 6-42 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both 

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign 

Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ............ 6-43 

Estimated Employment Impacts for MagneticlElectronic Ballast 

Supplier Industries (3% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast 

Supplier Indushies (5% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 

Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast 

Supplier Indusnies ......................................... 6-51 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Indusnies Serving 

Only Electronic Ballasts .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ....... 6-52 

Xl 
Table 6B.10 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming

Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997

Market Shares (Reference Case) .............................. 6-53

Table 6B. 11 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic

Ballast Market (Worst Case) ................................. 6-53

Table 6B. 12 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares

(3% Scenario) ............................................ 6-54

Table 6B. 13 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares

(5% Scenario) ............................................ 6-54

Table 6B.14 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ...... 6-55

Table 6C.1 Shipments of selected lighting fixtures for commercial/industrial

applications, 1997 ......................................... 6-61

Table 7.1 Reference Forecast ............................................... 7-4

Table 7.2 Standards Level la Forecast ........................................ 7-8

Table 7.3 Standards Level lb Forecast ........................................ 7-9

Table 7.4 Standards Level 2a Forecast ....................................... 7-10

Table 7.5 Standards Level 2b Forecast ....................................... 7-11

Table 7.6 Standards Level 3a Forecast ....................................... 7-12

Table 7.7 Standards Level 3b Forecast ....................................... 7-13

Table 7.8 Standards Level 4a Forecast ....................................... 7-14

Table 7.9 Standards Level 4b Forecast ....................................... 7-15

Table 7.10 Standards Level 5a Forecast ....................................... 7-16

Table 7.11 Standards Level 5b Forecast ....................................... 7-17

Table 7.12 Standards Level 6a Forecast ....................................... 7-18

Table 7.13 Standards Level 6b Forecast ....................................... 7-19

Table 7.14 Standards Level 2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-20

Table 7.15 Standards Level 2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-21

Table A.1 Thermal Correction Factors ........................................ A-3

Table A.2 Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis .................................... A-4

Table A.3 Overview of Ballast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data) ..................... A-5

Table A.4 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-5

Table A.5 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 CC Ballast .......................... A-5

Table A.6 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast .......................... A-6

Table A.7 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T 12/ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-6

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 6B.I0 

Table 6B.l1 

Table 6B.12 

Table 6B.13 

Table 6B.14 

Table 6C.l 

Table 7.1 

Table 7.2 

Table 7.3 

Table 7.4 

Table 7.S 

Table 7.6 

Table 7.7 

Table 7.8 

Table 7.9 

Table 7.10 

Table 7.11 

Table 7.12 

Table 7.13 

Table 7.14 

Table 7.1S 

Table Al 

TableA2 

TableA3 

TableA4 

Table AS 

TableA6 

TableA7 

Estimated NPV in $MiIlions for Supplier Industries, Assuming 

Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 

Market Shares (Reference Case) .............................. 6-S3 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming 

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic 

Ballast Market (Worst Case) ................................. 6-S3 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming 

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares 

(3% Scenario) ............................................ 6-S4 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming 

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares 

(S% Scenario) ............................................ 6-S4 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industlies Assuming 

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ...... 6-SS 

Shipments of selected lighting fIxtures for commercial/industrial 

applications, 1997 ......................................... 6-61 

Reference Forecast ............................................... 7-4 

Standards Levella Forecast ........................................ 7-8 

Standards Levellb Forecast ........................................ 7-9 

Standards Level2a Forecast ....................................... 7-10 

Standards Level2b Forecast ....................................... 7-11 

Standards Level3a Forecast ....................................... 7-12 

Standards Level3b Forecast ....................................... 7-13 

Standards Level4a Forecast ....................................... 7-14 

Standards Level4b Forecast ....................................... 7-1S 

Standards Level Sa Forecast ....................................... 7-16 

Standards LevelSb Forecast ....................................... 7-17 

Standards Level 6a Forecast ....................................... 7 -18 

Standards Level6b Forecast ....................................... 7-19 

Standards Level2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-20 

Standards Level2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-21 

Thermal Correction Factors ........................................ A-3 

Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

Overview of Ballast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data) ..................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast .......................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-6 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T121ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-6 

Xli 

Table 6B.I0 

Table 6B.l1 

Table 6B.12 

Table 6B.13 

Table 6B.14 

Table 6C.l 

Table 7.1 

Table 7.2 

Table 7.3 

Table 7.4 

Table 7.S 

Table 7.6 

Table 7.7 

Table 7.8 

Table 7.9 

Table 7.10 

Table 7.11 

Table 7.12 

Table 7.13 

Table 7.14 

Table 7.1S 

Table Al 

TableA2 

TableA3 

TableA4 

Table AS 

TableA6 

TableA7 

Estimated NPV in $MiIlions for Supplier Industries, Assuming 

Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 

Market Shares (Reference Case) .............................. 6-S3 

Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming 

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic 

Ballast Market (Worst Case) ................................. 6-S3 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming 

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares 

(3% Scenario) ............................................ 6-S4 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming 

Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares 

(S% Scenario) ............................................ 6-S4 

Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industlies Assuming 

Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ...... 6-SS 

Shipments of selected lighting fIxtures for commercial/industrial 

applications, 1997 ......................................... 6-61 

Reference Forecast ............................................... 7-4 

Standards Levella Forecast ........................................ 7-8 

Standards Levellb Forecast ........................................ 7-9 

Standards Level2a Forecast ....................................... 7-10 

Standards Level2b Forecast ....................................... 7-11 

Standards Level3a Forecast ....................................... 7-12 

Standards Level3b Forecast ....................................... 7-13 

Standards Level4a Forecast ....................................... 7-14 

Standards Level4b Forecast ....................................... 7-1S 

Standards Level Sa Forecast ....................................... 7-16 

Standards LevelSb Forecast ....................................... 7-17 

Standards Level 6a Forecast ....................................... 7 -18 

Standards Level6b Forecast ....................................... 7-19 

Standards Level2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-20 

Standards Level2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-21 

Thermal Correction Factors ........................................ A-3 

Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

Overview of Ballast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data) ..................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast .......................... A-S 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-6 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T121ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-6 

Xli 
Table A.8 NYSEO Data for 1-Lamp F40T12/ES CC Ballast ....................... A-6

Table A.9 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-7

Table A.10 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-7

Table A.11 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 CC Ballast .......................... A-7

Table A.12 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast .......................... A-8

Table A.13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-8

Table A.14 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES CC Ballast ........................ A-8

Table A.15 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-9

Table A.16 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-9

Table A.17 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12 EIS Ballast .......................... A-9

Table A.18 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12/ES EEM Ballast ..................... A-10

Table A.19 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12/ES EIS Ballast ....................... A-10

Table A.20 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12HO EEM Ballast ..................... A-10

Table A.21 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast ....................... A-10

Table A.22 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12HO ERS Ballast ...................... A-11

Table A.23 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES EEM Ballast ................... A-11

Table A.24 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES CC Ballast .................... A-11

Table A.25 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES ERS Ballast ................... A-11

Table A.26 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast ......................... A-12

Table A.27 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40T 12/ES ERS Ballast ...................... A-12

Table A.28 SLDL Data for 4-Lamp F40T 12 ERS Ballast .......................... A- 12

Table A.29 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-12

Table A.30 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-13

Table A.31 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-13

Table A.32 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-13

Table A.33 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast .......................... A-14

Table A.34 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-14

Table A.35 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-14

Table A.36 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-15

Table A.37 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-15

Table A.38 NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-15

Table A.39 NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-16

Table A.40 Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts ...... A-20

Table A.41 Fluorescent Lamp Relamp Lifetimes ................................. A-21

Table A.42. 8-Foot Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ...................... A-21

Table A.43 8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ................... A-22

Table B.I Characterization and Summary of Commercial Electric Utility Sample .......... B-3

Table B.2 Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis ................................ B-4

Table B.3 Building Types in the CTAS Sample ................................... B-6

Table B.4 Marginal Prices, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ...................... B-11

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table A8 

Table A9 

Table AlO 

Table All 

Table Al2 

Table A13 

Table Al4 

Table A.l5 

Table Al6 

Table AI7 

Table AI8 

Table Al9 

Table A20 

Table A21 

Table A22 

Table A23 

Table A24 

Table A25 

Table A26 

Table A27 

Table A28 

Table A29 

Table A30 

Table A31 

Table A32 

Table A33 

Table A34 

Table A.35 

Table A36 

Table A37 

Table A38 

Table A39 

Table AAO 

Table AAI 

Table A42. 

Table A43 

Table B.I 

Table B.2 

Table B.3 

Table BA 

NYSEO Data for I-Lamp F40TI2IES CC Ballast ....................... A-6 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40Tl2IES ERS Ballast ....................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 EEM Ballast ......................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast .......................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast .......................... A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2IES EEM Ballast ...................... A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2/ES CC Ballast ........................ A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EEM Ballast ......................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EIS Ballast .......................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EEM Ballast ..................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EIS Ballast ....................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO EEM Ballast ..................... A-I0 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast ....................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO ERS Ballast ...................... A-II 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES EEM Ballast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-II 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES CC Ballast .................... A-ll 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO/ES ERS Ballast ................... A-ll 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast ......................... A-I2 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40TI2IES ERS Ballast ...................... A-I2 

SLDL Data for4-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast .......................... A-I2 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-12 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-13 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-13 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-13 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-16 

Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts ...... A-20 

Fluorescent Lamp Relamp Lifetimes ................................. A-2I 

8-Foot Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ...................... A-21 

8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ................... A-22 

Characterization and Summmy of Commercial Electric Utility Sample .......... B-3 

Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis ................................ B-4 

Building Types in the CT AS Smnple ................................... B-6 

Marginal Prices, Commercial mld Industrial Sectors ...................... B-Il 

xiii 

Table A8 

Table A9 

Table AlO 

Table All 

Table Al2 

Table A13 

Table Al4 

Table A.l5 

Table Al6 

Table AI7 

Table AI8 

Table Al9 

Table A20 

Table A21 

Table A22 

Table A23 

Table A24 

Table A25 

Table A26 

Table A27 

Table A28 

Table A29 

Table A30 

Table A31 

Table A32 

Table A33 

Table A34 

Table A.35 

Table A36 

Table A37 

Table A38 

Table A39 

Table AAO 

Table AAI 

Table A42. 

Table A43 

Table B.I 

Table B.2 

Table B.3 

Table BA 

NYSEO Data for I-Lamp F40TI2IES CC Ballast ....................... A-6 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40Tl2IES ERS Ballast ....................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 EEM Ballast ......................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast .......................... A-7 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast .......................... A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2IES EEM Ballast ...................... A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2/ES CC Ballast ........................ A-8 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EEM Ballast ......................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EIS Ballast .......................... A-9 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EEM Ballast ..................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EIS Ballast ....................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO EEM Ballast ..................... A-I0 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast ....................... A-lO 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO ERS Ballast ...................... A-II 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES EEM Ballast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-II 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES CC Ballast .................... A-ll 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO/ES ERS Ballast ................... A-ll 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast ......................... A-I2 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40TI2IES ERS Ballast ...................... A-I2 

SLDL Data for4-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast .......................... A-I2 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-12 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-13 

NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-13 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-13 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-I4 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-IS 

NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-16 

Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts ...... A-20 

Fluorescent Lamp Relamp Lifetimes ................................. A-2I 

8-Foot Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ...................... A-21 

8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ................... A-22 

Characterization and Summmy of Commercial Electric Utility Sample .......... B-3 

Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis ................................ B-4 

Building Types in the CT AS Smnple ................................... B-6 

Marginal Prices, Commercial mld Industrial Sectors ...................... B-Il 

xiii 
Table B.5 Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number of Lamps (percent of market) ........ B-22

Table B.6 Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent of two-lamp market) ................. B-23

Table B.7 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989:

Averaged Using Floor Area .................................. B-25

Table B.8 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989:

Averaged Using Lighting Energy ............................... B-26

Table B.9 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During

1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area ........................ B-28

Table B. 10 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During

Table B. 11

1990-1995: Averaged Using Lighting Energy ....................

Energy Savings due to Lighting/HVAC Interaction in Buildings

B-29

Of Different Vintages ...................................... B-30

Table B. 12 Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent of National Total .................. B-33

Table B. 13 Core Sample Date Set Estimates ................................... B-34

Table B. 14 Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates ................................ B-34

Table B. 15 Shipments and Market Shares of Rebated Ballasts ...................... B-35

Table B. 16

Table B. 17

Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands) .........

Expected Impact of Existing Programs on State Adoption and

B-39

Code Compliance ........................................ B-40

Table B. 18 Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program

Table B. 19

Support (Thousands) ......................................

Green Lights/Energy Star Buildings Program Impacts on

B-41

Table B.20

Electronic Ballast Sales .....................................

Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP

B-43

Programs (Thousands) ..................................... B-47

Table B.21 Shipments of Electronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions) ............ B-49

Table B.22 Scenario la ................................................... B-50

Table B.23 Scenario lb ................................................... B-50

Table B.24 Scenario 2a ................................................... B-50

Table B.25 Scenario 2b ................................................... B-51

Table B.26 Scenario 3a ................................................... B-51

Table B.27 Scenario 3b ....................................................B-51

Table B.28 Scenario 4a ................................................... B-S 1

Table B.29 Scenario 4b ................................................... B-S2

Table B.30 Scenario 5a ................................................... B-52

Table B.31 Scenario Sb ................................................... B-52

Table B.32 Scenario 6a ................................................... B-53

Table B.33

Table B.34

Scenario 6b ...................................................

US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions

B-53

Of square feet) ........................................... B-54

xiv

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table B.5 

Table B.6 

Table B.7 

Table B.8 

Table B.9 

Table B.lO 

Table B.l1 

Table B.12 

Table B.13 

Table B.14 

Table B.15 

Table B.16 

Table B.l7 

Table B.l8 

Table B.19 

Table B.20 

Table B.21 

Table B.22 

Table B.23 

Table B.24 

Table B.25 

Table B.26 

Table B.27 

Table B.28 

Table B.29 

Table B.30 

Table B.31 

Table B.32 

Table B.33 

Table B.34 

Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number of Lamps (percent of market) ........ B-22 

Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent of two-lamp market) ................. B-23 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: 

Averaged Using Floor Area .................................. B-25 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: 

Averaged Using Lighting Energy ............................... B-26 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 

1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area ........................ B-28 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 

1990-199S: Averaged Using Lighting Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-29 

Energy Savings due to LightingIHV AC Interaction in Buildings 

Of Different Vintages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-30 

Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent of National Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-33 

Core Sample Date Set Estimates ................................... B-34 

Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-34 

Shipments and Market Shares of Rebated Ballasts ...................... B-35 

Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands) . . . . . . . .. B-39 

Expected Impact of Existing Programs on State Adoption and 

Code Compliance ........................................ B-40 

Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program 

Support (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-41 

Green LightslEnergy Star Buildings Program Impacts on 

Electronic Ballast Sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. BA3 

Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP 

Programs (Thousands) ..................................... BA7 

Shipments of Electronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions) . . . . . . . . . . .. BA9 

Scenario 1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 1b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

Scenario 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-51 

Scenario 3b .................................................... B-51 

Scenario 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

Scenario 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S2 

Scenario Sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 

Scenario 5b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 

Scenario 6a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 

Scenario 6b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 

US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions 

Of square feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S4 

XlV 

Table B.5 

Table B.6 

Table B.7 

Table B.8 

Table B.9 

Table B.lO 

Table B.l1 

Table B.12 

Table B.13 

Table B.14 

Table B.15 

Table B.16 

Table B.l7 

Table B.l8 

Table B.19 

Table B.20 

Table B.21 

Table B.22 

Table B.23 

Table B.24 

Table B.25 

Table B.26 

Table B.27 

Table B.28 

Table B.29 

Table B.30 

Table B.31 

Table B.32 

Table B.33 

Table B.34 

Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number of Lamps (percent of market) ........ B-22 

Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent of two-lamp market) ................. B-23 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: 

Averaged Using Floor Area .................................. B-25 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: 

Averaged Using Lighting Energy ............................... B-26 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 

1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area ........................ B-28 

LightingIHV AC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 

1990-199S: Averaged Using Lighting Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-29 

Energy Savings due to LightingIHV AC Interaction in Buildings 

Of Different Vintages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-30 

Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent of National Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-33 

Core Sample Date Set Estimates ................................... B-34 

Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-34 

Shipments and Market Shares of Rebated Ballasts ...................... B-35 

Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands) . . . . . . . .. B-39 

Expected Impact of Existing Programs on State Adoption and 

Code Compliance ........................................ B-40 

Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program 

Support (Thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-41 

Green LightslEnergy Star Buildings Program Impacts on 

Electronic Ballast Sales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. BA3 

Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP 

Programs (Thousands) ..................................... BA7 

Shipments of Electronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions) . . . . . . . . . . .. BA9 

Scenario 1a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 1b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 2a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO 

Scenario 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

Scenario 3a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-51 

Scenario 3b .................................................... B-51 

Scenario 4a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

Scenario 4b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S2 

Scenario Sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 

Scenario 5b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 

Scenario 6a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 

Scenario 6b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 

US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions 

Of square feet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S4 

XlV 
Table C. LA

Table C.1.B

Table C.2.A

Table C.2.B

Table C.3.A

Table C.3.B

Table C.4.A

Table C.4.B

Table C.5.A

Table C.5.B

Table C.6.A

Table C.6.B

Table C.7.A

Table C.7.B

Table C.8.A

Table C.8.B

Table C.9.A

Table C.9.B

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) .............................. C-2

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-3

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario ......................................... C-4

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mann facturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) .............................. C-5

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

3% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) .............................. C-6

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-7

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................... C-8

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................... C-9

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-10

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-11

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012 ) ............................. C-12

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-13

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

3% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) ............................. C-14

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-15

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-16

Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics,

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-17

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected"

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-18

Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected"

Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027) ................................. C- 19

xv

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table C.1.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) .............................. C-2 

Table C.1.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-3 

Table C.2.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-4 

Table C.2.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) .............................. C-5 

Table C.3.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

3% Shipment Scenario (1998~2012) .............................. C-6 

Table C.3.B Base Case Industly Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-7 

Table CA.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................... C-8 

Table C.4.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-9 

Table C.5.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-I0 

Table C.5.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-ll 

Table C.6.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-12 

Table C.6.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-13 

Table C.7.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3%ShipmentScenario(1998-2012) ............................. C-14 

Table C.7.B Base Case Industly Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-15 

Table C.8.A Standard Case Industly Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-16 

Table C.8.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-17 

Table C.9.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes ''Unaffected'' 

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-18 

Table C.9.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027) ............................... " C-19 

xv 

Table C.1.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) .............................. C-2 

Table C.1.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-3 

Table C.2.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-4 

Table C.2.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) .............................. C-5 

Table C.3.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

3% Shipment Scenario (1998~2012) .............................. C-6 

Table C.3.B Base Case Industly Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-7 

Table CA.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................... C-8 

Table C.4.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-9 

Table C.5.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-I0 

Table C.5.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-ll 

Table C.6.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-12 

Table C.6.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-13 

Table C.7.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3%ShipmentScenario(1998-2012) ............................. C-14 

Table C.7.B Base Case Industly Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-15 

Table C.8.A Standard Case Industly Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-16 

Table C.8.B Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-17 

Table C.9.A Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes ''Unaffected'' 

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-18 

Table C.9.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027) ............................... " C-19 

xv 
Table C.10.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected"

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-20

Table C.10.13 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected"

Electronic Ballasts (2013-2015) ................................. C-21

Table D.1 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases ....................... D-5

Table D.2 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases ....................... D-6

Table D.3 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... D-6

Table D.4 Power Sector Emissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions

And Standards Level 2b ........................................ D-7

Table E.1 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards for

Table E.2

Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2005-2030 ...................... E-3

Scenario 7A ..................................................... E-4

Table E.3 Scenario 7B ..................................................... E-4

Table E.4 Scenario 7C ..................................................... E-4

Table E.5 Standard Scenario 7A Forecast ...................................... E-9

Table E.6 Standard Scenario 7B Forecast ..................................... E-10

Table E.7 Standard Scenario 7C Forecast ..................................... E-11

Table E.8 Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios .............. E-12

Table E.9 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... E-13

Table R.1 Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption .................................. R-4

Table R.2 Expected Impacts of Program Alternatives .............................. R-7

Table R.3 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards

For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030 .................. R-23

FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis ............... 2-4

Figure 3.1 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Channels ............................. 3-17

Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices ................. 4-3

Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices .................... 4-3

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons ............................................. 4-4

xvi

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table C.l0.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-20 

Table C.lO.B Standard Case IndustlY Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

Table D.1 

Table D.2 

Table D.3 

Table DA 

Table E.1 

Table E.2 

Table E,3 

Table EA 

Table E.S 

Table E.6 

Table E.7 

Table E.8 

Table E.9 

Table R.l 

Table R.2 

Table R.3 

Figure 2.1 

Figure 3.1 

Figure 4.1 

Figure 4.2 

Figure 4,3 

S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (2013-201S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-21 

Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-S 

Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-6 

Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... D-6 

Power Sector Emissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions 

And Standards Level 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-7 

Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards for 

Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased fi.-om 200S-2030 ...................... E-3 

Scenario 7 A ..................................................... E-4 

Scenario 7B ..................................................... E-4 

Scenario 7C ..................................................... E-4 

Standard Scenario 7 A Forecast ...................................... E-9 

Standard Scenario 7B Forecast ..................................... E-I0 

Standard Scenario 7C Forecast ..................................... E-l1 

Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios .............. E-12 

Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... E-13 

Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption .................................. R-4 

Expected Impacts of Program Alternatives .............................. R-7 

Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards 

For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030 .................. R-23 

FIGURES 

Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis ............... 2-4 

1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Chmmels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -17 

Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices ................. 4-3 

Distribution of 1997 Average Industtial Electricity Prices .................... 4-3 

Distribution of Epsilons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 

xvi 

Table C.l0.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-20 

Table C.lO.B Standard Case IndustlY Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

Table D.1 

Table D.2 

Table D.3 

Table DA 

Table E.1 

Table E.2 

Table E,3 

Table EA 

Table E.S 

Table E.6 

Table E.7 

Table E.8 

Table E.9 

Table R.l 

Table R.2 

Table R.3 

Figure 2.1 

Figure 3.1 

Figure 4.1 

Figure 4.2 

Figure 4,3 

S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" 

Electronic Ballasts (2013-201S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-21 

Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-S 

Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-6 

Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... D-6 

Power Sector Emissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions 

And Standards Level 2b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-7 

Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards for 

Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased fi.-om 200S-2030 ...................... E-3 

Scenario 7 A ..................................................... E-4 

Scenario 7B ..................................................... E-4 

Scenario 7C ..................................................... E-4 

Standard Scenario 7 A Forecast ...................................... E-9 

Standard Scenario 7B Forecast ..................................... E-I0 

Standard Scenario 7C Forecast ..................................... E-l1 

Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios .............. E-12 

Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... E-13 

Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption .................................. R-4 

Expected Impacts of Program Alternatives .............................. R-7 

Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards 

For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030 .................. R-23 

FIGURES 

Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis ............... 2-4 

1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Chmmels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -17 

Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices ................. 4-3 

Distribution of 1997 Average Industtial Electricity Prices .................... 4-3 

Distribution of Epsilons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 

xvi 
Figure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 1F40T12

in Commercial Sector .............................................. 4-5

Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-5

Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-6

Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-6

Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in

Industrial Sector ............................................... 4-6

Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in

Industrial Sector ............................................... 4-7

Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours ...................................... 4-7

Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1 F40T 12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10

Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1 F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-10

Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10

Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T 12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-11

Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11

Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 31740T 12 CC

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12

Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12

Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13

Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T 12 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13

Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13

Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-14

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 41740T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-14

Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability

in Commercial Sector ....... 4-14

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching

Capability in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-15

Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-15

Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector .............. 4-15

Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO CC in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16

xvii

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Figure 4.4 

Figure 4.5 

Figure 4.6 

Figure 4.7 

Figure 4.8 

Figure 4.9 

Figure 4.lO 

Figure 4.11 

Figure 4.12 

Figure 4.13 

Figure 4.14 

Figure 4.15 

Figure 4.16 

Figure 4.17 

Figure 4.18 

Figure 4.19 

Figure 4.20 

Figure 4.21 

Figure 4.22 

Figure 4.23 

Figure 4.24 

Figure 4.25 

Figure 4.26 

Figure 4.27 

Figure 4.28 

Figure 4.29 

Figure 4.30 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for IF40T12 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F4OT12 

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-5 

Almual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in 

Indusrtial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in 

Indusrtial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 

Ballast Life Disnibution in hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for lF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching 

Capability in Commercial Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector .............. 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 

XVll 

Figure 4.4 

Figure 4.5 

Figure 4.6 

Figure 4.7 

Figure 4.8 

Figure 4.9 

Figure 4.lO 

Figure 4.11 

Figure 4.12 

Figure 4.13 

Figure 4.14 

Figure 4.15 

Figure 4.16 

Figure 4.17 

Figure 4.18 

Figure 4.19 

Figure 4.20 

Figure 4.21 

Figure 4.22 

Figure 4.23 

Figure 4.24 

Figure 4.25 

Figure 4.26 

Figure 4.27 

Figure 4.28 

Figure 4.29 

Figure 4.30 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for IF40T12 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F4OT12 

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-5 

Almual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in 

Indusrtial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 

Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in 

Indusrtial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 

Ballast Life Disnibution in hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for lF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . 4-14 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching 

Capability in Commercial Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector .............. 4-15 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 

XVll 
Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96TI2H0 CC in Industrial Sector ............ 4-16

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ........... 4-17

Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-18

Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-18

Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-19

Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19

Figure 4.38 Payback Distribution for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23

Figure 4.39 Payback Distribution for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-23

Figure 4.40 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23

Figure 4.41 Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24

Figure 4.42 Payback Distribution for 2F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-24

Figure 4.43 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24

Figure 4.44 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC

Figure 4.45

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3 F40T 12 ERS

in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-25

Figure 4.46 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS

Figure 4.47

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC

Figure 4.48

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS

Figure 4.49

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS

Figure 4.50

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-27

Figure 4.51 Payback Distribution for 4F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-27

Figure 4.52 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability

Figure 4.53

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-27

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability

Figure 4.54

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-28

Payback Distribution for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-28

Figure 4.55 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector ................. 4-28

Figure 4.56 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-29

Figure 4.57 Payback Distribution for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-29

Figure 4.58 Payback Distribution for 2F96T 12HO CC in Industrial Sector .............. 4-29

Figure 4.59 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ............. 4-30

Figure 4.60 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-30

Figure 4.61 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31

Figure 4.62 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31

Figure 4.63 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-31

xviii

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Figure 4.31 

Figure 4.32 

Figure 4.33 

Figure 4.34 

Figure 4.35 

Figure 4.36 

Figure 4.37 

Figure 4.38 

Figure 4.39 

Figure 4.40 

Figure 4.41 

Figure 4.42 

Figure 4.43 

Figure 4.44 

Figure 4.45 

Figure 4.46 

Figure 4.47 

Figure 4.48 

Figure 4.49 

Figure 4.50 

Figure 4.51 

Figure 4.52 

Figure 4.53 

Figure 4.54 

Figure 4.55 

Figure 4.56 

Figure 4.57 

Figure 4.58 

Figure 4.59 

Figure 4.60 

Figure 4.61 

Figure 4.62 

Figure 4.63 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector ............ 4-16 

Life-Cyc Ie Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-18 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-18 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-19 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 

Payback Distribution for IF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 

Payback Distribution for IF40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-23 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 

Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 

Payback Distribution for 2F40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-24 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40Tl2 CC 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for 4F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Industrial Sector ................. 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector .............. 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ............. 4-30 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-30 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-31 

xviii 

Figure 4.31 

Figure 4.32 

Figure 4.33 

Figure 4.34 

Figure 4.35 

Figure 4.36 

Figure 4.37 

Figure 4.38 

Figure 4.39 

Figure 4.40 

Figure 4.41 

Figure 4.42 

Figure 4.43 

Figure 4.44 

Figure 4.45 

Figure 4.46 

Figure 4.47 

Figure 4.48 

Figure 4.49 

Figure 4.50 

Figure 4.51 

Figure 4.52 

Figure 4.53 

Figure 4.54 

Figure 4.55 

Figure 4.56 

Figure 4.57 

Figure 4.58 

Figure 4.59 

Figure 4.60 

Figure 4.61 

Figure 4.62 

Figure 4.63 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector ............ 4-16 

Life-Cyc Ie Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-18 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-18 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-19 

Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 

Payback Distribution for IF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 

Payback Distribution for IF40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-23 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 

Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 

Payback Distribution for 2F40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-24 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40Tl2 CC 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26 

Payback Distribution for 4F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability 

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Industrial Sector ................. 4-28 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector .............. 4-29 

Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ............. 4-30 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-30 

Payback Distribution for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-31 

xviii 
Figure 4.64 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-32

Figure 5.1 Market Share of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts ......................... 5-4

Figure 5.2 Shipments of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions ................... 5-4

Figure 5.3 Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios .................................. 5-5

Figure 5.4 Net National Employment Impacts ................................... 5-21

Figure 5.5 Input Data: Energy Costs Saved ..................................... 5-21

Figure 5.6 Input Data: Site Energy Saved ...................................... 5-22

Figure 5.7 Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase ........................ 5-22

Figure 6A.1 Historical Trend in Value of Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballast

Products ................................................. 6-5

Figure 6A.2 Impact of January 1, 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of

Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-10

Figure 6A.3 Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11

Figure 6A.4 Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11

Figure 6A.5 Timing and Relative Magnitude of Capital Conversion Costs ................ 6-12

Figure 6A.6 Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 1 in the

Figure 6A.7

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-22

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the

Figure 6A.8

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................ 6-23

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for the Industry in the

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-24

Figure 6B.1 Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers ..................... 6-36

Figure 6B.2 Suppliers' Distribution of Revenues .................................. 6-37

Figure 6B.3 Cost of Materials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts ...................... 6-37

Figure 6B.4 Benchmark Cost of Materials for Electronic Ballasts ..................... 6-49

Figure 6B.5 Distribution of Cost among Domestic Components and

Figure 6B.6

Materials for Electronic Ballasts .................................. 6-50

About 70% of the Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts

Figure 6C. 1

Are Associated with Industries Serving Both Magnetic and

Electronic Ballasts ............................................ 6-50

The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to

$6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997 ............. 6-59

Figure 6C.2 The commercial market segment, including institutional

Figure 6C.3

buildings, is the major market for luminaires ............................ 6-60

The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for

over 80% of the market for linear fluorescent luminaires ................ 6-62

Figure 6C.4 The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% of its Commercial/Industrial

production .................................................. 6-63

xix

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Figure 4.64 

Figure 5.1 

Figure 5.2 

Figure 5.3 

Figure 5A 

Figure 5.5 

Figure 5.6 

Figure 5.7 

Figure 6A.l 

Figure 6A.2 

Figure 6A.3 

Figure 6AA 

Figure 6A.5 

Figure 6A.6 

Figure 6A.7 

Figure 6A.8 

Figure 6B.l 

Figure 6B.2 

Figure 6B.3 

Figure 6BA 

Figure 6B.5 

Figure 6B.6 

Figure 6C.l 

Figure 6C.2 

Figure 6C.3 

Figure 6CA 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-32 

Market Share of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts ......................... 5-4 

Shipments of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions ................... 5-4 

Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios .................................. 5-5 

Net National Employment Impacts ................................... 5-21 

Input Data: Energy Costs Saved ..................................... 5-21 

Input Data: Site Energy Saved ...................................... 5-22 

Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase ........................ 5-22 

Historical Trend in Value of Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Products ................................................. 6-5 

Impact of January 1, 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of 

Magnetic Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 

Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 

Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 

Timing and Relative Magnitude of Capital Conversion Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 1 in the 

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-22 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the 

Mamifacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................ 6-23 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for the Industry in the 

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-24 

Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers ..................... 6-36 

Suppliers' Distribution of Revenues .................................. 6-37 

Cost of Materials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts ...................... 6-37 

Benchmark Cost of Materials for Electronic Ballasts ..................... 6-49 

Distribution of Cost among Domestic Components and 

Materials for Electronic Ballasts .................................. 6-50 

About 70% of the Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts 

Are Associated with Industries Serving Both Magnetic and 

Electronic Ballasts ............................................ 6-50 

The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to 

$6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997 ............. 6-59 

The commercial market segment, including institutional 

buildings, is the major market for luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60 

The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for 

over 80% of the market for linear fluorescent luminaires ................ 6-62 

The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% of its CommerciallIndustrial 

production .................................................. 6-63 

XIX 

Figure 4.64 

Figure 5.1 

Figure 5.2 

Figure 5.3 

Figure 5A 

Figure 5.5 

Figure 5.6 

Figure 5.7 

Figure 6A.l 

Figure 6A.2 

Figure 6A.3 

Figure 6AA 

Figure 6A.5 

Figure 6A.6 

Figure 6A.7 

Figure 6A.8 

Figure 6B.l 

Figure 6B.2 

Figure 6B.3 

Figure 6BA 

Figure 6B.5 

Figure 6B.6 

Figure 6C.l 

Figure 6C.2 

Figure 6C.3 

Figure 6CA 

Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-32 

Market Share of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts ......................... 5-4 

Shipments of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions ................... 5-4 

Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios .................................. 5-5 

Net National Employment Impacts ................................... 5-21 

Input Data: Energy Costs Saved ..................................... 5-21 

Input Data: Site Energy Saved ...................................... 5-22 

Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase ........................ 5-22 

Historical Trend in Value of Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballast 

Products ................................................. 6-5 

Impact of January 1, 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of 

Magnetic Ballasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 

Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 

Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 

Timing and Relative Magnitude of Capital Conversion Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 1 in the 

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-22 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the 

Mamifacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................ 6-23 

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for the Industry in the 

Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-24 

Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers ..................... 6-36 

Suppliers' Distribution of Revenues .................................. 6-37 

Cost of Materials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts ...................... 6-37 

Benchmark Cost of Materials for Electronic Ballasts ..................... 6-49 

Distribution of Cost among Domestic Components and 

Materials for Electronic Ballasts .................................. 6-50 

About 70% of the Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts 

Are Associated with Industries Serving Both Magnetic and 

Electronic Ballasts ............................................ 6-50 

The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to 

$6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997 ............. 6-59 

The commercial market segment, including institutional 

buildings, is the major market for luminaires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60 

The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for 

over 80% of the market for linear fluorescent luminaires ................ 6-62 

The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% of its CommerciallIndustrial 

production .................................................. 6-63 

XIX 
Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation ............................ 7-6

Figure 7.2 An example of the Interpolation of Standards Levels 2a and 5a .................. 7-7

Figure B.1 Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Avera ge ..... B-11

Figure D.1 Standard Level 2a Marginal NO, Emission ............................ D-4

Figure E. I Net National Employment Impacts ................................... E-6

Figure E.2 Energy Costs Saved .............................................. E-6

Figure E.3 Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7

Figure E.4 Site energy saved ................................................ E-7

xx

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 

Figure 7.2 An example of the Interpolation of Standards Levels 2a and Sa .................. 7-7 

Figure B.I 

Figure D.1 

Figure E.I 

Figure E.2 

Figure E.3 

Figure E.4 

Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Average ..... B-ll 

Standard Level 2a Marginal NOx Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-4 

Net National Employment Impacts ................................... E-6 

Energy Costs Saved .............................................. E-6 

Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7 

Site energy saved ................................................ E-7 

xx 

Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 

Figure 7.2 An example of the Interpolation of Standards Levels 2a and Sa .................. 7-7 

Figure B.I 

Figure D.1 

Figure E.I 

Figure E.2 

Figure E.3 

Figure E.4 

Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Average ..... B-ll 

Standard Level 2a Marginal NOx Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-4 

Net National Employment Impacts ................................... E-6 

Energy Costs Saved .............................................. E-6 

Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7 

Site energy saved ................................................ E-7 

xx 
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National

Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy

Conservation Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), and by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-

486), sets energy conservation standards for various products ' and authorizes the Secretary of Energy

to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) of covered product.

This document assesses the economic impacts of trial standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts

according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an

engineering analysis of the price and performance of technology options to improve the efficiency

of ballasts, estimates of the number and average efficiency of ballasts sold, the amount of energy

ballasts will consume, their prices and operating expenses , a calculation of the costs and benefits of

efficiency standards to consumers, electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment of the

environmental impacts of the trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis.

This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme International d'Unites (SI or metric

system) and traditional English units . Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts

in which the reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section

5164 of the Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991 , and DOE

Order 5900.2.

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT

This document consists of seven chapters, four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact

Analysis.

Chapter 1 Introduction : outlines the structure of the document.

Chapter 2 Analytic Approach: summarizes the methodology used in the analysis , discusses the

components of the analysis and their interrelationships, describes the models used,

their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of

t The products covered in the legislation are: refrigerators , refrigerator-freezers, and freezers; room air conditioners;

central air conditioners and central air-conditioning heat pumps ; water heaters; furnaces; dishwashers; clothes washers;

clothes dryers; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp

ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps ; showerheads; faucets; water closets;

urinals; electric motors; pumps; small and large commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment , packaged

terminal air conditioners and heat pumps ; warm air furnaces; packaged boilers; storage water heaters; instantaneous

water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks.

1-1

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National 

Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy 

Conservation Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), and by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-

486), sets energy conservation standards for various products 1 and authorizes the Secretary of Energy 

to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) of covered product. 

This document assesses the economic impacts of trial standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts 

according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an 

engineering analysis of the price and perfomlance of technology options to improve the efficiency 

of ballasts, estimates of the number and average efficiency of ballasts sold, the amount of energy 

ballasts will consume, their prices and operating expenses, a calculation of the costs and benefits of 

efficiency standards to consumers, electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment of the 

environmental impacts of the trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis. 

This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme Intemational d'Unites (SI or metric 

system) and traditional English units. Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts 

in which the reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section 

5164 of the Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991, and DOE 

Order 5900.2. 

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT 

This document consists of seven chapters, four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact 

Analysis. 

Chapter 1 

Chapter 2 

Introduction: outlines the stlUcture of the document. 

Analytic Approach: summarizes the methodology used in the analysis, discusses the 

components of the analysis and their intelTelationships, describes the models used, 

their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of 

1 The products covered in the legislation are: refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers; room air conditioners; 

central air conditioners and central air-conditioning heat pumps; water heaters; furnaces; dishwashers; clothes washers; 

clothes dryers; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp 

ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps; showerheads; faucets; water closets; 

urinals; electric motors; pumps; small and large commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment, packaged 

terminal air conditioners and heat pumps; warm air furnaces; packaged boilers; storage water heaters; instantaneous 

water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks. 

1-1 

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE 

The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National 

Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy 

Conservation Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), and by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102-

486), sets energy conservation standards for various products 1 and authorizes the Secretary of Energy 

to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) of covered product. 

This document assesses the economic impacts of trial standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts 

according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an 

engineering analysis of the price and perfomlance of technology options to improve the efficiency 

of ballasts, estimates of the number and average efficiency of ballasts sold, the amount of energy 

ballasts will consume, their prices and operating expenses, a calculation of the costs and benefits of 

efficiency standards to consumers, electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment of the 

environmental impacts of the trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis. 

This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme Intemational d'Unites (SI or metric 

system) and traditional English units. Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts 

in which the reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section 

5164 of the Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991, and DOE 

Order 5900.2. 

1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT 

This document consists of seven chapters, four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact 

Analysis. 

Chapter 1 

Chapter 2 

Introduction: outlines the stlUcture of the document. 

Analytic Approach: summarizes the methodology used in the analysis, discusses the 

components of the analysis and their intelTelationships, describes the models used, 

their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of 

1 The products covered in the legislation are: refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, and freezers; room air conditioners; 

central air conditioners and central air-conditioning heat pumps; water heaters; furnaces; dishwashers; clothes washers; 

clothes dryers; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp 

ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps; showerheads; faucets; water closets; 

urinals; electric motors; pumps; small and large commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment, packaged 

terminal air conditioners and heat pumps; warm air furnaces; packaged boilers; storage water heaters; instantaneous 

water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks. 

1-1 
the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview of the methodology used to

examine the sensitivity of the results to changes in the key assumptions, parameters,

and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis.

Chapter 3 Engineering Analysis: contains detailed energy use, price, and efficiency information

for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed.

Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels

on individual purchasers and users of fluorescent lamp ballasts. It compares ballast

life-cycle cost and other measures of consumer impact with and without standards.

The sensitivity of the life-cycle cost and payback period to assumptions made in the

analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle

cost and payback period results for users who switch from T12 to T8 lamp systems.

Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast of energy

consumption, efficiency of new ballasts, ballasts already installed in commercial and

industrial buildings, electricity price forecasts, and annual ballast sales in the absence

(or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice of the standards scenarios to be

analyzed and the projected impacts of each level. Results are reported for several

scenarios in which the projected market share of magnetic ballasts as well as the

electricity price forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales,

equipment costs, and operating costs of ballasts, as well as the net present benefit of

the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates of the net national employment

impact from changes in energy use, the increased cost of more efficient ballasts and

energy cost savings from their use.

Chapter 6 Impacts of Trial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimates the financial

impact of standards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition,

employment, and manufacturing capacity.

Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial

standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity

sales, in generation and installed capacity.

Appendix A Engineering Analysis Supporting Documentation: Presents documentation for the

LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and

calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-user prices, annual lighting hours, and

labor costs. Presents the development of national electricity price projections.

Appendix B National Energy Savings Supporting Documentation: presents documentation for the

LBNL National Energy Savings (NES) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data on

ballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatory programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for

lighting/HVAC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology.

1-2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview of the methodology used to 

examine the sensitivity ofthe results to changes in the key assumptions, parameters, 

and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis. 

Chapter 3 Engineering Analysis: contains detailed energy use, price, and efficiency information 

for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed. 

Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels 

on individual purchasers and users of fluorescent lamp ballasts. It compares ballast 

life-cycle cost and other measures of consumer impact with and without standards. 

The sensitivity of the life-cycle cost and payback period to assumptions made in the 

analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle 

cost and payback period results for users who switch from T12 to T8lamp systems. 

Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast of energy 

consumption, efficiency of new ballasts, ballasts already installed in commercial and 

industrial buildings, electricity price forecasts, and annual ballast sales in the absence 

(or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice of the standards scenarios to be 

analyzed and the projected impacts of each level. Results are reported for several 

scenarios in which the projected market share of magnetic ballasts as well as the 

electricity p11ce forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales, 

equipment costs, and operating costs of ballasts, as well as the net present benefit of 

the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates of the net national employment 

impact from changes in energy use, the increased cost of more efficient ballasts and 

energy cost savings from their use. 

Chapter 6 Impacts of Trial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimates the financial 

impact of standards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition, 

employment, and manufacturing capacity. 

Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial 

standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity 

sales, in generation and installed capacity. 

Appendix A Engineering Analysis Suppoliing Documentation: Presents documentation for the 

LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and 

calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-user prices, annual lighting hours, and 

labor costs. Presents the development of national electricity price projections. 

Appendix B National Energy Savings Suppoliing Documentation: presents documentation for the 

LBNL National Energy Savings (NES) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data on 

ballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatOlY programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for 

lighting/HV AC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology. 

1-2 

the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview of the methodology used to 

examine the sensitivity ofthe results to changes in the key assumptions, parameters, 

and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis. 

Chapter 3 Engineering Analysis: contains detailed energy use, price, and efficiency information 

for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed. 

Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels 

on individual purchasers and users of fluorescent lamp ballasts. It compares ballast 

life-cycle cost and other measures of consumer impact with and without standards. 

The sensitivity of the life-cycle cost and payback period to assumptions made in the 

analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle 

cost and payback period results for users who switch from T12 to T8lamp systems. 

Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast of energy 

consumption, efficiency of new ballasts, ballasts already installed in commercial and 

industrial buildings, electricity price forecasts, and annual ballast sales in the absence 

(or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice of the standards scenarios to be 

analyzed and the projected impacts of each level. Results are reported for several 

scenarios in which the projected market share of magnetic ballasts as well as the 

electricity p11ce forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales, 

equipment costs, and operating costs of ballasts, as well as the net present benefit of 

the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates of the net national employment 

impact from changes in energy use, the increased cost of more efficient ballasts and 

energy cost savings from their use. 

Chapter 6 Impacts of Trial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimates the financial 

impact of standards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition, 

employment, and manufacturing capacity. 

Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial 

standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity 

sales, in generation and installed capacity. 

Appendix A Engineering Analysis Suppoliing Documentation: Presents documentation for the 

LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and 

calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-user prices, annual lighting hours, and 

labor costs. Presents the development of national electricity price projections. 

Appendix B National Energy Savings Suppoliing Documentation: presents documentation for the 

LBNL National Energy Savings (NES) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data on 

ballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatOlY programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for 

lighting/HV AC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology. 

1-2 
Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis

Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen

oxides from combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation that would result

from trial standards.

Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses performed after stakeholders agreed

to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus

standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a

fixture in the OEM market) manufactured as of April 1, 2005, sold by manufacturers

as of July 1, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as

of April 1, 2006.

Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major alternatives to proposed standards that could achieve

some portion of the energy savings achieved by standards.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis 

Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen 

oxides from combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation that would result 

from trial standards. 

Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses perfonned after stakeholders agreed 

to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus 

standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a 

fixture in the OEM market) manufactured as of April 1 ,2005, sold by manufacturers 

as of July I, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as 

of April 1, 2006. 

Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major altematives to proposed standards that could achieve 

some portion of the energy savings achieved by standards. 

1-3 

Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis 

Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen 

oxides from combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation that would result 

from trial standards. 

Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses perfonned after stakeholders agreed 

to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus 

standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a 

fixture in the OEM market) manufactured as of April 1 ,2005, sold by manufacturers 

as of July I, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as 

of April 1, 2006. 

Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major altematives to proposed standards that could achieve 

some portion of the energy savings achieved by standards. 

1-3 
CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The economic effects of trial standard levels depend largely on the relationship between the

cost of a consumer product and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiency relationships are determined

for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency of energy-saving

technology options are used as inputs to the analysis of the effects at various levels.

This document analyzes the effects of standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Each product

class is a lamp/ballast combination consisting of ballasts used with a specific lamp type and number

of lamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential

lighting are not covered.

Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on

information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey,

comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice of Proposed Rulemaking

(NOPR)'. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers

Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from

distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were

comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials,

national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference

materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits.

End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with

corresponding efficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national

energy savings and net present value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle

costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between

electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff.

This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an

overview of the analytic methodology and discusses the major components of the analysis: the

Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment

Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the

Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are

interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis.

Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict

commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future

changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates of economic effects are calculated from the outputs

of the models. The models utilized in the analysis are:

2-1

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH 

2.1 INTRODUCTION 

The economic effects of trial standard levels depend largely on the relationship between the 

cost of a consumer product and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiency relationships are determined 

for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency of energy-saving 

technology options are used as inputs to the analysis of the effects at various levels. 

This document analyzes the effects of standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Each product 

class is a lamp/ballast combination consisting of ballasts used with a specific lamp type and number 

oflamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential 

lighting are not covered. 

Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on 

information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey, 

comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 

(NOPRY. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers 

Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from 

distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were 

comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials, 

national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference 

materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits. 

End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with 

corresponding efficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national 

energy savings and net present value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle 

costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between 

electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff 

This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an 

overview of the analytic methodology and discusses the major components of the analysis: the 

Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment 

Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the 

Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are 

interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. 

Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict 

commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future 

changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates of economic effects are calculated from the outputs 

of the models. The models utilized in the analysis are: 

2-1 

CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH 

2.1 INTRODUCTION 

The economic effects of trial standard levels depend largely on the relationship between the 

cost of a consumer product and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiency relationships are determined 

for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency of energy-saving 

technology options are used as inputs to the analysis of the effects at various levels. 

This document analyzes the effects of standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Each product 

class is a lamp/ballast combination consisting of ballasts used with a specific lamp type and number 

oflamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential 

lighting are not covered. 

Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on 

information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey, 

comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 

(NOPRY. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers 

Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from 

distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were 

comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials, 

national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference 

materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits. 

End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with 

corresponding efficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national 

energy savings and net present value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle 

costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between 

electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff 

This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an 

overview of the analytic methodology and discusses the major components of the analysis: the 

Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment 

Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the 

Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are 

interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. 

Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict 

commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future 

changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates of economic effects are calculated from the outputs 

of the models. The models utilized in the analysis are: 

2-1 
• Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model

® National Energy Savings Model

Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model)

® National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model)

• ImBuild Model (National Employment Model)

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK

The effect of alternative fluorescent ballast trial standards levels is determined by comparing

projections of a wide range of variables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial

standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario

(which represents the situation under existing legislation) using the analytic models described below.

Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the

base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are then repeated for the trial standards scenarios

as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption,

economic variables, and other variables in the base and trial standards scenarios provide quantitative

estimates of the impacts of the trial standards. To evaluate the significance of the differences in

LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the key parameters and assumptions.

The analysis of the effect of standards has eight major components:

Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes

including efficiency, energy use, and price;

Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, which calculates economic impact effects , including payback

period on individual end user . This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity

analysis of the impacts of the variability of four key parameters on life-cycle costs and

payback periods;

National Energy Analysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and

industrial sectors;

National Employment Analysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of

changes in energy use, increased cost of more efficient ballasts, and energy cost savings;

Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on

manufacturers and calculates the effect on competition, employment, and manufacturing

capacity;

® Utility Analysis, which measures the effect of altered energy consumption patterns on

electric utilities;

2-2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model 

National Energy Savings Model 

Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model) 

National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model) 

ImBuild Model (National Employment Model) 

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK 

The effect of alternative fluorescent ballast trial standards levels is deternlined by comparing 

projections of a wide range of variables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial 

standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario 

(which represents the situation under existing legislation) using the analytic models described below. 

Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the 

base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are then repeated for the trial standards scenarios 

as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption, 

economic variables, and other variables in the base and trial standards scenarios provide quantitative 

estimates of the impacts of the trial standards. To evaluate the significance of the differences in 

LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the key parameters and assumptions. 

The analysis of the effect of standards has eight major components: 

,. Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes 

including efficiency, energy use, and price; 

,. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, which calculates economic impact effects, including payback 

period on individual end user. This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity 

analysis of the impacts of the variability of four key parameters on life-cycle costs and 

payback periods; 

.. National Energy Analysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and 

industrial sectors; 

.. National Employment Analysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of 

changes in energy use, increased cost of more efficient ballasts, and energy cost savings; 

.. Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on 

manufacturers and calculates the effect on competition, employment, and manufacturing 

capacity; 

,. Utility Analysis, which measures the effect of altered energy consumption patterns on 

electric utilities; 

2-2 

Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model 

National Energy Savings Model 

Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model) 

National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model) 

ImBuild Model (National Employment Model) 

2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK 

The effect of alternative fluorescent ballast trial standards levels is deternlined by comparing 

projections of a wide range of variables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial 

standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario 

(which represents the situation under existing legislation) using the analytic models described below. 

Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the 

base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are then repeated for the trial standards scenarios 

as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption, 

economic variables, and other variables in the base and trial standards scenarios provide quantitative 

estimates of the impacts of the trial standards. To evaluate the significance of the differences in 

LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the key parameters and assumptions. 

The analysis of the effect of standards has eight major components: 

,. Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes 

including efficiency, energy use, and price; 

,. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, which calculates economic impact effects, including payback 

period on individual end user. This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity 

analysis of the impacts of the variability of four key parameters on life-cycle costs and 

payback periods; 

.. National Energy Analysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and 

industrial sectors; 

.. National Employment Analysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of 

changes in energy use, increased cost of more efficient ballasts, and energy cost savings; 

.. Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on 

manufacturers and calculates the effect on competition, employment, and manufacturing 

capacity; 

,. Utility Analysis, which measures the effect of altered energy consumption patterns on 

electric utilities; 

2-2 
® Environmental Analysis, which estimates changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen

oxides because of reduced energy consumption at the power plant; and

RegulatorylmpactAnalysis, which presents major alternatives to proposed standards that

could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost.

A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the

interactions among the Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and

Environmental Analyses. The analysis is performed for a base case plus several trial standards

scenarios.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

" Environmental Analysis, which estimates changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen 

oxides because of reduced energy consumption at the power plant; and 

.. RegulatOlY Impact Analysis, which presents major alternatives to proposed standards that 

could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost. 

A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the 

interactions among the Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and 

Environmental Analyses. The analysis is perf01111ed for a base case plus several trial standards 

scenanos. 

2-3 

" Environmental Analysis, which estimates changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen 

oxides because of reduced energy consumption at the power plant; and 

.. RegulatOlY Impact Analysis, which presents major alternatives to proposed standards that 

could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost. 

A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the 

interactions among the Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and 

Environmental Analyses. The analysis is perf01111ed for a base case plus several trial standards 

scenanos. 

2-3 
Life

Cycle

Costs

L A

National

Energy

National Energy

Savings (NES)

nalysis

Utility

Analysis

Employment

Analysis

Environmental

Analysis

Change

in Electric

Production &

Generating

,Capacity

Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis

2-4

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Life Cycle Cost 

Analysis 

Life 

Cycle 

Costs 

Utility 

Analysis 

Change 

in Electric 

Production & 

Generating 

Capacity 

Cost + 

Performance 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Cost + 

Efficiency 

National 

Energy 

Employment 

Analysis 

Change 

National Energy 

Savings (NES) 

Analysis 

Environmental 

Analysis 

Change 

in 

Emissions 

Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis 

2-4 

Life Cycle Cost 

Analysis 

Life 

Cycle 

Costs 

Utility 

Analysis 

Change 

in Electric 

Production & 

Generating 

Capacity 

Cost + 

Performance 

Engineering 

Analysis 

Cost + 

Efficiency 

National 

Energy 

Employment 

Analysis 

Change 

National Energy 

Savings (NES) 

Analysis 

Environmental 

Analysis 

Change 

in 

Emissions 

Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis 

2-4 
2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis

The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast

characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to

consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast

combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set of technology

options within each lamp/ballast combination. The Engineering Analysis is performed in seven steps:

(1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within

each lamp/ballast combination; (4) determine maximum technically feasible option; (5) calculate the

efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and (7)

generate price-efficiency relationships.

Lamp/Ballast Combinations. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation

of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial

buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in

discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties;

literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The

lamp/ballasts covered by the analysis are listed in Chapter 3.

Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for

improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses information

gathered from trade organizations, manufacturers, consultants with expertise in specific product types,

and from public comments on the NOPR or at public workshops.

Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could

improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are

considered. They were selected after discussions with experts and an extensive literature review. The

efficiency improvement and end-user price difference resulting from technology options are compared

to the baseline unit.

Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option . For each lamp/ballast

combination, a maximum technologically feasible technology option is identified. This option results

in the highest energy efficiency for each lamp/ballast combination. For this analysis, all technologies

considered are available in the marketplace.

Efficiency Calculation. For each of the lamp/ballast combinations, the efficiency levels

corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied by manufacturers.

Price Estimates. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduser prices. A more detailed discussion of how these data were used to derive price estimates is found

in Chapter 3.

2-5

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS 

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis 

The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast 

characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to 

consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast 

combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set of technology 

options within each lamp/ballast combination. The Engineering Analysis is perfoTIned in seven steps: 

(1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within 

each lamp/ballast combination; (4) deteTI11ine maximum technically feasible option; (5) calculate the 

efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and (7) 

generate price-efficiency relationships. 

Lamp/Ballast Combinations. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation 

of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial 

buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in 

discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties; 

literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The 

lamp/ballasts covered by the analysis are listed in Chapter 3. 

Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for 

improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses infoTI11ation 

gathered from trade organizations, manufacturers, consultants with expeliise in specific product types, 

and from public comments on the NOPR or at public workshops. 

Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could 

improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are 

considered. They were selected after discussions with experts and an extensive literature review. The 

efficiency improvement and end-user price difference resulting from technology options are compared 

to the baseline unit. 

Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option. For each lamp/ballast 

combination, a maximum technologically feasible technology option is identified. This option results 

in the highest energy efficiency for each lamp/ballast combination. For this analysis, all technologies 

considered are available in the marketplace. 

Efficiency Calculation. For each of the lampiballast combinations, the efficiency levels 

corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied by manufacturers. 

Price Estimates. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduser prices. A more detailed discussion of how these data were used to derive price estimates is found 

in Chapter 3. 

2-5 

2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS 

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis 

The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast 

characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to 

consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast 

combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set of technology 

options within each lamp/ballast combination. The Engineering Analysis is perfoTIned in seven steps: 

(1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within 

each lamp/ballast combination; (4) deteTI11ine maximum technically feasible option; (5) calculate the 

efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and (7) 

generate price-efficiency relationships. 

Lamp/Ballast Combinations. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation 

of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial 

buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in 

discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties; 

literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The 

lamp/ballasts covered by the analysis are listed in Chapter 3. 

Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for 

improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses infoTI11ation 

gathered from trade organizations, manufacturers, consultants with expeliise in specific product types, 

and from public comments on the NOPR or at public workshops. 

Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could 

improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are 

considered. They were selected after discussions with experts and an extensive literature review. The 

efficiency improvement and end-user price difference resulting from technology options are compared 

to the baseline unit. 

Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option. For each lamp/ballast 

combination, a maximum technologically feasible technology option is identified. This option results 

in the highest energy efficiency for each lamp/ballast combination. For this analysis, all technologies 

considered are available in the marketplace. 

Efficiency Calculation. For each of the lampiballast combinations, the efficiency levels 

corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied by manufacturers. 

Price Estimates. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduser prices. A more detailed discussion of how these data were used to derive price estimates is found 

in Chapter 3. 

2-5 
Price-Efficiency Relationships. The results of the Engineering Analysis are summarized in the

price-efficiency relationships, which show the efficiency and price of the technology options for each

lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiency relationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental

input to the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses.

Results from the EngineeringAnalysis . For each technology option considered in the analysis,

the models and data provide:

® energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3),

• annual energy consumption per unit,

® ballast prices, and

® other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and

lamp equipment and replacement costs.

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC)

The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for

Windows 95 , combined with Crystal BaIITM (a commercially available software program). The LCC

model is designed to allow user input in studying the effect of changing key parameters. The model

results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the

payback period for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC

analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take

effect).

The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis,

which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges

(distributions) can be entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations.

The outputs are a distribution of LCC differences and a distribution of payback periods. The mean

LCC difference and median payback period are also reported.

Refer to Chapter 4 for a detailed description of the LCC model and of the analysis results.

2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES)

Measures of the effect of ballast efficiency include national energy savings and the net present

value (NPV) of total national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each of the

above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible

and transparent, we developed a spreadsheet model using Microsoft Excel in Windows 95 to calculate

the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input

2-6

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Price-Efficiency Relationships. The results of the Engineering Analysis are summarized in the 

price-efficiency relationships, which show the efficiency and price ofthe technology options for each 

lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiency relationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental 

input to the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses. 

Results from the Engineering Analysis. For each technology option considered in the analysis, 

the models and data provide: 

.. energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3), 

.. annual energy consumption per unit, 

.. ballast prices, and 

.. other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and 

lamp equipment and replacement costs. 

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) 

The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for 

Windows 95, combined with Crystal BallTM (a commercially available software program). The LCC 

model is designed to allow user input in studying the effect of changing key parameters. The model 

results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the 

payback period for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC 

analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take 

effect). 

The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis, 

which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges 

(distributions) can be entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations. 

The outputs are a distribution of LCC differences and a distribution of payback periods. The mean 

LCC difference and median payback period are also reported. 

Refer to Chapter 4 for a detailed description of the LCC model and of the analysis results. 

2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) 

Measures ofthe effect of ballast efficiency include national energy savings and the net present 

value (NPV) of total national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each of the 

above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible 

and transparent, we developed a spreadsheet model using Microsoft Excel in Windows 95 to calculate 

the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input 

2-6 

Price-Efficiency Relationships. The results of the Engineering Analysis are summarized in the 

price-efficiency relationships, which show the efficiency and price ofthe technology options for each 

lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiency relationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental 

input to the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses. 

Results from the Engineering Analysis. For each technology option considered in the analysis, 

the models and data provide: 

.. energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3), 

.. annual energy consumption per unit, 

.. ballast prices, and 

.. other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and 

lamp equipment and replacement costs. 

2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) 

The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for 

Windows 95, combined with Crystal BallTM (a commercially available software program). The LCC 

model is designed to allow user input in studying the effect of changing key parameters. The model 

results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the 

payback period for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC 

analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take 

effect). 

The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis, 

which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges 

(distributions) can be entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations. 

The outputs are a distribution of LCC differences and a distribution of payback periods. The mean 

LCC difference and median payback period are also reported. 

Refer to Chapter 4 for a detailed description of the LCC model and of the analysis results. 

2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) 

Measures ofthe effect of ballast efficiency include national energy savings and the net present 

value (NPV) of total national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each of the 

above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible 

and transparent, we developed a spreadsheet model using Microsoft Excel in Windows 95 to calculate 

the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input 

2-6 
quantities can be changed within the spreadsheet. In the NES Spreadsheet, distributions are not used

for inputs or outputs. Sensitivities can be demonstrated by running different scenarios using alternate

inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics.

One important component of any estimate of future effects from standards is ballast shipments.

Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the

NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5 . In addition, users of the NES spreadsheet may

adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect of other assumptions.

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model

Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as net jobs created or

eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and

industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price of ballasts, and

reduced spending on new power plants by the utility industry (as well as the associated indirect effects

of those three factors). These impacts are reported in Chapter 5.

We used an input/output model of the U.S. economy to estimate the effects on different major

sectors of the U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact on jobs. The model,

ImBuildz• 3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed by the Office of Building Technologies and State

Programs. It is a PC-based economic analysis system that consists of national input-output structural

matrices that characterize the national economy as a series of interrelationships among 35 sectors.

The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in

employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES

spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast

purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and input to ImBuild. Direct employment

impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer

Impact Analysis chapter.

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model)

The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and

calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses

(MIA) was conducted in four phases. Phase 1, Industry Profile and Issue Definition, consisted of two

activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification

workshop. The second phase, "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry.

In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was used to prepare a "strawman"

industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used publically available information developed

in Phase 1 to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis of new ballast standards. In

Phase 3, Sub-Group Impact Analysis, the strawman cash flow was used by individual manufacturers

as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in

cooperation with Arthur D. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on

employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry

2-7

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

quantities can be changed within the spreadsheet. In the NES Spreadsheet, distributions are not used 

for inputs or outputs. Sensitivities can be demonstrated by running different scenarios using alternate 

inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics. 

One important component of any estimate offuture effects from standards is ballast shipments. 

Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the 

NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5. In addition, users of the NES spreadsheet may 

adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect of other assumptions. 

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model 

Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as net jobs created or 

eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and 

industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price of ballasts, and 

reduced spending on new power plants by the utility industry (as well as the associated indirect effects 

of those three factors). These impacts are repOlied in Chapter 5. 

We used an input/output model ofthe U.S. economy to estimate the effects on different major 

sectors of the U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact on jobs. The model, 

ImBuild2

,3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed by the Office of Building Technologies and State 

Programs. It is a PC-based economic analysis system that consists of national input-output structural 

matrices that characterize the national economy as a series of interrelationships among 35 sectors. 

The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in 

employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES 

spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast 

purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and input to ImBuild. Direct employment 

impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer 

Impact Analysis chapter. 

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model) 

The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and 

calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses 

(MIA) was conducted in four phases. Phase I, Industry Profile and Issue Definition, consisted of two 

activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification 

workshop. The second phase, "Strawman" hldustry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry. 

In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was used to prepare a "strawman" 

industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used public ally available infornlation developed 

in Phase 1 to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis of new ballast standards. In 

Phase 3, Sub-Group Impact Analysis, the strawman cash flow was used by individual manufacturers 

as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in 

cooperation with Alihur D. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on 

employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry 

2-7 

quantities can be changed within the spreadsheet. In the NES Spreadsheet, distributions are not used 

for inputs or outputs. Sensitivities can be demonstrated by running different scenarios using alternate 

inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics. 

One important component of any estimate offuture effects from standards is ballast shipments. 

Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the 

NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5. In addition, users of the NES spreadsheet may 

adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect of other assumptions. 

2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model 

Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as net jobs created or 

eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and 

industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price of ballasts, and 

reduced spending on new power plants by the utility industry (as well as the associated indirect effects 

of those three factors). These impacts are repOlied in Chapter 5. 

We used an input/output model ofthe U.S. economy to estimate the effects on different major 

sectors of the U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact on jobs. The model, 

ImBuild2

,3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed by the Office of Building Technologies and State 

Programs. It is a PC-based economic analysis system that consists of national input-output structural 

matrices that characterize the national economy as a series of interrelationships among 35 sectors. 

The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in 

employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES 

spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast 

purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and input to ImBuild. Direct employment 

impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer 

Impact Analysis chapter. 

2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model) 

The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and 

calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses 

(MIA) was conducted in four phases. Phase I, Industry Profile and Issue Definition, consisted of two 

activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification 

workshop. The second phase, "Strawman" hldustry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry. 

In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was used to prepare a "strawman" 

industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used public ally available infornlation developed 

in Phase 1 to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis of new ballast standards. In 

Phase 3, Sub-Group Impact Analysis, the strawman cash flow was used by individual manufacturers 

as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in 

cooperation with Alihur D. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on 

employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry 

2-7 
Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group 1 included all

manufacturers, group 2 included full line manufacturers of magnetic and electronic ballasts, and group

3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts.

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS)

Utility Analysis. A new approach has been used to estimate effects of ballast energy-efficiency

standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy

Information Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), together with some

exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy

economy of the U.S. and was developed over several years by the EIA, primarily for the purpose of

preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U. S.

through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance

standards analysis is called NEMS -BRS and is based on the AE099 version of NEMS with minor

modifications.'

NEMS-BRS offers a sophisticated picture of the effects of standards because its scope allows

it to measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as

a whole. The policy scenarios of NEMS-BRS are similar to the AE099 version ofNEMS except that

energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount

of electricity saved due to the ballast standards. The input of energy savings are obtained from the

NES spreadsheet. We assess the impact of standards on utilities by reporting several key industry

parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity.

Other assumptions in NEMS-BRSwill be the same as those used to produce AEO99. The time

horizon of NEMS-BRS is 2020 . Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low

economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generated for use by NES and will be explored

in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs.

Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in

emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each of the standards, total emissions are

calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility

analysis). The net benefits of the standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by

the AEO99 version of NEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place.

The environmental analysis using NEMS-BRS is relatively straightforward . Carbon emissions

are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors of the economy and their

interactions. The only form of carbon tracked by NEMS-BRS is CO2, so the carbon discussed in this

'

EIA approves use of the name NEMS only to describe an AEO version of the model without any modification to code or data.

Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from

AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here.

2-8

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group I included all 

manufacturers, group 2 included full line manufacturers of magnetic and electronic ballasts, and group 

3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts. 

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS) 

Utility Analysis. A new approach has been used to estimate effects of ballast energy-efficiency 

standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy 

Infornlation Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), together with some 

exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy 

economy of the U.S. and was developed over several years by the EIA, primarily for the purpose of 

preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U.S. 

through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance 

standards analysis is called NEMS-BRS and is based on the AE099 version ofNEMS with minor 

modifications. 1 

NEMS-BRS offers a sophisticated picture ofthe effects of standards because its scope allows 

it to measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as 

a whole. The policy scenarios ofNEMS-BRS are similar to the AE099 version ofNEMS except that 

energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount 

of electricity saved due to the ballast standards. The input of energy savings are obtained from the 

NES spreadsheet. We assess the impact of standards on utilities by reporting several key industry 

parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity. 

Other assumptions in NEMS-BRSwill be the same as those used to produce AE099. The time 

horizon of NEMS-BRS is 2020. Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low 

economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generated for use by NES and will be explored 

in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs. 

Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in 

emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each of the standards, total emissions are 

calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility 

analysis). The net benefits of the standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by 

the AE099 version ofNEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place. 

The environmental analysis using NEMS-BRS is relatively straightforward. Carbon emissions 

are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors of the economy and their 

interactions. The only form of carbon tracked by NEMS-BRS is CO2, so the carbon discussed in this 

1 ElA approves use of the name NEMS only to describe an AEO version of the model without any modification to code or data. 

Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from 

AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here. 

2-8 

Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group I included all 

manufacturers, group 2 included full line manufacturers of magnetic and electronic ballasts, and group 

3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts. 

2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS) 

Utility Analysis. A new approach has been used to estimate effects of ballast energy-efficiency 

standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy 

Infornlation Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), together with some 

exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy 

economy of the U.S. and was developed over several years by the EIA, primarily for the purpose of 

preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U.S. 

through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance 

standards analysis is called NEMS-BRS and is based on the AE099 version ofNEMS with minor 

modifications. 1 

NEMS-BRS offers a sophisticated picture ofthe effects of standards because its scope allows 

it to measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as 

a whole. The policy scenarios ofNEMS-BRS are similar to the AE099 version ofNEMS except that 

energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount 

of electricity saved due to the ballast standards. The input of energy savings are obtained from the 

NES spreadsheet. We assess the impact of standards on utilities by reporting several key industry 

parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity. 

Other assumptions in NEMS-BRSwill be the same as those used to produce AE099. The time 

horizon of NEMS-BRS is 2020. Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low 

economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generated for use by NES and will be explored 

in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs. 

Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in 

emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each of the standards, total emissions are 

calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility 

analysis). The net benefits of the standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by 

the AE099 version ofNEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place. 

The environmental analysis using NEMS-BRS is relatively straightforward. Carbon emissions 

are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors of the economy and their 

interactions. The only form of carbon tracked by NEMS-BRS is CO2, so the carbon discussed in this 

1 ElA approves use of the name NEMS only to describe an AEO version of the model without any modification to code or data. 

Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from 

AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here. 

2-8 
report is only in the form of CO2 though it is reported as elemental carbon.

The two airborne pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, SO2 and NOR,

are reported by NEMS-BRS. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set an SO2 emissions cap on

all power generation. The attainment of this target, however, is flexible among generators and is

enforced by applying market forces through the use of emissions allowances and tradable permits.

SO2 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions

will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is

virtually no real SO2 environmental benefit from conservation as long as there is enforcement through

emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only if coal generation falls and the

reduced demand for SO2 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects

considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates, we do not consider this possibility.

REFERENCES

1. Notice ofProposed Ruulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday,

March 4, 1994.

2. M.J. Scott, D.J. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, ImBuild: Impact of Building Energy Efficiency

Programs, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , PNNL- 11884 UC- 1600, April 1998.

3. M.J. Scott, D.J. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz , Impact of Building Technology, State

and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific

Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL- 11843 UC-1600, April 1998.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

report is only in the form of CO2 though it is reported as elemental carbon. 

The two airbome pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, S02 and NOx, 

are reported by NEMS-BRS. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set an S02 emissions cap on 

all power generation. The attainment of this target, however, is flexible among generators and is 

enforced by applying market forces through the use of emissions allowances and tradable permits. 

S02 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions 

will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is 

virtually no real S02 environmental benefit from conservation as long as there is enforcement through 

emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only if coal generation falls and the 

reduced demand for S02 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects 

considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates, we do not consider this possibility. 

REFERENCES 

1. Notice of Prop os ed Rulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday, 

March 4, 1994. 

2. MJ. Scott, DJ. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, ImBuild: Impact of Building Energy Efficiency 

Programs, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11884 UC-1600, April 1998. 

3. M.l Scott, D.l. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz, Impact of Building Technology, State 

and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific 

Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11843 UC-1600, April 1998. 

2-9 

report is only in the form of CO2 though it is reported as elemental carbon. 

The two airbome pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, S02 and NOx, 

are reported by NEMS-BRS. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set an S02 emissions cap on 

all power generation. The attainment of this target, however, is flexible among generators and is 

enforced by applying market forces through the use of emissions allowances and tradable permits. 

S02 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions 

will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is 

virtually no real S02 environmental benefit from conservation as long as there is enforcement through 

emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only if coal generation falls and the 

reduced demand for S02 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects 

considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates, we do not consider this possibility. 

REFERENCES 

1. Notice of Prop os ed Rulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday, 

March 4, 1994. 

2. MJ. Scott, DJ. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, ImBuild: Impact of Building Energy Efficiency 

Programs, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11884 UC-1600, April 1998. 

3. M.l Scott, D.l. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz, Impact of Building Technology, State 

and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific 

Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11843 UC-1600, April 1998. 

2-9 
CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a

fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its

discharge and then limits the current to a safe value when the discharge is established.

The starting and operating conditions for each, type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp

manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp

Committee, ANSI C78. The important specifications for lamp life are lamp current, maximum

starting voltage, filament voltage , and the lamp current crest factor.a

The term efficacy is used instead of efficiency when the input and output have different units.

The characteristics of fluorescent lamp ballasts are defined by ANSI Specifications C.82.1-1985 and

C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factor .` Other standards

groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific

applications or environments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less

than 10%. Two characteristics not specified by ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast)

efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics.

This analysis considers three types of fluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout,

and electronic. There are three methods of starting lamps: pre-heat, rapid-start, and instant-start.

Ballasts may also be referred to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed

(e.g., rapid-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and

industrial applications in the U. S. and thus are not considered in our analysis . Instant-start ballasts

rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage.

Rapid-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage.

Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components . The main components are a

magnetic choke to limit the current, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a

capacitor that corrects for the ballast's low power factor . Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have

one or more additional capacitors to sequence the starting of the lamps. Magnetic ballasts operate

at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s ) at the same frequency.

'The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current.

bBallast factor is defined as the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on a subject ballast divided by the light output

of the same lamp tested on a reference ballast under specified environmental conditions.

'Power factor is defined as the true power divided by the product of the true rms (root mean squared) value of the

voltage across an electrical circuit or device and the true rms current through the circuit or device.

3-1

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a 

fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its 

discharge and then limits the cunent to a safe value when the discharge is established. 

The starting and operating conditions for each type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp 

manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp 

Committee, ANSI C78. The impotiant specifications for lamp life are lamp cunent, maxtmum 

starting voltage, filament voltage, and the lamp cunent crest factor. a 

The term efficacy is used instead of efficiency when the input and output have different units. 

The characteristics of fluorescent lamp ballasts are defined by ANSI Specifications C.82.1-1985 and 

C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factoL C Other standards 

groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific 

applications or environments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less 

than 10%. Two characteristics not specified by ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) 

efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics. 

This analysis considers three types of fluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout, 

and electronic. There are three methods of statiing lamps: pre-heat, rapid-stati, and instant-start. 

Ballasts may also be refened to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed 

(e.g., rapid-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and 

industrial applications in the U.S. and thus are not considered in our analysis. Instant-start ballasts 

rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage. 

Rapid-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. 

Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components. The main components are a 

magnetic choke to limit the cunent, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a 

capacitor that conects for the ballast's low power factor. Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have 

one or more additional capacitors to sequence the statiing ofthe lamps. Magnetic ballasts operate 

at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same frequency. 

"The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current. 

bBallast factor is defined as the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on a subject ballast divided by the light output 

of the same lamp tested on a reference ballast under specified environmental conditions. 

CPower factor is defined as the tme power divided by the product of the true rrns (root mean squared) value of the 

voltage across an electrical circuit or device and the true rms current through the circuit or device. 

3-1 

CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS 

3.1 INTRODUCTION 

A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a 

fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its 

discharge and then limits the cunent to a safe value when the discharge is established. 

The starting and operating conditions for each type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp 

manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp 

Committee, ANSI C78. The impotiant specifications for lamp life are lamp cunent, maxtmum 

starting voltage, filament voltage, and the lamp cunent crest factor. a 

The term efficacy is used instead of efficiency when the input and output have different units. 

The characteristics of fluorescent lamp ballasts are defined by ANSI Specifications C.82.1-1985 and 

C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factoL C Other standards 

groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific 

applications or environments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less 

than 10%. Two characteristics not specified by ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) 

efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics. 

This analysis considers three types of fluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout, 

and electronic. There are three methods of statiing lamps: pre-heat, rapid-stati, and instant-start. 

Ballasts may also be refened to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed 

(e.g., rapid-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and 

industrial applications in the U.S. and thus are not considered in our analysis. Instant-start ballasts 

rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage. 

Rapid-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. 

Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components. The main components are a 

magnetic choke to limit the cunent, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a 

capacitor that conects for the ballast's low power factor. Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have 

one or more additional capacitors to sequence the statiing ofthe lamps. Magnetic ballasts operate 

at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same frequency. 

"The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current. 

bBallast factor is defined as the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on a subject ballast divided by the light output 

of the same lamp tested on a reference ballast under specified environmental conditions. 

CPower factor is defined as the tme power divided by the product of the true rrns (root mean squared) value of the 

voltage across an electrical circuit or device and the true rms current through the circuit or device. 

3-1 
Cathode cutout (CC) ballasts use components similarto those in magnetic rapid-start ballasts

but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp

starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts.

Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent

lamp ballasts are constructed from discrete and integrated components with circuit boards to connect

the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those

employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits.

Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency,

above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in

transforming input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more

efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of

electronic ballasts may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system relative

to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the

same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use

core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because of their lighter weight.

ANSI C.82.2- 1984' describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by

measuring filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor, and

starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C.

The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system performance or efficacy. This

factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is

defined as:

BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power

The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in

Watts. The ballast factor (BF) for a subject ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on

a subject ballast to the light output of the same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under identical

environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the

relevant ANSI lamp standards.

Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to

designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two-digit number that identifies either the nominal

lamp wattage for rapid-start lamps or the lamp length for instant-start and high-output lamps. These

digits are followed by the letter "T," for tubular, which is followed by the lamp diameter in eighths

of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" if the lamp is high

output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth

phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An

energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp.

The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts currently

3-2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Cathode cutout (CC) ballasts use components similar to those in magnetic rapid-start ballasts 

but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp 

starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. 

Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent 

lamp ballasts are constructed from discrete and integrated components with circuit boards to connect 

the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those 

employed for other electronic devices. Fel1"ite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits. 

Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency, 

above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in 

transfomling input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more 

efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of 

electronic ballasts may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system relative 

to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the 

same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use 

core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because oftheir lighter weight. 

ANSI C.82.2-19841 describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by 

measuring filament voltage, lamp CUl1"ent crest factor, power factor, lamp cUl1"ent, ballast factor, and 

starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C. 

The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system perfomlance or efficacy. This 

factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is 

defined as: 

BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power 

The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in 

Watts. The ballast factor (BF) for a subj ect ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on 

a subject ballast to the light output of the same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under identical 

environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the 

relevant ANSI lamp standards. 

Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to 

designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two-digit number that identifies either the nominal 

lamp wattage for rapid-start lamps or the lamp length for instant-start and high-output lamps. These 

digits are followed by the letter "T," for tubular, which is followed by the lamp diameter in eighths 

of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" if the lamp is high 

output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth 

phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An 

energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp. 

The F40Tl2 and the F96Tl2 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts cUlTently 

3-2 

Cathode cutout (CC) ballasts use components similar to those in magnetic rapid-start ballasts 

but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp 

starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. 

Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent 

lamp ballasts are constructed from discrete and integrated components with circuit boards to connect 

the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those 

employed for other electronic devices. Fel1"ite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits. 

Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency, 

above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in 

transfomling input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more 

efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of 

electronic ballasts may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system relative 

to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the 

same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use 

core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because oftheir lighter weight. 

ANSI C.82.2-19841 describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by 

measuring filament voltage, lamp CUl1"ent crest factor, power factor, lamp cUl1"ent, ballast factor, and 

starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C. 

The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system perfomlance or efficacy. This 

factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is 

defined as: 

BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power 

The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in 

Watts. The ballast factor (BF) for a subj ect ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on 

a subject ballast to the light output of the same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under identical 

environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the 

relevant ANSI lamp standards. 

Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to 

designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two-digit number that identifies either the nominal 

lamp wattage for rapid-start lamps or the lamp length for instant-start and high-output lamps. These 

digits are followed by the letter "T," for tubular, which is followed by the lamp diameter in eighths 

of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" if the lamp is high 

output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth 

phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An 

energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp. 

The F40Tl2 and the F96Tl2 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts cUlTently 

3-2 
regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These

efficacy factors apply to all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers

after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and 277

with an input current frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced

wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12 , 75W F96T12, or 110W

F96T 12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed

for use in ambient temperatures of 00 F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90

and are designed for use in residential applications.

Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficac y Factors

Lam (s) Voltage Nominal Lam Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor

1 F40T 12 120/277 40 1.805

2 F40T12 120 80 1.060

2 F40T12 277 80 1.050

2 F96T12 120/277 150 0.570

2 F96T 12H0 120/277 220 0.390

The efficacy of a ballast is defined in terms of lamp lumens per Watt input (lm/W). "Initial"

lamp lumens used in calculating efficacy are measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours.

Light output at 40 % of a lamp's lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data.

3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS

Table 3.2 shows the lamp/ballast combinations considered in this analysis. In addition to

single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations of ballasts operating

three or four lamps. Because the full-wattage halophosphor TI 2 lamps were rendered obsolete under

the Energy Policy Actd, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are "ES"

halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the

marketplace.

There are very few three- and four- lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballast models manufactured.

Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutout ballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem -wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed

throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use two two-lamp magnetic, cathode cutout, and

electronic T12 ballasts . Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.

dFor four-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994.

3-3

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These 

efficacy factors apply to all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers 

after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and 277 

with an input cunent frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced 

wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W 

F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed 

for use in ambient temperatures of 0° F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 

and are designed for use in residential applications. 

T a bi e . 31 M· mlmum . All owa bI e a B n as t Effi lcacy F ac t ors 

Lamp (s) Voltage Nominal Lamp Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 

1 F40T12 1201277 40 1.805 

2 F40T12 120 80 1.060 

2 F40T12 277 80 1.050 

2 F96T12 1201277 150 0.570 

2 F96T12HO 120/277 220 0.390 

The efficacy of a ballast is defined in tem1S oflamp lumens per Watt input (lm/W). "Initial" 

lamp lumens used in calculating efficacy are measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours. 

Light output at 40% of a lamp'S lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data. 

3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS 

Table 3.2 shows the lamplballast combinations considered in this analysis. In addition to 

single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations of ballasts operating 

three or four lamps. Because the full-wattage halophosphorTI2lamps were rendered obsolete under 

the Energy Policy Actd

, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are "ES" 

halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the 

marketplace. 

There are very few three- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballast models manufactured. 

Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutout ballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed 

throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use two two-lamp magnetic, cathode cutout, and 

electronic TI2 ballasts . Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis. 

dFor four-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994. 

3-3 

regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These 

efficacy factors apply to all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers 

after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and 277 

with an input cunent frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced 

wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W 

F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed 

for use in ambient temperatures of 0° F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 

and are designed for use in residential applications. 

T a bi e . 31 M· mlmum . All owa bI e B a n ast Effi lcacy F actors 

Lamp (s) Voltage Nominal Lamp Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 

1 F40T12 1201277 40 1.805 

2 F40T12 120 80 1.060 

2 F40T12 277 80 1.050 

2 F96T12 1201277 150 0.570 

2 F96T12HO 120/277 220 0.390 

The efficacy of a ballast is defined in tem1S oflamp lumens per Watt input (lm/W). "Initial" 

lamp lumens used in calculating efficacy are measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours. 

Light output at 40% of a lamp'S lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data. 

3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS 

Table 3.2 shows the lamplballast combinations considered in this analysis. In addition to 

single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations of ballasts operating 

three or four lamps. Because the full-wattage halophosphorTI2lamps were rendered obsolete under 

the Energy Policy Actd

, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are "ES" 

halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the 

marketplace. 

There are very few three- and four-lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballast models manufactured. 

Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutout ballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed 

throughout the lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use two two-lamp magnetic, cathode cutout, and 

electronic TI2 ballasts . Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis. 

dFor four-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994. 

3-3 
Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamp

2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps

3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12/ES fluorescent lamps

4. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 95W F96T12HO/ES fluorescent lamps

5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps

6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps

7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp

8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps;

9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and

10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps.

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast.

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

1. Cathode Cutout

2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start

3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast (Baseline). The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast

just meets the minimum NAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire

and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made

even more efficient, but this would increase its size and weight.

Cathode Cutout Ballast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM

ballast. It uses an electronic circuit to remove filament power after the discharge has been initiated

for rapid-start lamps. Cathode cutout ballasts start lamps in the same way that magnetic rapid start

ballasts do. Operating lamps without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power

by about two Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the

lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life if filament power

removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used

3-4

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations 

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamp 

2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12IES fluorescent lamps 

4. Two-lamp ballast (l20, 277V), to operate two 95W F96Tl2HO/ES fluorescent lamps 

5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp 

8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 

9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 

10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps. 

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast. 

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

1. Cathode Cutout 

2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 

3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start 

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast (Baseline). The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast 

just meets the minimum NAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire 

and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made 

even more efficient, but this would increase its size and weight. 

Cathode Cutout Ballast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM 

ballast. It uses an electronic circuit to remove filament power after the discharge has been initiated 

for rapid-start lamps. Cathode cutout ballasts start lamps in the same way that magnetic rapid start 

ballasts do. Operating lamps without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power 

by about two Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the 

lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life if filament power 

removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used 

3-4 

Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations 

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamp 

2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12IES fluorescent lamps 

4. Two-lamp ballast (l20, 277V), to operate two 95W F96Tl2HO/ES fluorescent lamps 

5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 

7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp 

8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 

9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 

10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps. 

3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

Table 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast. 

Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

1. Cathode Cutout 

2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 

3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start 

Energy-Efficient Magnetic Ballast (Baseline). The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast 

just meets the minimum NAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire 

and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made 

even more efficient, but this would increase its size and weight. 

Cathode Cutout Ballast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM 

ballast. It uses an electronic circuit to remove filament power after the discharge has been initiated 

for rapid-start lamps. Cathode cutout ballasts start lamps in the same way that magnetic rapid start 

ballasts do. Operating lamps without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power 

by about two Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the 

lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life if filament power 

removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used 

3-4 
with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during

operation, but not to zero.

Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used.' For the

life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used

for both T8 and T12 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts.

Electronic High-FrequencyBallasts. For equivalent light output, electronic ballasts consume

about 10 to 30% less energy than magnetic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast converts

60-Hz AC power into DC power. This DC voltage is the input to an oscillating circuit that converts

the DC power to a frequency of 20 kHz or higher. The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about

10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting

action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and

making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an

additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with

fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. Reducing flicker has been shown to help prevent

the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting.

Electronic ballasts produce high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics

that are known to interfere with the operation of certain electrical devices such as library proximity

sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks.3 Equipment

manufacturers are aware of this problem; they have solved it for certain specific applications and are

continuing to study the problem as needed.'

A rapid-start electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that

heats the electrode and allows the lamp to start at a low voltage. The instant-start (EIS) ballast does

not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the

rapid start lamp) to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades

the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter

4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with

instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during

operation in instant-start mode. Instant-start operation is not viable for most F40T 12 lamps, because

their filaments would have to be redesigned.

Electronic ballasts may have difficulties starting 34-Watt F40T 12/ES lamps because of the tin

oxide conductive coating on the inside of the lamp wall. Lamps without this coating are compatible

with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been

considered by the lamp and ballast industry and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the

market place.

3-5

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during 

operation, but not to zero. 

Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used. 2 For the 

life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used 

for both T8 and TI2 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts. 

Electronic High-Frequency Ballasts. For equivalent light output, electronic ballasts consume 

about 10 to 30% less energy than magnetic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast converts 

60-Hz AC power into DC power. This DC voltage is the input to an oscillating circuit that converts 

the DC power to a frequency of 20 kHz or higher. The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about 

10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting 

action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and 

making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an 

additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with 

fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. Reducing flicker has been shown to help prevent 

the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. 

Electronic ballasts produce high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics 

that are known to interfere with the operation of celiain electrical devices such as library proximity 

sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks.3 Equipment 

manufacturers are aware ofthis problem; they have solved it for certain specific applications and are 

continuing to study the problem as needed.4 

A rapid-stmi electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that 

heats the electrode and allows the lamp to stmi at a low voltage. The instant-start (ElS) ballast does 

not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the 

rapid start lamp) to the instant -stmi lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades 

the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 

4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with 

instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during 

operation in instant-start mode. Instant-start operation is not viable for most F 40T 12 lamps, because 

their filaments would have to be redesigned. 

Electronic ballasts may have difficulties starting 34-Watt F40T12/ES lamps because of the tin 

oxide conductive coating on the inside of the lamp wall. Lamps without this coating are compatible 

with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been 

considered by the lamp and ballast indusny and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the 

market place. 

3-5 

with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during 

operation, but not to zero. 

Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used. 2 For the 

life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used 

for both T8 and TI2 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts. 

Electronic High-Frequency Ballasts. For equivalent light output, electronic ballasts consume 

about 10 to 30% less energy than magnetic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast converts 

60-Hz AC power into DC power. This DC voltage is the input to an oscillating circuit that converts 

the DC power to a frequency of 20 kHz or higher. The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about 

10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting 

action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and 

making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an 

additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with 

fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. Reducing flicker has been shown to help prevent 

the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. 

Electronic ballasts produce high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics 

that are known to interfere with the operation of celiain electrical devices such as library proximity 

sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks.3 Equipment 

manufacturers are aware ofthis problem; they have solved it for certain specific applications and are 

continuing to study the problem as needed.4 

A rapid-stmi electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that 

heats the electrode and allows the lamp to stmi at a low voltage. The instant-start (ElS) ballast does 

not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the 

rapid start lamp) to the instant -stmi lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades 

the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 

4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with 

instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during 

operation in instant-start mode. Instant-start operation is not viable for most F 40T 12 lamps, because 

their filaments would have to be redesigned. 

Electronic ballasts may have difficulties starting 34-Watt F40T12/ES lamps because of the tin 

oxide conductive coating on the inside of the lamp wall. Lamps without this coating are compatible 

with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been 

considered by the lamp and ballast indusny and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the 

market place. 

3-5 
3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast

systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts

operating F40T 12, F96T 12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4

are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers

Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from

the New York State Energy Office. The sources' 6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in

developing the data.

The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different

approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below.

For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the

formula: ANSI Watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value

of ballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballast BF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T 12/ES, and

F96T 12HO/ES lamps. Average BF values for cathode cutout ballasts are 83% for F40T 12/ES lamps

and 88% for F96T 12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BF values are in agreement with

published values.','

For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50" percentile level (the next

higher level if there was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was

selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables.

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the

ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology

options. These corrections account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output, caused

when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not

made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these

configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process.

The values in the column labeled "Norm. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a

correction to all lamp/ballast combinations to normalize light output to the baseline (in addition to

the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options

have to be compared to the baseline within a given lamp/ballast combination, each technology option

wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction

process.

For those cases where an energy-efficient magnetic or cathode cutout ballast does not exist (3-

and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized

fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations and then applying thermal

factor wattage corrections using factors from Table A-1 in the appendix. For the three-lamp tandem3-6

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA 

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast 

systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts 

operating F40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 

are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers 

Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from 

the New York State Energy Office. The sources5

,6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in 

developing the data. 

The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different 

approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. 

For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the 

formula: ANSI Watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value 

of ballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballast BF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and 

F96T12HO/ES lamps. Average BF values for cathode cutout ballasts are 83% for F40T12/ES lamps 

and 88% for F96T12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BF values are in agreement with 

published values.7

,8 

For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50th percentile level (the next 

higher level if there was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was 

selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables. 

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the 

ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology 

options. These corrections account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output, caused 

when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not 

made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these 

configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. 

The values in the column labeled "Nonn. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a 

correction to all lamp/ballast combinations to nomlalize light output to the baseline (in addition to 

the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options 

have to be compared to the baseline within a given lamp/ballast combination, each technology option 

wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction 

process. 

F or those cases where an energy-efficient magnetic or cathode cutout ballast does not exist (3-

and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized 

fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations and then applying themlal 

factor wattage corrections using factors from Table A -1 in the appendix. For the three-lamp tandem3-6 

3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA 

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast 

systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts 

operating F40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 

are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers 

Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from 

the New York State Energy Office. The sources5

,6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in 

developing the data. 

The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different 

approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. 

For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the 

formula: ANSI Watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value 

of ballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballast BF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and 

F96T12HO/ES lamps. Average BF values for cathode cutout ballasts are 83% for F40T12/ES lamps 

and 88% for F96T12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BF values are in agreement with 

published values.7

,8 

For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50th percentile level (the next 

higher level if there was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was 

selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables. 

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the 

ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology 

options. These corrections account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output, caused 

when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not 

made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these 

configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. 

The values in the column labeled "Nonn. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a 

correction to all lamp/ballast combinations to nomlalize light output to the baseline (in addition to 

the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options 

have to be compared to the baseline within a given lamp/ballast combination, each technology option 

wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction 

process. 

F or those cases where an energy-efficient magnetic or cathode cutout ballast does not exist (3-

and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized 

fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations and then applying themlal 

factor wattage corrections using factors from Table A -1 in the appendix. For the three-lamp tandem3-6 
wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a

thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was

performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of 0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems.

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the

ANSI Watts. The correction applied to the ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology

options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required when the lamp/ballast combination

is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. For the "Norm. Fixture Watts" column, a power correction

factor to normalize light output to the baseline is also applied to the lamp/ballast combinations noted

in the text, that is, each technology option wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer

to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system normalized fixture Watts

have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output , as discussed in the next section.

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts

Ballast Energy-Efficient

Magnetic

Cathode Cutout Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic

Lamp ANSI Norm. ANSI Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm.

Watts Fixture Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture

Watts* Watts* Watts* Watts*

1 F40T12/ES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA

2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA

3 F40T12/ES NA 104.3 NA 94.9 NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA

(tandem-wired)

3 F40TI2/ES (not NA 110.1 NA 100.6 NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA

tandem-wired)

4 F40T12/ES NA 139.0 NA 126.5 NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA

2F96T12/ES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3

2F96T12H0/ES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA

1 F32T8 NU NU NA NA 29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU

2 F32T8 NU NU NU NU 61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU

3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU NU NU NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU

3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU

4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU

Notes:

NA = not available or applicable.

NU = not used for this analysis..

Note that the normalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes of this analysis to compare

baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy

calculations typically done with fixture Watts are representative of actual wattages of ballasts on the

market.

3-7

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a 

thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was 

performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of 0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems. 

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the 

ANSI Watts. The correction applied to the ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballasttechnology 

options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required when the lamp/ballast combination 

is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. For the "N01111. Fixture Watts" column, a power correction 

factor to n01111alize light outputto the baseline is also applied to the lamp/ballast combinations noted 

in the text, that is, each technology option wattage was n01111alized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer 

to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system n01111alized fixture Watts 

have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output, as discussed in the next section. 

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts 

Ballast Energy-Efficient 

Magnetic 

Lamp ANSI Norm. 

Watts Fixture 

Watts * 

1 F40Tl2/ES 42.3 42.3 

2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 

3 F40Tl2/ES NA 104.3 

(tandem-wired) 

3 F40Tl2/ES (not NA 110.1 

tandem-wired) 

4 F40Tl2/ES NA 139.0 

2F96Tl2/ES 126.1 126.1 

2F96Tl2HO/ES 200.0 200.0 

1 F32T8 NU NU 

2 F32T8 NU NU 

3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU 

3 F32T8 NA NA 

4 F32T8 NA NA 

Notes: 

NA = not available or applicable. 

NU = not used for this analysis .. 

Cathode Cutout 

ANSI Norm. 

Watts Fixture 

Watts* 

36.7 38.9 

62.2 65.9 

NA 94.9 

NA 100.6 

NA 126.5 

NA NA 

185.3 185.3 

NA NA 

NU NU 

NU NU 

NA NA 

NA NA 

Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic 

ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. 

Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture 

Watts * Watts * 

31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA 

65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA 

NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA 

NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA 

NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA 

NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3 

176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA 

29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU 

61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU 

NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU 

94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU 

122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU 

Note that the nOlmalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes of this analysis to compare 

baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy 

calculations typically done with fixture Watts are representative of actual wattages of ballasts on the 

market. 

3-7 

wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a 

thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was 

performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of 0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems. 

The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the 

ANSI Watts. The correction applied to the ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballasttechnology 

options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required when the lamp/ballast combination 

is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. For the "N01111. Fixture Watts" column, a power correction 

factor to n01111alize light outputto the baseline is also applied to the lamp/ballast combinations noted 

in the text, that is, each technology option wattage was n01111alized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer 

to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system n01111alized fixture Watts 

have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output, as discussed in the next section. 

Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts 

Ballast Energy-Efficient 

Magnetic 

Lamp ANSI Norm. 

Watts Fixture 

Watts * 

1 F40Tl2/ES 42.3 42.3 

2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 

3 F40Tl2/ES NA 104.3 

(tandem-wired) 

3 F40Tl2/ES (not NA 110.1 

tandem-wired) 

4 F40Tl2/ES NA 139.0 

2F96Tl2/ES 126.1 126.1 

2F96Tl2HO/ES 200.0 200.0 

1 F32T8 NU NU 

2 F32T8 NU NU 

3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU 

3 F32T8 NA NA 

4 F32T8 NA NA 

Notes: 

NA = not available or applicable. 

NU = not used for this analysis .. 

Cathode Cutout 

ANSI Norm. 

Watts Fixture 

Watts* 

36.7 38.9 

62.2 65.9 

NA 94.9 

NA 100.6 

NA 126.5 

NA NA 

185.3 185.3 

NA NA 

NU NU 

NU NU 

NA NA 

NA NA 

Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic 

ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. 

Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture 

Watts * Watts * 

31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA 

65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA 

NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA 

NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA 

NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA 

NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3 

176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA 

29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU 

61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU 

NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU 

94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU 

122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU 

Note that the nOlmalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes of this analysis to compare 

baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy 

calculations typically done with fixture Watts are representative of actual wattages of ballasts on the 

market. 

3-7 
3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps

The values of BF, BEF, and normalized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived

using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the

normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only.

We found that each type of ballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range of BEFs in the

marketplace. The BEFs shown above are the median (50th percentile) efficiencies that were used for

energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10' percentile BEF.

The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done

throughout the U.S.' Annual interior lighting hours were calculated for the industrial sector and for

10 commercial building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school,

college, and warehouse. To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the different building

types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footage for each building type.10 Then these

hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards,

tend to be used for fewer hours than other types of ballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to

have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to

efficient ballasts. The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the

different lamp types are: 3,400 hours per year for F40T 12 and F32T8; 3,300 hours for F96T 12; and

3,700 hours for F96T 12HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types

are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96T12HO. Commercial sector hours are used

for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp

type. Sensitivity runs were also performed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial

sector hours for F96T 12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter 4. Appendix A contains details of the

lighting hours calculations.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA 

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps 

The values ofBF, BEF, and n01111alized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived 

using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the 

normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only. 

We found that each type of ballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range of BEFs in the 

marketplace. The BEFs shown above are the median (50th percentile) efficiencies that were used for 

energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10th percentile BEF. 

The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done 

throughout the U.S.9 Annual interior lighting hours were calculated for the industrial sector and for 

10 commercial building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, 

college, and warehouse. To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the different building 

types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footage for each building type. 10 Then these 

hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards, 

tend to be used for fewer hours than other types of ballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to 

have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to 

efficient ballasts. The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the 

different lamp types are: 3,400 hours per year for F40T12 and F32T8; 3,300 hours for F96T12; and 

3,700 hours for F96TI2HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types 

are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96TI2HO. Commercial sector hours are used 

for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp 

type. Sensitivity runs were also perf01111ed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial 

sector hours for F96T12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter 4. Appendix A contains details of the 

lighting hours calculations. 

3-8 

3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA 

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps 

The values ofBF, BEF, and n01111alized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived 

using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the 

normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only. 

We found that each type of ballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range of BEFs in the 

marketplace. The BEFs shown above are the median (50th percentile) efficiencies that were used for 

energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10th percentile BEF. 

The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done 

throughout the U.S.9 Annual interior lighting hours were calculated for the industrial sector and for 

10 commercial building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, 

college, and warehouse. To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the different building 

types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footage for each building type. 10 Then these 

hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards, 

tend to be used for fewer hours than other types of ballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to 

have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to 

efficient ballasts. The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the 

different lamp types are: 3,400 hours per year for F40T12 and F32T8; 3,300 hours for F96T12; and 

3,700 hours for F96TI2HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types 

are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96TI2HO. Commercial sector hours are used 

for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp 

type. Sensitivity runs were also perf01111ed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial 

sector hours for F96T12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter 4. Appendix A contains details of the 

lighting hours calculations. 

3-8 
Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T12 Lamps

Normalized

Fixture

Annual

Energy Use Ballast BEF

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 1F40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08

Cathode Cutout 1F40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26

Electronic, Rapid Start 1F40 T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22

Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA

2F96 T12/ES (Commercial)

3,300 annual hours, 15.2-yr life

Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70

Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79

2F96 T12/ES (Industrial)

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life

Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70

Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps 

Normalized Annual 

Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF 

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hOllrs, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 T121ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 

Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF40T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 

Cathode Cutout 2F40T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T121ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91 

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T121ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hOllrs, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T121ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA 

2F96 T12/ES (Commercial) 

3,300 annual hours, 15.2-yr life 

Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70 

Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79 

2F96 T12/ES (Industrial) 

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life 

Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70 

Electronic Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79 

3-9 

Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps 

Normalized Annual 

Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF 

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hOllrs, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 T121ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 

Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF40T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 

Cathode Cutout 2F40T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T121ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91 

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T121ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hOllrs, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T121ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA 

2F96 T12/ES (Commercial) 

3,300 annual hours, 15.2-yr life 

Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70 

Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79 

2F96 T12/ES (Industrial) 

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life 

Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70 

Electronic Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79 

3-9 
Table 3.5 (continued)

Normalized

Fixture

Annual

Energy Use Ballast BEF

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor

2F96 T12HOIES (Commercial)

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life

Baseline 200.0 740 0.88 0.44

Cathode Cutout 185.3 686 0.88 0.48

Electronic, Rapid Start 176.5 653 0.88 0.50

2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial)

4,600 annual hours, 10.9 yr life

Baseline 200.0 920 0.88 0.44

Cathode Cutout 185.3 852 0.88 0.48

Electronic, Rapid Start 176.5 812 0.88 0.50

BEF = BF / ANSI Watts

NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system)

3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps

A separate set of data were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamp/ballast systems to T8

electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6

shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs

for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized

fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtained by adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output

using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6).

Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T8 Lamps

Ballast Type

Normalized

Fixture

Watts

Annual

Energy Use

(kWh/yr)

Ballast

Factor

BEF

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 1F32 T8/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45

Electronic, Rapid Start 1F32 T8/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90

Electronic, Instant Start 1F32 T8/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 2F32 T8/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28

Cathode Cutout 2F32 T8/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 T8/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46

Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 T8/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50

3-10

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.5 (continued) 

2F96 T12HO/ES (Commercial) 

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life 

Baseline 

Catbode Cutout 

Electronic, Rapid Start 

2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial) 

4,600 annual hours, 10. 9-yr life 

Baseline 

Catbode Cutout 

Electronic Rapid Start 

BEF = BF / ANSI Watts 

NA = not applicable (mUltiple ballast system) 

3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps 

Ballast Type 

Normalized 

Fixture 

Watts 

200.0 

185.3 

176.5 

200.0 

185.3 

176.5 

Annual 

Energy Use Ballast BEF 

(kWb/yr) Factor 

740 

686 

653 

920 

852 

812 

0.88 0.44 

0.88 0.48 

0.88 0.50 

0.88 0.44 

0.88 0.48 

0.88 0.50 

A separate set of data were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamplballast systems to T8 

electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6 

shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs 

for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized 

fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtained by adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output 

using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6). 

Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T8Lamps 

Normalized Annual Ballast BEF 

Fixture Energy Use 

Ballast Type Watts (kWb/yr) Factor 

I Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF32 TS/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90 

Electronic, Instant Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F32 TS/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28 

Catbode Cutout 2F32 TS/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46 

Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 TS/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50 

3-10 

Table 3.5 (continued) 

2F96 T12HO/ES (Commercial) 

3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life 

Baseline 

Catbode Cutout 

Electronic, Rapid Start 

2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial) 

4,600 annual hours, 10. 9-yr life 

Baseline 

Catbode Cutout 

Electronic Raoid Start 

BEF = BF / ANSI Watts 

NA = not applicable (mUltiple ballast system) 

3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps 

Ballast Type 

Normalized 

Fixture 

Watts 

200.0 

185.3 

176.5 

200.0 

185.3 

176.5 

Annual 

Energy Use Ballast BEF 

(kWb/yr) Factor 

740 

686 

653 

920 

852 

812 

0.88 0.44 

0.88 0.48 

0.88 0.50 

0.88 0.44 

0.88 0.48 

0.88 0.50 

A separate set of data were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamplballast systems to T8 

electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6 

shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs 

for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized 

fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtained by adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output 

using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6). 

Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T8Lamps 

Normalized Annual Ballast BEF 

Fixture Energy Use 

Ballast Type Watts (kWb/yr) Factor 

I Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF32 TS/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90 

Electronic, Instant Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F32 TS/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28 

Catbode Cutout 2F32 TS/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46 

Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 TS/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50 

3-10 
3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS

When end-users replace a T12 EEM ballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to

convert to a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS or T8EIS ballast. In the current market, about

95% of electronic ballast purchasers are selecting T8 electronic ballasts and only 5% T 12 electronic

ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring

electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions

would be accounted for.

Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they

would replace in the market. Their normalized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light

output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF

adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below.

The BF adjustment is similar to that done for T 12 lamp/ballasts systems.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS 

When end-users replace a TI2 EEM ballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to 

convert to a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS or T8EIS ballast. In the current market, about 

95% of electronic ballast purchasers are selecting T8 electronic ballasts and only 5% TI2 electronic 

ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring 

electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions 

would be accounted for. 

Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they 

would replace in the market. Their n01TI1alized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light 

output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF 

adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below. 

The BF adjustment is similar to that done for TI2 lamp/ballasts systems. 

3-11 

3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS 

When end-users replace a TI2 EEM ballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to 

convert to a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS or T8EIS ballast. In the current market, about 

95% of electronic ballast purchasers are selecting T8 electronic ballasts and only 5% TI2 electronic 

ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring 

electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions 

would be accounted for. 

Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they 

would replace in the market. Their n01TI1alized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light 

output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF 

adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below. 

The BF adjustment is similar to that done for TI2 lamp/ballasts systems. 

3-11 
Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps

Normalized Annual

Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 1F40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08

Cathode Cutout 1F40 Tl2/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26

Electronic, Rapid Start 1F40 T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72

Electronic, Rapid Start 1F32 T8/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22

Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 T8/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 T8/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 T8/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector)

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA

Electronic, Rapid Start 4F32 T8/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73

BEF = BF / ANSI Watts

NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system)

All of the BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two

sources of uncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing

process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one

ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast

3-12

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps 

Normalized Annual 

Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF 

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 

Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF40 T121ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F40 T12!ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 

Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46 

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 TS/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA 

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T121ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 TS/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99 

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA 

Electronic Rapid Start 4F32 TS/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73 

BEF = BF I ANSI Watts 

NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system) 

All ofthe BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two 

sources of uncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing 

process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one 

ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast 

3-12 

Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating 

T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps 

Normalized Annual 

Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF 

Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 

1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 

Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF40 T121ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 

Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90 

2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline 2F40 T12!ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 

Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 

Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46 

3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 TS/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA 

3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T121ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 

Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 TS/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99 

4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 

3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life 

Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA 

Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA 

Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA 

Electronic Ranid Start 4F32 TS/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73 

BEF = BF I ANSI Watts 

NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system) 

All ofthe BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two 

sources of uncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing 

process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one 

ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast 

3-12 
combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast

operating one T8 lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two T8 lamps. These tests show

that an absolute measurement error in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0. 0 14 for

the two-lamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of 1,000 units

indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent.

The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination

Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 of the 8' Edition of the Illuminating

Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows:

Illuminance =

(Number of Luminaires)xx (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) x (Light Loss

Factors)

Area

The following is a description of the terms in the formula.

1) Illuminance

Illuminance is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface: It is the quotient of the

luminous flux by the area of the surface when the area is uniformly illuminated. Illuminance

is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot.

2) Number of Luminaires

A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts

designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more

common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a

specific number of lamps.

3) Lumens per Luminaire

Lumens per Luminaire is the rated initial lumens, or light output, of the lamp, multiplied by

the number of lamps in the fixture.

4) CU (Coefficient of Utilization)

The CU is the ratio of the lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the work plane to

the total lumens emitted by the fixture's lamps.

5) Light Loss Factors

Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period

of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt

accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc.

When comparing T8 lamp systems with T12 systems, lumen depreciation is the only relevant

light loss factor. It relates specifically to the type of lamp used. All other factors are common to

fixtures equipped with T8 lamps and the same fixtures equipped with T 12 lamps. The rate of lumen

depreciation for an F40T12/ES lamp is higher than that for an F32T8/RE70lamp. An analysis that

includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations.

3-13

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast 

operating one TS lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two TS lamps. These tests show 

that an absolute measurement elTor in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for 

the two-lamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of 1,000 units 

indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent. 

The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination 

Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 of the Sth Edition of the Illuminating 

Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows: 

Illuminance = 

(Number of Luminaires) x (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) x (Lil;!ht Loss 

Factors) 

Area 

The following is a description of the terms in the fOffi1Ula. 

1) Illuminance 

Illuminance is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface: It is the quotient ofthe 

luminous flux by the area of the surface when the area is uniformly illuminated. Illuminance 

is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot. 

2) Number of Luminaires 

A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts 

designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more 

common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a 

specific number of lamps. 

3) Lumens per Luminaire 

Lumens per Luminaire is the rated initial lumens, or light output, of the lamp, multiplied by 

the number of lamps in the fixture. 

4) CU (Coefficient of Utilization) 

The CU is the ratio of the lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the work plane to 

the total lumens emitted by the fixture's lamps. 

5) Light Loss Factors 

Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period 

of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt 

accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc. 

When comparing TSlamp systems with T 12 systems, lumen depreciation is the only relevant 

light loss factor. It relates specifically to the type of lamp used. All other factors are common to 

fixtures equipped with TSlamps and the same fixtures equipped with Tl2lamps. The rate oflumen 

depreciation for an F40Tl2/ES lamp is higher than that for an F32TS/RE70 lamp. An analysis that 

includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations. 

3-13 

combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast 

operating one TS lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two TS lamps. These tests show 

that an absolute measurement elTor in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for 

the two-lamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of 1,000 units 

indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent. 

The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination 

Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 of the Sth Edition of the Illuminating 

Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows: 

Illuminance = 

(Number of Luminaires) x (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) x (Lil;!ht Loss 

Factors) 

Area 

The following is a description of the terms in the fOffi1Ula. 

1) Illuminance 

Illuminance is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface: It is the quotient ofthe 

luminous flux by the area of the surface when the area is uniformly illuminated. Illuminance 

is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot. 

2) Number of Luminaires 

A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts 

designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more 

common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a 

specific number of lamps. 

3) Lumens per Luminaire 

Lumens per Luminaire is the rated initial lumens, or light output, of the lamp, multiplied by 

the number of lamps in the fixture. 

4) CU (Coefficient of Utilization) 

The CU is the ratio of the lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the work plane to 

the total lumens emitted by the fixture's lamps. 

5) Light Loss Factors 

Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period 

of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt 

accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc. 

When comparing TSlamp systems with T 12 systems, lumen depreciation is the only relevant 

light loss factor. It relates specifically to the type of lamp used. All other factors are common to 

fixtures equipped with TSlamps and the same fixtures equipped with Tl2lamps. The rate oflumen 

depreciation for an F40Tl2/ES lamp is higher than that for an F32TS/RE70 lamp. An analysis that 

includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations. 

3-13 
For the purposes of this analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates

lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below.

Illuminance (at 40% of lamp 's rated life) =

(# of Luminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU)

Area

The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen

depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of "Mean Lumen" from the 22nd

edition of the GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and. Design Lumen from June 1997 edition of the

Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the

approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% of its rated life. As with the standard IES

formula, this value is multiplied by the number of lamps in the fixture to get the fixture's total mean

lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light

lumen output at 40% of rated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens values used for these analyses.

The coefficient of utilization is a function of lamp type, ballast type and room properties. Some

of the impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors

described earlier. There may be additional corrections required to normalize light output when T 12

systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to

determine what additional correction, if any, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend

to increase energy savings when converting from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is

required).

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

For the purposes of this analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates 

lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below. 

Illuminance (at 40% of lamp's rated life) = 

(# of Luminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU) 

Area 

The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen 

depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of "Mean Lumen" from the 22nd 

edition of the GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and Design Lumen from June 1997 edition of the 

Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the 

approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% of its rated life. As with the standard IES 

formula, this value is multiplied by the number oflamps in the fixture to get the fixture's total mean 

lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light 

lumen output at 40% of rated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens values used for these analyses. 

The coefficient of utilization is a function oflamp type, ballast type and room properties. Some 

of the impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors 

described earlier. There maybe additional corrections required to normalize light output when TI2 

systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to 

determine what additional correction, if any, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend 

to increase energy savings when conveliing from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is 

required). 

3-14 

For the purposes of this analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates 

lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below. 

Illuminance (at 40% of lamp's rated life) = 

(# of Luminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU) 

Area 

The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen 

depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of "Mean Lumen" from the 22nd 

edition of the GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and Design Lumen from June 1997 edition of the 

Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the 

approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% of its rated life. As with the standard IES 

formula, this value is multiplied by the number oflamps in the fixture to get the fixture's total mean 

lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light 

lumen output at 40% of rated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens values used for these analyses. 

The coefficient of utilization is a function oflamp type, ballast type and room properties. Some 

of the impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors 

described earlier. There maybe additional corrections required to normalize light output when TI2 

systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to 

determine what additional correction, if any, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend 

to increase energy savings when conveliing from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is 

required). 

3-14 
Table 3.8 Mean Lumens

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens

Oft 1-LAMP FIXTURE

0 EEM 1F40T12/ES 2,290

1 CC I F40T 12/ES 2,290

2 ERS T12 1 F40T 12/ES 2,290

3 ERS T8 1 F32T8/RE70 2,560

Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

0 EEM 2F40T12/ES 4,580

1 CC 2F40T12/ES 4,580

2 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 4,580

3 ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired)

0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870

1 CC 1.5X2F40T12/ES 6,870

2 ERS T12 1.5X2F40T12/ES 6,870

3 ERS T8 1.5X2F40T12/ES 7,680

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE ( not tandem wired)

0 EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 6,870

1 CC 1F40+2F40T12/ES 6,870

2 ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 6,870

3 ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680

Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE

0 EEM 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160

1 CC 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160

2 ERS 12 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160

3 ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY

The discussion below describes how we developed ballast prices and incremental ballast prices.

Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we

determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the

marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. In most instances, ballasts, either

in fixtures or not in fixtures, are purchased by contractors from electrical distributors. The contractor

installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for the job. Thus the end-user

ballast price is buried within the job invoice. To obtain end-user prices, the 1997 Draft Report used

ballasts prices derived from a data collection effort by Gough and Associates (G&A) conducted for

LBNL. G&A collected data at points in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually

3-15

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.8 Mean Lumens 

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM I F40TI 2/ES 2,290 

I CC 1 F40Tl 2/ES 2,290 

2 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 2,290 

3 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 2,560 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

I CC 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

2 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

3 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870 

I CC l.5X2F 40T 12/ES 6,870 

2 ERS TI2 l.5X2F 40TI2/ES 6,870 

3 ERST8 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 7,680 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

0 EEM I F40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 

I CC IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 

2 ERS TI2 3F40TI2IES 6,870 

3 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 

I CC 2X2F40T 12IES 9,160 

2 ERS 12 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 

3 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240 

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY 

The discussion below describes how we developed ballast prices and incremental ballast prices. 

Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we 

determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the 

marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. ill most instances, ballasts, either 

in fixtures or not in fixtures, are purchased by contractors from electrical distributors. The contractor 

installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for the job. Thus the end-user 

ballast plice is buried within the job invoice. To obtain end-user prices, the 1997 Draft Report used 

ballasts prices derived from a data collection effoli by Gough and Associates (G&A) conducted for 

LBNL. G&A collected data at points in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually 

3-15 

Table 3.8 Mean Lumens 

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM I F40TI 2/ES 2,290 

I CC 1 F40Tl 2/ES 2,290 

2 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 2,290 

3 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 2,560 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

I CC 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

2 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 

3 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870 

I CC l.5X2F 40T 12/ES 6,870 

2 ERS TI2 l.5X2F 40TI2/ES 6,870 

3 ERST8 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 7,680 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

0 EEM I F40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 

I CC IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 

2 ERS TI2 3F40TI2IES 6,870 

3 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

0 EEM 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 

I CC 2X2F40T 12IES 9,160 

2 ERS 12 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 

3 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240 

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY 

The discussion below describes how we developed ballast prices and incremental ballast prices. 

Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we 

determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the 

marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. ill most instances, ballasts, either 

in fixtures or not in fixtures, are purchased by contractors from electrical distributors. The contractor 

installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for the job. Thus the end-user 

ballast plice is buried within the job invoice. To obtain end-user prices, the 1997 Draft Report used 

ballasts prices derived from a data collection effoli by Gough and Associates (G&A) conducted for 

LBNL. G&A collected data at points in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually 

3-15 
and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a

G&A survey of ballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify.

We reexamined the methodology used to obtain ballast prices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE

has decided to use a more direct approach, starting with distributor to contractor prices for both

ballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovided ballast distribution channel chart (see Figure 1 below), was needed to arrive at an end-user

price.

As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic and

electronic ballasts which contains only one markup between the distributor selling price and the enduser price, for which we are using 13 percent. The department has used 13 percent in past analyses,

without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We

obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in

fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent of the market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to

represent 63 percent of the market. These weights come from NEMA comment # 27, p. 8 where 37

percent is for the "distributor + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel."

With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical

distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the

Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical

distributors were selected from the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly

M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of

confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60

distributors who agreed to provide pricing information. Each of these distributors received a followup call. As of February 4, 1999, pricing data had been received from 27 electrical distributors in 19

different states. However, not all of the distributors provided prices for all six of the ballasts listed

or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts.

Each distributor was asked to give a contractor price for each of the ballasts, assuming an order

for 100 of any given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher

prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six

individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average of the prices we received from the distributors

plus an assumed 13% contractor markup.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a 

G&A survey of ballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify. 

We reexamined the methodology used to obtain ballast prices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE 

has decided to use a more direct approach, stmiing with distributor to contractor prices for both 

ballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovided ballast distribution channel chart (see Figure 1 below), was needed to arrive at an end-user 

price. 

As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic and 

electronic ballasts which contains only one markup between the distributor selling price and the enduser price, for which we are using 13 percent. The depmiment has used 13 percent in past analyses, 

without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We 

obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in 

fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent of the market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to 

represent 63 percent ofthe market. These weights corne from NEMA comment # 27, p. 8 where 37 

percent is for the "distributor + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel." 

With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical 

distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the 

Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical 

distributors were selected from the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly 

M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of 

confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60 

distributors who agreed to provide pricing information. Each of these distributors received a followup call. As of February 4, 1999, pricing data had been received from 27 electrical distributors in 19 

different states. However, not all ofthe distributors provided prices for all six of the ballasts listed 

or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts. 

Each distributor was asked to give a contractor price for each of the ballasts, assuming an order 

for 100 of any given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher 

prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six 

individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average ofthe prices we received from the distributors 

plus an assumed 13% contractor markup. 

3-16 

and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a 

G&A survey of ballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify. 

We reexamined the methodology used to obtain ballast prices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE 

has decided to use a more direct approach, stmiing with distributor to contractor prices for both 

ballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovided ballast distribution channel chart (see Figure 1 below), was needed to arrive at an end-user 

price. 

As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic and 

electronic ballasts which contains only one markup between the distributor selling price and the enduser price, for which we are using 13 percent. The depmiment has used 13 percent in past analyses, 

without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We 

obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in 

fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent of the market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to 

represent 63 percent ofthe market. These weights corne from NEMA comment # 27, p. 8 where 37 

percent is for the "distributor + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel." 

With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical 

distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the 

Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical 

distributors were selected from the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly 

M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of 

confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60 

distributors who agreed to provide pricing information. Each of these distributors received a followup call. As of February 4, 1999, pricing data had been received from 27 electrical distributors in 19 

different states. However, not all ofthe distributors provided prices for all six of the ballasts listed 

or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts. 

Each distributor was asked to give a contractor price for each of the ballasts, assuming an order 

for 100 of any given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher 

prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six 

individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average ofthe prices we received from the distributors 

plus an assumed 13% contractor markup. 

3-16 
BALLAST MANUFACTURER

A

G

ENDU

B

H

DER OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

Figure 3.1 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Channels

Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data

C

Ballast # of Quotes Average Price + 13%

Magnetic for 2 F40T 12/ES lamps 17 $13.16

Electronic for 2 F40T12/ES lamps 17 $23.62

Magnetic for 2 F96T12/ES lamps 11 $21.63

Electronic for 2 F96T12/ES lamps 11 $32.08

Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.10

Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For T12 lamps, we only used

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for

T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to

calculate the average.

317

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

BALLAST~ANUFACTURER 

A B C 

OEM FIXTURE M UFACTURER 

D 

I DISTRIBUTOR 

E F 

I 

I 

CONTRACIPR/LMC ..... 

G H I 

I ENDU SER OF LIGHTING SYST ~M I I 

Figure 3.11999 NEMA Bal ast Distribution Channels 

Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data 

Ballast # of Quotes Average Price + 13% 

Magnetic for 2 F40Tl2IES lamps 17 $13.16 

Electronic for 2 F40Tl2/ES lamps 17 $23.62 

Magnetic for 2 F96Tl2IES lamps 11 $21.63 

Electronic for 2 F96Tl2/ES lamps 11 $32.08 

Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.l0 

Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48 

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For Tl2lamps, we only used 

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this 

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for 

T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to 

calculate the average. 

3-17 

BALLAST~ANUFACTURER 

A B C 

OEM FIXTURE M UFACTURER 

D 

I DISTRIBUTOR 

E F 

I 

I 

CONTRACIPR/LMC ..... 

G H I 

I ENDU SER OF LIGHTING SYST ~M I I 

Figure 3.11999 NEMA Bal ast Distribution Channels 

Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data 

Ballast # of Quotes Average Price + 13% 

Magnetic for 2 F40Tl2IES lamps 17 $13.16 

Electronic for 2 F40Tl2/ES lamps 17 $23.62 

Magnetic for 2 F96Tl2IES lamps 11 $21.63 

Electronic for 2 F96Tl2/ES lamps 11 $32.08 

Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.l0 

Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48 

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For Tl2lamps, we only used 

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this 

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for 

T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to 

calculate the average. 

3-17 
Each distributor was also asked to give a contractor price for six common fixtures equipped

with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be

for 100 of the given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.10 below lists the common

fixtures, each equipped with one or more of the six ballasts and the average of the prices we received

from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All of the fixtures for four-foot lamps are

contractor-grade recessed troffers with 277-Volt ballasts and standard prismatic lenses. The fixtures

for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts.

Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data

Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic

Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13%

+13%

Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55

lensed troffer

Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22

lensed troffer

General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05

Strip - 2 lamp

Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80

lensed troffer requested

Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43

lensed troffer requested

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For T12 lamps, we only used

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for

T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to

calculate the average.

NEMA also provided DOE with the results of its attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold

in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate of the industry average differential

in selling price from fixture manufacturer to distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure

showing different channels from ballast manufacturer to end user) among fixtures that were identical

except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio of the manufacturer

price of a luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data

along with certain assumptions about fixture prices and mark-ups, NEMA arrived at end-user prices

for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions

are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices

(which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any

information about the range of possible prices. However, we did examine the results of the NEMA

approach and found that NEMA's prices and ratios of fixture prices fall within the ranges of data

3-18

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Each distributor was also asked to give a contractor price for six common fixtures equipped 

with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be 

for 100 of the given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.1 0 below lists the common 

fixtures, each equipped with one or more ofthe six ballasts and the average ofthe prices we received 

from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All of the fixtures for four-foot lamps are 

contractor-grade recessed troffers with 277 -Volt ballasts and standard prismatic lenses. The fixtures 

for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts. 

Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data 

Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic 

Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13 % 

+13% 

Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55 

lensed troffer 

Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22 

lensed troffer 

General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05 

Strip - 2 lamp 

Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80 

lensed troffer requested 

Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43 

lensed troffer requested 

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For TI2 lamps, we only used 

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this 

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for 

TI2 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to 

calculate the average. 

NEMA also provided DOE with the results of its attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold 

in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate ofthe industry average differential 

in selling price from fixture manufacturer to distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure 

showing different channels from ballast manufacturer to end user) among fixtures that were identical 

except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio ofthe manufacturer 

price of a luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data 

along with certain assumptions about fixture prices and mark-ups, NEMA arrived at end-user prices 

for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions 

are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices 

(which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any 

information about the range of possible prices. However, we did examine the results of the NEMA 

approach and found that NEMA' s prices and ratios of fixture prices fall within the ranges of data 

3-18 

Each distributor was also asked to give a contractor price for six common fixtures equipped 

with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be 

for 100 of the given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.1 0 below lists the common 

fixtures, each equipped with one or more ofthe six ballasts and the average ofthe prices we received 

from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All of the fixtures for four-foot lamps are 

contractor-grade recessed troffers with 277 -Volt ballasts and standard prismatic lenses. The fixtures 

for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts. 

Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data 

Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic 

Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13 % 

+13% 

Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55 

lensed troffer 

Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22 

lensed troffer 

General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05 

Strip - 2 lamp 

Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80 

lensed troffer requested 

Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43 

lensed troffer requested 

We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For TI2 lamps, we only used 

prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this 

because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for 

TI2 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to 

calculate the average. 

NEMA also provided DOE with the results of its attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold 

in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate ofthe industry average differential 

in selling price from fixture manufacturer to distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure 

showing different channels from ballast manufacturer to end user) among fixtures that were identical 

except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio ofthe manufacturer 

price of a luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data 

along with certain assumptions about fixture prices and mark-ups, NEMA arrived at end-user prices 

for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions 

are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices 

(which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any 

information about the range of possible prices. However, we did examine the results of the NEMA 

approach and found that NEMA' s prices and ratios of fixture prices fall within the ranges of data 

3-18 
used in our analysis as discussed below.

WeightedAverage Ballast Prices. Having an average price for ballasts not in fixtures (Table

3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and

weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis.

We calculated the incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtracting the price for

a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price of the same fixture when equipped with

an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the

incremental cost of the electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price of the baseline

ballast's average price. We used the T12 magnetic ballast price (not in a fixture) to be the baseline

ballast because we cannot directly obtain the ballast portion of a fixture price . We therefore made

the assumption that the price of the baseline EEM ballast was the same whether sold by itself or as

part of a fixture . This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the

incremental price of an electronic ballast relative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above , the price

of an electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following:

Column 1 The average price of the magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture

Column 2 The average price of the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture

Column 3 The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2

minus column 1

Column 4 The average price of the fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast

Column 5 The average price of the fixture equipped with an electronic ballast

Column 6 The average incremental price for the fixture with electronic ballast, column 5 minus

column 4

Column 7 Weighted average electronic ballast incremental price: average incremental price of

electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus

average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 6, multiplied by

a weight of 0.63.

Column 8 Weighted average electronic total price of electronic : weighted average incremental

electronic ballast price , column 7, added to the average price of the stand-alone EEM

ballast, column 1.

In the case of 3F40T12 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is

1.5 times the price of the corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that

existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be

tandem-wired between two three -lamp fixtures.

The price for non-tandem wired 3F40T 12 electronic ballasts is calculated by the same process

as described above. However, in this case , the price of an EEM ballast (column 1 ) is actually the

sum of the price for a 1 F40T 12 and a 2F40T 12 EEM ballast.

3-19

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

used in our analysis as discussed below. 

Weighted Average Ballast Prices. Having an average price for ballasts not in fixtures (Table 

3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and 

weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis. 

We calculated the incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtracting the price for 

a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price of the same fixture when equipped with 

an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the 

incremental cost of the electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price of the baseline 

ballast's average price. We used the TI2 magnetic ballast price (not in a fixture) to be the baseline 

ballast because we cannot directly obtain the ballast pOliion of a fixture price. We therefore made 

the assumption that the price of the baseline EEM ballast was the same whether sold by itself or as 

part of a fixture. This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the 

incremental price of an electronic ballast relative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above, the price 

of an electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following: 

Column 1 

Column 2 

Column 3 

Column 4 

Column 5 

Column 6 

Column 7 

Column 8 

The average price of the magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture 

The average price of the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture 

The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2 

minus column 1 

The average price of the fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast 

The average price of the fixture equipped with an electronic ballast 

The average incremental price for the fixture with electronic ballast, colull1l1 5 minus 

column 4 

Weighted average electronic ballast incremental price: average incremental price of 

electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus 

average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 6, multiplied by 

a weight of 0.63. 

Weighted average electronic total price of electronic: weighted average incremental 

electronic ballast price, column 7, added to the average price of the stand-alone EEM 

ballast, column 1. 

In the case of3F40TI2 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is 

1.5 times the price of the corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that 

existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be 

tandem-wired between two three-lamp fixtures. 

The price for non-tandem wired 3 F 40T 12 electronic ballasts is calculated by the same process 

as described above. However, in this case, the price of an EEM ballast (column 1) is actually the 

sum of the price for a IF40TI2 and a 2F40T12 EEM ballast. 

3-19 

used in our analysis as discussed below. 

Weighted Average Ballast Prices. Having an average price for ballasts not in fixtures (Table 

3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and 

weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis. 

We calculated the incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtracting the price for 

a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price of the same fixture when equipped with 

an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the 

incremental cost of the electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price of the baseline 

ballast's average price. We used the TI2 magnetic ballast price (not in a fixture) to be the baseline 

ballast because we cannot directly obtain the ballast pOliion of a fixture price. We therefore made 

the assumption that the price of the baseline EEM ballast was the same whether sold by itself or as 

part of a fixture. This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the 

incremental price of an electronic ballast relative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above, the price 

of an electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following: 

Column 1 

Column 2 

Column 3 

Column 4 

Column 5 

Column 6 

Column 7 

Column 8 

The average price of the magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture 

The average price of the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture 

The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2 

minus column 1 

The average price of the fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast 

The average price of the fixture equipped with an electronic ballast 

The average incremental price for the fixture with electronic ballast, colull1l1 5 minus 

column 4 

Weighted average electronic ballast incremental price: average incremental price of 

electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus 

average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 6, multiplied by 

a weight of 0.63. 

Weighted average electronic total price of electronic: weighted average incremental 

electronic ballast price, column 7, added to the average price of the stand-alone EEM 

ballast, column 1. 

In the case of3F40TI2 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is 

1.5 times the price of the corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that 

existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be 

tandem-wired between two three-lamp fixtures. 

The price for non-tandem wired 3 F 40T 12 electronic ballasts is calculated by the same process 

as described above. However, in this case, the price of an EEM ballast (column 1) is actually the 

sum of the price for a IF40TI2 and a 2F40T12 EEM ballast. 

3-19 
Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts

2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price

2F40T12 EMAG

(ballast not in

fixture)

2F40T12 EL

(ballast not in

fixture)

$ 23.62

2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price

2F40T12 EMAG

(ballast not in

fixture)

13.16

2F32T8 EL

(ballast not in

fixture)

$

Incremental

Price

$ 10.46

Incremental

Price

20.10 $ 6.94

2F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast

+ fixture)

$ 42.58

2F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast

+ fixture)

$ 42.58

3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired

1 F4OT12 + 2F40T12

EMAG (ballast not

In fixture, non

tandem-wired)

26.57

3F40T12 EL

(ballast not in

fixture)

$ 29.75

4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price

2x2F4OT12

EMAG (ballast

not in

fixtureballast

not in fixture)

$ 26.32

2x2F40T12 EL

(ballast not in

fixture)

$ 47.24

4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price

2x2F4OT12

EMAG (ballast

not in fixture)

$ 26.32 1 22.48

2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price

Incremental

Price

$ 3.17

Incremental

Price

$ 20.92

Incremental

Price

$ (3.84)

)

3F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast

+ fixture)

$ 47.45

4F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast

+ fixture)

47.45

4F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast

+ fixture)

$ 47.45

2F40T12 EL

Troffer

(ballast +

fixture)

54.55

2F32T8 EL

Troffer

(ballast +

fixture)

$ 51.80

3F40T12 EL

Troffer

(ballast +

fixture)

$ 62.22

4F40T12 EL

Troffer

(ballast +

fixture)

$ 62.22

4F32T8 EL

Troffer

(ballast +

fixture)

$ 47.43

Average

Incremental

Price for

Electronic

Ballast

$ 11.97

Incremental

Price

$ 9.22

Incremental

Price

$ 14.77

Incremental

Price

$ 14.77

Incremental

Price

$ (0.02)

Weighted

Electronic

Average

Incremental

Price

$

Weighted

Incremental

Price

$ 8.38

Weighted

Incremental

Price

$ 10.48

Weighted

Incremental

Price

$ 17.05

Weighted

Incremental

Price

$ (1.43)

Weighted

Electronic

Average

Total Price

$ 24.57

Weighted

Total Price

$ 21.54

Weighted

Total Price

$ 37.05

Weighted

Total Price

$ 43.37

Weighted

Total Price

$ 24.89

2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted

fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price

$ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99

4F32T8 EL

(ballast not in

fixture)

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8

3-20

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts 

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 

2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

Average Weighted 

2F40T12 EL Incremental Electronic Weighted 

2F40T12 EMAG 2F40T12 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Price for Average Electronic 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Electronic Incremental Average 

fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Ballast Price Total Price 

$ 13.16 $ 23.62 $ 10.46 $ 42.58 $ 54.55 $ 11.97 $ 11.41 $ 24.57 

2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 

2F32T8 EL 

2F40T12 EMAG 2F32T8 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 13.16 $ 20.10 $ 6.94 $ 42.58 $ 51.80 $ 9.22 $ 8.38 $ 21.54 

3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired) 

1 F40T12 + 2F40T12 3F40T12 EL 

EMAG (ballast not 3F40T12 EL Incre- 3F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

I n fixture, non (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

tandem-wired) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.57 $ 29.75 $ 3.17 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 10.48 $ 37.05 

4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

2x2F40T12 

EMAG (ballast 4F40T12 EL 

not in 2x2F40T12 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

fixture ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.32 $ 47.24 $ 20.92 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 17.05 $ 43.37 

4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 

4F32T8 EL 

2x2F40T12 4F32T8 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

EMAG (ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.32 $ 22.48 $ (3.84) $ 47.45 $ 47.43 $ (0.02) $ (1.43) $ 24.89 

2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted 

fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99 

3-20 

Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts 

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 

2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

Average Weighted 

2F40T12 EL Incremental Electronic Weighted 

2F40T12 EMAG 2F40T12 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Price for Average Electronic 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Electronic Incremental Average 

fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Ballast Price Total Price 

$ 13.16 $ 23.62 $ 10.46 $ 42.58 $ 54.55 $ 11.97 $ 11.41 $ 24.57 

2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 

2F32T8 EL 

2F40T12 EMAG 2F32T8 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 13.16 $ 20.10 $ 6.94 $ 42.58 $ 51.80 $ 9.22 $ 8.38 $ 21.54 

3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired) 

1 F40T12 + 2F40T12 3F40T12 EL 

EMAG (ballast not 3F40T12 EL Incre- 3F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

I n fixture, non (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

tandem-wired) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.57 $ 29.75 $ 3.17 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 10.48 $ 37.05 

4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

2x2F40T12 

EMAG (ballast 4F40T12 EL 

not in 2x2F40T12 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

fixture ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.32 $ 47.24 $ 20.92 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 17.05 $ 43.37 

4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 

4F32T8 EL 

2x2F40T12 4F32T8 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted 

EMAG (ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted 

not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 26.32 $ 22.48 $ (3.84) $ 47.45 $ 47.43 $ (0.02) $ (1.43) $ 24.89 

2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price 

2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted 

(ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted 

fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price 

$ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99 

3-20 
Less Common Ballasts. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain

distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all of the less

common ballasts and tends to receive orders for small quantities . In order to obtain pricing for these

ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices , we calculated the ratio between the

average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for

them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these

ballasts are presented in the first four rows of Table 3.11 below . Prices for the remaining ballasts

in the table were adjusted by dividing the Grainger catalogue "Each Price" by one of the ratios. All

ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture . Grainger's

catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts.

Column 1 Ballast Type

Column 2 Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389)

Column 3 Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price"

Column 4 For first four rows

Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price,

Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13.

For all other rows

All T12 magnetic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T 12 magnetic ballast ( 1.87).

All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast

(1.53).

All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the

2F4OT12 electronic ballast ( 1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are

similar.

All T8 electronic ballasts use the average of the ratios for the 2F32T8 and the

4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02.

Column 5 LBNL-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4

Column 6 LBNL-Average + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser

markup)

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Less Common Ballasts. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain 

distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all of the less 

common ballasts and tends to receive orders for small quantities. In order to obtain pricing for these 

ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices, we calculated the ratio between the 

average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for 

them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these 

ballasts are presented in the first four rows of Table 3.11 below. Prices for the remaining ballasts 

in the table were adjusted by dividing the Grainger catalogue "Each Price" by one ofthe ratios. All 

ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture. Grainger's 

catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts. 

Column 1 

Column 2 

Column 3 

Column 4 

Column 5 

Column 6 

Ballast Type 

Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389) 

Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price" 

For first four rows 

Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price, 

Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13. 

F or all other rows 

All T12 magnetic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 magnetic ballast (1.87). 

All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast 

(1.53). 

All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the 

2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are 

similar. 

All T8 electronic ballasts use the average of the ratios for the 2F32T8 and the 

4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02. 

LBNL-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4 

LBNL-Average + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser 

markup) 

3-21 

Less Common Ballasts. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain 

distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all of the less 

common ballasts and tends to receive orders for small quantities. In order to obtain pricing for these 

ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices, we calculated the ratio between the 

average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for 

them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these 

ballasts are presented in the first four rows of Table 3.11 below. Prices for the remaining ballasts 

in the table were adjusted by dividing the Grainger catalogue "Each Price" by one ofthe ratios. All 

ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture. Grainger's 

catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts. 

Column 1 

Column 2 

Column 3 

Column 4 

Column 5 

Column 6 

Ballast Type 

Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389) 

Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price" 

For first four rows 

Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price, 

Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13. 

F or all other rows 

All T12 magnetic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 magnetic ballast (1.87). 

All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast 

(1.53). 

All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the 

2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are 

similar. 

All T8 electronic ballasts use the average of the ratios for the 2F32T8 and the 

4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02. 

LBNL-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4 

LBNL-Average + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser 

markup) 

3-21 
Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$)

Column 1

2F96T12 48.15 35.54

2F96T12/HO EL I 3V967 1 59.65 1 1.53 1 38.96 1 44.02

* The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation of the average price for a

3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of 2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixture and without fixture.

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballast prices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison

purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report."

Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 1 Column 6

Grainger Grainger Ratio of Each LBNL LBNL

Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average

Number "Each Price " Average Price Average + 13%

3-22

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) 

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 

Grainger Grainger Ratio of Each LBNL LBNL 

Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average 

Ballast Tvpe Number "Each Price" A vera!?:e Price Avera!?:e +13% 

2F40T12 EMAG 6X922 21.80 1.87 11.65 13.17 

2F40T12 El 3V602 32.00 1.53 20.90 B.62 

2F32T8 EL 1C206 34.70 1.95 17.79 20.10 

4F32T8 El 1C194 41.55 2.09 19.89 22.47 

1F40T12 EMAG 3X960 22.20 1.87 11.87 13.41 

1F40T12 CC 6V991 27.45 1.53 17.93 20.26 

1F40T12 EL 1C221 35.60 1.53 23.25 26.27 

1F32T8 EL 1C217 34.70 2.02 17.18 19.41 

2F40T12 CC 3V543 30.10 1.53 19.66 22.21 

3F40T12 EL* 1C202 40.30 1.53 26.32 29.74 

3F32T8 EL 1C896 40.30 2.02 19.95 22.55 

2F96T121HO MAG 5X789 52.90 1.87 28.28 31.96 

2F96T121HO CC 5X789 48.15 1.53 3145 35.54 

2F96T121HO EL 3V967 59.65 1.53 38.96 44.02 

* The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation of the average price for a 

3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixtLU'e and without fixture. 

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballast prices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison 

purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report. tt 

3-22 

Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) 

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 

Grainger Grainger Ratio of Each LBNL LBNL 

Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average 

Ballast Tvpe Number "Each Price" A vera!?:e Price Avera!?:e +13% 

2F40T12 EMAG 6X922 21.80 1.87 11.65 13.17 

2F40T12 El 3V602 32.00 1.53 20.90 B.62 

2F32T8 EL 1C206 34.70 1.95 17.79 20.10 

4F32T8 El 1C194 41.55 2.09 19.89 22.47 

1F40T12 EMAG 3X960 22.20 1.87 11.87 13.41 

1F40T12 CC 6V991 27.45 1.53 17.93 20.26 

1F40T12 EL 1C221 35.60 1.53 23.25 26.27 

1F32T8 EL 1C217 34.70 2.02 17.18 19.41 

2F40T12 CC 3V543 30.10 1.53 19.66 22.21 

3F40T12 EL* 1C202 40.30 1.53 26.32 29.74 

3F32T8 EL 1C896 40.30 2.02 19.95 22.55 

2F96T121HO MAG 5X789 52.90 1.87 28.28 31.96 

2F96T121HO CC 5X789 48.15 1.53 3145 35.54 

2F96T121HO EL 3V967 59.65 1.53 38.96 44.02 

* The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation of the average price for a 

3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixtLU'e and without fixture. 

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballast prices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison 

purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report. tt 

3-22 
Table 3.13 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Feb. 99 - Ballast Price Jul. 97 - Ballast Price

Configuration

4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 1F40T12/ES 1 13.41* 11.69

CC 1F40T12/ES 1 20.25* 17.60

ERS T12 1F40T12/ES 1 26.27* 22.47

ERS T8 1F32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69

Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 2F40T 12/ES 1 13.16' 11.43

CC 2F40T12/ES 1 22.21* 16.32

ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1 24.571 22.35

ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.541 20.12

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired)

EEM 2F40T12/ES 1.5 19.76

CC 2F40T12/ES 1.5 33.32

ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03

ERS T8 2F40T12/ES 1.5 32.31 22.54

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired)

EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 26.58

CC IF40+2F40T12/ES 2 42.46

ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 1 37.051 25.03

ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 22.54

Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM F40T12/ES 2 26.34

CC F40T12/ES 2 44.42

ERS T12 F40T12/ES 2 43.371

ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.891 24.56

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.62' 19.90

EIS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 38.991 30.49

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85

CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 37.76

ERST12 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01* 46.42

* Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustment using price ratio of Grainger to phone data for other ballasts for which

these data were available (See Table 3.12).

Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9).

1 Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See

Table 3.11).

3-23

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

T a hI e 313 . P' flees C III 1997$) ~ or a n B a II astypes T A nalyze d 

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Feb. 99 - Ballast Price Jul. 97 - Ballast Price 

Configuration 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM IF40TI2!ES 1 13.41 * 11.69 

CC 1 F40TI2!ES 1 20.25* 17.60 

ERS TI2 1 F40TI 2/ES 1 26.27* 22.47 

ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16i

· 11.43 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 16.32 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2!ES 1 24.57+ 22.35 

ERST8 2F32T8!RE70 1 21.54+ 20.12 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM 2F40TI2!ES 1.5 19.76 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 

ERS TI2 2F40Tl2/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03 

ERST8 2F40T12!ES 1.5 32.31 22.54 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 

CC 1 F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 42.46 

ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05+ 25.03 

ERST8 3F32T8!RE70 1 22.55* 22.54 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 

CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 

ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37+ 

ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89+ 24.56 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.6ii

· 19.90 

EIS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99:t 30.49 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85 

CC 2F96T12!ES 1 35.53* 37.76 

ERS TI2 2F96TI2/ES 1 44.01 * 46.42 

* Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustment usmg pnce ratio of Gramger to phone data for other ballasts for which 

these data were available (See Table 3.12). 

t Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9). 

1: Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See 

Table 3.11). 

3-23 

T a hI e 313 . P' flees C III 1997$) ~ or a a n B II as t T ypes A nalyze d 

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Feb. 99 - Ballast Price Jul. 97 - Ballast Price 

Configuration 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM IF40TI2!ES 1 13.41 * 11.69 

CC 1 F40TI2!ES 1 20.25* 17.60 

ERS TI2 1 F40TI 2/ES 1 26.27* 22.47 

ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16i

· 11.43 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 16.32 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2!ES 1 24.57+ 22.35 

ERST8 2F32T8!RE70 1 21.54+ 20.12 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM 2F40TI2!ES 1.5 19.76 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 

ERS TI2 2F40Tl2/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03 

ERST8 2F40T12!ES 1.5 32.31 22.54 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 

CC 1 F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 42.46 

ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05+ 25.03 

ERST8 3F32T8!RE70 1 22.55* 22.54 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 

CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 

ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37+ 

ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89+ 24.56 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.6ii

· 19.90 

EIS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99:t 30.49 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85 

CC 2F96T12!ES 1 35.53* 37.76 

ERS TI2 2F96TI2/ES 1 44.01 * 46.42 

* Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustment usmg price ratio of Grainger to phone data for other ballasts for which 

these data were available (See Table 3.12). 

t Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9). 

1: Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See 

Table 3.11). 

3-23 
Ballast Price Variance. The ballast prices we collected vary by distributors' locations and

are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales of the

distributor, size of order, or time of data collection. Therefore, we used a range of prices rather than

an average incremental price in the LCC analysis. We assumed that a large enough set of ballast

prices would yield a normal distribution, so we used a normal distribution for all of the incremental

price input distributions for the LCC analysis.

We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all of the incremental price

distributions used as inputs to the LCC analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for

our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares

well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations of the 17 values of 2F40

T IVES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% of their mean values, respectively. For

the 21 values of 2F32T8 electronic ballast prices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% of the

mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity of the LCC results to this input assumption

(standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size of the standard deviation. As

a result of this distribution, we are using the range of ballast prices shown in Table 3.14.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Ballast Price Variance. The ballast prices we collected Vaty by distributors' locations and 

are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales of the 

distributor, size of order, or time of data collection. Therefore, we used a range of prices rather than 

an average incremental price in the LCe analysis. We assumed that a large enough set of ballast 

prices would yield a nOTInal distribution, so we used a nonnal distribution for all of the incremental 

price input distributions for the LeC analysis. 

We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all of the incremental price 

distributions used as inputs to the Lee analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for 

our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares 

well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations of the 17 values. of 2F 40 

TI2/ES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% oftheir mean values, respectively. For 

the 21 values of 2F32T8 electronic ballast prices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% ofthe 

mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity of the Lee results to this input assumption 

(standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size of the standard deviation. As 

a result of this distribution, we are using the range of ballast prices shown in Table 3.14. 

3-24 

Ballast Price Variance. The ballast prices we collected Vaty by distributors' locations and 

are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales of the 

distributor, size of order, or time of data collection. Therefore, we used a range of prices rather than 

an average incremental price in the LCe analysis. We assumed that a large enough set of ballast 

prices would yield a nOTInal distribution, so we used a nonnal distribution for all of the incremental 

price input distributions for the LeC analysis. 

We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all of the incremental price 

distributions used as inputs to the Lee analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for 

our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares 

well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations of the 17 values. of 2F 40 

TI2/ES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% oftheir mean values, respectively. For 

the 21 values of 2F32T8 electronic ballast prices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% ofthe 

mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity of the Lee results to this input assumption 

(standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size of the standard deviation. As 

a result of this distribution, we are using the range of ballast prices shown in Table 3.14. 

3-24 
Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price

Configuration

Oft 1-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 1 F40T 12/ES 1 13.41 *

CC 1F40T12/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36

ERS T12 lF40T12/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09

ERS T8 1 F32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15

Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 2F40T12/ES 1 13.16'

CC 2F40T12/ES 1 22.21* 12.22 32.20

ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1 24.571 13.51 35.63

ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.541 11.85 31.23

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired)

EEM 2F40T12/ES 1.5 19.76

CC 2F40T12/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31

ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44

ERS T8 2F40T12/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE ( not tandem wired)

EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 26.58

CC 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57

ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 1 37.051 20.38 53.72

ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM F40T12/ES 2 26.34

CC F40112/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41

ERS T12 F40T12/ES 2 43.37$ 23.85 62.89

ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.891 13.69 36.09

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM 2F96T12/ES l 21.62'

EIS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99k 21.44 56.54

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/110

EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96*

CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52

ERS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01* 24.21 63.81

* Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustment with price ratio of Grainger to phone data for other ballasts for which

these data were available (See Table 3.12).

Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9).

Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See

Table 3.11).

Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below,

the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast

Table 3.14 Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses

3-25

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

T a bI e 314 . R ange 0 f P' rices C III 1997$) U se d' III LCC A nalyses 

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price 

Configuration 

4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 1 F40TI 2/ES 1 13.41 * 

CC IF40TI2/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36 

ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09 

ERST8 IF32T8!RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.161

' 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 12.22 32.20 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1 24.57i 13.51 35.63 

ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.54i 11.85 31.23 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 19.76 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44 

ERST8 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM 1F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 

CC 1F40+2F40TI21ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57 

ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05i 20.38 53.72 

ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 

CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41 

ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37i 23.85 62.89 

ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89t 13.69 36.09 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F96T12IES I 21.62"i" 

EIS TI2 2F96T12IES 1 38.99:~ 21.44 56.54 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM 2F96T1 2/ES 1 31.96* 

CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52 

ERS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01 * 24.21 63.81 

* Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustment wIth pnce ratIo of Gramger to phone data for other ballasts for whIch 

these data were available (See Table 3.12). 

1" Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9). 

t Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See 

Table 3.11). 

Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below, 

the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast 

3-25 

T a bI e 314 . R ange 0 f P' rices C III 1997$) U se d' III LCC A nalyses 

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price 

Configuration 

4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 1 F40TI 2/ES 1 13.41 * 

CC IF40TI2/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36 

ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09 

ERST8 IF32T8!RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.161

' 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 12.22 32.20 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1 24.57i 13.51 35.63 

ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.54i 11.85 31.23 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 19.76 

CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31 

ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44 

ERST8 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM 1F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 

CC 1F40+2F40TI21ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57 

ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05i 20.38 53.72 

ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 

CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41 

ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37i 23.85 62.89 

ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89t 13.69 36.09 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM 2F96T12IES I 21.62"i" 

EIS TI2 2F96T12IES 1 38.99:~ 21.44 56.54 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM 2F96T1 2/ES 1 31.96* 

CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52 

ERS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01 * 24.21 63.81 

* Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustment wIth pnce ratIo of Gramger to phone data for other ballasts for whIch 

these data were available (See Table 3.12). 

1" Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9). 

t Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See 

Table 3.11). 

Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below, 

the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast 

3-25 
combination. For example, for the 2F40 T I 2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from

the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast

price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53.

Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$ Used in LCC Anal ses

Description Mean Inc. Price Min. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price

4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM NA

CC 6.84 3.76 9.92

ERS T12 12.86 7.07 18.65

ERS T8 6.69 3.68 9.70

Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM NA

CC 9.04 4.97 13.11

ERS T12 11.41 6.27 16.53

ERS T8 8.37 4.60 12.14

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired)

EEM NA

CC 13.56 7.46 19.66

ERS T12 17.10 9.41 24.80

ERS T8 12.55 6.90 18.20

Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired)

EEM NA

CC 15.88 8.73 23.03

ERS T12 10.47 5.76 15.18

ERS T8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22

Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM NA

CC 18.08 9.44 26.21

ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69

ERS T8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE

EEM NA

EIS T12 17.37 9.55 25.19

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/IIO

EEM NA

CC 3.57 1.96 5.18

ERS T12 12.05 6.63 17.47

NA means not applicable. All incremental prices are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price.

3-26

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

combination. For example, for the 2F40 TI2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from 

the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T 12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast 

price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53. 

Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analvses 

Description Mean Inc. Price Min. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 6.84 3.76 9.92 

ERS TI2 12.86 7.07 18.65 

ERST8 6.69 3.68 9.70 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 9.04 4.97 13.11 

ERS TI2 11.41 6.27 16.53 

ERST8 8.37 4.60 12.14 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM NA 

CC 13.56 7.46 19.66 

ERS TI2 17.10 9.41 24.80 

ERST8 12.55 6.90 18.20 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM NA 

CC 15.88 8.73 23.03 

ERS TI2 10.47 5.76 15.18 

ERST8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 18.08 9.44 26.21 

ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69 

ERST8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

EIS TI2 17.37 9.55 25.19 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM NA 

CC 3.57 1.96 5.18 

ERS TI2 12.05 6.63 17.47 

NA means not applicable. All Incremental pnces are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price. 

3-26 

combination. For example, for the 2F40 TI2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from 

the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T 12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast 

price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53. 

Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analvses 

Description Mean Inc. Price Min. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price 

4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 6.84 3.76 9.92 

ERS TI2 12.86 7.07 18.65 

ERST8 6.69 3.68 9.70 

4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 9.04 4.97 13.11 

ERS TI2 11.41 6.27 16.53 

ERST8 8.37 4.60 12.14 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 

EEM NA 

CC 13.56 7.46 19.66 

ERS TI2 17.10 9.41 24.80 

ERST8 12.55 6.90 18.20 

4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 

EEM NA 

CC 15.88 8.73 23.03 

ERS TI2 10.47 5.76 15.18 

ERST8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22 

4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

CC 18.08 9.44 26.21 

ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69 

ERST8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 

EEM NA 

EIS TI2 17.37 9.55 25.19 

8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO 

EEM NA 

CC 3.57 1.96 5.18 

ERS TI2 12.05 6.63 17.47 

NA means not applicable. All Incremental pnces are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price. 

3-26 
REFERENCES

1. American National Standards Institute . ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard,

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2-, 1984.

2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test Results and System

Performance Data by D. Garbowicz . and B. R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for

Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996.

3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts,

Docket No: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994.

4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7,

1993 and February 2, 1994.

5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Workshop Comments,

Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995.

6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of

NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL.

7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy

Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995. National Electrical

Manufacturers Association, 1995.

8. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S.

Department of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute.

9. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract ofXENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment

and lighting hours of operation for over 24 , 000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990-

early 1995

10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994.

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption

Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92).

11. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp

Ballasts, July 1997

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

REFERENCES 

1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard, 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2:-, 1984. 

2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test Results and System 

Peiformance Data by D. Garbowicz. and B.R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for 

Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996. 

3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, 

Docket No: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994. 

4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 

1993 and February 2, 1994. 

5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Works hop Comments, 

Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 

6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of 

NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL. 

7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy 

Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January? 1995. National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association, 1995. 

8. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. 

Depatiment of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 

9. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract ofXEN CAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment 

and lighting hours of operation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990-

early 1995 

10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Inforn1ation Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. 

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption 

Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). 

11. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp 

Ballasts, July 1997 

3-27 

REFERENCES 

1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard, 

Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2:-, 1984. 

2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test Results and System 

Peiformance Data by D. Garbowicz. and B.R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for 

Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996. 

3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, 

Docket No: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994. 

4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 

1993 and February 2, 1994. 

5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995. Public Works hop Comments, 

Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 

6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of 

NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL. 

7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy 

Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January? 1995. National Electrical 

Manufacturers Association, 1995. 

8. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. 

Depatiment of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 

9. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract ofXEN CAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment 

and lighting hours of operation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990-

early 1995 

10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Inforn1ation Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. 

Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption 

Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). 

11. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp 

Ballasts, July 1997 

3-27 
CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS

Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard

would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect of these

cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost

(LCC), using the equipment prices and engineering data from Chapter 3, together with an assumed

electricity price. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology

option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options.

The impact of changing energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures:

® Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use

of an energy-efficient ballast,

Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast.

Section 4.3 presents the results of sensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates

different projections of future energy prices..

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS

LCC is the sum of purchase price (PC) and operating expense (OC) discounted at rater over

the lifetime (N) of the appliance. Installation costs, such as equipment and labor, are included in PC,

N LCC = PC + E

Oct

(4.1)

t=1 (I + r)t

and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life of a ballast

are included in OC. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less

value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present.

If operating expenses are constant over time , Eq. 4.1 simplifies to:

LCC = PC + PWF • OC,

where the present worth factor (PWF) is:

PWF =

The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination.

4-1

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

CHAPTER4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS 

Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard 

would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect of these 

cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost 

(LCC), using the equipment prices and engineering data from Chapter 3, together with an assumed 

electricity price. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology 

option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options. 

The impact of changing energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures: 

• Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use 

of an energy-efficient ballast, 

• Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast. 

Section 4.3 presents the results of sensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates 

different projections of future energy prices .. 

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

LCC is the sum of purchase price (PC) and operating expense ( OC) discounted at rate rover 

the lifetime (N) of the appliance. Installation costs, such as equipment and labor, are included in PC, 

~ OCt 

LCC = PC + Lt=1 (1 + rY 

(4.1) 

and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life of a ballast 

are included in Oc. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less 

value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present. 

If operating expenses are constant over time, Eq. 4.1 simplifies to: 

LCC = PC + PWF . OC, (4.2) 

where the present wOlth factor (PWF) is: 

PWF = t 1 -l [1- 1 1 

t=1 (1 + rY r (1 + r)N 

(4.3) 

The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination. 

4-1 

CHAPTER4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS 

Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard 

would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect of these 

cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost 

(LCC), using the equipment prices and engineering data from Chapter 3, together with an assumed 

electricity price. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology 

option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options. 

The impact of changing energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures: 

• Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use 

of an energy-efficient ballast, 

• Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast. 

Section 4.3 presents the results of sensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates 

different projections of future energy prices .. 

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS 

LCC is the sum of purchase price (PC) and operating expense ( OC) discounted at rate rover 

the lifetime (N) of the appliance. Installation costs, such as equipment and labor, are included in PC, 

~ OCt 

LCC = PC + Lt=1 (1 + rY 

(4.1) 

and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life of a ballast 

are included in Oc. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less 

value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present. 

If operating expenses are constant over time, Eq. 4.1 simplifies to: 

LCC = PC + PWF . OC, (4.2) 

where the present wOlth factor (PWF) is: 

PWF = t 1 -l [1- 1 1 

t=1 (1 + rY r (1 + r)N 

(4.3) 

The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination. 

4-1 
4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs

Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity

rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period,

ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates.

Ballast Price Distribution. Chapter 3 describes the methodology used to determine the enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline

EEM T12 ballast to a more efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1

below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation

of 15% was used to describe the distribution of incremental ballast prices.

Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation of Incremental Ballast Prices

Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$)

Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation

CC T12 ERS T8 ERS CC T12 ERS T8 ERS

1-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00

2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26

3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88

3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60

4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22

2F96/ES NA 17.37 NA 2.61

21796H0/ES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81

Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A

detailed explanation of the process for deriving these marginal electricity rates can be found in

Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year

in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is

assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate

electricity rate for that sector is used to calculate the LCC. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES and F32T8

lamps are assumed to operate primarily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of

2F96T12 and 65% of 2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see

Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96T12 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the

industrial sector.

Electricity price is a function of the average price distribution obtained from the Energy

Information Agency's data on revenue and sales, for the industrial and commercial sectors by utility,

4-2

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs 

Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity 

rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period, 

ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates. 

Ballast Price Distribution. Chapter 3 describes the methodology used to determine the enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline 

EEM T12 ballast to a more efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1 

below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation 

of 15% was used to desclibe the distribution of incremental ballast prices. 

Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices 

Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$) 

Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation 

CC Tt2 ERS T8ERS CC T12ERS T8ERS 

I-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00 

2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26 

3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88 

3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60 

4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22 

2F96/ES NA 17.37 NA 2.61 

2F96HOIES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81 

Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A 

detailed explanation of the process for deliving these marginal electricity rates can be found in 

Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year 

in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is 

assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate 

electricity rate for that sector is used to calculate the LCe. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES and F32T8 

lamps are assumed to operate primmily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of 

2F96T12 and 65% of2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see 

Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96Tl2 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the 

industrial sector. 

Electricity price is a function of the average plice distribution obtained from the Energy 

Information Agency's data on revenue and sales, for the industrial and commercial sectors by utility, 

4-2 

4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs 

Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity 

rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period, 

ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates. 

Ballast Price Distribution. Chapter 3 describes the methodology used to determine the enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline 

EEM T12 ballast to a more efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1 

below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation 

of 15% was used to desclibe the distribution of incremental ballast prices. 

Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices 

Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$) 

Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation 

CC Tt2 ERS T8ERS CC T12ERS T8ERS 

I-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00 

2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26 

3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88 

3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60 

4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22 

2F96/ES NA 17.37 NA 2.61 

2F96HOIES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81 

Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A 

detailed explanation of the process for deliving these marginal electricity rates can be found in 

Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year 

in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is 

assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate 

electricity rate for that sector is used to calculate the LCe. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES and F32T8 

lamps are assumed to operate primmily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of 

2F96T12 and 65% of2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see 

Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96Tl2 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the 

industrial sector. 

Electricity price is a function of the average plice distribution obtained from the Energy 

Information Agency's data on revenue and sales, for the industrial and commercial sectors by utility, 

4-2 
and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average

electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average

epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 present the distribution of sales-weighted average electricity

rates in the commercial ($0.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($0.0455/kWh

weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the

average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a

marginal rate is calculated by the following equation:

Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 + Epsilon)

.03e

.0274

.0181

.0091

Corn. 97 Avg Elec Price

.0001

1.29 11.72 22.15 32.57 43.00

Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices

Industrial Price Dist.

Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average 

electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average 

epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 present the distribution of sales-weighted average electricity 

rates in the commercial ($O.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($O.0455/kWh 

weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the 

average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a 

marginal rate is calculated by the following equation: 

Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 + Epsilon) 

Com. 97 Avg Elec Price 

1.29 11.72 22.15 32.57 43.00 

Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices 

Industrial Price Dist. 

0.87 9.62 18.37 27.12 35.87 

Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices 

4-3 

and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average 

electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average 

epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 present the distribution of sales-weighted average electricity 

rates in the commercial ($O.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($O.0455/kWh 

weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the 

average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a 

marginal rate is calculated by the following equation: 

Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 + Epsilon) 

Com. 97 Avg Elec Price 

1.29 11.72 22.15 32.57 43.00 

Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices 

Industrial Price Dist. 

0.87 9.62 18.37 27.12 35.87 

Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices 

4-3 
Epsilon

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons

-0.17 0.18 0.52

Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of

electricity relative to the 1997 baseline. Using the Reference case, these ratios were used to estimate

the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020.

Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast

Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price

Year Reference High Low Reference High Low

1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97

1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97

2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95

2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93

2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92

2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92

2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91

2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89

2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87

2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85

2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83

2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83

2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82

2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80

2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78

2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77

2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76

2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75

2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74

2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73

2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72

2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71

2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70

4-4

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Epsilon 

-0.85 -0.51 -0.17 0.18 0.52 

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons 

Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of 

electricity relative to the 1997 baseline. Using the Reference case, these ratios were used to estimate 

the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020. 

Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast 

Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price 

Year Reference Hi!!h Lo >n .,,_ 

ce Hi!!h Low 

1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 

1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97 

2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95 

2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93 

2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92 

2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92 

2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91 

2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89 

2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87 

2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85 

2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83 

2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83 

2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82 

2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80 

2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78 

2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77 

2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76 

2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75 

2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74 

2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73 

2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72 

2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71 

2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70 

4-4 

Epsilon 

-0.85 -0.51 -0.17 0.18 0.52 

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons 

Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of 

electricity relative to the 1997 baseline. Using the Reference case, these ratios were used to estimate 

the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020. 

Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast 

Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price 

Year Reference Hieh Low Reference Hieh Low 

1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 

1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 

1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97 

2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95 

2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93 

2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92 

2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92 

2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91 

2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89 

2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87 

2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85 

2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83 

2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83 

2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82 

2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80 

2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78 

2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77 

2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76 

2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75 

2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74 

2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73 

2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72 

2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71 

2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70 

4-4 
Annual Lighting Operating Hours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data

set of lighting energy audits done throughout the U. S. Annual interior lighting hours were calculated

for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health,

assembly, school, college, and warehouse. Interior lighting hours were also calculated for industrial

buildings. Appendix A describes the derivation of the weighted averages for each lamp type. Figures

4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The

average lighting hours are found in chapter 3.

.143

.107

07

.036

.000

4,497 6,616

ML

8,735

Figure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 1F40T12 in Commercial Sector

.143

.107

.071

.036

.000

259

Oper. Hr - 1 F40 (Com.)

2,378

Oper. Hr - 2F40 (Com.)

^utl

4,497 6,616 8,735

Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12 in Commercial Sector

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Annual Lighting Operating Hours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data 

set oflighting energy audits done throughout the U.S. Annual interior lighting hours were calculated 

for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, 

assembly, school, college, and warehouse. Interior lighting hours were also calculated for industrial 

buildings. Appendix A describes the derivation ofthe weighted averages for each lamp type. Figures 

4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The 

average lighting hours are found in chapter 3. 

Oper. Hr· 1 F40 (Com.) 

.14 

~ .-.Q .10 ~ 

.Q 

Q 

I- .07 0.. 

ilJ 

:> 

;: .03 E 

I I I ~ d I ~ ~ , , . , 

~ 

Go) 

r:t .00 

259 2,378 4,497 6,616 8,735 

Figure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for lF40T12 in Commercial Sector 

Oper. Hr· 2F40 (Com.) 

.143 

:? 

.CI .107 

«I 

.CI 

I':) 

i. .071 a. 

Q.l 

:> 

;: .036 

«I 

Q.l 

0: .000 

259 2,378 4,497 6.616 8.735 

Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12 in Commercial Sector 

4-5 

Annual Lighting Operating Hours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data 

set oflighting energy audits done throughout the U.S. Annual interior lighting hours were calculated 

for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, 

assembly, school, college, and warehouse. Interior lighting hours were also calculated for industrial 

buildings. Appendix A describes the derivation ofthe weighted averages for each lamp type. Figures 

4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The 

average lighting hours are found in chapter 3. 

Oper. Hr· 1 F40 (Com.) 

.14 

~ .-.Q .10 ~ 

.Q 

Q 

I- .07 0.. 

ilJ 

:> 

;: .03 E 

I I I ~ d I ~ ~ , , . , 

~ 

Go) 

r:t .00 

259 2,378 4,497 6,616 8,735 

Figure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for lF40T12 in Commercial Sector 

Oper. Hr· 2F40 (Com.) 

.143 

:? 

.CI .107 

«I 

.CI 

I':) 

i. .071 a. 

Q.l 

:> 

;: .036 

«I 

Q.l 

0: .000 

259 2,378 4,497 6.616 8.735 

Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12 in Commercial Sector 

4-5 
.177-

.132

.0881

.0441

.00

Oper. Hr - 2F96 (Com.

237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513

Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector

Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 31

Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial

Sector

.13

.1

.0691

03

147 2,146

Oper. Hr - 2F96 (Ind.)

h

51

.000

4,146 6,145 8,144

Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Com.) 

.1 77 

.1 32 

.0 88 

44 

g § I I m Ou 

.0 

.0 

237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513 

Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector 

Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 31 

.147 

:? 

.Q .111 

«l 

.Q 

Q 

I. .07 Il 

(I,) 

:> 

:;::: .037 

«l 

(I,) 

0:: .00 

209 2,193 4,177 6,162 8,146 

Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial 

Sector 

Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Ind.) 

.1 38 

.1 04 

.0 69 

35 

~ I ~ II . a 

.0 

.0 

147 2,146 4,146 6,145 8,144 

Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector 

4-6 

Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Com.) 

.1 77 

.1 32 

.0 88 

44 

g § I I m Ou 

.0 

.0 

237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513 

Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector 

Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 31 

.147 

:? 

.Q .111 

«l 

.Q 

Q 

I. .07 Il 

(I,) 

:> 

:;::: .037 

«l 

(I,) 

0:: .00 

209 2,193 4,177 6,162 8,146 

Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial 

Sector 

Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Ind.) 

.1 38 

.1 04 

.0 69 

35 

~ I ~ II . a 

.0 

.0 

147 2,146 4,146 6,145 8,144 

Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector 

4-6 
.1 32d

.0991

.0661

.on

.000

Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Ind.)

125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147

Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial

Sector

Ballast Life. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballast rated

lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and

electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis.

For a four-foot lamp with a life of 50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period of analysis

would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies

according the life of each ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life

distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life.

Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to

describe failure time in reliability studies.

Ballast Life (hr)

18,000 35,907 53,814 71,721

Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours

89,628

Installation Costs. A detailed discussion of installation costs and lamp prices can be found

in Appendix A.

4-7

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Oper. Hr· 2F96HO (Ind.) 

~ 

.Q 

q:) 

.Q 

Q 

lII 

qJ 

,. 

:;: 

iI' 

IIJ 

0:: .00 

125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147 

Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial 

Sector 

Ballast Life. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballast rated 

lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and 

electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis. 

For a four-foot lamp with a life of 50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period of analysis 

would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies 

according the life of each ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life 

distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life. 

Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to 

describe failure time in reliability studies. 

Ballast Life (hr) 

18,000 35,907 53.814 71,721 89,628 

Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours 

Installation Costs. A detailed discussion of installation costs and lamp prices can be found 

in Appendix A. 

4-7 

Oper. Hr· 2F96HO (Ind.) 

~ 

.Q 

q:) 

.Q 

Q 

lII 

qJ 

,. 

:;: 

iI' 

IIJ 

0:: .00 

125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147 

Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial 

Sector 

Ballast Life. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballast rated 

lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and 

electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis. 

For a four-foot lamp with a life of 50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period of analysis 

would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies 

according the life of each ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life 

distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life. 

Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to 

describe failure time in reliability studies. 

Ballast Life (hr) 

18,000 35,907 53.814 71,721 89,628 

Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours 

Installation Costs. A detailed discussion of installation costs and lamp prices can be found 

in Appendix A. 

4-7 
(DOE).

Discount Rates. A discount rate of 8% real was chosen by the U. S. Department of Energy

4.1.2 LCC Results

In this section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account

for the full range of possible values for four of the most important LCC input variables: ballast life,

ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are

calculated using a probability distribution of possible values for the input variables weighted by their

likelihood of occurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and

payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL:

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes-standards/applbrf/ballast.html). A description ofthe LCC

model can also be found in Section A.7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability

distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 present the

changes in life-cycle cost as a result of switching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic

ballast to one of the higher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 present the same changes

for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In

particular, the figures show the probability that a particular delta life-cycle cost will occur. This can

be interpreted as the fraction of the ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCC.

Energy Efficient T12 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.3 summarizes the life-cycle cost

savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when

converting from the baseline option of an EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values

mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % of Baseline LCC is the mean delta LCC

divided by the baseline LCC (expressed as a percentage) obtained when average point values of the

inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage of the

total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the

uncertainty of the calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced LCC represents the

probability of the design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC

decreased relative to the baseline.

For ballasts operating three or four lamps, we have analyzed two wiring alternatives. For the

three lamp case, we analyzed a tandem-wired case where 2-lamp ballasts only are utilized and a case

where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are used together to operate three lamps. Dual switching

is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we

analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps under two situations. One case is with

ordinary wiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching.

For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of $10 for materials and labor.

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Discount Rates. A discount rate of 8% real was chosen by the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE). 

4.1.2 LCC Results 

In this section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account 

for the full range of possible values for four of the most impoliant LCC input variables: ballast life, 

ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are 

calculated using a probability distribution of possible values for the input variables weighted by their 

likelihood of occurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and 

payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL: 

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes _ standards/applbrflballast.httnl). A description of the LCC 

model can also be found in Section A. 7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability 

distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 present the 

changes in life-cycle cost as a result of switching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic 

ballast to one ofthe higher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 present the same changes 

for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In 

particular, the figures show the probability that a particular delta life-cycle cost will occur. This can 

be interpreted as the fraction of the ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCe. 

Energy Efficient T12 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.3 summarizes the life-cycle cost 

savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when 

converting from the baseline option of an EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values 

mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % of Baseline Lee is the mean delta LCC 

divided by the baseline LCC (expressed as a percentage) obtained when average point values of the 

inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage of the 

total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the 

uncertainty of the calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced Lee represents the 

probability ofthe design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC 

decreased relative to the baseline. 

F or ballasts operating three or four I amps, we have analyzed two wiring alternatives. For the 

three lamp case, we analyzed a tandem-wired case where 2-lamp ballasts only are utilized and a case 

where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are used together to operate three lamps. Dual switching 

is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we 

analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps under two situations. One case is with 

ordinary wiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching. 

For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of $1 0 for materials and labor. 

4-8 

Discount Rates. A discount rate of 8% real was chosen by the U.S. Department of Energy 

(DOE). 

4.1.2 LCC Results 

In this section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account 

for the full range of possible values for four of the most impoliant LCC input variables: ballast life, 

ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are 

calculated using a probability distribution of possible values for the input variables weighted by their 

likelihood of occurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and 

payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL: 

http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes _ standards/applbrflballast.httnl). A description of the LCC 

model can also be found in Section A. 7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability 

distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 present the 

changes in life-cycle cost as a result of switching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic 

ballast to one ofthe higher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 present the same changes 

for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In 

particular, the figures show the probability that a particular delta life-cycle cost will occur. This can 

be interpreted as the fraction of the ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCe. 

Energy Efficient T12 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.3 summarizes the life-cycle cost 

savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when 

converting from the baseline option of an EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values 

mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % of Baseline Lee is the mean delta LCC 

divided by the baseline LCC (expressed as a percentage) obtained when average point values of the 

inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage of the 

total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the 

uncertainty of the calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced Lee represents the 

probability ofthe design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC 

decreased relative to the baseline. 

F or ballasts operating three or four I amps, we have analyzed two wiring alternatives. For the 

three lamp case, we analyzed a tandem-wired case where 2-lamp ballasts only are utilized and a case 

where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are used together to operate three lamps. Dual switching 

is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we 

analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps under two situations. One case is with 

ordinary wiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching. 

For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of $1 0 for materials and labor. 

4-8 
Table 4.3 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an T12 EEM Ballast as the Baseline

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC

Mean

(1997$)

% of

Baseline

LCC

%

ReducedLCC

1F40

T12 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7%

T12 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68%

T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98%

2F40

T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31%

T12 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80%

T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98%

3F40

Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 33%

T12 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68%

T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98%

Not Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23%

T12 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98%

T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100%

4F40

T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36%

T12 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87%

Tandem-Wired*** T8 ERS Commercial 44 13% 99%

Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100%

2F96

T12 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75%

T12 EIS Industrial -2 -1% 35%

2F96H0

T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90%

T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98%

T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50%

T12 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94%

* A positive Delta LCC implies a LCC savings whereas a negative number implies an increase in LCC.

** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost.

*** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials.

4-9

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

T a bi e 43 . S ummary 0 f D I eta LCC* R I esu ts U' smgan T12EEMB a n ast as t e h B ase r me 

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC 

Mean %of % 

(1997$) Baseline Reduced·* 

LCC LCC 

IF40 

TI2 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68% 

T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98% 

2F40 

T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80% 

T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98% 

3F40 

Tandem-Wired T12CC Commercial -2 -1% 33% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68% 

T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98% 

Not Tandem-Wired TI2 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98% 

T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100% 

4F40 

TI2 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87% 

Tandem-Wired*** T8ERS C omm ercial 44 13% 99% 

Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100% 

2F96 

TI2 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75% 

T12 EIS Industrial -2 -1% 35% 

2F96HO 

T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90% 

T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98% 

T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50% 

TI2 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94% 

* A positive Delta LCC Implies a LCC savmgs whereas a negatIve number ImplIes an mcrease m LCC. 

** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

*** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials. 

4-9 

T a bI e 43 . S ummary 0 f D e a It LCC* R esu It s U . smgan Tt2 EEM B a n as t as th e B ase r me 

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC 

Mean %of % 

(1997$) Baseline Reduced·* 

LCC LCC 

IF40 

T12 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7% 

T12 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68% 

T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98% 

2F40 

T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31% 

T12 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80% 

T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98% 

3F40 

Tandem-Wired T12CC Commercial -2 -1% 33% 

T12 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68% 

T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98% 

Not Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98% 

T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100% 

4F40 

T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36% 

TI2 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87% 

Tandem-Wired*** T8ERS C omm ercial 44 13% 99% 

Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100% 

2F96 

T12 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75% 

T12 EIS lndustrial -2 -1% 35% 

2F96HO 

T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90% 

T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98% 

T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50% 

T12 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94% .. * A posItive Delta Lee Implies a Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number lmphes an mcrease m Lee. 

** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

*** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials. 

4-9 
Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) - CC

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.389

0

CL

.292

0 Outliers

- 3894

.............. -------------- --

.195 . - - - - - - . . . . . . - - - • - - • • - -

-n

a

.097 1• ---•-------•- ..----.----•--• •1- 973.5 `.

.000 11

($150)

® 0

($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to+Infinity

Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial) - ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.200 ,

.150 . • • . . . .

.107

Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.143

CL

0 Outliers

- 1995

0 Outliers

- 1432

.072- -------•-716

.036 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 358

.000 Mean = 17 0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +infinity

-n

f^D

C

CD

Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-10

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) • CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

. ~ 

.CI 

1':1 

.CI 

.389 .......... ------------,,...-------------,·- 3894 

.292 ......... . 

.195 .......... . 

." 

(:1 

..Q 

c: 

n 

E = 0. .097······ .... 973.5 ~ 

.000 L;-_~---.--__ ....2I!f4:I~cM=ea=n==~' {$4=4=-)1...,.... __ ----,~,J. 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial)· ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.200.,.----------....... -------------,· 1995 

.150 

~ ." 

~ .100 

;;: .. 997.5 -g 

n 

= . - 498.7 ~ 

.CI 

o d: .050 

.000-'-,---_---,..--_-= 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 68.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

~ - 0 

$150 

Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial). T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials o Outliers 

1A~,-----------,~--------'·1432 

Frequency Chart 

." 

.... 

n 716 ..Q 

c: 

n 

= 358 ~ 

0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

4-10 

Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) • CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

. ~ 

.CI 

1':1 

.CI 

.389.;------------;,...------------,·. 3894 

.292 ......... . 

.195 .......... . 

." 

(:1 

..Q 

c: 

n 

E = 0. .097······ . ... 973.5 ~ 

I!fl Mean = {$4.ll .000Lr--~-_._---24~c=:::::;;::::::==-_,.._-_._--~.-.J. 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial)· ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

~ :c 

1':1 

.CI 

0 

.... 

0. 

.200.,..----------.....,...------------,· 1995 

.150 

.100 

.050 

.000 

~ ~ -------------~q ---------------- ~ ~ ." 

;;: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. ::t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 997.5 -g 

n 

= .. 498.7 ~ 

ni 

............. JIL,~,········· ~ ·0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 68.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial). T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

AO<------------------.---------------.·1432 

.107 .............. . 

." 

.... 

n 716 ..Q 

c: 

n 

= 358 ~ 

0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

4-10 
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC

10,000 Trials

.256 -rFrequency Chart 0 Outliers

2555

192• ....--- .

^ - C4

t9 =

.128-..--------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.064 --------------?53----------------638.73

.000, 1

4 0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS

10,000 Trials

.184

.138

.092

k -

EL

Frequency Chart

---------------

---------------

-------------- I--------------

.000 , .

($150)

Mean = $6

0 Outliers

- 1841

($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.119 .a .

.089 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-a .060 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t4

CL .030 ...............

.0001-

0 Outliers

- 1193

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -1- 894.7

R

C9

..............596.5 c

Cp

- - - - - - - - - - - -- 298.2 a

Mean = $18

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-11

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .256...----------:,....'i ------------,- 2555 

i:~ --.r- ----.... ....... ~ 

.128 . . . . . . . . . . '''' ...... " " . " " ..Q 

.::: L",-" _"_"_" _" _"_"-;-" _" _:_: _: _·.ilJiil loiMii.=~=n ':;:== ('$ ::::~)=-I---;-" _" _._.-;-. -"---:~..-J ~J 

.192 " . - " " . " 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1RA~---------~---------,. 1M1 

~ :Ei 

«:J 

..Q 

o 0: .046 

.OOO.L....,--_--.--~---" 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

"'T1 

n 

920.5 ~ 

('II 

= 460.2 !) 

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.119...-----------..----------·· 1193 

.089 - - - - - " " " " - - - " - -

.~ 

.c .060 «:J 

.c 

E 0.. .030 

.000-'--,......-_--;--__ -""" 

($150) ($75) $0 

- - - - - - - - - - - "" 894.7 

$75 $150 

"'T1 

n 

596.5 ~ 

('II 

= 298.2 !) 

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

4-11 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .256...----------:,....'i ------------,- 2555 

i:~ --.r- ----.... ....... ~ 

.128 . . . . . . . . . . '''' ...... " " . " " ..Q 

.::: L",-" _"_"_" _" _"_"-;-" _" _:_: _: _·.ilJiil loiMii.=~=n ':;:== ('$ ::::~)=-I---;-" _" _._.-;-. -"---:~..-J ~J 

.192 " . - " " . " 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1RA~---------~---------,. 1M1 

~ :Ei 

«:J 

..Q 

o 0: .046 

.OOO.L....,--_--.--~---" 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

"'T1 

n 

920.5 ~ 

('II 

= 460.2 !) 

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.119...-----------..----------·· 1193 

.089 - - - - - " " " " - - - " - -

.~ 

.c .060 «:J 

.c 

E 0.. .030 

.000-'--,......-_--;--__ -""" 

($150) ($75) $0 

- - - - - - - - - - - "" 894.7 

$75 $150 

"'T1 

n 

596.5 ~ 

('II 

= 298.2 !) 

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

4-11 
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia

($150)

Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial

Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.145

.065-----------------

.043 ----------------

.022- ---------------

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial

Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.086 s .

l4

0-

.000

0 Outliers

1 Outlier

- 860

?--• -----•----I-645

- - - - - - - - 430 - - - [

- - - - - - - 215

can = 27

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity

-11

CP

Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial

Sector

4-12

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials 

.202...----------,..-1:;----------- 2017 

Frequency Chart o Outliers 

::: • • • •• • •• • • • • • .k .. : "" I •• • • . • • . 'MJ .000 ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 33.28% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1A~...-------------~---------------,- 1450 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 68.46% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

... 

n 725 '§ 

n 

=' 362.5 Q 

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 1 Outlier 

.086.;---------------.--------------,· 860 

.065 645 

." 

n: ~ 

430 .Q 

C ..CI .043 1:1 

..CI n 

:;I 

215 Q E a. .022 

0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

4-12 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials 

.202...----------,..-1:;----------- 2017 

Frequency Chart o Outliers 

::: • • • •• • •• • • • • • .k .. : "" I •• • • . • • . 'MJ .000 ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 33.28% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1A~...-------------~---------------,- 1450 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 68.46% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

... 

n 725 '§ 

n 

=' 362.5 Q 

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 1 Outlier 

.086.;---------------.--------------,· 860 

.065 645 

." 

n: ~ 

430 .Q 

C ..CI .043 1:1 

..CI n 

:;I 

215 Q E a. .022 

0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

4-12 
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.201

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity

0 Outliers

- 2005

® 0

$150

Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40'T12 CC in Commercial

Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non -Tandem (Commercial)

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.132 .1.

0 Outliers

- 1319

.099 .............. ..............989.2

-in

co

.066 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659.5

.033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66f.- - - - - - - - - - - - -- 329.7

000) :; ff Mean

® 0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial

Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non -Tandem (Commercial

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.066 e .

O

d

000 0

Mean = 56

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

-rl

C

Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial

Sector

11 Outliers

- 656

.049. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4IIlllH - . . . . . . . - -1- 492

033) I

£I%----------{-328 I

.016-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 . . . . . . .. 164 iiyy

1 1 11111

4-13

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercia) 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.201.,---------'::-:' ---------'·2005 

::~ 

::: .••••••••••..• J •.•.•••.•••.•.•. ~ j .", ............ ·1", ................ "" j 

mw Mean = ($4)1 .000L;---~-.--~--2~~~;:;';::;::::::~..,....-_--,~,.-J. 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial) 

10,000 Trials 

.1 

.~ 

.CI 

1\1 

.CI 

Q 

... 

c.. 

($150) ($75) 

Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1319 

$0 

. . . . . . . . . . . .. 989.2 

-n 

.., 

("D 

659.5 -g 

("D 

=' 

329.7 Q 

==:;:-_~_.-.J. 0 

$75 $150 

Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial 

10,000 Trials 

.~ 

.CI 

1\1 

.CI 

Q 

... 

c.. 

($150) 

Frequency Chart 

($75) $0 $75 

11 Outliers 

656 

492 

-n 

... 

("D 

328 .CI 

c 

("D 

164 Q 

0 

$150 

Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

4-13 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercia) 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.201.,---------'::-:' ---------'·2005 

::~ 

::: .••••••••••..• J •.•.•••.•••.•.•. ~ j .", ............ ·1", ................ "" j 

mw Mean = ($4)1 .000L;---~-.--~--2~~~;:;';::;::::::~..,....-_--,~,.-J. 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial) 

10,000 Trials 

.1 

.~ 

.CI 

1\1 

.CI 

Q 

... 

c.. 

($150) ($75) 

Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1319 

$0 

. . . . . . . . . . . .. 989.2 

-n 

.., 

("D 

659.5 -g 

("D 

=' 

329.7 Q 

==:;:-_~_.-.J. 0 

$75 $150 

Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial 

10,000 Trials 

.~ 

.CI 

1\1 

.CI 

Q 

... 

c.. 

($150) 

Frequency Chart 

($75) $0 $75 

11 Outliers 

656 

492 

-n 

... 

("D 

328 .CI 

c 

("D 

164 Q 

0 

$150 

Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial 

Sector 

4-13 
Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.117

.088

.058 -

0 Outliers

r 1167

- - - - . - - - -1- 875.2

-n

M

. 583.5-0

.0 ro

CL .029 .............. > I9tl----... ------1-291.7,9

Mean = 12

.000 ® -0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 10 Outliers

.067 E . - 667

0-

.050........••........

.033 -----------------

.017-----------------

.000

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in

Commercial Sector

4-14

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.156 J - 1561 

;::: .. : ::::: .. :::. J:::.:::: ... ::. ··""l ~ .039 . - - - - - - - - - - - - jlll!~e~n~(~~)I- ---------: 390.2 Q 

.000 ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 36.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.117.,----------...,.----------,.. 1167 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 875.2 

.OOOL-,---~-__r_-~---'" 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

.... 

~ 

583.5 -g 

~ 

= 291.7 !;} 

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 10 Outliers 

.067 667 

.050 500.2 

~ ." 

.... :c ~ 

.033 333.5 -g ~ 

J:I ~ 

"-

C = .017 166.7 !;} a. 

.000 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in 

Commercial Sector 

4-14 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.156 J - 1561 

;::: .. : ::::: .. :::. J:::.:::: ... ::. ··""l ~ .039 . - - - - - - - - - - - - jill! l~e~n~(~~)I- - - - - - - - - -: 390.2 Q 

.000 ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 36.26% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.117,-----------,----------,. 1167 

($150) 

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 875.2 

($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

.... 

~ 

583.5 -g 

~ 

= 291.7 !;} 

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials 10 Outliers 

nR7,------------.-------'-667 

Frequency Chart 

~ :c 

~ 

J:I 

C d: .017 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

500.2 

." 

~ 333.5 -g 

~ 

= 166.7 !;} 

Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in 

Commercial Sector 

4-14 
Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS

10,000 Trials

.063-(-

Frequency Chart 15 Outliers

U . - 631

.0474 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Z .032------------------

0

11 .016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.000 i

($150) ($75) $0

i

Mean = $54

mscez«c¢aesser,x ..,-. - 0

$75 $150

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in

Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.133 .f.

.100

Z .067---------------

O

a .033 --------------

.000 i

0 Outliers

- 1331

......... . . . . . . 1- 998.2

C6

- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 665.5

-------------332.7'

ills -

rD

1..--17

-0

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity

$150

Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector

10,000 Trials

.186 -FForecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (industrial) - EIS

Frequency Chart 0 Outliers

- 1854

.139-------------

----------------

...

.093 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.046 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.000 -

($150)

® -o

($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96'T12 EIS in Industrial Sector

-n1

----------------927

rp

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 463.5 .t

4-15

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials 15 Outliers 

nRq~----------------------'"------------'-631 

Frequency Chart 

.€' 

..Q 

Q;! 

..Q 

E 

CI.. 

.047 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

473.2 .,., 

(1 

315.5 '§ 

C"'!I 

= 157.7 .;J 

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in 

Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1qq~------------------..------------------,- 1331 

.€' 

..Q 

Q;! 

..Q 

Q 

-------------- 998.2 .,., 

... 

C"'!I 

665.5 '§ 

C"'!I 

cl: .033 332.7 ~ 

.000 -'--.------~--_._--~--'" 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Industrial) - EIS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.185~-------------------"-l; ------------------,- 1854 

.139 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -:t ---------------- ~ I ~ 

I::::::::::: -:~t .. ,",'- ---------::J .000 • ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector 

4-15 

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 

10,000 Trials 15 Outliers 

nRq~----------------------'"------------'-631 

Frequency Chart 

.€' 

..Q 

Q;! 

..Q 

E 

CI.. 

.047 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

473.2 .,., 

(1 

315.5 '§ 

C"'!I 

= 157.7 .;J 

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in 

Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

1qq~------------------..------------------,- 1331 

.€' 

..Q 

Q;! 

..Q 

Q 

-------------- 998.2 .,., 

... 

C"'!I 

665.5 '§ 

C"'!I 

cl: .033 332.7 ~ 

.000 -'--.------~--_._--~--'" 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Industrial) - EIS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.185~-------------------"-l; ------------------,- 1854 

.139 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -:t ---------------- ~ I ~ 

I::::::::::: -:~t .. ,",'- ---------::J .000 • ~ - 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector 

4-15 
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) - CC

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.146-1

.110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. .037 - - - -

.000,

0 Outliers

1462

-n

-'

• • . . . . . . . . . . • . 731 c

co

. . .. 365.5 .2

Mean = 11 4 -0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F961'12HO CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) - ERS

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.0841

.063. - - - - - - - • • - - - - - -

.042

EL .0211- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

.000, 1

($150)

0 Outliers

- 843

- - - - - - - - - - - - 1- 632.2

-11

i9

- - - - - - - - • - - -j- 421.5 -CO

C4

...... .210.7.2

Mean = $28

® 0

($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +lnfinity

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96I'12HO ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - CC

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.1791

0 Outliers

- 1786

.134 . - - - - - - • - - - - - '• 5 - - - - - - - --

Z .089• W C

-- ---------------893

CL .045 . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.5 .^i

.000, . 4 -0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96I'12HO CC in Industrial Sector

4-16

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • CC 

o Outliers 

~,------------------~~-----------------,- 1462 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

"TI 

~ 

731 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

365.5 Q 

Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • ERS 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

~---------------------.----------------,- 843 

~ :.c 

\':J 

..c 

o 0: .021 •......•••... 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

632.2 

"TI 

~ 421.5 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

210.7 Q 

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) . CC 

o Outliers 

.179.,--------------------7

t

--------------------,· 1786 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

,:. 

.134 • 

.089· 

.045 

"TI 

~ .....•. 893 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

.- 446.5 Q • : : • : : • • • • : • ., L,,,, • • • • .000L;---_-.--_.2q~~IDi;;';;;::::::=-..,.......-~-7~..J·- 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Industrial Sector 

4-16 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • CC 

o Outliers 

1AR~-------------------'------------------'-1462 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

.~ 

..Q 

~ 

..Q 

e a. .037 

($150) 

"TI 

~ 

731 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

365.5 Q 

"l'O==,. ____ ~--.-.J- 0 

($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • ERS 

o Outliers 

nM~---------------------'----------------'-843 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

~ :.c 

~ 

..Q 

o d: .021 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

632.2 

"TI 

~ 421.5 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

210.7 Q 

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) . CC 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.179~------------------'7t--------------------'- 1786 

,:. 

.134 • 

.089· 

.045 

"TI 

~ ....... 893 ~ 

("!J 

::::I 

.- 446.5 Q • • • • • • • • • • • • .11 ~ .. "C ,,' • • • • .000.L.---_-.--_.....J::lli~~iiiii;;';;::::::=-..,.......---"7~~- 0 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity 

Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Industrial Sector 

4-16 
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS

10,000 Trials

.122

.091

.0001-

($150)

Frequency Chart

($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 94.28% from $0 to +Infinity

0 Outliers

- 1217

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector

Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures

present the results of an LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to

a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a

reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000 hours to 14,000 and 16,150 hours, respectively that is taken

into account in the LCC analysis. The ballast prices used for this LCC analysis are shown below. The

magnetic and cathode cutout ballast prices come from the July, 1997 ballast report. The ERS prices

are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballast prices.

Table 4.4 Summary o

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC

Mean

(1997$)

% of

Baseline

LCC

%

Reduced**

LCC

1F32

T8 ERS Commercial 6 5% 96%

T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54%

2F32

T8 CC Commercial 0 0% 52%

T8 ERS Commercial 9 4% 97%

T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79%

* A positive Delta LCC implies a LCC savings whereas a negative number implies an increase in LCC.

** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost.

Delta LCC* Results Usin an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline

4-17

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials o Outliers 

1??.,-----------;-'-------,. 1217 

Frequency Chart 

.091 

.~ 

.c .061 Q\I 

.c 

E 

Il. 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 94.2B% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

912.7 

." 

n 60B.5 '§ 

C"P 

::::I 

304.2 ~ 

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector 

Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures 

present the results of an LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to 

a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a 

reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000 hours to 14,000 and 16,150 hours, respectively that is taken 

into account in the LCC analysis. The ballast prices used for this LCC analysis are shown below. The 

magnetic and cathode cutout ballast prices come from the July, 1997 ballast rep01i. The ERS prices 

are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballast prices. 

T bl e 44 . S a ummary 0 fDl eta LCC*R esu I ts U' smgan EEMT8B II as t a as a B ase r me 

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC 

Mean %of % 

(1997$) Baseline Reduced** 

LCC LCC 

IF32 

T8ERS Commercial 6 5% 96% 

T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54% 

2F32 

T8CC Commercial 0 0% 52% 

T8ERS Commercial 9 4% 97% 

T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79% . . * A pOSItive Delta Lee ImplIes a Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number Implres an Increase m Lee . ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

4-17 

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS 

10,000 Trials o Outliers 

1??.,-----------;-'-------,. 1217 

Frequency Chart 

.091 

.~ 

.c .061 Q\I 

.c 

E 

Il. 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 94.2B% from $0 to +Infinity 

$150 

912.7 

." 

n 60B.5 '§ 

C"P 

::::I 

304.2 ~ 

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector 

Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures 

present the results of an LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to 

a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a 

reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000 hours to 14,000 and 16,150 hours, respectively that is taken 

into account in the LCC analysis. The ballast prices used for this LCC analysis are shown below. The 

magnetic and cathode cutout ballast prices come from the July, 1997 ballast rep01i. The ERS prices 

are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballast prices. 

T bl e 44 . S a ummary 0 fDl eta LCC*R esu I ts U' smgan EEMT8B II as t a as a B ase r me 

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC 

Mean %of % 

(1997$) Baseline Reduced** 

LCC LCC 

IF32 

T8ERS Commercial 6 5% 96% 

T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54% 

2F32 

T8CC Commercial 0 0% 52% 

T8ERS Commercial 9 4% 97% 

T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79% . . * A pOSItive Delta Lee ImplIes a Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number Implres an Increase m Lee . ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

4-17 
Table 4.5 T8 Ballast Prices for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis

Ballast Price (1997$)

Product Class Baseline EEM cc ERS EIS

1-lamp ballast ! 15.96 N/A 20.10 19.10

2-lamp ballast 1 15.60 19.24 21.54 20.54

10,000 Trials

Forecast: LCC Sav 1 F32 ERS Comm

Frequency Chart

.327

.245 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

.0 .164 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

d .082 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- 3273

- _ - - _ _ . _ - -{- 818.2

ll

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 96.14% from $0 to +Intinity

-e- 0

$150

0 Outliers

-v

PS

C

CD

Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

.333

Z,

.2

3331

0 Outliers

CS

.l7 .167 -

0 vp

- =

k .063 - 832.7

® -0

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 53.76% from $010 -Infinity

Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

4-18

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

T a bi e . 45 T8 B a II ast P' rices ~ or U se wit . hT8B a n ast LCCA nalysls I . 

Ballast Price (1997$) 

Product Class Baseline EEM CC 

I-lamp ballast 15.96 N/A 

2-lamp ballast 15.60 19.24 

Forecast: LCC Say 1F32 ERS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.327 .,----------,------------,. 3273 

.245 

,~ 

:c .164 C<:I 

.CI 

o 0: .082 

($150) (575) 

" ~ .c 

c 

n 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 818.2 .g 

III. <4 . 0 

$0 575 $150 

Certainty is 96.14% from $0 10 +Infinity 

ERS 

20.10 

21.54 

Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.333 .,.----------,-·-----------,·3331 

. 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 

..•..•..•.••••• t·.·.·.·.··.· •... " f ~ • 0 

,~ 

.CI .167 C<:I 

.CI 

0 

.. .083 a. 

.000 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 53.76% from $0 10 +Infinity 

Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector 

4-18 

EIS 

19.10 

20.54 

T a bi e . 45 T8 B a II ast P' rices ~ or U se wit . hT8B a n ast LCCA nalysls I . 

Ballast Price (1997$) 

Product Class Baseline EEM CC 

I-lamp ballast 15.96 N/A 

2-lamp ballast 15.60 19.24 

Forecast: LCC Say 1F32 ERS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.327 .,----------,------------,. 3273 

.245 

,~ 

:c .164 C<:I 

.CI 

o 0: .082 

($150) (575) 

" ~ .c 

c 

n 

• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 818.2 .g 

III. <4 . 0 

$0 575 $150 

Certainty is 96.14% from $0 10 +Infinity 

ERS 

20.10 

21.54 

Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.333 .,.----------,-·-----------,·3331 

. 250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 

..•..•..•.••••• t·.·.·.·.··.· •... " f ~ • 0 

,~ 

.CI .167 C<:I 

.CI 

0 

.. .083 a. 

.000 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 53.76% from $0 10 +Infinity 

Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector 

4-18 

EIS 

19.10 

20.54 
10,000 Trials

Forecast: LCC Sav 2F32 CC Comm

Frequency Chart 0 Outliers

- 3037

TI

1

Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector

10,000 Trials

.220

.165

Forecast: LCC Sav 2F32 ERS Comm

Frequency Chart 0 Outliers

} --------------- I

---------------1

- 2201

-n

co

tc

550.2 Q

($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 96.76% from $0 to +Infinity

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Sav 2F32 EIS Comm

10,000 Trials

.210

.157

.000

Frequency Chart

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

($150)

---------------

---------------

L

($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 78.93% from $0 to +Infinity

0 Outliers

2098

Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

4-19

EE-RM-97-500 COMMENT 104

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 CC Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.304 .,--------------.,-----------,. 3037 

.22B 

,152 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ",".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

." 

~ .0 

c: 

COP 

.076 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,II - - - - - - - - - - -.. - - 759.2 ~ 

.~L-._--~--~--~--~!411~11!~~---.--~----~~.0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 52.20% from $0 to +fnfinity 

Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 ERS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.220 .,-----------.-----------,. 2201 

. ~ 

.Q 

'" .Q 

E 

a.. 

.165 ••••••••••••••• 

,110 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 96.76% from SO to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

... 

COP 

.0 

c: 

COP 

550.2 ~ 

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 EIS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.210 .,------------;,-----------,. 209B 

.157 •• - • - •••••••• _. - - - - - - - - • - - - • -

.105 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty IS 78.93% from $0 to +Jnfinity 

." 

~ .0 

c: 

COP 

524.5 ~ 

Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector 

4-19 

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 CC Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.304 .,--------------.,-----------,. 3037 

.22B 

,152 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ",".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

." 

~ .0 

c: 

COP 

.076 - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,II - - - - - - - - - - -.. - - 759.2 ~ 

.~L-._--~--~--~--~!411~11!~~---.--~----~~.0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty is 52.20% from $0 to +fnfinity 

Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 ERS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart o Outliers 

.220 .,-----------.-----------,. 2201 

. ~ 

.Q 

'" .Q 

E 

a.. 

.165 ••••••••••••••• 

,110 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 

Certainty is 96.76% from SO to +Infinity 

$150 

." 

... 

COP 

.0 

c: 

COP 

550.2 ~ 

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 EIS Comm 

10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

.210 .,------------;,-----------,. 209B 

.157 •• - • - •••••••• _. - - - - - - - - • - - - • -

.105 

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 

Certainty IS 78.93% from $0 to +Jnfinity 

." 

~ .0 

c: 

COP 

524.5 ~ 

Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector 

4-19