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7. Appendix M is added to read as

follows:

Appendix M to Part 50—Reference

Method for the Determination of

Particulate Matter as PM10 in the

Atmosphere

1.0 Applicability.

1.1 This method provides for the

measurement of the mass concentration of

particulate matter with an aerodynamic

diameter less than or equal to a nominal 10

micrometers (PM1O) in ambient air over a 24-

hour period for purposes of determining

attainment and maintenance of the primary

and secondary national ambient air quality

standards for particulate matter specified in

§ 50.6 of this chapter. The measurement

process is nondestructive, and the PM10

sample can be subjected to subsequent

physical or chemical analyses. Quality

assurance procedures and guidance are

provided in part 58, Appendices A and B of

this chapter and in references 1 and 2 of

section 12.0 of this appendix.

2.0 Principle.

2.1 An air sampler draws ambient air at

a constant flow rate into a specially shaped

inlet where the suspended particulate matter

is inertially separated into one or more size

fractions within the PM10 size range. Each

size fraction in the PM1O size range is then

collected on a separate filter over the

specified sampling period. The particle size

discrimination characteristics (sampling

effectiveness and 50 percent cutpoint) of the

sampler inlet are prescribed as performance

specifications in part 53 of this chapter.

2.2 Each filter is weighed (after moisture

equilibration) before and after use to

determine the net weight (mass) gain due to

collected PM10. The total volume of air

sampled, measured at the actual ambient

temperature and pressure, is determined

from the measured flow rate and the

sampling time. The mass concentration of

PM10 in the ambient air is computed as the

total mass of collected particles in the PM10

size range divided by the volume of air

sampled, and is expressed in micrograms per

actual cubic meter (μg/m3).

2.3 A method based on this principle will

be considered a reference method only if the

associated sampler meets the requirements

specified in this appendix and the

requirements in part 53 of this chapter, and

the method has been designated as a

reference method in accordance with part 53

of this chapter.

3.0 Range.

3.1 The lower limit of the mass

concentration range is determined by the

repeatability of filter tare weights, assuming

the nominal air sample volume for the

sampler. For samplers having an automatic

filter-changing mechanism, there may be no

upper limit. For samplers that do not have an

automatic filter-changing mechanism, the

upper limit is determined by the filter mass

loading beyond which the sampler no longer

maintains the operating flow rate within

specified limits due to increased pressure

drop across the loaded filter. This upper limit

cannot be specified precisely because it is a

complex function of the ambient particle size

distribution and type, humidity, filter type,

and perhaps other factors. Nevertheless, all

samplers should be capable of measuring 24-

hour PM10 mass concentrations of at least 300

μg/m3 while maintaining the operating flow

rate within the specified limits.

4.0 Precision.

4.1 The precision of PM10 samplers must

be 5 μg/m3 for PM10 concentrations below 80

μg/m3 and 7 percent for PM10 concentrations

above 80 μg/m3, as required by part 53 of this

chapter, which prescribes a test procedure

that determines the variation in the PM10

concentration measurements of identical

samplers under typical sampling conditions.

Continual assessment of precision via

collocated samplers is required by part 58 of

this chapter for PM10 samplers used in

certain monitoring networks.

5.0 Accuracy.

5.1 Because the size of the particles

making up ambient particulate matter varies

over a wide range and the concentration of

particles varies with particle size, it is

difficult to define the absolute accuracy of

PM10 samplers. Part 53 of this chapter

provides a specification for the sampling

effectiveness of PM10 samplers. This

specification requires that the expected mass

concentration calculated for a candidate

PM10 sampler, when sampling a specified

particle size distribution, be within ±10

percent of that calculated for an ideal

sampler whose sampling effectiveness is

explicitly specified. Also, the particle size for

50 percent sampling effectiveness is required

to be 10±0.5 micrometers. Other

specifications related to accuracy apply to

flow measurement and calibration, filter

media, analytical (weighing) procedures, and

artifact. The flow rate accuracy of PM10

samplers used in certain monitoring

networks is required by part 58 of this

chapter to be assessed periodically via flow

rate audits.

6.0 Potential Sources of Error.

6.1 Volatile Particles. Volatile particles

collected on filters are often lost during

shipment and/or storage of the filters prior to

the post-sampling weighing 3. Although

shipment or storage of loaded filters is

sometimes unavoidable, filters should be

reweighed as soon as practical to minimize

these losses.

6.2 Artifacts. Positive errors in PM10

concentration measurements may result from

retention of gaseous species on filters 4, 5.

Such errors include the retention of sulfur

dioxide and nitric acid. Retention of sulfur

dioxide on filters, followed by oxidation to

sulfate, is referred to as artifact sulfate

formation, a phenomenon which increases

with increasing filter alkalinity 6. Little or no

artifact sulfate formation should occur using

filters that meet the alkalinity specification in

section 7.2.4 of this appendix, Artifact nitrate

formation, resulting primarily from retention

of nitric acid, occurs to varying degrees on

many filter types, including glass fiber,

cellulose ester, and many quartz fiber

filters 5, 7, 8, 9, 10. Loss of true atmospheric

particulate nitrate during or following

sampling may also occur due to dissociation

or chemical reaction. This phenomenon has

been observed on Teflon filters 8 and

inferred for quartz fiber filters 11, 12. The

magnitude of nitrate artifact errors in PM10

mass concentration measurements will vary

with location and ambient temperature;

however, for most sampling locations, these

errors are expected to be small.

6.3 Humidity. The effects of ambient

humidity on the sample are unavoidable. The

filter equilibration procedure in section 9.0 of

this appendix is designed to minimize the

effects of moisture on the filter medium.

6.4 Filter Handling. Careful handling of

filters between presampling and

postsampling weighings is necessary to avoid

errors due to damaged filters or loss of

collected particles from the filters. Use of a

filter cartridge or cassette may reduce the

magnitude of these errors. Filters must also

meet the integrity specification in section

7.2.3 of this appendix.

6.5 Flow Rate Variation. Variations in the

sampler’s operating flow rate may alter the

particle size discrimination characteristics of

the sampler inlet. The magnitude of this error

will depend on the sensitivity of the inlet to

variations in flow rate and on the particle

distribution in the atmosphere during the

sampling period. The use of a flow control

device, under section 7.1.3 of this appendix,

is required to minimize this error.

6.6 Air Volume Determination. Errors in

the air volume determination may result from

errors in the flow rate and/or sampling time

measurements. The flow control device

serves to minimize errors in the flow rate

determination, and an elapsed time meter,

under section 7.1.5 of this appendix, is

required to minimize the error in the

sampling time measurement.

7.0 Apparatus.

7.1 PM10 Sampler.

7.1.1 The sampler shall be designed to:

(a) Draw the air sample into the sampler

inlet and through the particle collection filter

at a uniform face velocity.

(b) Hold and seal the filter in a horizontal

position so that sample air is drawn

downward through the filter.

(c) Allow the filter to be installed and

removed conveniently.

(d) Protect the filter and sampler from

precipitation and prevent insects and other

debris from being sampled.

(e) Minimize air leaks that would cause

error in the measurement of the air volume

passing through the filter.

(f) Discharge exhaust air at a sufficient

distance from the sampler inlet to minimize

the sampling of exhaust air.

(g) Minimize the collection of dust from

the supporting surface.

7.1.2 The sampler shall have a sample air

inlet system that, when operated within a

specified flow rate range, provides particle

size discrimination characteristics meeting

all of the applicable performance

specifications prescribed in part 53 of this

chapter. The sampler inlet shall show no

significant wind direction dependence. The

latter requirement can generally be satisfied

by an inlet shape that is circularly

symmetrical about a vertical axis.

7.1.3 The sampler shall have a flow

control device capable of maintaining the

sampler’s operating flow rate within the flow

rate limits specified for the sampler inlet over

normal variations in line voltage and filter

pressure drop.
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7.1.4 The sampler shall provide a means

to measure the total flow rate during the

sampling period. A continuous flow recorder

is recommended but not required. The flow

measurement device shall be accurate to ±2

percent.

7.1.5 A timing/control device capable of

starting and stopping the sampler shall be

used to obtain a sample collection period of

24 ±1 hr (1,440 ±60 min). An elapsed time

meter, accurate to within ±15 minutes, shall

be used to measure sampling time. This

meter is optional for samplers with

continuous flow recorders if the sampling

time measurement obtained by means of the

recorder meets the ±15 minute accuracy

specification.

7.1.6 The sampler shall have an

associated operation or instruction manual as

required by part 53 of this chapter which

includes detailed instructions on the

calibration, operation, and maintenance of

the sampler.

7.2 Filters.

7.2.1 Filter Medium. No commercially

available filter medium is ideal in all respects

for all samplers. The user’s goals in sampling

determine the relative importance of various

filter characteristics, e.g., cost, ease of

handling, physical and chemical

characteristics, etc., and, consequently,

determine the choice among acceptable

filters. Furthermore, certain types of filters

may not be suitable for use with some

samplers, particularly under heavy loading

conditions (high mass concentrations),

because of high or rapid increase in the filter

flow resistance that would exceed the

capability of the sampler’s flow control

device. However, samplers equipped with

automatic filter-changing mechanisms may

allow use of these types of filters. The

specifications given below are minimum

requirements to ensure acceptability of the

filter medium for measurement of PM10 mass

concentrations. Other filter evaluation

criteria should be considered to meet

individual sampling and analysis objectives.

7.2.2 Collection Efficiency. ≥99 percent,

as measured by the DOP test (ASTM–2986)

with 0.3 μm particles at the sampler’s

operating face velocity.

7.2.3 Integrity. ±5 μg/m3 (assuming

sampler’s nominal 24-hour air sample

volume). Integrity is measured as the PM10

concentration equivalent corresponding to

the average difference between the initial and

the final weights of a random sample of test

filters that are weighed and handled under

actual or simulated sampling conditions, but

have no air sample passed through them, i.e.,

filter blanks. As a minimum, the test

procedure must include initial equilibration

and weighing, installation on an inoperative

sampler, removal from the sampler, and final

equilibration and weighing.

7.2.4 Alkalinity. <25 microequivalents/

gram of filter, as measured by the procedure

given in reference 13 of section 12.0 of this

appendix following at least two months

storage in a clean environment (free from

contamination by acidic gases) at room

temperature and humidity.

7.3 Flow Rate Transfer Standard. The

flow rate transfer standard must be suitable

for the sampler’s operating flow rate and

must be calibrated against a primary flow or

volume standard that is traceable to the

National Institute of Standard and

Technology (NIST). The flow rate transfer

standard must be capable of measuring the

sampler’s operating flow rate with an

accuracy of ±2 percent.

7.4 Filter Conditioning Environment.

7.4.1 Temperature range. 15 to 30 C.

7.4.2 Temperature control. ±3 C.

7.4.3 Humidity range. 20% to 45% RH.

7.4.4 Humidity control. ±5% RH.

7.5 Analytical Balance. The analytical

balance must be suitable for weighing the

type and size of filters required by the

sampler. The range and sensitivity required

will depend on the filter tare weights and

mass loadings. Typically, an analytical

balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 mg is

required for high volume samplers (flow rates

>0.5 m3/min). Lower volume samplers (flow

rates <0.5 m3/min) will require a more

sensitive balance.

8.0 Calibration.

8.1 General Requirements.

8.1.1 Calibration of the sampler’s flow

measurement device is required to establish

traceability of subsequent flow measurements

to a primary standard. A flow rate transfer

standard calibrated against a primary flow or

volume standard shall be used to calibrate or

verify the accuracy of the sampler’s flow

measurement device.

8.1.2 Particle size discrimination by

inertial separation requires that specific air

velocities be maintained in the sampler’s air

inlet system. Therefore, the flow rate through

the sampler’s inlet must be maintained

throughout the sampling period within the

design flow rate range specified by the

manufacturer. Design flow rates are specified

as actual volumetric flow rates, measured at

existing conditions of temperature and

pressure (Qa).

8.2 Flow Rate Calibration Procedure.

8.2.1 PM10 samplers employ various types

of flow control and flow measurement

devices. The specific procedure used for flow

rate calibration or verification will vary

depending on the type of flow controller and

flow rate indicator employed. Calibration is

in terms of actual volumetric flow rates (Qa)

to meet the requirements of section 8.1 of this

appendix. The general procedure given here

serves to illustrate the steps involved in the

calibration. Consult the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual and

reference 2 of section 12.0 of this appendix

for specific guidance on calibration.

Reference 14 of section 12.0 of this appendix

provides additional information on various

other measures of flow rate and their

interrelationships.

8.2.2 Calibrate the flow rate transfer

standard against a primary flow or volume

standard traceable to NIST. Establish a

calibration relationship, e.g., an equation or

family of curves, such that traceability to the

primary standard is accurate to within 2

percent over the expected range of ambient

conditions, i.e., temperatures and pressures,

under which the transfer standard will be

used. Recalibrate the transfer standard

periodically.

8.2.3 Following the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual, remove

the sampler inlet and connect the flow rate

transfer standard to the sampler such that the

transfer standard accurately measures the

sampler’s flow rate. Make sure there are no

leaks between the transfer standard and the

sampler.

8.2.4 Choose a minimum of three flow

rates (actual m3/min), spaced over the

acceptable flow rate range specified for the

inlet, under section 7.1.2 of the appendix,

that can be obtained by suitable adjustment

of the sampler flow rate. In accordance with

the sampler manufacturer’s instruction

manual, obtain or verify the calibration

relationship between the flow rate (actual

m3/min) as indicated by the transfer standard

and the sampler’s flow indicator response.

Record the ambient temperature and

barometric pressure. Temperature and

pressure corrections to subsequent flow

indicator readings may be required for

certain types of flow measurement devices.

When such corrections are necessary,

correction on an individual or daily basis is

preferable. However, seasonal average

temperature and average barometric pressure

for the sampling site may be incorporated

into the sampler calibration to avoid daily

corrections. Consult the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual and

reference 2 in section 12.0 of this appendix

for additional guidance.

8.2.5 Following calibration, verify that

the sampler is operating at its design flow

rate (actual m3/min) with a clean filter in

place.

8.2.6 Replace the sampler inlet.

9.0 Procedure.

9.1 The sampler shall be operated in

accordance with the specific guidance

provided in the sampler manufacturer’s

instruction manual and in reference 2 in

section 12.0 of this appendix. The general

procedure given here assumes that the

sampler’s flow rate calibration is based on

flow rates at ambient conditions (Qa) and

serves to illustrate the steps involved in the

operation of a PM10 sampler.

9.2 Inspect each filter for pinholes,

particles, and other imperfections. Establish

a filter information record and assign an

identification number to each filter.

9.3 Equilibrate each filter in the

conditioning environment (see 7.4) for at

least 24 hours.

9.4 Following equilibration, weigh each

filter and record the presampling weight with

the filter identification number.

9.5 Install a preweighed filter in the

sampler following the instructions provided

in the sampler manufacturer’s instruction

manual.

9.6 (a) Turn on the sampler and allow it

to establish run-temperature conditions.

Record the flow indicator reading and, if

needed, the ambient temperature and

barometric pressure. Determine the sampler

flow rate (actual m3/min) in accordance with

the instructions provided in the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual.

(b) Note: No onsite temperature or pressure

measurements are necessary if the sampler’s

flow indicator does not require temperature

or pressure corrections or if seasonal average

temperature and average barometric pressure

for the sampling site are incorporated into
Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 138 / Friday, July 18, 1997 / Rules and Regulations 38755

the sampler calibration, under section 8.2.4

of this appendix. If individual or daily

temperature and pressure corrections are

required, ambient temperature and

barometric pressure can be obtained by onsite measurements or from a nearby weather

station. Barometric pressure readings

obtained from airports must be station

pressure, not corrected to sea level, and may

need to be corrected for differences in

elevation between the sampling site and the

airport.

9.7 If the flow rate is outside the

acceptable range specified by the

manufacturer, check for leaks, and if

necessary, adjust the flow rate to the

specified setpoint. Stop the sampler.

9.8 Set the timer to start and stop the

sampler at appropriate times. Set the elapsed

time meter to zero or record the initial meter

reading.

9.9 Record the sample information (site

location or identification number, sample

date, filter identification number, and

sampler model and serial number).

9.10 Sample for 24±1 hours.

9.11 Determine and record the average

flow rate (Q ̄ a) in actual m3/min for the

sampling period in accordance with the

instructions provided in the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual. Record

the elapsed time meter final reading and, if

needed, the average ambient temperature and

barometric pressure for the sampling period,

in note following section 9.6 of this

appendix.

9.12 Carefully remove the filter from the

sampler, following the sampler

manufacturer’s instruction manual. Touch

only the outer edges of the filter.

9.13 Place the filter in a protective holder

or container, e.g., petri dish, glassine

envelope, or manila folder.

9.14 Record any factors such as

meteorological conditions, construction

activity, fires or dust storms, etc., that might

be pertinent to the measurement on the filter

information record.

9.15 Transport the exposed sample filter

to the filter conditioning environment as

soon as possible for equilibration and

subsequent weighing.

9.16 Equilibrate the exposed filter in the

conditioning environment for at least 24

hours under the same temperature and

humidity conditions used for presampling

filter equilibration (see section 9.3 of this

appendix).

9.17 Immediately after equilibration,

reweigh the filter and record the

postsampling weight with the filter

identification number.

10.0 Sampler Maintenance.

10.1 The PM10 sampler shall be

maintained in strict accordance with the

maintenance procedures specified in the

sampler manufacturer’s instruction manual.

11.0 Calculations.

11.1 Calculate the total volume of air

sampled as:

V = Qat

where:

V = total air sampled, at ambient temperature

and pressure,m3;

Qa = average sample flow rate at ambient

temperature and pressure, m3/min; and

t = sampling time, min.

11.2 (a) Calculate the PM10 concentration

as:

PM10 = (Wf¥Wi)×106/V

where:

PM10 = mass concentration of PM10, μg/m3;

Wf, Wi = final and initial weights of filter

collecting PM1O particles, g; and

106 = conversion of g to μg.

(b) Note: If more than one size fraction in

the PM10 size range is collected by the

sampler, the sum of the net weight gain by

each collection filter [Σ(Wf¥Wi)] is used to

calculate the PM10 mass concentration.

12.0 References.

1. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume I,

Principles. EPA–600/9–76–005, March 1976.

Available from CERI, ORD Publications, U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West

St. Clair Street, Cincinnati, OH 45268.

2. Quality Assurance Handbook for Air

Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume II,

Ambient Air Specific Methods. EPA–600/4–

77–027a, May 1977. Available from CERI,

ORD Publications, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, 26 West St. Clair Street,

Cincinnati, OH 45268.

3. Clement, R.E., and F.W. Karasek. Sample

Composition Changes in Sampling and

Analysis of Organic Compounds in Aerosols.

Int. J. Environ. Analyt. Chem., 7:109, 1979.

4. Lee, R.E., Jr., and J. Wagman. A

Sampling Anomaly in the Determination of

Atmospheric Sulfate Concentration. Amer.

Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 27:266, 1966.

5. Appel, B.R., S.M. Wall, Y. Tokiwa, and

M. Haik. Interference Effects in Sampling

Particulate Nitrate in Ambient Air. Atmos.

Environ., 13:319, 1979.

6. Coutant, R.W. Effect of Environmental

Variables on Collection of Atmospheric

Sulfate. Environ. Sci. Technol., 11:873, 1977.

7. Spicer, C.W., and P. Schumacher.

Interference in Sampling Atmospheric

Particulate Nitrate. Atmos. Environ., 11:873,

1977.

8. Appel, B.R., Y. Tokiwa, and M. Haik.

Sampling of Nitrates in Ambient Air. Atmos.

Environ., 15:283, 1981.

9. Spicer, C.W., and P.M. Schumacher.

Particulate Nitrate: Laboratory and Field

Studies of Major Sampling Interferences.

Atmos. Environ., 13:543, 1979.

10. Appel, B.R. Letter to Larry Purdue, U.S.

EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support

Laboratory. March 18, 1982, Docket No. A–

82–37, II–I–1.

11. Pierson, W.R., W.W. Brachaczek, T.J.

Korniski, T.J. Truex, and J.W. Butler. Artifact

Formation of Sulfate, Nitrate, and Hydrogen

Ion on Backup Filters: Allegheny Mountain

Experiment. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc.,

30:30, 1980.

12. Dunwoody, C.L. Rapid Nitrate Loss

From PM10 Filters. J. Air Pollut. Control

Assoc., 36:817, 1986.

13. Harrell, R.M. Measuring the Alkalinity

of Hi-Vol Air Filters. EMSL/RTP–SOP–QAD–

534, October 1985. Available from the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, EMSL/

QAD, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.

14. Smith, F., P.S. Wohlschlegel, R.S.C.

Rogers, and D.J. Mulligan. Investigation of

Flow Rate Calibration Procedures Associated

With the High Volume Method for

Determination of Suspended Particulates.

EPA–600/4–78–047, U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,

NC 27711, 1978.

8. Appendix N is added to read as

follows:

Appendix N to Part 50—Interpretation

of the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards for Particulate Matter

1.0 General.

(a) This appendix explains the data

handling conventions and computations

necessary for determining when the annual

and 24-hour primary and secondary national

ambient air quality standards for PM

specified in § 50.7 of this chapter are met.

Particulate matter is measured in the ambient

air as PM10 and PM2.5 (particles with an

aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to

a nominal 10 and 2.5 micrometers,

respectively) by a reference method based on

Appendix M of this part for PM10 and on

Appendix L of this part for PM2.5, as

applicable, and designated in accordance

with part 53 of this chapter, or by an

equivalent method designated in accordance

with part 53 of this chapter. Data handling

and computation procedures to be used in

making comparisons between reported PM10

and PM2.5 concentrations and the levels of

the PM standards are specified in the

following sections.

(b) Data resulting from uncontrollable or

natural events, for example structural fires or

high winds, may require special

consideration. In some cases, it may be

appropriate to exclude these data because

they could result in inappropriate values to

compare with the levels of the PM standards.

In other cases, it may be more appropriate to

retain the data for comparison with the level

of the PM standards and then allow the EPA

to formulate the appropriate regulatory

response. Whether to exclude, retain, or

make adjustments to the data affected by

uncontrollable or natural events is subject to

the approval of the appropriate Regional

Administrator.

(c) The terms used in this appendix are

defined as follows:

Average and mean refer to an arithmetic

mean.

Daily value for PM refers to the 24-hour

average concentration of PM calculated or

measured from midnight to midnight (local

time) for PM10 or PM2.5.

Designated monitors are those monitoring

sites designated in a State PM Monitoring

Network Description for spatial averaging in

areas opting for spatial averaging in

accordance with part 58 of this chapter.

98th percentile (used for PM2.5) means the

daily value out of a year of monitoring data

below which 98 percent of all values in the

group fall.
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99th percentile (used for PM10) means the

daily value out of a year of monitoring data

below which 99 percent of all values in the

group fall.

Year refers to a calendar year.

(d) Sections 2.1 and 2.5 of this appendix

contain data handling instructions for the

option of using a spatially averaged network

of monitors for the annual standard. If spatial

averaging is not considered for an area, then

the spatial average is equivalent to the annual

average of a single site and is treated

accordingly in subsequent calculations. For

example, paragraph (a)(3) of section 2.1 of

this appendix could be eliminated since the

spatial average would be equivalent to the

annual average.

2.0 Comparisons with the PM2.5 Standards.

2.1 Annual PM2.5 Standard.

(a) The annual PM2.5 standard is met when

the 3-year average of the spatially averaged

annual means is less than or equal to 15.0 μg/

m3. The 3-year average of the spatially

averaged annual means is determined by

averaging quarterly means at each monitor to

obtain the annual mean PM2.5 concentrations

at each monitor, then averaging across all

designated monitors, and finally averaging

for 3 consecutive years. The steps can be

summarized as follows:

(1) Average 24-hour measurements to

obtain quarterly means at each monitor.

(2) Average quarterly means to obtain

annual means at each monitor.

(3) Average across designated monitoring

sites to obtain an annual spatial mean for an

area (this can be one site in which case the

spatial mean is equal to the annual mean).

(4) Average 3 years of annual spatial means

to obtain a 3-year average of spatially

averaged annual means.

(b) In the case of spatial averaging, 3 years

of spatial averages are required to

demonstrate that the standard has been met.

Designated sites with less than 3 years of data

shall be included in spatial averages for those

years that data completeness requirements

are met. For the annual PM2.5 standard, a year

meets data completeness requirements when

at least 75 percent of the scheduled sampling

days for each quarter have valid data.

However, years with high concentrations and

more than a minimal amount of data (at least

11 samples in each quarter) shall not be

ignored just because they are comprised of

quarters with less than complete data. Thus,

in computing annual spatially averaged

means, years containing quarters with at least

11 samples but less than 75 percent data

completeness shall be included in the

computation if the resulting spatially

averaged annual mean concentration

(rounded according to the conventions of

section 2.3 of this appendix) is greater than

the level of the standard.

(c) Situations may arise in which there are

compelling reasons to retain years containing

quarters which do not meet the data

completeness requirement of 75 percent or

the minimum number of 11 samples. The use

of less than complete data is subject to the

approval of the appropriate Regional

Administrator.

(d) The equations for calculating the 3-year

average annual mean of the PM2.5 standard

are given in section 2.5 of this appendix.

2.2 24-Hour PM2.5 Standard.

(a) The 24-hour PM2.5 standard is met

when the 3-year average of the 98th percentile

values at each monitoring site is less than or

equal to 65 μg/m3. This comparison shall be

based on 3 consecutive, complete years of air

quality data. A year meets data completeness

requirements when at least 75 percent of the

scheduled sampling days for each quarter

have valid data. However, years with high

concentrations shall not be ignored just

because they are comprised of quarters with

less than complete data. Thus, in computing

the 3-year average 98th percentile value, years

containing quarters with less than 75 percent

data completeness shall be included in the

computation if the annual 98th percentile

value (rounded according to the conventions

of section 2.3 of this appendix) is greater than

the level of the standard.

(b) Situations may arise in which there are

compelling reasons to retain years containing

quarters which do not meet the data

completeness requirement. The use of less

than complete data is subject to the approval

of the appropriate Regional Administrator.

(c) The equations for calculating the 3-year

average of the annual 98th percentile values

is given in section 2.6 of this appendix.

2.3 Rounding Conventions. For the

purposes of comparing calculated values to

the applicable level of the standard, it is

necessary to round the final results of the

calculations described in sections 2.5 and 2.6

of this appendix. For the annual PM2.5

standard, the 3-year average of the spatially

averaged annual means shall be rounded to

the nearest 0.1 μg/m3 (decimals 0.05 and

greater are rounded up to the next 0.1, and

any decimal lower than 0.05 is rounded

down to the nearest 0.1). For the 24-hour

PM2.5 standard, the 3-year average of the

annual 98th percentile values shall be

rounded to the nearest 1 μg/m3 (decimals 0.5

and greater are rounded up to nearest whole

number, and any decimal lower than 0.5 is

rounded down to the nearest whole number).

2.4 Monitoring Considerations.

(a) Section 58.13 of this chapter specifies

the required minimum frequency of sampling

for PM2.5. Exceptions to the specified

sampling frequencies, such as a reduced

frequency during a season of expected low

concentrations, are subject to the approval of

the appropriate Regional Administrator.

Section 58.14 of 40 CFR part 58 and section

2.8 of Appendix D of 40 CFR part 58, specify

which monitors are eligible for making

comparisons with the PM standards. In

determining a spatial mean using two or

more monitoring sites operating in a given

year, the annual mean for an individual site

may be included in the spatial mean if and

only if the mean for that site meets the

criterion specified in § 2.8 of Appendix D of

40 CFR part 58. In the event data from an

otherwise eligible site is excluded from being

averaged with data from other sites on the

basis of this criterion, then the 3-year mean

from that site shall be compared directly to

the annual standard.

(b) For the annual PM2.5 standard, when

designated monitors are located at the same

site and are reporting PM2.5 values for the

same time periods, and when spatial

averaging has been chosen, their

concentrations shall be averaged before an

area-wide spatial average is calculated. Such

monitors will then be considered as one

monitor.

2.5 Equations for the Annual PM2.5

Standard.

(a) An annual mean value for PM2.5 is

determined by first averaging the daily values

of a calendar quarter:

Equation 1

x n q y s x

q

i q y s

i

nq

, , , , , =

=

∑1

1

where:

x ̄ q,y,s = the mean for quarter q of year y for

site s;

nq = the number of monitored values in the

quarter; and

xi,q,y,s = the ith value in quarter q for year y

for site s.

(b) The following equation is then to be

used for calculation of the annual mean:

Equation 2

x x y s q y s

q

, , , =

=

∑1

4 1

4

where:

x ̄ y,s = the annual mean concentration for year

y (y = 1, 2, or 3) and for site s; and

x ̄ q,y,s = the mean for quarter q of year y for

site s.

(c) (1) The spatially averaged annual mean

for year y is computed by first calculating the

annual mean for each site designated to be

included in a spatial average, x ̄ y,s, and then

computing the average of these values across

sites:

Equation 3

x n y x

s

y s

s

ns

=

=

∑1

1

,

where:

x ̄ y = the spatially averaged mean for year y;

x ̄ y,s = the annual mean for year y and site s;

and

ns = the number of sites designated to be

averaged.

(2) In the event that an area designated for

spatial averaging has two or more sites at the

same location producing data for the same

time periods, the sites are averaged together

before using Equation 3 by:

Equation 4

x n y s* x

c

y s

s

nc

, , =

=

∑1

1

where:

x ̄ y,s* = the annual mean for year y for the sites

at the same location (which will now be

considered one site);
Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 138 / Friday, July 18, 1997 / Rules and Regulations 38757

nc = the number of sites at the same location

designated to be included in the spatial

average; and

x ̄ y,s = the annual mean for year y and site s.

(d) The 3-year average of the spatially

averaged annual means is calculated by using

the following equation:

Equation 5

x xy

y

=

=

∑

1

3 1

3

where:

x ̄ = the 3-year average of the spatially

averaged annual means; and

x ̄ y = the spatially averaged annual mean for

year y.

Example 1—Area Designated for Spatial

Averaging That Meets the Primary Annual

PM2.5 Standard.

a. In an area designated for spatial

averaging, four designated monitors recorded

data in at least 1 year of a particular 3-year

period. Using Equations 1 and 2, the annual

means for PM2.5 at each site are calculated for

each year. The following table can be created

from the results. Data completeness

percentages for the quarter with the fewest

number of samples are also shown.

Table 1.—Results from Equations 1 and 2

Site #1 Site #2 Site #3 Site #4 Spatial mean

Year 1 .............................. Annual mean (μg/m3) ....................... 12.7 ...................... ...................... ...................... 12.7

% data completeness ....................... 80 0 0 0 ......................

Year 2 .............................. Annual mean (μg/m3) ....................... 12.6 17.5 15.2 ...................... 15.05

% data completeness ....................... 90 63 38 0 ......................

Year 3 .............................. Annual mean (μg/m3) ....................... 12.5 18.5 14.1 16.9 15.50

% data completeness ....................... 90 80 85 50 ......................

3-year mean ..................... ........................................................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... 14.42

b. The data from these sites are averaged

in the order described in section 2.1 of this

appendix. Note that the annual mean from

site #3 in year 2 and the annual mean from

site #4 in year 3 do not meet the 75 percent

data completeness criteria. Assuming the 38

percent data completeness represents a

quarter with fewer than 11 samples, site #3

in year 2 does not meet the minimum data

completeness requirement of 11 samples in

each quarter. The site is therefore excluded

from the calculation of the spatial mean for

year 2. However, since the spatial mean for

year 3 is above the level of the standard and

the minimum data requirement of 11 samples

in each quarter has been met, the annual

mean from site #4 in year 3 is included in

the calculation of the spatial mean for year

3 and in the calculation of the 3-year average.

The 3-year average is rounded to 14.4 μg/m3,

indicating that this area meets the annual

PM2.5 standard.

Example 2—Area With Two Monitors at the

Same Location That Meets the Primary

Annual PM2.5 Standard.

a. In an area designated for spatial

averaging, six designated monitors, with two

monitors at the same location (#5 and #6),

recorded data in a particular 3-year period.

Using Equations 1 and 2, the annual means

for PM2.5 are calculated for each year. The

following table can be created from the

results.

Table 2.—Results From Equations 1 and 2

Annual mean (μg/m3) Site #1 Site #2 Site #3 Site #4 Site #5 Site #6 Average of

#5 and #6

Spatial

mean

Year 1 .................................... 12.9 9.9 12.6 11.1 14.5 14.6 14.55 12.21

Year 2 .................................... 14.5 13.3 12.2 10.9 16.1 16.0 16.05 13.39

Year 3 .................................... 14.4 12.4 11.5 9.7 12.3 12.1 12.20 12.04

3-Year mean .......................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................... .................. 12.55

b. The annual means for sites #5 and #6 are

averaged together using Equation 4 before the

spatial average is calculated using Equation

3 since they are in the same location. The 3-

year mean is rounded to 12.6 μg/m3,

indicating that this area meets the annual

PM2.5 standard.

Example 3—Area With a Single Monitor That

Meets the Primary Annual PM2.5 Standard.

a. Given data from a single monitor in an

area, the calculations are as follows. Using

Equations 1 and 2, the annual means for

PM2.5 are calculated for each year. If the

annual means are 10.28, 17.38, and 12.25 μg/

m3, then the 3-year mean is:

x g m = × = (1/ 3) (10.28 +17.38 +12.25) 13.303 μ / . 3

b. This value is rounded to 13.3, indicating

that this area meets the annual PM2.5

standard.

2.6 Equations for the 24-Hour PM2.5

Standard.

(a) When the data for a particular site and

year meet the data completeness

requirements in section 2.2 of this appendix,

calculation of the 98th percentile is

accomplished by the following steps. All the

daily values from a particular site and year

comprise a series of values (x1, x2, x3, ..., xn),

that can be sorted into a series where each

number is equal to or larger than the

preceding number (x[1], x[2], x[3], ..., x[n]). In

this case, x[1] is the smallest number and x[n]

is the largest value. The 98th percentile is

found from the sorted series of daily values

which is ordered from the lowest to the

highest number. Compute (0.98) × (n) as the

number ‘‘i.d’’, where ‘‘i’’ is the integer part

of the result and ‘‘d’’ is the decimal part of

the result. The 98th percentile value for year

y, P0.98, y, is given by Equation 6:

Equation 6

P X 0 98 . ,y i 1 = [ ] +

where:

P0.98,y = 98th percentile for year y;

x[i∂1] = the (i+1)th number in the ordered

series of numbers; and

i = the integer part of the product of 0.98 and

n.
38758 Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 138 / Friday, July 18, 1997 / Rules and Regulations

(b) The 3-year average 98th percentile is

then calculated by averaging the annual 98th

percentiles:

Equation 7

P

P y

y

0 98

0 98

1

3

3 .

. ,

= =

∑

(c) The 3-year average 98th percentile is

rounded according to the conventions in

section 2.3 of this appendix before a

comparison with the standard is made.

Example 4—Ambient Monitoring Site With

Every-Day Sampling That Meets the Primary

24-Hour PM2.5 Standard.

a. In each year of a particular 3 year period,

varying numbers of daily PM2.5 values (e.g.,

281, 304, and 296) out of a possible 365

values were recorded at a particular site with

the following ranked values (in μg/m3):

Table 3.—Ordered Monitoring Data For 3 Years

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

j rank Xj value j rank Xj value j rank Xj value

275 57.9 296 54.3 290 66.0

276 59.0 297 57.1 291 68.4

277 62.2 298 63.0 292 69.8

b. Using Equation 6, the 98th percentile

values for each year are calculated as follows:

0 98 281 1 276 59 0 0 98 1 276

3 . . / . , 275.38 × = ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ

0 98 304 1 298 63 0 0 98 2 298

3 . . / . , 297.92 × = ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ

0 98 296 1 291 68 0 98 3 291

3 . .4 / . , 290.07 × = ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ

c. 1. Using Equation 7, the 3-year average

98th percentile is calculated as follows:

P g m g m 0 98

59 0 63 0 68 3 3

3 . 63 . . .4 = .46 / / + + = μ μ , which rounds to 63 .

2. Therefore, this site meets the 24-hour

PM2.5 standard.

3.0 Comparisons with the PM10 Standards.

3.1 Annual PM10 Standard.

(a) The annual PM10 standard is met when

the 3-year average of the annual mean PM10

concentrations at each monitoring site is less

than or equal to 50 μg/m3. The 3-year average

of the annual means is determined by

averaging quarterly means to obtain annual

mean PM10 concentrations for 3 consecutive,

complete years at each monitoring site. The

steps can be summarized as follows:

(1) Average 24-hour measurements to

obtain a quarterly mean.

(2) Average quarterly means to obtain an

annual mean.

(3) Average annual means to obtain a 3-

year mean.

(b) For the annual PM10 standard, a year

meets data completeness requirements when

at least 75 percent of the scheduled sampling

days for each quarter have valid data.

However, years with high concentrations and

more than a minimal amount of data (at least

11 samples in each quarter) shall not be

ignored just because they are comprised of

quarters with less than complete data. Thus,

in computing the 3-year average annual mean

concentration, years containing quarters with

at least 11 samples but less than 75 percent

data completeness shall be included in the

computation if the annual mean

concentration (rounded according to the

conventions of section 2.3 of this appendix)

is greater than the level of the standard.

(c) Situations may arise in which there are

compelling reasons to retain years containing

quarters which do not meet the data

completeness requirement of 75 percent or

the minimum number of 11 samples. The use

of less than complete data is subject to the

approval of the appropriate Regional

Administrator.

(d) The equations for calculating the 3-year

average annual mean of the PM10 standard

are given in section 3.5 of this appendix.

3.2 24-Hour PM10 Standard.

(a) The 24-hour PM10 standard is met when

the 3-year average of the annual 99th

percentile values at each monitoring site is

less than or equal to 150 μg/m3. This

comparison shall be based on 3 consecutive,

complete years of air quality data. A year

meets data completeness requirements when

at least 75 percent of the scheduled sampling

days for each quarter have valid data.

However, years with high concentrations

shall not be ignored just because they are

comprised of quarters with less than

complete data. Thus, in computing the 3-year

average of the annual 99th percentile values,

years containing quarters with less than 75

percent data completeness shall be included

in the computation if the annual 99th

percentile value (rounded according to the

conventions of section 2.3 of this appendix)

is greater than the level of the standard.

(b) Situations may arise in which there are

compelling reasons to retain years containing

quarters which do not meet the data

completeness requirement. The use of less

than complete data is subject to the approval

of the appropriate Regional Administrator.

(c) The equation for calculating the 3-year

average of the annual 99th percentile values

is given in section 2.6 of this appendix.

3.3 Rounding Conventions. For the annual

PM10 standard, the 3-year average of the

annual PM10 means shall be rounded to the

nearest 1 μg/m3 (decimals 0.5 and greater are
Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 138 / Friday, July 18, 1997 / Rules and Regulations 38759

rounded up to the next whole number, and

any decimal less than 0.5 is rounded down

to the nearest whole number). For the 24-

hour PM10 standard, the 3-year average of the

annual 99th percentile values of PM10 shall be

rounded to the nearest 10 μg/m3 (155 μg/m3

and greater would be rounded to 160 μg/m3

and 154 μg/m3 and less would be rounded to

150 μg/m3).

3.4 Monitoring Considerations. Section

58.13 of this chapter specifies the required

minimum frequency of sampling for PM10.

Exceptions to the specified sampling

frequencies, such as a reduced frequency

during a season of expected low

concentrations, are subject to the approval of

the appropriate Regional Administrator. For

making comparisons with the PM10 NAAQS,

all sites meeting applicable requirements in

part 58 of this chapter would be used.

3.5 Equations for the Annual PM10

Standard.

(a) An annual arithmetic mean value for

PM10 is determined by first averaging the 24-

hour values of a calendar quarter using the

following equation:

Equation 8

x n x q y

q

i q y

i

nq

, , , =

=

∑1

1

where:

x ̄ q,y = the mean for quarter q of year y;

nq = the number of monitored values in the

quarter; and

xi,q,y = the ith value in quarter q for year y.

(b) The following equation is then to be

used for calculation of the annual mean:

Equation 9

x x y q y

q

=

=

∑1

4 1

4

,

where:

x ̄ y = the annual mean concentration for year

y, (y=1, 2, or 3); and

xq,y = the mean for a quarter q of year y.

(c) The 3-year average of the annual means

is calculated by using the following equation:

Equation 10

x xy

y

=

=

∑

1

3 1

3

where:

x ̄ = the 3-year average of the annual means;

and

x ̄ y = the annual mean for calendar year y.

Example 5—Ambient Monitoring Site That

Does Not Meet the Annual PM10 Standard.

a. Given data from a PM10 monitor and

using Equations 8 and 9, the annual means

for PM10 are calculated for each year. If the

annual means are 52.42, 82.17, and 63.23 μg/

m3, then the 3-year average annual mean is:

x g m = × + + = (1/ 3) (52.42 82.17 63.23) 65.94, which is rounded to 66 μ / . 3

b. Therefore, this site does not meet the

annual PM10 standard.

3.6 Equation for the 24-Hour PM10

Standard.

(a) When the data for a particular site and

year meet the data completeness

requirements in section 3.2 of this appendix,

calculation of the 99th percentile is

accomplished by the following steps. All the

daily values from a particular site and year

comprise a series of values (x1, x2, x3, ..., xn)

that can be sorted into a series where each

number is equal to or larger than the

preceding number (x[1], x[2], x[3], ..., x[n]). In

this case, x[1] is the smallest number and x[n]

is the largest value. The 99th percentile is

found from the sorted series of daily values

which is ordered from the lowest to the

highest number. Compute (0.99) × (n) as the

number ‘‘i.d’’, where ‘‘i’’ is the integer part

of the result and ‘‘d’’ is the decimal part of

the result. The 99th percentile value for year

y, P0.99,y, is given by Equation 11:

Equation 11

P X 0 99 . ,y i 1 = [ ] +

where:

P0.99,y = the 99th percentile for year y;

x[i∂1] = the (i+1)th number in the ordered

series of numbers; and

i = the integer part of the product of 0.99 and

n.

(b) The 3-year average 99th percentile value

is then calculated by averaging the annual

99th percentiles:

Equation 12

P

P y

y

0 99

0 99

1

3

3 .

. ,

= =

∑

(c) The 3-year average 99th percentile is

rounded according to the conventions in

section 3.3 of this appendix before a

comparison with the standard is made.

Example 6—Ambient Monitoring Site With

Sampling Every Sixth Day That Meets the

Primary 24-Hour PM10 Standard.

a. In each year of a particular 3 year period,

varying numbers of PM10 daily values (e.g.,

110, 98, and 100) out of a possible 121 daily

values were recorded at a particular site with

the following ranked values (in μg/m3):

Table 4.—Ordered Monitoring Data For 3 Years

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

j rank Xj value j rank Xj value j rank Xj value

108 120 96 143 98 140

109 128 97 148 99 144

110 130 98 150 100 147

b. Using Equation 11, the 99th percentile

values for each year are calculated as follows:

0 99 1 109 128 0 99 1 109

3 . / . , 110 = 108.9 × ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ

0 99 1 98 150 0 99 2 98

3 . / . , 98 = 97.02 × ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ
38760 Federal Register / Vol. 62, No. 138 / Friday, July 18, 1997 / Rules and Regulations

0 99 1 100 147 0 99 3 100

3 . / . , 100 = 99 × ⇒ + = ⇒ = = [ ] i P X g m μ

c. 1. Using Equation 12, the 3-year average

99th percentile is calculated as follows:

128 50 147

3

141 7 140 + + 3 3 = . / / rounds to . μ μ g m g m

2. Therefore, this site meets the 24-hour

PM10 standard.

[FR Doc. 97–18577 Filed 7–17–97; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6560–50–F
Wednesday,

January 5, 2005

Part II

Environmental 

Protection Agency

40 CFR Part 81

Air Quality Designations and 

Classifications for the Fine Particles 

(PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards; Final Rule

944 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 81

[OAR–2003–0061; FRL–7856–1] 

RIN–2060–AM04

Air Quality Designations and 

Classifications for the Fine Particles 

(PM2.5) National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule.

SUMMARY: This rule sets forth the initial 

air quality designations and 

classifications for all areas in the United 

States, including Indian country, for the 

fine particles (PM2.5) National Ambient 

Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The 

EPA is issuing this rule so that citizens 

will know whether the air quality where 

they live and work is healthful or 

unhealthful. Health studies have shown 

significant associations between 

exposure to PM2.5 and premature death 

from heart or lung disease. Fine 

particles can also aggravate heart and 

lung diseases and have been linked to 

effects such as cardiovascular 

symptoms, cardiac arrhythmias, heart 

attacks, respiratory symptoms, asthma 

attacks, and bronchitis. These effects 

can result in increased hospital 

emissions, emergency room visits, 

absences from school or work, and 

restricted activity days. 

Individuals that may be particularly 

sensitive to PM2.5 exposure include 

people with heart or lung disease, older 

adults, and children. This rule 

establishes the boundaries for areas 

designated as nonattainment, 

unclassifiable, or attainment/

unclassifiable. This rule does not 

establish or address State and Tribal 

obligations for planning and control 

requirements that apply to 

nonattainment areas for the PM2.5 

standards. The EPA will publish a 

separate rule which will set forth the 

planning and control requirements that 

apply to nonattainment areas for the 

PM2.5 standards.

DATES: The effective date of this rule is 

April 5, 2005.

ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a 

docket for this action under Docket ID 

NO. OAR–2003–0061. All documents in 

the docket are listed in the EDOCKET 

index at http://www.epa.gov/edocket. 

Although listed in the index, some 

information is not publicly available 

i.e., Confidential Business Information 

(CBI) or other information whose 

disclosure is restricted by statute. 

Certain other material, such as 

copyrighted material, is not placed on 

the Internet and will be publicly 

available only in hard copy form. 

Publicly available docket materials are 

available either electronically in the 

EDOCKET or in hard copy at the Docket, 

EPA/DC, EPA West, Room B102, 1301 

Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, 

DC. The Public Reading Room is open 

from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday 

through Friday, excluding legal 

holidays. The telephone number for the 

Public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744, 

and the telephone number for the Office 

of Air and Radiation Docket and 

Information Center is (202) 566–1742. In 

addition, we have placed a copy of the 

rule and a variety of materials regarding 

designations on EPA’s designation Web 

site at: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/

particles/designations/index.htm and 

on the Tribal Web site at: http://www/

epa.gov/air/tribal.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Designations: Mr. Rich Damberg, Office 

of Air Quality Planning and Standards, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Mail Code C504–02, Research Triangle 

Park, NC 27711, phone number (919) 

541–5592 or by e-mail at: 

damberg.rich@epa.gov. 

Designations and Part 81 Code of 

Federal Regulations: Dr. Larry D. 

Wallace, Office of Air Quality Planning 

and Standards, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Mail Code C504–02, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 

phone number (919) 541–0906 or by email at: wallace.larry@epa.gov. 

Technical Issues Related to 

Designations: Mr. Thomas Rosendahl, 

Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Mail Code C504–02, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 

phone number (919) 541–5314 or by email at: rosendahl.tom@epa.gov. 

PM2.5 Air Quality Data Issues: Mr. 

Mark Schmidt, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Mail 

Code C304–01, Research Triangle Park, 

NC 27711, phone number (919) 541–

5314 or by e-mail at: 

schmidt.mark@epa.gov. 

Regional Office Contacts:

Region I—Alison Simcox (617) 918–

1684, 

Region II—Kenneth Fradkin (212) 

637–3702, 

Region III—Denny Lohman (215) 814–

2191, 

Region IV—Steve Scofield (404) 562–

9034, 

Region V—John Summerhays (312) 

886–6067, 

Region VI—Joe Kordzi (214) 665–

7186, 

Region VII—Amy Algoe-Eakin (913) 

551–7942, 

Region VIII—Libby Faulk (303) 312–

6083, 

Region IX—Eleanor Kaplan (415) 744–

1286, 

Region X—Keith Rose (206) 553–

1949.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The 

public may inspect the rule and the 

technical support information at the 

following locations:

Regional offices States 

Dave Conroy, Acting Branch Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA New 

England, I Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114–2023, 

(617) 918–1661.

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont. 

Raymond Werner, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region II, 290 

Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10007–1866, (212) 637–4249.

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. 

Makeba Morris, Branch Chief, Air Quality Planning Branch, EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103–2187, (215) 814–

2187.

Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and 

West Virginia. 

Richard A. Schutt, Chief, Regulatory Development Section, EPA Region IV, Sam Nun Atlanta Federal Center, 61 Forsyth, Street, SW, 

12th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 562–9033.

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, and Tennessee. 

Jay Bortzer, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region V, 77 West 

Jackson Street, Chicago, IL 60604, (312) 886–4447.

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 

Donna Ascenzi, Acting Associate Director, Air Programs, EPA Region 

VI, 1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX 75202, (214) 665–2725.

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. 

Joshua A. Tapp, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region VII, 901 

North 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101–2907, (913) 551–7606.

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 945

Regional offices States 

Richard R. Long, Director, Air and Radiation Program, EPA Region 

VIII, 999 18th, Suite 300, Denver, CO 80202, (303) 312–6005.

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. 

Steven Barhite, Air Planning Office, EPA Region IX, 75 Hawthorne 

Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, (415) 972–3980.

Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, and Nevada. 

Mahbubul Islam, Manager, State and Tribal Air Programs, EPA Region 

X, Office of Air, Waste, and Toxics, Mail Code OAQ–107, 1200 Sixth 

Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, (206) 553–6985.

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 

Table of Contents 

The following is an outline of the 

Preamble. 

I. Preamble Glossary of Terms and Acronyms 

II. What is the Purpose of this Document? 

III. What are Fine Particles? 

IV. What are the Health Concerns Addressed 

by the PM2.5 Standard? 

V. What is the Chronology of Events Leading 

Up to This Rule? 

VI. What are the Clean Air Act (CAA) 

Requirements for Air Quality 

Designations and What Action has EPA 

Taken to Meet These Requirements? 

VII. What Guidance Did EPA Issue and How 

Did EPA Apply the Statutory 

Requirements and Applicable Guidance 

To Determine Boundaries for the PM2.5 

NAAQS? 

VIII. Has EPA Used 2004 Air Quality Data? 

IX. How Do Designations Affect Indian 

Country? 

X. Where Can I Find Information Forming the 

Basis for This Rule and Exchanges 

Between EPA, States, and Tribes Related 

to This Rule? 

XI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination with Indian Tribal 

Governments 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children from Environmental Health and 

Safety Risks 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

I. National Technology Transfer 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) 

J. Congressional Review Act 

K. Judicial Review

I. Preamble Glossary of Terms and 

Acronyms 

The following are abbreviations of 

terms used in the preamble.

CAA Clean Air Act 

CFR Code of Federal Regulations 

CMAQ Congestion Mitigation Air 

Quality 

CMSA Consolidated Metropolitan 

Statistical Area 

D.C. District of Columbia 

EPA Environmental Protection Agency 

FR Federal Register 

MPO Metropolitan Planning 

Organizations 

MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area 

NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard 

NOX Nitrogen Oxides 

NOA Notice of Availability 

NPR Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 

NSR New Source Review 

OMB Office of Management and 

Budget 

RTC Response to Comment 

SIP State Implementation Plan 

TAR Tribal Authority Rule 

TEA–21 Transportation Equity Act for 

the 21st Century 

TPY Tons Per Year 

TSD Technical Support Document 

U.S. United States 

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

II. What Is the Purpose of This 

Document? 

The purpose of this document is to 

announce and promulgate designations 

and boundaries for areas of the country 

with respect to the PM2.5 NAAQS in 

accordance with the requirements of the 

CAA. The list of areas in each State, the 

boundaries of each area, and the 

designation of each area, appear in the 

table at the end of this final rule. This 

rule was signed by the EPA 

Administrator, Mike Leavitt, on 

December 17, 2004. Several steps were 

taken to announce that this rule is 

available. We posted the notice on 

several EPA Web sites and provided a 

copy of the rule to States and Tribes. 

III. What Are Fine Particles? 

Fine particles in the atmosphere are 

made up of a complex mixture of 

components. Common constituents 

include: sulfate (SO4); nitrate (NO3); 

ammonium (NH4); elemental carbon; a 

great variety of organic compounds; 

water; and inorganic material (including 

metals, dust, sea salt, and other trace 

elements), which often is categorized as 

‘‘crustal’’ material. Airborne particles 

with a nominal aerodynamic diameter 

of 2.5 micrometers or less (a micrometer 

is one-millionth of a meter; 2.5 

micrometers is less than about onethirtieth the thickness of a human hair) 

are considered to be ‘‘fine particles,’’

and are also known as PM2.5. 

‘‘Primary’’ particles are emitted directly 

into the air as a solid or liquid particle 

(e.g., elemental carbon and organic 

particles from diesel engines or burning 

activities). ‘‘Secondary’’ particles (e.g., 

sulfate and nitrate) form in the 

atmosphere as a result of various 

chemical transformations of gaseous 

precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) 

and oxides of nitrogen (NOX). 

IV. What Are the Health Concerns 

Addressed by the PM2.5 Standard? 

Epidemiological studies have shown a 

significant association between elevated 

PM2.5 levels and a number of serious 

health effects, including premature 

mortality, aggravation of respiratory and 

cardiovascular disease (as indicated by 

increased hospital admissions, 

emergency room visits, absences from 

school or work, and restricted activity 

days), lung disease, decreased lung 

function, asthma attacks, and certain 

cardiovascular problems such as heart 

attacks and cardiac arrhythmia. 

Individuals particularly sensitive to 

PM2.5 exposure include older adults, 

people with heart and lung disease, and 

children. 

More information on the health effects 

of PM2.5 can be found at the following 

Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/

naaqs/pm/pm25_index.html. 

V. What Is the Chronology of Events 

Leading Up to This Rule? 

This section summarizes the relevant 

activities leading up to today’s action, 

including promulgation of the PM2.5 

NAAQS and litigation challenging that 

standard. The CAA establishes a process 

for air quality management through the 

establishment and implementation of 

the NAAQS. After the promulgation of 

a new or revised NAAQS, EPA is 

required to designate areas, pursuant to 

section 107(d)(1) of the CAA, as 

attainment, nonattainment, or 

unclassifiable. 

On July 18, 1997, EPA revised the 

NAAQS for particulate matter to add 

new standards for PM2.5, using PM2.5 

as the indicator for the pollutant. The 

EPA established health-based (primary) 

annual and 24-hour standards for PM2.5 

(62 FR 38652). The annual standard is 

a level of 15 micrograms per cubic 

meter, based on a 3-year average of 

annual mean PM2.5 concentrations. The

946 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

1See ‘‘Designations for the Fine Particle National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards.’’ memorandum to 

Regional Administrators, Regions I–X, from Jeffrey 

R. Holmstead, Assistant Administrator, OAR, dated 

April 1, 2003.

24-hour standard is a level 65 

micrograms per cubic meter, based on a 

3-year average of the 98th percentile of 

24-hour concentrations. The EPA 

established the standards based on 

significant evidence and numerous 

health studies demonstrating that 

serious health effects are associated 

with exposures to particulate matter. 

The PM2.5 NAAQS were challenged 

by numerous litigants and in May 1999, 

the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. 

Circuit issued a decision remanding, but 

not vacating, the standards. American 

Trucking Assoc. v. EPA, 175 F.3d 1027, 

1047–48, on rehearing 195 F.3d 4 (D.C. 

Cir., 1999). The EPA sought review of 

two aspects of that decision in the U.S. 

Supreme Court. The Supreme Court 

upheld the PM2.5 standards. EPA v. 

American Trucking Assoc., 531 U.S. 457 

(2001). In March 2002, the D.C. Circuit 

rejected all remaining challenges to the 

PM2.5 standards, American Trucking 

Assoc. v. EPA, 283 F.3d 355 (D.C. Cir., 

2002). Since final resolution of the 

litigation over the PM2.5 NAAQS, EPA 

has been acting to implement the 

standards. 

The process for designating areas 

following promulgation of a new or 

revised NAAQS is contained in section 

107(d)(1) of the CAA. In June 1998, 

Congress adopted the Transportation 

Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA–

21). Section 6102(c)(1)(d) of TEA–21 

amended section 107 of the CAA by 

extending the time period for EPA to 

initiate the designations process for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS until 3 calendar years of 

air quality data, measured at Federal 

Reference Method monitors, were 

gathered. The EPA and State air quality 

agencies initiated the monitoring 

process for the PM2.5 NAAQS in 1999, 

and deployed all air quality monitors by 

January 2001. The EPA is designating 

areas across the country for the PM2.5 

NAAQS based upon air quality 

monitoring data from these monitors for 

calendar years 2001–2003.

VI. What Are the Clean Air Act (CAA) 

Requirements for Air Quality 

Designations and What Action has EPA 

Taken to Meet These Requirements? 

This section summarizes the 

provisions of section 107(d)(1) of the 

CAA which governs the process that 

States and EPA must follow in order to 

recommend and promulgate 

designations. Following the 

promulgation of a new or revised 

standard, each State Governor or Tribal 

leader has an opportunity to 

recommend air quality designations, 

including the appropriate boundaries 

for areas, to EPA. By no later than 120 

days prior to promulgating designations, 

EPA is required to notify States or 

Tribes of any intended modifications to 

their boundaries that EPA deems 

necessary. States and Tribes then have 

an opportunity to provide a 

demonstration as to why the proposed 

modification indicated by EPA is 

inappropriate. Whether or not a State or 

Tribe provides a recommendation, EPA 

must promulgate the designation that it 

deems appropriate. 

In April 2003, EPA requested that 

States and Tribes submit their 

designation recommendations and 

supporting documentation to EPA by 

February 15, 2004. After receiving 

recommendations from the States and 

Tribes and carefully reviewing and 

evaluating each recommendation, EPA 

on June 28 and 29, 2004, provided a 

response to each State and Tribe 

indicating whether or not EPA intended 

to make modifications to the initial 

recommendations, and explaining EPA’s 

reasons for making any such 

modifications. The EPA provided an 

opportunity for States and Tribes to 

respond to any proposed modifications 

to their initial boundary 

recommendations until September 1, 

2004. In response to our June 28 and 29, 

2004 letters, EPA received letters from 

many States and Tribes suggesting 

changes to EPA’s modifications and 

providing additional information. The 

EPA evaluated each supplemental letter, 

and all of the timely technical support 

information provided, before arriving at 

the final designation decisions reflected 

in today’s action. Some of the 

designations reflect our modifications to 

the State and Tribal recommendations. 

We have placed these State and Tribal 

letters, and our responses to the issues 

contained in them, in the EPA docket 

for this action. 

Tribal designation activities are 

covered under the authority of section 

301(d) of the CAA. This provision of the 

CAA authorizes EPA to treat eligible 

Indian Tribes in the same manner as 

States. Pursuant to section 301(d)(2), we 

promulgated regulations, known as the 

Tribal Authority Rule (TAR), on 

February 12, 1999. 63 FR 7254, codified 

at 40 CFR 49 (1999). This rule specifies 

those provisions of the CAA for which 

it is appropriate to treat Tribes as States. 

Under the TAR, Tribes may choose to 

develop and implement their own CAA 

programs, but are not required to do so. 

The TAR also establishes procedures 

and criteria by which Tribes may 

request from EPA a determination of 

eligibility for such treatment. The 

designations process contained in 

section 107(d) of the CAA is included 

among those provisions determined to 

be appropriate by EPA for treatment of 

Tribes in the same manner as States. As 

authorized by the TAR, Tribes may 

request an opportunity to submit 

designation recommendations to us. In 

cases where Tribes do not make their 

own recommendations, EPA, in 

consultation with the Tribes, will 

promulgate the designation that EPA 

deems appropriate on their behalf. All 

Tribes were invited to submit 

recommendations concerning 

designations for PM2.5. 

The EPA worked with the Tribes that 

requested an opportunity to submit 

designation recommendations. Eligible 

Tribes were provided an opportunity to 

submit their own recommendations and 

supporting documentation. The EPA 

reviewed the recommendations made by 

Tribes and, in consultation with the 

Tribes, made modifications as deemed 

necessary and appropriate. Under the 

TAR, Tribes generally are not subject to 

the same submission schedules imposed 

by the CAA on States. 

VII. What Guidance Did EPA Issue and 

How Did EPA Apply the Statutory 

Requirements and Applicable Guidance 

To Determine Boundaries for the PM2.5 

NAAQS? 

Section 107(d)(1)(A)(I) of the CAA 

defines a nonattainment area as an area 

that is violating an ambient standard or 

is contributing to air quality in a nearby 

area that is violating the standard. If an 

area meets either prong of this 

definition, then EPA is obligated to 

designate the area as nonattainment. 

Section 107(d)(1)(A)(iii) provides that 

any area which EPA cannot designate 

on the basis of available information as 

meeting or not meeting the standards 

should be designated unclassifiable. 

In April 2003, EPA issued designation 

guidance concerning how to determine 

the boundaries for PM2.5 nonattainment 

areas.1 The guidance provided that EPA 

would use the 3 most recent calendar 

years of monitoring data for PM2.5 to 

determine each county’s designation. 

For today’s PM2.5 designations, we are 

basing our decision on air quality 

monitoring data from calendar years 

2001–2003. When evaluating individual 

areas, we started with the premise that 

data recorded by a PM2.5 monitor in 

most cases represents air quality 

throughout the area in which it is 

located. In addition, we considered the 

county boundary as the basic 

jurisdictional boundary for determining 

the extent of the area reflected by the 

PM2.5 monitor. As a result, if a PM2.5

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 947

2See ‘‘Additional Guidiance on Defining Area 

Boundaries for PM–2.5 Designations,’’

memorandum to Air Division Directors. Regions I–

X, from Lydia N. Wegman, Director, AQSSD, dated 

February 13, 2004.

monitor was violating the standard 

based on the 2001–2003 data, at a 

minimum we designated the entire 

county where that monitor is located as 

nonattainment. We made exceptions to 

this approach in a few very large 

western counties where a significant 

geographic feature such as a mountain 

range divided a county, resulting in 

different air quality in different parts of 

the county. In such cases, we 

considered designations of partial 

counties to be appropriate. After 

identifying the counties with violating 

monitors, we then proceeded to identify 

nearby counties that were potentially 

contributing to the violation(s) at the 

monitors.

In assessing whether nearby areas 

contributed to a violation, EPA started 

with the Consolidated Metropolitan 

Statistical Area (CMSA) and the 

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) as 

the presumptive boundaries for PM2.5 

nonattainment areas. A metropolitan 

area, as defined by the Office of 

Management and Budget (OMB) in 

1999, consisted of a single MSA in some 

cases, or a CMSA in other cases. These 

metropolitan areas provide boundaries 

for the geographic extent of urban areas. 

We suggested the use of metropolitan 

area boundaries as the presumptive 

boundaries for urban nonattainment 

areas for air quality purposes, based 

upon evidence that violations of the 

PM2.5 air quality standards generally 

include a significant urban-scale 

contribution as well as a regional 

contribution. The actual size of each 

nonattainment area may be larger or 

smaller than the presumptive 

boundaries, depending upon the 

application of the nine factors contained 

in the April 2003 designations guidance 

for PM2.5. 

In June 2003, OMB released a new list 

of metropolitan area descriptions. 

Because we had already issued the April 

2003 designations guidance which 

recommended use of the 1999 OMB 

metropolitan definitions as a starting 

point, and because States and Tribes 

were already actively using this 

guidance in their planning efforts, we 

decided that it would be disruptive to 

recommend the use of the 2003 OMB 

definitions as the presumptive 

boundaries. Instead, we issued a second 

guidance memorandum in February 

2004, which indicated that we would 

continue to consider the 1999 MSA 

boundaries as the presumptive 

boundaries, but that States should 

nevertheless take into consideration the 

2003 OMB revised MSA boundaries. We 

particularly urged consideration of the 

2003 MSA boundaries for those counties 

that OMB added to an existing 

metropolitan area due to growth, or 

because of a high degree of social and 

economic integration with the primary 

urban area.2

The April 2003 guidance 

memorandum described nine factors 

that EPA would take into consideration 

in determining appropriate 

nonattainment area boundaries, whether 

larger or smaller than the presumptive 

boundaries: (1) Emissions and air 

quality in adjacent areas (including 

adjacent CMSAs and MSAs), (2) air 

quality in potentially included versus 

excluded areas, (3) population density 

and degree of urbanization including 

commercial development in included 

versus excluded areas, (4) traffic and 

commuting patterns, (5) expected 

growth (including extent, pattern and 

rate of growth), (6) meteorology 

(weather/transport patterns), (7) 

geography/topography (e.g., mountain 

ranges or other air basin boundaries), (8) 

jurisdictional boundaries (e.g., counties, 

air districts, Reservations, etc.), and (9) 

level of existing controls on emission 

sources. 

In assessing emissions under the first 

factor, we developed a ‘‘weighted 

emissions score’’ that valued the effect 

of direct emissions of PM2.5 and its 

precursors that contribute to ‘‘urban 

excess’’ PM2.5 concentrations at 

monitor sites. The ‘‘urban excess’’

concentrations for each PM2.5 

component (direct or precursor 

emissions) are calculated from two 

PM2.5 speciation monitors by 

subtracting the regional concentration 

from the urban concentration for each 

component. The methodology we used 

to calculate urban excess concentration 

and the weighted emission score is 

explained in more detail in the 

technical support document (TSD). 

We used this metric to compare the 

relative emissions contribution of 

different counties in and around each 

metropolitan area. Using this approach, 

we were able to take into consideration, 

in a single metric, the county-level 

emissions of carbonaceous particles, 

inorganic particles, SO2, and NOX (all of 

which contribute to PM2.5 formation) in 

the vicinity of each violating monitor. 

By comparing weighted emissions 

scores across counties in a metropolitan 

area, EPA was able to identify those 

counties having the highest estimated 

emissions contribution to the local 

nonattainment problem. In addition, by 

examining the data from the urban 

speciation monitors, we could draw 

some conclusions concerning the likely 

sources of emissions contributing to the 

violation. Knowing the likely sources of 

the emissions, we could better evaluate 

which of the nearby counties had 

emissions likely to be contributing to 

the ambient concentrations at the 

violating monitor.

Evaluation of the weighted emissions 

score and speciation data was an 

important element in our nine factor 

analysis, and we believe that it provided 

a reasonable tool for evaluating the 

relative contribution of nearby areas to 

violations at a monitor, given the variety 

of precursors and sources that 

participate in the formation of PM2.5. 

Further discussion of the weighted 

emissions score, and area-specific 

explanations of its application, appear 

in the TSD. 

In some cases, considering the factors 

and additional information provided by 

the State, we determined that only part 

of a nearby county (e.g., the part of the 

county that contained the significant 

sources of contributing emissions) 

should be considered as contributing to 

the violation at the monitor, and 

therefore included only a portion of that 

adjacent county in the nonattainment 

area. In other cases, we determined that 

the emissions from an identifiable large 

power plant in a county were 

contributing to the violations in a 

nearby area. In these cases, we 

concluded that it was appropriate to 

designate only the portion of the county 

where the source is located, even if that 

portion is not contiguous with the 

remainder of the nonattainment area. 

We adopted this approach where we 

determined, following the nine factor 

analysis, that it would be inappropriate 

to include other portions of a county, 

merely because those portions lay 

between the large stationary source and 

the remainder of the designated 

nonattainment area. We selected the 

boundaries for these noncontiguous 

portions of nonattainment areas by 

relying on legally recognized 

governmental boundaries (e.g., 

townships, tax districts, or census 

blocks) in which the source is located. 

We believe that the individual facts 

and circumstances of each area must be 

considered in determining whether to 

include a county as contributing to a 

particular nonattainment problem. 

Thus, our guidance does not establish 

bright lines or cut-points for how a 

particular factor is applied. For 

example, the guidance does not identify 

a set amount of a pollutant, or a specific 

level of commuting between counties, 

that would automatically require a 

county to be included in a 

nonattainment area as a contributing 

948 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

3See ‘‘Clean Data Policy for the Fine Particle 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards’’

memorandum to Air Division Directors, Regions I–

X from Steve Page, Director, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, December 14, 2004.

4Fine particle monitoring data is to be 

determined as ‘‘complete’’ according to data 

handling regulations for the PM2.5 standards in 40 

CFR Part 50, Appendix N (62 FR 138, July 18, 

1997).

county. We analyzed the information 

provided by each State or Tribe in its 

recommendation letter, subsequently 

submitted information, and any other 

pertinent information available to EPA, 

in order to determine whether a county 

should be designated nonattainment. 

We evaluated each State’s or Tribe’s 

designation recommendation in light of 

the nine factors, bringing to bear our 

best technical and policy judgement. If 

the result of the evaluation showed that 

a county, whether inside or outside of 

the CMSA or MSA contributes to the 

violation in a nearby area with a 

violating monitor, we designated the 

area as nonattainment. 

In a small number of areas, EPA 

concluded that there was insufficient 

information to designate a given area as 

either nonattainment or attainment/

unclassifiable. In these instances, we 

have designated the area as 

unclassifiable. In each instance, these 

areas had violating monitors for the 

years 2000–2002, but incomplete data or 

other data issues for the years 2001–

2003. Further explanation of the 

unclassifiable designations may be 

found in the TSD for this action. 

The EPA did not rely on planned or 

potential regional PM2.5 reduction 

strategies in making decisions regarding 

nonattainment designations, even if 

those strategies predict that an area may 

attain the standard in the future. We 

recognize that some areas with a 

violating monitor may be projected to 

come into attainment in the future 

without additional local emission 

controls because of State and/or 

national programs that will reduce 

transported emissions. However, the 

CAA requires EPA to make 

nonattainment designations based on 

current data. While we cannot consider 

projected future attainment in 

determining current designations, we 

intend to expedite the redesignation of 

areas to attainment once they monitor 

clean air quality. We also intend to 

apply our policy which streamlines the 

planning process for nonattainment 

areas that are meeting the NAAQS but 

are not yet redesignated to attainment.3

Today’s designation action is a final 

rule which establishes designations for 

all areas of the country for the PM2.5 

NAAQS. In this action, we have added 

regulatory text to provide for the 

amendment of 40 CFR part 81 to 

identify the designation of areas across 

the country for the PM2.5 standard. 

VIII. Has EPA Used 2004 Air Quality 

Data? 

The final PM2.5 designations 

announced in today’s action are based 

upon air quality data for calendar years 

2001 through 2003. Over the course of 

the designations process, a number of 

States have provided comments to EPA 

suggesting that the agency should delay 

designations in order to permit 

consideration of additional air quality 

data from 2004 as a part of the 

designation decision. As discussed 

above, EPA must by law make the 

designations by December 31, 2004. 

This statutory deadline and the practical 

difficulties of obtaining complete,4

quality assured, certified data for 

calendar year 2004 by December 31, 

2004, have precluded EPA from using 

2004 data for today’s action. Under 

normal circumstances, we would not 

expect such data to be available for 

some time following the end of the 

calendar year, and under the applicable 

regulations States would not be required 

to have submitted such data until April 

1, 2005, and would not be required to 

have certified such data until July 1, 

2005. However, because we are 

promulgating the designations so near 

the end of calendar year 2004, and 

because complete, quality assured, 

certified 2004 data may become 

available for some areas quickly, we are 

interested in providing a process by 

which we could utilize 2004 data where 

possible in the designation process.

We have provided that the final 

PM2.5 designations announced in 

today’s action will be effective on the 

date 90 days following the date of 

publication. If any State submits 

complete, quality assured, certified 2004 

data to EPA by February 22, 2005, that 

suggest that a change of designation 

status is appropriate for any area within 

that State, and we agree that a change 

of designation status is appropriate, 

then we will withdraw the designation 

announced in today’s action for such 

area and issue another designation that 

reflects the inclusion of 2004 data. We 

emphasize that we will conduct this 

process only for those States that submit 

the necessary complete, quality assured, 

certified data by the deadline and in 

those instances where we can complete 

the analysis and effect the change of 

designation status before the original 

effective date established by today’s 

final action. 

If inclusion of 2004 data causes an 

area to change from nonattainment to 

attainment, EPA will change the 

designation if every county in the area 

is neither monitoring a violation of the 

standards nor contributing to a violation 

of the standards in another nearby area. 

If inclusion of 2004 data results in 

nonattainment in an area that was 

designated attainment, we will evaluate 

the reasons for the violation in the area 

and determine the appropriate course of 

action, which could include 

redesignation of the area to 

nonattainment. Also, EPA commits to 

evaluate 2004 data for unclassifiable 

areas when it receives complete, quality 

assured, certified data from the State, 

which is due no later than July 2005. At 

that time, EPA will determine whether 

a change of designation for an 

unclassifiable area is appropriate. 

IX. How Do Designations Affect Indian 

Country? 

All counties, partial counties or Air 

Quality Control Regions listed in the 

table at the end of this document are 

designated as indicated, and include 

Indian Country geographically located 

within such areas, except as otherwise 

indicated in the table.

As mentioned earlier in this 

document, EPA’s guidance for 

determining nonattainment area 

boundaries presumes that the CMSA or 

MSA monitor forms the presumptive 

boundary of the nonattainment areas but 

that the size of the area can be larger or 

smaller depending on contribution to 

the violation from nearby areas and 

other air quality-related technical 

factors. In general, and consistent with 

relevant air quality information, EPA 

intends to include Indian country 

encompassed within the presumptive 

CMSA or MSA boundaries as within the 

boundaries of the area for designation 

purposes, in order to protect public 

health and welfare. The EPA anticipates 

that in most cases, relevant air quality 

information will indicate that areas of 

Indian country located within CMSAs 

or MSAs should have the same 

designation as the surrounding area. 

However, based on the nine factors 

outlined in our guidance, there may be 

instances where a different designation 

is appropriate. 

A State recommendation for a 

designation of an area that surrounds 

Indian country does not indicate the 

designation for Indian country. 

However, the conditions that support a 

State’s designation recommendation, 

such as air quality data at the location 

of the sources, may indicate the 

likelihood that similar conditions exists 

for the Indian country located in that 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 949

area. States generally have neither the 

responsibility nor the authority for 

planning and regulatory activities under 

the CAA in Indian country. 

X. Where Can I Find Information 

Forming the Basis for This Rule and 

Exchanges Between EPA, States, and 

Tribes Related to This Rule? 

Information providing the basis for 

today’s action and related decisions are 

provided in the TSD. The TSD, 

applicable EPA guidance memoranda, 

copies of correspondence regarding this 

process between EPA and the States, 

Tribes, and other parties, and EPA’s 

responses to comments, are available for 

review at the EPA Docket Center listed 

above in the addresses section of this 

document and on our designation Web 

site at http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/

particles/designations/index.htm. State 

specific information is available at the 

EPA Regional Offices. 

XI. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

Upon promulgation of a new or 

revised NAAQS, the CAA requires EPA 

to designate areas as attaining or not 

attaining the NAAQS. The CAA then 

specifies requirements for areas based 

on whether such areas are attaining or 

not attaining the NAAQS. In this final 

rule, EPA assigns designations to areas 

as required. 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review 

Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 

51735, October 4, 1993), EPA must 

determine whether the regulatory action 

is ‘‘significant’’ and, therefore, subject to 

OMB review and the requirements of 

the Executive Order. The order defines 

‘‘significant regulatory action’’ as one 

that is likely to result in a rule that may: 

(1) Have an annual effect on the 

economy of $100 million or more or 

adversely affect in a material way the 

economy, a sector of the economy, 

productivity, competition, jobs, the 

environment, public health or safety, or 

State, local, or Tribal governments or 

communities; (2) create a serious 

inconsistency or otherwise interfere 

with an action taken or planned by 

another agency; (3) materially alter the 

budgetary impact of entitlements, 

grants, user fees, or loan programs or the 

rights and obligations of recipients 

thereof; or (4) raise novel legal or policy 

issues arising out of legal mandates, the 

President’s priorities, or the principles 

set forth in the Executive Order. 

Pursuant to the terms of Executive 

Order 12866, it has been determined 

that this rule is not a ‘‘significant 

regulatory action’’ because none of the 

above factors apply. As such, this final 

rule was not formally submitted to OMB 

for review. 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

This action does not impose an 

information collection burden under the 

provisions of the Paperwork Reduction 

Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. This rule 

responds to the requirement to 

promulgate air quality designations after 

promulgation of a NAAQS. This 

requirement is prescribed in the CAA 

section 107 of title 1. The present final 

rule does not establish any new 

information collection apart from that 

required by law. Burden means that 

total time, effort, or financial resources 

expended by persons to generate, 

maintain, retain, or disclose or provide 

information to or for a Federal agency. 

This includes the time needed to review 

instructions; develop, acquire, install, 

and utilize technology and systems for 

the purposes of collecting, validating, 

and verifying information, processing 

and maintaining information, and 

disclosing and providing information; 

adjust the existing ways to comply with 

any previously applicable instructions 

and requirements; train personnel to be 

able to respond to a collection of 

information; search data sources; 

complete and review the collection of 

information; and transmit or otherwise 

disclose the information. An Agency 

may not conduct or sponsor, and a 

person is not required to respond to a 

collection of information unless it 

displays a currently valid OMB control 

number. The OMB control numbers for 

EPA’s regulations in the CFR are listed 

in 40 CFR part 9. 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 

generally requires an agency to prepare 

a regulatory flexibility analysis of any 

rule subject to notice and comment 

rulemaking requirements under the 

Administrative Procedures Act or any 

other statute unless the agency certifies 

that the rule will not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. Small entities 

include small businesses, small 

organizations, and small governmental 

jurisdictions. 

For the purpose of assessing the 

impacts of today’s final rule on small 

entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A 

small business that is a small industry 

entity as defined in the United States 

Small Business Administration (SBA) 

size standards (See 13 CFR part 121); (2) 

a small governmental jurisdiction that is 

a government of a city, county, town, 

school district or special district with a 

population of less than 50,000; and (3) 

a small organization that is any not-forprofit enterprise which is independently 

owned and operated and is not 

dominate in its field. 

The rule designating nonattainment 

areas for the PM2.5 NAAQS is not 

subject to RFA because it was not 

subject to notice and comment 

rulemaking requirements. See CAA 

section 107(d)(2)(B). 

After considering the economic 

impacts of today’s final rule on small 

entities, I certify that this rule will not 

have a significant economic impact on 

a substantial number of small entities. 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

Title II of the Unfunded Mandates 

Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public 

Law 104–4, establishes requirements for 

Federal Agencies to assess the effects of 

their regulatory actions on State, local 

and Tribal governments and the private 

sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, 

EPA generally must prepare a written 

statement, including a cost-benefit 

analysis, for proposed and final rules 

with ‘‘Federal mandate’’ that may result 

in expenditures to State, local, and 

Tribal governments, in the aggregate, or 

to the private sector, of $100 million or 

more in any 1 year. Before promulgating 

an EPA rule for which a written 

statement is needed, section 205 of the 

UMRA generally requires EPA to 

identify and consider a reasonable 

number of regulatory alternatives and 

adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative 

that achieves the objectives of the rule. 

The provisions of section 205 do not 

apply when they are inconsistent with 

applicable law. Moreover, section 205 

allows EPA to adopt an alternative other 

than the least costly, most cost-effective 

or least burdensome alternative if the 

Administrator publishes with the final 

rule an explanation of why that 

alternative was not adopted. Before EPA 

establishes any regulatory requirements 

that may significantly or uniquely affect 

small governments, including Tribal 

governments, it must have developed 

under section 203 of the UMRA a small 

government agency plan. The plan must 

provide for notifying potentially 

affected small governments to have 

meaningful and timely input in the 

development of EPA regulatory 

proposals with significant Federal 

intergovernmental mandates, and 

informing, educating, and advising 

small government on compliance with 

regulatory requirements. 

Today’s final action does not include 

a Federal mandate within the meaning 

of UMRA that may result in 

expenditures of $100 million or more in 

any 1 year by either State, local, or 

950 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

Tribal governments in the aggregate or 

to the private sector, and therefore, is 

not subject to the requirements of 

sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA. It 

does not create any additional 

requirements beyond those of the PM2.5 

NAAQS (62 FR 38652; July 18, 1997), 

therefore, no UMRA analysis is needed. 

This rule establishes the application of 

the PM2.5 standard and the designation 

for each area of the country for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. The CAA requires 

States to develop plans, including 

control measures, based on their 

designations and classifications. 

One mandate that may apply as a 

consequence of this action to all 

designated nonattainment areas is the 

requirement under CAA section 176(c) 

and associated regulations to 

demonstrate conformity of Federal 

actions to State Implementation Plans 

(SIPs). These rules apply to Federal 

agencies and Metropolitan Planning 

Organizations (MPOs) making 

conformity determinations. The EPA 

concludes that such conformity 

determinations will not cost $100 

million or more in the aggregate. 

The EPA believes that any new 

controls imposed as a result of this 

action will not cost in the aggregate 

$100 million or more annually. Thus, 

this Federal action will not impose 

mandates that will require expenditures 

of $100 million or more in the aggregate 

in any 1 year. 

Nonetheless, EPA carried out 

consultation with government entities 

affected by this rule, including States, 

Tribal governments, and local air 

pollution control agencies. 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

Executive Order 13132, entitled 

‘‘Federalism’’ (64 FR 43255, August 10, 

1999), requires EPA to develop an 

accountable process to ensure 

‘‘meaningful and timely input by State 

and local officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have federalism 

implications.’’ ‘‘Policies that have 

federalism implications’’ is defined in 

the Executive Order to include 

regulations that have ‘‘substantial direct 

effects on the States, or the relationship 

between the national government and 

the States, or on the distribution of 

power and responsibilities among the 

various levels of government.’’

This final rule does not have 

federalism implications. It will not have 

substantial direct effects on the States, 

on the relationship between the national 

government and the States, or on the 

distribution of power and 

responsibilities among the various 

levels of government, as specified in 

Executive Order 13132. The CAA 

establishes the scheme whereby States 

take the lead in developing plans to 

meet the NAAQS. This rule will not 

modify the relationship of the States 

and EPA for purposes of developing 

programs to implement the NAAQS. 

Thus, Executive Order 13132 does not 

apply to this rule. 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

Executive Order 13175, entitled 

‘‘Consultation and Coordination with 

Indian Tribal Governments’’ (65 FR 

67249, November 9, 2000), requires EPA 

to develop an accountable process to 

ensure ‘‘meaningful and timely input by 

Tribal officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have Tribal 

implications.’’ This final rule does not 

have ‘‘Tribal implications’’ as specified 

in Executive Order 13175. This rule 

concerns the designation and 

classification of areas as attainment and 

nonattainment for the PM2.5 air quality 

standard. The CAA provides for States 

to develop plans to regulate emissions 

of air pollutants within their 

jurisdictions. The TAR provides Tribes 

the opportunity to develop and 

implement CAA programs such as 

programs to attain and maintain the 

PM2.5 NAAQS, but it leaves to the 

discretion of the Tribe the decision of 

whether to develop these programs and 

which programs, or appropriate 

elements of a program, the Tribe will 

adopt.

This final rule does not have Tribal 

implications as defined by Executive 

Order 13175. It does not have a 

substantial direct effect on one or more 

Indian Tribes, since no Tribe has 

implemented a CAA program to attain 

the PM2.5 NAAQS at this time. 

Furthermore, this rule does not affect 

the relationship or distribution of power 

and responsibilities between the Federal 

government and Indian Tribes. The 

CAA and the TAR establish the 

relationship of the Federal government 

and Tribes in developing plans to attain 

the NAAQS, and this rule does nothing 

to modify that relationship. Because this 

rule does not have Tribal implications, 

Executive Order 13175 does not apply. 

Although Executive Order 13175 does 

not apply to this rule, EPA did outreach 

to Tribal leaders and environmental 

staff regarding the designations process. 

The EPA supports a national ‘‘Tribal 

Designations and Implementation Work 

Group’’ which provides an open forum 

for all Tribes to voice concerns to EPA 

about the designations and 

implementation process for the NAAQS, 

including the PM2.5 NAAQS. These 

discussions informed EPA about key 

Tribal concerns regarding designations 

as the rule was under development and 

gave Tribes the opportunity to express 

concerns about designations to EPA. 

Furthermore, EPA sent individualized 

letters to all federally recognized Tribes 

about EPA’s intention to designate areas 

for the PM2.5 standard and gave Tribal 

leaders the opportunity for consultation. 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks 

Executive Order 13045: ‘‘Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks’’ (62 FR 19885, April 

23, 1997) applies to any rule that (1) is 

determined to be ‘‘economically 

significant’’ as defined under Executive 

Order 12866, and (2) concerns an 

environmental health and safety risk 

that EPA has reason to believe may have 

a disproportionate effect on children. If 

the regulatory action meets both criteria, 

EPA must evaluate the environmental 

health or safety effects of the planned 

rule on children, and explain why the 

planned regulation is preferable to other 

potentially effective and reasonably 

feasible alternatives considered by the 

EPA. 

The final rule is not subject to 

Executive Order 13045 because it is not 

economically significant as defined in 

Executive Order 12866, and because 

EPA does not have reason to believe that 

the environmental health risks or safety 

risks addressed by this rule present a 

disproportionate risk or safety risk to 

children. Nonetheless, we have 

evaluated the environmental health or 

safety effects of the PM2.5 NAAQS on 

children. The results of this risk 

assessment are contained in the NAAQS 

for PM2.5, Final Rule (July 18, 1997, 62 

FR 38652). 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

This rule is not subject to Executive 

Order 13211, ‘‘Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use,’’ (66 FR 28355, 

May 22, 2001) because it is not a 

significant regulatory action under 

Executive Order 12866. 

Information on the methodology and 

data regarding the assessment of 

potential energy impacts is found in 

Chapter 6 of U.S. EPA 2002, Cost, 

Emission Reduction, Energy, and the 

Implementation Framework for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS, prepared by the 

Innovative Strategies and Economics 

Group, Office of Air Quality Planning 

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC, April 24, 2003. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 951

I. National Technology Transfer 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) 

Section 12(d) of the NTTAA of 1995, 

Public Law No. 104–113, section 12(d) 

(15 U.S.C. 272 note) directs EPA to use 

voluntary consensus standards (VCS) in 

its regulatory activities unless to do so 

would be inconsistent with applicable 

law or otherwise impracticable. 

Voluntary consensus standards are 

technical standards (e.g., materials 

specifications, test methods, sampling 

procedures, and business practices) that 

are developed or adopted by VCS 

bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to 

provide Congress, through OMB, 

explanations when the Agency decides 

not to use available and applicable VCS. 

This action does not involve technical 

standards. Therefore, EPA did not 

consider the use of any VCS. 

J. Congressional Review Act 

The Congressional Review Act, 5 

U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides 

that before a rule may take effect, the 

agency promulgating the rule must 

submit a rule report, which includes a 

copy of the rule, to each House of the 

Congress and to the Comptroller General 

of the United States. The EPA will 

submit a report containing this rule and 

other required information to the U.S. 

Senate, the U.S. House of 

Representatives, and the Comptroller 

General of the United States prior to 

publication of the rule in the Federal 

Register. A major rule cannot take effect 

until 60 days after it is published in the 

Federal Register. This action is not a 

‘‘major rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C. 

804(2). This rule will be effective April 

5, 2005. 

K. Judicial Review 

Section 307 (b) (1) of the CAA 

indicates which Federal Courts of 

Appeal have venue for petitions of 

review of final actions by EPA. This 

section provides, in part, that petitions 

for review must be filed in the Court of 

Appeals for the District of Columbia 

Circuit (i) when the agency action 

consists of ‘‘nationally applicable 

regulations promulgated, or final actions 

taken, by the Administrator,’’ or (ii) 

when such action is locally or regionally 

applicable, if ‘‘such action is based on 

a determination of nationwide scope or 

effect and if in taking such action the 

Administrator finds and publishes that 

such action is based on such a 

determination.’’

This rule designating areas for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS is ‘‘nationally 

applicable’’ within the meaning of 

section 307(b)(1). This rule establishes 

designations for all areas of the United 

States for the PM2.5 NAAQS. At the 

core of this rulemaking is EPA’s 

interpretation of the definition of 

nonattainment under section 107(d)(1) 

of the CAA. In determining which areas 

should be designated nonattainment (or 

conversely, should be designated 

attainment/unclassifiable), EPA used a 

set of nine technical factors that it 

applied consistently across the United 

States.

For the same reasons, the 

Administrator also is determining that 

the final designations are of nationwide 

scope and effect for the purposes of 

section 307(b)(1). This is particularly 

appropriate because in the report on the 

1977 Amendments that revised section 

307(b)(1) of the CAA, Congress noted 

that the Administrator’s determination 

that an action is of ‘‘nationwide scope 

or effect’’ would be appropriate for any 

action that has ‘‘scope or effect beyond 

a single judicial circuit.’’ H.R. Rep. No. 

95–294 at 323, 324, reprinted in 1977 

U.S.C.C.A.N. 1402–03. Here, the scope 

and effect of this rulemaking extends to 

numerous judicial circuits since the 

designations apply to all areas of the 

country. In these circumstances, section 

307(b)(1) and its legislative history calls 

for the Administrator to find the rule to 

be of ‘‘nationwide scope or effect’’ and 

for venue to be in the D.C. Circuit. 

Thus, any petitions for review of final 

designations must be filed in the Court 

of Appeals for the District of Columbia 

Circuit within 60 days from the date 

final action is published in the Federal 

Register.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 81 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, National parks, 

Wilderness areas.

Dated: December 17, 2004. 

Michael O. Leavitt, 

EPA Administrator.

■ For the reasons set forth in the 

preamble, 40 CFR Part 81, Subpart C is 

amended as follows:

PART 81—DESIGNATIONS OF AREAS 

FOR AIR QUALITY PLANNING 

PURPOSES

■ 1. The authority citation for part 81 

continues to read as follows:

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq.

Subpart C—Section 107 Attainment 

Status Designations

■ 2. Section 81.300 is amended by 

revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

§ 81.300 Scope. 

(a) Attainment status designations as 

approved or designated by the 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 

pursuant to section 107 of the CAA are 

listed in this subpart. Area designations 

are subject to revision whenever 

sufficient data becomes available to 

warrant a redesignation. Both the State 

and EPA can initiate changes to these 

designations, but any State 

redesignation must be submitted to EPA 

for concurrence. The EPA has replaced 

the national ambient air quality 

standards for particulate matter 

measured as total suspended particulate 

with standards measured as particulate 

matter with an aerodynamic diameter 

less than or equal to a nominal 10 

micrometers (PM–10). Accordingly, area 

designations for PM–10 are included in 

the lists in subpart C of this part. 

However, the TSP area designations will 

also remain in effect until the 

Administrator determines that the 

designations are no longer necessary for 

implementing the maximum allowable 

increases in concentrations of 

particulate matter pursuant to section 

163(b) of the CAA, as explained in 

paragraph (b) of this section. The EPA 

has also added national ambient air 

quality standards for fine particulate 

matter measured as particulate matter 

with an aerodynamic diameter less than 

or equal to a nominal 2.5 micrometers 

(PM2.5). Accordingly, area designations 

for PM2.5 are included in the lists in 

subpart C of this part.

* * * * *

■ 2a. In § 81.301, the table entitled 

‘‘Alabama—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.301 Alabama.

* * * * *

952 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

ALABAMA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Birmingham, AL: 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Walker County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block group identifiers 01–127–0214–5, 01–127–

0215–4, and 01–127–0216–2 

Chattanooga, TN-GA: 

Jackson County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block block group identifier 01–071–9503–1 

Columbus, GA-AL: 

Russell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

DeKalb County, AL: 

DeKalb County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable 

Gadsden, AL: 

Etowah County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable 

Rest of State: 

Autauga County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baldwin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barbour County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bibb County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blount County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bullock County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chambers County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chilton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Choctaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cleburne County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coffee County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colbert County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Conecuh County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coosa County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Covington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crenshaw County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cullman County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dale County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elmore County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Escambia County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Geneva County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hale County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lauderdale County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Limestone County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lowndes County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marengo County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mobile County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pickens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Clair County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 953

ALABAMA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Sumter County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Talladega County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tallapoosa County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tuscaloosa County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walker County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilcox County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 3. In § 81.302, the table entitled 

‘‘Alaska—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.302 Alaska.

* * * * *

ALASKA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 08 Cook Inlet Intrastate: 

Anchorage Borough ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kenai Peninsula Borough ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Matanuska-Susitna Borough ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 09 Northern Alaska Intrastate: 

Denali Borough ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fairbanks North Star Borough ........................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nome Census Area ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

North Slope Borough ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northwest Arctic Borough ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Southeast Fairbanks Census Area ................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 10 South Central Alaska Intrastate: 

Aleutians East Borough ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aleutians West Census Area .......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bethel Census Area ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bristol Bay Borough ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dillingham Census Area .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kodiak Island Borough .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake and Peninsula Borough .......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valdez-Cordova Census Area ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wade Hampton Census Area ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 11 Southeastern Alaska Intrastate: 

Haines Borough ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juneau Borough .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ketchikan Gateway Borough ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prince of Wales-Outer Ketchikan Census ...................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sitka Borough .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Skagway-Hoonah-Angoon Census Area ........................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wrangell-Petersburg Census Area ................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yakutat Borough .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 4. In § 81.303, the table entitled 

‘‘Arizona—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.303 Arizona.

* * * * *

ARIZONA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

954 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

ARIZONA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Apache County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cochise County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coconino County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gila County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Graham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greenlee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Paz County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maricopa County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mohave County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Navajo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pima County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pinal County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Cruz County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yavapai County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yuma County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 5. In § 81.304, the table entitled 

‘‘Arizona.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.304 Arkansas.

* * * * *

ARKANSAS.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 016 Central Arkansas Intrastate: 

Chicot County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cleveland County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Conway County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Desha County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Drew County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Faulkner County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hot Spring County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lonoke County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pope County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saline County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yell County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 017 Metropolitan Fort Smith Interstate: 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sebastian County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 019 Monroe-El Dorado Interstate: 

Ashley County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bradley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nevada County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ouachita County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 020 Northeast Arkansas Intrastate: 

Arkansas County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Craighead County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cross County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Independence County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 955

ARKANSAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mississippi County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phillips County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Poinsett County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prairie County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Francis County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sharp County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

White County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodruff County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 021 Northwest Arkansas Intrastate: 

Baxter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cleburne County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Izard County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Searcy County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stone County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Buren County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 022 Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler Interstate: 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hempstead County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Little River County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miller County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sevier County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Memphis, TN–AR: 

(AQCR 018 Metropolitan Memphis Interstate): 

Crittenden County .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 6. In § 81.305, the table entitled 

‘‘California.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin, CA: 

Los Angeles County (part) .............................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

956 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

That portion of Los Angeles County which lies south and west of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Los Angeles-San Bernardino County boundary and running west 

along the Township line common to Township 3 North and Township 2 North, San 

Bernardino Base and Meridian; then north along the range line common to Range 8 

West and Range 9 West; then west along the Township line common to Township 4 

North and Township 3 North; then north along the range line common to Range 12 West 

and Range 13 West to the southeast corner of Section 12, Township 5 North and Range 

13 West; then west along the south boundaries of Sections 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7, 

Township 5 North and Range 13 West to the boundary of the Angeles National Forest 

which is collinear with the range line common to Range 13 West and Range 14 West; 

then north and west along the Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of intersection with the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North (point is 

at the northwest corner of Section 4 in Township 6 North and Range 14 West); then 

west along the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North; then 

north along the range line common to Range 15 West and Range 16 West to the southeast corner of Section 13, Township 7 North and Range 16 West; then along the south 

boundaries of Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Township 7 North and Range 16 

West; then north along the range line common to Range 16 West and Range 17 West to 

the north boundary of the Angeles National Forest (collinear with the Township line common to Township 8 North and Township 7 North); then west and north along the Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of intersection with the south boundary of the 

Rancho La Liebre Land Grant; then west and north along this land grant boundary to the 

Los Angeles-Kern County boundary. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Riverside County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

That portion of Riverside County which lies to the west of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Riverside-San Diego County boundary and running north along the range 

line common to Range 4 East and Range 3 East, San Bernardino Base and Meridian; 

then east along the Township line common to Township 8 South and Township 7 South; 

then north along the range line common to Range 5 East and Range 4 East; then west 

along the Township line common to Township 6 South and Township 7 South to the 

southwest corner of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 4 East; then north along the 

west boundaries of Sections 34, 27, 22, 15, 10, and 3, Township 6 South, Range 4 

East; then west along the Township line common to Township 5 South and Township 6 

South; then north along the range line common to Range 4 East and Range 3 East; 

then west along the south boundaries of Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Township 

5 South, Range 3 East; then north along the range line common to Range 2 East and 

Range 3 East; to the Riverside-San Bernardino County line. 

San Bernardino County (part) ......................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

That portion of San Bernardino County which lies south and west of a line described as 

follows: Beginning at the San Bernardino-Riverside County boundary and running north 

along the range line common to Range 3 East and Range 2 East, San Bernardino Base 

and Meridian; then west along the Township line common to Township 3 North and 

Township 2 North to the San Bernardino-Los Angeles County boundary. 

San Diego, CA: 

San Diego County (part) ................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

That portion of San Diego County that excludes the areas listed below: La Posta Areas #1 

and #2, Cuyapaipe Area, Manzanita Area, Campo Areas #1 and #2b. 

San Joaquin Valley, CA: 

Fresno County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Kern County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

That portion of Kern County which lies west and north of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Kern-Los Angeles County boundary and running north and east along the 

northwest boundary of the Rancho La Libre Land Grant to the point of intersection with 

the range line common to R. 16 W. and R. 17 W., San Bernardino Base and Meridian; 

north along the range line to the point of intersection with the Rancho El Tejon Land 

Grant boundary; then southeast, northeast, and northwest along the boundary of the 

Rancho El Tejon Land Grant to the northwest corner of S. 3, T. 11 N., R. 17 W.; then 

west 1.2 miles; then north to the Rancho El Tejon Land Grant boundary; then northwest 

along the Rancho El Tejon line to the southeast corner of S. 34, T. 32 S., R. 30 E., 

Mount Diablo Base and Meridian; then north to the northwest corner of S. 35, T. 31 S., 

R. 30 E.; then northeast along the boundary of the Rancho El Tejon Land Grant to the 

southwest corner of S. 18, T. 31 S., R. 31 E.; then east to the southeast corner of S. 13, 

T. 31 S., R. 31 E.; then north along the range line common to R. 31 E. and R. 32 E., 

Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, to the northwest corner of S. 6, T. 29 S., R. 32 E.; 

then east to the southwest corner of S. 31, T. 28 S., R. 32 E.; then north along the 

range line common to R. 31 E. and R. 32 E. to the northwest corner of S. 6, T. 28 S., R. 

32 E., then west to the southeast corner of S. 36, T. 27 S., R. 31 E., then north along 

the range line common to R. 31 E. and R. 32 E. to the Kern-Tulare County boundary. 

Kings County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 957

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Madera County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Merced County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

San Joaquin County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Stanislaus County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Tulare County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

North Coast Air Basin: 

Del Norte County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Humboldt County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mendocino County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sonoma County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of Sonoma county which lies north and west of a line described as follows: 

Beginning at the south-easterly corner of the Rancho Estero Americano, being on the 

boundary line between Marin and Sonoma Counties, California; thence running northerly 

along the easterly boundary line of said Rancho Estero Americano to the northeasterly 

corner thereof, being an angle corner in the westerly boundary line of Rancho Canada 

de Jonive, thence running along said boundary of Rancho Canada de Jonive westerly; 

northerly and easterly to its intersection with the easterly line of Graton Road; thence 

running along the easterly and southerly line of Graton Road northerly and easterly to its 

intersection with the easterly line of Sullivan Road; thence running northerly along said 

easterly line of Sullivan Road to the southerly line of Green Valley Road; thence running 

easterly along the said southerly line of Green Valley Road and easterly along the 

southerly line of State Highway 116, to the westerly and northerly line of Vine Hill Road; 

thence running along the westerly and northerly line of Vine Hill Road, northerly and 

easterly to its intersection with the westerly line of Laguna Road; thence running northerly along the westerly line of Laguna Road and the northerly projection thereof to the 

northerly line of Trenton Road; thence running westerly along the northerly line of said 

Trenton Road to the easterly line of Trenton-Healdsburg Road to the easterly line of 

Eastside Road: thence running northerly along said easterly line of Eastside Road to its 

intersection with the southerly line of Rancho Sotoyome; thence running easterly along 

said southerly line of Rancho Sotoyome to its intersection with the Township line common to Townships 8 and 9 north, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian; thence running easterly 

along said Township line to its intersection with the boundary line between Sonoma and 

Napa Counties, State of California. 

Trinity County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northeast Plateau Air Basin: 

Lassen County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Modoc County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Siskiyou County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County Air Basin: 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Upper Sacramento Valley Region: 

Butte County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colusa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glenn County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shasta County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sutter County (part) ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

All portions of the county except that portion south of a line connecting the northern border 

of Yolo County to the southwest tip of Yuba County and continuing along the southern 

Yuba County border to Placer County. 

Tehama County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yuba County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sacramento Metropolitan Region: 

El Dorado County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

All portions of the county except that portion of El Dorado County within the drainage area 

naturally tributary to Lake Tahoe including said Lake. 

Placer County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

All portions of the county except that portion of Placer County within the drainage area naturally tributary to Lake Tahoe including said Lake, plus that area in the vicinity of the 

head of the Truckee River described as follows: Commencing at the point common to 

the aforementioned drainage area crestline and the line common to Townships 15 North 

and 16 North, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, and following that line in a westerly direction to the northwest corner of Section 3, Township 15 North, Range 16 East, Mount 

Diablo Base and Meridian, thence south along the west line of Sections 3 and 10, Township 15 North, Range 16 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, to the intersection with 

the said drainage area crestline, thence following the said drainage area boundary in a 

southeasterly, then northeasterly direction to and along the Lake Tahoe Dam, thence following the said drainage area crestline in a northeasterly, then northwesterly direction to 

the point of beginning. 

Sacramento County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Solano County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

958 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

That portion of Solano County which lies north and east of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the westerly boundary of Solano County and the 1/4 section line running east and west through the center of Section 34; Township 6 North, 

Range 2 West, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, thence east along said 1/4 section line 

to the east boundary of Section 36, Township 6 North, Range 2 West, thence south 1/2 

mile and east 2.0 miles, more or less, along the west and south boundary of Los Putos 

Rancho to the northwest corner of Section 4, Township 5 North, Range 1 West, thence 

east along a line common to Township 5 North and Township 6 North to the northeast 

corner of Section 3, Township 5 North, Range 1 East, thence south along section lines 

to the southeast corner of Section 10, Township 3 North, Range 1 East, thence east 

along section lines to the south 1/4 corner of Section 8, Township 3 North, Range 2 

East, thence east to the boundary between Solano and Sacramento Counties. 

Sutter County (part) ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainmant 

That portion south of a line connecting the northern border of Yolo County to the southwest tip of Yuba County and continuing along the southern Yuba County border to Placer County. 

Yolo County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northern Mountain Counties: 

Nevada County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Plumas County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sierra County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Central Mountain Counties: 

Amador County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calaveras County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Southern Mountain Counties: 

Mariposa County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tuolumne County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake Tahoe Air Basin: 

El Dorado County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainmant 

That portion of El Dorado County within the drainage area naturally tributary to Lake 

Tahoe including said Lake. 

Placer County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of Placer County within the Attainment. drainage area naturally tributary to 

Lake Tahoe including said Lake, plus that area in the vicinity of the head of the Truckee 

River described as follows: Commencing at the point common to the aforementioned 

drainage area crestline and the line common to Townships 15 North and 16 North, 

Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, and following that line in a westerly direction to the 

northwest corner of Section 3, Township 15 North, Range 16 East, Mount Diablo Base 

and Meridian, thence south along the west line of Sections 3 and 10, Township 15 

North, Range 16 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, to the intersection with the said 

drainage area crestline, thence following the said drainage area boundary in a southeasterly, then northeasterly direction to and along the Lake Tahoe Dam, thence following 

the said drainage area crestline in a northeasterly, then northwesterly direction to the 

point of beginning. 

........... Attainment. 

San Francisco Bay Area Air Basin: 

Alameda County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Contra Costa County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Napa County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Francisco County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Mateo County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Clara County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Solano County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Portion of Solano County which lies south and west of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the westerly boundary of Solano County and the 1⁄4 section 

line running east and west through the center of Section 34, T6N, R2W, M.D.B. & M., 

thence east along said 1⁄4 section line to the east boundary of Section 36, T6N, R2W, 

thence south 1⁄2 mile and east 2.0 miles, more or less, along the west and south boundary of Los Putos Rancho to the northwest corner of Section 4, T5N, R1W, thence east 

along a line common to T5N and T6N to the northeast corner of Section 3, T5N, R1E, 

thence south along section lines to the southeast corner of Section 10, T3N, R1E, 

thence east along section lines to the south 1⁄4 corner of Section 8, T3N, R2E, thence 

east to the boundary between Solano and Sacramento Counties. 

Sonoma County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 959

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

That portion of Sonoma County which lies south and east of a line described as follows: 

Beginning at the southeasterly corner of the Rancho Estero Americano, being on the 

boundary line between Marin and Sonoma Counties, California; thence running northerly 

along the easterly boundary line of said Rancho Estero Americano to the northeasterly 

corner thereof, being an angle corner in the westerly boundary line of Rancho Canada 

de Jonive; thence running along said boundary of Rancho Canada de Jonive westerly, 

northerly and easterly to its intersection with the easterly line of Graton Road; thence 

running along the easterly and southerly line of Graton Road, northerly and easterly to 

its intersection with the easterly line of Sullivan Road; thence running northerly along 

said easterly line of Sullivan Road to the southerly line of Green Valley Road; thence 

running easterly along the said southerly line of Green Valley Road and easterly along 

the southerly line of State Highway 116, to the westerly line of Vine Hill Road; thence 

running along the westerly and northerly line of Vine Hill Road, northerly and easterly to 

its intersection with the westerly line of Laguna Road; thence running northerly along the 

westerly line of Laguna Road and the northerly projection thereof to the northerly line of 

Trenton Road; thence running westerly along the northerly line of said Trenton Road to 

the easterly line of Trenton-Healdsburg Road; thence running northerly along said easterly line of Trenton-Healdsburg Road to the easterly line of Eastside Road; thence running northerly along said easterly line of Eastside Road to its intersection with the southerly line of Rancho Sotoyome; thence running easterly along said southerly line of Rancho Sotoyome to its intersection with the Township line common to Townships 8 and 9 

North, M.D.M.; thence running easterly along said township line to its intersection with 

the boundary line between Sonoma and Napa Counties. 

North Central Coast Air Basin: 

Monterey County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Benito County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Cruz County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Luis Obispo County: 

San Luis Obispo County ................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Barbara County: 

Santa Barbara County (part) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Excluding Channel Islands 

Ventura County: 

Ventura County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Excluding Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands. 

Northern Channel Islands: 

Santa Barbara County (part) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The islands located in the South Central Coast Air Basin, including San Miguel, Santa 

Rosa, Santa Cruz, and San Nicolas. 

Ventura County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Anacapa and San Nicolas Islands. 

Great Basin Valleys Air Basin: 

Alpine County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Inyo County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of Inyo County that lies outside Hydrologic Unit Number 18090205. 

Mono County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coso Junction: 

Inyo County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of Inyo County that lies inside Hydrologic Unit Number 18090205. 

Eastern Kern County: 

Kern County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

960 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

That portion of Kern County (with the exception of that portion in Hydrologic Unit Number 

18090205 —the Indian Wells Valley) east and south of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Kern—Los Angeles County boundary and running north and east along 

the northwest boundary of the Rancho La Liebre Land Grant to the point of intersection 

with the range line common to Range 16 West and Range 17 West, San Bernardino 

Base and Meridian; north along the range line to the point of intersection with the Rancho El Tejon Land Grant boundary; then southeast, northeast, and northwest along the 

boundary of the Rancho El Tejon Grant to the northwest corner of Section 3, Township 

11 North, Range 17 West; then west 1.2 miles; then north to the Rancho El Tejon Land 

Grant boundary; then northwest along the Rancho El Tejon line to the southeast corner 

of Section 34, Township 32 South, Range 30 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian; 

then north to the northwest corner of Section 35, Township 31 South, Range 30 East; 

then northeast along the boundary of the Rancho El Tejon Land Grant to the southwest 

corner of Section 18, Township 31 South, Range 31 East; then east to the southeast 

corner of Section 13, Township 31 South, Range 31 East; then north along the range 

line common to Range 31 East and Range 32 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, to 

the northwest corner of Section 6, Township 29 South, Range 32 East; then east to the 

southwest corner of Section 31, Township 28 South, Range 32 East; then north along 

the range line common to Range 31 East and Range 32 East to the northwest corner of 

Section 6, Township 28 South, Range 32 East, then west to the southeast corner of 

Section 36, Township 27 South, Range 31 East, then north along the range line common to Range 31 East and Range 32 East to the Kern-Tulare County boundary. 

Indian Wells Valley: 

Kern County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of Kern County that lies inside Hydrologic Unit Number 18090205. 

Western Mojave Desert and Antelope Valley: 

Los Angeles County (part) .............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable 

That portion of Los Angeles County which lies north and east of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Los Angeles—San Bernardino County boundary and running west 

along the Township line common to Township 3 North and Township 2 North, San 

Bernardino Base and Meridian; then north along the range line common to Range 8 

West and Range 9 West; then west along the Township line common to Township 4 

North and Township 3 North; then north along the range line common to Range 12 West 

and Range 13 West to the southeast corner of Section 12, Township 5 North and Range 

13 West; then west along the south boundaries of Sections 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7, 

Township 5 North and Range 13 West to the boundary of the Angeles National Forest 

which is collinear with the range line common to Range 13 West and Range 14 West; 

then north and west along the Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of intersection with the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North (point is 

at the northwest corner of Section 4 in Township 6 North and Range 14 West); then 

west along the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North; then 

north along the range line common to Range 15 West and Range 16 West to the southeast corner of Section 13, Township 7 North and Range 16 West; then along the south 

boundaries of Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Township 7 North and Range 16 

West; then north along the range line common to Range 16 West and Range 17 West to 

the north boundary of the Angeles National Forest (collinear with the Township line common to Township 8 North and Township 7 North); then west and north along the Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of intersection with the south boundary of the 

Rancho La Liebre Land Grant; then west and north along this land grant boundary to the 

Los Angeles-Kern County boundary. 

San Bernardino County (part) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of San Bernardino County (with the exception of that portion in Hydrologic 

Unit Number 18090205) which lies north and east of a line described as follows: Beginning at the San Bernardino—Riverside County boundary and running north along the 

range line common to Range 3 East and Range 2 East, San Bernardino Base and Meridian; then west along the Township line common to Township 3 North and Township 2 

North to the San Bernardino—Los Angeles County boundary; And that portion of San 

Bernardino County which lies south and west of a line described as follows: latitude 35 

degrees, 10 minutes north and longitude 115 degrees, 45 minutes west. 

Trona: 

San Bernardino County (part) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

That portion of San Bernardino County that lies inside Hydrologic Unit Number 18090205. 

Coachella Valley: 

Riverside County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 961

CALIFORNIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

That portion of Riverside County which lies to the east of a line described as follows: Beginning at the Riverside—San Diego County boundary and running north along the 

range line common to Range 4 East and Range 3 East, San Bernardino Base and Meridian; then east along the Township line common to Township 8 South and Township 7 

South; then north along the range line common to Range 5 East and Range 4 East; 

then west along the Township line common to Township 6 South and Township 7 South 

to the southwest corner of Section 34, Township 6 South, Range 4 East; then north 

along the west boundaries of Sections 34, 27, 22, 15, 10, and 3, Township 6 South, 

Range 4 East; then west along the Township line common to Township 5 South and 

Township 6 South; then north along the range line common to Range 4 East and Range 

3 East; then west along the south boundaries of Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, 

Township 5 South, Range 3 East; then north along the range line common to Range 2 

East and Range 3 East;, to the Riverside-San Bernardino County line: And that portion 

of Riverside County which lies to the west of a line described as follows: That segment 

of the southwestern boundary line of Hydrologic Unit Number 18100100 within Riverside 

County, further described as follows: Beginning at the Riverside-Imperial County boundary and running north along the range line common to Range 17 East and Range 16 

East, San Bernardino Base and Meridian; then northwest along the ridge line of the 

Chuckwalla Mountains, through Township 8 South, Range 16 East and Township 7 

South, Range 16 East, until the Black Butte Mountain, elevation 4504’; then west and 

northwest along the ridge line to the southwest corner of Township 5 South, Range 14 

East; then north along the range line common to Range 14 East and Range 13 East; 

then west and northwest along the ridge line to Monument Mountain, elevation 4834’; 

then southwest and then northwest along the ridge line of the Little San Bernardino 

Mountains to Quail Mountain, elev. 5814’; then northwest along the ridge line to the Riverside-San Bernardino County line. 

Far Eastern Riverside and San Bernardino Counties: 

San Bernardino County (remainder) ............................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Riverside County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Imperial County: 

Imperial County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Diego County Tribal Area: 

San Diego County (part).

La Posta Areas #1 and #2b ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cuyapaipe Areab ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manzanita Areab ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Campo Areas #1 and #2b ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

bThe boundaries for these designated areas are based on coordinates of latitude and longitude derived from EPA Region 9’s GIS database 

and are illustrated in a map entitled ‘‘Southeastern San Diego County Unclassifiable/Attainment. Areas for the PM–2.5 NAAQS,’’ dated December 10, 2004, including an attached set of coordinates. The map and attached set of coordinates are available at EPA’s Region 9 Air Division office. The designated areas roughly approximate the boundaries of the reservations for these tribes, but their inclusion in this table is intended for 

the CAA planning purposes only and is not intended to be a federal determination of the exact boundaries of the reservations. Also, the specific 

listing of these areas in this table does not confer, deny, or withdraw Federal recognition of any of the tribes so listed nor any of the tribes not 

listed. 

■ 7. In § 81.306, the table entitled 

‘‘Colorado—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.306 Colorado.

* * * * *

COLORADO.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Denver-Boulder Area: 

Adams County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West of Kiowa Creek 

Arapahoe County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West of Kiowa Creek 

Boulder County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Excluding Rocky Mountain National Park 

Broomfield County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Denver County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 01: 

962 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

COLORADO.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phillips County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sedgwick County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yuma County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 02: 

Larimer County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Weld County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 03 (remainder of): 

Adams County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Arapahoe County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boulder County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clear Creek County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gilpin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 04: 

El Paso County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Park County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Teller County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 05: 

Cheyenne County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elbert County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kit Carson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 06: 

Baca County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crowley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kiowa County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otero County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prowers County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 07: 

Huerfano County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Las Animas County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pueblo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 08: 

Alamosa County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Conejos County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Costilla County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mineral County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rio Grande County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saguache County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 09: 

Archuleta County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dolores County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Plata County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montezuma County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Juan County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 10: 

Delta County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gunnison County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hinsdale County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montrose County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ouray County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Miguel County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 11: 

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mesa County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moffat County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rio Blanco County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 12: 

Eagle County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grand County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pitkin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Routt County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Summit County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

State AQCR 13: 

Chaffee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 963

COLORADO.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Fremont County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 8. In § 81.307, the table entitled 

‘‘Connecticut.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.307 Connecticut.

* * * * *

CONNECTICUT.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

New York-N. New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT: 

Fairfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

New Haven County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Hartford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Litchfield County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Middlesex County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

New London County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tolland County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Windham County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 9. In § 81.308, the table entitled 

‘‘Delaware.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.308 Delaware.

* * * * *

DELAWARE.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE: 

New Castle County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Southern Delaware Intrastate AQCR: 

Kent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sussex County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 10. In § 81.309, the table entitled 

‘‘District of Columbia.—PM2.5’’ is added 

to the end of the section to read as 

follows:

§ 81.309 District of Columbia.

* * * * *

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Washington, DC-MD-VA: 

District of Columbia ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 11. In § 81.310, the table entitled 

‘‘Florida.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.310 Florida.

* * * * *

964 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

FLORIDA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Alachua County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baker County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bay County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bradford County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brevard County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Broward County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charlotte County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Citrus County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Collier County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeSoto County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dixie County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Duval County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Escambia County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Flagler County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gadsden County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gilchrist County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glades County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gulf County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardee County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hendry County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hernando County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Highlands County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hillsborough County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Holmes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Indian River County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Levy County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Liberty County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manatee County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miami-Dade County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nassau County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Okaloosa County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Okeechobee County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osceola County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Palm Beach County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pasco County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pinellas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Johns County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Lucie County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Rosa County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sarasota County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seminole County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sumter County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Suwannee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Volusia County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wakulla County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 965

■ 12. In § 81.311, the table entitled 

‘‘Georgia.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.311 Georgia.

* * * * *

GEORGIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Athens, GA: 

Clarke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Atlanta, GA: 

Barrow County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Bartow County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Clayton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Cobb County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Coweta County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

DeKalb County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Forsyth County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Gwinnett County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Hall County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Heard County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

The northeast portion that extends north of 33 degrees 24 minutes (north) to the Carroll 

County border and east of 85 degrees 3 minutes (west) to the Coweta County border. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Paulding County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Putnam County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block group identifier 13–237–9603–1. 

Rockdale County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Spalding County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Walton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Chattanooga, TN–GA: 

Catoosa County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Walker County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Columbus, GA–AL: 

Muscogee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Rome, GA: 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Macon, GA: 

Bibb County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Monroe County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

From the point where Bibb and Monroe Counties meet at U.S. Hwy 23/Georgia Hwy 98 

follow the Bibb/Monroe County line westward 150′ from the U.S. Hwy 23/Georgia Hwy 

87 centerline, proceed northward 150′ west of and parallel to the U.S. Hwy 23/Georgia 

Hwy 87 centerline to 33 degrees, 04 minutes, 30 seconds; proceeed westward to 83 degrees, 49 minutes, 45 seconds; proceed due south to 150′ north of the Georgia Hwy 18 

centerline, proceed eastward 150′ north of and parallel to the Georgia Hwy 18 centerline 

to 1150′ west of the U.S. Hwy 23/ Georgia Hwy 87 centerline, proceed southward 1150′

west of and parallel to the U.S. Hwy 23/Georgia Hwy 87 centerline to the Monroe/Bibb 

County line; then follow the Monroe/Bibb County line to 150′ west of the U.S. Hwy 23/

Georgia Hwy 87 centerline. 

Rest of State: 

Appling County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Atkinson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bacon County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baker County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baldwin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Banks County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ben Hill County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Berrien County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bleckley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brantley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brooks County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bryan County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bulloch County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burke County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butts County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camden County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

966 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

GEORGIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Candler County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charlton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chatham County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chattahoochee County .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chattooga County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinch County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coffee County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colquitt County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cook County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crisp County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dade County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dawson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Decatur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dodge County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dooly County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dougherty County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Early County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Echols County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Effingham County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elbert County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Emanuel County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Evans County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fannin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gilmer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glascock County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glynn County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gordon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grady County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Habersham County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haralson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harris County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hart County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Heard County (remainder) .............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Irwin County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jeff Davis County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jenkins County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lanier County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Laurens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Liberty County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Long County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lowndes County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lumpkin County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McDuffie County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McIntosh County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meriwether County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miller County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mitchell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Murray County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oconee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 967

GEORGIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Oglethorpe County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Peach County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pickens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pierce County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Quitman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rabun County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richmond County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schley County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Screven County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seminole County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stephens County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stewart County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sumter County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Talbot County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taliaferro County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tattnall County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Telfair County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Terrell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Thomas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tift County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Toombs County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Towns County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Treutlen County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Troup County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Turner County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Twiggs County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Upson County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ware County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wheeler County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

White County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whitfield County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilcox County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilkes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilkinson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Worth County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 13. In § 81.312, the table entitled 

‘‘Hawaii.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.312 Hawaii.

* * * * *

HAWAII.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Hawaii County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Honolulu County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kalawao County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kauai County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maui County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

968 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

■ 14. In § 81.313, the table entitled 

‘‘Idaho.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.313 Idaho.

* * * * *

IDAHO.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 61 Eastern Idaho Intrastate: 

Bannock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bear Lake County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bingham County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bonneville County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butte County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caribou County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fremont County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oneida County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Power County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Teton County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 62 E Washington-N Idaho Interstate: 

Benewah County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kootenai County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Latah County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nez Perce County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shoshone County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 63 Idaho Intrastate: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blaine County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boise County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bonner County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boundary County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camas County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cassia County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clearwater County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elmore County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gem County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gooding County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Idaho County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jerome County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lemhi County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Minidoka County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Owyhee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Payette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Twin Falls County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 64 Metropolitan Boise Interstate: 

Ada County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Canyon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 15. In § 81.314, the table entitled 

‘‘Illinois.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.314 Illinois.

* * * * *

ILLINOIS.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN: 

Cook County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

DuPage County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 969

ILLINOIS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Grundy County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Goose Lake and Aux Sable Townships 

Kane County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Kendall County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Oswego Township 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

McHenry County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Will County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Louis, MO-IL: 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Randolph County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Baldwin Village 

St. Clair County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alexander County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bond County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bureau County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Champaign County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Christian County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coles County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeKalb County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

De Witt County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edgar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edwards County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Effingham County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ford County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gallatin County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grundy County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henderson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iroquois County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jersey County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jo Daviess County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kankakee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kendall County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Salle County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McDonough County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McLean County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macoupin County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

970 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

ILLINOIS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Massac County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Menard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moultrie County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ogle County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Peoria County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Piatt County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pope County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rock Island County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saline County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sangamon County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schuyler County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stephenson County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tazewell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vermilion County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wabash County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

White County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whiteside County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williamson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winnebago County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodford County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 16. In § 81.315, the table entitled 

‘‘Indiana.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.315 Indiana.

* * * * *

INDIANA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN: 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Porter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN: 

Dearborn County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Lawrenceburg Township 

Elkhart, IN: 

Elkhart County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Joseph County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Evansville, IN: 

Dubois County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Gibson County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Montgomery Township 

Pike County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Washington Township 

Spencer County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Ohio Township 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 971

INDIANA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Vanderburgh County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Warrick County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Indianapolis, IN: 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Hendricks County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Louisville, KY-IN: 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Jefferson County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Madison Township 

Muncie, IN: 

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable. 

Rest of State: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allen County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bartholomew County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blackford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Daviess County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dearborn County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Decatur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

De Kalb County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fountain County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gibson County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Huntington County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jay County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jennings County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kosciusko County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

LaGrange County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Porte County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miami County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Noble County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ohio County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Owen County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Parke County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County (remainder) ................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Posey County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

972 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

INDIANA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ripley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rush County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Spencer County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Starke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Steuben County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Switzerland County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tippecanoe County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tipton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vermillion County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vigo County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wabash County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wells County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

White County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whitley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1 Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

aThis date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 17. In § 81.316, the table entitled 

‘‘Iowa.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.316 Iowa.

* * * * *

IOWA.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Adair County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allamakee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Appanoose County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Audubon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Black Hawk County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bremer County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buchanan County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buena Vista County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cedar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cerro Gordo County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chickasaw County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clayton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Davis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Decatur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Des Moines County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickinson County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dubuque County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 973

IOWA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Emmet County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fremont County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grundy County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guthrie County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Humboldt County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ida County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iowa County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Keokuk County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kossuth County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Linn County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Louisa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lucas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lyon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mahaska County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mills County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mitchell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monona County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Muscatine County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

O’Brien County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osceola County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Page County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Palo Alto County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Plymouth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pocahontas County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pottawattamie County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Poweshiek County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ringgold County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sac County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sioux County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Story County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tama County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Buren County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wapello County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winnebago County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winneshiek County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodbury County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Worth County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wright County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

974 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

■ 18. In § 81.317, the table entitled 

‘‘Kansas—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.317 Kansas.

* * * * *

KANSAS.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date1 Type 

Statewide: 

Allen County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Anderson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Atchison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barber County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bourbon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chase County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chautauqua County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cheyenne County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cloud County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coffey County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Comanche County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cowley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Decatur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickinson County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Doniphan County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edwards County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elk County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ellis County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ellsworth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Finney County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ford County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Geary County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gove County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Graham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gray County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greeley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greenwood County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harvey County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haskell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hodgeman County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jewell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kearny County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kingman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kiowa County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Labette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lane County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leavenworth County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Linn County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lyon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McPherson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meade County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miami County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mitchell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morris County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 975

KANSAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date1 Type 

Nemaha County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Neosho County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ness County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osage County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osborne County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ottawa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pawnee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phillips County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pottawatomie County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pratt County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rawlins County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Reno County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Republic County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rice County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Riley County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rooks County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rush County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Russell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saline County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sedgwick County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seward County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shawnee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheridan County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sherman County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Smith County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stafford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stanton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stevens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sumner County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Thomas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trego County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wabaunsee County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wallace County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wichita County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wyandotte County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 19. In § 81.318, the table entitled 

‘‘Kentucky.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.318 Kentucky.

* * * * *

KENTUCKY.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN: 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Campbell County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Kenton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH: 

Boyd County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Lawrence County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block group identifier 21–127–9901–6. 

Lexington, KY: 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Mercer County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block group identifier 21–167–9605–1. 

Louisville, KY-IN: 

Bullitt County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

976 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

KENTUCKY.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Rest of State: 

Adair County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allen County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Anderson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ballard County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barren County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bath County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bell County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bourbon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boyle County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bracken County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Breathitt County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Breckinridge County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caldwell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calloway County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carlisle County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Casey County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Christian County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crittenden County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Daviess County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edmonson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elliott County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Estill County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fleming County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gallatin County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garrard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Graves County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grayson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Green County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greenup County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harlan County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hart County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henderson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hickman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hopkins County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jessamine County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Larue County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Laurel County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leslie County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Letcher County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lyon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCracken County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCreary County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McLean County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 977

KENTUCKY.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Magoffin County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meade County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Menifee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Metcalfe County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Muhlenberg County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nelson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nicholas County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ohio County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oldham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Owen County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Owsley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pendleton County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Powell County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Robertson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockcastle County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rowan County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Russell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Simpson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Spencer County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Todd County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trigg County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trimble County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whitley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wolfe County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodford County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 20. In § 81.319, the table entitled 

‘‘Louisiana—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.319 Louisiana.

* * * * *

LOUISIANA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 019 Monroe-El Dorado Interstate: 

Caldwell Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Catahoula Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Concordia Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Carroll Parish .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Salle Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morehouse Parish ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ouachita Parish ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland Parish ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

978 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

LOUISIANA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Tensas Parish ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union Parish .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Carroll Parish ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 022 Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler Interstate: 

Bienville Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bossier Parish ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caddo Parish ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Claiborne Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

De Soto Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln Parish .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Natchitoches Parish ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Red River Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sabine Parish .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winn Parish ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 106 S. Louisiana-S.E. Texas Interstate: 

Acadia Parish .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allen Parish ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Assumption Parish .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Avoyelles Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cameron Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Feliciana Parish ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Evangeline Parish ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iberia Parish .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson Davis Parish .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Plaquemines Parish ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rapides Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Helena Parish ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. John the Baptist Parish ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Landry Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Martin Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Tammany Parish ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tangipahoa Parish .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Terrebonne Parish ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vermilion Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vernon Parish .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington Parish .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Feliciana Parish ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baton Rouge, LA: 

Ascension Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Baton Rouge Parish ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iberville Parish ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Baton Rouge Parish ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beauregard Parish Area, LA: 

Beauregard Parish .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant Parish Area: 

Grant Parish .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette Area: 

Lafayette Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafourche Parish Area: 

Lafourche Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake Charles Area: 

Calcasieu Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

New Orleans Area: 

Jefferson Parish .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orleans Parish ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Bernard Parish ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Charles Parish ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pointe Coupee Area: 

Pointe Coupee Parish ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. James Parish Area: 

St. James Parish ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Mary Parish Area: 

St. Mary Parish ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 979

■ 21. In § 81.320, the table entitled 

‘‘Maine—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.320 Maine.

* * * * *

MAINE.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Androscoggin County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aroostook County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kennebec County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oxford County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Penobscot County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Piscataquis County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sagadahoc County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Somerset County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waldo County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

York County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 22. In § 81.321, the table entitled 

‘‘Maryland.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.321 Maryland.

* * * * *

MARYLAND.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Baltimore, MD: 

Anne Arundel County ...................................................................................................................... ........... NonAttainment. 

Baltimore County ............................................................................................................................. ........... NonAttainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... NonAttainment. 

Harford County ................................................................................................................................ ........... NonAttainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... NonAttainment. 

City of Baltimore .............................................................................................................................. ........... NonAttainment. 

Martinsburg, WV-Hagerstown, MD: 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... NonAttainment. 

Washington, DC-MD-VA: 

Charles County ................................................................................................................................ ........... NonAttainment. 

Frederick County ............................................................................................................................. ........... NonAttainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... NonAttainment. 

Prince George’s County .................................................................................................................. ........... NonAttainment. 

AQCR 113 Cumberland-Keyser Interstate: 

Allegany County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garrett County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 114 Eastern Shore Interstate (remainder of): 

Caroline County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cecil County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dorchester County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Queen Anne’s County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Somerset County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Talbot County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wicomico County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Worcester County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 116 Southern Maryland Intrastate (remainder of): 

Calvert County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Mary’s County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

980 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

■ 23. In § 81.322, the table entitled 

‘‘Massachusetts.—PM2.5’’ is added to 

the end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.322 Massachusetts.

* * * * *

MASSACHUSETTS.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Barnstable County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Berkshire County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bristol County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dukes County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Essex County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hampden County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hampshire County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Middlesex County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nantucket County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norfolk County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Plymouth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Suffolk County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Worcester County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 24. In § 81.323, the table entitled 

‘‘Michigan.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.323 Michigan.

* * * * *

MICHIGAN.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI: 

Livingston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Macomb County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Oakland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Clair County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Washtenaw County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Alcona County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alger County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allegan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alpena County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Antrim County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Arenac County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baraga County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bay County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benzie County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Berrien County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Branch County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charlevoix County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cheboygan County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chippewa County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clare County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Delta County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickinson County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Eaton County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Emmet County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Genesee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gladwin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gogebic County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 981

MICHIGAN.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Grand Traverse County ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gratiot County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hillsdale County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houghton County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Huron County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ingham County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ionia County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iosco County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iron County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Isabella County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kalamazoo County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kalkaska County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Keweenaw County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lapeer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leelanau County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lenawee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Luce County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mackinac County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manistee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marquette County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mecosta County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Menominee County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Midland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Missaukee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montcalm County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montmorency County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Muskegon County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newaygo County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oceana County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ogemaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ontonagon County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osceola County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oscoda County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otsego County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ottawa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Presque Isle County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roscommon County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saginaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Joseph County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sanilac County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schoolcraft County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shiawassee County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tuscola County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Buren County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wexford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 25. In § 81324, the table entitled 

‘‘Minnesota.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.324 Minnesota.

* * * * *

MINNESOTA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Aitkin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Anoka County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Becker County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beltrami County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

982 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

MINNESOTA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Big Stone County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blue Earth County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carlton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carver County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chippewa County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chisago County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clearwater County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cook County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cottonwood County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crow Wing County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dakota County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dodge County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Faribault County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fillmore County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Freeborn County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Goodhue County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hennepin County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hubbard County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Isanti County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Itasca County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kanabec County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kandiyohi County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kittson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Koochiching County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lac qui Parle County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake of the Woods County ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Le Sueur County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lyon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McLeod County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mahnomen County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meeker County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mille Lacs County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mower County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Murray County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nicollet County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nobles County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norman County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Olmsted County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otter Tail County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pennington County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pine County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pipestone County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pope County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ramsey County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Red Lake County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Redwood County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Renville County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rice County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rock County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roseau County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Louis County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sherburne County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sibley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stearns County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Steele County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stevens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 983

MINNESOTA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Swift County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Todd County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Traverse County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wabasha County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wadena County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waseca County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Watonwan County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilkin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winona County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wright County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yellow Medicine County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 26. In § 81.325, the table entitled 

‘‘Mississippi.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.325 Mississippi.

* * * * *

MISSISSIPPI.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alcorn County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Amite County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Attala County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bolivar County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chickasaw County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Choctaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Claiborne County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coahoma County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Copiah County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Covington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeSoto County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Forrest County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

George County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grenada County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hinds County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Holmes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Humphreys County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Issaquena County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Itawamba County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson Davis County ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kemper County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lauderdale County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leake County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leflore County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

984 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

MISSISSIPPI.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Lowndes County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Neshoba County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Noxubee County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oktibbeha County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Panola County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pearl River County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pontotoc County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prentiss County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Quitman County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rankin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sharkey County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Simpson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Smith County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stone County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sunflower County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tallahatchie County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tate County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tippah County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tishomingo County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tunica County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walthall County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilkinson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yalobusha County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yazoo County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 27. In § 81.326, the table entitled 

‘‘Missouri.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.326 Missouri.

* * * * *

MISSOURI.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

St. Louis, MO-IL: 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Charles County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Louis County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

St. Louis City ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Adair County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Andrew County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Atchison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Audrain County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bates County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bollinger County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 985

MISSOURI.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buchanan County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caldwell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Callaway County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camden County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cape Girardeau County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cedar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chariton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Christian County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cole County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cooper County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dade County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Daviess County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeKalb County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dent County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dunklin County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gasconade County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gentry County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grundy County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hickory County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Holt County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howell County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iron County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Laclede County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Linn County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McDonald County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maries County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miller County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mississippi County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moniteau County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

New Madrid County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oregon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osage County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ozark County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pemiscot County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pettis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phelps County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

986 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

MISSOURI.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Platte County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ralls County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ray County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Reynolds County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ripley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Clair County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Genevieve County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Francois County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saline County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schuyler County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scotland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shannon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stoddard County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stone County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taney County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Texas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vernon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Worth County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wright County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 28. In § 81.327, the table entitled 

‘‘Montana—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.327 Montana.

* * * * *

MONTANA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Libby, MT: 

Lincoln County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

The area bounded by lines from Universal Transverse Mercador Zone 11 (North American 

Datum 1983) coordinates beginning at 600,000mE, 5,370,000mN east to 620,000mE, 

5370,000mN south to 620,000mE, 5340,000mN west to 600,000mE, 5,340,000mN north 

to 600,000mE, 5,370,000mN 

Rest of State: 

Beaverhead County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Big Horn County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blaine County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Broadwater County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carbon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cascade County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chouteau County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Daniels County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dawson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Deer Lodge County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fallon County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fergus County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Flathead County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gallatin County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glacier County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 987

MONTANA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Golden Valley County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Granite County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hill County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Judith Basin County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis and Clark County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Liberty County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCone County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meagher County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mineral County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Missoula County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Musselshell County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Park County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Petroleum County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phillips County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pondera County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Powder River County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Powell County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prairie County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ravalli County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roosevelt County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rosebud County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sanders County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheridan County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Silver Bow County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stillwater County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sweet Grass County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Teton County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Toole County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Treasure County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wheatland County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wibaux County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yellowstone County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 29. In § 81.328, the table entitled 

‘‘Nebraska—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.328 Nebraska.

* * * * *

NEBRASKA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Antelope County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Arthur County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Banner County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blaine County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Box Butte County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boyd County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buffalo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burt County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cedar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chase County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherry County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

988 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

NEBRASKA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Cheyenne County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colfax County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cuming County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dakota County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dawes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dawson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Deuel County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dixon County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dodge County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dundy County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fillmore County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Frontier County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Furnas County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gage County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garden County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gosper County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greeley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hall County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harlan County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hayes County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hitchcock County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Holt County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hooker County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kearney County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Keith County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Keya Paha County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kimball County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lancaster County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Loup County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McPherson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Merrick County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morrill County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nance County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nemaha County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nuckolls County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otoe County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pawnee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perkins County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Phelps County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pierce County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Platte County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Red Willow County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richardson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rock County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saline County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sarpy County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saunders County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scotts Bluff County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seward County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheridan County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sherman County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sioux County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stanton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Thayer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Thomas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 989

NEBRASKA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Thurston County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valley County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wheeler County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

York County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 30. In § 81.329, the table entitled 

‘‘Nevada.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.329 Nevada.

* * * * *

NEVADA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide 2 ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

2Statewide refers to hydrographic areas as shown on the State of Nevada Division of Water Resources’ map titled ‘‘Water Resources and 

Inter-basin Flows’’ (September 1971), as revised to include a division of Carson Desert (area 101) into two areas, a smaller area 101 and area 

101A, and a division of Boulder Flat (area 61) into an Upper Unit 61 and a Lower Unit 61. See also 67 FR 12474 (March 19, 2002). 

■ 31. In § 81.330, the table entitled ‘‘New 

Hampshire.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.330 New Hampshire.

* * * * *

NEW HAMPSHIRE.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Belknap County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cheshire County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coos County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grafton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hillsborough County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Merrimack County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockingham County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Strafford County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 32. In § 81.331, the table entitled ‘‘New 

Jersey.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.331 New Jersey.

* * * * *

NEW JERSEY.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

New York–N. New Jersey–Long Island, NY-NJ-CT: 

Bergen County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Essex County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Hudson County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

990 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

NEW JERSEY.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Middlesex County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Monmouth County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Morris County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Passaic County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Somerset County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Philadelphia–Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE: 

Burlington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Camden County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Gloucester County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

New York–N. New Jersey–Long Island, NY-NJ-CT: 

Hunterdon County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sussex County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Atlantic City, NJ: 

Atlantic County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cape May County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ocean County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Salem County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 33. In § 81.332, the table entitled ‘‘New 

Mexico.—PM25’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.332 New Mexico.

* * * * *

NEW MEXICO.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 012 New Mexico-Southern Border Intrastate: 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hidalgo County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Luna County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 014 Four Corners Interstate (see 40 CFR 81.121): 

McKinley County (part) .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

R ́ıo Arriba County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sandoval County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Juan County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valencia County (part) .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 152 Albuquerque-Mid Rio Grande Intrastate: 

Bernalillo County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sandoval County (part) see 40 CFR 81.83 .................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valencia County (part) see 40 CFR 81.83 ..................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 153 El Paso-Las Cruces-Alamogordo: 

Don ̃a Ana County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

(Sunland Park Area) The area bounded by the New Mexico-Texas State line on the east, 

New Mexico-Mexico international line on the south, the range 3E-Range 2E line on the 

west, and the N3200 latitude line on the north. 

Don ̃a Ana County (remainder) ........................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otero County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sierra County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 154 Northeastern Plains Intrastate: 

Colfax County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guadalupe County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harding County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mora County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Miguel County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Torrance County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 155 Pecos-Permian Basin Intrastate: 

Chaves County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Curry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 991

NEW MEXICO.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

De Baca County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Eddy County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lea County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Quay County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roosevelt County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 156 SW Mountains-Augustine Plains: 

Catron County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cibola County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McKinley County (part) see 40 CFR 81.241 ................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Socorro County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Valencia County (part) see 40 CFR 81.241 ................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 157 Upper Rio Grande Valley Intrastate: 

Los Alamos County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

R ́ıo Arriba County (part) see 40 CFR 81.239 ................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Fe County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taos County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 34. In § 81.333, the table entitled ‘‘New 

York.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of the 

section to read as follows:

§ 81.333 New York.

* * * * *

NEW YORK.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

New York–N. New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-CT: 

Bronx County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Kings County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Nassau County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

New York County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Queens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Richmond County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Rockland County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Suffolk County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Westchester County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

AQCR 158 Central New York Intrastate (remainder of): 

Cortland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Herkimer County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oneida County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 159 Champlain Valley Interstate (remainder of): 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Lawrence County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 160 Finger Lake Intrastate: 

Seneca County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wyoming County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yates County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 161 Hudson Valley Intrastate (remainder of): 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ulster County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 163 Southern Tier East Intrastate: 

Broome County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chenango County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Otsego County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tioga County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 164 Southern Tier West Intrastate: 

Allegany County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

992 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

NEW YORK.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Cattaraugus County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chemung County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schuyler County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Steuben County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tompkins County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY: 

Albany County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rensselaer County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saratoga County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schenectady County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schoharie County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY: 

Erie County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Niagara County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Essex County, NY: 

Essex County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jamestown, NY: 

Chautauqua County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County, NY: 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Poughkeepsie, NY: 

Dutchess County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rochester, NY: 

Genesee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ontario County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orleans County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Syracuse, NY: 

Cayuga County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Onondaga County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oswego County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 35. In § 81334, the table entitled 

‘‘North Carolina.—PM25’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.334 North Carolina.

* * * * *

NORTH CAROLINA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Greensboro-Winston Salem-High Point, NC: 

Davidson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Guilford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Hickory-Morganton-Lenoir, NC: 

Catawba County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Alamance County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alexander County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Alleghany County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Anson County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ashe County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Avery County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beaufort County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bertie County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bladen County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brunswick County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buncombe County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burke County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 993

NORTH CAROLINA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Cabarrus County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caldwell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camden County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carteret County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caswell County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chatham County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chowan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cleveland County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbus County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Craven County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Currituck County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dare County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Davie County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Duplin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Durham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edgecombe County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Forsyth County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gaston County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gates County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Graham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Granville County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Halifax County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harnett County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haywood County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henderson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hertford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hoke County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hyde County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iredell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnston County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lenoir County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McDowell County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mecklenburg County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mitchell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moore County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nash County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

New Hanover County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northampton County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Onslow County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pamlico County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pasquotank County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pender County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perquimans County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Person County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pitt County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richmond County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Robeson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockingham County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rowan County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rutherford County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sampson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scotland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stanly County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stokes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

994 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

NORTH CAROLINA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Surry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Swain County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Transylvania County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tyrrell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vance County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wake County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Watauga County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilkes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yadkin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yancey County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 36. In § 81.335, the table entitled 

‘‘North Dakota.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.335 North Dakota

* * * * *

NORTH DAKOTA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 130 Metropolitan Fargo-Moorhead Interstate: 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rest of State, AQCR 172: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barnes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benson County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Billings County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bottineau County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bowman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burke County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burleigh County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cavalier County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickey County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Divide County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dunn County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Eddy County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Emmons County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Foster County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Golden Valley County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grand Forks County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Griggs County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hettinger County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kidder County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

LaMoure County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McHenry County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McIntosh County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McKenzie County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McLean County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mountrail County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nelson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oliver County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pembina County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pierce County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ramsey County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ransom County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Renville County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 995

NORTH DAKOTA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Rolette County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sargent County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheridan County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sioux County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Slope County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Steele County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stutsman County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Towner County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Traill County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walsh County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ward County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wells County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williams County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 37. In § 81.336, the table entitled 

‘‘Ohio.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.336 Ohio.

* * * * *

OHIO.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Canton-Massillon, OH: 

Stark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN: 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Clermont County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Cleveland-Akron-Lorain, OH: 

Ashtabula County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Ashtabula Township ...........

Cuyahoga County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Lorain County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Medina County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Portage County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Summit County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Columbus, OH: 

Coshocton County (part) ................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Franklin Township ...........

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Fairfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Franklin County ........... Nonattainment. 

Licking County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Dayton-Springfield, OH: 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH: 

Adams County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Monroe Township, Sprigg Township ...........

Gallia County (part) ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Addison Township, Cheshire Township ...........

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Scioto County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH: 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV: 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Toledo, OH: 

Lucas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Wood County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Wheeling, WV-OH: 

996 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

OHIO.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Belmont County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, OH-PA: 

Columbiana County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Mahoning County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Trumbull County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Adams County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allen County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ashland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ashtabula County (remainder) ........................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Athens County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Auglaize County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Champaign County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coshocton County (remainder) ....................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Darke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Defiance County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Erie County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gallia County (remainder) ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Geauga County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guernsey County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Highland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hocking County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Holmes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Huron County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meigs County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miami County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morrow County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Muskingum County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Noble County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ottawa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Paulding County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pickaway County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Preble County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ross County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sandusky County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seneca County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tuscarawas County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Wert County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vinton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williams County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wyandot County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 997

■ 38. In § 81.337, the table entitled 

‘‘Oklahoma—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.337 Oklahoma.

* * * * *

OKLAHOMA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 017 Metropolitan Fort Smith Interstate: 

Adair County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Le Flore County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sequoyah County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 022 Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler Intrastate: 

McCurtain County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 184 Central Oklahoma Intrastate (part): 

Cleveland County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oklahoma County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 184 Central Oklahoma Intrastate (remainder of): 

Canadian County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grady County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kingfisher County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McClain County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pottawatomie County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 185 North Central Oklahoma Intrastate: ...........

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kay County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Noble County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Payne County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 186 Northeastern Oklahoma Intrastate: 

Craig County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Creek County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mayes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Muskogee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nowata County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Okmulgee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Osage County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ottawa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pawnee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rogers County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tulsa County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wagoner County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 187 Northwestern Oklahoma Intrastate: ...........

Alfalfa County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beaver County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blaine County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cimarron County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dewey County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ellis County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Major County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roger Mills County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Texas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woods County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Woodward County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 188 Southeastern Oklahoma Intrastate: 

Atoka County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bryan County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Choctaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coal County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garvin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haskell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hughes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnston County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Latimer County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Love County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McIntosh County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

998 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

OKLAHOMA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Murray County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Okfuskee County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pittsburg County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pontotoc County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pushmataha County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seminole County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 189 Southwestern Oklahoma Intrastate: 

Beckham County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caddo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Comanche County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cotton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greer County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harmon County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kiowa County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stephens County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tillman County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washita County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 39. In § 81.338, the table entitled 

‘‘Oregon.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.338 Oregon.

* * * * *

OREGON.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Portland-Vancouver AQMA: 

(Air Quality Maintenance Area) 

Clackamas County (part) ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Multnomah County (part) ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County (part) ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Salem Area: 

(Salem Area Transportation Study): 

Marion County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 190 Central Oregon Intrastate (remainder of): 

Crook County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Deschutes County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hood River County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Klamath County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sherman County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wasco County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 191 Eastern Oregon Intrastate: 

Baker County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gilliam County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harney County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Malheur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morrow County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Umatilla County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wallowa County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wheeler County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 192 Northwest Oregon Intrastate: 

Clatsop County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tillamook County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 193 Portland Interstate (part): 

Lane County (part) .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 999

OREGON.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Eugene Springfield Air Quality Maintenance Area 

AQCR 193 Portland Interstate (remainder of): 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clackamas County (remainder) ...................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lane County (remainder) ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Linn County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The area outside the Salem Area Transportation Study 

Multnomah County (remainder) ...................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The area outside the Salem Area Transportation Study 

Washington County (remainder) ..................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yamhill County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 194 Southwest Oregon Intrastate (part): 

Jackson County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Medford-Ashland Air Quality Maintenance Area 

AQCR 194 Southwest Oregon Intrastate (remainder of): 

Coos County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Curry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Josephine County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 40. In § 81.339, the table entitled 

‘‘Pennsylvania.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81339 Pennsylvania.

* * * * *

PENNSYLVANIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA: 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Dauphin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Lebanon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Johnstown, PA: 

Cambria County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Indiana County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Townships of West Wheatfield, Center, East Wheatfield, and Armagh Borough and Homer 

City Borough 

Lancaster, PA: 

Lancaster County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Liberty-Clairton, PA: 

Allegheny County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Lincoln Borough, Clairton City, Glassport Borough, Liberty Borough, Port Vue Borough 

Philadelphia-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE: 

Bucks County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Chester County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Delaware County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Philadelphia County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA: 

Allegheny County (remainder) ........................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Armstrong County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Elderton Borough and Plumcreek and Washington Townships 

Beaver County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Butler County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Greene County (part) ...................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Monongahela Township 

Lawrence County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Township of Taylor south of New Castle City 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Westmoreland County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

1000 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

PENNSYLVANIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Reading, PA: 

Berks County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

York, PA: 

York County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, OH-PA: 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

AQCR 151 Northeast Pennsylvania-Upper Delaware Valley Interstate: 

Bradford County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carbon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lackawanna County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lehigh County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Luzerne County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northampton County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pike County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schuylkill County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Susquehanna County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tioga County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wyoming County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 178 Northwest Pennsylvania-Youngstown Interstate: 

Cameron County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clearfield County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Elk County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Erie County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Forest County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County (remainder) ......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McKean County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Potter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Venango County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 195 Central Pennsylvania Intrastate: 

Bedford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blair County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Centre County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clinton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fulton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Huntingdon County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juniata County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lycoming County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mifflin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montour County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northumberland County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Snyder County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Somerset County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 196 South Central Pennsylvania Intrastate: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 197 Southwest Pennsylvania Intrastate: 

Armstrong County (remainder) ........................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Indiana County (remainder) ............................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 41. In § 81.340, the table entitled 

‘‘Rhode Island.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.340 Rhode Island.

* * * * *

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1001

RHODE ISLAND.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Bristol County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newport County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Providence County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 42. In § 81.341, the table entitled 

‘‘South Carolina.—PM2.5’’ is added to 

the end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.341 South Carolina.

* * * * *

SOUTH CAROLINA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Greenville-Spartanburg, SC: 

Anderson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable 

Greenville County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable 

Spartanburg County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable 

Rest of State: 

Abbeville County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aiken County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allendale County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bamberg County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barnwell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beaufort County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Berkeley County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charleston County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chester County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chesterfield County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarendon County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colleton County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Darlington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dillon County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dorchester County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edgefield County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fairfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Florence County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Georgetown County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greenwood County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hampton County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Horry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kershaw County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lancaster County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Laurens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lexington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCormick County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marlboro County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newberry County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oconee County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orangeburg County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pickens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saluda County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sumter County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williamsburg County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

York County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1002 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 43. In § 81.342, the table entitled 

‘‘South Dakota.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.342 South Dakota.

* * * * *

SOUTH DAKOTA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Aurora County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beadle County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bennett County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bon Homme County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brookings County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brule County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buffalo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Butte County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Campbell County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charles Mix County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Codington County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Corson County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Custer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Davison County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Day County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Deuel County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dewey County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edmunds County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fall River County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Faulk County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gregory County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haakon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamlin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hand County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hanson County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harding County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hughes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hutchinson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hyde County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jerauld County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kingsbury County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lyman County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCook County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McPherson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meade County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mellette County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Miner County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Minnehaha County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moody County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pennington County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perkins County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Potter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roberts County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sanborn County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shannon County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Spink County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stanley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sully Count ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Todd County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tripp County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Turner County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1003

SOUTH DAKOTA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walworth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yankton County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ziebach County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 44. In § 81.343, the table entitled 

‘‘Tennessee.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.343 Tennessee.

* * * * *

TENNESSEE.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Chattanooga, TN-GA: 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Knoxville, TN: 

Anderson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Blount County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Loudon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Roane County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

The area described by U.S. Census 2000 block group identifier 47–145–0307–2. 

McMinn County, TN: 

McMinn County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable 

Rest of State: 

Bedford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bledsoe County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bradley County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Campbell County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cannon County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cheatham County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chester County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Claiborne County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cocke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coffee County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crockett County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Davidson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Decatur County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeKalb County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dyer County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fentress County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gibson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Giles County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grainger County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grundy County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamblen County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardeman County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hawkins County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haywood County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henderson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hickman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Humphreys County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1004 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

TENNESSEE.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lake County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lauderdale County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lawrence County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McNairy County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Macon County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maury County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Meigs County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moore County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Obion County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Overton County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Perry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pickett County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rhea County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roane County (remainder) .............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Robertson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rutherford County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sequatchie County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sevier County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Smith County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stewart County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sullivan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sumner County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tipton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trousdale County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Unicoi County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Buren County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Weakley County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

White County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williamson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 45. In § 81.344, the table entitled 

‘‘Texas.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.344 Texas.

* * * * *

TEXAS.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 022 Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler Interstate: 

Anderson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bowie County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camp County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cass County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cherokee County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1005

TEXAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Delta County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gregg County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hopkins County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamar County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morris County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Panola County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rains County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Red River County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rusk County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Smith County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Titus County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Upshur County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Van Zandt County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wood County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 106 S Louisiana-SE Texas Interstate (remainder of): 

Angelina County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jasper County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nacogdoches County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sabine County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Augustine County .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Jacinto County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shelby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trinity County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tyler County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 153 El Paso-Las Cruces-Alamogordo Interstate: 

Brewster County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Culberson County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

El Paso County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hudspeth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jeff Davis County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Presidio County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 210 Abilene-Wichita Falls Intrastate: 

Archer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Baylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Callahan County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coleman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Comanche County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cottle County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Eastland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fisher County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Foard County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardeman County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Haskell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jack County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jones County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kent County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Knox County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mitchell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montague County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nolan County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Runnels County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scurry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shackelford County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stephens County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stonewall County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Throckmorton County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wichita County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilbarger County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Young County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 211 Amarillo-Lubbock Intrastate: 

Armstrong County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1006 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

TEXAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Bailey County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Briscoe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carson County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Castro County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Childress County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cochran County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Collingsworth County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crosby County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallam County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Deaf Smith County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Donley County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garza County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gray County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hale County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hall County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hansford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hartley County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hemphill County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hockley County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hutchinson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

King County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamb County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lipscomb County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lubbock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lynn County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moore County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Motley County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ochiltree County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oldham County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Parmer County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Potter County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randall County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roberts County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sherman County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Swisher County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Terry County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wheeler County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yoakum County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 212 Austin-Waco Intrastate: 

Bastrop County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bell County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Blanco County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bosque County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brazos County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burleson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burnet County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caldwell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coryell County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Falls County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Freestone County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grimes County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hamilton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hays County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hill County ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lampasas County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Leon County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Limestone County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Llano County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McLennan County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Milam County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mills County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Robertson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Saba County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Travis County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1007

TEXAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Williamson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 213 Brownsville-Laredo Intrastate: 

Cameron County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hidalgo County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jim Hogg County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Starr County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webb County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Willacy County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Zapata County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 214 Corpus Christi-Victoria Intrastate (part): 

Nueces County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 214 Corpus Christi-Victoria Intrastate (remainder of): 

Aransas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brooks County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

DeWitt County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Duval County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Goliad County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gonzales County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jim Wells County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kenedy County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kleberg County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lavaca County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Live Oak County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McMullen County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Refugio County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Patricio County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 215 Metro Dallas-Fort Worth Intrastate (remainder of): 

Cooke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Erath County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fannin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grayson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henderson County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hood County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hunt County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Navarro County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Palo Pinto County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Somervell County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wise County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 216 Metro Houston-Galveston Intrastate (remainder of): 

Austin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colorado County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Matagorda County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walker County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wharton County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 217 Metro San Antonio Intrastate (remainder of): 

Atascosa County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bandera County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dimmit County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Edwards County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Frio County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gillespie County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Karnes County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kendall County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kerr County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kinney County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Salle County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maverick County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Medina County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Real County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Uvalde County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Val Verde County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wilson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Zavala County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 218 Midland-Odessa-San Angelo Intrastate (part): 

Ector County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 218 Midland-Odessa-San Angelo Intrastate (remainder of): 

Andrews County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1008 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

TEXAS.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Borden County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coke County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Concho County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crane County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crockett County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dawson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gaines County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Glasscock County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Howard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Irion County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kimble County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Loving County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McCulloch County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Menard County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Midland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pecos County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Reagan County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Reeves County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Schleicher County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sterling County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sutton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Terrell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tom Green County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Upton County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ward County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winkler County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beaumont/Port Arthur, TX: 

Hardin County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas-Fort Worth, TX: 

Collin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dallas County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Denton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ellis County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kaufman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Parker County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockwall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tarrant County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX: 

Brazoria County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chambers County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fort Bend County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Galveston County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harris County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Liberty County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waller County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Antonio, TX: 

Bexar County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Comal County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guadalupe County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Victoria Area: 

Victoria County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 46. In § 81.345, the table entitled 

‘‘Utah.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.345 Utah.

* * * * *

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1009

UTAH.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Box Elder County, UT (part): 

Box Elder County (except Brigham City) ........................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brigham City, UT: 

Box Elder County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The area surrounding Brigham City, as described by the following Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Box Elder County: T9N 2W, T9N R1W, T8N 2W 

Cache County, UT (part): 

Cache County (except Lower Cache Valley) .................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Davis County, UT (part): 

Davis County (except Wasatch Front) ............................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grantsville, UT: 

Tooele County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The area surrounding Grantsville, as described by the following Townships or the portions 

of the following Townships in Tooele County: T2S R6W, T2S R5W, T2S R4W, T3S 

R6W, T3S R5W, T3S R4W, T4S R6W, T4S R5W, T4S R4W 

Lower Cache Valley, UT: 

Cache County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The Cache Valley, below 6500 ft. msl. This area is described by the following list of Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Cache County: T15N R1E, T15N 

R2W, T15N R1W, T14N R2W, T14N R1W, T14N R1E, T13N R2W, T13N R1W, T13N 

R1E, T12N R2W, T12N R1W, T12N R1E, T11N R1W, T11N R1E, T10N R1W, T10N 

R1E, T9N R1E 

Salt Lake County, UT (part) 

Salt Lake County (except Wasatch Front) ...................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tooele County, UT (part): 

Tooele County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Utah County, UT (part): 

Utah County (except Wasatch Front) ............................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wasatch Front, UT: 

Davis County (part) ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion of the Wasatch Front residing in Davis County, as described by the following 

Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Davis County: T5N R3W, T5N 

R2W, T5N R1W, T4N R2W, T4N R1W, T3N R1W, T3N R1E, T2N R1W, T2N R1E, T1N 

R1W, T1N R1E. 

Salt Lake County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion of the Wasatch Front residing in Salt Lake County, as described by the following Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Salt Lake County: T1N 

R2W, T1N R1W, T1N R1E, T1S R3W, T1S R2W, T1S R1W, T1S R1E, T2S R3W, T2S 

R2W, T2S R1W, T2S R1E, T3S R3W, T3S R2W, T3S R1W, T3S R1E, T4S R3W, T4S 

R2W, T4S R1W, T4S R1E. 

Utah County (part) ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion of the Wasatch Front residing in Utah County, as described by the following 

Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Utah County: T4S R2W, T4S 

R1W, T4S R1E, T4S R2E, T5S R2W, T5S R1W, T5S R1E, T5S R2E, T6S R3W, T6S 

R2W, T6S R1W, T6S R2E, T6S R3E, T6S R1E, T7S R3W, T7S R2W, T7S R1W, T7S 

R1E, T7S R2E, T7S R3E, T8S R3W, T8S R2W, T8S R1W, T8S R3E, T8S R2E, T8S 

R1E, T9S R3W, T9S R2W, T9S R1E, T9S R3E, T9S R2E, T9S R1W, T10S 2W, T10S 

R2E, T10S R1E, T10S R1W, T1S R2W, T11S R1W, T12S R2W. 

Weber County (part) ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion of the Wasatch Front residing in Weber County, as described by the following 

Townships or the portions of the following Townships in Weber County: T7N R2W, T7N 

R1W, T7N R3W, T6N R3W, T6N R2W, T6N R1W, T5N R3W, T5N R2W, T5N R1W 

Weber County, UT (part): 

Weber County (except Wasatch Front) .......................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rest of State: 

Beaver County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carbon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Daggett County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Duchesne County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Emery County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grand County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iron County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juab County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kane County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Millard County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Piute County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rich County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1010 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

UTAH.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

San Juan County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sanpete County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sevier County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Summit County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Uintah County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wasatch County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 47. In § 81.346, the table entitled 

‘‘Vermont.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.346 Vermont.

* * * * *

VERMONT.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Addison County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bennington County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caledonia County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chittenden County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Essex County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grand Isle County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lamoille County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orleans County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rutland County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Windham County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Windsor County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 48. In § 81.347, the table entitled 

‘‘Virginia.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.347 Virginia.

* * * * *

VIRGINIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date1 Type 

Washington, DC-MD-VA: 

Arlington County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Fairfax County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Loudoun County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Prince William County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Alexandria City ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Fairfax City ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Falls Church City ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Manassas City ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Manassas Park City ........................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

AQCR 207 Eastern Tennessee-SW Virginia Interstate (remainder of): 

Bland County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buchanan County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carroll County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dickenson County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grayson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lee County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1011

VIRGINIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date1 Type 

Russell County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Scott County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Smyth County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tazewell County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wise County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wythe County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bristol City ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Galax City ........................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norton City ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 222 Central Virginia Intrastate: 

Amelia County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Amherst County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Appomattox County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bedford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brunswick County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buckingham County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Campbell County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charlotte County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cumberland County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Halifax County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henry County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lunenburg County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mecklenburg County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nottoway County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Patrick County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pittsylvania County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prince Edward County .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bedford City ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Danville City .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lynchburg City ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Martinsville City ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 223 Hampton Roads Intrastate (remainder of): 

Southampton County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin City .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 224 NE Virginia Intrastate (remainder of): 

Accomack County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Albemarle County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caroline County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Culpeper County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Essex County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fauquier County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fluvanna County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greene County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

King and Queen County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

King George County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

King William County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lancaster County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Louisa County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Madison County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mathews County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Middlesex County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nelson County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northampton County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Northumberland County .................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orange County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rappahannock County .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richmond County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Westmoreland County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Charlottesville City ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 225 State Capital Intrastate (remainder of): 

Dinwiddie County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Goochland County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greensville County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

New Kent County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Powhatan County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Surry County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sussex County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Emporia City .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1012 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

VIRGINIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date1 Type 

Petersburg City ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 226 Valley of Virginia Intrastate: 

Alleghany County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Augusta County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bath County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clarke County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Craig County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Floyd County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Giles County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Highland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Montgomery County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Page County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pulaski County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockbridge County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rockingham County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shenandoah County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Warren County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buena Vista City .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Covington City ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrisonburg City ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lexington City .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Radford City .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Staunton City ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waynesboro City ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Frederick Co., VA: 

Frederick County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winchester City ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fredericksburg, VA: 

Spotsylvania County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stafford County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

City of Fredericksburg ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norfolk-Virginia-Beach Newport News (Hampton Roads), VA: 

Gloucester County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Isle of Wight County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

James City County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

York County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chesapeake City ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hampton City ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Newport News City .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Norfolk City ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Poquoson City ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Portsmouth City ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Suffolk City ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Virginia Beach City .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Williamsburg City ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richmond-Petersburg, VA: 

Charles City County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chesterfield County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hanover County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Henrico County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Prince George County ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Colonial Heights City ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hopewell City .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richmond City ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roanoke, VA: 

Botetourt County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roanoke County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roanoke City ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Salem City ....................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 49. In § 81.348, the table entitled 

‘‘Washington.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.348 Washington.

* * * * *

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1013

WASHINGTON.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Portland—Vancouver AQMA: 

Clark County (part) .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Air quality maintenance area 

Seattle—Tacoma Area ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The following boundary includes all of Pierce County, and all of King County except a 

small portion on the north-east corner and the western portion of Snohomish County: 

Starting at the mouth of the Nisqually river extend northwesterly along the Pierce County 

line to the southernmost point of the west county line of King County; thence northerly 

along the county line to the southernmost point of the west county line of Snohomish 

County; thence northerly along the county line to the intersection with SR 532; thence 

easterly along the north line of SR 532 to the intersection of I–5, continuing east along 

the same road now identified as Henning Rd., to the intersection with SR 9 at Bryant; 

thence continuing easterly on Bryant East Rd. and Rock Creek Rd., also identified as 

Grandview Rd., approximately 3 miles to the point at which it is crossed by the existing 

BPA electrical transmission line; thence southeasterly along the BPA transmission line 

approximately 8 miles to point of the crossing of the south fork of the Stillaguamish 

River; thence continuing in a southeasterly direction in a meander line following the bed 

of the River to Jordan Road; southerly along Jordan Road to the north city limits of 

Granite Falls; thence following the north and east city limits to 92nd St. N.E. and Menzel 

Lake Rd.; thence south-southeasterly along the Menzel Lake Rd. and the Lake Roesiger 

Rd. a distance of approximately 6 miles to the northernmost point of Lake Roesiger; 

thence southerly along a meander line following the middle of the Lake and Roesiger 

Creek to Woods Creek; thence southerly along a meander line following the bed of the 

Creek approximately 6 miles to the point the Creek is crossed by the existing BPA electrical transmission line; thence easterly along the BPA transmission line approximately 

0.2 miles; thence southerly along the BPA Chief Joseph-Covington electrical transmission line approximately 3 miles to the north line of SR 2; thence southeasterly along 

SR 2 to the intersection with the east county line of King County; thence south along the 

county line to the northernmost point of the east county line of Pierce County; thence 

along the county line to the point of beginning at the mouth of the Nisqually River. 

AQCR 062 E Washington-N Idaho Interstate (part): 

Spokane County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 062 E Washington-N Idaho Interstate (remainder of): 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Asotin County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Garfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whitman County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 193 Portland Interstate (remainder of): 

Clark County (remainder) ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cowlitz County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Skamania County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wahkiakum County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 227 Northern Washington Intrastate: 

Chelan County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ferry County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Okanogan County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pend Oreille County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Stevens County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 228 Olympic-Northwest Washington Intrastate: 

Clallam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grays Harbor County ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Island County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pacific County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Juan County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Skagit County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Thurston County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Whatcom County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 229 Puget Sound Intrastate (remainder of): 

King County (remainder) ................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kitsap County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Snohomish County (remainder) ...................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 230 South Central Washington Intrastate: 

Benton County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1014 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

WASHINGTON.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Franklin County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kittitas County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Klickitat County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walla Walla County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yakima County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Seattle-Tacoma Area: 

Pierce County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 50. In § 81.349, the table entitled ‘‘West 

Virginia.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.349 West Virginia.

* * * * *

WEST VIRGINIA.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Charleston, WV: 

Kanawha County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Putnam County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH: 

Cabell County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Mason County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Graham Tax District 

Wayne County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Marion County, WV (aka Fairmont CBSA): 

Harrison County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Tax District of Clay 

Marion County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Monongalia County (part) ................................................................................................................ ........... Nonattainment. 

Tax District of Cass 

Martinsburg, WV-Hagerstown, MD: 

Berkeley County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH: 

Pleasants County (part) .................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Tax District of Grant 

Wood County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV: 

Brooke County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Hancock County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Wheeling, WV-OH: 

Marshall County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Nonattainment. 

Ohio County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Nonattainment. 

Rest of State: 

Barbour County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Boone County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Braxton County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calhoun County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clay County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Doddridge County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fayette County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gilmer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Greenbrier County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hampshire County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hardy County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Harrison County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lewis County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Logan County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

McDowell County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mason County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mineral County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1015

WEST VIRGINIA.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Mingo County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monongalia County (remainder) ...................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morgan County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Nicholas County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pendleton County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pleasants County (remainder) ........................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pocahontas County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Preston County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Raleigh County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Randolph County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ritchie County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Roane County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Summers County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tucker County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tyler County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Upshur County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wetzel County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wirt County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wyoming County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 51. In § 81.350, the table entitled 

‘‘Wisconsin.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.350 Wisconsin.

* * * * *

WISCONSIN.—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Adams County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ashland County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barron County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bayfield County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Brown County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Buffalo County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Burnett County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calumet County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Chippewa County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Clark County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbia County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crawford County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dane County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dodge County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Door County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Douglas County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dunn County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Eau Claire County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Florence County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fond du Lac County ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Forest County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Green County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Green Lake County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iowa County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iron County ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juneau County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kenosha County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Kewaunee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Crosse County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

1016 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

WISCONSIN.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Lafayette County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Langlade County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manitowoc County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marathon County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marinette County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marquette County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Menominee County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Milwaukee County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monroe County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oconto County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Oneida County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Outagamie County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ozaukee County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pepin County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pierce County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Polk County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Portage County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Price County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Racine County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rock County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rusk County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Croix County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sauk County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sawyer County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Shawano County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheboygan County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Taylor County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trempealeau County ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vernon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vilas County .................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Walworth County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washburn County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waukesha County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waupaca County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Waushara County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winnebago County .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wood County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 52. In § 81.351, the table entitled 

‘‘Wyoming.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end 

of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.351 Wyoming.

* * * * *

WYOMING.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Casper, WY: 

Natrona County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Casper 

Cheyenne, WY: 

Laramie County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Cheyenne 

Evanston, WY: 

Uinta County (part) .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Evanston 

Gillette, WY: 

Campbell County (part) ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Gillette 

Jackson, WY: 

Teton County (part) ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Jackson 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1017

WYOMING.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Lander, WY: 

Fremont County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Lander 

Laramie, WY: 

Albany County (part) ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Laramie 

Riverton, WY: 

Fremont County (part) ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Riverton 

Rock Springs, WY: 

Sweetwater County (part) ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Rock Springs 

Sheridan, WY: 

Sheridan County (part) .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

The portion within the City of Sheridan 

Rest of State: 

Albany County (remainder) ............................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Big Horn County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Campbell County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carbon County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Converse County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Crook County .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fremont County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Goshen County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hot Springs County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Johnson County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Laramie County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln County ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Natrona County (remainder) ........................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Niobrara County .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Park County ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Platte County ................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sheridan County (remainder) .......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sublette County ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sweetwater County ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Teton County (remainder) ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Uinta County (remainder) ................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washakie County ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Weston County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ In § 81.352, the table entitled 

‘‘American Samoa.—PM2.5’’ is added to 

the end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.352 American Samoa.

* * * * *

AMERICAN SAMOA.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designationa

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Eastern District ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manu’a District ................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rose Island ..................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Swains Island .................................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Western District ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 54. In § 81.353, the table entitled 

‘‘Guam.—PM2.5’’ is added to the end of 

the section to read as follows:

§ 81.353 Guam.

* * * * *

1018 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

GUAM.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Guam ............................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 55. In § 81.354, the table entitled 

‘‘Northern Mariana Islands.—PM2.5’’ is 

added to the end of the section to read 

as follows:

§ 81.354 Northern Mariana Islands.

* * * * *

NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Northern Islands Municipality .......................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rota Municipality ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Saipan Municipality ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tinian Municipality ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 56. In § 81.355, the table entitled 

‘‘Puerto Rico.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.355 Puerto Rico.

* * * * *

PUERTO RICO.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

Adjuntas Municipio .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aguada Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aguadilla Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aguas Buenas Municipio ................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Aibonito Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

An ̃asco Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Arecibo Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Arroyo Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barceloneta Municipio ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Barranquit′as Municipio ................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bayamo ́n County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cabo Rojo Municipio ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caguas Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Camuy Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cano ́vanas Municipio ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Carolina Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Catan ̃o County ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cayey Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ceiba Municipio ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ciales Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cidra Municipio ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Coamo Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Comer ́ıo Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Corozal Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Culebra Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Dorado Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Fajardo Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Florida Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gua ́nica Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guayama Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guayanilla Municipio ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Guaynabo County ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Gurabo Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Hatillo Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 3 / Wednesday, January 5, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 1019

PUERTO RICO.—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Hormigueros Municipio .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Humacao Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Isabela Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jayuya Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juana D ́ıaz Municipio ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Juncos Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lajas Municipio ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lares Municipio ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Las Mar ́ıas Municipio ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Las Piedras Municipio ..................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lo ́ıza Municipio ................................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Luquillo Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Manat ́ı Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maricao Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Maunabo Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mayagnez Municipio ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Moca Municipio ............................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morovis Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Naguabo Municipio .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Naranjito Municipio .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orocovis Municipio .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Patillas Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pen ̃uelas Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ponce Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Quebradillas Municipio .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rinco ́n Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

R ́ıo Grande Municipio ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sabana Grande Municipio ............................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Salinas Municipio ............................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Germa ́n Municipio .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Juan Municipio ......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Lorenzo Municipio .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

San Sebastia ́n Municipio ................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Santa Isabel Municipio .................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Toa Alta Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Toa Baja County ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trujillo Alto Municipio ...................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Utuado Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vega Alta Municipio ........................................................................................................................ ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vega Baja Municipio ....................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vieques Municipio ........................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Villalba Municipio ............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yabucoa Municipio .......................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Yauco Municipio .............................................................................................................................. ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 57. In § 81.356, the table entitled 

‘‘Virgin Islands.—PM2.5’’ is added to the 

end of the section to read as follows:

§ 81.356 Virgin Islands.

* * * * *

VIRGIN ISLANDS.—PM2.5

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Statewide: 

St. Croix ........................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. John ........................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Thomas ...................................................................................................................................... ........... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

[FR Doc. 05–1 Filed 1–4–05; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P

Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 40 / Tuesday, March 2, 2010 / Notices 9411 

Air and Radiation (OAR) is now nearing 

completion of the analytical work for 

the second prospective study. The 

AQMS met on February 19, 2010 

[Federal Register Notice dated January 

26, 2010 (75 FR 4070–4071)] to review 

technical documents pertaining to 

modeling of air quality for seven 

emissions scenarios: a 1990 baseline 

simulation; and simulations for 2000, 

2010 and 2020 with and without the 

CAAA. Materials for the February 19 

meeting are available on the Council 

Web site at http://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/ 

SABPRODUCT.NSF/MeetingCal/ 

962D3C3D233888B0852576

95005098B5?OpenDocument. The 

purpose of the March 15 teleconference 

meeting is to discuss and finalize the 

AQMS draft advisory report. 

Technical Contacts: The Office of Air 

and Radiation technical contact for the 

Second Section 812 Benefit-Cost 

Analysis of the Clean Air Act is Mr. Jim 

DeMocker at (202) 564–1673 or 

democker.jim@epa.gov. 

Availability of Meeting Materials: The 

AQMS draft advisory report and 

meeting agenda for the March 2010 

teleconference will be posted to the 

Council Web site (http://www.epa.gov/ 

advisorycouncilcaa) prior to the 

meeting. EPA draft documents provided 

to the AQMS are available at http:// 

www.epa.gov/oar/sect812/ 

prospective2.html. 

Procedures for Providing Public Input: 

Interested members of the public may 

submit relevant written or oral 

information for the AQMS to consider 

on the topics of this advisory activity. 

Oral Statements: In general, individuals 

or groups requesting an oral 

presentation at a teleconference meeting 

will be limited to three minutes per 

speaker, with no more than a total of 

one hour for all speakers. Interested 

parties should contact Ms. Sanzone at 

the contact information provided above 

by March 10, 2010, to be placed on the 

public speaker list for the March 15, 

2010 meeting. Written Statements: 

Written statements should be received 

in the SAB Staff Office by March 10, 

2010, so that the information can be 

made available to the AQMS for their 

consideration prior to the meeting. 

Written statements should be supplied 

to Ms. Sanzone in the following formats: 

one hard copy with original signature 

and one electronic copy via e-mail 

(acceptable file format: Adobe Acrobat 

PDF, MS Word, WordPerfect, MS 

PowerPoint, or Rich Text files). 

Submitters are asked to provide 

electronic versions of each document 

submitted with and without signatures, 

because the SAB Staff Office does not 

publish documents with signatures on 

its Web sites. 

Accessibility: For information on 

access or services for individuals with 

disabilities, please contact Ms. Sanzone 

at (202) 343–9697, or via e-mail at 

sanzone.stephanie@epa.gov, preferably 

at least ten (10) days prior to the 

meeting, to give EPA as much time as 

possible to process your request. 

Dated: February 24, 2010. 

Anthony Maciorowski, 

Deputy Director, EPA Science Advisory Board 

Staff Office. 

[FR Doc. 2010–4311 Filed 3–1–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

[FRL–9121–1] 

Official Release of the MOVES2010 

Motor Vehicle Emissions Model for 

Emissions Inventories in SIPs and 

Transportation Conformity 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Notice of availability. 

SUMMARY: EPA is approving and 

announcing the availability of the Motor 

Vehicle Emissions Simulator model 

(MOVES2010) for official use outside of 

California. MOVES2010 is the state-ofthe-art upgrade to EPA’s modeling tools 

for estimating emissions from cars, 

trucks, motorcycles, and buses, based on 

analysis of millions of emission test 

results and considerable advances in the 

Agency’s understanding of vehicle 

emissions. 

Today’s notice approves the use of 

MOVES2010 in official State 

implementation air quality plan (SIP) 

submissions to EPA and for certain 

transportation conformity analyses 

outside of California. This notice starts 

a two-year grace period before the 

MOVES2010 emission model is required 

to be used in new regional emissions 

analyses for transportation conformity 

determinations outside of California. 

EPA is not approving MOVES2010 for 

project-level transportation conformity 

hot-spot analyses at this time; the 

Agency will approve the model for such 

analyses in the near future in a separate 

Federal Register notice when guidance 

is finalized. 

EPA strongly encourages areas to use 

the interagency consultation process to 

examine how MOVES2010 will affect 

future transportation plan and 

transportation improvement program 

(TIP) conformity determinations so, if 

necessary, SIPs and motor vehicle 

emissions budgets can be revised with 

MOVES2010 or transportation plans and 

TIPs can be revised as appropriate prior 

to the end of the MOVES2010 

conformity grace period. EPA also 

encourages State and local air agencies 

to consider how the release of 

MOVES2010 will affect analyses 

supporting SIP submissions under 

development. 

DATES: EPA’s approval of the 

MOVES2010 emissions model for SIPs 

and regional emissions analyses for 

transportation conformity is effective 

March 2, 2010. As discussed further 

below, today’s approval also starts a 

two-year transportation conformity 

grace period which ends on March 2, 

2012, after which MOVES2010 is 

required to be used for new regional 

emissions analyses for transportation 

conformity. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

technical model questions regarding the 

official release or use of MOVES2010, 

please e-mail EPA at mobile@epa.gov or 

call (734) 214–4636. For questions about 

SIPs, contact Rudy Kapichak at 

Kapichak.Rudolph@epa.gov or (734) 

214–4574. For transportation conformity 

questions, contact Meg Patulski at 

Patulski.Meg@epa.gov or (734) 214– 

4842. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The 

contents of this notice are as follows: 

I. What Is MOVES2010? 

II. SIP Policy for MOVES2010 

III. Transportation Conformity Policy for 

MOVES2010 

IV. Future Notice Approving MOVES2010 for 

Project-Level Conformity Hot-Spot 

Analyses 

Availability of MOVES2010 and 

Support Materials 

Copies of the official version of the 

MOVES2010 model, along with user 

guides and supporting documentation, 

are available on EPA’s MOVES Web site: 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/ 

moves/index.htm. 

Guidance on how to apply 

MOVES2010 for SIPs and transportation 

conformity purposes, including ‘‘Policy 

Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for 

State Implementation Plan 

Development, Transportation 

Conformity, and Other Purposes’’ (EPA– 

420–B–09–046, December 2009) and 

‘‘Technical Guidance on the Use of 

MOVES2010 for Emission Inventory 

Preparation in State Implementation 

Plans and Transportation Conformity’’ 

(EPA–420–B–09–042, December 2009) 

can be found on the EPA’s 

transportation conformity Web site at: 

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ 

stateresources/transconf/policy.htm. 

WReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with NOTICES

9412 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 40 / Tuesday, March 2, 2010 / Notices 

1Today’s notice does not affect emissions model 

requirements within California, where the 

EMFAC2007 emissions model is currently approved 

for SIP purposes and for regional emissions 

analyses and CO hot-spot analyses for 

transportation conformity (73 FR 3464). 

2See EPA’s notice of availability published in the 

Federal Register on May 19, 2004, 69 FR 28830– 

28832. Also see EPA’s memoranda: ‘‘Policy 

Guidance on the Use of the November 1, 2006, 

Updated to AP–42 for Re-entrained Road Dust for 

SIP Development and Transportation Conformity,’’ 

August 2, 2007; and ‘‘Policy Guidance on the Use 

of MOBILE6.2 and the December 2003 AP–42 

Method for Re-entrained Road Dust for SIP 

Development and Transportation Conformity,’’ 

February 24, 2004. These documents are available 

on EPA’s Web site at: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ 

stateresources/transconf/policy.htm. 

EPA will continue to update this Web 

site as other MOVES support materials 

and guidance are developed. 

Individuals who wish to receive EPA 

announcements related to the 

MOVES2010 model should subscribe to 

the EPA–MOBILENEWS e-mail 

listserver. To subscribe to the EPA– 

MOBILENEWS listserver, send a blank 

e-mail to EPA at join-EPAMOBILENEWS@lists.epa.gov. Your email address will then be added to the 

list of subscribers and a confirmation 

message will be sent to your e-mail 

address. Whenever a message is posted 

to the EPA–MOBILENEWS listserver by 

the listserver owner (the Assessment 

and Standards Division of EPA’s Office 

of Transportation and Air Quality), a 

copy of that message will be sent to 

every person who has subscribed. You 

can remove yourself from the list by 

sending a blank e-mail to EPA at leaveEPA-MOBILENEWS@lists.epa.gov. This 

e-mail must be sent from the same email address that you used to subscribe. 

For more information about the EPA– 

MOBILENEWS listserver, visit EPA’s 

Web site at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ 

models/mobilelist.htm. 

I. What Is MOVES2010? 

MOVES2010 is the state-of-the-art 

upgrade to EPA’s modeling tools for 

estimating emissions from highway 

vehicles, based on analysis of millions 

of emission test results and considerable 

advances in the Agency’s understanding 

of vehicle emissions. Today’s notice 

approves MOVES2010 as EPA’s official 

motor vehicle emissions factor model 

for estimating volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides 

(NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), direct 

particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and 

other precursors from cars, trucks, 

buses, and motorcycles by State and 

local agencies for SIP purposes and 

regional emissions analyses for 

transportation conformity outside of 

California. For these purposes, 

MOVES2010 replaces the previous 

emissions model, MOBILE6.2, which 

was released in 2004 (69 FR 28830).1

MOVES2010 improves upon 

MOBILE6.2 in several key respects. For 

example, MOVES2010 is based on a 

review of the vast amount of in-use 

vehicle data collected and analyzed 

since the release of MOBILE6.2, 

including millions of emissions 

measurements from light-duty vehicles. 

Analysis of this data has enhanced 

EPA’s understanding of how on-road 

mobile sources contribute to emissions 

inventories, and has also improved the 

agency’s understanding of the relative 

effectiveness of various control 

strategies. MOVES2010 has a databasecentered design that allows users much 

greater flexibility in organizing input 

and output data. This structure also 

allows EPA to update emissions data 

incorporated in MOVES2010 more 

easily. 

MOVES2010 includes the capability 

to estimate vehicle exhaust and 

evaporative emissions as well as brake 

wear and tire wear emissions for criteria 

pollutants and precursors. However, 

MOVES2010 does not include the 

capability to estimate emissions of reentrained road dust. To estimate 

emissions from re-entrained road dust, 

practitioners should continue to use the 

latest approved methodologies.2

II. SIP Policy for MOVES2010 

EPA has articulated its policy 

regarding the use of MOVES2010 in SIP 

development in its ‘‘Policy Guidance on 

the Use of MOVES2010 for State 

Implementation Plan Development, 

Transportation Conformity, and Other 

Purposes’’ (EPA–420–B–09–046, 

December 2009). Today’s notice 

highlights certain aspects of the 

guidance, but State and local 

governments should refer to the 

guidance for more detailed information 

on how and when to use MOVES2010 

in reasonable further progress SIPs, 

attainment demonstrations, 

maintenance plans, inventory updates, 

and other SIP submission requirements. 

Although MOVES2010 should be 

used in SIP development as 

expeditiously as possible, EPA also 

recognizes the time and effort that States 

have already undertaken in SIP 

development using MOBILE6.2. SIPs 

that EPA has already approved are not 

required to be revised solely based on 

existence of the new model. States that 

have already submitted SIPs or will 

submit SIPs shortly after EPA’s approval 

of MOVES2010 are not required to 

revise these SIPs simply because a new 

motor vehicle emissions model is now 

available. States can choose to use 

MOVES2010 in these SIPs, for example, 

if it is determined that it is appropriate 

to update motor vehicle emissions 

budgets (‘‘budgets’’) with the 

MOVES2010 model for future 

conformity determinations. However, 

EPA does not believe that a State’s use 

of MOBILE6.2 should be an obstacle to 

EPA approval for SIPs that have been or 

will soon be submitted, assuming that 

such SIPs are otherwise approvable and 

significant SIP work has already 

occurred (e.g., attainment modeling for 

an attainment SIP has already been 

completed with MOBILE6.2). It would 

be unreasonable in such cases to require 

States to revise these SIPs with 

MOVES2010 since significant work has 

already occurred, and EPA intends to 

act on these SIPs in a timely manner. 

States should use MOVES2010 where 

SIP development is in its initial stages 

or hasn’t progressed far enough along 

that switching to MOVES2010 would 

create a significantly adverse impact on 

State resources. For example, States 

(except California) that will be 

developing on-road mobile source 

inventories for 2006 24-hour PM2.5

NAAQS SIPs should base those 

inventories on MOVES2010. EPA 

designated nonattainment areas for this 

NAAQS on November 13, 2009 (74 FR 

58688), which should give State and 

local agencies time to incorporate 

MOVES2010 into SIP submissions for 

this NAAQS. MOVES2010 should be 

incorporated into these and other SIPs, 

as appropriate, since MOVES2010 

emissions estimates are based on the 

best information currently available, as 

required by Clean Air Act section 

172(c)(3) and 40 CFR 51.112(a)(1). 

III. Transportation Conformity Policy 

for MOVES2010 

EPA is establishing a two-year grace 

period before MOVES2010 is required 

for new transportation plan and TIP 

conformity determinations and regional 

emissions analyses. This grace period 

begins today and ends March 2, 2012. 

The remainder of this section describes 

how the transportation conformity grace 

period was determined and summarizes 

how it will be implemented, including 

those circumstances when the grace 

period could be shorter than two years. 

However, for complete explanations of 

how MOVES2010 is to be implemented 

for transportation conformity, including 

details about using MOVES2010 during 

the grace period, refer to ‘‘Policy 

Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for 

State Implementation Plan 

Development, Transportation 

Conformity, and Other Purposes’’ (EPA– 

420–B–09–046, December 2009). EPA 

coordinated closely with the U.S. 

WReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with NOTICES

Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 40 / Tuesday, March 2, 2010 / Notices 9413 

3 In this example, such an area would use 

MOVES2010 to develop a regional emissions 

analysis for comparison to the revised MOVES2010- 

based budgets (e.g., PM10 and NOx budgets). The 

regional emissions analysis for ozone could be 

based on MOBILE6.2 for the VOC and NOx budgets 

in the ozone SIP for the remainder of the conformity 

grace period. 

Department of Transportation (DOT) in 

the establishment of the grace period. 

A. Length of Conformity Grace Period 

Transportation conformity is a Clean 

Air Act requirement to ensure that 

Federally supported highway and 

transit activities are consistent with 

(‘‘conform to’’) the SIP. Conformity to a 

SIP means that a transportation activity 

will not cause or contribute to new air 

quality violations; worsen existing 

violations; or delay timely attainment of 

the national ambient air quality 

standards or any interim milestone. 

Transportation conformity applies in 

nonattainment and maintenance areas 

for transportation-related pollutants: 

ozone, carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5, 

PM10, and nitrogen dioxide. 

The transportation conformity rule 

(40 CFR parts 51 and 93) requires that 

conformity determinations be based on 

the latest motor vehicle emissions 

model approved by EPA. Section 

176(c)(1) of the Clean Air Act states that 

‘‘* * * [t]he determination of 

conformity shall be based on the most 

recent estimates of emissions, and such 

estimates shall be determined from the 

most recent population, employment, 

travel, and congestion estimates * * *.’’ 

When EPA approves a new emissions 

model such as MOVES2010, a grace 

period is established before the model is 

required for conformity analyses. The 

conformity rule provides for a grace 

period for new emissions models of 

between three and 24 months (40 CFR 

93.111(b)(1)). 

EPA articulated its intentions for 

establishing the length of a conformity 

grace period in the preamble to the 1993 

transportation conformity rule (58 FR 

62211): 

EPA and DOT will consider extending the 

grace period if the effects of the new 

emissions model are so significant that 

previous SIP demonstrations of what 

emission levels are consistent with 

attainment would be substantially affected. 

In such cases, States should have an 

opportunity to revise their SIPs before MPOs 

[metropolitan planning organizations] must 

use the model’s new emissions factors. 

In consultation with DOT, EPA must 

consider many factors when 

establishing a grace period for 

conformity determinations, including 

the degree of change in emissions 

models and the effects of the new model 

on the transportation planning process 

(40 CFR 93.111(b)(2)). 

Upon consideration of all of these 

factors, EPA is establishing a two-year 

grace period, which begins today and 

ends on March 2, 2012, before 

MOVES2010 is required to be used for 

regional transportation conformity 

purposes. During this grace period, 

areas should use the interagency 

consultation process to examine the 

impact of using MOVES2010 in their 

future transportation plan and TIP 

conformity determinations and regional 

emissions analyses. 

B. Circumstances When Grace Period 

Will Be Shorter Than Two Years 

The grace period will be shorter than 

two years for a given pollutant if an area 

revises its SIP and budgets with 

MOVES2010, and such budgets become 

applicable for regional conformity 

purposes prior to the end of the twoyear grace period. In this case, the new 

regional emissions analysis must use 

MOVES2010 if the conformity 

determination is based on a 

MOVES2010-based budget. 

Areas that are designated 

nonattainment or maintenance for 

multiple pollutants may rely on both 

MOVES2010 and MOBILE6.2 to 

determine conformity for different 

pollutants during the grace period. For 

example, if an area revises a previously 

submitted (but not approved) 

MOBILE6.2-based PM10 SIP with 

MOVES2010 and EPA finds these 

revised MOVES2010 budgets adequate 

for conformity, such budgets would 

apply for conformity on the effective 

date of the Federal Register notice 

announcing EPA’s adequacy finding. In 

this example, if an area was in 

nonattainment for PM10 and ozone, the 

MOVES2010 grace period would end for 

PM10 once EPA found the new 

MOVES2010-based SIP budgets 

adequate. However, MOBILE6.2 could 

continue to be used for ozone 

conformity determinations until the end 

of the MOVES2010 grace period.3 EPA 

Regional Offices should be consulted for 

questions regarding such situations in 

multi-pollutant areas. 

In addition, if an area revises a 

previously approved SIP using 

MOVES2010, the revised MOVES2010 

budgets would be used for conformity 

purposes once EPA approves the 

MOVES2010 SIP revision, in most cases. 

In general, submitted SIPs cannot 

supersede approved budgets until they 

are approved. However, 40 CFR 

93.118(e)(1) allows an approved budget 

to be replaced by an adequate budget if 

EPA’s approval of the initial budgets 

specifies that the budgets being 

approved may be replaced in the future 

by new adequate budgets. This 

flexibility has been used in limited 

situations in the past, such as during the 

transition from MOBILE5 to MOBILE6. 

In such cases, the MOVES2010-based 

budgets would be used for conformity 

purposes once they have been found 

adequate, if requested by the State in its 

SIP submission and specified in EPA’s 

SIP approval. States should consult with 

their EPA Regional Office to determine 

if this flexibility applies to their 

situation. 

C. Use of MOVES2010 During the Grace 

Period 

During the conformity grace period, 

areas should use the interagency 

consultation process to examine how 

MOVES2010 will impact their future 

transportation plan and TIP conformity 

determinations and any regional 

emissions analyses. Areas should 

carefully consider whether the SIP and 

budgets should be revised with 

MOVES2010 or if transportation plans 

and TIPs should be revised before the 

end of the conformity grace period, 

since doing so may be necessary to 

ensure conformity in the future. 

Regional emissions analyses that are 

started during the grace period can use 

either MOBILE6.2 or MOVES2010. 

When the grace period ends on March 

2, 2012, MOVES2010 will become the 

only approved motor vehicle emissions 

model for regional emissions analyses 

for transportation conformity in States 

other than California. In general, this 

means that all new transportation plan 

and TIP conformity determinations 

started after the end of the grace period 

must be based on MOVES2010, even if 

the SIP is based on MOBILE6.2. 

Finally, the conformity rule provides 

some flexibility for regional emissions 

analyses that are started before the end 

of the grace period. Analyses that begin 

before or during the grace period may 

continue to rely on MOBILE6.2. The 

interagency consultation process should 

be used if it is unclear if a MOBILE6.2- 

based analysis was begun before the end 

of the grace period. If you have 

questions about which model should be 

used in your conformity determination, 

you can also consult with your EPA 

Regional Office. 

IV. Future Notice Approving 

MOVES2010 for Project-level 

Conformity Hot-spot Analyses 

Today’s notice does not approve 

MOVES2010 for use in transportation 

conformity hot-spot analyses in PM2.5,

PM10, and CO nonattainment and 

WReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with NOTICES

9414 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 40 / Tuesday, March 2, 2010 / Notices 

4 In CO nonattainment and maintenance areas, a 

hot-spot analysis is required for all non-exempt 

projects, with quantitative hot-spot analyses being 

required for larger, congested intersections and 

other projects (40 CFR 93.123(a)(1)). In addition, the 

conformity rule requires that a quantitative PM10 or 

PM2.5 hot-spot analysis be completed for certain 

projects of local air quality concern once EPA 

releases modeling guidance and announces in the 

Federal Register that the PM10 and PM2.5

quantitative hot-spot analysis requirements are in 

effect (40 CFR 93.123(b)). In coordination with 

DOT, EPA is currently preparing guidance on how 

to conduct quantitative PM2.5 and PM10 hot-spot 

modeling to implement this requirement. 

maintenance areas.4 EPA will approve 

MOVES2010 for these purposes, and 

establish a separate two-year conformity 

grace period, in a subsequent Federal 

Register notice. Details on how EPA 

intends to implement MOVES2010 for 

quantitative CO, PM2.5, and PM10 hotspot analyses can be found in ‘‘Policy 

Guidance on the Use of MOVES2010 for 

State Implementation Plan 

Development, Transportation 

Conformity, and Other Purposes’’ (EPA– 

420–B–09–042, December 2009). 

Dated: February 24, 2010. 

Margo Tsirigotis Oge, 

Director, Office of Transportation and Air 

Quality. 

[FR Doc. 2010–4312 Filed 3–1–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE 

UNITED STATES 

Notice of Open Meeting of the 

Advisory Committee of the ExportImport Bank of the United States (ExIm Bank) 

SUMMARY: The Advisory Committee was 

established by Public Law 98–181, 

November 30, 1983, to advise the 

Export-Import Bank on its programs and 

to provide comments for inclusion in 

the reports of the Export-Import Bank of 

the United States to Congress. 

TIME AND PLACE: Friday, March 12, 2010 

beginning at 2:30 p.m. The meeting will 

be held in the Palladian Room at the 

Onmi Shoreham Hotel, 2500 Calvert 

Street, NW., Washington, DC 20008. 

Agenda: Agenda items include a 

briefing on the status of the 2010 

Advisory Committee’s Subcommittees 

and the challenges for 2010. 

Public Participation: The meeting will 

be open to public participation, and the 

last 10 minutes will be set aside for oral 

questions or comments. Members of the 

public may also file written statement(s) 

before or after the meeting. If any person 

wishes auxiliary aids (such as a sign 

language interpreter) or other special 

accommodations, please contact, prior 

to March 3, 2010, Susan Houser, Room 

1273, 811 Vermont Avenue, NW., 

Washington, DC 20571, Voice: (202) 

565–3232 or TDD (202) 565–3377. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

further information, contact Susan 

Houser, Room 1273, 811 Vermont Ave., 

NW., Washington, DC 20571, (202) 565– 

3232. 

Jonathan Cordone, 

Senior Vice President and General Counsel. 

[FR Doc. 2010–4208 Filed 3–1–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6690–01–M 

FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION 

Farm Credit Administration Board; 

Sunshine Act; Regular Meeting 

AGENCY: Farm Credit Administration. 

SUMMARY: Notice is hereby given, 

pursuant to the Government in the 

Sunshine Act (5 U.S.C. 552b(e)(3)), of 

the regular meeting of the Farm Credit 

Administration Board (Board). 

DATE AND TIME: The regular meeting of 

the Board will be held at the offices of 

the Farm Credit Administration in 

McLean, Virginia, on March 11, 2010, 

from 9 a.m. until such time as the Board 

concludes its business. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Roland E. Smith, Secretary to the Farm 

Credit Administration Board, (703) 883– 

4009, TTY (703) 883–4056. 

ADDRESSES: Farm Credit 

Administration, 1501 Farm Credit Drive, 

McLean, Virginia 22102–5090. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: This 

meeting of the Board will be open to the 

public (limited space available). In order 

to increase the accessibility to Board 

meetings, persons requiring assistance 

should make arrangements in advance. 

The matters to be considered at the 

meeting are: 

Open Session 

A. Approval of Minutes 

• February 24, 2010 

B. New Business 

• Director Elections—Final Rule 

C. Reports 

• Office of Management Services 

Quarterly Report 

Dated: February 25, 2010. 

Roland E. Smith, 

Secretary, Farm Credit Administration Board. 

[FR Doc. 2010–4348 Filed 2–26–10; 11:15 am] 

BILLING CODE 6705–01–P 

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 

Change in Bank Control Notices; 

Acquisition of Shares of Bank or Bank 

Holding Companies 

The notificants listed below have 

applied under the Change in Bank 

Control Act (12 U.S.C. 1817(j)) and 

§ 225.41 of the Board’s Regulation Y (12 

CFR 225.41) to acquire a bank or bank 

holding company. The factors that are 

considered in acting on the notices are 

set forth in paragraph 7 of the Act (12 

U.S.C. 1817(j)(7)). 

The notices are available for 

immediate inspection at the Federal 

Reserve Bank indicated. The notices 

also will be available for inspection at 

the office of the Board of Governors. 

Interested persons may express their 

views in writing to the Reserve Bank 

indicated for that notice or to the offices 

of the Board of Governors. Comments 

must be received not later than March 

17, 2010. 

A. Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 

(Steve Foley, Vice President) 1000 

Peachtree Street, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 

30309: 

1. Anthony Jennings Roy, III, 

Marksville, Louisiana; to retain voting 

shares of Mansura Bancshares, Inc., 

Mansura, Louisiana, and thereby 

indirectly retain voting shares of The 

Cottonport Bank, Cottonport, Louisiana. 

Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve 

System, February 25, 2010. 

Robert deV. Frierson, 

Deputy Secretary of the Board. 

[FR Doc. 2010–4225 Filed 3–1–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6210–01–S 

FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM 

Formations of, Acquisitions by, and 

Mergers of Bank Holding Companies 

The companies listed in this notice 

have applied to the Board for approval, 

pursuant to the Bank Holding Company 

Act of 1956 (12 U.S.C. 1841 et seq.) 

(BHC Act), Regulation Y (12 CFR Part 

225), and all other applicable statutes 

and regulations to become a bank 

holding company and/or to acquire the 

assets or the ownership of, control of, or 

the power to vote shares of a bank or 

bank holding company and all of the 

banks and nonbanking companies 

owned by the bank holding company, 

including the companies listed below. 

The applications listed below, as well 

as other related filings required by the 

Board, are available for immediate 

inspection at the Federal Reserve Bank 

indicated. The applications also will be 

available for inspection at the offices of 

WReier-Aviles on DSKGBLS3C1PROD with NOTICES

Thursday,

April 14, 2005

Part II

Environmental 

Protection Agency

40 CFR Part 81

Air Quality Designations for the Fine 

Particles (PM2.5) National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards—Supplemental 

Amendments; Final Rule

19844 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 81 

[OAR–2003–0061; FRL–7896–8] 

RIN–2060–AM04 

Air Quality Designations for the Fine 

Particles (PM2.5) National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards—Supplemental 

Amendments

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Final rule; supplemental 

amendments. 

SUMMARY: On January 5, 2005, EPA 

promulgated air quality designations for 

all areas for the national ambient air 

quality standards (NAAQS) for fine 

particles (i.e. particles less than 2.5 

microns in diameter, also known as 

PM2.5) (70 FR 944). We designated 47 

areas composed of 224 counties and the 

District of Columbia as nonattainment. 

We designated 5 areas comprised of 7 

counties as unclassifiable. We 

designated the remaining counties in 

the United States as attainment/

unclassifiable. We based the 

designations in the January 5, 2005, 

final rule on air quality monitoring data 

from the 3-year period of 2001 to 2003. 

In that action, we provided that these 

designations would be effective 90 days 

from the date of publication in the 

Federal Register, which is April 5, 

2005. Because the designations occurred 

at the end of 2004, we indicated our 

desire to consider 2004 data where 

feasible in order to evaluate attainment 

status based upon data from the 3-year 

period of 2002 to 2004. We explained 

that we would consider any complete, 

quality-assured, and certified 2004 

PM2.5 data submitted by any State to 

EPA by February 22, 2005, if such data 

indicated that a change in the 

designation for the entire area would be 

appropriate. 

In the January 5, 2005, action, we 

stated that if EPA agreed that a change 

in the designation was appropriate 

based upon the inclusion of 2004 data, 

then EPA would withdraw the initial 

designation for the area and issue a 

designation that reflected the 

consideration of the new data before the 

April 5, 2005, effective date. Today’s 

action addresses areas for which States 

have submitted complete, qualityassured, and certified PM2.5 air quality 

data for 2004, and it modifies the 

designation status to attainment for 

eight areas we originally designated as 

nonattainment and for four areas we 

originally designated as unclassifiable. 

This action also includes technical 

corrections related to boundary 

descriptions for a few areas included in 

the January 5, 2005, action. The EPA has 

received a number of other petitions in 

connection with the PM2.5 designations 

pertaining to issues other than inclusion 

of 2004 data as a basis for changing the 

designation prior to the effective date. 

The EPA is not responding to those 

petitions in this document and will be 

evaluating and responding to those 

petitions separately.

DATES: Effective upon April 5, 2005.

ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a 

docket for this action under Docket ID 

No. OAR–2003–0061. All documents in 

the docket are listed in the EDOCKET 

index at http://www.epa.gov/edocket. 

Although listed in the index, some 

information is not publicly available, 

i.e., Confidential Business Information 

(CBI) or other information whose 

disclosure is restricted by statute. 

Certain other material, such as 

copyrighted material, is not placed on 

the Internet and will be publicly 

available only in hard copy form. 

Publicly available docket materials are 

available either electronically in the 

EDOCKET or in hard copy at the Docket, 

EPA/DC, EPA West, Room B102, 1301 

Constitution Ave., NW., Washington, 

DC. The Public Reading Room is open 

from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. Monday 

through Friday, excluding legal 

holidays. The telephone number for the 

public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744, 

and the telephone number for the Office 

of Air and Radiation Docket and 

Information Center is (202) 566–1742. In 

addition, we have placed a copy of the 

rule and a variety of materials regarding 

designations on EPA’s designation Web 

site at: http://www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/

particles/designations/index.htm and 

on the Tribal Web site at: http://www/

epa.gov/air/tribal.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

Designations: Mr. Rich Damberg, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Mail Code C504–02, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 

phone number (919) 541–5592 or by email at: damberg.rich@epa.gov. 

Designations and Part 81 Code of 

Federal Regulations (CFR): Larry D. 

Wallace, Ph.D., U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Mail Code 

C504–02, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27711, phone number (919) 541–0906 or 

by e-mail at: wallace.larry@epa.gov. 

Technical Issues Related to 

Designations: Mr. Thomas Rosendahl, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Mail Code C504–02, 

Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 

phone number (919) 541–5314 or by email at: rosendahl.tom@epa.gov. 

PM2.5 Air Quality Data Issues: Mr. 

Mark Schmidt, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Mail Code C–

304–01, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27711, phone number (919) 541–5314 or 

by e-mail at: schmidt.mark@epa.gov.

Region I—Alison Simcox (617) 918–

1684, 

Region II—Kenneth Fradkin (212) 637–

3702, 

Region III—Denny Lohman (215) 814–

2192, 

Region IV—Steve Scofield (404) 562–

9034, 

Region V—John Summerhays (312) 886–

6067, 

Region VI—Joe Kordzi (214) 665–7186, 

Region VII—Amy Algoe-Eakin (913) 

551–7942, 

Region VIII—Libby Faulk (303) 312–

6083, 

Region IX—Eleanor Kaplan (415) 744–

1286, 

Region X—Keith Rose (206) 553–1949.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The 

public may inspect the rule and the 

technical support information at the 

following locations:

Regional offices States 

Dave Conroy, Acting Branch Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA New 

England, I Congress Street, Suite 1100, Boston, MA 02114–2023, 

(617) 918–1661.

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, 

and Vermont. 

Raymond Werner, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region II, 290 

Broadway, 25th Floor, New York, NY 10007–1866, (212) 637–4249.

New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. 

Makeba Morris, Branch Chief, Air Quality Planning Branch, EPA Region III, 1650 Arch Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103–2187, (215) 814–

2187.

Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and 

West Virginia. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19845

Regional offices States 

Richard A. Schutt, Chief, Regulatory Development Section, EPA Region IV, Sam Nun Atlanta Federal Center, 61 Forsyth Street, SW., 

12th Floor, Atlanta, GA 30303, (404) 562–9033.

Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, 

South Carolina, and Tennessee. 

Jay Bortzer, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region V, 77 West 

Jackson Street, Chicago, IL 60604, (312) 886–4447.

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 

Donna Ascenzi, Acting Associate Director Air Programs, EPA Region 

VI, 1445 Ross Avenue, Dallas, TX 75202, (214) 665–2725.

Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. 

Joshua A. Tapp, Chief, Air Programs Branch, EPA Region VII, 901 

North 5th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66101–2907, (913) 551–7606.

Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. 

Richard R. Long, Director, Air and Radiation Program, EPA Region 

VIII, 999 18th, Suite 300, Denver, CO 80202, (303) 312–6005.

Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. 

Steven Barhite, Air Planning Office, EPA Region IX, 75 Hawthorne 

Street, San Francisco, CA 94105, (415) 972–3980.

Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii, and Nevada. 

Mahbubul Islam, Manager, State and Tribal Air Programs, EPA Region 

X, Office of Air, Waste, and Toxics, Mail Code OAQ–107, 1200 Sixth 

Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, (206) 553–6985.

Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. 

Table of Contents 

The following is an outline of the 

Preamble.

I. What Is the Purpose of Today’s Action? 

II. Designation Decisions Based on 2002–

2004 Data 

III. Technical Corrections for Area 

Boundaries 

IV. Significance of Today’s Action 

V. Effective Date of Today’s Action 

VI. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

I. National Technology Transfer 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) 

J. Congressional Review Act 

K. Judicial Review

I. What Is the Purpose of Today’s 

Action? 

On January 5, 2005, EPA promulgated 

air quality designations for all areas in 

the United States for the NAAQS for 

PM2.5 (70 FR 944), in accordance with 

section 107(d) of the Clean Air Act 

(CAA). The list of areas in each State, 

the boundaries of each area, and the 

designation of each area, appear in a 

table at the end of that action. The 

purpose of today’s action is to modify 

the PM2.5 designation for a number of 

areas that we designated nonattainment 

or unclassifiable in the January 5, 2005 

action, and to make certain technical 

corrections to the table of areas 

described in 40 CFR part 81.

The January 5, 2005, PM2.5 

designations were based on air quality 

data for 2001 through 2003. We 

designated 47 areas comprised of 224 

counties and the District of Columbia 

were designated as nonattainment. We 

designated 5 areas comprised of 7 

counties as unclassifiable. We 

designated the remaining counties in 

the United States as attainment/

unclassifiable. We based the 

designations in the January 5, 2005, 

action on air quality monitor data from 

the 3-year period of 2001 to 2003. The 

action provided that these designations 

would be effective 90 days from the date 

of publication (i.e. April 5, 2005). 

Because the designation process 

occurred so close to the end of the 2004 

calendar year, EPA indicated that we 

would consider any complete, qualityassured, and certified PM2.5 data for 

2004 submitted by any State by 

February 22, 2005, if such data 

indicated that the attainment status for 

the entire area, based on 2002–2004 

data, would differ from the status 

indicated in the January 5 action. In 

other words, we indicated that the 

agency would consider changing the 

designation status of an area from 

nonattainment to attainment, or 

unclassifiable to attainment, if each

monitor in the initially designated area 

had air quality data for the 2002–2004 

period below the level of the standards. 

The EPA received complete, qualityassured, and certified air quality data for 

2004 from a number of States prior to 

February 22, 2005. Based on our 

evaluation of this data, in today’s action, 

EPA is changing the designation status 

from nonattainment to attainment for 

eight areas, and from unclassifiable to 

attainment for four areas. Today’s 

modifications to the initial designations 

for these areas do not represent 

‘‘redesignations’’ because these changes 

are being made prior to the effective 

date of the initial PM2.5 designations. 

We are making these changes to reflect 

the most recent 3 years of complete, 

quality-assured, and certified data that 

are available prior to the effective date 

of the designations. After April 5, 2005, 

any change in the PM2.5 designation 

status for an area, other than those that 

might result from a petition for 

reconsideration or error correction, 

would be subject to the redesignation 

provisions of section 107(d)(3) of the 

CAA. 

In the January 5, 2005, action, we also 

stated that if certified 2004 data 

indicated a violation of the standard in 

an area we initially designated as 

attainment based on 2001–2003 data, 

EPA would evaluate the reason for the 

violation and determine the appropriate 

course of action, including the 

possibility of redesignation to 

nonattainment. No States submitted 

certified 2004 data by February 22, 

2005, to indicate that the status of any 

area should change from attainment or 

unclassifiable to nonattainment. The 

EPA has committed to evaluate all 2004 

data for areas initially designated as 

unclassifiable. Under existing 

regulations, States are required to certify 

air quality data for 2004 by July 1, 2005. 

At that time, EPA will evaluate whether 

a change of designation for an 

unclassifiable area is appropriate. 

II. Designation Decisions Based on 

2002–2004 Data 

Areas changing from nonattainment 

to attainment based on 2002–2004 data.

A number of States, including AL, CA, 

GA, IN, KY, OH, PA, TN, and WV, 

submitted certified 2004 air quality 

monitoring data to EPA by February 22, 

2005. (All correspondence from States 

related to this action can be found in 

docket OAR–2003–0061 for this action.) 

Based upon our technical evaluation of 

the certified 2004 data provided by 

these States, we have determined that 

the nonattainment designation for seven 

areas listed in the January 5 action 

(based on 2001–2003 data) should be 

changed to attainment (based on 2002–

19846 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

2004 data). In each of these areas, all 

PM2.5 monitors have complete, qualityassured, and certified data below the 

level of the PM2.5 standards for the 

2002–2004 period. These seven areas 

are:

—Athens, Georgia (Clarke county); 

—Elkhart, Indiana (Elkhart and St. 

Joseph’s counties); 

—Lexington, Kentucky (Fayette and 

Mercer counties); 

—Marion county, WV (Marion, 

Monangalia, and Harrison counties); 

—San Diego, California (San Diego 

county); 

—Toledo, Ohio (Lucas and Wood 

counties); and 

—Youngstown, OH-PA (Columbiana, 

Mahoning, and Trumbull counties, 

Ohio; Mercer county, Pennsylvania).

(A summary of the air quality data for 

these areas is included in the technical 

support document for this action. 

Comprehensive information for these 

areas is available from EPA’s Air 

Quality Subsystem at: http://

www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/

index.htm.)

Areas changing from unclassifiable to 

attainment based on 2002–2004 data. In 

addition, we have determined that for 

four areas the unclassifiable designation 

in the January 5 action (based on 2001–

2003 data) should now be changed to 

attainment (based on 2002–2004 data). 

In each of these areas, all PM2.5 

monitors have complete, qualityassured, and certified data below the 

level of the PM2.5 standards for the 

2002–2004 period. These four areas are:

—Dekalb county, Alabama; 

—Gadsden, Alabama (Etowah county); 

—McMinn county, Tennessee; and 

—Muncie, Indiana (Delaware county).

(A summary of the air quality data for 

these areas is included in the technical 

support document for this action. 

Comprehensive information for these 

areas is available from EPA’s Air 

Quality Subsystem at: http://

www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/

index.htm.)

For all of the areas changing from 

either nonattainment or unclassifiable to 

attainment based upon the 

consideration of 2004 data, EPA has 

determined that it is appropriate to 

revise the initial designation announced 

in the January 5, 2005, action before the 

April 5, 2005, effective date. The EPA 

believes that the specific redesignation 

requirements of the CAA, including 

those set forth in section 107(d)(3)(E), 

do not apply until after the effective 

date of a designation. The EPA has 

concluded that, where possible, 

inclusion of 2004 data results in the 

appropriate initial designation. 

Subsequent changes to the designation 

of these or other areas may require 

compliance with the statutory 

provisions governing the formal 

redesignation process. 

Requests to change individual 

counties to attainment. The EPA 

received requests from a number of 

States to change the status of a selected 

county within a larger nonattainment 

area from nonattainment to attainment 

based upon 2004 data. For five counties 

in four nonattainment areas (see table 

below), States submitted certified 2004 

data showing that the 2002–2004 value 

for all monitors in the specific county at 

issue is below the level of the PM2.5 

annual standard. In each of these 

situations, however, there are other 

monitors in the larger nonattainment 

area identified in the January 5, 2005 

action which continue to violate the 

annual standard based on 2002–2004 

data. The following table lists the State 

and county in question, the associated 

nonattainment area, and the other 

violating county in the area.

State County PM2.5 nonattainment area 

Other county in 

area violating with 

2002–2004 data 

Indiana .................................................................. Lake ..................................................................... Chicago .................. Cook County, IL 

Indiana .................................................................. Vanderburgh ........................................................ Evansville ............... Dubois County, IN 

Michigan ............................................................... Monroe ................................................................. Detroit .................... Wayne County, IL 

Ohio ...................................................................... Scioto, Lawrence ................................................. Huntington, WV-OH Cabell County, WV 

The EPA indicated in the January 5 

action that we would make changes in 

status from nonattainment to attainment 

based on certified 2004 data only for 

entire areas in which all PM2.5 

monitors were attaining: ‘‘If inclusion of 

2004 data causes an area to change from 

nonattainment to attainment, EPA will 

change the designation if every county 

in the area is neither monitoring a 

violation of the standards nor 

contributing to a violation of the 

standards in another nearby area.’’ In 

addition, EPA has examined the data 

and concluded that each of these 

counties continues to contribute to the 

overall air quality problem in the larger 

nonattainment area. As explained in the 

January 5, 2005 action, EPA has 

designated as nonattainment not only 

those counties with violating monitors, 

but also those nearby counties that 

contribute to the problem at the 

violating monitor. For these reasons, 

EPA is not changing the designation 

status for Lake and Vanderburgh 

Counties in Indiana, Monroe County in 

Michigan, and Scioto and Lawrence 

Counties in Ohio. The technical support 

document for this action includes 

additional discussion on each of these 

individual counties and nonattainment 

areas. 

Also, EPA received a number of 

petitions from States and local 

governments that did not meet our 

request for submission of 2004 data 

indicating that a change of designation 

was appropriate for the entire area. In 

general, these petitions pertained to the 

degree of contribution to nonattainment 

of one or more counties within a 

nonattainment area or to the boundaries 

of specific nonattainment areas. The 

EPA is evaluating these petitions and 

intends to respond to them separately at 

a later date. 

Chattanooga, TN request to invalidate 

multiple monitoring samples and 

change status to attainment. The 

Chattanooga-Hamilton County Air 

Pollution Control Bureau and the State 

of Georgia have submitted requests to 

EPA to invalidate samples for 25 days 

at monitors in Hamilton County, TN and 

Walker County, GA. They based their 

requests on claims that these sites were 

impacted by various fire events 

occurring in locations such as Kansas, 

Alaska, and Canada. Chattanooga 

claimed that if all such days were 

invalidated, then the Hamilton County, 

TN monitors would have incomplete 

data and could not remain designated as 

nonattainment. Georgia contended that 

if these samples were invalidated, the 

Walker County, GA monitor would then 

attain the standards. In addition, 

Georgia has maintained that if Walker 

County attains the standard, then the 

status for Catoosa County should be 

changed to attainment because the State 

claims its contribution to nonattainment 

does not extend to Hamilton County, 

TN. The EPA has concluded that 

Catoosa County contributes to both 

Hamilton and Walker Counties based 

upon evaluation of the factors applied 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19847

by EPA in the initial designation 

decision (particularly population, 

commuting, and emissions) as discussed 

in the original technical support 

document.

We have reviewed the data for the 25 

days in question and the supporting 

information provided by local and State 

agencies for the Chattanooga area. 

Previously, EPA disapproved the 

request to invalidate 10 days in 2002. 

For the 15 days in 2003 and 2004 

requested by Chattanooga to be 

invalidated due to fire impacts, EPA has 

determined that there is insufficient 

evidence to show impacts from the fire 

events for at least 7 of these days, and 

is disapproving the requests to 

invalidate air quality data for those 

days. This determination is based on 

EPA’s review of the supporting 

information provided to EPA, as well as 

additional analyses conducted by EPA. 

These analyses include back trajectories 

and a review of chemical composition 

data for the area, and they are available 

in the technical support document and 

docket for this action. 

The EPA has determined that it is not 

necessary to reach a final conclusion 

with respect to the remaining 8-flagged 

days. Even if it were appropriate to 

invalidate the data from all of the 

remaining days, the monitor in 

Hamilton County, TN would still violate 

the PM2.5 standards for 2002–2004 with 

a design value of 15.4. Assuming 

invalidation of all 7 days, the monitor 

in Walker County, GA would attain the 

standard at 14.8. However, even though 

the Walker County monitor would be 

below the level of the standard, we 

continue to conclude that Walker 

County contributes to the nonattainment 

problem at the Hamilton County, TN 

monitor, thus requiring the inclusion of 

that county in the nonattainment area. 

Thus, even if it was appropriate to 

invalidate all of the remaining 8-flagged 

days, EPA has determined that at least 

one county in the Chattanooga 

nonattainment area would continue to 

have a violating monitor. As stated in 

the January 5, 2005, action, we 

indicated that it might be appropriate to 

change the nonattainment designation 

of an area only if all monitors in the area 

show attainment. Because there is a 

continuing violation at one monitor in 

the area, and because there is continued 

contribution from the other counties to 

the violating monitor, EPA has 

determined that the area still would 

violate the standard even if all 

additional flagged days were 

invalidated. Moreover, any uncertainty 

concerning the possible invalidation of 

the remaining flagged days is not an 

appropriate basis for designating this 

area unclassifiable. That designation is 

reserved for those areas where EPA 

lacks sufficient information upon which 

to make a judgment whether or not the 

area is attaining the PM2.5 NAAQS. In 

this instance, given that invalidation of 

the remaining flagged days would not 

change the outcome, the area does not 

meet the NAAQS. For this reason, EPA 

is not modifying the nonattainment 

status of Hamilton County in Tennessee 

or Walker or Catoosa Counties in 

Georgia.

Columbus, GA-AL: Request for spatial 

averaging and request for attainment 

based on 2002–2004 data.

Any State or States requesting spatial 

averaging of PM2.5 monitoring sites 

must demonstrate that the sites meet 

several criteria as described in EPA 

regulations (40 CFR part 58.). First, the 

annual mean for each site must be 

within 20 percent of the annual mean 

calculated with spatial averaging. 

Second, the sites must show ‘‘similar 

day-to-day variability’’ (e.g., 0.60 

correlation). Third, the States must 

demonstrate that the sites are affected 

by the same emissions sources. Fourth, 

the States must provide adequate notice 

to the public of the proposed change in 

the monitoring plan and potential effect 

on attainment status, including a public 

hearing and opportunity for public 

comment. 

In June 2004, the States of Georgia 

and Alabama submitted proposed 

changes to their monitoring plans to 

conduct spatial averaging for three 

monitoring sites in the Columbus, GAAL area (two in Muscogee County, GA 

and one in Russell County, AL). In 

November 2004, EPA denied the request 

for spatial averaging on the basis that: 

(1) the submittal did not provide a basis 

for a 3-site community monitoring zone, 

and (2) the information did not 

demonstrate that all monitors were 

impacted by similar emissions sources. 

The letter also questioned the validity of 

several samples collected at the Russell 

county site during 2001 and 2002. 

In December 2004, both States 

submitted revised monitoring plans 

requesting spatial averaging for the two 

downtown monitoring sites, one in 

Muscogee County, GA and one in 

Russell County, AL. In February 2005, 

both States submitted certified 2004 

data for the two sites in question, and 

they also requested a change in status 

from nonattainment to attainment for 

the area, provided that EPA approved 

their pending spatial averaging request 

and that 2002–2004 data for the two 

sites could be averaged. 

The EPA has conducted an extensive 

technical review of the information 

provided by both States to support the 

most recent spatial averaging proposals. 

Based on our review of a number of 

factors, we are approving the spatial 

averaging request. We also have 

determined that when 2002–2004 air 

quality data for the two sites are 

averaged, the Columbus, GA-AL 

metropolitan area now attains the PM2.5 

standards. The spatial average for 2002–

2004 is just under the standard at a level 

of 15.04. 

In evaluating the spatial averaging 

proposals, EPA considered a number of 

factors in accordance with the PM2.5 

NAAQS and PM2.5 monitoring 

regulations. The two monitors (one 

operated in Phenix City by AL and one 

in Columbus by GA) are less that 2 km 

apart. Both monitors are located in the 

inner city and are influenced by similar 

emission sources. The 3-year design 

value for each site is within ±2 percent 

of the new approved spatial average 

design value of 15.04. Furthermore, the 

monitors exhibit similar day-to-day 

variability indicated by a 0.85 

correlation of 24-hr concentrations. 

However, EPA also notes that annual 

concentrations at the two monitors are 

trending upward, with each site 

recording its highest annual average 

concentration in 2004. The 2004 average 

for these monitors is 15.4 μg/m3. The 

EPA also notes that the monitors exhibit 

the highest disparity in their 24-hr 

concentrations during the 1st calendar 

quarter. Therefore, EPA will continue to 

monitor the PM2.5 measurements 

particularly during the winter period to 

ensure that we have a continuing 

understanding of any air quality 

changes that may occur in the future. 

Therefore, for the above reasons and 

others discussed in the technical 

support document, EPA is approving 

the December 2004 2-site spatial 

averaging plan for the Columbus, GAAL nonattainment area in today’s 

action. It is therefore appropriate to 

change the designation of Muscogee 

County, GA and Russell County, AL 

from nonattainment to attainment. 

Please refer to the technical support 

document for more detailed information 

on EPA’s review of the spatial averaging 

plan for this area. 

III. Technical Corrections for Area 

Boundaries 

In today’s rule, EPA is also making 

minor technical corrections to certain 

attainment area boundary descriptions 

included in the January 5 action. 

Technical corrections for boundaries 

listed in 40 CFR part 81 are included for 

the following areas: (1) The State of 

Louisiana to correct the listings for air 

quality control region 106, (2) the 

boundary description for Placer County, 

19848 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

CA, (3) a change to the boundary 

description for Randolph County, IL to 

change Baldwin Village to Baldwin 

Township, and (4) the boundary 

description for Gallia County, OH to 

remove Addison Township and to 

include Cheshire Township. These 

corrections are being made to provide 

an accurate description of the 

boundaries for the affected areas as 

previously submitted to EPA by the 

States and/or included in the January 5 

technical support document. In the 

January 5, 2005, action, these errors 

were inadvertently made in the process 

of drafting the text for the part 81 tables. 

The corrections made by EPA in today’s 

rule are listed in the tables at the end 

of this notice, and these changes will be 

reflected in a revision of 40 CFR part 81.

IV. Significance of Today’s Action 

Based on the foregoing discussion, 

EPA is today making changes to the 

January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944), rulemaking 

which designated areas for the PM2.5 

NAAQS. The corrections made by EPA 

in today’s rule, related to the 

designations for the PM2.5 standard, are 

set forth in the tables at the end of this 

notice, and will change the designation 

description for the affected areas in 40 

CFR part 81 initially announced in the 

January 5, 2005, action. States with 

areas designated as nonattainment for 

the PM2.5 NAAQS are required to 

submit State Implementation Plans 

(SIPs) addressing nonattainment area 

requirements within 3 years of 

designation, pursuant to section 172 of 

the CAA. Therefore, within 3 years 

following the April 5, 2005, effective 

date for the designations identified in 

the January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944), 

rulemaking, States will be required to 

submit SIPs for nonattainment areas. 

The EPA intends to issue another rule 

that will assist States in developing SIPs 

that meet the requirements of the CAA. 

The EPA plans to issue the proposal for 

that rulemaking in the near future. 

V. Effective Date of Today’s Action 

The effective date of designations of 

areas corrected or changed in today’s 

rule is April 5, 2005, the date indicated 

in the January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944), 

PM2.5 designation rulemaking. The EPA 

is making these changes without notice 

and comment in accordance with 

section 107(d)(2) of the CAA, which 

exempts the promulgation of these 

designations from the notice and 

comment provisions of the 

Administrative Procedures Act. Section 

553(d) of the Administrative Procedures 

Act generally provides that rulemakings 

shall not be effective less than 30 days 

after publication except where a 

substantive rule relieves a restriction or 

where the agency finds good cause for 

an earlier date. 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(1) and 

(3). Were EPA not to expedite the 

effective date of today’s action, a 

number of areas would continue to be 

designated nonattainment or 

unclassifiable, in spite of 2004 data that 

indicate a change of designation is 

appropriate. Because EPA has 

concluded that a change of designation 

is already appropriate based on 

available information, EPA believes that 

it would serve no purpose to require the 

States in question to pursue 

redesignation through other means that 

may result in delay and the unnecessary 

expenditure of resources. The effective 

date for today’s action is therefore 

justified because: (1) It relieves a 

restriction by eliminating a restriction 

by eliminating inappropriate 

nonattainment or unclassifiable 

designations that would otherwise 

become effective on April 5, 2005, and 

(2) it is in the public interest to avoid 

the potential delay and waste of 

resources associated with allowing the 

January 5, 2005 designations to go into 

effect for these areas. 

VI. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

Upon promulgation of a new or 

revised NAAQS, the CAA requires EPA 

to designate areas with respect to their 

attainment of such NAAQS. The CAA 

imposes requirements for areas based 

upon whether such areas are attaining 

or not attaining the NAAQS. In this final 

rule, EPA assigns designations to areas 

as required. 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review. 

Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 

51735, October 4, 1993), EPA must 

determine whether the regulatory action 

is ‘‘significant’’ and, therefore, subject to 

the Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) review and the requirements of 

the Executive Order. The order defines 

‘‘significant regulatory action’’ as one 

that is likely to result in a rule that may: 

(1) Have an annual effect on the 

economy of $100 million or more or 

adversely affect in a material way the 

economy, a sector of the economy, 

productivity, competition, jobs, the 

environment, public health or safety, or 

State, local, or Tribal governments or 

communities; (2) create a serious 

inconsistency or otherwise interfere 

with an action taken or planned by 

another agency; (3) materially alter the 

budgetary impact of entitlements, 

grants, user fees, or loan programs or the 

rights and obligations of recipients 

thereof; or (4) raise novel legal or policy 

issues arising out of legal mandates, the 

President’s priorities, or the principles 

set forth in the Executive Order. 

Pursuant to the terms of Executive 

Order 12866, it has been determined 

that this rule is not a ‘‘significant 

regulatory action’’ because none of the 

above factors apply. As such, this final 

rule was not formally submitted to OMB 

for review. 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

This action does not impose an 

information collection burden under the 

provisions of the Paperwork Reduction 

Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq. This rule 

responds to the requirement to 

promulgate air quality designations after 

promulgation of a NAAQS. This 

requirement is prescribed in the CAA 

section 107 of title 1. The present final 

rule does not establish any new 

information collection apart from that 

required by law. Burden means that 

total time, effort, or financial resources 

expended by persons to generate, 

maintain, retain, or disclose or provide 

information to or for a Federal agency. 

This includes the time needed to review 

instructions; develop, acquire, install, 

and utilize technology and systems for 

the purposes of collecting, validating, 

and verifying information, processing 

and maintaining information, and 

disclosing and providing information; 

adjust the existing ways to comply with 

any previously applicable instructions 

and requirements; train personnel to be 

able to respond to a collection of 

information; search data sources; 

complete and review the collection of 

information; and transmit or otherwise 

disclose the information. An Agency 

may not conduct or sponsor, and a 

person is not required to respond to a 

collection of information unless it 

displays a currently valid OMB control 

number. The OMB control numbers for 

EPA’s regulations in the CFR are listed 

in 40 CFR part 9. 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

Today’s rule is not subject to the 

Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), which 

generally requires an agency to prepare 

a regulatory flexibility analysis for any 

rule that will have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. The RFA 

applies only to rules subject to notice 

and comment rulemaking requirements 

under the Administrative Procedure Act 

(APA) or any other statute. This rule is 

not subject to notice and comment 

requirements under the APA or any 

other statute because it was not subject 

to notice and comment rulemaking 

requirements. See CAA section 

107(d)(2)(B).

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19849

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

Title II of the Unfunded Mandates 

Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public 

Law 104–4, establishes requirements for 

Federal Agencies to assess the effects of 

their regulatory actions on State, local 

and Tribal governments and the private 

sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, 

EPA generally must prepare a written 

statement, including a cost-benefit 

analysis, for proposed and final rules 

with ‘‘Federal mandates’’ that may 

result in expenditures to State, local, 

and Tribal governments, in the 

aggregate, or to the private sector, of 

$100 million or more in any 1 year. 

Before promulgating an EPA rule for 

which a written statement is needed, 

section 205 of the UMRA generally 

requires EPA to identify and consider a 

reasonable number of regulatory 

alternatives and adopt the least costly, 

most cost-effective or least burdensome 

alternative that achieves the objectives 

of the rule. The provisions of section 

205 do not apply when they are 

inconsistent with applicable law. 

Moreover, section 205 allows EPA to 

adopt an alternative other than the least 

costly, most cost-effective or least 

burdensome alternative if the 

Administrator publishes with the final 

rule an explanation of why that 

alternative was not adopted. Before EPA 

establishes any regulatory requirements 

that may significantly or uniquely affect 

small governments, including Tribal 

governments, it must have developed 

under section 203 of the UMRA a small 

government agency plan. The plan must 

provide for notifying potentially 

affected small governments to have 

meaningful and timely input in the 

development of EPA regulatory 

proposals with significant Federal 

intergovernmental mandates, and 

informing, educating, and advising 

small government on compliance with 

regulatory requirements. 

Today’s final action does not include 

a Federal mandate within the meaning 

of UMRA that may result in 

expenditures of $100 million or more in 

any 1 year by either State, local, or 

Tribal governments in the aggregate or 

to the private sector, and therefore, is 

not subject to the requirements of 

sections 202 and 205 of the UMRA. It 

does not create any additional 

requirements beyond those of the PM2.5 

NAAQS (62 FR 38652; July 18, 1997), 

therefore, no UMRA analysis is needed. 

This rule establishes the application of 

the PM2.5 standard and the designation 

for each area of the country for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. The CAA requires 

States to develop plans, including 

control measures, based on their 

designations and classifications. 

One mandate that may apply as a 

consequence of this action to all 

designated nonattainment areas is the 

requirement under CAA section 176(c) 

and associated regulations to 

demonstrate conformity of Federal 

actions to SIPs. These rules apply to 

Federal agencies and Metropolitan 

Planning Organizations (MPOs) making 

conformity determinations. The EPA 

concludes that such conformity 

determinations will not cost $100 

million or more in the aggregate. 

The EPA believes that any new 

controls imposed as a result of this 

action will not cost in the aggregate 

$100 million or more annually. Thus, 

this Federal action will not impose 

mandates that will require expenditures 

of $100 million or more in the aggregate 

in any 1 year. 

Nonetheless, EPA carried out 

consultation with government entities 

affected by this rule, including States, 

Tribal governments, and local air 

pollution control agencies. 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

Executive Order 13132, entitled 

‘‘Federalism’’ (64 FR 43255, August 10, 

1999), requires EPA to develop an 

accountable process to ensure 

‘‘meaningful and timely input by State 

and local officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have federalism 

implications.’’ ‘‘Policies that have 

federalism implications’’ is defined in 

the Executive Order to include 

regulations that have ‘‘substantial direct 

effects on the States, or the relationship 

between the national government and 

the States, or on the distribution of 

power and responsibilities among the 

various levels of government.’’

This final rule does not have 

federalism implications. It will not have 

substantial direct effects on the States, 

on the relationship between the national 

government and the States, or on the 

distribution of power and 

responsibilities among the various 

levels of government, as specified in 

Executive Order 13132. The CAA 

establishes the scheme whereby States 

take the lead in developing plans to 

meet the NAAQS. This rule will not 

modify the relationship of the States 

and EPA for purposes of developing 

programs to implement the NAAQS. 

Thus, Executive Order 13132 does not 

apply to this rule.

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

Executive Order 13175, entitled 

‘‘Consultation and Coordination with 

Indian Tribal Governments’’ (65 FR 

67249, November 9, 2000), requires EPA 

to develop an accountable process to 

ensure ‘‘meaningful and timely input by 

Tribal officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have Tribal 

implications.’’ This final rule does not 

have ‘‘Tribal implications’’ as specified 

in Executive Order 13175. This rule 

concerns the designation and 

classification of areas as attainment and 

nonattainment for the PM2.5 air quality 

standard. The CAA provides for States 

to develop plans to regulate emissions 

of air pollutants within their 

jurisdictions. The Tribal Authority Rule 

(TAR) provides Tribes the opportunity 

to develop and implement CAA 

programs such as programs to attain and 

maintain the PM2.5 NAAQS, but it 

leaves to the discretion of the Tribe the 

decision of whether to develop these 

programs and which programs, or 

appropriate elements of a program, the 

Tribe will adopt. 

This final rule does not have Tribal 

implications as defined by Executive 

Order 13175. It does not have a 

substantial direct effect on one or more 

Indian Tribes, since no Tribe has 

implemented a CAA program to attain 

the PM2.5 NAAQS at this time. 

Furthermore, this rule does not affect 

the relationship or distribution of power 

and responsibilities between the Federal 

government and Indian Tribes. The 

CAA and the TAR establish the 

relationship of the Federal government 

and Tribes in developing plans to attain 

the NAAQS, and this rule does nothing 

to modify that relationship. Because this 

rule does not have Tribal implications, 

Executive Order 13175 does not apply. 

Although Executive Order 13175 does 

not apply to this rule, EPA did outreach 

to Tribal leaders and environmental 

staff regarding the designations process. 

The EPA supports a national ‘‘Tribal 

Designations and Implementation Work 

Group’’ which provides an open forum 

for all Tribes to voice concerns to EPA 

about the designations and 

implementation process for the NAAQS, 

including the PM2.5 NAAQS. These 

discussions informed EPA about key 

Tribal concerns regarding designations 

as the rule was under development and 

gave Tribes the opportunity to express 

concerns about designations to EPA. 

Furthermore, EPA sent individualized 

letters to all federally recognized Tribes 

about EPA’s intention to designate areas 

for the PM2.5 standard and gave Tribal 

leaders the opportunity for consultation. 

19850 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks 

Executive Order 13045: ‘‘Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks’’ (62 FR 19885, April 

23, 1997) applies to any rule that (1) is 

determined to be ‘‘economically 

significant’’ as defined under Executive 

Order 12866, and (2) concerns an 

environmental health and safety risk 

that EPA has reason to believe may have 

a disproportionate effect on children. If 

the regulatory action meets both criteria, 

EPA must evaluate the environmental 

health or safety effects of the planned 

rule on children, and explain why the 

planned regulation is preferable to other 

potentially effective and reasonably 

feasible alternatives considered by the 

EPA. 

This final rule is not subject to 

Executive Order 13045 because it is not 

economically significant as defined in 

Executive Order 12866, and because 

EPA does not have reason to believe that 

the environmental health risks or safety 

risks addressed by this rule present a 

disproportionate risk or safety risk to 

children. Nonetheless, we have 

evaluated the environmental health or 

safety effects of the PM2.5 NAAQS on 

children. The results of this risk 

assessment are contained in the NAAQS 

for PM2.5, Final Rule (July 18, 1997, 62 

FR 38652).

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

This rule is not subject to Executive 

Order 13211, ‘‘Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use,’’ (66 FR 28355, 

May 22, 2001) because it is not a 

significant regulatory action under 

Executive Order 12866. 

Information on the methodology and 

data regarding the assessment of 

potential energy impacts is found in 

Chapter 6 of U.S. EPA 2002, Cost, 

Emission Reduction, Energy, and the 

Implementation Framework for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS, prepared by the 

Innovative Strategies and Economics 

Group, Office of Air Quality Planning 

and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC, April 24, 2003. 

I. National Technology Transfer 

Advancement Act (NTTAA) 

Section 12(d) of the NTTAA of 1995, 

Public Law 104–113, section 12(d) (15 

U.S.C. 272 note) directs EPA to use 

voluntary consensus standards (VCS) in 

its regulatory activities unless to do so 

would be inconsistent with applicable 

law or otherwise impracticable. 

Voluntary consensus standards are 

technical standards (e.g., materials 

specifications, test methods, sampling 

procedures, and business practices) that 

are developed or adopted by VCS 

bodies. The NTTAA directs EPA to 

provide Congress, through OMB, 

explanations when the EPA decides not 

to use available and applicable VCS. 

This action does not involve technical 

standards. Therefore, EPA did not 

consider the use of any VCS. 

J. Congressional Review Act 

The Congressional Review Act, 5 

U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides 

that before a rule may take effect, the 

agency promulgating the rule must 

submit a rule report, which includes a 

copy of the rule, to each House of the 

Congress and to the Comptroller General 

of the United States. A major rule 

cannot take effect until 60 days after it 

is published in the Federal Register. 

This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as 

defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). Pursuant to 

5 U.S.C. 801, whether major or not, a 

rule generally cannot take effect until 

after submission of a rule report, 

including a copy of the rule, to each 

House of Congress and to the 

Comptroller General of the United 

States. A statutory exception to that 

requirement is provided in 5 U.S.C. 

808(2), which provides that for a rule for 

which an agency for good cause finds 

‘‘that notice and public procedure 

thereon are impractical, unnecessary, or 

contrary to the public interest, [the rule] 

shall take effect at such time as the 

Federal agency promulgating the rule 

determines.’’ The EPA finds that the 

criteria for the exception contained in 5 

U.S.C. 808(2) are satisfied for the 

following reasons. Section 107(d)(2)(B) 

of the CAA explicitly exempts the 

designation process from compliance 

with the notice and comment 

procedures of the Administrative 

Procedures Act and EPA has concluded 

that it is appropriate to promulgate the 

designations following the specific 

procedures provided within section 

107(d) of the CAA. Thus, EPA believes 

that additional notice and public 

procedure are unnecessary. Given the 

short time period between the 

submission by States of 2004 data and 

today’s action, any such additional 

notice and public process would have 

been impracticable. Moreover, EPA has 

concluded that it is in the public 

interest to modify the designations of 

certain areas based upon inclusion of 

2004 data in order to avoid the potential 

for delay and the waste of resources for 

such areas to pursue redesignation 

through other means. Therefore, EPA 

finds that notice and public comment 

procedures are unnecessary, 

impracticable, and contrary to the 

public interest for this rule. Thus, in 

accordance with 5 U.S.C. 808(2), EPA 

has concluded that today’s rule can be 

effective on April 5, 2005. The EPA will 

submit a report containing this rule and 

other required information to the U.S. 

Senate, the U.S. House of 

Representatives, and the Comptroller 

General of the United States prior to 

publication of the rule in the Federal 

Register. 

K. Judicial Review 

Section 307(b)(1) of the CAA indicates 

which Federal Courts of Appeal have 

venue for petitions of review of final 

actions by EPA. This section provides, 

in part, that petitions for review must be 

filed in the Court of Appeals for the 

District of Columbia Circuit: (i) When 

EPA action consists of ‘‘nationally 

applicable regulations promulgated, or 

final actions taken, by the 

Administrator,’’ or (ii) when such action 

is locally or regionally applicable, if 

‘‘such action is based on a 

determination of nationwide scope or 

effect and if in taking such action the 

Administrator finds and publishes that 

such action is based on such a 

determination.’’

This rule designating areas for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS is ‘‘nationally 

applicable’’ within the meaning of 

section 307(b)(1). This rule establishes 

designations for all areas of the United 

States for the PM2.5 NAAQS. At the 

core of this rulemaking is EPA’s 

interpretation of the definition of 

nonattainment under section 107(d)(1) 

of the CAA. In determining which areas 

should be designated nonattainment (or 

conversely, should be designated 

attainment/unclassifiable), EPA used a 

set of nine technical factors that it 

applied consistently across the United 

States.

For the same reasons, the 

Administrator also is determining that 

the final designations are of nationwide 

scope and effect for the purposes of 

section 307(b)(1). This is particularly 

appropriate because in the report on the 

1977 Amendments that revised section 

307(b)(1) of the CAA, Congress noted 

that the Administrator’s determination 

that an action is of ‘‘nationwide scope 

or effect’’ would be appropriate for any 

action that has ‘‘scope or effect beyond 

a single judicial circuit.’’ H.R. Rep. No. 

95–294 at 323, 324, reprinted in 1977 

U.S.C.C.A.N. 1402–03. Here, the scope 

and effect of this rulemaking extends to 

numerous judicial circuits since the 

designations apply to all areas of the 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19851

country. In these circumstances, section 

307(b)(1) and its legislative history calls 

for the Administrator to find the rule to 

be of ‘‘nationwide scope or effect’’ and 

for venue to be in the D.C. Circuit. 

Thus, any petitions for review of final 

designations must be filed in the Court 

of Appeals for the District of Columbia 

Circuit within 60 days from the date 

final action is published in the Federal 

Register.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 81 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, National parks, 

Wilderness areas.

Dated: April 5, 2005. 

Stephen L. Johnson, 

Acting Administrator.

■ For the reasons set forth in the 

preamble, 40 CFR part 81, subpart C is 

amended as follows:

PART 81—DESIGNATIONS OF AREAS 

FOR AIR QUALITY PLANNING 

PURPOSES

■ 1. The authority citation for part 81 

continues to read as follows:

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401, et seq.

Subpart C—Section 107 Attainment 

Status Designations

■ 2. In § 81.301, the ‘‘Alabama—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entries 

for ‘‘Columbus, GA-AL’’,‘‘DeKalb 

County, AL’’ and ‘‘Gadsen, AL’’ to read 

as follows:

§ 81.301 Alabama.

* * * * *

ALABAMA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

* * * * * * * 

Columbus GA-AL: 

Russell County, AL ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

DeKalb County, AL: 

DeKalb County ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

Gadsden, AL: 

Etowah County ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 3. In § 81.305, the ‘‘California—PM2.5’’

table is amended as follows:

■ a. Under ‘‘Lake Tahoe Air Basin:’’ by 

revising the entry for ‘‘Placer County 

(part)’’.

■ b. By revising the entry for ‘‘Western 

Mojave Desert and Antelope Valley’’.

■ c. By removing the entries for ‘‘San 

Diego, CA:’’ and ‘‘San Diego County 

Tribal Area:’’.

■ d. By adding a new entry for ‘‘San 

Diego, CA’’ at the end of table.

§ 81.305 California.

* * * * *

CALIFORNIA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

*******

Lake Tahoe Air Basin: 

*******

Placer County (part): 

That portion of Placer County within the drainage area naturally tributary to Lake Tahoe including said Lake, plus that area in the vicinity of the head of the Truckee River described 

as follows: commencing at the point common to the aforementioned drainage area 

crestline and the line common to Townships 15 North and 16 North, Mount Diablo Base 

and Meridian, and following that line in a westerly direction to the northwest corner of Section 3, Township 15 North, Range 16 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, thence south 

along the west line of Sections 3 and 10, Township 15 North, Range 16 East, Mount Diablo Base and Meridian, to the intersection with the said drainage area crestline, thence following the said drainage area boundary in a southeasterly, then northeasterly direction to 

and along the Lake Tahoe Dam, thence following the said drainage area crestline in a 

northeasterly, then northwesterly direction to the point of beginning.

.................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

Western Mojave Desert and Antelope Valley: 

19852 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

CALIFORNIA—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Los Angeles County (part): 

That portion of Los Angeles County which lies north and east of a line described as follows: 

Beginning at the Los Angeles—San Bernardino County boundary and running west along 

the Township line common to Township 3 North and Township 2 North, San Bernardino 

Base and Meridian; then north along the range line common to Range 8 West and Range 

9 West; then west along the Township line common to Township 4 North and Township 3 

North; then north along the range line common to Range 12 West and Range 13 West to 

the southeast corner of Section 12, Township 5 North and Range 13 West; then west 

along the south boundaries of Sections 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, and 7, Township 5 North and 

Range 13 West to the boundary of the Angeles National Forest which is collinear with the 

range line common to Range 13 West and Range 14 West; then north and west along the 

Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of intersection with the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North (point is at the northwest corner of Section 4 in Township 6 North and Range 14 West); then west along the Township line common to Township 7 North and Township 6 North; then north along the range line common 

to Range 15 West and Range 16 West to the southeast corner of Section 13, Township 7 

North and Range 16 West; then along the south boundaries of Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, 

17, and 18, Township 7 North and Range 16 West; then north along the range line common to Range 16 West and Range 17 West to the north boundary of the Angeles National 

Forest (collinear with the Township line common to Township 8 North and Township 7 

North); then west and north along the Angeles National Forest boundary to the point of 

intersection with the south boundary of the Rancho La Liebre Land Grant; then west and 

north along this land grant boundary to the Los Angeles-Kern County boundary.

.................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

*******

San Diego, CA: 

San Diego County ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

*******

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 4. In § 81.311, the ‘‘Georgia—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entry for 

‘‘Clarke County’’ under the heading of 

‘‘Athens, GA,’’, and by revising the entry 

for ‘‘Muscogee’’ under the heading 

‘‘Columbus GA–AL’’ to read as follows:

§ 81.311 Georgia.

* * * * *

GEORGIA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

Athens, GA: 

Clarke County .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Columbus, GA–AL: 

Muscogee County ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 5. In § 81.314, the ‘‘Illinois—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entry for 

‘‘Randolph County (part)’’ under the 

heading of ‘‘St. Louis, MO–IL’’ to read as 

follows:

§ 81.314 Illinois.

* * * * *

ILLINOIS—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

*******

Randolph County (part) 

Baldwin Township ....................................................................................................................... .................... Nonattainment. 

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19853

ILLINOIS—PM2.5—Continued

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

*******

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 6. In § 81.315, the ‘‘Indiana—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entry for 

‘‘Elkhart, IN’’ and ‘‘Muncie, IN’’ to read 

as follows:

§ 81.315 Indiana.

* * * * *

INDIANA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

*******

Elkhart, IN: 

Elkhart County ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Joseph County ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

*******

Muncie, IN: 

Delaware County ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

*******

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 7. In § 81.318, the ‘‘Kentucky—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entry for 

‘‘Lexington, KY’’ to read as follows:

§ 81.318 Kentucky.

* * * * *

KENTUCKY—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

*******

Lexington, KY: 

Fayette County ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mercer County (part), .................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment 

*******

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 8. In § 81.319, the ‘‘Louisiana—PM2.5’’

table is revised to read as follows:

§ 81.319 Louisiana.

* * * * *

LOUISIANA—PM2.5 

Designation area 

Designated a

Date 1 Type 

AQCR 019 Monroe-El Dorado Interstate: 

Caldwell Parish ........................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Catahoula Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Concordia Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Carroll Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Franklin Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

La Salle Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

19854 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

LOUISIANA—PM2.5—Continued

Designation area 

Designated a

Date 1 Type 

Madison Parish ........................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Morehouse Parish ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ouachita Parish ........................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Richland Parish ........................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tensas Parish ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Union Parish ................................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Carroll Parish ..................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 022 Shreveport-Texarkana-Tyler Interstate: 

Bienville Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Bossier Parish ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Caddo Parish .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Claiborne Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

De Soto Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jackson Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lincoln Parish .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Natchitoches Parish .................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Red River Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Sabine Parish .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Webster Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Winn Parish ................................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

AQCR 106 S. Louisiana-S.E. Texas Interstate: 

Acadia Parish .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Allen Parish ................................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Ascension Parish ........................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Assumption Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Avoyelles Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Beauregard Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Calcasieu Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Cameron Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Baton Rouge Parish ........................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

East Feliciana Parish .................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Evangeline Parish ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Grant Parish ................................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iberia Parish ................................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Iberville Parish ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson Davis Parish ................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Jefferson Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafayette Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Lafourche Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Livingston Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Orleans Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Plaquemines Parish .................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Pointe Coupee Parish ................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Rapides Parish ............................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Bernard Parish ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Charles Parish ....................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Helena Parish ........................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. James Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. John the Baptist Parish ......................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Landry Parish ........................................................................................................................ .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Martin Parish ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

St. Tammany Parish ................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Tangipahoa Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Terrebonne Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vermilion Parish .......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Vernon Parish ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Washington Parish ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Baton Rouge Parish .......................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

West Feliciana Parish ................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 9. In § 81.336, the ‘‘Ohio—PM2.5’’

table is amended by revising the entries 

for Gallia County under the heading of 

‘‘Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH’’, for 

‘‘Toledo, OH’’, and for ‘‘YoungstownWarren-Sharon, OH-PA’’ to read as 

follows:

§ 81.336 Ohio.

* * * * *

Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 19855

OHIO—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

* * * * * * * 

Gallia County (part) 

Cheshire Township .......................................................................................................................... .................... Nonattainment. 

* * * * * * * 

Toledo, OH: 

Lucas County ................................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Wood County ................................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, OH-PA: 

Columbiana County ......................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Mahoning County ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Trumbull County .............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

* * * * *

■ 10. In § 81.339, the ‘‘Pennsylvania—

PM2.5’’ table is amended by revising the 

entry for ‘‘Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, 

OH-PA’’ to read as follows:

§ 81.339 Pennsylvania.

§ 81.339 Pennsylvania.

PENNSYLVANIA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

******

Youngstown-Warren-Sharon, OH-PA: 

Mercer County ............................................................................................................................. .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 11. In § 81.343, the ‘‘Tennessee—

PM2.5’’ table is amended by revising the 

entry for ‘‘McMinn County, TN’’ to read 

as follows:

§ 81.343 Tennessee.

* * * * *

TENNESSEE—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

* * * * * * * 

McMinn County, TN: 

McMinn County ........................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

■ 12. In § 81.349, the ‘‘West Virginia—

PM2.5’’ table is amended by revising the 

entry for ‘‘Marion County, WV (aka 

Fairmont CBSA)’’ to read as follows:

§ 81.349 West Virginia.

* * * * *

19856 Federal Register / Vol. 70, No. 71 / Thursday, April 14, 2005 / Rules and Regulations 

WEST VIRGINIA—PM2.5 

Designated area 

Designation a

Date 1 Type 

* * * * * * * 

Marion County, WV (aka Fairmont CBSA): 

Harrison County (part).

Tax District of Clay ...................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Marion County ............................................................................................................................. Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

Monongalia County.

Tax District of Cass ..................................................................................................................... .................... Unclassifiable/Attainment. 

* * * * * * * 

a Includes Indian Country located in each county or area, except as otherwise specified. 

1This date is 90 days after January 5, 2005, unless otherwise noted. 

[FR Doc. 05–7227 Filed 4–13–05; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P


cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with RULES2

Wednesday, 

April 25, 2007 

Part II 

Environmental 

Protection Agency 

40 CFR Part 51 

Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation 

Rule; Final Rule 

Agency Information Collection Activities: 

Proposed Collection; Comment Request; 

PM2.5 Ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard Implementation Rule; EPA ICR 

No. 2258.01; Notice 

cprice-sewell on PRODPC61 with RULES2

20586 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 51 

[EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0062; FRL–8295–2] 

RIN 2060–AK74 

Clean Air Fine Particle Implementation 

Rule 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 


Agency (EPA). 


ACTION: Final rule. 


SUMMARY: This final action provides 

rules and guidance on the Clean Air Act 

(CAA) requirements for State and Tribal 

plans to implement the 1997 fine 

particle (PM2.5) national ambient air 

quality standards (NAAQS). Fine 

particles and precursor pollutants are 

emitted by a wide range of sources, 

including power plants, cars, trucks, 

industrial sources, and other burning or 

combustion-related activities. Health 

effects that have been associated with 

exposure to PM2.5 include premature 

death, aggravation of heart and lung 

disease, and asthma attacks. Those 

particularly sensitive to PM2.5 exposure 

include older adults, people with heart 

and lung disease, and children. 

Air quality designations became 

effective on April 5, 2005 for 39 areas 

(with a total population of 90 million) 

that were not attaining the 1997 PM2.5 

standards. By April 5, 2008, each State 

having a nonattainment area must 

submit to EPA an attainment 

demonstration and adopted regulations 

ensuring that the area will attain the 

standards as expeditiously as 

practicable, but no later than 2015. This 

rule and preamble describe the 

requirements that States and Tribes 

must meet in their implementation 

plans for attainment of the 1997 fine 

particle NAAQS. (Note that this rule 

does not include final PM2.5 

requirements for the new source review 

(NSR) program; the final NSR rule will 

be issued at a later date.) 

DATES: This rule is effective on May 29, 

2007. 

ADDRESSES: The EPA has established a 

docket for this action under Docket ID 

EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0062. All 

documents relevant to this action are 

listed in the Federal docket management 

system at www.regulations.gov. 

Although listed in the index, some 

information is not publicly available 

(e.g. Confidential Business Information 

or other information whose disclosure is 

restricted by statute). Certain other 

material, such as copyrighted material, 

is not placed on the Internet and will be 

publicly available only in hard copy 

form. Publicly available docket 

materials are available either 

electronically through 

www.regulations.gov or in hard copy 

format at the EPA Docket Center, EPA/ 

DC, EPA West, Room 3334, 1301 

Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, 

DC. The Public Reading Room is open 

from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday 

through Friday, excluding legal 

holidays. The telephone number for the 

Public Reading Room is (202) 566–1744, 

and the telephone number for the Office 

of Air and Radiation Docket and 

Information Center is (202) 566–1742. A 

variety of information and materials 

related to the fine particle NAAQS and 

implementation program are also 

available on EPA’s Web site: http:// 

www.epa.gov/air/particles. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For 

general information, contact Mr. 

Richard Damberg, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Mail Code 

C539–01, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27711, phone number (919) 54l–5592 or 

by e-mail at: damberg.rich@epa.gov. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

General Information 

A. Does this action apply to me? 

Entities potentially regulated by this 

action are State and local air quality 

agencies. 

B. Where can I get a copy of this 

document and other related 

information? 

In addition to being available in the 

docket, an electronic copy of this final 

rule will also be available on the World 

Wide Web. Following signature by the 

EPA Administrator, a copy of this final 

rule will be posted at http:// 

www.epa.gov/particles/actions.html. 

C. How is the preamble organized? 

I. Background 

II. Elements of the Clean Air Fine Particle 

Implementation Rule 

A. Precursors and Pollutants Contributing 

to Fine Particle Formation 

B. No Classification System 

C. Due Dates and Basic Requirements for 

Attainment Demonstrations 

D. Attainment Dates 

E. Modeling and Attainment 


Demonstrations 


F. Reasonably Available Control 

Technology and Reasonably Available 

Control Measures 

G. Reasonable Further Progress 

H. Contingency Measures 

I. Transportation Conformity 

J. General Conformity 

K. Emission Inventory Requirements 

L. Condensable Particulate Matter Test 


Methods and Related Data Issues 


M. Improving Source Monitoring 

N. Guidance Specific to Tribes 

O. Enforcement and Compliance 

P. Emergency Episodes 

Q. Ambient Monitoring 

III. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 


Planning and Review 


B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

I. National Technology Transfer 


Advancement Act 


J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions 

To Address Environmental Justice in 

Minority Populations and Low-Income 

Populations 

K. Congressional Review Act 

L. Petitions for Judicial Review 

M. Judicial Review 

IV. Statutory Authority 

I. Background 

Fine particles in the atmosphere are 

comprised of a complex mixture of 

components. Common constituents 

include: sulfate (SO4); nitrate (NO3); 

ammonium; elemental carbon; a great 

variety of organic compounds; and 

inorganic material (including metals, 

dust, sea salt, and other trace elements) 

generally referred to as ‘‘crustal’’ 

material, although it may contain 

material from other sources. Airborne 

particles generally less than or equal to 

2.5 micrometers in diameter are 

considered to be ‘‘fine particles’’ (also 

referred to as PM2.5). (A micrometer is 

one-millionth of a meter, and 2.5 

micrometers is less than one-seventh the 

average width of a human hair.) 

‘‘Primary’’ particles are emitted directly 

into the air as a solid or liquid particle 

(e.g., elemental carbon from diesel 

engines or fire activities, or condensable 

organic particles from gasoline engines). 

‘‘Secondary’’ particles (e.g., sulfate and 

nitrate) form in the atmosphere as a 

result of various chemical reactions. 

(Section II of the proposed rule included 

detailed technical discussion on PM2.5, 

its precursors, formation processes, and 

emissions sources.) 

The EPA established air quality 

standards for PM2.5 based on evidence 

from numerous health studies 

demonstrating that serious health effects 

are associated with exposures to 

elevated levels of PM2.5. 

Epidemiological studies have shown 

statistically significant correlations 

between elevated PM2.5 levels and 

premature mortality. Other important 

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effects associated with PM2.5 exposure 

include aggravation of respiratory and 

cardiovascular disease (as indicated by 

increased hospital admissions, 

emergency room visits, absences from 

school or work, and restricted activity 

days), changes in lung function and 

increased respiratory symptoms, as well 

as new evidence for more subtle 

indicators of cardiovascular health. 

Individuals particularly sensitive to 

PM2.5 exposure include older adults, 

people with heart and lung disease, and 

children. 

On July 18, 1997, we revised the 

NAAQS for particulate matter (PM) to 

add new standards for fine particles, 

using PM2.5 as the indicator. We 

established health-based (primary) 

annual and 24-hour standards for PM2.5 

(62 FR 38652).1 The annual standard 

was set at a level of 15 micrograms per 

cubic meter, as determined by the 3-year 

average of annual mean PM2.5 

concentrations. The 24-hour standard 

was set at a level of 65 micrograms per 

cubic meter, as determined by the 3-year 

average of the 98th percentile of 24-hour 

concentrations. 

Attainment of the 1997 PM2.5 

standards is estimated to lead to 

reductions in health impacts, including 

tens of thousands fewer premature 

deaths each year, thousands fewer 

hospital admissions and emergency 

room visits each year, hundreds of 

thousands fewer absences from work 

and school, and hundreds of thousands 

fewer respiratory illnesses in children 

annually. The EPA’s evaluation of the 

science concluded that there was not 

sufficient information to either support 

or refute the existence of a threshold for 

health effects from PM exposure.2 

We subsequently completed in 

October 2006 another review of the 

NAAQS for PM. With regard to the 

primary standards, the 24-hour PM2.5 

standard was strengthened to a level of 

35 micrograms per cubic meter, based 

on the 3-year average of the 98th 

percentile of 24-hour concentrations, 

1 The original annual and daily standards for 

particles generally less than or equal to 10 

micrometers in diameter (also referred to as PM10) 

were established in 1987. In the 1997 PM NAAQS 

revision, EPA also revised the standards for PM10, 

but these revised PM10 standards were later vacated 

by the court, and the 1987 PM10 standards remained 

in effect. In the 2006 NAAQS revision, the 24-hour 

PM10 standard was retained but the annual standard 

was revoked. Today’s implementation rule and 

guidance does not address PM10. 

2 Environmental Protection Agency. (2004a). Air 

Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter. Research 

Triangle Park, NC: National Center for 

Environmental Assessment—RTP, Office of 

Research and Development, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 

27711; report no. EPA/600/P–99/002aF and EPA/ 

600/P–99/002bF. October 2004. 

and the level of the annual standard 

remained unchanged.3 Attainment of 

the 2006 PM2.5 standards is estimated to 

lead to additional reductions in health 

impacts, including approximately 1,200 

to 13,000 fewer premature deaths each 

year, 1,630 fewer hospital admissions 

and 1,200 fewer emergency room visits 

for asthma each year, 350,000 fewer 

absences from work and school, and 

155,300 fewer respiratory illnesses in 

children annually.4 

In both 1997 and 2006 EPA 

established welfare-based (secondary) 

standards identical to the levels of the 

primary standards. The secondary 

standards are designed to protect against 

major environmental effects of PM2.5 

such as visibility impairment, soiling, 

and materials damage. The EPA also 

established the regional haze regulations 

in 1999 for the improvement of visual 

air quality in national parks and 

wilderness areas across the country. 

Because regional haze is caused 

primarily by light scattering and light 

absorption by fine particles in the 

atmosphere, EPA is encouraging the 

States to integrate their efforts to attain 

the PM2.5 standards with those efforts to 

establish reasonable progress goals and 

associated emission reduction strategies 

for the purposes of improving air quality 

in our treasured natural areas under the 

regional haze program. 

The scientific assessments used in the 

development of the PM2.5 standards 

included a scientific peer review and 

public comment process. We developed 

scientific background documents based 

on the review of hundreds of peerreviewed scientific studies. The Clean 

Air Scientific Advisory Committee, a 

congressionally mandated group of 

independent scientific and technical 

experts, provided extensive review of 

these assessments, and found that EPA’s 

review of the science provided an 

adequate basis for the EPA 

Administrator to make a decision. More 

detailed information on health effects of 

PM2.5 can be found on EPA’s Web site 

at: http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/ 

pm/index.html. Additional information 

on EPA’s scientific assessment 

documents supporting the 1997 

standards are available at http:// 

www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1cd.html; 

additional scientific assessment 

3 The revised fine particle NAAQS were 

published on October 17, 2006 (71 FR 61144). See 

EPA’s Web site for additional information: http:// 

www.epa.gov/pm/index.html. 

4 Regulatory Impact Analysis for Particulate 

Matter National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(September 2006), page ES–8. The mortality range 

includes estimates based on the results of an expert 

elicitation study, along with published 

epidemiological studies. 

information on the 2006 standards is 

available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ 

naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_cr_cd.html. 

The EPA issued final PM2.5 

designations for areas violating the 1997 

standards on December 17, 2004. They 

were published in the Federal Register 

on January 5, 2005 (70 FR 944). On 

April 5, 2005, EPA issued a 

supplemental notice which changed the 

designation status of eight areas from 

nonattainment to attainment based on 

newly updated 2002–2004 air quality 

data (70 FR 19844; published in the 

Federal Register on April 14, 2005). A 

total of 39 areas were designated as 

nonattainment for the 1997 PM2.5 

standards. The population of these areas 

is estimated at about 90 million (or more 

than 30% of the U.S. population). Most 

of these areas only violate the annual 

standard, but a few violate both the 

annual and 24-hour standards. 

The nonattainment designation for an 

area starts the process whereby a State 

or Tribe must develop an 

implementation plan that includes, 

among other things, a demonstration 

showing how it will attain the ambient 

standards by the attainment dates 

required in the CAA. Under section 

172(b), States have up to 3 years after 

EPA’s final designations to submit their 

SIPs to EPA. These SIPs will be due on 

April 5, 2008, 3 years from the effective 

date of the designations. 

Section 172(a)(2) of the Act requires 

States to attain the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable but within 

5 years of designation (i.e. attainment 

date of April 2010 based on air quality 

data for 2007–2009), or within up to 10 

years of designation (i.e. to April 2015) 

if the EPA Administrator extends an 

area’s attainment date by 1–5 years 

based upon the severity of the 

nonattainment problem or the feasibility 

of implementing control measures. 

Virtually all nonattainment problems 

appear to result from a combination of 

local emissions and transported 

emissions from upwind areas. The 

structure of the CAA requires EPA to 

develop national rules for certain types 

of sources which are also significant 

contributors to local air quality 

problems, including motor vehicles and 

fuels. It also provides for States to 

address emissions sources on an areaspecific basis through such 

requirements as RACT, RACM, and RFP. 

We believe that to attain the PM2.5 

standards, it is important to pursue 

emissions reductions simultaneously on 

the local, regional, and national levels. 

The EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate 

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20588 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

Rule (CAIR) 5 on March 10, 2005 to 

address the interstate transport of sulfur 

dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions 

primarily from power plants. Section 

110 gives EPA the authority to require 

SIPs to ‘‘prohibit * * * any source or 

other type of emission activity within 

the State from emitting any air pollutant 

in amounts which will contribute 

significantly to nonattainment in, or 

interfere with maintenance by, any 

other State with respect to’’ any 

NAAQS, and to prohibit sources or 

emission activities from emitting 

pollutants in amounts which will 

interfere with measures required to be 

included in State plans to prevent 

significant deterioration of air quality or 

to protect visibility (such as the 

protection of 156 mandatory Federal 

class I areas under the regional haze 

rule 6). CAIR employs the same 

emissions trading approach used to 

achieve cost-effective emission 

reductions under the acid rain program. 

It outlines a two-phase program with 

increasingly tighter power plant 

emissions caps for 28 eastern states and 

the District of Columbia: SO2 caps of 3.6 

million tons in 2010, and 2.5 million in 

2015; NOX caps of 1.5 in 2009 and 1.3 

in 2015; and NOX ozone season caps of 

580,000 tons in 2009 and 480,000 tons 

in 2015. Emission caps are divided into 

State SO2 and NOX budgets. By the year 

2015, the Clean Air Interstate Rule is 

estimated to result in: 

—$85 to $100 billion in annual health 

benefits, including preventing 17,000 

premature deaths, millions of lost 

work and school days, and tens of 

thousands of non-fatal heart attacks 

and hospital admissions annually. 

—Nearly $2 billion in annual visibility 

benefits in southeastern national 

parks, such as Great Smoky and 

Shenandoah. 

—Significant regional reductions in 

sulfur and nitrogen deposition, 

reducing the number of acidic lakes 

and streams in the eastern U.S. 

Over the past several years, EPA has 

also issued a number of regulations 

addressing emissions standards for new 

cars, trucks and buses. These standards 

are providing reductions in motor 

vehicle emissions of volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs, also referred to as 

hydrocarbons), NOX, and direct PM 

emissions (such as elemental carbon) as 

older vehicles are retired and replaced. 

Other existing rules are designed to 

reduce emissions from several 

categories of nonroad engines. The Tier 

2 motor vehicle emission standards, 

5 See http://www.epa.gov/cair. 


6 See 64 FR 35714, July 1, 1999. 


together with the associated 

requirements to reduce sulfur in 

gasoline, are estimated to provide 

additional benefits nationally beginning 

in 2004.7 When the new tailpipe and 

sulfur standards are fully implemented, 

Americans are estimated to benefit from 

the clean-air equivalent of removing 164 

million cars from the road. These new 

standards require passenger vehicles to 

have emissions 77 to 95 percent cleaner 

than those on the road today and require 

fuel manufacturers to reduce the sulfur 

content of gasoline by up to 90 percent. 

In addition, the 2001 heavy-duty diesel 

engine regulations 8 will lead to 

continued emissions reductions as older 

vehicles in that engine class are retired 

and fleets turn over. New emission 

standards began to take effect for model 

year 2007 and apply to heavy-duty 

highway engines and vehicles. These 

standards are based on the use of highefficiency catalytic exhaust emission 

control devices or comparably effective 

advanced technologies. Because these 

devices are damaged by sulfur, the level 

of sulfur in highway diesel fuel was to 

be reduced by 97 percent by mid-2006. 

We project a 2.6 million ton reduction 

of NOX emissions in 2030 when the 

current heavy-duty vehicle fleet is 

completely replaced with newer heavyduty vehicles that comply with these 

emission standards. By 2030, we 

estimate that this program will reduce 

annual emissions of hydrocarbons by 

115,000 tons and PM by 109,000 tons. 

These emissions reductions are on par 

with those that we anticipate from new 

passenger vehicles and low sulfur 

gasoline under the Tier 2 program. 

The EPA also finalized national rules 

in May 2004 to reduce significantly 

PM2.5 and NOX emissions from nonroad 

diesel-powered equipment.9 These 

nonroad sources include construction, 

agricultural, and industrial equipment, 

and their emissions constitute an 

important fraction of the inventory for 

direct PM2.5 emissions (such as 

elemental carbon and organic carbon), 

and NOX. The EPA estimates that 

affected nonroad diesel engines 

currently account for about 44 percent 

of total diesel PM emissions and about 

12 percent of total NOX emissions from 

mobile sources nationwide. These 

proportions are even higher in some 

urban areas. The diesel emission 

standards will reduce emissions from 

this category by more than 90 percent, 

7 See Tier II emission standards at 65 FR 6698, 

February 10, 2000. 

8 See heavy-duty diesel engine regulations at 66 

FR 5002, January 18, 2001. 

9 For more information on the proposed nonroad 

diesel engine standards, see EPA’s Web site: 

http://www.epa.gov/nonroad/. 

and are similar to the onroad engine 

requirements implemented for highway 

trucks and buses. Because the emission 

control devices can be damaged by 

sulfur, EPA also established 

requirements to reduce the allowable 

level of sulfur in nonroad diesel fuel by 

more than 99 percent by 2010. In 2030, 

when the full inventory of older 

nonroad engines has been replaced, the 

nonroad diesel program will annually 

prevent up to 12,000 premature deaths, 

one million lost work days, 15,000 heart 

attacks and 6,000 children’s asthmarelated emergency room visits. 

The EPA expects the implementation 

of regional and national emission 

reduction programs such as CAIR and 

the suite of mobile source rules 

described above to provide significant 

air quality improvements for PM2.5 

nonattainment areas. At the same time, 

analyses for the final CAIR rule indicate 

that without implementation of local 

measures, a number of PM2.5 areas are 

projected to remain in nonattainment 

status in the 2010–2015 timeframe. 

Thus, EPA believes that local and State 

emission reduction efforts will need to 

play an important role in addressing the 

PM2.5 problem as well. The EPA will 

work closely with States, Tribes, and 

local governments to develop 

appropriate in-state pollution reduction 

measures to complement regional and 

national strategies to meet the standards 

expeditiously and in a cost-effective 

manner. States will need to evaluate 

technically and economically feasible 

emission reduction opportunities and 

determine which measures can be 

reasonably implemented in the near 

term. Local and regional emission 

reduction efforts should proceed 

concurrently and expeditiously. 

The promulgation of a revised 24-

hour PM2.5 standard effective on 

December 18, 2006 has initiated another 

process of State recommendations, and 

the eventual designation by EPA of 

areas not attaining the revised standard. 

The additional designations are to be 

completed within two years from the 

effective date, although EPA may take 

an additional year to complete the 

designations if it determines it does not 

have sufficient information. State plans 

to attain the 24-hour standard would 

then be due within three years of the 

final designations. A number of areas, 

including some that are already 

designated as not attaining the 1997 

standards, may be exceeding the revised 

24-hour standard. The EPA encourages 

State and local governments to be 

mindful of the strengthened 24-hour 

standard as they adopt emission 

reduction strategies to attain the 1997 

standards. Such steps may help with 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20589 

future attainment efforts, or even help 

some areas avoid a nonattainment 

designation for the 24-hour standard in 

the first place. 

The public health benefits of meeting 

the PM2.5 standards are estimated to be 

significant. Even small reductions in 

PM2.5 levels may have substantial health 

benefits on a population level. For 

example, in a moderate-sized 

metropolitan area with a design value of 

15.5 μg/m3, efforts to improve annual 

average air quality down to the level of 

the standard (15.0 μg/m3) are estimated 

to result in as many as 25–50 fewer 

mortalities per year due to air pollution 

exposure. In a smaller city, the same air 

quality improvement from 15.5 to 15.0 

μg/m3 still are estimated to result in a 

number of avoided mortalities per year. 

These estimates are based on EPA’s 

standard methodology for calculating 

health benefits as used in recent 

rulemakings.10 In addition, because 

many different precursors contribute to 

the formation of fine particles, 

reductions in pollutants that contribute 

to PM2.5 also can provide concurrent 

benefits in addressing a number of other 

air quality problems—such as groundlevel ozone, regional haze, toxic air 

pollutants, and urban visibility 

impairment. 

In order to assist States in developing 

effective plans to address the local 

component of the PM2.5 nonattainment 

problem, EPA is issuing this final fine 

particle implementation rule. The EPA 

is issuing this rule to implement the 

1997 PM2.5 NAAQS in accordance with 

the statutory requirements of the CAA 

set forth in Subpart 1 of Part D of Title 

1, i.e., sections 171–179B of the Act. 

The EPA believes that the CAA directs 

the Agency to implement new or revised 

NAAQS in nonattainment areas solely 

in accordance with Subpart 1, unless 

another Subpart of the Act also applies 

to the particular NAAQS at issue. In this 

case, EPA has concluded that Congress 

did not intend the Agency to implement 

particulate matter NAAQS other than 

those using PM10 as the indicator in 

accordance with Subpart 4 of Part D of 

Title 1, i.e., sections 188–190 of the 

CAA. Moreover, EPA believes that 

implementation of the PM2.5 NAAQS 

under the provisions of Subpart 1 is 

more appropriate, given the inherent 

nature of the PM2.5 nonattainment 

problem. In contrast to PM10, EPA 

10 See: U.S. EPA 2006. Regulatory Impact 

Analysis for the Particulate Matter National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards. Air Benefits and 

Cost Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, N.C. October 6, 

2006. Appendix A provides an analysis of estimated 

benefits and costs of attaining the 1997 PM NAAQS 

standards in 2015. 

anticipates that achieving the NAAQS 

for PM2.5 will generally require States to 

evaluate different sources for controls, 

to consider controls of one or more 

precursors in addition to direct PM 

emissions, and to adopt different control 

strategies. As a result, EPA has 

concluded that the provisions of 

Subpart 1 will allow States and EPA to 

tailor attainment plans so that they can 

be based more specifically upon the 

facts and circumstances of each 

nonattainment area. 

The proposed clean air fine particle 

implementation rule was issued on 

November 1, 2005 (70 FR 65984). About 

100 comments were received from 

private citizens and parties representing 

industry, state and local governments, 

environmental groups, and federal 

agencies. Section II of this document 

describes the primary elements of the 

fine particle implementation program. 

Each section summarizes the relevant 

policies and options discussed in the 

proposed rule, discusses the final policy 

set forth by EPA in the final rule, and 

provides responses to the major 

comments received on each issue. 

II. Elements of the Clean Air Fine 

Particle Implementation Rule 

A. Precursors and Pollutants 

Contributing to Fine Particle Formation 

1. Introduction 

The main precursor gases associated 

with fine particle formation are SO2, 

NOX, volatile organic compounds 

(VOC), and ammonia. This section 

provides technical background on each 

precursor, discusses the policy 

approach for addressing each precursor 

under the PM2.5 implementation 

program, and responds to key issues 

raised in the public comment process. A 

subsection is also included on direct 

PM2.5 emissions to address key 

comments received on this issue as 

well. 

Gas-phase precursors SO2, NOX, VOC, 

and ammonia undergo chemical 

reactions in the atmosphere to form 

secondary particulate matter. Formation 

of secondary PM depends on numerous 

factors including the concentrations of 

precursors; the concentrations of other 

gaseous reactive species; atmospheric 

conditions including solar radiation, 

temperature, and relative humidity 

(RH); and the interactions of precursors 

with preexisting particles and with 

cloud or fog droplets. Several 

atmospheric aerosol species, such as 

ammonium nitrate and certain organic 

compounds, are semivolatile and are 

found in both gas and particle phases. 

Given the complexity of PM formation 

processes, new information from the 

scientific community continues to 

emerge to improve our understanding of 

the relationship between sources of PM 

precursors and secondary particle 

formation. 

As an initial matter, it is helpful to 

clarify the terminology we use 

throughout this notice to discuss 

precursors. We recognize NOX, SO2, 

VOCs, and ammonia as precursors of 

PM2.5 in the scientific sense because 

these pollutants can contribute to the 

formation of PM2.5 in the ambient air. In 

section II.K on emission inventory 

issues, we make the point that because 

of the complex and variable interaction 

of multiple pollutants and precursors in 

the formation of fine particles, it is 

important for States and EPA to 

continue to characterize and improve 

the emissions inventories for all PM2.5 

precursors. The States and EPA need to 

use the best available information 

available in conducting air quality 

modeling and other assessments. At the 

same time, the refinement of emissions 

inventories, the overall contribution of 

different fine particle precursors to 

PM2.5 formation, and the efficacy of 

alternative potential control measures 

will vary by location. This requires that 

we further consider in this action how 

States should address these PM2.5 

precursors in their PM2.5 attainment 

plan programs. Thus, we require 

emission inventories to include the best 

available information on all pollutants 

and precursors that contribute to PM2.5 

concentrations, and at same time we use 

the term ‘‘PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor’’ to describe only those 

precursors that are required to be 

evaluated for control strategies in a 

specific PM2.5 nonattainment area or 

maintenance area plan. 

In this rule, EPA has not made a 

finding that all precursors should be 

evaluated for possible controls in each 

specific nonattainment area. The policy 

approach in the rule instead requires 

sulfur dioxide to be evaluated for 

control measures in all areas, and 

describes general presumptive policies 

for NOX, ammonia, and VOC for all 

nonattainment areas. The rule provides 

a mechanism by which the State and/or 

EPA can make an area-specific 

demonstration to reverse the general 

presumption for these three precursors. 

States must also consider any relevant 

information brought forward by 

interested parties in the SIP planning 

and development process. (See section 

II.A.8 for additional discussion on these 

issues.) 

In the following sections, we discuss 

how States must evaluate PM2.5 

precursors for nonattainment program 

issues in PM2.5 implementation plans, 

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20590 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

including issues such as RACT, RACM, 

and reasonable further progress. This 

discussion in the final rule is linked to 

precursor policies for the 

implementation of the new source 

review program, the transportation 

conformity program, the general 

conformity program, and the regional 

haze program. All of these programs 

take effect prior to approval of SIPs for 

attaining the PM2.5 NAAQS. In the case 

of NSR, the program applies on the 

effective date of the nonattainment area 

designation. In the case of 

transportation conformity and general 

conformity, the program takes effect 1 

year from the effective date of 

designation of the nonattainment area 

(i.e., April 5, 2006 for areas designated 

nonattainment effective April 5, 2005). 

Thus, for each of these programs there 

is an interim period between the date 

the program becomes applicable to a 

given nonattainment area and the date 

the State receives EPA approval of its 

overall PM2.5 implementation plan. 

2. Legal Authority to Regulate 

Precursors 

a. Background 

The CAA authorizes the Agency to 

regulate criteria pollutant precursors. 

The term ‘‘air pollutant’’ is defined in 

section 302(g) to include ‘‘any 

precursors to the formation of any air 

pollutant, to the extent the 

Administrator has identified such 

precursor or precursors for the 

particular purpose for which the term 

‘air pollutant’ is used.’’ The first clause 

of this second sentence in section 302(g) 

explicitly authorizes the Administrator 

to identify and regulate precursors as air 

pollutants under other parts of the CAA. 

In addition, the second clause of the 

sentence indicates that the 

Administrator has discretion to identify 

which pollutants should be classified as 

precursors for particular regulatory 

purposes. Thus, we do not necessarily 

construe the CAA to require that EPA 

identify a particular precursor as an air 

pollutant for all regulatory purposes 

where it can be demonstrated that 

various CAA programs address different 

aspects of the air pollutant problem. 

Likewise, we do not interpret the CAA 

to require that EPA treat all precursors 

of a particular pollutant the same under 

any one program when there is a basis 

to distinguish between such precursors. 

For example, in a rule addressing PM2.5 

precursors for purposes of the 

transportation conformity program, we 

chose to adopt a different approach for 

one precursor based on the limited 

emissions of that precursor from onroad 

mobile sources and the degree to which 

it contributes to PM2.5 concentrations. 

(70 FR 24280; May 6, 2005). 

Other provisions of the CAA reinforce 

our reading of section 302(g) that 

Congress intended precursors to 

NAAQS pollutants to be subject to the 

air quality planning and control 

requirements of the CAA, but also 

recognized that there may be 

circumstances where it is not 

appropriate to subject precursors to 

certain requirements of the CAA. 

Section 182 of the CAA provides for the 

regulation of NOX and VOCs as 

precursors to ozone in ozone 

nonattainment areas, but also provides 

in section 182(f) that major stationary 

sources of NOX (an ozone precursor) are 

not subject to emission reductions 

controls for ozone where the State 

shows through modeling that NOX 

reductions do not decrease ozone. 

Section 189(e) provides for the 

regulation of PM10 precursors in PM10 

nonattainment areas, but also recognizes 

that there may be certain circumstances 

(e.g. if precursor emission sources do 

not significantly contribute to PM10 

levels) where it is not appropriate to 

apply control requirements to PM10 

precursors. The legislative history of 

Section 189(e) recognized the 

complexity behind the science of 

precursor transformation into PM10 

ambient concentrations and the need to 

harmonize the regulation of PM10 

precursors with other provisions of the 

CAA: 

The Committee notes that some of these 

precursors may well be controlled under 

other provisions of the CAA. The Committee 

intends that * * * the Administrator will 

develop models, mechanisms, and other 

methodology to assess the significance of the 

PM10 precursors in improving air quality and 

reducing PM10. Additionally, the 

Administrator should consider the impact on 

ozone levels of PM10 precursor controls. The 

Committee expects the Administrator to 

harmonize the PM10 reduction objective of 

this section with other applicable regulations 

of this CAA regarding PM10 precursors, such 

as NOX. See H. Rpt. 101–490, Pt. 1, at 268 

(May 17, 1990), reprinted in S. Prt. 103–38, 

Vol. II, at 3292. 

In summary, section 302(g) of the 

CAA clearly calls for the regulation of 

precursor pollutants, but the CAA also 

identifies circumstances when it may 

not be appropriate to regulate precursors 

and gives the Administrator discretion 

to determine how to address particular 

precursors under various programs 

required by the CAA. Due to the 

complexities associated with precursor 

emissions and their variability from 

location to location, we believe that in 

certain situations it may not be effective 

or appropriate to control a certain 

precursor under a particular regulatory 

program or for EPA to require similar 

control of a particular precursor in all 

areas of the country. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule maintains the same 

legal basis for regulating precursors as 

was described in the proposal and in the 

background section above. We also 

include a clarification of the term 

‘‘significant contributor.’’ 

In the proposal, when considering the 

impacts of the precursors NOX, VOC 

and ammonia on ambient 

concentrations of particulate matter, we 

referred to the possibility of reversing 

the presumed approach for regulating or 

not regulating a precursor if it can be 

shown that the precursor in question is 

or is not a ‘‘significant contributor’’ to 

PM2.5 concentrations within the specific 

nonattainment area. ‘‘Significant 

contribution’’ in this context is a 

different concept than that in Section 

110(a)(2)(D). Section 110(a)(2)(D) 

prohibits States from emitting air 

pollutants in amounts which 

significantly contribute to 

nonattainment or other air quality 

problems in other states. Consistent 

with the discussion of sections 189(e) 

and 302(g) above, we are clarifying that 

the use in this implementation rule of 

the term ‘‘significant contribution’’ to 

the nonattainment area’s PM2.5 

concentration means that a significant 

change in emissions of the precursor 

from sources in the state would be 

projected to provide a significant change 

in PM2.5 concentrations in the 

nonattainment area. For example, if 

modeling indicates that a reduction in a 

state’s NOX emissions would reduce 

ambient PM2.5 levels in the 

nonattainment area, but that a reduction 

in ammonia emissions would result in 

virtually no change in ambient PM2.5 

levels, this would suggest that NOX is a 

significant contributor but that ammonia 

is not. The EPA in this rule is not 

establishing a quantitative test for 

determining whether PM2.5 levels in a 

nonattainment area change significantly 

in response to reductions in precursor 

emissions in a state. However, in 

considering this question, it is relevant 

to consider that relatively small 

reductions in PM2.5 levels are estimated 

to result in worthwhile public health 

benefits. 

This approach to identifying a 

precursor for regulation reflects 

atmospheric chemistry conditions in the 

area and the magnitude of emissions of 

the precursor in the area or State. 

Assessments of which source categories 

are more cost effective or technically 

feasible to control should be part of the 

later RACT and RACM assessment, to 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20591 

occur after the basic assessment of 

which precursors are to be regulated is 

completed. 

In the proposed regulatory text, the 

provisions for reversing presumptions 

for NOX, VOC and ammonia included 

consideration of whether the precursor 

would significantly contribute to ‘‘other 

downwind air quality concerns.’’ In the 

final rule we have removed that 

language to clarify that identification of 

attainment plan precursors involves 

evaluation of the impact on PM2.5 levels 

in a nonattainment area of precursor 

emissions from sources within the 

state(s) where the nonattainment area is 

located. Other parts of the Act, notably 

section 110(a)(2)(D) and section 126, 

focus on interstate transport of 

pollutants. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: The EPA received several 

comments supporting EPA’s 

interpretation of 302(g) to determine the 

appropriate regulatory status of each 

precursor pollutant. 

Response: The EPA agrees with the 

commenters. In establishing section 

302(g), Congress intended that 

precursors to NAAQS pollutants be 

subject to the air quality planning and 

control requirements of the CAA. 

However, the CAA also recognizes that 

there may be circumstances where it is 

not appropriate to subject precursors to 

certain requirements of the CAA. 

Comment: The EPA received several 

comments regarding the applicability of 

section 189(e), noting that it requires 

states to presumptively control sources 

of PM10 precursors except where the 

EPA ‘‘determines that such sources [of 

precursors] do not significantly 

contribute to PM10 levels which exceed 

the standard in the area.’’ Several 

commenters stated that EPA does not 

have the legal authority to regulate 

PM2.5 precursors in a different manner. 

Several commenters maintained that all 

PM2.5 precursors presumptively should 

be subject to regulation unless 

demonstrated by the State as not a 

significant contributor to PM2.5 

concentrations in a specific area. 

Response: As stated above, EPA 

believes that section 302(g) allows the 

Administrator to presumptively not 

require certain precursors to be 

addressed in PM2.5 implementation 

plans generally, while allowing the 

State or EPA to make a finding for a 

specific area to override the general 

presumption. In the following pollutantspecific sections of this preamble, EPA 

finds that at this time there is sufficient 

uncertainty regarding whether certain 

precursors significantly contribute to 

PM2.5 concentrations in all 

nonattainment areas such that the 

policy set forth in this rule does not 

presumptively require certain 

precursors (ammonia, VOC) to be 

controlled in each area. However, the 

State or EPA may reverse the 

presumption and regulate a precursor if 

it provides a demonstration showing 

that the precursor is a significant 

contributor to PM2.5 concentrations in 

the area. In addition, if in the State’s SIP 

planning and adoption process a 

commenter provides additional 

information suggesting an alternative 

policy for regulating a particular 

precursor, the State will need to 

respond to this information in its 

rulemaking action. 

3. Policy for Ammonia 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

Ammonia (NH3) is a gaseous pollutant 

that is emitted by natural and 

anthropogenic sources. Emissions 

inventories for ammonia are considered 

to be among the most uncertain of any 

species related to PM. Ammonia serves 

an important role in neutralizing acids 

in clouds, precipitation and particles. In 

particular, ammonia neutralizes sulfuric 

acid and nitric acid, the two key 

contributors to acid deposition (acid 

rain). Deposited ammonia also can 

contribute to problems of eutrophication 

in water bodies, and deposition of 

ammonium particles may effectively 

result in acidification of soil as 

ammonia is taken up by plants. The 

NARSTO Fine Particle Assessment 11 

indicates that reducing ammonia 

emissions where sulfate concentrations 

are high may reduce PM2.5 mass 

concentrations, but may also increase 

the acidity of particles and 

precipitation. An increase in particle 

acidity is suspected to be linked with 

human health effects and with an 

increase in the formation of secondary 

organic compounds. Based on the above 

information and further insights gained 

from the NARSTO Fine Particle 

Assessment, it is apparent that the 

formation of particles related to 

ammonia emissions is a complex, 

nonlinear process. 

Though recent studies have improved 

our understanding of the role of 

ammonia in aerosol formation, ongoing 

research is required to better describe 

11 NARSTO (2004) (Particulate Matter 

Assessment for Policy Makers: A NARSTO 

Assessment. P. McMurry, M. Shepherd, and J. 

Vickery, eds. Cambridge University Press, 

Cambridge, England. ISBN 0 52 184287 5. 

the relationships between ammonia 

emissions, particulate matter 

concentrations, and related impacts. 

The control techniques for ammonia 

and the analytical tools to quantify the 

impacts of reducing ammonia emissions 

on atmospheric aerosol formation are 

both evolving. Also, area-specific data 

are needed to evaluate the effectiveness 

of reducing ammonia emissions on 

reducing PM2.5 concentrations in 

different areas, and to determine where 

ammonia decreases may increase the 

acidity of particles and precipitation. 

The proposal showed consideration 

for the uncertainties about ammonia 

emissions inventories and about the 

potential efficacy of ammonia control 

measures by providing for a case-bycase approach. It was recommended that 

each State should evaluate whether 

reducing ammonia emissions would 

lead to PM2.5 reductions in their specific 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas. The 

proposed policy did not require States 

to address ammonia as a PM2.5 

attainment plan precursor, unless a 

technical demonstration by the State or 

EPA showed that ammonia emissions 

from sources in the State significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in a 

given nonattainment area or to other 

downwind air quality concerns. Where 

the State or EPA has determined that 

ammonia is a significant contributor to 

PM2.5 formation in a nonattainment 

area, the State would be required to 

evaluate control measures for ammonia 

emissions in its nonattainment SIP due 

in 2008, in the implementation of the 

PM program, and in other associated 

programs in that area. 

b. Final Rule 

In the final rule, ammonia is 

presumed not to be a PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor, meaning that the State is 

not required to address ammonia in its 

attainment plan or evaluate sources of 

ammonia emissions for reduction 

measures. This presumption can be 

reversed based on an acceptable 

technical demonstration for a particular 

area by the State or EPA. If a technical 

demonstration by the State or EPA 

shows that ammonia emissions from 

sources in the State significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in a 

given nonattainment area, the State 

must then evaluate and consider control 

strategies for reducing ammonia 

emissions in its nonattainment SIP due 

in 2008, in the implementation of the 

PM2.5 program. Technical 

demonstrations on ammonia should also 

consider the potential for atmospheric 

and particle acidity to increase with 

ammonia reductions. Further discussion 

about technical demonstrations to 

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20592 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

support reversing a PM2.5 precursor 

presumption is included in section 

II.A.8 below. 

This approach was retained from the 

proposal because of continued 

uncertainties regarding ammonia 

emission inventories and the effects of 

ammonia emission reductions. 

Ammonia emission inventories are 

presently very uncertain in most areas, 

complicating the task of assessing 

potential impacts of ammonia emissions 

reductions. In addition, data necessary 

to understand the atmospheric 

composition and balance of ammonia 

and nitric acid in an area are not widely 

available across PM2.5 nonattainment 

areas, making it difficult to predict the 

results of potential ammonia emission 

reductions. Ammonia reductions may 

be effective and appropriate for 

reducing PM2.5 concentrations in 

selected locations, but in other locations 

such reductions may lead to minimal 

reductions in PM2.5 concentrations and 

increased atmospheric acidity. Research 

projects continue to expand our 

collective understanding of these issues, 

but at this time EPA believes this caseby-case policy approach is appropriate. 

In light of these uncertainties, we 

encourage States to continue efforts to 

better understand the role of ammonia 

in its fine particle problem areas. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

scientific understanding of the 

complexities of PM formation from 

ammonia is limited. The commenter 

claimed that the reduction of ammonia 

will not reduce PM in many areas, and 

speciated PM data to investigate the 

potential decrease in PM from ammonia 

emissions reductions is not available in 

all areas. 

Response: The final rule takes these 

uncertainties into consideration by 

allowing ammonia to be addressed on a 

case-by-case basis. For any area about 

which enough information is available 

to determine that ammonia emission 

reductions would lead to a beneficial 

reduction in PM2.5, the State can 

develop a technical demonstration 

justifying the control of ammonia. If the 

State chooses to develop such a 

demonstration, preferably it should be 

completed as part of the SIP 

development process and prior to the 

adoption of control measures, in 

consultation with the appropriate EPA 

regional office. 

Comment: Some commenters claimed 

that requiring no action on some 

precursors is counter to the requirement 

in sections 172(a)(2) and 188 to attain 

the NAAQS as expeditiously as 

practicable. They also asserted that 

presuming that ammonia is not a PM2.5 

attainment plan precursor violates 

302(g) by improperly delegating 

authority to the States. 

Response: In many areas, reducing 

ammonia emissions could have little 

effect on PM2.5 concentrations and could 

lead to the potentially harmful effect of 

increased atmospheric acidity. While 

States are not required to take action on 

ammonia sources under this policy, 

States would be required to address 

information on ammonia brought to 

their attention during the planning and 

rule adoption process. Under this 

approach, States should assess whether 

ammonia reductions would lead to 

reduced PM2.5 concentrations in specific 

nonattainment areas. If the State decides 

that ammonia reductions could yield 

beneficial reductions in PM2.5, the State 

should complete a technical 

demonstration supporting a reversal of 

the presumption. The EPA does not 

believe that this approach improperly 

delegates authority to the States. It 

establishes a general presumption for all 

areas through this rulemaking process, 

and allows for the presumption to be 

modified by the State or EPA on a caseby-case basis. EPA still retains the 

ability to make a technical 

demonstration for any area if 

appropriate to reverse the presumption 

and require ammonia to be addressed in 

its attainment plan. 

Comment: Some commenters stated 

that the results of a large study on air 

emissions from concentrated animal 

feeding operations (CAFOs) should be 

evaluated before requiring control of 

ammonia in areas where agriculture is 

alleged to be a major source. 

Response: The $15 million national 

CAFO consent agreement study 

coordinated by Purdue University will 

greatly improve ammonia and VOC 

emissions inventories and our 

understanding of the impacts of 

agricultural emissions on particle 

formation. The EPA recognizes that the 

agricultural emissions study is expected 

to provide data for future planning 

purposes, and we expect that some of 

the results of the study will not be 

available in time to be considered in the 

development of PM2.5 State 

Implementation Plans dues in April 

2008. However, if a State believes it has 

sufficient technical information to 

warrant regulation of ammonia 

emissions in their 2008 implementation 

plans, it may include in its plan a 

demonstration to reverse the 

presumption as well as emission 

reduction measures. The EPA will 

review each submittal on a case-by-case 

basis. 

Comment: A presumption to not 

address ammonia will impede certain 

states (i.e. those that have provisions 

requiring their regulations to be ‘‘no 

stricter than Federal’’ provisions) from 

regulating ammonia. 

Response: This presumptive approach 

to ammonia will not restrict States from 

addressing ammonia in their PM2.5 

attainment plans. If a State has 

information indicating that reductions 

in ammonia emissions would cause 

beneficial reductions in PM2.5 

concentrations, the State can make a 

technical demonstration to reverse the 

presumption. In such cases, inclusion of 

ammonia as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor would not be considered 

stricter than Federal requirements. 

Under the policy in the final rule, the 

Federal government or the State may 

assess the impact of ammonia in a 

particular area and determine whether 

the presumption of insignificance is 

appropriate or whether ammonia is in 

fact a significant contributor to the PM2.5 

problem in the area. 

4. Policy for VOC 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

The VOC policy in this rule addresses 

volatile and semivolatile organic 

compounds, generally up to 24 carbon 

atoms. High molecular weight organic 

compounds (typically 25 carbon atoms 

or more) are emitted directly as primary 

organic particles and exist primarily in 

the condensed phase at ambient 

temperatures. Accordingly, high 

molecular weight organic compounds 

are to be regulated as primary PM2.5 

emissions for the purposes of the PM2.5 

implementation program. 

The organic component of ambient 

particles is a complex mixture of 

hundreds or even thousands of organic 

compounds. These organic compounds 

are either emitted directly from sources 

(i.e. primary organic aerosol) or can be 

formed by reactions in the ambient air 

(i.e. secondary organic aerosol, or SOA). 

Volatile organic compounds are key 

precursors in the formation processes 

for both SOA and ozone. The relative 

importance of organic compounds in the 

formation of secondary organic particles 

varies from area to area, depending 

upon local emissions sources, 

atmospheric chemistry, and season of 

the year. 

The lightest organic molecules (i.e., 

molecules with six or fewer carbon 

atoms) occur in the atmosphere mainly 

as vapors and typically do not directly 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20593 

form organic particles at ambient 

temperatures due to the high vapor 

pressure of their products. However, 

they participate in atmospheric 

chemistry processes resulting in the 

formation of ozone and certain free 

radical compounds (such as the 

hydroxyl radical [OH]) which in turn 

participate in oxidation reactions to 

form secondary organic aerosols, 

sulfates, and nitrates. These VOCs 

include all alkanes with up to six 

carbon atoms (from methane to hexane 

isomers), all alkenes with up to six 

carbon atoms (from ethene to hexene 

isomers), benzene and many lowmolecular weight carbonyls, chlorinated 

compounds, and oxygenated solvents. 

Intermediate weight organic 

molecules (i.e., compounds with 7 to 24 

carbon atoms) often exhibit a range of 

volatilities and can exist in both the gas 

and aerosol phase at ambient 

conditions. For this reason they are also 

referred to as semivolatile compounds. 

Semivolatile compounds react in the 

atmosphere to form secondary organic 

aerosols. These chemical reactions are 

accelerated in warmer temperatures, 

and studies show that SOA typically 

comprises a higher percentage of 

carbonaceous PM in the summer as 

opposed to the winter. The production 

of SOA from the atmospheric oxidation 

of a specific VOC depends on four 

factors: Its atmospheric abundance, its 

chemical reactivity, the availability of 

oxidants (O3, OH, HNO3), and the 

volatility of its products. In addition, 

recent work suggests that the presence 

of acidic aerosols may lead to an 

increased rate of SOA formation. 

Aromatic compounds such as toluene, 

xylene, and trimethyl benzene are 

considered to be the most significant 

anthropogenic SOA precursors and have 

been estimated to be responsible for 50 

to 70 percent of total SOA in some 

airsheds. Man-made sources of 

aromatics gases include mobile sources, 

petrochemical manufacturing and 

solvents. Some of the biogenic 

hydrocarbons emitted by trees are also 

considered to be important precursors of 

secondary organic particulate matter. 

Terpenes (and b-pinene, limonene, 

carene, etc.) and the sesquiterpenes are 

expected to be major contributors to 

SOA in areas with significant vegetation 

cover, but isoprene is not. Terpenes are 

very prevalent in areas with pine 

forests, especially in the southeastern 

U.S. The rest of the anthropogenic 

hydrocarbons (higher alkanes, paraffins, 

etc.) have been estimated to contribute 

5–20 percent to the SOA concentration 

depending on the area. 

The contribution of the primary and 

secondary components of organic 

aerosol to the measured organic aerosol 

concentrations remains a complex issue. 

Most of the research performed to date 

has been done in southern California, 

and more recently in central California, 

while fewer studies have been 

completed on other parts of North 

America. Many studies suggest that the 

primary and secondary contributions to 

total organic aerosol concentrations are 

highly variable, even on short time 

scales. Studies of pollution episodes 

indicate that the contribution of SOA to 

the organic particulate matter can vary 

from 20 percent to 80 percent during the 

same day. 

Despite significant advances in 

understanding the origins and 

properties of SOA, it remains probably 

the least understood component of 

PM2.5. The reactions forming secondary 

organics are complex, and the number 

of intermediate and final compounds 

formed is voluminous. Some of the best 

efforts to unravel the chemical 

composition of ambient organic aerosol 

matter have been able to quantify the 

concentrations of hundreds of organic 

compounds representing only 10–20 

percent of the total organic aerosol 

mass. For this reason, SOA continues to 

be a significant topic of research and 

investigation. 

Current scientific and technical 

information clearly shows that 

carbonaceous material is a significant 

fraction of total PM2.5 mass in most 

areas, that certain VOC emissions are 

precursors to the formation of secondary 

organic aerosol, and that a considerable 

fraction of the total carbonaceous 

material is likely from local as opposed 

to regional sources. However, while 

significant progress has been made in 

understanding the role of gaseous 

organic material in the formation of 

organic PM, this relationship remains 

complex. We recognize that further 

research and technical tools are needed 

to better characterize emissions 

inventories for specific VOC 

compounds, and to determine the extent 

of the contribution of specific VOC 

compounds to organic PM mass. 

In light of these factors, the proposed 

rule did not require States to address 

VOCs as PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursors and evaluate them for control 

measures, unless the State or EPA 

makes a finding that VOCs significantly 

contribute to a PM2.5 nonattainment 

problem in the State or to other 

downwind air quality concerns. Many 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas are also 

nonattainment areas for the 8-hour 

ozone standard; control measures for 

VOCs will be implemented in some of 

these areas, potentially providing a cobenefit for PM2.5 concentrations. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule maintains the same 

policy as proposed.12 States are not 

required to address VOC in PM2.5 

implementation plans and evaluate 

control measures for such pollutants 

unless the State or EPA makes a 

technical demonstration that emissions 

of VOCs from sources in the State 

significantly contribute to PM2.5 

concentrations in a given nonattainment 

area. Technical demonstrations are 

discussed in section II.A.8 below. If a 

State chooses to make a technical 

demonstration, it should be developed 

in advance of the attainment 

demonstration. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

our understanding of the complexities 

of PM2.5 formation from VOCs is 

limited, that speciated PM data are not 

available in all areas, and that VOC 

reductions will not reduce PM2.5 in 

many areas. 

Response: The EPA acknowledges the 

uncertainties regarding the role of VOC 

in secondary organic aerosol formation. 

For this reason the final rule does not 

presumptively include VOC as a 

regulated pollutant for PM planning. 

However, if available data demonstrates 

that control of VOC would reduce PM2.5 

concentrations in an area, the State or 

EPA may include VOC as an attainment 

plan precursor. 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

the rationale that VOC should not be 

considered a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor because most PM areas are 

also ozone areas is not appropriate 

because many ozone areas will attain 

soon and VOC reductions will still be 

needed for PM. 

Response: The primary rationale for 

not including VOC as a PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor in every nonattainment 

area is the uncertainty regarding the 

contribution of anthropogenic VOCs to 

the formation of the organic carbon 

portion of fine particles. In certain areas, 

EPA expects that VOC control measures 

will have some co-benefits in the 

reduction of fine particulates. However, 

this reason should not be considered the 

principal reason for the policy in the 

final rule that VOCs presumptively 

should not be considered PM2.5 

attainment plan precursors. If a State or 

EPA determines that VOCs do 

contribute significantly to PM2.5 

concentrations in an area, the State will 

be required to evaluate control measures 

for VOC as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

12 The policy is the same as proposed, with the 

clarification regarding downwind areas discussed 

above (Section A.2.b). 

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20594 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

precursor for that area. This approach 

will provide for regulation of VOCs in 

locations where it is most appropriate. 

Comment: One commenter suggested 

that EPA wait for the results of the 

pending agricultural emissions study 

before requiring control of VOCs in 

agricultural areas. 

Response: The $15 million national 

CAFO consent agreement study 

coordinated by Purdue University will 

greatly improve ammonia and VOC 

emissions inventories and our 

understanding of the impacts of 

agricultural emissions on particle 

formation. The EPA recognizes that the 

agricultural emissions study is expected 

to provide data for future planning 

purposes, and we expect that some of 

the results of the study will not be 

available in time to be considered in the 

development of PM2.5 State 

Implementation Plans dues in April 

2008. However, if a State believes it has 

sufficient technical information to 

warrant regulation of VOC emissions in 

their 2008 implementation plans, it may 

include in its plan a demonstration to 

reverse the presumption as well as 

emission reduction measures. The EPA 

will review each submittal on a case-bycase basis. 

5. Policy for NOX 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

The sources of NOX are numerous and 

widespread. The combustion of fossil 

fuel in boilers for commercial and 

industrial power generation and in 

mobile source engines each account for 

approximately 30 percent of NOX 

emissions in PM2.5 nonattainment areas 

(based on 2001 emission inventory 

information). Nitrates are formed from 

the oxidation of oxides of nitrogen into 

nitric acid either during the daytime 

(reaction with OH) or during the night 

(reactions with ozone and water). Nitric 

acid continuously transfers between the 

gas and the condensed phases through 

condensation and evaporation processes 

in the atmosphere. However, unless it 

reacts with other species (such as 

ammonia, sea salt, or dust) to form a 

neutralized salt, it will volatilize and 

not be measured using standard PM2.5 

measurement techniques. The formation 

of aerosol ammonium nitrate is favored 

by the availability of ammonia, low 

temperatures, and high relative 

humidity. Because ammonium nitrate is 

semivolatile and not stable in higher 

temperatures, nitrate levels are typically 

lower in the summer months and higher 

in the winter months. The resulting 

ammonium nitrate is usually in the submicrometer particle size range. 

Reactions with sea salt and dust lead to 

the formation of nitrates in coarse 

particles. Nitric acid may be dissolved 

in ambient aerosol particles. 

Based on a review of speciated 

monitoring data analyses, it is apparent 

that nitrate concentrations vary 

significantly across the country. For 

example, in some southeastern 

locations, annual average nitrate levels 

are in the range of 6 to 8 percent of total 

PM2.5 mass, whereas nitrate comprises 

40 percent or more of PM2.5 mass in 

certain California locations. Nitrate 

formation is favored by the availability 

of ammonia, low temperatures, and high 

relative humidity. It is also dependent 

upon the relative degree of nearby SO2 

emissions because ammonia reacts 

preferentially with SO2 over NOX. NOX 

reductions are expected to reduce PM2.5 

concentrations in most areas. However, 

it has been suggested that in a limited 

number of areas, NOX control would 

result in increased PM2.5 mass by 

disrupting the ozone cycle and leading 

to increased oxidation of SO2 to form 

sulfate particles, which are heavier than 

nitrate particles. Because of the above 

factors, the proposed rule presumed that 

States must evaluate and implement 

reasonable controls on sources of NOX 

in all nonattainment areas, but allowed 

for the State and EPA to develop a 

technical demonstration to reverse this 

presumption. 

b. Final Rule 

The EPA is retaining the proposed 

approach in the final rule.13 Under this 

policy, States are required to address 

NOX as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor and evaluate reasonable 

controls for NOX in PM2.5 attainment 

plans, unless the State and EPA make a 

finding that NOX emissions from 

sources in the State do not significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the 

relevant nonattainment area. This 

presumptive policy is consistent with 

other recent EPA regulations requiring 

NOX reductions which will reduce fine 

particle pollution, such as the Clean Air 

Interstate Rule and a number of rules 

targeting onroad and nonroad engine 

emissions. 

Technical demonstrations that would 

reverse the presumption should be 

developed in advance of the attainment 

demonstration and are discussed in 

section II.A.8 below. 

13 The policy is the same as proposed, with the 

clarification regarding downwind areas discussed 

above (Section A.2.b). 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Most commenters generally 

agreed with the proposed inclusion of 

NOX as a presumptive PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

commenters. 

Comment: Some commenters 

requested guidance on what would 

constitute an acceptable demonstration 

to reverse the presumption that NOX is 

a PM2.5 attainment plan precursor. 

Response: Guidance on technical 

demonstrations to reverse the 

presumptive inclusion of NOX in all 

state implementation plans is discussed 

in section II.A.8 below. 

Comment: One commenter raised 

concerns that the proposed policy for 

NOX would allow a State to find NOX 

to be an insignificant contributor to an 

area’s PM2.5 nonattainment problem and 

effectively keep the State from 

controlling the area’s NOX emissions for 

other purposes, such as to address 

interstate transport under section 110 of 

the CAA. Section 110 requires SIPs to 

prohibit emissions within the State that 

would contribute significantly to 

another State’s nonattainment problem 

or interfere with another State’s 

maintenance plan. 

Response: The identification of 

precursors for regulation under this rule 

is for purposes of PM2.5 nonattainment 

and maintenance plans under Part D of 

the CAA. The PM2.5 implementation 

rule does not prevent a State from 

regulating NOX sources under any other 

Federal or State rule, including 

interstate transport rules under Section 

110. 

6. Policy for SO2 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

Sulfur dioxide is emitted mostly from 

the combustion of fossil fuels in boilers 

operated by electric utilities and other 

industry. Less than 20 percent of SO2 

emissions nationwide are from other 

sources, mainly other industrial 

processes such as oil refining and pulp 

and paper production. The formation of 

sulfuric acid from the oxidation of SO2 

is an important process affecting most 

areas in North America. There are three 

different pathways for this 

transformation. 

First, gaseous SO2 can be oxidized by 

the hydroxyl radical (OH) to create 

sulfuric acid. This gaseous SO2 

oxidation reaction occurs slowly and 

only in the daytime. Second, SO2 can 

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dissolve in cloud water (or fog or rain 

water), and there it can be oxidized to 

sulfuric acid by a variety of oxidants, or 

through catalysis by transition metals 

such as manganese or iron. If ammonia 

is present and taken up by the water 

droplet, then ammonium sulfate will 

form as a precipitate in the water 

droplet. After the cloud changes and the 

droplet evaporates, the sulfuric acid or 

ammonium sulfate remains in the 

atmosphere as a particle. This aqueous 

phase production process involving 

oxidants can be very fast; in some cases 

all the available SO2 can be oxidized in 

less than an hour. Third, SO2 can be 

oxidized in reactions in the particlebound water in the aerosol particles 

themselves. This process takes place 

continuously, but only produces 

appreciable sulfate in alkaline (dust, sea 

salt) coarse particles. Oxidation of SO2 

has also been observed on the surfaces 

of black carbon and metal oxide 

particles. During the last 20 years, much 

progress has been made in 

understanding the first two major 

pathways, but some important questions 

still remain about the smaller third 

pathway. Models indicate that more 

than half of the sulfuric acid in the 

eastern United States and in the overall 

atmosphere is produced in clouds. 

The sulfuric acid formed from the 

above pathways reacts readily with 

ammonia to form ammonium sulfate, 

(NH4)2SO4. If there is not enough 

ammonia present to fully neutralize the 

produced sulfuric acid (one molecule of 

sulfuric acid requires two molecules of 

ammonia), part of it exists as 

ammonium bisulfate, NH4HSO4 (one 

molecule of sulfuric acid and one 

molecule of ammonia) and the particles 

are more acidic than ammonium sulfate. 

In certain situations (in the absence of 

sufficient ammonia for neutralization), 

sulfate can exist in particles as sulfuric 

acid, H2SO4. Sulfuric acid often exists in 

the plumes of stacks where SO2, SO3, 

and water vapor are in much higher 

concentrations than in the ambient 

atmosphere, but these concentrations 

become quite small as the plume is 

cooled and diluted by mixing. 

Because sulfate is a significant 

contributor (e.g. ranging from 9 percent 

to 40 percent) to PM2.5 concentrations in 

nonattainment areas and to other air 

quality problems in all regions of the 

country, EPA proposed that States 

would be required to address sulfur 

dioxide as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor in all areas. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule includes the same 

policy for sulfur dioxide as in the 

proposal. States are required to address 

sulfur dioxide as a PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor and evaluate SO2 for 

possible control measures in all areas. 

Sulfate is an important precursor to 

PM2.5 formation in all areas, and has a 

strong regional impact on PM2.5 

concentrations. This policy is consistent 

with past EPA regulations, such as the 

CAIR, the Clean Air Visibility Rule, the 

Acid Rain rules, and the Regional Haze 

rule, that require SO2 reductions to 

address fine particle pollution and 

related air quality problems. 

Under the transportation conformity 

program, sulfur dioxide is not required 

to be addressed in transportation 

conformity determinations before a SIP 

is submitted unless either the state air 

agency or EPA regional office makes a 

finding that on-road emissions of sulfur 

dioxide are significant contributors to 

the area’s PM2.5 problem. Sulfur dioxide 

would be addressed after a PM2.5 SIP is 

submitted if the area’s SIP contains an 

adequate or approved motor vehicle 

emissions budget for sulfur dioxide. 

EPA based this decision on the de 

minimis level of sulfur dioxide 

emissions from on-road vehicles 

currently, and took into consideration 

the fact that sulfur dioxide emissions 

from on-road sources will decline in the 

future due to the implementation of 

requirements for low sulfur gasoline 

(which began in 2004) and for low 

sulfur diesel fuel (beginning in 2006). 

For more information, see the May 6, 

2005 transportation conformity rule on 

PM2.5 precursors at 70 FR 24283. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Most commenters agreed 

with the proposed policy for SO2. One 

commenter stated, ‘‘* * * requiring 

states to address sulfur dioxide in 

attainment planning in all areas is 

consistent with the science of PM2.5 

formation and essential to effective 

implementation of the PM2.5 NAAQS.’’ 

Another commenter concluded that 

EPA’s proposal ‘‘* * * is justified based 

on the fact that SO2 has been found to 

be a significant contributor to PM2.5 

nonattainment in all areas.’’ 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. 

Comment: Some commenters believe 

States should be able to make a 

demonstration that SO2 not be 

addressed as an attainment plan 

precursor. The commenters claim that 

the urban increment of sulfate is 

generally small, and SO2 control will 

not matter in many areas. Commenters 

also note that a large percentage of the 

SO2 emission inventory is being 

reduced and will be reduced further 

through existing programs, and that if 

attainment can be demonstrated without 

additional SO2 controls, a State should 

be allowed to make that demonstration 

in its SIP. One commenter stated that 

whether SO2 emissions from a given 

source located in a nonattainment area 

in fact contribute significantly to 

ambient concentrations of sulfate and 

PM2.5 in that nonattainment area likely 

will depend on a range of factors, 

including source type, stack height, 

location, and meteorology. The 

commenter asserted that sulfate forms 

over significant geographic distances 

from the source of the SO2 emissions 

and may not form significant 

concentrations of PM2.5 in the local 

nonattainment area. 

Response: As in the proposal, the 

final rule requires SO2 to be considered 

a PM2.5 attainment plan precursor in all 

cases. Sulfate is a significant fraction of 

PM2.5 mass in all nonattainment areas 

currently, and although large SO2 

reductions are projected from electric 

generating units with the 

implementation of the CAIR program, 

sulfate is still projected to be a key 

contributor to PM2.5 concentrations in 

the future. SO2 emissions also lead to 

sulfate formation on both regional and 

local scales. The EPA agrees that the 

extent of the contribution from a 

particular source in a nonattainment 

area to PM2.5 concentrations in the area 

will depend on a number of factors, and 

that at times the reaction of SO2 

emissions in the atmosphere to form 

sulfate particles may occur less rapidly 

and extend over a significant distance. 

However, at other times the conversion 

of SO2 to sulfate can occur rapidly and 

local impacts from a particular source 

can be more significant. States are 

required to develop plans to attain as 

expeditiously as practicable through the 

identification of technically and 

economically feasible control measures 

from the full range of source categories 

contributing to PM2.5 nonattainment 

areas. In developing these plans, each 

State will need to consider whether 

controls on local SO2 sources would be 

cost-effective and would be needed to 

attain expeditiously. 

7. Policy for Direct PM 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

This section addresses inorganic and 

organic forms of directly emitted PM. 

Although these direct emissions are by 

definition not precursors to PM2.5, this 

section is included to provide 

information on the full range of 

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components that commonly make up 

fine particulate matter. 

The main anthropogenic sources of 

inorganic (or crustal) particles are: 

entrainment by vehicular traffic on 

unpaved or paved roads; mechanical 

disturbance of soil by highway, 

commercial, and residential 

construction; and agricultural field 

operations (tilling, planting and 

harvesting). Industrial processes such as 

quarries, minerals processing, and 

agricultural crop processing can also 

emit crustal materials. While much of 

these emissions are coarse PM, the size 

distribution can have a tail of particles 

smaller than PM2.5. 

In general, coarse PM is most 

important close to the source, and not 

generally a significant contributor to 

regional scale PM problems. Even so, 

during certain high wind events, fine 

crustal PM has been shown to be 

transported over very long distances. 

Emission estimates of mechanically 

suspended crustal PM from sources 

within the U.S. are often quite high. 

However, this PM is often released very 

close to the ground, and with the 

exception of windblown dust events, 

thermal or turbulent forces sufficient to 

lift and transport these particles very far 

from their source are not usually 

present. Thus, crustal material is only a 

minor part of PM2.5 annual average 

concentrations. 

Primary carbonaceous particles are 

largely the result of incomplete 

combustion of fossil or biomass fuels. 

This incomplete combustion usually 

results in emissions of both black 

carbon and organic carbon particles. 

High molecular weight organic 

molecules (i.e., molecules with 25 or 

more carbon atoms) are either emitted as 

solid or liquid particles, or as gases that 

rapidly condense into particle form. 

These heavy organic molecules 

sometimes are referred to as volatile 

organic compounds, but because their 

characteristics are most like direct PM 

emissions, they will be considered to be 

primary emissions for the purposes of 

this regulation. Primary organic carbon 

also can be formed by condensation of 

semi-volatile compounds on the surface 

of other particles. 

The main combustion sources 

emitting carbonaceous PM2.5 are certain 

industrial processes, managed burning, 

wildland fires, open burning of waste, 

residential wood combustion, coal and 

oil-burning boilers (utility, commercial 

and industrial), and mobile sources 

(both onroad and nonroad). Certain 

organic particles also come from natural 

sources such as decomposition or 

crushing of plant detritus. Most 

combustion processes emit more organic 

particles than black carbon particles. A 

notable exception to this is diesel 

engines, which typically emit more 

black carbon particles than organic 

carbon. Because photochemistry is 

typically reduced in the cooler winter 

months for much of the country, studies 

indicate that the carbon fraction of PM 

mass in the winter months is likely 

dominated by direct PM emissions as 

opposed to secondarily formed organic 

aerosol. 

Particles from the earth’s crust may 

contain a combination of metallic 

oxides and biogenic organic matter. The 

combustion of surface debris will likely 

entrain some soil. Additionally, 

emissions from many processes and 

from the combustion of fossil fuels 

contain elements that are chemically 

similar to soil. Thus, a portion of the 

emissions from combustion activities 

may be classified as crustal in a 

compositional analysis of ambient 

PM2.5. The proposed rule required that 

States address the direct emissions of 

particulate matter in their PM2.5 

attainment plans. During the comment 

period, EPA received several comments 

regarding the definition of what should 

be regulated as ‘‘direct PM2.5.’’ 

b. Final Rule 

This rule defines direct PM2.5 

emissions as ‘‘air pollutant emissions of 

direct fine particulate matter, including 

organic carbon, elemental carbon, direct 

sulfate, direct nitrate, and miscellaneous 

inorganic material (i.e. crustal 

material).’’ Development of attainment 

plans will include direct PM2.5 

emissions and specific PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursors. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A few commenters noted 

that 40 CFR 51.1000 of the proposed 

rule includes definitions for both 

‘‘direct PM2.5 emissions’’ and for ‘‘PM2.5 

direct emissions.’’ They recommend 

including just one definition in the final 

rule. 

Response: The EPA acknowledges this 

oversight and has included in the final 

rule a single definition for ‘‘direct PM2.5 

emissions.’’ It reads: ‘‘Direct PM2.5 

emissions means solid particles emitted 

directly from an air emissions source or 

activity, or gaseous emissions or liquid 

droplets from an air emissions source or 

activity which condense to form 

particulate matter at ambient 

temperatures. Direct PM2.5 emissions 

include elemental carbon, directly 

emitted organic carbon, directly emitted 

sulfate, directly emitted nitrate, and 

other inorganic particles (including but 

not limited to crustal material, metals, 

and sea salt).’’ 

8. Optional Technical Demonstrations 

for NOX, VOC, and Ammonia 

[Section II.E.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 65999); sec. 

51.1002 in draft and final regulatory 

text.] 

a. Background 

The proposed rule required States to 

evaluate and consider control strategies 

for sources of SO2 and direct PM2.5 

emissions in all nonattainment areas. 

For the precursors NOX, VOC, and 

ammonia, the proposed rule included 

presumptive policies that could be 

reversed with an acceptable technical 

demonstration by the State or EPA. (The 

policy in the proposal presumptively 

required that NOX emissions must be 

addressed in all areas, and that VOC and 

ammonia emissions do not need to be 

addressed in all areas.) A number of 

commenters requested additional 

guidance on the criteria for an 

acceptable technical demonstration. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule retains provisions for 

the State or EPA to conduct a technical 

demonstration to reverse the 

presumptive inclusion of NOX or to 

reverse the presumptive exclusions of 

ammonia and VOC as PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursors. Demonstrations to 

reverse the presumptions for ammonia, 

VOC, or NOX are to be based on the 

weight of evidence of available 

information, and any demonstration by 

the State must be approved by EPA. The 

State must demonstrate that based on 

the sum of available technical and 

scientific information, it would be 

appropriate for a nonattainment area to 

reverse the presumptive approach for a 

particular precursor. The demonstration 

should include information from 

multiple sources, including results of 

speciation data analyses, air quality 

modeling studies, chemical tracer 

studies, emission inventories, or special 

intensive measurement studies to 

evaluate specific atmospheric chemistry 

in an area. 

Because of the variation among 

nonattainment areas in terms of such 

factors as local emissions sources, 

growth patterns, topography, and 

severity of the nonattainment problem, 

EPA believes that it would not be 

appropriate to define a prescriptive set 

of analyses that must be included in all 

PM2.5 precursor technical 

demonstrations. The key criterion is that 

any technical demonstration must fairly 

represent available information. 

In developing the implementation 

plan for a nonattainment area, the State 

should use all relevant information 

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available (from EPA, the State, or other 

sources) to determine the scientifically 

most appropriate approach to regulating 

NOX, ammonia, and VOC emissions in 

the area. As required under any State 

rulemaking process, the State must 

consider and provide a response in the 

record to any information or evidence 

brought forward by commenters during 

the SIP planning, development and 

review process which indicates that the 

presumption for a precursor should be 

reversed. In its review of the 

forthcoming State implementation plan 

submittal, EPA will review the State’s 

proposed precursor policies in light of 

all currently available information. If 

information brought forward by 

commenters or the State in the SIP 

development process shows that the 

presumption in this rule for ammonia, 

VOC or NOX is not technically justified 

for a particular nonattainment area, the 

State must conduct a technical 

demonstration to reverse the 

presumption. In the case of ammonia or 

VOC, the State then would evaluate 

control measures and implement those 

measures that are technically and 

economically feasible and that will 

contribute to expeditious attainment of 

the standards. 

In the section below we suggest 

examples of the types of analyses that 

would be appropriate to use in 

developing such a demonstration. States 

are encouraged to consult with EPA in 

formulating appropriate technical 

demonstrations. 

i. Emission Inventory Information: An 

analysis might show that a precursor 

composes a significant fraction of the 

emissions inventory in an area and 

therefore requires greater consideration. 

Example: Several stationary sources 

emitting particular VOCs known to 

contribute to SOA formation make up a 

significant portion of the area’s VOC 

inventory. This analysis may be useful in 

conjunction with other analyses included in 

a weight of evidence demonstration. 

ii. Speciation Data Information: 

Analysis of data from speciation 

networks might lead a State to 

determine the relative importance of a 

precursor to seasonal or yearly average 

PM concentrations. Individual 

precursors require different approaches. 

Collection of new data could be used to 

understand the impacts of precursors in 

an area. 

Example: Nitrate ion is a large portion of 

winter average PM2.5 mass. Nitrate ion is a 

major portion of PM2.5 mass on the 10 highest 

PM2.5 days in winter in the past 3 years. The 

days with the highest mass concentrations 

might be indicative of inversion conditions 

and/or local impacts, rather than large-scale 

transport processes. For these reasons, nitrate 

should be addressed in the PM2.5 attainment 

plan. 

Example: Ammonium ion data combined 

with total calculated nitrate data indicates 

that reductions in ammonia would reduce 

PM concentrations without a sharp related 

increase in particle acidity. PM speciation 

data shows that PM in the area is generally 

within 10% of calculated neutralization. In 

places for which the needed atmospheric 

data are available to determine whether 

increased acidity is estimated to lead to 

negative environmental effects, analysis 

showing that increased acidity of particles 

and precipitation would likely result from 

ammonia reductions would support the 

presumption against ammonia regulation. 

Analysis showing that ammonia reductions 

would be unlikely to increase the acidity of 

particles and precipitation, and that potential 

reductions in ammonia would significantly 

reduce PM2.5 levels, would support a 

technical demonstration to reverse the 

presumption. 

iii. Modeling Information: Results of 

atmospheric modeling may help a State 

characterize the impacts of potential 

precursor emission reductions on PM2.5 

concentrations in an area. 

Example: Modeling of SO2, NOX, and VOC 

emission reductions result in lower sulfate 

and nitrate levels but not lower secondary 

organic aerosol levels. This likely indicates 

that VOC reductions are not as vital as 

reductions of the other precursors. 

Example: Modeled reductions of NOX 

show a potential increase in sulfate formation 

through disruption of the ozone cycle. SO2 

reductions may be a better choice than NOX 

reductions. 

Example: Modeled ammonia reductions 

show a projected reduction in PM2.5 

concentrations in selected areas. Although 

dependant on good quality inventory data, 

this type of an analysis would indicate that 

the area is ammonia-limited and that 

ammonia reductions may be beneficial. 

Example: Modeling shows that reductions 

in SO2 in the absence of NOX reductions in 

an area will not result in a significant PM2.5 

reduction because more nitrate particles form 

when less SO2 is available for particle 

formation. However, PM2.5 reductions are 

significant when both SO2 and NOX are 

reduced concurrently. This analysis would 

indicate that NOX reductions should be 

included in the PM2.5 attainment plan for the 

area. 

iv. Monitoring, Data Analysis, or 

Other Special Studies: Could include 

monitoring of gases and compounds not 

typically monitored under the PM2.5 

speciation network, receptor modeling 

analysis, or special monitoring studies. 

Example: Data from specialized monitoring 

studies can provide insights about 

concentrations of ammonia gas and nitric 

acid in an area and whether the area is 

ammonia-limited or not. Ammonia 

reductions in ammonia-limited areas 

typically yield reductions in PM2.5 

concentrations. Specialized monitoring and 

laboratory studies can also assess the relative 

concentrations of organic compounds and 

provide insights into the contributions of 

different anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs 

to secondary organic aerosol formation. 

Example: Receptor modeling and statistical 

analysis PM2.5 speciation monitoring data 

can indicate relative contributions to PM2.5 

mass from sources with different chemical 

‘‘fingerprints.’’ 

Example: Additional analysis of organic 

compounds on filters collected through 

speciation monitoring may reveal insights 

about the relative degree of carbonaceous 

material considered to be from fossil fuel 

combustion as opposed to combustion of 

‘‘modern’’ material (such as wood or 

biomass). 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A number of commenters 

requested that the final rule include 

guidance on acceptable technical 

demonstrations. 

Response: The above section includes 

examples designed to help States 

formulate appropriate demonstrations. 

Prescribing specific technical indicators 

to be used in all areas would ignore the 

scientific uncertainty inherent in the 

relationships between precursor 

emissions and the responses of 

atmospheric concentrations of PM2.5. 

Therefore, States are encouraged to 

review available information and 

consult with EPA in formulating 

technical demonstrations appropriate to 

a particular area. 

B. No Classification System 

1. No Classification System 

a. Background 

Section 172 of subpart 1 contains the 

general requirements for SIPs for all 

nonattainment areas. Section 172(a)(1) 

states that on or after the date of 

designation, the Administrator may 

classify an area for the purpose of 

applying an attainment date or for some 

other purpose. Thus, a classification 

system is allowed under section 172 of 

the CAA, but is not required for the 

purposes of implementing a national 

ambient air quality standard. The CAA 

also states that EPA may consider 

certain factors in making a decision 

concerning classification for areas, such 

as the severity of nonattainment in such 

areas, and the availability and feasibility 

of the pollution control measures that 

may be needed to achieve attainment. In 

the proposed rule, EPA provided two 

implementation approaches for 

classifying PM2.5 nonattainment areas. 

Under the first approach, there would 

be no classification system. Under the 

second approach, a two-tiered 

classification system would apply, with 

areas classified as either ‘‘moderate’’ or 

‘‘serious’’ based on specific criteria. 

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For example, the two classification 

tiers could be based on the severity of 

nonattainment (e.g., serious areas would 

be those with a design value above a 

specific threshold), or on the attainment 

date for the area (e.g., serious areas 

would be those with attainment dates 

after April 2010). However, any 

moderate area that needs an attainment 

date longer than 5 years would be 

reclassified as serious. This would 

ensure that areas with a more persistent 

PM2.5 problem are subject to more 

stringent requirements, even if they are 

not one of the areas with the highest 

current design values. For such areas, 

the State would be required to request 

reclassification for an area and ensure 

that the 2008 attainment SIP submission 

for the area includes all measures 

needed to meet the serious area 

requirements. Under the two tiered 

classification approach, we proposed 

that serious PM2.5 nonattainment areas 

would be required to meet the more 

stringent requirements than moderate 

areas that would be defined in this 

rulemaking action (e.g., lower 

thresholds for RACT, fixed percentage 

reduction for RFP, etc.). For serious 

areas, the attainment date would be as 

expeditious as practicable, but no later 

than 10 years after designation, 

depending on the year in which the area 

would be projected to attain considering 

existing control requirements and the 

effect of RACM, RACT and RFP. 

b. Final Rule 

The EPA believes that in the case of 

PM2.5, the no-classification approach is 

the most appropriate approach. An 

advantage of this approach is that it 

provides a relatively simple 

implementation structure for State 

implementation of the PM2.5 standards, 

and avoids the need to define a 

classification system and determine 

classifications for each area. Without 

classifications, this rule still requires 

that that SIPs include all reasonable 

measures that contribute to achieving 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. (Further detail is provided 

in sections D. and F. below.) Because of 

differences in the nature and sources of 

the PM2.5 problem in different parts of 

the country, EPA did not find it 

appropriate to establish a tiered 

classification system with increasing 

control measure requirements. The noclassifications approach provides States 

with greater flexibility to determine the 

control strategies that will be most 

effective and efficient in bringing 

specific areas into attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. In 

addition, EPA believes that States 

requesting additional time to attain the 

standard beyond the initial 5 year 

attainment date, provided for under 

Subpart I, will need to adopt additional 

or more stringent measures to meet their 

obligations for RACT, RACM and 

attainment that is as expeditious as 

practicable. We believe that this 

addresses the main concerns of those 

commenters who contend that a two 

tiered classification system should be 

implemented. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: The majority of the 

commenters who commented on this 

issue stated that they agreed with EPA’s 

preferred no classification approach. 

These commenters generally stated that 

they believed that EPA has the authority 

not to establish a classification system 

for PM2.5 nonattainment areas. Some 

commenters stated that it would also be 

unreasonable, at this point in the 

process, for EPA to implement a 

classification scheme for the PM2.5 

standard. Many commenters support the 

no classification approach because it 

provides for a simple implementation 

structure and/or allows greater 

implementation flexibility to States, 

including flexibility to address specific 

problems related to individual 

nonattainment areas in the most costeffective and expeditious manner, rather 

than through a one size fits all 

approach. Other commenters stated that 

they believe that a classification system 

is not needed because nonattainment 

areas in the Eastern United States are 

likely to attain the standard within a 

timeframe that is consistent with the 

timeframe established under Subpart 1. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

commenters. 

Comment: Several commenters 

disagreed with EPA’s preferred 

approach and agreed with the two tiered 

classification approach featuring a 

‘‘moderate’’ and a ‘‘serious’’ area 

classification. These commenters also 

stated that the threat of reclassification 

or ‘‘bump up’’ to a higher classification 

was a powerful incentive for areas to 

attain as expeditiously as practicable. 

Commenters also indicated that areas 

needing more time to attain the standard 

should be required to implement more 

stringent measures or mandatory 

measures. 

Response: The EPA agrees that areas 

with more severe nonattainment 

problems will need to implement more 

stringent measures to attain. However, 

EPA does not believe that a 

classification system is needed to ensure 

that such measures are implemented. 

The EPA believes that on balance the no 

classification approach is the most 

appropriate classification option for the 

implementation of the PM2.5 standard 

because of the difference in contributing 

sources from area to area. 

Comment: Several commenters stated 

that under EPA’s preferred approach, 

each State would be required to submit 

an attainment demonstration proposing 

an attainment date that is ‘‘as 

expeditious as practicable’’ for each 

area. They asserted that to allow States 

to propose their own attainment dates 

would invite delay in the process of 

cleaning up fine particle pollution. 

These commenters further stated that 

States would have no incentive to set an 

attainment date earlier than the outer 

limit set by EPA, even if it would be 

practicable to attain the NAAQS sooner. 

Response: Section 172 of the CAA 

requires SIPs to demonstrate attainment 

as expeditiously as practicable 

regardless of whether there is a 

classification system, and under this 

rule states must justify that their 

attainment date is as expeditious as 

practicable considering all reasonable 

measures. As noted above, EPA believes 

that States requesting additional time to 

attain the standard beyond the initial 5 

year attainment date will need to adopt 

additional or more stringent measures to 

meet their obligations for RACT and 

RACM and to attain as expeditiously as 

practicable. More details on the 

analytical process required for an 

attainment demonstration is included in 

section II.F. 

Comment: Several commenters stated 

that the CAA requires regulation of the 

PM2.5 standard under Subpart 4 of Part 

D. These commenters state that EPA 

takes the position that it must regulate 

PM2.5 under Subpart 1 of the CAA, 

which applies to nonattainment areas in 

general. The commenters state that 

section 7513, in Subpart 4 of Part D of 

the CAA, contains specific provisions 

for classification of particulate matter 

nonattainment areas, and that EPA must 

therefore regulate PM2.5 under Subpart 

4, which requires a moderate and 

serious area classification system. Other 

commenters argued that implementation 

of the PM2.5 standard must proceed 

under Subpart 1 of Part D of Title I of 

the CAA and cannot be governed by 

Subpart 4 of Part D, which addresses the 

implementation of the PM10 standard 

which is a different pollutant than 

PM2.5. 

Response: The EPA finds that the 

PM2.5 standard should be implemented 

under subpart I of the CAA, which is the 

general provision of the CAA related to 

NAAQS implementation. Part D of Title 

I of the CAA sets forth the requirements 

for SIPs needed to attain the national 

ambient air quality standards. Part D 

also includes a general provision under 

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Subpart I which applies to all NAAQS 

for which a specific subpart does not 

exist. Because the PM2.5 standards were 

not established until 1997, the plan 

provisions found in section 172 of 

subpart 1 pertaining to plans for 

nonattainment areas apply. The EPA 

further agrees with comments stating 

that subpart 4 on its face applies only 

to the PM10 standard. In general, the 

emphasis in subpart 4 on reducing PM10 

concentrations from certain sources of 

direct PM2.5 emissions can be somewhat 

effective in certain PM2.5 nonattainment 

areas but not in all. Contributions to 

PM2.5 concentrations are typically from 

a complex mix of sources of primary 

emissions and sources of precursor 

emissions which form particles through 

reactions in the atmosphere. PM2.5 also 

differs from PM10 in terms of 

atmospheric dispersion characteristics, 

chemical composition, and contribution 

from regional transport. 

2. Rural Transport Classification Option 

a. Background 

The 8-hour ozone implementation 

program includes a ‘‘rural transport 

classification’’ for subpart 1 

nonattainment areas. In the proposal for 

this rule we discussed whether an area 

classification of this type would be 

appropriate for the PM2.5 

implementation program in light of the 

fact that no currently designated PM2.5 

nonattainment area met the criteria 

similar to those that apply to rural 

transport areas under the ozone 

implementation program. 

As addressed in the proposal, a PM2.5 

nonattainment area would qualify for 

the ‘‘rural transport’’ classification if it 

met criteria similar to those specified for 

rural transport areas for the 1-hour 

ozone standard under section 182(h). 

Section 182(h) defines ‘‘rural transport’’ 

areas as those areas that do not include, 

and are not adjacent to, any part of a 

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) or, 

where one exists, a Consolidated 

Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). 

Section 182(h) further limits the 

category to those areas whose own 

emissions do not make a significant 

contribution to pollutant concentrations 

in those areas, or in other areas. 

As discussed in the preamble to the 

proposed rule, potential criteria for a 

State to identify an area for a rural 

transport classification under the PM2.5 

program could be similar to the criteria 

used in the ozone implementation 

program: A State with a PM2.5 ‘‘rural 

transport’’ area would need to (1) 

demonstrate that the area meets the 

above criteria, (2) demonstrate using 

EPA approved attainment modeling that 

the nonattainment problem in the area 

is due to the ‘‘overwhelming transport’’ 

of emissions from outside the area, and 

(3) demonstrate that sources of PM2.5 

and its precursor emissions within the 

boundaries of the area do not contribute 

significantly to PM2.5 concentrations 

that are measured in the area or in other 

areas. 

An area which qualifies for the ‘‘rural 

transport’’ classification would only be 

required to adopt local control measures 

sufficient to demonstrate that the area 

would attain the standard by its 

attainment date ‘‘but for’’ the 

overwhelming transport of emissions 

emanating from upwind States. RFP 

requirements under subpart 1 would 

still apply to these areas. As with other 

nonattainment areas, rural transport 

nonattainment areas would be subject to 

NSR, transportation conformity, and 

general conformity requirements. In the 

proposal we solicited comments on 

whether it would be appropriate to 

establish less burdensome NSR 

requirements in the event that a 

classification for rural transport areas is 

adopted in the final rule. The EPA 

requested comment on whether this 

type of classification option is needed at 

all under the PM2.5 implementation 

program. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule does not include a rural 

transport classification. This type of 

classification was included in the CAA 

for purposes of implementing the ozone 

standards because of the phenomenon 

of the formation of high ozone levels far 

downwind in very rural locations, 

including on high elevation mountain 

peaks. In reviewing the currently 

designated PM2.5 nonattainment areas, it 

appears that all areas but one are within 

or adjacent to a metropolitan area (i.e. 

core-based statistical area or 

consolidated statistical area), and thus 

would not meet the criteria discussed 

above. Although PM2.5 concentrations 

are greatly affected by long-range 

transport of air pollution, it appears that 

nonattainment areas typically are 

located in urban areas and include 

significant local pollutant sources. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Several commenters stated 

that they do not support the adoption of 

a rural transport classification because it 

is not needed. Commenters stated that 

given the criteria for the rural transport 

classification, which greatly limits its 

applicability, few if any PM2.5 

nonattainment areas can qualify for the 

option. One commenter stated that EPA 

modeled the rural transport 

classification after the ‘‘rural transport 

areas’’ provision contained in subpart 2 

of the CAA, which applies only to the 

ozone standard. The commenter further 

states that neither Subpart 1 nor 4 

contain any statutory authority for such 

a classification. 

Response: The EPA believes that it 

has sufficient statutory authority under 

the CAA to establish a rural transport 

classification, but we do not believe that 

such a classification is needed. 

Comment: One commenter generally 

supported the rural transport concept 

and the proposed associated 

requirements, with the addition that 

data analysis be included as appropriate 

in the required technical 

demonstrations in addition to modeling. 

While no PM2.5 area currently meets the 

requirements for the rural transport 

classification option, several 

commenters recommended that it be 

maintained for potential cases in which 

the PM2.5 standards are made more 

stringent, or measured air quality in 

areas change in such a way that areas 

would qualify for the rural transport 

classification at a later date. 

Response: The EPA does not agree 

that a rural transport classification is 

needed. The EPA will re-evaluate the 

need for such a classification as 

appropriate. 

C. Due Dates and Basic Requirements 

for Attainment Demonstrations 

a. Background 

Part D of Title I of the CAA sets forth 

the requirements for SIPs needed to 

attain the national ambient air quality 

standards. Part D includes a general 

subpart 1 which applies to all NAAQS 

for which a specific subpart does not 

exist. The 1990 CAA Amendments do 

not include any subpart for PM2.5 

because the PM2.5 standards were not 

yet established. The EPA has 

determined that for PM2.5, the 

nonattainment area plan provisions 

found in section 172 of subpart 1 apply. 

Section 172(b) of the CAA requires 

that at the time the Agency promulgates 

nonattainment area designations, the 

EPA must also establish a schedule for 

States to submit SIPs meeting the 

applicable requirements of section 

172(c) and of section 110(a)(2) of the 

CAA. Nonattainment area designations 

were finalized in December 2004, and a 

supplemental notice was issued in April 

2005. Consistent with section 172(b) of 

the CAA, 40 CFR 51.1002 of the 

proposed rule requires the State to 

submit its attainment demonstration 

and SIP revision within 3 years, or by 

April 2008. 

Section 51.1006 of the proposed rule 

addresses the situation in which an area 

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is initially designated as attainment/ 

unclassifiable but is later designated as 

nonattainment based on air quality data 

after the 2001–2003 period. Under such 

circumstances, the SIP submittal date 

would be 3 years from the effective date 

of the redesignation, and the attainment 

date would be as expeditiously as 

practicable but no later than 5 years 

from the effective date of the 

redesignation. 

The section 172(c) requirements that 

States are to address under section 

172(c) (including RACT, RACM, RFP, 

contingency measures, emission 

inventory requirements, and NSR) are 

discussed in later sections of this 

document. Section 110(a)(2) of the CAA 

requires all States to develop and 

maintain a solid air quality management 

infrastructure, including enforceable 

emission limitations, an ambient 

monitoring program, an enforcement 

program, air quality modeling, and 

adequate personnel, resources, and legal 

authority. Section 110(a)(2)(D) also 

requires State plans to prohibit 

emissions from within the State which 

contribute significantly to 

nonattainment or maintenance areas in 

any other State, or which interfere with 

programs under part C to prevent 

significant deterioration of air quality or 

to achieve reasonable progress toward 

the national visibility goal for Federal 

class I areas (national parks and 

wilderness areas). In order to assist 

States in addressing their obligations 

regarding regionally transported 

pollution, EPA has finalized the CAIR to 

reduce SO2 and nitrogen oxide 

emissions from large electric generating 

units.14 

To date, few states have submitted a 

SIP revision addressing the section 

110(a)(2) requirements for the purposes 

of implementing the PM2.5 standards. 

The EPA recognizes that this situation is 

due in part to the fact that there were 

a series of legal challenges to the PM 

standards which were not resolved until 

March 2002, at which time the 

standards and EPA’s decision process 

were upheld (see section I.B. for further 

discussion of past legal challenges to the 

standards). To address the States’ 

continuing obligation to address the 

requirements of section 110(a), 40 CFR 

51.1002 of the proposed rule also 

required each State to address the 

required elements of section 110(a)(2) of 

the CAA as part of the SIP revision 

adopting its attainment plan, if it has 

not already done so. On March 10, 2005, 

EPA entered into a consent decree with 

14 More information on the Clean Air Interstate 

Rule (CAIR) is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ 

cair. 

Environmental Defense and American 

Lung Association concerning EPA’s 

failure to find that States failed to 

submit SIPs to address the section 

110(a)(2) requirements. As a part of that 

consent decree, by no later than October 

8, 2008, EPA is required to publish a 

notice in the Federal Register related to 

its determinations of whether each State 

has submitted SIPs for PM2.5 that meet 

the requirements as stated under section 

110(a)(2) of the CAA. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule maintains the 

regulatory approach described above. 

c. Comments and Responses 

There were no comments on this 

portion of the proposal. 

D. Attainment Dates 

1. Background on Statutory 

Requirements 

Establishing attainment dates. Section 

172(a)(2) states that an area’s attainment 

date ‘‘shall be the date by which 

attainment can be achieved as 

expeditiously as practicable, but no later 

than 5 years from the date such area was 

designated nonattainment * * *, except 

that the Administrator may extend the 

attainment date to the extent the 

Administrator determines appropriate, 

for a period no greater than 10 years 

from the date of designation as 

nonattainment considering the severity 

of nonattainment and the availability 

and feasibility of pollution control 

measures.’’ 

Since PM2.5 designations have an 

effective date of April 5, 2005, the initial 

5-year attainment date for PM2.5 areas 

would be no later than April 5, 2010. 

For an area with an attainment date of 

April 5, 2010, EPA would determine 

whether it had attained the standard by 

evaluating air quality data from the 

three previous calendar years (i.e. 2007, 

2008, and 2009). 

For any areas that are granted the full 

5 year attainment date extension under 

section 172, the attainment date would 

be no later than April 5, 2015. For such 

areas, EPA would determine whether 

they have attained the standard by 

evaluating air quality data from 2012, 

2013, and 2014. Section 51.1004 of the 

proposed regulations addressed the 

attainment date requirement. Section 

51.1004(b) provided that in their 

attainment demonstrations, States 

would propose an attainment date 

representing attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable based upon 

implementation of existing Federal and 

State measures, and all new reasonable 

local and intrastate measures. The EPA 

would approve a particular attainment 

date based on its review of the 

attainment demonstration. 

Determining Whether an Area Has 

Attained. The EPA has the 

responsibility for determining whether a 

nonattainment area has attained the 

standard by its applicable attainment 

date. Section 179(c)(1) of the Act 

requires EPA to make determinations of 

attainment no later than 6 months 

following the attainment date for the 

area. Under section 179(c)(2), EPA must 

publish a notice in the Federal Register 

identifying those areas which failed to 

attain by the applicable attainment date. 

The statute further provides that EPA 

may revise or supplement its 

determination of attainment for the 

affected areas based upon more 

complete information or analysis 

concerning the air quality for the area as 

of the area’s attainment date. 

Section 179(c)(1) of the Act provides 

that the attainment determination for an 

area is to be based upon an area’s ‘‘air 

quality data as of the attainment date.’’ 

The EPA will make the determination of 

whether an area’s air quality is meeting 

the PM2.5 NAAQS by the applicable 

attainment date primarily based upon 

data gathered from the air quality 

monitoring sites which have been 

entered into EPA’s Air Quality System 

(AQS) database. No special or additional 

SIP submittal will be required from the 

State for this determination. 

A PM2.5 nonattainment area’s air 

quality status is determined in 

accordance with appendix N of 40 CFR 

part 50. To show attainment of the 24-

hour and annual standards for PM2.5, the 

most recent three consecutive years of 

data prior to the area’s attainment date 

must show that PM2.5 concentrations 

over a three-year period are at or below 

the levels of the standards. A complete 

year of air quality data, as described in 

part 50, Appendix N, comprises of all 4 

calendar quarters with each quarter 

containing data from at least 75 percent 

of the scheduled sampling days. The 

annual standard for PM2.5 is attained 

when the 3-year average annual mean 

concentration is less than or equal to 

15.05 μg/m3. The 24-hour standard for 

PM2.5 is met when the average of 98th 

percentile values for three consecutive 

calendar years at each monitoring site is 

less than or equal to 65.5 μg/m3. 

The EPA will begin processing and 

analyzing data related to the attainment 

of PM2.5 areas immediately after the 

applicable attainment date for the 

affected areas. Current EPA policy, 

under 40 CFR part 58, sets the deadline 

for submittal of air quality data into the 

AQS database for no later than 90 days 

after the end of the calendar year. 

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While EPA may determine that an 

area’s air quality data indicates that an 

area may be meeting the PM2.5 NAAQS 

for a specified period of time, this does 

not eliminate the State’s responsibility 

under the Act to adopt and implement 

an approvable SIP. If EPA determines 

that an area has attained the standard as 

of its attainment date, the area will 

remain classified as nonattainment until 

the State has requested, and EPA has 

approved, redesignation to attainment 

for the area. 

In order for an area to be redesignated 

as attainment, the State must comply 

with the five requirements listed under 

section 107(d)(3)(E) of the Act. This 

section requires that: 

—EPA has determined that the area has 

met the PM2.5 NAAQS; 

—EPA has fully approved the state’s 

implementation plan; 

—The improvement in air quality is due 

to permanent and enforceable 

reductions in emissions; 

—EPA has fully approved a 

maintenance plan for the area; 

—The State(s) containing the area have 

met all applicable requirements under 

section 110 and part D. 

2. Establishing Attainment Dates 

a. Background 

The EPA proposed rule language on 

attainment dates that closely tracks the 

statutory language. In the preamble, 

EPA noted that the attainment date that 

is as expeditious as practicable should 

reflect the projected impact of existing 

national and State programs (e.g. partial 

implementation of the CAIR rule, final 

Acid Rain Program, motor vehicle tier II 

standards and heavy-duty diesel engine 

standards, NOX SIP call, State 

legislation such as Clean Smokestacks 

bill in North Carolina) as well as 

additional reasonable measures required 

for the PM2.5 nonattainment SIP. 

With respect to its authority to extend 

an area’s date beyond 5 years, EPA 

stated in the preamble that the State can 

submit a SIP demonstrating that it is 

impracticable to attain by the 5-year 

attainment date: ‘‘As stated previously, 

under section 172(a)(2)(A), EPA may 

grant an area an extension of the initial 

attainment date for a period of one to 5 

years. States that request an extension of 

the attainment date under this provision 

of the CAA must submit a SIP by April 

5, 2008 that includes, among other 

things, an attainment demonstration 

showing that attainment within 5 years 

of the designation date is impracticable. 

It must also show that the area will 

attain the standard by an alternative 

date that is as expeditious as 

practicable, but in no case later than 10 

years after the designation date for the 

area (i.e. by April 5, 2015 for an area 

with an effective designation date of 

April 5, 2005). An appropriate extension 

in some cases may be only 1 or 2 

years—a 5-year extension is not 

automatic upon request. 

The attainment demonstration must 

provide sufficient information to show 

that attainment by the initial attainment 

date is impracticable due the severity of 

the nonattainment problem in the area, 

the lack of available control measures, 

and any other pertinent information 

related to these statutory criteria. States 

requesting an extension of the 

attainment date must also demonstrate 

that all local control measures that are 

reasonably available and technically 

feasible for the area are currently being 

implemented to bring about expeditious 

attainment of the standard by the 

alternative attainment date for the area. 

The State’s plan will need to project the 

emissions reductions expected due to 

Federally enforceable national 

standards, State regulations, and local 

measures such as RACT and RACM, and 

then conduct modeling to project the 

level of air quality improvement in 

accordance with EPA’s modeling 

guidance. The EPA will not grant an 

extension of the attainment date beyond 

the initial 5 years required by section 

172(a)(2)(A) for an area if the State has 

not considered the implementation of 

all RACM and RACT local control 

measures for the area (see section III.I 

for a more detailed discussion of RACT 

and RACM). The EPA also will examine 

whether the State has adequately 

considered measures to address 

intrastate transport of pollution from 

sources within its jurisdiction. In 

attainment planning, States have the 

obligation and authority to address the 

transport of pollution from one area of 

the State to another. Any decision made 

by EPA to extend the attainment date for 

an area beyond its original attainment 

date will be based on facts specific to 

the nonattainment area at issue and will 

only be made after providing notice in 

the Federal Register and an opportunity 

for the public to comment.’’ 

b. Final Rule 

We are adopting the approach 

described above from the proposed rule. 

We also wish to clarify language that 

was in the preamble to the proposed 

rule regarding the criteria for an 

extension. The preamble stated that 

attainment date extensions would be 

based on the two statutory extension 

criteria—‘‘the severity of nonattainment, 

and the availability and feasibility of 

pollution control measures,’’—as well as 

‘‘other pertinent information which 

shows that additional time is required 

for the area to attain the standard.’’ The 

CAA does not include this third clause 

and the regulatory text for the final rule 

does not include this third clause. The 

intent of this language in the preamble 

to the proposal was that States could 

include ‘‘other pertinent information’’ 

related to the two statutory criteria. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Some commenters 

expressed concern that EPA’s preamble 

language appeared to assert a new basis 

for granting extensions not provided by 

the statute. They said EPA has authority 

to extend the attainment date under 

Section 7502(a)(2) based solely on 

consideration of two enumerated 

factors: the severity of nonattainment, 

and the availability and feasibility of 

control measures. 

Response: The EPA agrees that 

extensions must be based upon the two 

factors in the statute, which are quite 

broad. A clarification of the preamble 

phrase cited by the commenter is 

provided above. The phrase in 

question—‘‘any other pertinent 

information which shows that 

additional time is required for the area 

to attain the standard’’—refers to 

information that relates to the two 

statutory factors. 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

an area should qualify for an extension 

only if the area will implement stringent 

local controls, yet still cannot 

practicably attain by the five-year 

deadline. The commenter stated that at 

a minimum, EPA must require states to 

adopt RACM for both mobile and 

stationary sources before granting an 

extension. Another commenter said that 

given the difficulty many areas will 

have in meeting the five-year deadline 

for attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS (and 

especially in light of the fact that the 

deadline occurs only 2 years after states 

are to submit attainment SIPs), EPA 

should provide maximum flexibility in 

allowing extensions to the full 10-year 

period. 

Response: The EPA agrees that 

extensions should be granted only if an 

area cannot practicably attain within 5 

years despite application of all 

reasonable measures, including RACM. 

Although some measures can be 

implemented within a year or two, 

many measures require a longer period 

for installation of controls or full 

program implementation. In light of the 

limited time period between the SIP 

submittal deadline and the 5-year date, 

EPA believes that a significant number 

of areas may warrant extensions ranging 

from one to 5 years, with the length of 

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extension depending on the factors 

described above. 

Comment: One commenter advocated 

that EPA include in this final rule a 

determination of those areas for which 

attainment within 5 years is 

impracticable. Another commenter 

advocated that EPA establish guidance 

based on EPA national modeling 

conducted last year to establish 2015 as 

constituting expeditious attainment for 

certain areas. 

Response: The EPA is not determining 

in this rulemaking the areas that should 

receive extensions or should receive the 

maximum 10-year attainment date, for 

several reasons. First, EPA did not 

propose such an approach. Therefore, 

the public has not had the opportunity 

to comment on the approach or on the 

technical information on which EPA 

would make such judgments. 

Second, EPA believes that modeling 

being conducted by the states, with 

updated inventories and finer grids, will 

generally provide a more reliable basis 

for projecting future PM2.5 base case 

levels than national modeling 

conducted by EPA with older 

information. State modeling of future 

year PM2.5 levels that has been 

conducted to date indicates that some 

areas will start closer or farther from the 

standard than EPA had projected. 

Third, the SIP process provides a 

forum for states to identify reasonable 

controls and conduct analyses to 

determine the appropriate attainment 

date for an area. This process provides 

for input from expert stakeholders, the 

general public, other states which may 

share the same multi-State 

nonattainment area, and EPA on 

decisions regarding controls and 

attainment dates. At this time, EPA does 

not have the benefit of this process to 

inform a judgment as to when areas can 

practicably attain. States are responsible 

for developing RACM demonstrations; 

at this time, EPA lacks the information 

to conduct a credible RACM 

demonstration for all PM2.5 

nonattainment areas. 

Fourth, no State commenter 

advocated that EPA attempt to make 

these judgments on attainment dates in 

advance of the State SIP process. The 

statute gives the states the lead in 

developing State implementation plans. 

Comment: Another commenter 

recommends that an area should receive 

an attainment date extension when 

collectively the following conditions 

have been met: 

• It is proven through modeling that 

the region is adversely effected by 

transport of PM2.5 emissions from up 

wind sources beyond that State’s 

control; 

• A State has submitted and 

committed to implementing all Federal 

PM2.5 emission reduction requirements 

in a timely manner; and, 

• The extension concept is approved 

through the State air agency or through 

the MPO Interagency Consultation 

Process at the MPO level if applicable. 

Response: This commenter advocates 

for attainment date extensions without 

any consideration of reasonable local 

measures. As stated above, EPA believes 

that extensions should be granted only 

if an area cannot practicably attain 

within 5 years despite application of all 

reasonable measures, including RACM. 

Although some measures can be 

implemented within a year or two, 

many measures may require a longer 

period for installation of controls or full 

program implementation. In light of the 

limited time period between the SIP 

submittal deadline and the 5-year date, 

EPA believes that a significant number 

of areas may warrant extensions ranging 

from one to 5 years, with the length of 

extension depending on the factors 

described above. 

3. Attainment Dates: 1-Year Extensions 

a. Background 

Subpart 1 provides for States to 

request two 1-year extensions of the 

attainment date for a nonattainment area 

under limited circumstances. Section 

172(a)(2)(C) of the CAA provides that 

EPA initially may extend an area’s 

attainment date for 1 year, provided that 

the State has complied with all the 

requirements and commitments 

pertaining to the area in the applicable 

implementation plan, and provided that 

the area has had no more than a 

minimal number of ‘‘exceedances’’ of 

the relevant standard in the preceding 

year. Because the PM2.5 standards do not 

have exceedance-based forms but are 

based on 3-year averaging periods, we 

interpret the air quality test in 40 CFR 

51.1005 to mean that the area would 

need to have ‘‘clean data’’ for the third 

of the 3 years that are to be evaluated 

to determine attainment.15 By this we 

mean that for the third year, the air 

quality for all monitors in the area as 

analyzed in accordance with Appendix 

N to 40 CFR part 50 each must have an 

annual average of 15.0 μg/m3 or less, 

and a 98th percentile of 24-hour 

monitoring values of 65 μg/m3 or less in 

order to qualify for a 1-year extension. 

(Given the rounding provisions 

specified in 40 CFR part 50, Appendix 

N, these criteria would be satisfied if the 

concentrations before final rounding are 

15 See section 51.1005 of the proposed regulation. 

less than an annual average of 15.05 μg/ 

m3 and a 24-hour value of 65.5 μg/m3.) 

For example, suppose an area in 

violation of the annual standard has an 

attainment date of April 2010, and its 

annual average for 2007 was 15.8 and 

for 2008 was 15.6. If the annual average 

for the area in 2009 is 14.9, then the 3-

year average would be 15.4, and it 

would not have attained the standard. 

We interpret section 172(a)(2)(C) as 

allowing the area to submit a request to 

EPA for a 1-year extension of its 

attainment date to 2011 (provided the 

State has also complied with its 

requirements and commitments) since 

the 14.9 ambient air quality value in the 

third year (2009) met the test of being 

at or below 15.0. Section 51.1005(a) of 

the proposed regulation addresses the 

initial 1-year attainment date extension. 

The air quality measured in 2010 in 

conjunction with prior data will 

determine if the area attains the 

standard, qualifies for a second 1-year 

extension, or does not attain the 

standard. For example, if the area’s 

annual average for 2010 is 14.3, then its 

3-year average for 2008–2010 would be 

14.9 and it would have met the annual 

standard. 

If the area’s annual average for 2010 

is 14.9, however, then its 3-year average 

for 2008–2010 would be 15.1. In this 

situation the area would not have 

attained the standard, but the area 

would meet the air quality test for the 

second of the 1-year extensions allowed 

under section 172(a)(2)(C), because the 

2010 annual average was at or below 

15.0. Section 51.1005(b) of the proposed 

rule addresses the second 1-year 

attainment date extension. After 

obtaining a second 1-year extension, the 

State would evaluate whether the air 

quality values in 2011, in conjunction 

with 2009 and 2010 data, bring the area 

into attainment. 

Pursuant to section 172(a)(2)(C), 

States must submit additional 

information to EPA to demonstrate that 

they have complied with applicable 

requirements, commitments, and 

milestones in the implementation plan. 

This information is needed in order for 

EPA to make a decision on whether to 

grant a 1-year attainment date extension. 

The EPA will not be inclined to grant 

a 1-year attainment date extension to an 

area unless the State can demonstrate 

that it has met important requirements 

contained in the area’s implementation 

plan. States must demonstrate that: (1) 

Control measures have been submitted 

in the form of a SIP revision and 

substantially implemented to satisfy the 

requirements of RACT and RACM for 

the area, (2) the area has made 

emissions reductions progress that 

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represents reasonable further progress 

(RFP) toward attainment of the NAAQS, 

and (3) trends related to recent air 

quality data for the area indicate that the 

area is in fact making progress toward 

attainment of the standard. Any 

decision made by EPA to extend the 

attainment date for an area will be based 

on facts specific to the nonattainment 

area at issue, and will only be made 

after providing notice in the Federal 

Register and an opportunity for the 

public to comment. 

If an area fails to attain the standard 

by the attainment date, EPA would 

publish a finding to this effect in 

accordance with section 179 of the 

CAA. The area then would be required, 

within 1 year of publication of this 

finding, to develop a revised SIP 

containing additional emission 

reduction measures needed to attain the 

standard as expeditiously as practicable. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule retains the proposed 

criteria for states to receive a 1-year 

attainment date extension for a 

nonattainment area. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A number of commenters 

supported EPA’s ability to grant a 1-year 

attainment date extension if monitoring 

data indicate that the PM2.5 levels 

during the most recent year were below 

15.05 μg/m3. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. 

Comment: Some commenters 

recommended that a 1-year extension be 

provided if the trend line of the area’s 

emissions levels or air quality data 

projects attainment in the extension 

year. 

Response: The EPA believes that 

1-year extensions should be based on air 

quality data, which can be assessed 

quickly after the end of the year. Basing 

such extensions solely on emissions 

trends would be impractical due to the 

longer turnaround time needed to 

evaluate emissions changes affecting a 

monitor. 

Comment: One commenter believes 

the current requirement is overly 

stringent and inconsistent with the 

statute. The commenter believes that 

EPA’s proposed approach incorrectly 

defines the statutory language referring 

to a ‘‘minimal number of exceedances’’ 

of the standard in the previous year as 

‘‘zero’’ exceedances. Alternatively, the 

commenter suggests EPA could 

withdraw this provision and provide 

more detailed guidance giving the 

Agency and states some flexibility to 

demonstrate that exceedances were 

minimal in a given case since nothing 

in the statute requires the rigid 

definition of minimal that EPA 

proposes. 

Response: The EPA believes the 

policy in the final rule is a reasonable 

application of the statutory language to 

a standard not based on exceedances. 

The EPA does not believe it would be 

appropriate to provide a 1-year 

extension to an area with air quality 

data showing it violating the standard 

over the 3 years prior to the attainment 

year. 

4. Achieving ‘‘Clean Data’’ 

a. Background 

Section III.D of the preamble to the 

proposed rule describes the incentives 

for attaining the standards prior to April 

2008, when SIP submittals are due, or 

prior to an area’s approved attainment 

date. Areas with design values just over 

the level of the standard may be able to 

achieve reductions in the local area or 

in the State so that, when their effect is 

considered in combination with 

reductions achieved under national 

programs, they may be sufficient to 

attain the standards before SIPs are due 

in 2008. For example, if monitoring in 

a nonattainment area shows that the air 

quality for 2004–2006 meets the 

standards, then the area may be subject 

to reduced regulatory requirements and 

be redesignated as ‘‘attainment.’’ 

The EPA issued a ‘‘Clean Data’’ policy 

memorandum in December 2004 

describing possible reduced regulatory 

requirements for areas that attain the 

standards, but have not yet been 

redesignated as attainment.16 

b. Final Rule 

In the proposed rule, EPA indicated 

that it had issued this ‘‘Clean Data’’ 

policy to apply for purposes of the PM2.5 

standards. In this action EPA is 

finalizing as a rule the statutory 

interpretation that is embodied in the 

policy. Section 51.1004(c). The text of 

the final rule encapsulates the statutory 

interpretation set forth in the policy. 

Determinations as to whether individual 

areas have attained the PM2.5 standard 

and thus qualify for application of the 

new clean data rule will be made in the 

context of rulemakings for those 

individual areas. 

The preamble to the proposed rule 

mistakenly stated that if an area 

achieved ‘‘clean data,’’ it would be 

‘‘relieved of the requirements to 

16 Memorandum of December 14, 2004, from 

Steve Page, Director, EPA Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards to EPA Air Division 

Directors, ‘‘Clean Data Policy for the Fine Particle 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards.’’ This 

document is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ 

pmdesignations/guidance.htm. 

implement the nonattainment NSR 

program otherwise required for 

nonattainment areas, and instead would 

implement the PSD program.’’ The EPA 

wishes to clarify that the Clean Data 

Policy does not provide for suspension 

of the requirements for NSR nor for 

RACT. The provisions at issue in the 

Clean Data Policy include the 

requirements for an attainment 

demonstration and other related 

requirements, reasonable further 

progress, and contingency measures. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

EPA has absolutely no authority to 

waive NSR or any of the CAA’s other 

requirements for nonattainment areas 

merely because a nonattainment area 

has 3 years of clean data, nor does EPA 

have authority to waive mandatory 

requirements of the CAA such as NSR, 

RACT, and RFP merely because EPA or 

the State claims they are not needed for 

attainment. The commenter believes 

that the only way that a nonattainment 

area can cease implementing controls 

and requirements mandated for such 

areas is to seek and obtain redesignation 

to attainment, and demonstrate in the 

process that the controls and 

requirements are not needed for 

maintenance of standards. The CAA has 

explicit procedures and prerequisites for 

redesignating nonattainment areas to 

attainment (CAA sections 107(d)(3)(E) 

and 175A). The EPA’s ‘‘clean data’’ 

proposal would illegally circumvent 

those requirements. 

Response: The Clean Data policy does 

not waive requirements for NSR nor for 

RACT. However, EPA believes that 

‘‘clean data’’ policies for the ozone and 

fine particle programs are based on a 

reasonable interpretation of the CAA. 

The Clean Data Policy is the subject of 

two EPA memoranda setting forth our 

interpretation of the provisions of the 

Act as they apply to areas that have 

attained the relevant NAAQS. The EPA 

also finalized the statutory 

interpretation set forth in the policy in 

a final rule, 40 CFR 51.918, as part of 

its Final Rule to Implement the 8-Hour 

Ozone National Ambient Air Quality 

Standard—Phase 2 (Phase 2 Final Rule). 

See discussion in the preamble to the 

rule at 70 FR 71645–71646 (November 

29, 2005). The legal rationale for the 

Clean Data policy is explained in our 

Phase 2 Final Rule, in our December 14, 

2004 memorandum from Stephen D. 

Page entitled ‘‘Clean Data Policy for the 

Fine Particle National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards’’ (Page Memo), and in 

our May 10, 1995 memorandum from 

John S. Seitz, entitled ‘‘Reasonable 

Further Progress, Attainment 

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Demonstration, and Related 

Requirements for Ozone Nonattainment 

Areas Meeting the Ozone National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard’’ (Seitz 

memo). We adopt and reiterate those 

explications here. 

The EPA has also explained its 

rationale for applying the Clean Data 

policy in rulemaking actions associated 

with nonattainment areas for the PM10 

and 1-hour ozone standards. For 

rulemaking actions applying the Clean 

Data policy to the PM10 standards, see 

71 FR 27440 (May 11, 2006) (Weirton, 

WVA), 71 FR 13021 (March 14, 2006) 

(Yuma, AZ), 71 FR 6352 (February 8, 

2006) (Ajo, AZ). For a discussion of the 

legal rationale supporting rulemaking 

actions applying the Clean Data policy 

to the 1-hour ozone standards, see, for 

example, 67 FR 49600 (July 31, 2002); 

65 FR 37879 (June 19, 2000) CincinnatiHamilton, Ohio-Kentucky); 61 FR 20458 

(May 7, 1996) (Cleveland Akron-Lorain, 

Ohio); 66 FR 53094 (October 19, 2001) 

(Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, 

Pennsylvania); 61 FR 31832 (June 21, 

1996 (Grand Rapids, Michigan); 60 FR 

36723 (July 18, 1995) (Salt Lake and 

Davis Counties, Utah); 68 FR 25418 

(May 12, 2003) (St Louis, Missouri); 69 

FR 21717 (April 22, 2004) (San 

Francisco Bay Area). 

The EPA has further elaborated on its 

legal rationale for the Clean Data Policy 

in briefs filed in the 10th, 7th, and 9th 

Circuits, and hereby incorporates those 

briefs insofar as relevant here. See Sierra 

Club v. EPA, No. 95–9541 (10th Cir.), 

Sierra Club v. EPA, No. 03–2839, 03– 

3329 (7th Cir.), Our Children’s Earth 

Foundation v. EPA, No. 04–73032 (9th 

Cir.). As stated in the policy, the 

attainment demonstration, RFP 

requirements, and contingency measure 

requirement are designed to bring an 

area into attainment. Once this goal has 

been achieved, it is appropriate to 

suspend the obligation that States 

submit plans to meet these goals, so 

long as the area continues to attain the 

relevant standard. The Tenth, Seventh 

and Ninth Circuits have all upheld EPA 

rulemakings applying the Clean Data 

Policy. See Sierra Club v. EPA, 99 F. 3d 

1551 (10th Cir. 1996); Sierra Club v. 

EPA, 375 F. 3d 537 (7th Cir. 2004); Our 

Children’s Earth Foundation v. EPA, No. 

04–73032 (9th Cir. June 28, 2005 

(Memorandum Opinion). 

The EPA has explained in its 

memoranda on the Clean Data Policy for 

PM2.5 and for ozone that it is reasonable 

to interpret the provisions regarding 

RFP and attainment demonstrations, 

along with certain other related 

provisions, as not requiring further 

submissions to achieve attainment for so 

long as the area is in fact attaining the 

standard. Under the policy, EPA is not 

granting an exemption from any 

applicable requirement under Part D. 

Rather, EPA has interpreted these 

requirements as not applying for so long 

as the area remains in attainment with 

the standard. This is not a waiver of 

requirements that by their terms apply; 

it is a determination that certain 

requirements are written so as to be 

operative only if the area is not attaining 

the standard. 

CAA section 172(c)(2) provides that 

SIP provisions in nonattainment areas 

must require ‘‘reasonable further 

progress.’’ The term ‘‘reasonable further 

progress’’ is defined in section 171(1) as 

‘‘such annual incremental reductions in 

emissions of the relevant air pollutant as 

are required by this part or may 

reasonably be required by the 

Administrator for the purpose of 

ensuring attainment of the applicable 

NAAQS by the applicable date.’’ Thus, 

by definition, the ‘‘reasonable further 

progress’’ provision requires only such 

reductions in emissions as are necessary 

to attain the NAAQS. If an area has 

attained the NAAQS, the purpose of the 

RFP requirement will have been 

fulfilled, and since the area has already 

attained, showing that the State will 

make RFP towards attainment will 

‘‘have no meaning at that point.’’ The 

EPA’s General Preamble for the 

Implementation of Title I of the Clean 

Air Act Amendments of 1990 (General 

Preamble) 57 FR 13498, 13564 (April 16, 

1992). 

CAA section 172(c)(1), the 

requirement for an attainment 

demonstration, provides in relevant part 

that SIPs ‘‘shall provide for attainment 

of the [NAAQS].’’ The EPA has 

interpreted this requirement as not 

applying to areas that have reached 

attainment. If an area has attained the 

standard, there is no need to submit a 

plan demonstrating how the area will 

reach attainment. In the General 

Preamble (57 FR 13564), EPA stated that 

no other measures to provide for 

attainment would be needed by areas 

seeking redesignation to attainment 

since ‘‘attainment will have been 

reached.’’ See also Memorandum from 

John Calcagni, ‘‘Procedures for 

Processing Requests to Redesignate 

Areas to Attainment,’’ September 4, 

1992, at page 6. 

CAA section 172(c)(9) provides that 

SIPs in nonattainment areas ‘‘[S]hall 

provide for the implementation of 

specific measures to be undertaken if 

the area fails to make reasonable further 

progress, or to attain the [NAAQS] by 

the attainment date applicable under 

this part. Such measures shall be 

included in the plan revision as 

contingency measures to take effect in 

any such case without further action by 

the State or [EPA].’’ 

This contingency measure 

requirement is inextricably tied to the 

reasonable further progress and 

attainment demonstration requirements. 

Contingency measures are implemented 

if reasonable further progress targets are 

not achieved, or if attainment is not 

realized by the attainment date. Where 

an area has already achieved attainment 

by the attainment date, it has no need 

to rely on contingency measures to 

come into attainment or to make further 

progress to attainment. As EPA stated in 

the General Preamble: 

‘‘The section 172(c)(9) requirements for 

contingency measures are directed at 

ensuring RFP and attainment by the 

applicable date.’’ 57 FR 13564. Thus these 

requirements no longer apply when an area 

has attained the standard. 

It is important to note that should an 

area attain the PM2.5 standards based on 

three years of data, its obligation to 

submit an attainment demonstration is 

not waived but is only suspended. If the 

area then has air quality concentrations 

in the following year such that the area 

exceeds the standard for years 2 through 

4, then the area’s obligation to submit an 

attainment demonstration is back in 

effect. 

The determination of attainment 

contemplated by the Clean Data Policy 

does not purport to be a redesignation, 

and thus the requirements for 

redesignation under section 107(d) are 

not applicable. Nor does the Clean Data 

Policy avoid or illegally circumvent the 

redesignation requirements of section 

107 of the CAA. All of the requirements 

for redesignation remain in effect and 

must be satisfied for an area to be 

redesignated. Sierra Club v. EPA, 99 

F.3d at 1557–1558. The Clean Data 

Policy is simply an interpretation of 

certain provisions of the CAA, whose 

express purpose is to achieve attainment 

of the standard, as not requiring SIP 

revisions to be made by the State for so 

long as the area continues to attain the 

standard. The policy does not purport to 

exempt areas from requirements that are 

inapplicable only if an area is 

redesignated to attainment. It interprets 

certain provisions which are written in 

such a way as to impose requirements 

only upon areas that are not attaining 

the NAAQS, regardless of whether they 

have been redesignated to attainment. 

The EPA has not provided for any 

waiver from statutory requirements that 

was not provided by Congress. The area 

at issue remains designated 

nonattainment, and is subject to the risk 

that if a violation occurs it will have to 

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adopt and implement reasonable further 

progress requirements, contingency 

measures, and an attainment 

demonstration, unless it is redesignated 

to attainment. In order to be 

redesignated to attainment, however, 

the area will have to satisfy all of the 

requirements of section 107(d)(3)(E), 

including the requirement for a longterm maintenance plan. 

While a determination of attainment 

is not equivalent to a redesignation to 

attainment, nothing in the Act compels 

EPA to wait until an area meets all the 

requirements for redesignation before 

EPA makes a determination that the area 

is in attainment with the standard, 

thereby suspending the requirements for 

certain provisions related to attainment. 

Indeed, section 179(c) of the Act 

requires EPA to make an attainment 

determination within six months after 

an area’s applicable attainment date 

whether or not the EPA has made a 

finding with respect to redesignation. 

The EPA’s interpretation of the Act’s 

provisions not to require, once 

attainment has been reached, certain 

plan submissions whose purpose is to 

assure attainment, is not at odds with 

the requirements for redesignation. Nor 

does EPA’s construction of the statute 

adversely impact planning for 

maintenance. An area that is monitoring 

attainment, but is still designated as a 

nonattainment area, retains strong 

incentives to seek redesignation to 

attainment, and remains subject to the 

requirement to demonstrate 

maintenance in order to be 

redesignated. For a detailed discussion 

of the relationship of redesignation 

requirements and attainment 

determinations, see the discussions in 

the EPA briefs in Our Children’s Earth 

Foundation v. EPA, supra at pp. 43–60., 

Sierra Club v. EPA No. 95–9541 (10th 

Cir.) at 29–43, and Sierra Club v. EPA 

Nos. 03–2839, 03–3329 (7th Cir.) at 33– 

44 which are contained in the docket for 

this rulemaking. 

Comment: A commenter noted that 

EPA’s proposal suggested that areas 

attaining the standard would be subject 

to reduced regulatory requirements. The 

commenter believed that EPA’s 

interpretation should be codified in 

regulatory form, in order to assure that 

areas legally meeting the current PM2.5 

standard and those requesting 

redesignation be enabled to be 

redesignated and to benefit from the 

interpretation through regulation, rather 

than by guidance or policy. 

Response: The EPA has adopted the 

commenter’s suggested approach of 

codifying its Clean Data Policy 

interpretation for PM2.5 in regulatory 

form. Section 51.1004(c). As it did for 

ozone in its Phase II Ozone 

Implementation Rule, EPA is including 

in this rulemaking a regulation that 

encapsulates the statutory interpretation 

that is embodied in its Clean Data Policy 

for PM2.5, set forth above. As noted in 

the response to comment above, 

determinations as to whether individual 

areas have attained the PM2.5 standard 

and thus qualify for application of the 

rule will be made in the context of 

rulemakings for those individual areas. 

The EPA believes, however, that 

encapsulating its interpretation in 

regulatory form will lend clarity and 

consistency to the process of applying 

its interpretation. 

E. Modeling and Attainment 

Demonstrations 

1. Background 

[Section III.F.1 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66007); sec 

51.1007 in draft and final regulatory 

text] 

As noted in the proposal, Section 

172(c) requires States with 

nonattainment areas to submit an 

attainment demonstration. An 

attainment demonstration consists of: 

(1) Technical analyses that locate, 

identify, and quantify sources of 

emissions that are contributing to 

violations of the PM2.5 NAAQS; (2) 

analyses of future year emissions 

reductions and air quality improvement 

resulting from already-adopted national 

and local programs, and from potential 

new local measures to meet the RACT, 

RACM, and RFP requirements in the 

area; (3) adopted emission reduction 

measures with schedules for 

implementation; and (4) contingency 

measures required under section 

172(c)(9) of the CAA. 

a. Final Rule 

The requirements from the proposal 

are unchanged. Each State with a 

nonattainment area will be required to 

submit a SIP with an attainment 

demonstration that includes analyses 

supporting the State’s proposed 

attainment date. States must show that 

the area will attain the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable and it must 

include an analysis of whether 

implementation of reasonably available 

measures will advance the attainment 

date. 

2. Areas That Need To Conduct 

Modeling 

[Section III.F.2 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66007)] 

a. Background 

All nonattainment areas need to 

submit an attainment demonstration, 

but in some cases, States may not need 

new, local-scale modeling analyses. In 

the proposed rule, EPA proposed that 

States may use in a PM2.5 attainment 

demonstration certain local, regional 

and/or national modeling analyses that 

have been developed to support Federal 

or local emission reduction programs, 

provided the modeling meets the 

attainment modeling criteria set forth in 

EPA’s modeling guidance. The proposal 

also stated that nonattainment areas for 

which local, regional, or national scale 

modeling demonstrates the area will not 

attain the standard within 5 years of 

designation would be required to submit 

an attainment demonstration SIP that 

includes new modeling showing 

attainment of the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable. 

b. Final Rule 

In the final rule, EPA is reaffirming 

the potential use of national and/or 

regional modeling as part of an 

attainment demonstration. We are also 

clarifying the types of modeling 

analyses that may be useful as a 

‘‘primary’’ modeling analysis and as a 

‘‘supplemental’’ analysis. The proposal 

suggested that it may be appropriate, in 

certain circumstances, for a State to 

submit regional or national modeling as 

the sole (primary) modeling analysis in 

its attainment demonstration. This 

implies that the State would not need to 

conduct local modeling analyses. We 

wish to further define the differences 

between ‘‘national’’, ‘‘regional’’, and 

‘‘local’’ modeling analyses. In this 

context, national analyses are generally 

those conducted by EPA in support of 

national or regional rules. Regional and 

local modeling analyses are generally 

those conducted by the RPOs and/or 

States for the purpose of developing 

State Implementation Plans (SIPs). EPA 

has conducted national scale modeling 

for a variety of rules and analyses. 

Additionally, the RPOs and many States 

are conducting regional and/or local 

scale modeling of PM2.5 and regional 

haze across the country. The national 

scale of the EPA modeling analyses 

requires basic assumptions concerning 

local model inputs. Compared to 

regional or local modeling done by the 

States and/or RPOs, EPA modeling may, 

in some cases, use coarser grid 

resolution, use inventories that are not 

as refined, and model performance may 

be highly variable from area to area. For 

these reasons, national scale modeling 

may not always be appropriate for local 

area attainment demonstrations. 

Therefore, we believe that regional or 

local modeling conducted by the States 

or RPOs is best suited as the primary 

modeling analysis for a modeled 

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attainment demonstration. The local 

modeling is more likely to meet the 

recommendations contained in EPA’s 

modeling guidance. However, some 

areas having design values close to the 

standard may be projected to come into 

attainment within five years based on 

modeling analyses of national and 

regional emission control measures (e.g. 

CAIR) that are scheduled to occur 

through 2009. Regional scale modeling 

for national rules such as the Tier II 

motor vehicle standards, the Heavy-duty 

Engine standards, the Nonroad Engine 

standards, and CAIR indicate major 

reductions in PM2.5 by 2010. A portion 

of these benefits will occur in the 2006– 

2009 PM2.5 attainment timeframe. 

Experience with past ozone 

attainment demonstrations has shown 

that the process of performing detailed 

photochemical grid modeling to develop 

an attainment demonstration can be 

very resource intensive for States. The 

EPA believes that it would be 

appropriate for States to leverage 

resources by collaborating on modeling 

analyses to support SIP submittals, or by 

making use of recent modeling analyses 

that are completed prior to the SIP 

submittal date. For this reason, EPA 

recognizes that States may use in a 

PM2.5 attainment demonstration certain 

local, regional and/or national modeling 

analyses that have been developed to 

support Federal or local emission 

reduction programs, provided the 

modeling meets the attainment 

modeling criteria set forth in EPA’s 

modeling guidance (described below). 

As with all SIPs under subpart 1, the 

State must demonstrate that the area 

will attain the PM2.5 standards as 

expeditiously as practicable. The 

judgment of whether the modeling is 

appropriate for an area should be made 

by the State(s) and their respective EPA 

regional office on a case-by-case basis. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: There were many 

commenters that agreed that States 

should be able to use EPA modeling or 

other national or regional modeling as a 

modeled attainment demonstration. One 

commenter recommended that the final 

rule require States to show that the 

existing modeling incorporates realistic 

assumptions, accurately reflects local 

emissions and trends, and provides 

adequate model performance for the 

local nonattainment area. 

Response: We agree that national and 

regional modeling may be used as part 

of an attainment demonstration as long 

as it is shown to be applicable to the 

local area. This is consistent with the 

proposal where we said that existing 

modeling should ‘‘meet the attainment 

modeling criteria set forth in EPA’s 

modeling guidance.’’ Part of the analysis 

to determine if existing modeling meets 

the criteria in the modeling guidance is 

to assess whether the modeling 

incorporates realistic assumptions, 

accurately reflects local emissions and 

trends, and provides adequate model 

performance for the local nonattainment 

area. 

Comment: Some commenters thought 

States should be able to use EPA 

modeling in the absence of an analysis 

of the applicability of the modeling for 

a local nonattainment area. One 

commenter said that EPA should 

determine that States should not have to 

do any additional modeling analyses if 

the CAIR modeling showed they were 

expected to attain the NAAQS by 2010. 

Response: While we acknowledge 

there may be some circumstances in 

which national or regional modeling 

would be appropriate to use without 

local modeling and allow for such use, 

we disagree that national modeling 

should be used in support of an 

attainment demonstration without 

further analysis of the modeling 

assumptions for a particular area. 

National scale modeling may not always 

be appropriate for local areas. Most 

often, national scale EPA modeling is 

best suited for use as a supplemental 

analysis or as part of a ‘‘weight of 

evidence’’ demonstration. The modeling 

guidance recommends supplemental 

analyses for all attainment 

demonstrations. The guidance 

specifically recommends the 

examination of other modeling studies 

as a supplemental analysis. The EPA 

modeling as well as other ‘‘non-local’’ 

modeling can be used for this purpose. 

The ‘‘weight’’ of this alternative 

modeling in an attainment 

demonstration should be guided by how 

well the modeling system is suited for 

the local nonattainment area. States 

should consult with their EPA regional 

offices for further guidance and 

recommendations. As such, we do not 

believe it to be appropriate to determine 

a priori that CAIR or any other modeling 

analyses are appropriate to use in a local 

attainment demonstration for any or all 

nonattainment areas. 

Comment: Several commenters 

believe that States should be able to use 

existing EPA modeling (such as CAIR), 

as the basis for an extension of the area’s 

attainment date, if it shows that the 

nonattainment area may not be able to 

attain the NAAQS by 2010. They believe 

that the State should not have to do 

additional modeling to show that they 

need an attainment date extension. 

Response: We disagree with this 

comment. The CAIR modeling included 

national controls that are expected to be 

in place by 2010 (including the CAIR 

rule itself), as well as existing state and 

local controls reflected in the inventory 

used in the CAIR analysis. It did not 

include any additional local controls 

that could be implemented under RACT 

and RACM requirements for the 1997 

standards that may bring the area into 

attainment sooner. Nonattainment areas 

are required to attain the NAAQS as 

expeditiously as practicable. Therefore, 

updated modeling of existing controls as 

well as additional local controls is 

needed before an attainment date 

extension can be granted. Additional 

information on attainment dates and 

extensions is contained in the preamble 

to the final rule, section II.D., and 

additional information on RACT and 

RACM requirements is contained in 

section II.F. 

Comment: Several commenters noted 

an apparent inconsistency in the 

language concerning who would be 

required to perform ‘‘new’’ local-scale 

modeling. First, there are potentially 

conflicting statements in the proposal 

when EPA states that areas with an 

attainment date of 2010 will need to 

conduct local-scale modeling to project 

the estimated level of air quality 

improvement in accordance with EPA’s 

modeling guidance. This conflicts with 

the proposed ability for States to use 

existing national or regional modeling 

as their modeled attainment 

demonstration. Second, a portion of a 

sentence was removed from the Federal 

Register version of the notice which 

differs from the pre-Federal Register 

version. The published version implies 

that all nonattainment areas would be 

required to submit new modeling. 

Response: We agree that there are 

inconsistencies in the proposal 

preamble text. To clarify, new localscale modeling is required for areas that 

are not expected to come into 

attainment by 2010. For other areas, 

there may be national or regional 

modeling which may be applicable to 

the area which shows they are likely to 

come into attainment. As noted earlier, 

national scale modeling is best suited 

for use as a supplemental analysis, but 

in some cases may be acceptable 

evidence that an area will attain by 

2010. 

Additionally, the preamble language 

in the Federal Register contained an 

error. A portion of a sentence was 

mistakenly removed, which led to some 

confusion. The language in the FR 

notice (FR page 66008) stated 

‘‘Nonattainment areas would be 

required to submit an attainment 

demonstration SIP that includes new 

modeling showing attainment of the 

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standards as expeditiously as 

practicable. The new modeling will 

need to include additional emissions 

controls or measures in order to 

demonstrate attainment.’’ The language 

should have read, ‘‘Nonattainment areas 

for which local, regional, or national 

scale modeling demonstrates the area 

will not be in attainment of the NAAQS 

within 5 years of designation would be 

required to submit an attainment 

demonstration SIP that includes new 

modeling showing attainment of the 

standards as expeditiously as 

practicable. The new modeling will 

need to include additional emissions 

controls or measures in order to 

demonstrate attainment.’’ This should 

clarify that States that cannot show 

attainment within 5 years will need to 

develop new modeling analyses which 

contain additional control strategies 

which show how and when they expect 

to attain the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

Comment: One commenter 

maintained that relying on large-scale 

regional modeling alone may allow for 

PM2.5 hot spots (i.e. small unmonitored 

areas projected to exceed the standard) 

to exist past the attainment date. 

Response: We agree that 

nonattainment areas with potential 

hotspot issues (relatively high 

concentrations and/or gradients of 

primary PM2.5) should not rely 

exclusively on regional modeling. The 

EPA’s attainment demonstration 

modeling guidance attempts to address 

several aspects of hotspot issues in both 

monitored and unmonitored areas 17. 

The modeled attainment tests contained 

in EPA’s modeling guidance are 

primarily monitor based tests. Ambient 

data is combined with the model 

predicted relative change in PM 

components to determine if attainment 

of the standards is likely in the future. 

There are several aspects of the 

attainment test. In most cases, States 

will run a photochemical grid model to 

determine the future year predicted 

PM2.5 concentrations at monitors. The 

modeling guidance generally 

recommends that for urban scale PM2.5 

modeling, the State performs modeling 

analyses at 12 kilometer grid resolution 

or finer. There is an additional 

component to the attainment test for 

areas that have measured relatively high 

concentrations and/or gradients of 

primary PM2.5 at monitors. In these 

cases, we recommend running a 

Gaussian dispersion model for potential 

primary PM sources, to determine the 

17 The recommendations contained in the 

modeled attainment demonstration guidance are 

separate from the Agency’s future hot-spot 

modeling guidance for transportation conformity 

purposes. 

local impact of changes in primary PM 

emissions (from the modeled sources) 

on predicted concentrations at the 

monitor(s). 

In addition, we describe an 

‘‘unmonitored area analysis’’ which 

uses interpolated ambient data 

combined with gridded model outputs 

to examine whether potential violations 

of the NAAQS may occur in 

unmonitored areas. If potential 

violations are indicated, we recommend 

further analysis of the problem through 

additional local modeling. Options for 

State action to address such a situation 

could include imposition of reasonably 

available control technology to reduce 

emissions, or the deployment of an air 

quality monitor to further characterize 

the problem. 

We believe that the combination of 

these model-based tests will adequately 

determine whether attainment of the 

standards is likely by the attainment 

date. We also believe that these tests 

address the issue of hotspots by 

recommending a combination of 

photochemical modeling, dispersion 

modeling of local sources, and 

additional monitoring and/or emissions 

controls. 

3. Modeling Guidance 

[Section III.F.3 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66008)] 

a. Background 

Section 110(a)(2)(K)(i) states that SIPs 

must contain air quality modeling as 

prescribed by the Administrator for the 

purpose of predicting the effect of 

emissions on ambient air quality. The 

procedures for modeling PM2.5 as part of 

an attainment SIP are contained in 

EPA’s ‘‘Guidance for Demonstrating 

Attainment of Air Quality Goals for 

PM2.5 and Regional Haze.’’ The proposal 

summarized several of the chapters in a 

draft version of the modeling guidance. 

b. Final Rule 

A draft of the PM2.5 attainment 

demonstration and regional haze 

modeling guidance has now been 

revised (September 2006) and is 

available at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ 

scram/guidance_sip.htm. The draft 

PM2.5 attainment demonstration and 

regional haze guidance has been 

incorporated into the ozone modeling 

guidance and is now called ‘‘Guidance 

on the Use of Models and Other 

Analyses for Demonstrating Attainment 

of Air Quality Goals for the 8-Hour 

Ozone and PM2.5 NAAQS and Regional 

Haze’’. The final version of the 

modeling guidance will be available at 

the same location in the near future. 

The revised draft PM2.5 modeling 

guidance document is very similar to 

the previous draft version, although 

there were several changes and updates. 

Among them are new methods in 

treating PM2.5 species components as 

part of the PM2.5 attainment test; new 

methods for determining potential 

future year violations in unmonitored 

areas; new procedures for handling 

potential PM2.5 ‘‘hotspots’’; and an 

increased reliance on supplemental 

analyses, including ‘‘weight of 

evidence’’ analyses. The EPA notes that 

the PM2.5 attainment demonstration 

modeling guidance that we have 

released is separate from the Agency’s 

future hot-spot modeling guidance for 

transportation conformity purposes.18 

The modeling guidance describes how 

to estimate whether a control strategy to 

reduce emissions of particulate matter 

and its precursors will lead to 

attainment of the annual and 24-hour 

PM2.5 NAAQS. Part I of the guidance 

describes a ‘‘modeled attainment test’’ 

for the annual and 24-hour PM2.5 

NAAQS. Both tests are similar. The 

output of each is an estimated future 

design value consistent with the 

respective forms of the NAAQS. If the 

future design value does not exceed the 

concentration of PM2.5 specified in the 

NAAQS, then the primary modeled test 

is passed. The modeled attainment test 

applies to locations with monitored 

data. 

A separate test is recommended to 

examine projected future year PM2.5 

concentrations in unmonitored 

locations.19 Interpolated PM2.5 ambient 

data, combined with modeling data, is 

used to predict PM2.5 concentrations in 

unmonitored areas. The goal of this 

analysis is to identify areas without 

monitors that may be violating the PM2.5 

NAAQS, often due to high levels of 

primary PM2.5 (both now and in the 

future). The details of the analysis are 

contained in the final modeling 

guidance. 

The guidance also discusses modeling 

PM2.5 at monitors where high 

concentrations of primary PM2.5 are 

measured. In these cases, it may be 

beneficial to model the primary 

component of the PM2.5 with a Gaussian 

dispersion model. Dispersion models 

are better able to capture the influence 

18 In the March 10, 2006, final transportation 

conformity rule (71 FR 12468), EPA committed to 

develop PM2.5 and PM10 quantitative hot-spot 

modeling guidance for transportation conformity 

determinations for highway and transit projects of 

local air quality concern. 

19 Application of the unmonitored area analysis is 

limited to locations which are appropriate to allow 

the comparison of predicted PM2.5 concentrations to 

the NAAQS, based on PM2.5 monitor siting 

requirements and recommendations. 

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of primary PM sources where large 

concentration gradients may exist. Grid 

models spread out the PM emissions to 

the size of the grid (typically 4 or 12 

km). This makes it difficult to judge the 

benefits of control strategies that may 

affect primary PM sources. The final 

modeling guidance recommends 

procedures for applying dispersion 

models in these situations. 

The guidance also recommends the 

submittal of supplemental analyses as 

part of all attainment demonstrations. 

Supplemental analyses are modeling, 

emissions, and/or ambient data analyses 

that are submitted as part of a SIP, in 

addition to the primary modeled 

attainment test. The evaluation of 

supplemental analyses when the 

predicted concentrations in the primary 

attainment test are close to the NAAQS 

(slightly above or slightly below) is 

called a weight-of-evidence (WOE) 

analysis. This is simply a collection of 

evidence that aims to show that 

attainment of the standard is likely. The 

final version of the modeling guidance 

puts more emphasis on the submittal of 

supplemental analyses than in previous 

versions. 

Part II of the guidance describes how 

to apply air quality models to generate 

results needed by the modeled tests for 

attainment. This includes developing a 

conceptual description of the problem 

to be addressed; developing a modeling/ 

analysis protocol; selecting an 

appropriate model to support the 

demonstration; selecting appropriate 

meteorological episodes or time periods 

to model; choosing an appropriate area 

to model with appropriate horizontal/ 

vertical resolution; generating 

meteorological and air quality inputs to 

the air quality model; generating 

emissions inputs to the air quality 

model; evaluating performance of the air 

quality model; and performing 

diagnostic tests. After these steps are 

completed, the model is used to 

simulate the effects of candidate control 

strategies. 

Comment: Several commenters were 

supportive of the weight of evidence 

concept. They said that PM2.5 modeling 

is inherently more uncertain than 

previous ozone modeling and the 

modeling guidance should reflect that. 

One commenter noted that weight of 

evidence demonstrations should be 

‘‘unbiased’’, meaning that States should 

use all relevant analyses and not only 

information that helps their case. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. The final modeling guidance 

recommends supplemental analyses 

(including weight of evidence) for all 

attainment demonstrations. All States 

should submit modeling, ambient data, 

and emissions analyses in addition to 

the primary modeling demonstration. A 

weight of evidence analysis is needed if 

the predicted future year PM2.5 

concentrations are slightly higher or 

slightly lower than the NAAQS. 

We also agree that a weight of 

evidence demonstration should include 

all relevant information, including 

analyses which support attainment and 

those that do not. The idea of the 

analysis is to ‘‘weigh’’ the evidence, 

both good and bad. That cannot be fairly 

done if some evidence is not presented. 

Comment: Several commenters 

suggested that a modeled attainment 

demonstration should not be 

specifically required. Instead they 

suggest that all demonstrations should 

be weight of evidence demonstrations. 

This would include different analyses of 

ambient data, trends, and modeling. But 

due to the uncertainties in the current 

PM2.5 models and emissions data, 

modeling would be but one part of a 

broader weight of evidence approach. 

Response: We disagree with this 

comment. Model results should be the 

primary analysis of an attainment 

demonstration. Regardless of current 

uncertainties in the PM2.5 models and 

emissions, models are the only tool that 

can predict future concentrations of 

PM2.5. The uncertainties in the model 

inputs and formulation should be taken 

into account when evaluating the 

results. We agree that a broad analysis 

of modeling, ambient data and 

emissions trends should be part of the 

attainment demonstration. This is 

reflected in the final modeling guidance. 

4. Modeled Attainment Test 

[Section III.F.4 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66008)] 

a. Background 

The proposal described the nature of 

the attainment tests for the annual 

average and 24-hour average PM2.5 

NAAQS contained within the modeling 

guidance. Both tests use monitored data 

to estimate current air quality. The 

attainment test for a given standard is 

applied at each monitor location within 

or near a designated nonattainment area 

for that standard. There is also an 

additional attainment test to be 

performed in unmonitored areas. 

Models are used in a relative sense to 

estimate the response of measured air 

quality to future changes in emissions. 

Future air quality is estimated by 

multiplying current monitored values 

times modeled responses to changes in 

emissions. Because PM2.5 is a mixture of 

chemical components, the guidance 

recommends using current observations 

and modeled responses of major 

components of PM2.5 to estimate future 

concentrations of each component. The 

predicted future concentration of PM2.5 

is the sum of the predicted component 

concentrations. 

b. Final Rule 

The nature of the PM2.5 attainment 

tests is unchanged. The final modeling 

guidance recommends refinements to 

the test and discusses the treatment of 

individual PM2.5 species. The speciated 

modeled attainment test (SMAT) that 

was used to estimate future PM2.5 

concentrations for CAIR has been 

(mostly) implemented in the final 

guidance. Among the new 

recommendations is to better account 

for the known differences between the 

PM2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM) 

measurements and the PM2.5 speciation 

measurements. For example, it is 

recommended to account for the 

volatilization of nitrate from the FRM 

filters and to account for uncertainties 

in organic carbon measurements by 

employing an ‘‘organic carbon by mass 

balance’’ technique. This assumes that 

all remaining mass not accounted for by 

other species is organic carbon mass. 

Additional details are contained in the 

modeling guidance. 

The guidance also recommends, 

where necessary, to spatially interpolate 

PM2.5 species data to estimate the 

species concentrations at FRM sites. It is 

necessary to estimate species 

concentrations when there are no 

species measurements at FRM sites. 

Several techniques can be used to 

estimate species concentrations. Spatial 

interpolation techniques may be useful 

in many areas. In other cases, it may be 

adequate to assume that data from a 

speciation monitor may be 

representative of multiple FRM 

monitors. It is particularly important to 

develop credible techniques to estimate 

species concentrations at the locations 

of the highest FRM monitors. 

The guidance lists several techniques 

that can be used. The EPA will provide 

software which will apply the modeled 

attainment test, using ambient data and 

model outputs. Additionally, the 

software will interpolate the PM2.5 

species data to allow application of 

SMAT for all FRM monitors. The 

software will be available at the same 

location as the final modeling guidance 

(http://www.epa.gov/scram001/ 

guidance_sip.htm). 

Ultimately, it is up to the States to 

determine the best method to represent 

the PM2.5 species concentrations, subject 

to EPA’s review and approval. These 

estimates are needed to perform the 

modeled attainment test. 

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c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Several commenters were 

concerned that interpolation of PM2.5 

species concentrations may not be 

appropriate in certain areas or 

situations. The concentrations can vary 

significantly between urban and rural 

areas and even between nearby urban 

areas. One commenter suggested that it 

might be useful to use older field study 

measurements to derive current species 

concentrations. Another commenter 

suggested that it might be reasonable to 

assume that speciation measurements 

were representative of nearby FRM sites. 

Response: We agree that 

interpolations of species data may not 

always be the best way to estimate 

species concentrations at FRM sites. The 

modeling guidance lists several different 

possible techniques. States should 

review their data and situation and 

choose the most reasonable 

methodology to estimate species 

concentrations. Nonattainment areas 

that don’t have speciation 

measurements at the highest FRM site(s) 

need to be especially careful. The result 

of the speciated attainment test can be 

heavily influenced by the assumed 

species concentrations at the highest 

FRM sites. The attainment test will be 

more straightforward in areas with 

speciation monitors at the highest FRM 

sites. States are also encouraged to place 

speciation monitors at the highest FRM 

sites. This will aid in future assessments 

of attainment and ambient trends. 

5. Multi-Pollutant Assessments 

[Section III.F.5 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66009)] 

a. Background 

The formation and transport of PM2.5 

is in many cases closely related to the 

formation of both regional haze and 

ozone. There is often a positive 

correlation between measured ozone 

and secondary particulate matter. Many 

of the same factors affecting 

concentrations of ozone also affect 

concentrations of secondary particulate 

matter. For example, similarities exist in 

sources of precursors for ozone and 

secondary particulate matter. Emissions 

of NOX may lead to formation of nitrates 

as well as ozone. Sources of VOC may 

be sources or precursors for both ozone 

and organic particles. Presence of ozone 

itself may be an important factor 

affecting secondary particulate 

formation. The proposal recommended 

multi-pollutant assessments for PM2.5 

attainment demonstrations. A multipollutant assessment, or oneatmosphere modeling, is conducted 

with a single air quality model that is 

capable of simulating transport and 

formation of multiple pollutants 

simultaneously. This type of model 

simulates the formation and deposition 

of PM2.5, ozone, and regional haze 

components, and it includes algorithms 

simulating gas phase chemistry, 

aqueous phase chemistry, aerosol 

formation, and acid deposition. 

b. Final Rule 

The recommendation to conduct 

multi-pollutant assessments remains 

unchanged. It is recommended to model 

the impacts of future year control 

strategies on PM2.5, ozone, and regional 

haze. It may not always be possible or 

convenient to do so, but it can be 

beneficial to the strategy development 

process. 

PM2.5 control strategies will have an 

impact on regional haze, and will 

possibly impact ozone. Even if high 

ozone and high PM2.5 concentrations 

don’t typically occur during the same 

time of the year, controls that affect 

precursors to PM2.5 may also affect 

ozone (e.g. NOX). The SIP submittal 

dates for PM2.5, ozone, and regional haze 

do not currently line up. The PM2.5 SIPs 

are due almost 1 year later than ozone. 

But States can still do modeling 

analyses that can provide information 

for multiple pollutants. States can use 

one-atmosphere models that are capable 

of simulating both ozone and PM2.5. 

They can also try to use consistent 

meteorological fields and emissions 

inventories so that the same control 

strategies are relatively easy to evaluate 

for both ozone and PM2.5. Modeling the 

same future year(s) for PM2.5 and ozone 

can also make it easier to evaluate the 

impacts of controls on both pollutants. 

It should be noted that there are no 

specific modeling requirements other 

than the recommendation to try to 

harmonize the ozone, PM2.5, and 

regional haze analyses whenever 

possible. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter suggests 

that multi-pollutant assessments may 

not be beneficial because their area 

experiences winter PM2.5 exceedances 

and summer ozone exceedances. 

Response: We disagree with the 

comment. Even in situations where high 

PM2.5 and ozone don’t occur during the 

same time of year, multi-pollutant 

assessments may be helpful. NOX 

controls that may be needed to reduce 

nitrates in the winter are likely to have 

an impact on ozone in the summer. As 

well, changes in VOCs may have an 

impact on both PM2.5 and ozone. 

Running potential control strategies 

through the same modeling platform for 

ozone, PM2.5, and regional haze may 

allow the development of optimized 

strategies. 

6. Which Future Year(s) Should Be 

Modeled? 

[Section III.F.6 of November 1, 2005 

proposed rule (70 FR 66009)] 

a. Background 

Modeling analyses consist of base 

year modeling and future year 

modeling. The attainment test examines 

the change in air quality between the 

base and future years. The proposal 

recommended, where possible, future 

modeling years should be coordinated 

so that a single year can be used for both 

PM2.5 and ozone modeling. This 

coordination will help to reduce 

resources expended for individual 

modeling applications for PM2.5 and 

ozone and will facilitate simultaneous 

evaluation of ozone and PM impacts. 

Although there is some flexibility in 

choosing the future year modeling time 

periods, unless the State believes it 

cannot attain the standards within 5 

years of the date of designation and 

must request an attainment date 

extension, the choice of modeling years 

for PM2.5 cannot go beyond the initial 5 

attainment period. Attainment date 

extensions will only be granted under 

certain circumstances. Among other 

things, the State must submit an 

attainment demonstration showing that 

attainment within 5 years of the 

designation date is impracticable. 

b. Final Rule 

Further information is now known 

concerning the modeling years for 

ozone. Moderate nonattainment areas 

are presumed to be modeling 2009. This 

is consistent with the last year of the 5 

year period allowed under Subpart I for 

PM2.5. Therefore, it is logical to presume 

that areas that are able to attain the 

PM2.5 NAAQS within 5 years will model 

a future year of 2009. Areas that won’t 

be able to attain the standard in 5 years 

will need to request an attainment date 

extension (of up to 5 additional years). 

The NAAQS must be attained as 

expeditiously as practicable. Therefore, 

attainment date extensions must contain 

modeling analyses to justify the 

extension. Details of the required 

analyses are contained in the RACT and 

RACM sections of the final rule. See 

section F for more details. 

F. Reasonably Available Control 

Technology and Reasonably Available 

Control Measures 

This section of the preamble discusses 

the final rule requirements for RACT 

and RACM. In order to explain EPA’s 

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20610 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

approach in the final rule more clearly, 

we first discuss the statutory and 

regulatory background for the RACT and 

RACM requirements, and we then 

explain the key options and 

interpretations upon which we took 

comment in the proposal. Thereafter, we 

discuss significant comments we 

received on the proposal and provide 

brief responses to those comments. 

[Additional comments and responses 

appear in the RTC for this final rule 

located in the docket.] Most of the 

comments received on this topic 

addressed the three options EPA 

proposed for the RACT requirement, the 

relationship between the RACT 

requirement and EPA’s Clean Air 

Interstate Rule (CAIR), and the control 

measures to be required or considered 

for RACT and RACM. 

1. Background on Statutory 

Requirements for RACT and RACM 

Subpart 1 of Part D of the CAA 

(sections 171–179B) applies to all 

designated nonattainment areas. Section 

172 of this subpart includes general 

requirements for all attainment plans. 

Notably, Congress provided EPA and 

States a great deal of deference for 

determining what measures to include 

in an attainment plan. Specifically, 

Section 172(c)(1) requires that each 

attainment plan ‘‘provide for the 

implementation of all reasonably 

available control measures as 

expeditiously as practicable (including 

such reductions in emissions from 

existing sources in the area as may be 

obtained through the adoption, at a 

minimum, of reasonably available 

control technology), and shall provide 

for attainment of the national primary 

ambient air quality standards.’’ By 

including language in Section 172(c)(1) 

that only ‘‘reasonably available’’ 

measures be considered for RACT/ 

RACM, and that implementation of 

these measures need be applied only ‘‘as 

expeditiously as practicable,’’ Congress 

clearly intended that the RACT/RACM 

requirement be driven by an overall 

requirement that the measure be 

‘‘reasonable.’’ Thus, the rule of ‘‘reason’’ 

drives the decisions on what controls to 

apply, what should be controlled, by 

when emissions must be reduced, and 

finally, the rigor required in a State’s 

RACT/RACM analysis. For example, we 

previously stated that the Act ‘‘does not 

require measures that are absurd, 

unenforceable, or impractical’’ or result 

in ‘‘severely disruptive socioeconomic 

impacts’’ 55 FR 38327. Moreover, we 

interpret the term ‘‘reasonably 

available’’ to allow States to consider 

both the costs and benefits of applying 

the measure, and whether the measure 

can be readily and effectively 

implemented without undue 

administrative burden. 66 FR 26969. 

We also interpret the ‘‘reasonably 

available control measures’’ in these 

provisions as referring to measures of 

any type that may be applicable to a 

wide range of sources, whereas the 

parenthetical reference to ‘‘reasonably 

available control technology’’ refers to 

measures applicable to stationary 

sources. RACM can apply to mobile 

sources, areas sources and stationary 

sources not already subject to PM2.5 

RACT requirements. Thus, RACT is a 

type of RACM specifically designed for 

stationary sources. As noted above, 

States are required to implement RACM 

and RACT ‘‘as expeditiously as 

practicable’’ as part of attainment plans 

designed to attain the standards.20 

Section 172 does not include any 

specific applicability thresholds to 

identify the size of sources that States 

and EPA must consider in the RACT 

and RACM analysis. Nor, does Section 

172 specifically indicate which 

pollutant(s) or precursor(s) must be 

subject to RACM or RACT measures to 

attain the NAAQS. Other pollutantspecific provisions of the CAA do 

include applicability thresholds 

pertaining to attainment plan 

requirements for NAAQS and precursor 

pollutants. For example, subpart 2 of 

part D, which establishes additional 

requirements for ozone nonattainment 

areas, establishes thresholds ranging 

from 100 to 10 tons per year for 

requirements applicable to ‘‘major 

sources’’ or ‘‘major stationary sources,’’ 

depending on the area’s classification or 

level of nonattainment. Subpart 4 of part 

D, which provides additional plan 

requirements for PM10 nonattainment 

areas, establishes thresholds of 100 and 

70 tons per year for requirements 

applicable to a ‘‘major source’’ or ‘‘major 

stationary source.’’ 

Moreover, subpart 1, unlike subparts 

2 and 4, does not identify specific 

source categories for which EPA must 

issue control technology documents or 

guidelines, or identify specific source 

categories for State and EPA evaluation 

during attainment plan development. 

For ozone, subpart 2 contains a list of 

specific requirements for control 

techniques guidelines (CTGs) and 

alternative control techniques (ACT) 

documents. For PM10, section 190 of the 

CAA (in subpart 4) places particular 

emphasis on specific sources of area 

emissions, but does not identify specific 

20 Under the Tribal Air Rule (TAR), requirements 

for RACT and RACM may be considered to be 

severable elements of implementation plan 

requirements for Tribes. 

stationary source categories for which 

RACT guidance must be issued. Section 

190 requires EPA to develop RACM 

guidance documents for residential 

wood combustion, silvacultural and 

agricultural burning, and for urban 

fugitive dust control. 

2. What Is the Overall Approach To 

Implementing RACT and RACM in the 

Final Rule? 

a. Background for RACT 

Since the 1970s, EPA has interpreted 

RACT to mean ‘‘the lowest emissions 

limitation that a particular source is 

capable of meeting by the application of 

control technology that is reasonably 

available considering technological and 

economic feasibility’’ as well as other 

considerations.21 Presumptive RACT 

has been described as the norm 

achievable by the source category.22 

Section 110 of the 1970 Clean Air Act 

required States to develop SIPs 

providing for attainment of the NAAQS 

by 1975 or 1977. A number of areas 

were having difficulty with developing 

attainment plans, particularly for the 

ozone standard. In response to the 

implementation needs of this time 

period, EPA introduced the term 

‘‘RACT’’ in a 1976 memorandum from 

Roger Strelow, Assistant Administrator 

for Air and Waste Management to 

Regional Administrators, ‘‘Guidance for 

Determining Acceptability of SIP 

Regulations in Non-attainment Areas’’ 

(Dec. 9, 1976). In this early guidance 

relating to the acceptability of SIP 

regulations, we indicated that our 

overriding concern in approving SIPs 

was attaining the particular NAAQS as 

expeditiously as practicable through 

reasonably available control technology 

and other reasonably available control 

measures. ‘‘The basis for fully approving 

state-submitted SIP regulations 

continues to be demonstrated 

attainment and maintenance of all 

national ambient air quality standards 

as expeditiously as practicable,’’ the 

memo stated. 

The 1977 Clean Air Act amendments 

added Part D to Title I of the Act, and 

for the first time the Act specifically 

called for EPA to designate 

nonattainment areas and for SIPs to 

require RACT and RACM in those 

nonattainment areas. In a 1979 Federal 

21 See, 44 FR 53782, September 17, 1979, and 

1976 memorandum from Roger Strelow, Assistant 

Administrator for Air and Waste Management to 

Regional Administrators, ‘‘Guidance for 

Determining Acceptability of SIP Regulations in 

Non-attainment Areas’’ (Dec. 9, 1976). 

22 See e.g. Workshop on Requirements for Nonattainment Area Plans—Compilation of 

Presentations (OAQPS No. 1.2–103, revised edition 

April 1978). 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20611 

Register notice, EPA noted its view that 

Congress adopted EPA’s pre-existing 

conception of RACT in the 1977 

amendments. (44 FR 53782, September 

17, 1979). Also during the late 1970s, 

EPA developed a number of new control 

techniques guideline (CTG) documents 

as directed in the 1977 amendments. 

These CTGs provided States with 

information on controls for a number of 

categories of sources emitting VOCs, 

and recommended a ‘‘presumptive 

norm’’ for State RACT determinations 

based on the control levels achievable 

by sources in a given industry. CTGs 

reduced the burden on States by 

eliminating the need for each State to 

develop its own technical support for 

implementing the RACT requirement. 

Since the CTG-recommended controls 

were based on general capabilities of an 

industry, EPA in the 1979 guidance (44 

FR 53782) urged States in setting RACT 

to judge the feasibility of the 

recommended controls on particular 

sources, and to adjust accordingly. 

As noted above, EPA’s early guidance 

related to the RACT requirement 

indicated that our overriding concern in 

approving State RACT requirements was 

attaining the particular NAAQS. We 

initially required States to apply RACT 

to qualify for attainment extensions, and 

in some cases, for plans that could not 

demonstrate attainment. 

During the 1980s, EPA implemented 

the RACT requirements with a number 

of CTGs and guidance documents. 

These materials were aimed at 

addressing the attainment deadlines of 

1982 and 1987 under the 1977 Clean Air 

Act amendments. During this time, EPA, 

for pollutants other than ozone, 

considered RACT to be dependent upon 

reductions needed for attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. For ozone, 

where the State performed 

photochemical grid modeling, the 

approach was the same, but where the 

State used less sophisticated tools, we 

considered RACT to be independent of 

whether the controls were needed to 

reach attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. We took this alternate 

approach because of concerns related to 

the precision of modeling techniques. In 

other words, in those cases, we required 

that a stationary source of the requisite 

type and size be subject to RACT, 

whether or not such controls were 

actually demonstrated to be necessary 

for the area to attain by its specified 

date. (44 FR 20375–20376, April 4, 

1979) 

Congress followed a similar approach 

in the 1990 amendments to the CAA for 

purposes of the ozone NAAQS in the 

subpart 2 provisions added at that time. 

For example, section 182(b)(2) requires 

the imposition of RACT controls for all 

VOC source categories covered by a CTG 

and for all other major stationary 

sources of VOC located within certain 

nonattainment areas. Thus, Congress 

required these controls without 

allowing for an area-specific 

demonstration by the State that the area 

needed the controls for attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. Extensive 

discussion of this requirement appeared 

in the 1992 general preamble (57 FR 

13541), in which EPA provided 

guidance for implementation of the 

ozone NAAQS. 

Notably, Congress did not 

significantly amend the generally 

applicable provisions for nonattainment 

areas that appear in subpart 1 of Part D 

in 1990. This indicates that Congress 

intended that the Agency retain the 

authority to interpret the generally 

applicable nonattainment area plan 

requirements of section 172(c), 

including the RACT and RACM 

requirements, in the way that is most 

appropriate for new NAAQS that are 

subject to subpart 1. As discussed 

below, EPA has determined that an 

approach to the RACT requirement in 

which RACT varies in different 

nonattainment areas based on the 

reductions needed for attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable, is 

appropriate for implementation of the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. We believe that the 

improved ability to model air quality 

impacts of emissions controls allows for 

this approach. 

b. Proposed Options for RACT 

The EPA proposed and requested 

comment on three alternative 

approaches for interpretation of the 

RACT requirement of section 172(c)(1) 

for implementation of the PM2.5 

NAAQS. The EPA proposed these 

approaches in order to evaluate which 

method would best ensure that States 

consider and adopt RACT measures for 

stationary sources in a way that is 

consistent with the overarching 

requirement to attain the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable, while 

providing flexibility for States to focus 

regulatory resources on those sources of 

emissions that contribute most to local 

PM2.5 nonattainment. 

Under the first proposed alternative, 

EPA would require States to conduct a 

RACT analysis and to identify and 

require reasonably available controls for 

all affected stationary sources in the 

nonattainment area, comparable to the 

implementation of RACT provided in 

subpart 2 governing implementation of 

the 1-hour ozone NAAQS. Under this 

option, covered sources would be 

required to apply reasonable available 

controls considering technical and 

economic feasibility, and there would 

be no opportunity for States to excuse 

stationary sources from control on the 

basis that the emissions reductions from 

those controls would not be necessary to 

meet RFP requirements or to reach 

attainment. Under this alternative, EPA 

proposed to limit the universe of 

sources for which States must conduct 

a RACT analysis and impose RACT 

controls, by providing an applicability 

threshold based upon the amount of 

emissions potentially emitted by the 

sources. Under this first option, EPA 

requested comment on a number of 

alternative emissions applicability 

thresholds. 

Under the second proposed 

alternative, EPA would require States to 

conduct a RACT analysis and to identify 

reasonably available controls for all 

affected stationary sources. Under this 

option, however, States could thereafter 

determine that RACT does not include 

controls that would not otherwise be 

necessary to meet RFP requirements or 

to attain the PM2.5 NAAQS as 

expeditiously as practicable.23 Under 

this approach, RACT would be 

determined as part of the broader RACM 

analysis and identification of all 

measures—for stationary, mobile, and 

area sources—that are technically and 

economically feasible, and that would 

collectively contribute to advancing the 

attainment date.24 Because RACT and 

RACM are considered together under 

this alternative, we did not propose 

emissions threshold options for 

evaluation of stationary source RACT. In 

addition, consistent with existing 

policies, States would be required to 

evaluate the combined effect of 

reasonably available measures to 

determine whether application of such 

measures could advance the attainment 

date by at least one year.25 

The third proposed alternative, EPA’s 

preferred option in the proposal, 

combined the first two options and is 

similar to the RACT approach adopted 

in the final implementation rule for the 

8-hour ozone program. Under the third 

option, EPA would require States to 

conduct a RACT analysis and to require 

reasonably available controls for all 

affected stationary sources in 

23 Under the Tribal Air Rule (TAR), requirements 

for RACT and RACM may be considered to be 

severable elements of implementation plan 

requirements for Tribes. 

24 In Sierra Club v. EPA, 294 F.3d 155 (D.C. Cir. 

2002), the court stated in upholding EPA’s statutory 

interpretation of RACM that the Act does not 

compel a state to consider a measure without regard 

to whether it would expedite attainment. 

25 In this notice, where we use the shorthand 

phrase ‘‘advance the attainment date,’’ it means 

‘‘advance the attainment date by one year or more.’’ 

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nonattainment areas with attainment 

dates more than 5 years from the date 

of designation. For areas with an 

attainment date within 5 years of 

designation (e.g. by April 5, 2010 for 

areas with an effective date for 

designation of April 5, 2005), EPA 

would require RACT as under the 

second proposed alternative, in which 

RACT would be determined as part of 

the broader RACM analysis. For these 

areas, States could determine that RACT 

does not include controls that would 

not otherwise be necessary to meet RFP 

requirements or to attain the PM2.5 

NAAQS as expeditiously as practicable. 

The same proposed suboptions with 

respect to the size of sources for 

consideration under the first alternative 

were also included under this 

alternative. 

c. Proposed Approach for RACM 

The EPA proposed and asked for 

comment on one approach for 

interpreting the RACM requirement for 

PM2.5. The EPA based the proposal on 

the approach that we adopted for other 

NAAQS implementation programs. 

Under this approach, a State provides a 

demonstration in its SIP that it adopted 

all reasonably available measures 

needed to meet RFP requirements and to 

attain the standard as expeditiously as 

practicable and that no reasonably 

available additional measures would 

advance the advance the attainment 

date by at least 1 year or would be 

necessary to meet the RFP requirement 

for the area.26 

Under section 172(a)(2), the state 

implementation plan must provide for a 

nonattainment area to attain as 

expeditiously as practicable, but no later 

than 5 years after the effective date of 

designation of the area (e.g., no later 

than April 2010 for the final 

designations effective April 2005). The 

statute thus creates a presumption for 

attainment within 5 years of designation 

unless certain statutory criteria are met 

for an extension of the attainment date. 

Under the proposed approach to RACM 

for PM2.5, each State would evaluate 

available measures for sources of PM2.5 

or its regulatory precursors in the area 

to determine if reasonable measures 

were needed to meet the RFP 

requirement or to achieve attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. If modeling 

of all RACM and other state, regional 

26 In the context of the PM10 NAAQS, EPA has 

concluded that ‘‘advancement of the attainment 

date’’ should mean an advancement of at least one 

calendar year. See State Implementation Plans; 

General Preamble for the Implementation of Title I 

of the CAA Amendments of 1990, 57 FR 12498 

(April 16, 1992). See also Sierra Club v. EPA, 294 

F.3d 155 (D.C. Cir. 2002). 

and federal measures indicates that the 

State will not be able to demonstrate 

attainment within 5 years after 

designation based upon the severity of 

nonattainment in that area or the 

availability or feasibility of 

implementing controls in that area, then 

the State may request an attainment date 

extension. We proposed that under 

these circumstances, the EPA could 

extend the attainment date for a period 

of 1 to 5 years, when the State shows 

that it will implement all RACT and 

RACM as expeditiously as practicable, 

has met its obligation to address 

intrastate pollution transport from 

sources within its jurisdiction, and still 

needs additional time to attain. 

In the proposed rule, the EPA also 

took comment on the following overall 

steps for implementing the statutory 

requirement for RACM. 

(1) Identification of measures. The 

State would begin the process of 

determining RACM by identifying all 

available control measures for all 

sources of PM2.5 and its precursors in 

the nonattainment area. The RACM can 

apply to mobile sources, area sources, 

and stationary sources. 

(2) Evaluation of measures. After the 

State identifies the universe of available 

measures for the sources in the area, the 

State would evaluate them to determine 

whether implementation of such 

measures is technically and 

economically feasible, and whether the 

measure will contribute to advancing 

the attainment date. 

(3) Adoption of measures. The State 

would adopt all reasonably available 

measures for the area consistent with 

meeting the applicable RFP 

requirements and attaining the NAAQS 

as expeditiously as practicable, in 

accordance with applicable policy and 

guidance for attainment demonstrations. 

We would then approve or disapprove 

the State’s plan through notice and 

comment rulemaking. We also noted 

that in reviewing the State’s selection of 

measures for RACM, or determining that 

certain measures are not RACM, EPA 

may independently supplement the 

rationale of the State or provide an 

alternative reason for reaching the same 

conclusion as the State. 

c. Final Rule 

The EPA carefully considered our 

interpretation of section 172(c)(1) for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. Because of the variable 

nature of the PM2.5 problem in different 

nonattainment areas, which may require 

States to develop attainment plans that 

address widely disparate circumstances 

(e.g., different source types and mixes, 

different precursors and mixes of 

precursors, and different meteorological 

conditions), we determined that the 

regulations implementing the PM2.5 

NAAQS should provide for a great 

degree of flexibility with respect to the 

RACT and RACM controls. 

Selected approach to RACT and 

RACM. The final rule reflects EPA’s 

decision to select option 2 for RACT and 

to require a combined approach to 

RACT and RACM. Under this approach, 

RACT and RACM are those measures 

that a State finds are both reasonably 

available and contribute to attainment 

as expeditiously as practical in the 

specific nonattainment area. 

By definition, measures that are not 

necessary either to meet the RFP 

requirement, or to help the area attain 

the NAAQS as expeditiously as 

practicable, are not required RACT or 

RACM for such area. The EPA believes 

that this approach provides the greatest 

flexibility to a State to tailor its SIP 

control strategy to the needs of a 

particular PM2.5 nonattainment area, but 

it may require the State to conduct a 

more detailed analysis to identify the 

most effective RACT/RACM strategy to 

attain the NAAQS. 

During the comment period, 

commenters raised concerns that this 

approach may be overly burdensome on 

States because of the number of 

potential control measures a State 

would need to consider. Today, we 

clarify that although the State must 

conduct a thorough analysis of 

reasonably available measures, States 

need not analyze every conceivable 

measure, as explained in the guidance 

below. Instead, ‘‘reason’’ should drive 

States identification of potential 

measures, but States should remain 

mindful of the public health risks of 

PM2.5. As long as a State’s analysis is 

sufficiently robust in considering 

potential measures to ensure selection 

of all appropriate RACT and RACM, and 

the State provides a reasoned 

justification for its analytical approach, 

we will consider approving that State’s 

RACT/RACM strategy. 

Guidance on State analysis to identify 

RACT, RACM and appropriate 

attainment date. A State must consider 

RACT and RACM for all of its 

nonattainment areas. However, EPA 

believes that if the State projects that an 

area will attain the standard within 5 

years of designation as a result of 

existing national measures (i.e. 

projected to have a design value of 14.5 

or lower), then the State may conduct a 

limited RACT and RACM analysis that 

does not involve additional air quality 

modeling. A limited analysis of this 

type would involve the review of 

reasonably available measures, the 

estimation of potential emissions 

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reductions, and the evaluation of the 

time needed to implement these 

measures. If the State could not achieve 

significant emissions reductions during 

2008 due to time needed to implement 

the potential measures or other relevant 

factors, then the State and EPA could 

conclude that there are no further 

reasonably available control measures 

for that area that would advance the 

attainment date by one year or more 

relative to the presumptive outer limit 

for attainment dates, i.e., 5 years from 

designation. In lieu of conducting air 

quality modeling to assess the impact of 

potential RACT and RACM measures, 

States may consider existing modeling 

information to determine the magnitude 

of emissions reductions that could 

significantly affect air quality and 

potentially result in attaining prior to 

2010 (e.g. in 2009 based on 2006–8 air 

quality data). If the State, in 

consultation with EPA, determines from 

this initial, limited RACT and RACM 

analysis that the area may be able to 

advance its attainment date through 

implementation of reasonable measures, 

then the State would conduct a more 

detailed RACT and RACM analysis, 

including appropriate air quality 

modeling analyses, to assess whether it 

can advance the attainment date. 

In general, the combined approach to 

RACT and RACM in the final rule 

includes the following steps: (1) 

Identification of potential measures that 

are reasonable; (2) modeling to identify 

the attainment date that is as 

expeditious as practicable; and (3) 

selection of RACT and RACM. 

Identification of potential measures. 

The State’s review of potential measures 

must be sufficient to identify all 

appropriate RACT and RACM. As stated 

previously, inherent to RACT/RACM is 

the basic requirement that the measure 

be ‘‘reasonable.’’ A State need not 

evaluate measures in its RACM/RACT 

analysis that it determines are 

unreasonable such as measures that are 

‘‘absurd, unenforceable, or impractical’’ 

or that would cause ‘‘severely disruptive 

socioeconomic impacts, (e.g. gas 

rationing and mandatory source 

shutdowns); such measures are not 

required by the Act. 55 FR 38327. 

As we also stated earlier, a State’s 

RACT/RACM analysis not only involves 

an assessment about what emissions 

sources to control and to what level, but 

also a judgment as to when it is 

reasonable to require a sector to comply 

with a given measure. Accordingly, if 

the State or Federal rules already 

heavily regulate a given sector, it is 

reasonable for the State to first look to 

unregulated parts of the sector for 

RACT/RACM measures, especially, in 

light of costs already realized by the 

regulated sector. A State may conclude 

that it is unreasonable to further 

regulate the industry, or that it is only 

reasonable to impose measures in the 

latter years of the attainment plan. 

Finally, the State should use reason in 

the extent of its efforts to identify 

potential control measures. For 

example, if a review of monitoring data 

and modeling studies indicates that 

reductions in SO2 are much more 

effective in reducing ambient PM2.5 than 

reductions in other pollutants, we 

expect that the State will more 

vigorously identify RACT/RACM 

measures for SO2 than for other 

pollutants. Conversely, if reductions in 

a given pollutant, even in large 

quantities, would have trivial impacts 

on PM2.5, less rigor is needed in the 

State’s assessment of controls for that 

pollutant, because such controls could 

not contribute to advancing the 

attainment date. Likewise, where 

reducing emissions of a pollutant is 

effective in reducing ambient PM2.5, if 

the emissions inventory for that 

pollutant is dominated by a given type 

of emissions source, then it would be 

appropriate to focus the analysis on 

measures for that segment of the 

inventory. No RACT/RACM analysis is 

needed for pollutants that are not 

attainment plan precursors for a 

particular PM2.5 nonattainment area. 

As supporting information for 

identification of RACT and RACM, the 

State ordinarily provides data on 

technologically feasible control 

measures: 

—A list of all emissions source 

categories, sources and activities in 

the nonattainment area (for multiState nonattainment areas, this would 

include source categories, sources and 

activities from all states which make 

up the area) 

—For each source category, source, or 

activity, an inventory of direct PM2.5 

and precursor emissions; 

—For each source category, source, or 

activity, a list of technologically 

feasible emission control technologies 

and/or measures 27 

27 The EPA believes that it is not necessary to 

identify every possible variation of every type of 

control measure, or all possible combinations of 

technologies and measures that would apply to a 

given source or activity if the State has properly 

characterized the potentially available emissions 

reductions and their costs. For example, EPA 

believes that the State can conduct a thorough 

analysis of VMT reduction measures without 

including every possible level or stringency of 

implementation of certain possible measures or 

combinations of measures for reducing VMT, so 

long as those measures would not affect the overall 

assessment of VMT reduction capabilities and the 

associated costs. 

—For each technologically feasible 

emission control technology or 

measure, the State should provide the 

following information: (1) The control 

efficiency by pollutant; (2) the 

possible emission reductions by 

pollutant; (3) the estimated cost per 

ton of pollutant reduced; and (4) the 

date by which the technology or 

measure could be reasonably 

implemented. 

Based on this and other relevant 

information, the State will identify the 

reasonable measures (potential RACT 

and RACM) to be included in air quality 

modeling. (At its option, the State may 

prefer not to make a judgment on 

whether certain measures are 

technically and economically feasible, if 

it believes they will not contribute to 

earlier attainment. In that case, the State 

could include those measures in the 

modeling, and later exclude them from 

RACT and RACM by showing that all 

the excluded measures together would 

not advance the attainment date by at 

least 1 year.) As previously mentioned, 

in determining the attainment date that 

is as expeditious as practicable, the 

State should consider impacts on the 

nonattainment area of intrastate 

transport of pollution from sources 

within its jurisdiction, and potential 

reasonable measures to reduce 

emissions from those sources. 

Modeling to determine the attainment 

date that is as expeditious as 

practicable. Second, for purposes of 

determining the attainment date that is 

as expeditious as practicable, the State 

will need to conduct modeling to show 

the combined air quality impact of all of 

the potential measures identified in the 

first step with a modeling analysis for 

the year 2009. A base case scenario for 

the year 2009 would project future air 

quality given implementation of existing 

measures (Federal, State and local). If 

this base case scenario demonstrates 

attainment by 2010, then the State must 

demonstrate why attainment could not 

be achieved in an earlier year. (As noted 

above, given the April 2008 due date for 

SIP submissions, it may be difficult to 

achieve earlier attainment in many 

cases). 

If the base case scenario does not 

demonstrate attainment, then a control 

case scenario (described below) is 

needed to examine whether the 

reasonable, technically and 

economically feasible measures 

identified by the State would result in 

attainment in 2009. The control case 

scenario would add potential SIP 

measures—e.g. potential RACT/RACM, 

plus any candidate intrastate transport 

measures that the State has identified 

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20614 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

and would be feasible to implement by 

that year. States in multi-State 

nonattainment areas are strongly 

encouraged to collaborate on their 

modeling analyses. This modeling, 

along with other information known as 

weight of evidence considerations, 

would inform a judgment as to whether 

reasonable measures could lead to 

attainment of the standards within 5 

years after designation. If the analysis 

does not demonstrate attainment by 

April 2010 (2009 analysis year), then the 

analysis would serve as the technical 

basis for the State to seek an extension 

of the attainment date for that area. 

Further analysis would then be 

necessary and is required to identify the 

specific attainment date. 

The choice of future years to model 

beyond 2010 may vary from area to area. 

Often, modeling potential controls in 

two different future years may be 

necessary to support a judgment that a 

projected attainment year is as 

expeditious as practicable. If the area is 

projected to remain over the standard in 

the early projection year (e.g., 2009) 

despite the emission reductions from 

the modeled control measures, but is 

projected to be well below the standard 

in the later projection year (e.g., 2012), 

interpolation and emission inventory 

analysis could identify an intermediate 

year as the appropriate attainment date. 

There may be cases in which modeling 

a single year is sufficient because 

modeling of all technically and 

economically feasible controls results in 

attainment by a narrow margin in that 

year. 

For many areas, EPA modeling 

analysis for CAIR and other modeling 

analyses that have been performed 

suggest a number of nonattainment 

areas will have a modest amount (in 

some cases only a few tenths of a 

microgram) of needed reductions in 

ambient levels after 2010 to reach 

attainment. For any such area, and for 

areas otherwise expected to attain 

relatively soon after 2010 (for example, 

due to substantial reductions in a 

dominant local source), EPA believes 

that this analysis should be for a year no 

later than 2012. A later date (e.g., 2014) 

may be appropriate for areas with very 

high PM2.5 levels that face difficulty 

attaining within 10 years. 

The EPA believes that it is not 

reasonable to require States to model 

each and every year between 2009 and 

2014 to determine the appropriate 

attainment date. Modeling future year 

inventories is a time consuming and 

resource intensive process. Multiple 

models and pre-processors are needed 

in order to generate year specific 

emissions for the various emissions 

sectors (e.g. mobile, non-road, non-EGU 

point, EGU point, etc.). Because it is not 

reasonable to model every year, a logical 

choice often may be to model a year in 

the middle of the period. As such, we 

recommend modeling an emissions year 

no later than 2012 as the initial 

extension date (which translates to a 

2013 attainment date). If this modeling 

indicates that the area can reach 

attainment by 2012, then the State can 

further analyze emissions and strategies 

to determine if the attainment date can 

be advanced to an earlier year. If the 

modeling indicates that the area cannot 

reach attainment by 2012, then the 

modeling will serve as further 

justification for granting a longer 

attainment date extension (e.g., 

attainment date of 2015 with modeling 

for 2014). In that case, additional 

modeling of 2014 with further emissions 

controls would be required in order to 

show attainment. Again, the State 

should then further analyze emissions 

and strategies to determine if the 

attainment date can be advanced to an 

earlier year between 2012 and 2015. 

Additionally, in the discussion of air 

quality modeling issues in section II.E 

above, we discuss the benefits of 

addressing control strategies for 

multiple pollutants. Part of the 

challenge of multi-pollutant modeling is 

coordinating the future modeling years 

for different pollutants in order to 

minimize the number of required future 

year model runs. As part of the 

requirements of the 8-hour ozone 

implementation rule, States are 

currently working on modeling analyses 

for 2009 and in some cases for 2012 

(serious nonattainment areas). For an 

area that cannot attain the PM2.5 

NAAQS by 2010, this may be reason to 

select 2012 as the year to model, so that 

the State could conduct the modeling 

for both ozone and PM2.5 in tandem. 

This would, in some cases, allow the 

pooling of resources (e.g., inventories, 

model runs, etc.) and provide for faster 

development of a PM2.5 attainment 

demonstration. 

It may also be possible for the State 

to look at 2009 and 2014 only. In this 

instance, the State may find sufficient 

data to interpolate results for the years 

in between based on estimated changes 

in emissions. 

We emphasize that when a State 

models later years, that this analysis 

must take into account potential 

controls that the State may have 

determined would not be RACT or 

RACM for an earlier year. For example, 

some measures that are impractical to 

implement by 2009 could be reasonable 

if implemented by 2010, 2011 or 2012. 

Thus, when the State models later years, 

the list of potential controls should be 

expanded to include technically and 

economically feasible measures that can 

be implemented by the analysis year. 

Selection of RACT & RACM. Based on 

this analysis, the State should make 

decisions on RACT, RACM, intrastate 

measures, and the attainment date that 

is as expeditious as practicable. Because 

EPA is defining RACT and RACM as 

only those reasonable, technically and 

economically feasible measures that are 

necessary for attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable, the State 

need not adopt all feasible, reasonable 

measures. The State may exclude those 

reasonable measures that, considered 

collectively, would not advance the 

attainment date. 

Comments and Responses 

Comment: A number of commenters 

generally supported EPA’s second 

proposed alternative to RACT (option 

2). Most of these commenters expressed 

concern that the other options would 

require the imposition of controls 

whether or not they were needed to 

attain the PM2.5 standards as 

expeditiously as practicable. Some State 

and local commenters also urged EPA to 

select option 2 as the best interpretation 

of the RACT requirement for PM2.5 

because they believe that it will be the 

most appropriate approach for designing 

attainment strategies for their particular 

nonattainment area or areas. 

Response: The EPA agrees that these 

two points are important considerations. 

After carefully considering the options, 

we concluded that Option 2 was the 

most suitable approach for the PM2.5 

NAAQS. Options 1 and 3 do not reduce 

the States’ burden to analyze potential 

control measures as the States would 

still be required to look beyond the 

mandated RACT for reasonably 

available control measures (RACM). 

Moreover, Options 1 and 3 could 

require imposition of controls on some 

sources that would not strictly be 

necessary to attain the NAAQS as 

expeditiously as practicable. Given the 

nature of the PM2.5 nonattainment 

problem, EPA concluded that an 

interpretation that provides the 

maximum flexibility is a better 

approach. 

Comment: Some commenters 

recommended that EPA modify 

proposed option 2 to include a tons-peryear threshold. Under such an 

approach, the States and EPA would 

only require RACT for sources whose 

emissions were above the threshold. 

Most of these comments recommended 

a RACT threshold of 100 tons per year. 

These commenters expressed concern 

that if option 2 were implemented 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20615 

without such a threshold, States would 

be burdened with conducting RACT 

analyses for very small sources or 

source categories with low emissions. 

Response: The EPA believes that 

under the approach chosen for the final 

rule in which RACT is considered to be 

a part of the overall RACM process, it 

would be difficult to define a threshold 

that would apply for all types of sources 

and for all types of control measures in 

all nonattainment areas. It has not been 

common practice under past EPA policy 

to establish or use an emissions 

threshold when considering sources for 

possible emission reductions as part of 

a RACM analysis to show attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. Indeed, 

many of the control technique 

guidelines for VOC RACT do not 

recommend an emissions threshold. A 

state needing significant emission 

reductions to attain the standards in a 

given area even by 2015 would likely 

conclude that controls should be 

considered on smaller sources. In 

contrast, a State with an area that 

exceeds the standard by only a few 

tenths of a microgram per cubic meter 

may not need to consider controls on 

smaller source to reach attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. The EPA 

has selected option 2 for interpretation 

of the RACT requirement for PM2.5, in 

part, specifically because that approach 

contemplates that States will conduct an 

appropriate analysis of the spectrum of 

source categories and potential controls 

available. To cut off such analysis at a 

set emissions-based cut point for all 

sources and all areas would undermine 

one of the key benefits of the approach. 

Accordingly, EPA disagrees with 

comments that option 2 should include 

a nationally-defined threshold for the 

size of sources or source categories that 

require RACT analyses. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

supported EPA’s first and third 

proposed alternative approaches to 

RACT (option 1 and option 3). 

Commenters supporting these two 

options used similar reasoning. 

Commenters cited the statutory 

language in section 172(c)(1) requiring 

that the attainment plan provide for ‘‘at 

a minimum’’ the adoption of RACT. 

Accordingly, these commenters argued 

that RACT is an independent, minimum 

requirement of attainment plans 

irrespective of the attainment 

demonstration and that option 2, which 

would not require the adoption of RACT 

for all sources, has no policy or legal 

justification. Other commenters noted 

that option 1 would be much easier to 

implement, because RACT would be 

defined according to technical 

reasonableness and would not hinge on 

complicated determinations involving 

attainment demonstrations. Some 

commenters argued that option 1 

provides for greater equity, because 

similar measures would be required for 

similar sources for all nonattainment 

areas. Finally, some commenters 

believed that it is inherently 

inconsistent to assert that plans have 

met the requirement for attainment ‘‘as 

expeditiously as practicable’’ without 

applying RACT to all major sources. 

Response: The EPA disagrees with 

these comments. The EPA believes that 

option 2 is fully consistent with section 

172(c)(1). Section 172(c)(1) requires that 

attainment plans must provide for the 

implementation of RACM as 

expeditiously as practicable (including 

such reductions in emissions from 

existing sources in the area as may be 

obtained through the adoption, at a 

minimum, of RACT). Contrary to the 

commenters’ assertions, this language 

does not demonstrate that RACT is 

required for all sources, independent of 

RACM and attainment demonstrations. 

Moreover, this provision does not 

require RACT whether or not imposition 

of technology would advance the 

attainment date. Instead, section 

172(c)(1) explicitly provides that RACT 

is included within the definition of 

RACM, and EPA has previously 

determined that the CAA only requires 

such RACM as will provide for 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. (See 57 FR 13498, 13560). 

The courts have deferred to this 

interpretation and concluded that EPA 

interprets RACM as a collection of 

reasonable measures that would 

advance the attainment date. See Sierra 

Club v. EPA, 294 F.3d 155, 162 (D.C. 

Cir. 2002); see also Sierra Club v. EPA, 

314 F.3d 735, 744 (5th Cir. 2002). The 

CAA does not ‘‘compel [ ] a State to 

consider whether any measure is 

‘reasonably available’ without regard to 

whether it would expedite attainment in 

the relevant area.’’ Sierra Club v. EPA, 

294 F.3d at 162. The EPA concludes that 

because section 172(c)(1) establishes 

that RACT is a part of RACM, EPA is 

reasonably applying the same 

interpretation to the RACT requirement 

for PM2.5. The RACT is a part of the 

collection of measures that are 

necessary to reach attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. It is thus 

directly related to what a specific area 

needs to attain the NAAQS, and States 

need not implement reasonably 

available measures that would not 

advance the attainment date as part of 

the PM2.5 RACT requirement. 

The EPA also finds that option 2 is 

consistent with the statutory language 

providing that a State must apply RACT 

to existing sources, ‘‘at a minimum,’’ to 

meet its requirement to apply RACM. 

We interpret the ‘‘at a minimum’’ clause 

to mean that when a State determines 

that control of a specified existing 

stationary source(s) is necessary to 

attain, the State must apply RACT to 

that source. Further, EPA believes this 

requirement for RACT applies to 

stationary sources as a group, and not to 

each stationary source. 

The EPA finds sound policy reasons 

for choosing option 2. While an 

approach that provided for application 

of the same controls in all areas would 

provide for more equity across areas, 

EPA emphasizes that equity is only one 

of many factors considered by EPA 

when deciding between options 1, 2 and 

3. The EPA believes that it is also 

important to ensure that control 

strategies focus on the most effective 

measures with the greatest possibility 

for significant air quality improvements. 

In addition, while EPA agrees that 

options 1 and 3 could provide for 

greater ease of implementation, this is 

also only one of the factors EPA 

considered when deciding between the 

proposed options. Under option 2, 

States have a greater burden and 

responsibility to identify the local 

strategy that is tailored to their 

particular air quality problem. At the 

same time, the States have the ability to 

identify the sources with the greatest 

impact on nonattainment and to identify 

a sound strategy that achieves 

attainment in the most sensible manner. 

The EPA believes that approaching 

RACT and RACM in this manner is 

consistent with the overall philosophy 

imbedded in the SIP program since its 

inception in the late 1960s and early 

1970s. 

Comment: Some commenters believed 

that the proposed RACM requirement 

was too broad. These commenters 

believed that the requirement to analyze 

the entire ‘‘universe’’ of possible 

measures was too burdensome for 

States. Commenters felt this was 

especially true in light of the lack of 

federally issued CTG and ACT 

documents for PM2.5 and its precursors 

for all potential source categories. 

Response: As explained earlier, States 

should apply ‘‘reason’’ in identifying 

measures to evaluate as potential 

RACM/RACT. We recognize that States 

are implementing the PM2.5 standard for 

the first time, and do not have the long 

history and experience in implementing 

PM2.5 as they have in implementing the 

PM10 and ozone standards. Accordingly, 

we expect that both the States and EPA 

will expend extra effort in developing 

and evaluating attainment plans that 

contain appropriate controls. A number 

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of resources exist to provide States with 

information on potential control 

measure costs and emissions reductions. 

We intend to facilitate the sharing of 

information through a control measure 

website and other efforts, and expect 

that States will develop screening 

methods to reduce the burden of 

analysis. 

Comment: One commenter asserted 

that EPA should not require the analysis 

for, or implementation of, RACT and 

RACM for sources throughout the entire 

nonattainment area, and should permit 

States to focus only on sources located 

in smaller specific ‘‘problem areas’’ 

within the nonattainment area. 

Response: The EPA designated areas 

nonattainment based upon analysis of 

the geographic area with sources that 

‘‘contribute’’ to the violation of the 

NAAQS in the area, in accordance with 

section 107(d). These designations are 

based upon, among other things, a 

network of monitors that the State and 

EPA previously agreed represented the 

ambient air concentrations throughout 

the area. Additional analysis of 

information during the designation 

process indicated those areas that 

contributed to the violations at the 

violating monitor because of, among 

other things, the amount of emissions in 

such adjoining areas. Accordingly, the 

State in which a nonattainment area is 

located must evaluate the full range of 

sources of PM2.5 and its precursors 

throughout the designated 

nonattainment area during the 

development of the SIP. The EPA agrees 

that there are some nonattainment areas 

where one or a few large emissions 

sources may be causing localized 

concentrations at a monitor that are 

much higher than those within the 

remainder of the nonattainment area. 

For such areas, the nonattainment 

strategy will likely not succeed without 

addressing those sources. The EPA does 

not, however, believe it is acceptable 

that the nonattainment strategy focus 

only on those sources, because 

additional reductions within the 

nonattainment area would still have the 

potential to advance the attainment 

date. Exempting portions of the 

nonattainment area could expose a 

portion of the public residing 

downwind in the area to exposure to 

levels of PM2.5 that exceed the NAAQS 

for longer than necessary, and the health 

detriments from such exposure, merely 

to minimize the impact of having to 

impose control strategies on sources 

upwind. Moreover, to the extent that 

monitoring in one portion of a 

nonattainment area indicates violations 

in multiple portions of the area, a 

strategy that solely focused upon the 

sources in the immediate vicinity of the 

monitor might fail to assure that the 

NAAQS is achieved throughout the 

area. Because NAAQS violations 

generally reflect a combination of 

regional scale, metropolitan scale, and 

local scale impacts, and all three scales 

must be addressed, EPA requires RACT/ 

RACM submittals to address sources 

throughout the nonattainment area. 

Comment: Some commenters agreed 

with EPA’s view that State’s RACM 

analysis must address those measures 

that a State declines to adopt and must 

show whether the combined measures 

would cumulatively advance the 

attainment date by at least 1 year. One 

commenter questioned the legal basis 

for EPA’s determination that the only 

controls necessary to attain the PM2.5 

NAAQS as expeditiously as practicable 

are those that would cumulatively 

advance an area’s projected attainment 

date by at least one calendar year. The 

commenter suggested that control 

measures that would advance 

attainment by a smaller increment 

‘‘would meet the criteria endorsed in 

Sierra Club [Sierra Club v. EPA, 294 

F.3d 155 (D.C. Cir 2002)] by 

‘expedit[ing] attainment in the relevant 

area.’ ’’ 

Response: The EPA has consistently 

interpreted RACM as a collection of 

measures that would advance the 

attainment date by at least 1 year, and 

the courts have determined that the 

statutory RACM requirement is 

ambiguous and deferred to EPA’s 

interpretation of the requirement. See 

Sierra Club v. EPA, 314 F.3d 735, 744 

(5th Cir. 2002); see also Sierra Club v. 

EPA, 294 F.3d, 155 162 (D.C. Cir. 2002). 

Contrary to the commenter’s suggestion, 

the court in Sierra Club v. EPA, did not 

endorse specific criteria for identifying 

control measures that expedite 

attainment, but instead deferred to 

EPA’s interpretation of an ambiguous 

statutory term. The courts deferred to 

EPA’s interpretation after reviewing 

EPA’s approval of State SIP 

submissions. The EPA conducts such 

reviews consistent with its 

determination that the CAA only 

requires such RACM as will provide for 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable, and its belief that it would 

be unreasonable to require 

implementation of measures that would 

not in fact advance attainment. See 57 

FR 13498, 13560 (April 15, 1992); see 

also 44 FR 20372, 20374 (April 4, 1979). 

In considering whether a collection of 

measures would advance the attainment 

date of an area, EPA has previously 

interpreted the phrase ‘‘advance the 

attainment date’’ as meaning that the 

attainment date would be advanced by 

at least 1 year. See e.g., 66 FR 57160, 

57182 (Nov. 14, 2001) (approval of 

Houston SIP); 66 FR 586 (Jan 3. 2001) 

(approval of DC area SIP). Further, 

EPA’s use of a one-year increment in 

determining whether a collection of 

measures would advance the attainment 

date is reasonable and consistent with 

the fact that all areas will be designing 

attainment demonstrations for the 

annual PM2.5 standard. Section 

172(a)(2)(C) statute uses 1 year as the 

increment by which attainment date 

extensions can be granted. Thus, 

requiring evaluation of whether control 

measures would advance attainment by 

an increment of 1 year is a reasonable 

approach for the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

Comment: Some commenters 

recommended that EPA consider not 

requiring a RACM analysis for areas 

projected to attain the standards within 

5 years of designation, i.e., by April 

2010 for the areas currently designated 

nonattainment. One commenter 

suggested that practical considerations 

would make it impossible for any State 

projected to attain by 2010 to advance 

the attainment date by a year. This 

commenter noted that because measures 

to provide for attainment by 2010 must 

be implemented by the beginning of 

2009, and SIPs are not submitted until 

April 2008, it would impossible to 

advance the implementation of 

measures by 1 year (that is, the 

beginning of 2008). 

Response: The EPA generally agrees 

that given the time constraints it will be 

difficult for States with areas currently 

designated nonattainment to devise, 

adopt, and implement RACM measures 

to advance the attainment date before 

2010. At the same time, however, we 

note that nothing precludes States from 

taking early action and we encourage 

States to take actions to reduce PM2.5 

concentrations where feasible even 

before the SIPs are submitted. RACM is 

required by the CAA and thus EPA 

cannot waive the requirement for the 

analysis. At the same time, EPA 

recognizes that a streamlined analysis 

may be appropriate given the short time 

periods involved. 

3. Observations and Considerations in 

Determining RACT and RACM 

a. Background 

The preamble to the proposed rule 

included a discussion of general 

considerations for RACT (70 FR 66020 

and 66021, latter part of section III.I.6) 

and RACM (70 FR 66028, section 

III.1.15). The preamble to the final rule 

retains this discussion with some 

modifications and restructuring to 

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reflect the combined approach to RACT 

and RACM 

b. Final Rule 

General considerations. Once the 

State has identified measures and 

technologies that are available for 

implementation in the nonattainment 

area, then it must evaluate those 

measures to determine whether 

implementation of such measures are 

reasonable, and would collectively 

advance attainment. Many of the factors 

that the State should take into 

consideration in determining whether a 

measure is ‘‘reasonable’’ are related to 

the measure’s technical and economic 

feasibility. Since RACM applies to area 

and mobile sources as well as stationary 

sources, the State should consider other 

factors as well in conducting its RACM 

analysis. For example, in many cases 

obtaining emissions reductions from 

area and mobile sources is achieved not 

by adding control technology to a 

specific emissions source, but by 

reducing the level of activity of a fleet 

of vehicles or by modifying a type of 

commercial process. In these situations, 

the State should also consider local 

circumstances such as infrastructure, 

population, or workforce and the time 

needed to implement the measure in 

light of the attainment date. 

The EPA believes that while areas 

projected to attain within 5 years of 

designation as a result of existing 

national measures should still be 

required to conduct a RACT and RACM 

analysis, such areas may be able to 

conduct a limited RACT and RACM 

analysis that does not involve additional 

air quality modeling. A limited analysis 

of this type could involve the review of 

available reasonable measures, the 

estimation of potential emissions 

reductions, and the evaluation of the 

time needed to implement these 

measures. If the State could not achieve 

significant emissions reductions by the 

beginning of 2008 due to time needed to 

implement reasonable measures or other 

factors, then it could be concluded that 

reasonably available local measures 

would not advance the attainment date. 

In lieu of conducting air quality 

modeling to assess the impact of 

potential RACT and RACM measures, 

existing modeling information could be 

considered in determining the 

magnitude of emissions reductions that 

could significantly affect air quality and 

potentially result in earlier attainment. 

If the State, in consultation with EPA, 

determines from this initial, more 

limited RACT and RACM analysis that 

the area may be able to advance its 

attainment date through implementation 

of reasonable measures, then the State 

would conduct a more detailed RACT 

and RACM analysis. 

Observations on control 

opportunities. The implementation of 

the PM2.5 NAAQS is in its initial stages, 

and many of the designated PM2.5 

nonattainment areas are not current or 

former PM10 nonattainment areas. Thus, 

some existing stationary sources in 

these areas may currently be 

uncontrolled or undercontrolled for 

PM2.5 or PM2.5 precursors. Further, to 

this point in time, emissions controls for 

existing sources in these areas may have 

focused primarily on particulate matter 

that is filterable at stack temperatures 

and thus may not adequately control 

condensable emissions. In addition, 

States should bear in mind that the 

controlled sources may have installed 

emission controls 15 years ago or more, 

and there may now be cost-effective 

opportunities available to reduce 

emissions further through more 

comprehensive and improved emissions 

control technologies, or through 

production process changes that are 

inherently lower in emissions. 

Moreover, improved monitoring 

methods may enhance the ability of 

sources to maintain the effectiveness of 

installed emissions controls and to 

reduce emissions by detecting 

equipment failures more quickly. For 

example, State imposition of 

requirements for more frequent 

monitoring (e.g., continuous opacity 

monitors, PM continuous emissions 

monitors, etc.) may provide greater 

assurance of source compliance and 

quicker correction of inadvertent upset 

emissions conditions than existing 

approaches. 

Even in former or current PM10 

nonattainment areas, existing 

requirements for controlling direct PM 

emissions (e.g., with a baghouse or 

electrostatic precipitator) may not have 

been revised significantly since the 

1970’s. When EPA established the PM10 

standards in 1987, we stated in the 

preamble that it was reasonable to 

assume that control technology that 

represented RACT and RACM for total 

suspended particulates (TSP) should 

satisfy the requirement for RACT and 

RACM for PM10. 52 FR 24672 (July 1, 

1987). The basis for EPA’s belief was 

that controls for PM10 and TSP would 

both focus on reducing coarse 

particulate matter, and specifically that 

fraction of particulate matter that is 

solid (rather than gaseous or 

condensable) at typical stack 

temperatures. However, emission 

controls to capture coarse particles in 

some cases may be less effective in 

controlling PM2.5. For this reason, there 

may be significant opportunities for 

sources to upgrade existing control 

technologies 28 and compliance 

monitoring methods to address direct 

PM emissions contributing to fine 

particulate matter levels with 

technologies that have advanced 

significantly over the past 15 years. 

Precursor Controls. It will be 

important for States to conduct RACT 

and RACM determinations for stationary 

sources of PM2.5 precursors as well as 

direct PM2.5 emissions although, as 

noted above, the known atmospheric 

chemistry of the area may dictate the 

necessary rigor of this analysis. A 

significant fraction of PM2.5 mass in 

most areas violating the standards is 

attributed to secondarily-formed 

components such as sulfate, nitrate, and 

some organic PM, and EPA believes that 

certain stationary sources of precursors 

of these components in nonattainment 

areas currently may be poorly 

controlled. Accordingly, to address 

these precursors, States should review 

existing sources for emission controls or 

process changes that could be 

reasonably implemented to reduce 

emissions from activities such as fuel 

combustion, industrial processes, and 

solvent usage. 

Multi-State Nonattainment Areas. 

States in multi-State nonattainment 

areas will need to consult with each 

other on appropriate level of RACT and 

RACM for that area. We anticipate that 

States may decide upon RACT and 

RACM controls that differ from State to 

State, based upon the State’s 

determination of the most effective 

strategies given the relevant mixture of 

sources and potential controls in the 

relevant nonattainment areas. So long as 

each State can adequately demonstrate 

that its chosen RACT and RACM 

approach will provide for meeting RFP 

requirements and for attainment of the 

NAAQS as expeditiously as practicable 

for the nonattainment area at issue, we 

anticipate approving plans that may 

elect to control a somewhat different 

mix of sources or to implement 

somewhat different controls as RACT 

and RACM. Nevertheless, States should 

consider RACT and RACM measures 

developed for other areas or other 

States. EPA may consider such 

measures in assessing the approvability 

of a State’s SIP. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: In the proposed rule, EPA 

indicated that States could consider the 

‘‘social acceptability’’ of measures as a 

28 For example, see past EPA guidance on PM2.5 

control technologies: Stationary Source Control 

Techniques Document for Fine Particulate Matter 

(EPA–452/R–97–001), EPA Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, October 1998. 

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factor in the determination of what 

constitutes RACM in a given area. A 

number of commenters recommended 

that EPA eliminate use of this factor. 

Some commenters questioned whether 

States or EPA had the legal authority to 

exclude measures from consideration 

based on social acceptability or 

popularity, if the measures are 

technically and economically available, 

and are needed to attain the NAAQS for 

protection of public health. Others 

expressed concerns that inclusion of 

such a factor would inevitably result in 

the elimination of controls for area and 

mobile sources and for this reason 

would unfairly focus emissions 

reduction strategies on industrial 

sources of PM2.5 and precursors. 

Response: The EPA believes that in 

developing RACM measures, it is 

important that States not rely unduly on 

measures that would be very difficult to 

enforce in practice. We discourage 

States from relying on measures that on 

paper may seem reasonably available 

but in practice might fail to achieve 

benefits due to the problems and costs 

of effectively enforcing these measures. 

However, we recognize that the CAA 

does not identify ‘‘social acceptability’’ 

as a factor in the definition of what may 

constitute RACT or RACM, and more 

generally the CAA does not establish a 

preference for measures that affect 

industrial sources instead of the general 

public and are therefore more likely to 

be ‘‘socially acceptable.’’ Therefore, 

given the concerns raised by 

commenters that establishment of 

‘‘social acceptability’’ as a factor in the 

RACM analysis is without basis in the 

CAA and might result in inappropriate 

skewing of control strategies, we have 

removed this term from the final rule. 

We reiterate, however, that capability of 

effective implementation and 

enforcement are relevant considerations 

in the RACM analysis, even though 

public ‘‘unpopularity’’ is not. Moreover, 

in assessing the efficacy of measures 

and the credit they should be given in 

the context of attainment 

demonstrations or RFP calculations, 

EPA believes that such considerations 

are important. 

4. What Factors Should States Consider 

in Determining Whether an Available 

Control Technology or Measure Is 

Technically Feasible? 

a. Background 

The following provides guidance for 

States to consider in determining 

whether an available control technology 

is technologically feasible. 

b. Final Rule 

The technological feasibility of 

applying an emission reduction method 

to a particular source should consider 

factors such as the source’s process and 

operating procedures, raw materials, 

physical plant layout, and any other 

environmental impacts such as water 

pollution, waste disposal, and energy 

requirements. For example, the process, 

operating procedures, and raw materials 

used by a source can affect the 

feasibility of implementing process 

changes that reduce emissions and the 

selection of add-on emission control 

equipment. The operation and longevity 

of control equipment can be 

significantly influenced by the raw 

materials used and the process to which 

it is applied. The feasibility of 

modifying processes or applying control 

equipment also can be influenced by the 

physical layout of the particular plant. 

The space available in which to 

implement such changes may limit the 

choices and will also affect the costs of 

control. 

Reducing air emissions may not 

justify adversely affecting other 

resources by increasing pollution in 

bodies of water, creating additional 

solid waste disposal problems or 

creating excessive energy demands. An 

otherwise available control technology 

may not be reasonable if these other 

environmental impacts cannot 

reasonably be mitigated. For analytic 

purposes, a State may consider a PM2.5 

control measure technologically 

infeasible if, considering the availability 

(and cost) of mitigating adverse impacts 

of that control on other pollution media, 

the control would not, in the State’s 

reasoned judgment, provide a net 

benefit to public health and the 

environment. However, in many past 

situations, States and owners of existing 

sources have adopted PM2.5 control 

technologies with known energy 

penalties and some adverse effects on 

other media, based on the reasoned 

judgment that installation of such 

technology would result in a net benefit 

to public health and the environment. 

States should consider this in 

determining technical feasibility. The 

costs of preventing adverse water, solid 

waste and energy impacts should be 

included in assessing the economic 

feasibility of the PM2.5 control 

technology. 

One particular cross-media issue 

relates to concentrated animal feeding 

operations (CAFOs). Should a State 

determine that reductions of direct 

PM2.5 or PM2.5 precursors from CAFOs 

are necessary for attainment in a 

nonattainment area, EPA strongly 

suggests that the State address these 

reductions from a cross-media 

perspective. Since 2003, EPA and many 

stakeholders have been interested in 

developing a framework to enable 

CAFOs to pursue superior 

environmental performance across all 

media. We are aware that today some 

CAFOs voluntarily conduct whole-farm 

audits to evaluate releases of pollutants 

to all media through Environmental 

Management Systems, self-assessment 

tools, performance track, ISO 14001 

certification, and State-approved trade 

offs in meeting regulatory thresholds 

between air and water that accomplish 

the best overall level of environmental 

protection given State and local 

conditions. The EPA continues to 

believe the development of new and 

emerging technologies offers the 

potential to achieve equivalent or 

greater pollutant reductions than 

achieved solely by effluent guidelines 

and standards. Many of these are 

superior from a multimedia perspective, 

and EPA would like to encourage 

superior multimedia solutions. SIPs 

which need to address ammonia may 

provide a unique opportunity to 

encourage multimedia approaches at 

CAFOs. For example, the addition of 

animal by-products provides a valuable 

source of nutrients for crops, improves 

soil structure which enhances soil 

permeability, and adds valuable organic 

matter that improves soil health. 

However, inappropriate application can 

lead to air and water quality concerns or 

the improvement of one media at the 

cost of another. Optimal application 

technologies and rates reduce potential 

air and water quality standards 

violations. The EPA does not want to 

discourage approaches that are superior 

from a cross media perspective. 

The EPA recommends that States 

evaluate alternative approaches to 

reducing emissions of particulate matter 

by reviewing existing EPA guidance 29 

and other sources of control technology 

information. The EPA’s 1998 guidance 

presents information on topics such as 

the design, operation and maintenance 

of general particulate matter control 

systems such as electrostatic 

precipitators, fabric filters, and wet 

scrubbers. The filterable particulate 

matter collection efficiency of each 

system is discussed as a function of 

particle size. The guidance document 

also provides information concerning 

29 Stationary Source Control Techniques 

Document for Fine Particulate Matter (EPA–452/R– 

97–001), EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, October 1998. See also: Controlling SO2 

Emissions: A Review of Technologies (EPA/600/R– 

00/093), EPA Office of Research and Development, 

November 2000. 

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other relevant considerations such as 

energy and environmental 

considerations, procedures for 

estimating costs of particulate matter 

control equipment, and evaluation of 

secondary environmental impacts. 

Because control technologies and 

monitoring approaches are constantly 

being improved, the State should also 

consider more updated or advanced 

technologies not referenced in this 1998 

guidance when conducting a RACT 

determination. Emissions reductions 

may also be achieved through the 

application of monitoring and 

maintenance programs that use critical 

process and control parameters to verify 

that emission controls are operated and 

maintained so that they more 

continuously achieve the level of 

control that they were designed to 

achieve.30 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter noted that 

the guidance for ‘‘technical feasibility’’ 

implies that States look at individual 

sources with a BACT-like case-by-case 

analysis. The commenter recommended 

that source owners conduct such a sitespecific analysis and submit the 

analysis to the State through the 

permitting process. 

Response: While the analytical 

analysis to identify RACT is similar to 

BACT, as noted above, EPA in the past 

has issued CTGs that describe the 

presumptive norm for RACT controls for 

a given industry, but that allow for caseby-case considerations for a given 

source. Where States wished to require 

source owners to conduct such a sitespecific analysis as part of the control 

technology review, EPA supports this 

type of process. On the other hand, EPA 

does not believe it would be appropriate 

to require all RACT-eligible sources to 

conduct such an analysis, given that 

States have the primary responsibility 

for identifying and analyzing measures 

for such sources. 

5. What Factors Should States Consider 

in Determining Whether an Available 

Control Technology or Measure Is 

Economically Feasible? 

a. Background 

The follow provides guidance for 

States to consider in determining 

whether an available control technology 

is economically feasible for purposes of 

identifying reasonably available control 

measures. This guidance is slightly 

modified from our proposal. 

30 See EPA’s Web site for more information: 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/emc/monitor.html. 

b. Final Rule 

Economic feasibility encompasses 

considerations such as whether the cost 

of a potential measure is reasonable 

considering attainment needs of the area 

and the costs of other measures, and 

whether the cost of a measure is 

reasonable for the regulated entity to 

bear, in light of benefits. 

While many States generally establish 

RACT requirements for a category of 

sources, the Act does not require the 

same level of control on all sources in 

a category, nor does the Act require that 

each source be controlled individually. 

Similar sources may have different 

marginal costs, profit margins and 

abilities to pass costs through to the 

consumer. These factors are appropriate 

to consider in determining whether a 

given level of control is appropriate for 

an individual source or category of 

sources. Accordingly, there is no 

presumption that a given source must 

bear a cost similar to any other source. 

States should consider the capital 

costs, annualized costs, cost 

effectiveness of an emissions reduction 

technology, and effects on the local 

economy in determining whether a 

potential control measure is reasonable 

for an area or State. One available 

reference for calculating costs is the 

EPA Air Pollution Control Cost 

Manual,31 which describes the 

procedures EPA uses for determining 

these costs for stationary sources. The 

above costs should be determined for all 

technologically feasible emission 

reduction options if such measure is 

inherently ‘‘reasonably available’’ (e.g., 

not absurd or clearly impractical). States 

may give substantial weight to cost 

effectiveness in evaluating the economic 

feasibility of an emission reduction 

technology. The cost effectiveness of a 

technology is its annualized cost ($/ 

year) divided by the emissions reduced 

(i.e., tons/year) which yields a cost per 

amount of emission reduction ($/ton). 

Cost effectiveness provides a value for 

each emission reduction option that is 

comparable with other options and 

other facilities. Where multiple control 

options exist for a given source or 

source category, States should consider 

both the cost effectiveness (dollars per 

ton) of each option, and the incremental 

cost effectiveness per ton between the 

options (incremental increase in cost 

between options divided by the 

incremental tons reduced). 

In determining whether a given 

measure is reasonable, States may 

31 EPA Air Pollution Control Cost Manual—Sixth 

Edition (EPA 452/B–02–001), EPA Office of Air 

Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle 

Park, NC, Jan 2002. 

consider costs per ton of other measures 

previously employed to reduce that 

pollutant, but similar costs are not 

conclusive. As discussed above, States 

may evaluate equity considerations in 

weighing the economic feasibility of 

imposing a measure on a given source 

or source category. 

We anticipate that States may decide 

upon RACT and RACM controls that 

differ from State to State, based on the 

State’s determination of the most 

effective strategies given the relevant 

mixture of sources and potential 

controls in the relevant nonattainment 

areas, and differences in the difficulty of 

reaching attainment. 

In considering what level of control is 

reasonable, EPA is not proposing a fixed 

dollar per ton cost threshold for RACT, 

consistent with the views of multiple 

commenters. Areas with more serious 

air quality problems typically will need 

to obtain greater levels of emissions 

reductions from local sources than areas 

with less serious problems. Where 

essential reductions are more difficult to 

achieve (e.g., because many sources are 

already controlled), the cost per ton of 

control may necessarily be higher. 

It is not appropriate to assume that 

the same cost per ton range is 

reasonable for direct PM2.5 and different 

precursors, because an equal amount of 

emission reduction in different 

pollutants has a different impact on 

PM2.5 ambient levels. For example, in a 

given nonattainment area, reductions of 

direct PM2.5 emissions may prove more 

expensive than reductions of NOX 

emissions, but the resulting benefits of 

reductions of direct PM2.5 might warrant 

the higher costs. A State should 

consider this differential impact on 

ambient PM2.5 in considering RACT for 

controlling different pollutants. During 

the SIP process, States and regional 

planning organizations typically 

conduct sensitivity modeling that can 

provide this information. Also, the PM 

NAAQS RIA provides information on 

the differential impact of PM2.5 and PM 

precursor reductions on ambient PM2.5 

levels in various areas.32 

One of the factors that could affect 

estimated compliance costs of an 

emission reduction measure is the 

timing of its implementation. 

Hypothetically, if a short compliance 

period were contemplated for a set of 

sources, and if the short compliance 

32 See: U.S. EPA 2006. Regulatory Impact 

Analysis for the Particulate Matter National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards. Air Benefits and 

Cost Group, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, October 6, 

2006. Appendix A provides an analysis of estimated 

benefits and costs of attaining the 1997 PM NAAQS 

standards in 2015. 

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period resulted in high demand for a 

limited supply of labor or other 

resources, compliance costs could be 

higher than if the same measure were 

implemented by a later compliance 

date. In such a case it may be reasonable 

for the State to find that the measure is 

reasonable only if implemented by the 

later date. 

If a source contends that a sourcespecific RACT level should be 

established because it cannot afford the 

technology that appears to be RACT for 

other sources in its source category, the 

source can support its claim with such 

information as: 

—Fixed and variable production costs 

($/unit) 

—Product supply and demand 

elasticity, 

—Product prices (cost absorption vs. 

cost pass-through), 

—Expected costs incurred by 

competitors, 

—Company profits once the technology 

or measure is in operation 

(considering the annualized costs and 

the marginal costs of alternative 

technologies and measures), 

—Employment costs, and 

—Any other unique factor(s) particular 

to the individual source. 

Finally, the EPA clarifies that if the 

State demonstrates through economic 

analysis that the imposition of the 

measure would cause unacceptable 

economic disruption for the local 

economy, that is, a plant shutdown or 

a severe curtailment in plant 

employment or output, a State may 

reject the measure as not reasonable to 

reach attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Some commenters agreed 

with EPA’s proposal not to establish 

presumptive cost-effectiveness 

thresholds. 

Response: The EPA agrees with the 

commenters. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

expressed concerns over the references 

to health benefits as a consideration in 

whether measures are technically or 

economically available. Some 

commenters believed this is a 

consideration not authorized by the 

CAA. Others believed that consideration 

of benefits, in combination with EPA’s 

estimates of benefits per ton, would 

have the effect of converting RACT to 

more stringent LAER levels. Some 

commenters expressed concerns 

whether States had the resources or 

expertise to conduct cost-benefit 

analyses for this purpose. 

Response: The EPA wishes to clarify 

that the reference to health benefits does 

not mean that a cost-benefit, or a 

detailed health benefits assessment, is a 

necessary part of a control strategy 

demonstration. We also wish to clarify 

that EPA is not requiring that the costs 

of all technologies and measures for 

PM2.5 and precursors be deemed 

acceptable at any dollar/ton levels at or 

below the calculated monetized benefits 

per ton of reduction. We do, however, 

continue to believe that the significant 

benefits associated with PM2.5 ambient 

reductions is a relevant consideration in 

control strategy development. The EPA 

disagrees that this limited consideration 

of benefits would convert the RACT 

process to the equivalent of LAER. 

Comment: One commenter objected to 

EPA’s proposed requirement that States 

consider competitive factors such as 

production costs, demand elasticity, 

product prices, and cost incurred by 

competitors in the determination of 

RACT. The commenter believed that 

this information is generally not 

accessible to States or industrial facility 

owners, and is not necessary for a RACT 

determination. 

Response: The EPA generally 

disagrees that this type of information is 

unavailable. For example, EPA 

calculates or reviews this type of data 

on a regular basis as part of our work on 

MACT, NSPS, and other emissions 

standards. A document that describes 

these types of analyses and the data 

used to prepare them is the OAQPS 

Economic Resource Manual found at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ 

analguid.html. EPA believes that this 

issue is most relevant to category-wide 

RACT rules where a source seeks a caseby-case exemption. Further, EPA 

believes most RACT determinations will 

be developed through case-by-case 

analyses rather than rules affecting 

entire source categories. Accordingly, 

this analysis likely will be relevant in 

few cases. 

6. What Specific Source Categories and 

Control Measures Should a State 

Evaluate When Determining RACT and 

RACM for a Nonattainment Area? 

a. Background 

Section 172 does not provide a 

specific list of source categories and 

control measures that must be evaluated 

for RACT and RACM for PM2.5. 

However, section 172(c)(3) indicates 

that the attainment plan must include a 

‘‘comprehensive, accurate, current, 

inventory of actual emissions from all 

sources of the relevant pollutant.’’ This 

indicates that States should look 

broadly at the different types of sources 

in the nonattainment area. We recognize 

that PM2.5 is a new NAAQS without a 

long history of implementation as with 

ozone. Therefore, we included a list of 

potential RACM measures in the 

preamble to the proposed rule, based 

upon a review of information about the 

contribution of various sources to 

emissions inventories and a review of 

potential control measures for such 

sources. We requested comment on the 

specific sources and potential control 

measures recommended for RACM 

analysis on this list. Based on comments 

received and additional information 

available to EPA since the proposal, we 

have made some changes to the list. We 

also refer to this list of potential ‘‘RACT 

and RACM’’ measures for the combined 

approach to RACT and RACM in the 

final rule. 

In the preamble to the proposed rule, 

EPA indicated that due to the short time 

available, it does not plan to develop 

new control techniques guidance (CTG) 

or ACT documents specifically for 

purposes of PM2.5 implementation. The 

EPA indicated that other information 

was available on control technologies, 

and EPA also indicated its intention to 

maintain an updated list of references 

for new PM2.5 control technology 

information. 

b. Final Rule 

Emission reduction measures 

constituting RACM should be 

determined on an area-by-area basis. We 

believe that a State should consider 

each of the measures listed in this 

section to determine if each measure is 

reasonably available in the applicable 

nonattainment area. However, we do not 

presume that each of these measures is 

reasonably available in each 

nonattainment area. 

We recommend that each State use 

the list of source categories in this 

section as a starting point for identifying 

potentially available control strategies 

(regulatory and voluntary) for a 

nonattainment area. States are 

encouraged and expected to add other 

potentially available measures to the list 

based on its knowledge of the particular 

universe of emissions sources in the 

area and comments from the general 

public. We expect that, depending on 

the potential measure being analyzed, 

the State’s degree of evaluation will vary 

as appropriate. Detailed information on 

emission control technologies is 

available from a number of sources.33 

The EPA intends to maintain a website 

with links to sources of information for 

33 There are a number of sources of information 

on technologies for reducing emissions of PM2.5 and 

its precursors. Links are provided to a number of 

national, state and local air quality agency sites 

from EPA’s PM2.5 Web site: http://www.epa.gov/ 

pm/measures.html. 

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controlling emissions of direct 

particulate matter and PM precursors. 

As discussed in section II.J.5. above, 

EPA recognizes that control technology 

guidance for certain source categories 

has not been updated for many years. 

Section 183(c) of the CAA, which 

addresses control technologies to 

address ozone nonattainment problems, 

requires EPA to ‘‘revise and update such 

documents as the Administrator 

determines necessary.’’ As new or 

updated information becomes available 

States should consider the new 

information in their RACT 

determinations. A State should consider 

the new information in any RACT 

determinations or certifications that 

have not been issued by the State as of 

the time such updated information 

becomes available. 

Stationary Source Measures 

—Stationary diesel engine retrofit, 

rebuild or replacement, with 

catalyzed particle filter 

—New or upgraded emission control 

requirements for direct PM2.5 

emissions at stationary sources (e.g., 

installation or improved performance 

of control devices such as a baghouse 

or electrostatic precipitator; revised 

opacity standard; improved 

compliance monitoring methods) 

—Improved capture of particulate 

emissions to increase the amount of 

PM2.5 ducted to control devices, and 

to minimize the amount of PM2.5 

emitted to the atmosphere, for 

example, through roof monitors 

—New or upgraded emission controls 

for PM2.5 precursors at stationary 

sources (e.g., SO2 controls such as wet 

or dry scrubbers, or reduced sulfur 

content in fuel; desulfurization of 

coke oven gas at coke ovens; 

improved sulfur recovery at refineries; 

increasing the recovery efficiency at 

sulfuric acid plants) 

—Energy efficiency measures to reduce 

fuel consumption and associated 

pollutant emissions (either from local 

sources or distant power providers) 

—Measures to reduce fugitive dust from 

industrial sites 

Mobile Source Measures 

—Onroad diesel engine retrofits for 

school buses,34 trucks and transit 

buses using EPA-verified technologies 

34 See Clean School Bus USA program at http:// 

www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/. See also: ‘‘What You 

Should Know About Diesel Exhaust and School Bus 

Idling,’’ (June 2003, EPA420–F–03–021) at http:// 

www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/documents/f03021.pdf. 

—Nonroad diesel engine retrofit, rebuild 

or replacement, with catalyzed 

particle filter 35 

—Diesel idling programs for trucks, 

locomotive, and other mobile 

sources 36 

—Transportation control measures 

(including those listed in section 

108(f) of the CAA as well as other 

TCMs), as well as other transportation 

demand management and 

transportation systems management 

strategies 37 

—Programs to reduce emissions or 

accelerate retirement of high emitting 

vehicles, boats, and lawn and garden 

equipment 

—Emissions testing and repair/ 

maintenance programs for onroad 

vehicles 

—Emissions testing and repair/ 

maintenance programs for nonroad 

heavy-duty vehicles and equipment 38 

—Programs to expand use of clean 

burning fuels 39 

—Low emissions specifications for 

equipment or fuel used for large 

construction contracts, industrial 

facilities, ship yards, airports, and 

public or private vehicle fleets 

—Opacity or other emissions standards 

for ‘‘gross-emitting’’ diesel equipment 

or vessels 

Area Source Measures 

—New open burning regulations and/or 

measures to improve program 

effectiveness such as programs to 

reduce or eliminate burning of land 

clearing vegetation 

—Programs to reduce emissions from 

woodstoves and fireplaces including 

outreach programs, curtailments 

during days with expected high 

ambient levels of PM2.5, and programs 

to encourage replacement of 

woodstoves when houses are sold 

—Controls on emissions from 

charbroiling or other commercial 

cooking operations 

—Reduced solvent usage or solvent 

substitution (particularly for organic 

compounds with 7 carbon atoms or 

more, such as toluene, xylene, and 

trimethyl benzene) 

35 See EPA’s voluntary diesel retrofit program 

Web site at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/ 

overfleetowner.htm. 

36 See EPA’s voluntary diesel retrofit program 

Web site at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/retrofit/ 

idling.htm. 

37 See EPA’s Web site on transportation control 

measures at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/transp/ 

traqtcms.htm. 

38 See EPA’s Web site on nonroad engines, 

equipment, and vehicles at http://www.epa.gov/ 

otaq/nonroad.htm. 

39 Fuels adopted in SIPs must be consistent with 

the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and EPA guidance 

on SIP-approved boutique fuels at 71 FR 78192 

(December 28, 2006). 

Category-Specific Guidelines on 

innovative approaches. The EPA has 

issued a number of category specific 

guidelines on approaches to taking into 

account innovative approaches to 

emissions reductions for purposes of 

SIPs. Categories currently covered by 

these guidelines include: (1) Electricsector Energy Efficiency and Renewable 

Energy Measures; (2) Long Duration 

Switch Yard Locomotive Idling; (3) 

Long Duration Truck Idling; (4) Clean 

Diesel Combustion Technology; and (5) 

Commuter Choice Programs. See http:// 

www.epa.gov/ttn/airinnovations/ 

measure_specific.html. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Some commenters 

recommended that EPA provide new 

CTGs or other control technology review 

documents for purposes of assisting 

States to address PM2.5 and its 

precursors, because the information in 

some current documents is out-dated. 

Response: The EPA recognizes that 

issuance of new or updated CTGs 

specifically tailored for PM2.5 would be 

useful. Unfortunately, limitations on 

time and resources preclude EPA from 

developing such CTGs in advance of the 

SIP submission date. The EPA cannot 

delay the statutorily specified outer date 

for SIP submission. However, EPA 

believes that there are already many 

sources of information and guidance on 

key source categories. To the extent that 

States need to examine potential control 

measures for sources never addressed 

before in any area or other context for 

a previous NAAQS, EPA anticipates that 

it will work closely with States during 

the process of plan development and 

approval to ensure an appropriate 

approach. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

expressed concerns with references to 

the STAPPA and ALAPCO Menu of 

Options document. Some commenters 

believed that this document must be 

subject to formal review and comment 

to ensure appropriate stakeholder input. 

Response: The language in the final 

preamble has been changed to refer to 

a Web site EPA maintains that provides 

access to a variety of information 

sources regarding control technologies 

that may be useful to States to consider 

in developing their PM2.5 SIPs. These 

links include evaluations developed by 

government and nongovernment 

organizations. One such source with 

potentially useful information is the 

STAPPA and ALAPCO Menu of 

Options. However, EPA is not 

specifically endorsing any of the 

specific evaluations as being 

appropriate in any specific situation. 

Rather, we think documents such as the 

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20622 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

Menu of Options provide potentially 

useful ideas. Specifically, States would 

need to assess which items on the menu 

are applicable in their areas, and will 

have to assess the costs of applying 

controls locally. Accordingly, there 

would be ample opportunity for public 

review of the State’s analysis of the local 

cost and air quality impacts of any 

measure listed in the document which 

is included in a State’s SIP. The EPA is 

not requiring that States adhere to the 

list of measures in the Menu of Options. 

The EPA does not in any way mean to 

imply that the measures in the Menu of 

Options are presumed to be RACM, 

merely that they are potential controls 

for areas to consider. The Menu of 

Options has no regulatory significance 

and thus need not be issued through 

notice-and-comment rulemaking. The 

EPA notes, however, that the Menu of 

Options does provide a broad list of 

potential sources and measures that can 

help inform States in the development 

of their plans. Similarly, our own list of 

potential measures is not intended to be 

a categorical list of measures which 

States must adopt, rather it is intended 

to provide guidance about the types of 

sources and measures that States can 

consider in constructing their 

attainment plans. The EPA emphasizes 

that whether a source category or 

potential measure is or is not on this list 

is simply not conclusive as to whether 

a given measure is appropriate to 

consider in the RACT and RACM 

analysis. That can be determined only 

through the State’s development of the 

attainment plan, and EPA’s evaluation 

of such plan. 

Comment: A commenter representing 

the paper industry interpreted the 

proposed rule as requiring electrostatic 

precipitator and tighter sulfur-in-fuel 

requirements for the forest products 

industry. The commenter believed that 

EPA was creating limits for such sources 

without adequate rulemaking process. 

Response: The EPA disagrees that the 

listing of control technologies in the 

table in the rule creates a ‘‘rebuttable 

presumption.’’ Rather, the table 

identifies potential opportunities for 

emissions reductions which should be 

reviewed in light of technical and 

economic feasibility, and which a State 

should consider in a list of possible 

RACT and RACM measures for purposes 

of attaining the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable. The EPA is 

currently conducting a sector-based 

approach to the paper industry. One of 

the goals of the sector initiative on pulp 

and paper is to work with the industry 

to identify reductions in SO2 and PM2.5 

that will assist us in meeting the 

NAAQS, considering facility locations, 

magnitude of emissions, emission 

stream characteristics, and cost 

effectiveness of controls. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

believed that EPA should develop not 

only a list of measures to consider for 

RACM, but should develop a list of 

mandatory measures that States should 

include, particularly for areas with 

attainment dates more than 5 years after 

designation. 

Response: See discussion in section 

II.D.3 regarding rule requirements for 

attainment date extensions and the issue 

of whether certain measures should be 

mandatory in order for an area to 

receive an extension. 

Comment: Some commenters believed 

that the list of possible measures was 

deficient in not including sources of 

PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors from 

agricultural sources. One commenter 

believed the list is incomplete without 

identifying the contribution of ammonia 

emissions associated with livestock, 

poultry, and crop fertilizers. 

Response: As we indicated in the 

proposal, we included a list of potential 

RACM measures in the preamble to the 

proposed rule, based upon a review of 

information about the contribution of 

various sources to the emissions 

inventories and a review of potential 

control measures for such sources. We 

did not identify emissions from 

agricultural sources in this review. 

Because ammonia is not presumed to be 

a PM2.5 precursor unless identified for a 

specific area by the State or EPA, 

regulation of ammonia emissions from 

agricultural sources may not be 

necessary. 

We also note that the agricultural 

industry presents unique challenges to 

regulators given the nature of relevant 

emissions sources. Moreover, we 

currently lack good methods to quantify 

agricultural emissions, and we do not 

fully understand their contribution to 

nonattainment problems. We have 

entered into an agreement with several 

animal producer sectors to monitor 

animal feeding operations to develop 

better tools to assess emissions from this 

industry. Hopefully, these tools will 

enhance our knowledge of agricultural 

emissions and their contribution to 

nonattainment problems. Until 

emissions from these sources are better 

understood, States should be judicious 

in determining whether any specific 

measure is RACT/RACM for this 

industry. 

The EPA recognizes that the United 

States Department of Agriculture 

(USDA) has been working with the 

agricultural community to develop 

conservation systems and activities to 

control coarse particle emissions. Based 

on current ambient monitoring 

information, these USDA-approved 

conservation systems and activities have 

proven to be effective in controlling 

these emissions in areas where coarse 

particles emitted from agricultural 

activities have been identified as a 

contributor to a violation of the PM10 

NAAQS. The EPA has found that where 

USDA-approved conservation systems 

and activities have been implemented, 

these systems and activities have 

satisfied the Agency’s reasonably 

available control measure and best 

available control measure requirements 

for areas needing to attain the PM10 

standards. 

The EPA believes that in the future, 

certain USDA-approved conservation 

systems and activities that reduce 

agricultural emissions of fine particles 

may be able to satisfy the requirements 

of applicable sources to implement 

reasonably available control measures 

for purposes of attaining the PM2.5 

NAAQS. The EPA will work with States 

to identify appropriate measures to meet 

their RACM requirements, including 

site-specific conservation systems and 

activities. The EPA will continue to 

work with USDA to prioritize the 

development of new conservation 

systems and activities; demonstrate and 

improve, where necessary, the control 

efficiencies of existing conservation 

systems and activities; and ensure that 

appropriate criteria are used for 

identifying the most effective 

application of conservation systems and 

activities. 

Comment: Some commenters raised 

concerns about a statement in the 

proposal that ‘‘[i]n addressing a 

nonattainment area having military 

training, testing and operational 

activities occurring within it, the State 

should not need to target these activities 

for emission reductions.’’ Some 

commenters interpreted this statement 

as an exemption from any emission 

reduction requirements for military 

sources. 

Response: The statement in the 

proposal was not intended as an 

exemption for all military activities. 

Emissions potentially contributing to 

PM2.5 concentrations at military 

installations originate from a variety of 

sources: basic operational activities 

(such as power generation, other fuel 

combustion, and transportation to and 

from residences, offices, and schools); 

and from field training and testing 

activities (such as personnel training, 

obscurants used in training, operation of 

nonroad vehicles and equipment, and 

related prescribed burning operations). 

The EPA believes that in evaluating 

emissions for a specific nonattainment 

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area having military activities occurring 

within it, the State should consult with 

DOD for information on the nature of 

these activities and their associated 

emissions. 

With regard to military training 

activities specifically, such activities are 

periodic in nature, and when they do 

occur, the principal type of emissions 

generated by these activities is dust (i.e. 

inorganic direct PM emissions) from 

field operations. Other pollutants may 

be emitted to a lesser degree from 

certain onroad and nonroad motor 

vehicles. While military training 

activities may contribute some degree of 

primary PM2.5 emissions to certain 

nonattainment area inventories, the 

fugitive dust generated from military 

training activities is predominantly 

composed of coarse PM rather than fine 

PM. 

Based on data from the PM2.5 

speciation monitoring network operated 

by EPA and the States, the contribution 

of inorganic dust to total PM2.5 mass on 

an annual average basis is relatively low 

in most nonattainment areas, on the 

order of 0.5 to 1.5 micrograms per cubic 

meter (generally 10% or less of total 

PM2.5 mass). Dust from military training 

activities would be a subset of these 

levels. Depending on the available 

information and specific circumstances 

for a particular area, a State could find 

in its SIP development analyses that 

direct PM2.5 emissions from military 

training activities do not significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the 

nonattainment area, and therefore 

would not need to target military 

training activities for emission 

reductions in its attainment plan.40 

7. How Should States Consider EGU 

Reductions for CAIR in Meeting RACT/ 

RACM Requirements? 

a. Background 

In section III.I.11 of the preamble to 

the proposed rule, we discussed the 

nature of the SO2 and NOX RACT 

obligations of electric generating unit 

(EGU) sources in states subject to the 

CAIR emission reduction requirements. 

40 Windblown dust from agricultural tilling 

activities also can be a periodic source of inorganic 

PM in some areas. In some cases such dust would 

be expected to be predominantly composed of 

coarse PM rather than fine PM. Depending on the 

available information and specific circumstances 

for a particular area, it is possible that a State could 

find in its SIP development analyses that direct 

PM2.5 emissions from agricultural tilling activities 

do not significantly contribute to annual average 

PM2.5 concentrations in the nonattainment area, and 

therefore would not need to require emission 

reductions from agricultural tilling activities in the 

plan for attaining the annual standard. However, 

States should be mindful of the contribution of 

these sources to 24-hour fine particle 

concentrations. 

The CAIR rulemaking was finalized in 

March 2005 and published at 70 FR 

25221 (May 12, 2005). CAIR requires 28 

states and the District of Columbia to 

significantly reduce emissions of SO2 

and/or NOX. The 26 jurisdictions in the 

CAIR PM2.5 region are required to 

reduce annual emissions of SO2 and 

NOX, and the 26 jurisdictions in the 

CAIR ozone region are required to 

reduce seasonal emissions of NOX. 

These jurisdictions also have the option 

of participating in EPA-administered 

annual SO2, annual NOX, and seasonal 

NOX cap-and-trade programs (the CAIR 

trading programs) to meet these 

emission reduction requirements. In 

addition, in March 2006, EPA 

promulgated a Federal implementation 

plan (FIP) to implement CAIR in these 

jurisdictions until they have EPA 

approved CAIR SIPs in place (71 FR 

25328, April 28, 2006). The FIP adopts, 

as the control measure, the CAIR trading 

programs slightly modified to allow for 

Federal instead of State implementation. 

When fully implemented, CAIR will 

reduce SO2 emissions in these 

jurisdictions by over 70 percent and 

NOX emissions by over 60 percent from 

2003 levels. This will result in $85 to 

$100 billion in health benefits and 

nearly $2 billion in visibility benefits 

per year by 2015 and will substantially 

reduce premature mortality in the 

eastern United States. The benefits will 

continue to grow over time as the 

program is fully implemented (i.e., the 

SO2 emission bank is depleted and the 

final cap is met), and as growth in 

populations and the aging of the 

population continues (which increases 

the susceptible population). 

Sources subject to cap-and-trade 

programs such as the CAIR trading 

programs generally have the option of 

installing emissions control technology, 

adopting some other strategy to reduce 

emissions, or purchasing emissions 

allowances and thereby effectively 

paying other sources covered by the cap 

to reduce emissions. In the proposal, we 

noted that a number of EGUs expected 

to be covered by the CAIR trading 

programs are located in nonattainment 

areas. Based on emissions projections 

for 2010 and 2015 using the Integrated 

Planning Model (IPM), some of these 

EGUs are expected to comply with CAIR 

by purchasing allowances under the 

trading program and some are expected 

to comply by installing emission 

controls. 

The proposal also described our past 

experience with the implementation of 

the NOX SIP Call and our belief that 

many power companies will develop 

their strategies for complying with CAIR 

based, in part, on consultations with 

State and local air quality officials in 

order to address local PM2.5 and ozone 

attainment planning needs. The EPA 

suggested that consultations on location 

of CAIR controls would be timely 

during State development of the CAIR 

SIP, which is due in 2006, prior to the 

April 2008 deadline for submitting 

PM2.5 nonattainment area SIPs. 

The EPA proposed a determination 

that in States that fulfill their CAIR SO2 

emission reductions entirely through 

EGU emission reductions (i.e. without 

reductions from non-EGU sources or 

allowing non-EGU sources to opt-in to 

the CAIR SO2 trading program), 

participation in the CAIR SO2 trading 

program would satisfy the SO2 RACT 

requirement for the EGU sources. The 

EPA also proposed that in states that 

fulfill their CAIR NOX emission 

reductions entirely through EGU 

emission reductions, CAIR would 

satisfy NOX RACT for the EGU sources, 

provided that those sources with 

existing selective catalytic reduction 

(SCR) emission control technology 

installed on their boilers operate that 

technology on a year-round basis 

beginning in 2009. Note that direct 

PM2.5 emissions are not addressed by 

the CAIR program, and EPA did not 

propose any determination that 

compliance with CAIR would satisfy 

RACT for direct PM2.5 emissions. The 

proposal included a discussion of the 

rationale for these proposed 

determinations for SO2 and NOX, and 

requested comments on the issue. 

b. Final Rule 

As discussed in section II.F.2 on our 

overall policy for RACT and RACM, we 

consider an area’s obligation to 

implement RACT to be part of the area’s 

overall RACM obligation—to adopt 

those reasonably available measures 

needed to reach PM2.5 attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable. The final 

rule also reflects this combined RACT/ 

RACM approach regarding EGU control 

obligations under CAIR and the extent 

to which meeting CAIR also satisfies a 

source’s RACT and RACM requirements 

for attainment. 

Specifically, the final rule includes a 

presumption that in States that fulfill 

their CAIR SO2 emission reduction 

requirements entirely through EGU 

emission reductions (i.e. without 

reductions from non-EGU sources or 

allowing non-EGU sources to opt in to 

the CAIR SO2 trading program), 

compliance by EGU sources with an 

EPA-approved CAIR SIP or a CAIR FIP 

would satisfy their SO2 RACT/RACM 

requirements for attaining the fine 

particle NAAQS. This section also 

includes a presumption that in States 

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20624 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

that are subject to CAIR annual NOX 

emission reduction requirements and 

fulfill these requirements entirely 

through EGU emission reductions (i.e. 

without reductions from non-EGU 

sources or allowing non-EGU sources to 

opt in to the CAIR annual NOX trading 

program), compliance by EGU sources 

with an EPA-approved CAIR SIP or a 

CAIR FIP would satisfy the NOX RACT/ 

RACM requirement for the PM2.5 

NAAQS, provided that the sources with 

existing selective catalytic reduction 

(SCR) emission control technology 

installed on their boilers operate that 

technology on a year-round basis 

beginning in 2009. This final position is 

based on a number of factors identified 

in the proposal and discussed below. 

Many PM2.5 nonattainment areas are 

projected to achieve significant SO2 and 

NOX reductions under the CAIR 

program. We do not believe that 

requiring source-specific RACT/RACM 

controls on specified EGUs in 

nonattainment areas would reduce total 

SO2 and NOX emissions from sources 

covered by CAIR below the regionwide 

levels that will be achieved under CAIR 

alone. Nor do we believe that ‘‘beyond 

CAIR’’ EGU controls for SO2 and NOX 

are ‘‘reasonably available’’ control 

measures for most areas within the 

CAIR Region. Accordingly, most States 

need not evaluate additional control 

measures on EGUs to satisfy RACT/ 

RACM requirements as explained above. 

As discussed previously, we are not 

requiring that States impose RACT on 

any specific size or type of source. 

Instead, States must conduct a RACT/ 

RACM analysis considering measures 

that are ‘‘reasonably available’’ to meet 

the overarching requirement to attain 

the standards as expeditiously as 

practicable. Thus, the final rule imposes 

no specific requirement on States to 

impose RACT/RACM on EGUs. 

Nonetheless, in evaluating RACT/ 

RACM for EGUs, EPA believes it is 

appropriate for States (states that 

achieve all reductions from EGUs) to 

consider the special attributes of that 

group of facilities including the unique 

interrelated nature of the power supply 

network, and their participation in the 

CAIR program. For EGUs in the CAIR 

region, based upon the presumption 

explained here, States may define 

RACT/RACM as the CAIR level of 

control on the collective group of 

sources in the region rather than impose 

a specific level of control on an 

individual source. This approach is 

similar to the Agency’s past ‘‘bubble’’ 

policy, as discussed in section (c) 

addressing comments on the proposal. 

As discussed more fully in the CAIR 

final rulemaking notice, EPA has set the 

2009 and 2010 CAIR caps for SO2 and 

NOX at a level that will require EGUs to 

install emission controls on the 

maximum total capacity on which it is 

feasible to install emission controls by 

those dates. The EPA concluded that the 

CAIR compliance dates represent an 

aggressive schedule that reflects the 

limitations of the labor pool, and 

equipment/vendor availability, and 

need for electrical generation reliability 

for installation of emission controls. 

Although the actual SO2 cap does not 

become effective until 2010, we 

designed banking provisions in CAIR so 

that covered EGUs will begin to reduce 

their SO2 emissions almost immediately 

after CAIR is finalized, and will 

continue steadily to reduce their 

emissions in anticipation of the 2010 

cap and the more stringent cap that 

becomes effective in 2015. The 2015 

SO2 and NOX caps are specifically 

designed to eliminate all SO2 and NOX 

emissions from EGUs that are highly 

cost effective to control (the first caps 

represent an interim step toward that 

end). 

Moreover, we predicted that the 

majority of large coal-fired utilities will 

install advanced control technologies 

under CAIR because the larger and 

higher emitting source offer an 

opportunity to obtain more costeffective emissions reductions. We 

expect that the largest-emitting sources 

will be the first to install SO2 and NOX 

control technology and that such control 

technology will gradually be installed 

on progressively smaller-emitting 

sources until the ultimate cap is 

reached. As a result, few, if any coalfired units with greater than 600 MW of 

operating capacity should operate in 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas without 

advanced control after full 

implementation of CAIR. Of the 

remaining units operating without 

advanced pollution controls, a great 

many of these units will have operating 

capacities below 300 MW. We predict 

that these units ‘‘will be utilized less 

often,’’ and ‘‘typically have baghouses 

and electrostatic precipitators for 

particulate control, have combustion 

controls for NOX control, and burn lowsulfur coal.’’ See ‘‘Contributions of 

CAIR/CAMR/CAVR to NAAQS 

Attainment: Focus on Control 

Technologies and Emission Reductions 

in the Electric Power Sector,’’ Office of 

Air and Radiation, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, April 18, 2006 

(available at http://www.epa.gov/ 

airmarkets/cair/analyses/ 

naaqsattainment.pdf). In light of these 

expected results, we generally believe 

that the cost to install additional 

controls on these smaller units would be 

unreasonable. 

We are also concerned that if States 

require specific EGUs to install 

advanced pollution control measures, it 

could interfere with the market-based 

incentives inherent in the cap and trade 

program. This could increase the cost of 

compliance and shift the location of the 

units that would otherwise opt to install 

advanced emissions controls. Such a 

result may be counterproductive to that 

State’s attainment efforts, as the State 

may forego a larger quantity of more 

beneficial reductions in transported 

pollutants, in exchange for a smaller 

quantity and less beneficial reduction in 

local emissions. Moreover, it may 

reduce the benefits expected in other 

nonattainment areas as well. 

Accordingly, even if a State found the 

cost to control an individual unit 

acceptable on a cost per ton basis, the 

potential overall disbenefit of control 

may nonetheless make imposition of the 

control not ‘‘reasonably available.’’ 

The EPA finds that the control 

installations projected to result from 

CAIR NOX and SO2 caps in 2009 and 

2010 are as much as feasible from EGUS 

across the CAIR Region by those dates. 

In fact, if states chose to require smalleremitting sources in nonattainment areas 

to meet source-specific RACT 

requirements by 2009, they would likely 

use labor and other resources that 

would otherwise be used for emission 

controls on larger sources. Because of 

economies of scale, more boiler-makers 

may be required per megawatt of power 

generation for smaller units than larger 

units. In this case, the imposition of 

source-specific RACT/RACM on smaller 

emitting sources by 2009 could actually 

reduce the amount of banking that 

would otherwise occur and result in 

higher SO2 emissions in 2009 as 

compared to the level that would result 

from implementation of CAIR alone. 

In any event, the imposition of 

source-specific control requirements on 

a limited number of sources also 

covered by a cap-and-trade program 

would not reduce the total regionwide 

emissions from sources subject to the 

program. Under a cap-and-trade 

program such as CAIR, a given number 

of allowances are issued in order to 

achieve a given emission level. Sourcespecific control requirements within the 

CAIR program may affect the temporal 

distribution of emissions (by reducing 

banking and thus delaying early 

reductions) or the spatial distribution of 

emissions (by moving them around from 

one place to another), but they would 

not affect total regional emissions under 

the program. If source-specific 

requirements were targeted at the units 

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that could be controlled most costeffectively, then the imposition of 

source-specific controls would likely 

achieve the same result as the cap-andtrade program. If not, however, the 

imposition of source-specific 

requirements would make any given 

level of emission reduction more costly 

than it would be under the cap-andtrade program alone. Thus, the 

imposition of source-specific RACT on 

EGUs covered by CAIR would not 

reduce total regionwide emissions, but 

would likely achieve emission 

reductions under the program in a more 

costly way. 

Given the considerations described 

above, we think that in many areas 

additional controls on EGUs generally 

would not be ‘‘reasonably available.’’ 

Notwithstanding these conclusions, we 

recognize that States are in the best 

position to determine how best to 

achieve attainment with the PM2.5 

NAAQS in light of local needs and 

conditions. As we acknowledged in our 

proposed rule, power plant operators 

typically have ongoing relationships 

with the State and local officials 

involved in air quality planning. We 

expect that power plants will continue 

to collaborate with State officials to 

determine how best to address multiple 

air quality goals, and which plant 

locations to control under CAIR, 

considering local PM2.5 and ozone 

attainment needs. 

The EPA expects States and local air 

agencies to identify reasonably available 

control measures that are necessary and 

reasonable to attain the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable; and that 

after consulting with power companies, 

the State may conclude that establishing 

additional ‘‘beyond CAIR’’ emission 

control requirements on specific sources 

in nonattainment areas is warranted to 

provide for attainment as expeditiously 

as practicable. Nevertheless, in 

preparing the overall attainment 

demonstration, States should be aware 

of the expected benefits of the marketbased incentives of the CAIR program, 

the cost effectiveness of control, 

feasibility of implementation, and any 

disbenefits that would result from 

requiring ‘‘beyond CAIR’’ controls on 

any specific EGU before concluding that 

additional controls on EGUs are 

‘‘reasonably available’’ and necessary to 

satisfy RACT/RACM requirements. 

Year-round NOX controls. In the CAIR 

final rulemaking notice, EPA found that 

the operation of existing SCRs on a yearround basis, instead of operating them 

only during the ozone season, could 

achieve NOX reductions at low cost 

relative to other available NOX controls. 

The EPA projected that power 

generators would employ this control 

measure to comply with CAIR SIPs. 

Based on this control opportunity, EPA 

estimated the average cost of non-ozoneseason NOX control at $500/ton. These 

considerations support a finding that 

RACT should include year-round 

operation of existing SCRs that are 

located in PM2.5 nonattainment areas. 

Because all PM2.5 nonattainment areas 

violate the annual form of the PM2.5 

standard and public health can be 

affected by high PM2.5 levels in the 

winter as well as the summer, we 

believe that year-round operation of 

existing SCR that are located in 

nonattainment areas where NOX is an 

attainment plan precursor will provide 

additional health benefits for relatively 

low dollar cost per ton of pollutant 

reduced. 

In the proposal notice, EPA proposed 

to define ‘‘existing’’ SCRs as those units 

that were in place by the date of the 

proposed rule (November 1, 2005). We 

selected this date rather than the final 

date to avoid creating an incentive to 

delay installation of new SCR. Today, 

we finalize our proposed approach with 

one clarification. To avoid confusion 

over the proper interpretation of the 

phrase ‘‘in place,’’ we are clarifying that 

an existing SCR is one which is fully 

installed and capable of operation by 

November 1, 2005. 

We also proposed that these existing 

SCR begin year-round operations no 

later than January 1, 2009 to qualify as 

RACT/RACM under our presumptive 

approach. We noted that year round 

operation of existing SCR involves little 

to no alteration of existing equipment, 

and that EGUs could conduct any 

required work during normal outages. 

Today, after taking these factors into 

account, we finalize our proposed rule. 

The year-round operation requirement, 

however, will not be federally 

enforceable to individual EGUs until 

EPA approves a State’s SIP including 

the requirement. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Some commenters 

supported the proposed determination 

described in section (a) that in States 

that fulfill their CAIR SO2 emission 

reduction requirements entirely through 

EGU emission reductions (i.e. without 

reductions from non-EGU sources or 

allowing non-EGU sources to opt in to 

the CAIR SO2 trading program), 

compliance by EGU sources with an 

EPA-approved CAIR SIP or a CAIR FIP 

would satisfy the SO2 RACT 

requirement for the sources; and in 

States that are subject to CAIR annual 

NOX emission reduction requirements 

and fulfill these requirements entirely 

through EGU emission reductions (i.e. 

without reductions from non-EGU 

sources or allowing non-EGU sources to 

opt in to the CAIR annual NOX trading 

program), compliance by EGU sources 

with an EPA-approved CAIR SIP or a 

CAIR FIP would satisfy the NOX RACT 

requirement for the sources, provided 

that the sources with existing selective 

catalytic reduction (SCR) emission 

control technology installed on their 

boilers operate that technology on a 

year-round basis beginning in 2009. One 

commenter supported EPA’s approach 

so long as States may pursue additional 

reductions from EGUs if needed for 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. A number of other 

commenters opposed the proposed 

determination regarding RACT for EGUs 

based on a number of issues. 

Response: Based on the rationale 

described in the sections above, the 

final rule includes a presumption that 

compliance with CAIR satisfies SO2 and 

NOX RACT/RACM requirements for 

EGUs in many areas. Nonetheless, States 

can require ‘‘beyond CAIR’’ EGU 

controls if a State determines that it is 

a necessary and reasonable means to 

attain the PM2.5 standards. Comments 

opposing this approach are addressed in 

more detail below. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

objected to the proposed determination, 

arguing that it would result in greater 

control requirements and economic 

burden on non-EGU sources located in 

nonattainment areas. These commenters 

urged EPA to adopt a final rule that 

provides for implementing the most 

cost-effective controls necessary to 

attain the standard. They assert that 

with the proposed finding that 

compliance with CAIR satisfies RACT 

for EGUs, the proposed rule would not 

provide for the most cost-effective 

approach to attainment. They argue EPA 

and States should develop costeffectiveness guidance that includes all 

stationary source control measures and 

they should develop SIPs based on the 

most economic means to attain the 

standard. They make several arguments 

to support this position. The 

commenters asserted that if an EGU 

control is more cost-effective than a 

non-EGU control, the EGU should be 

subject to ‘‘beyond-CAIR’’ controls. 

They also asserted that if EPA chooses 

to consider the CAIR rule as satisfying 

SO2 and NOX RACT for EGUs, then 

other sources should not be subjected to 

control costs greater than those found 

reasonable under CAIR (i.e., $800/ton). 

They believe it would be inequitable to 

require smaller sources to pay a higher 

cost for emissions reductions than larger 

sources, which are a more significant 

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contributor to the problem and which 

may be able to make more cost-effective 

emission reductions. One commenter 

also suggested that EPA should 

authorize a presumption that emissions 

reductions required on electric utilities 

under the CAIR will be equivalent to 

RACT only if a particular source in a 

CAIR State has installed controls that 

achieve the average level of control that 

EPA has projected will occur for the 

particular pollutant under the CAIR 

requirements. 

Response: The EPA has determined 

that implementation of the CAIR trading 

program represents highly cost-effective 

controls that will achieve widespread 

regional SO2 and NOX emissions 

reductions from EGUs and will provide 

significant air quality benefits for ozone 

and PM2.5 nonattainment areas. In 

developing attainment SIPs and 

identifying RACM, States will need to 

consider additional cost-effective and 

reasonable controls to reach attainment 

as expeditiously as practicable. The EPA 

does not agree with the commenter’s 

argument that controls on non-EGUs 

should be no more than the projected 

cost of EGU controls under CAIR. The 

EPA expects that in order to achieve 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable, some States may need to 

adopt control measures for some sources 

which cost more per ton but which still 

are considered to be reasonable and 

cost-effective. 

In addition, States must consider the 

economic feasibility of implementing a 

given control measure. Because of 

facility-specific factors, EPA believes it 

would be inappropriate to establish a 

threshold of control effectiveness (e.g. 

dollars per ton) based on control of 

EGUs and apply this threshold to all 

source categories. The ability of a source 

to cost-effectively reduce emissions is 

dependent on case-specific factors, 

including the ability of the given source 

to sustain the cost of control, and 

prevailing costs in the specific 

geographical location. A direct 

correlation between the size of an 

emissions source and the economic 

feasibility of controls for that source and 

location does not necessarily exist. 

We also disagree with the commenter 

who suggests that RACT requirements 

should only be satisfied if a source 

achieves an average level of control that 

EPA projects to occur under CAIR. The 

EPA maintains that the presumption 

that CAIR satisfies SO2 and NOX RACT/ 

RACM for EGUs in most areas is an 

appropriate policy. As discussed further 

below, we have always recognized that 

States could determine RACT for a 

single source or group of sources. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

opposed the proposed determination 

that CAIR would satisfy the SO2 and 

NOX RACT requirement for EGUs. The 

commenters argued that this 

determination is unlawful, that it does 

not comply with section 172(c)(1) of the 

CAA which requires RACT (i.e. controls 

that are technologically and 

economically feasible) ‘‘at a minimum’’ 

for all existing sources in the 

nonattainment area, that it would allow 

very large stationary sources to escape 

cost-effective controls entirely, and that 

it is largely based on the legallyirrelevant contention that CAIR will 

reduce emissions more cost-effectively 

than RACT. They claim that EPA has no 

authority to displace the 

Congressionally-mandated RACT 

requirement, that CAIR was designed to 

address regional pollution transport (not 

to be an attainment strategy), and that 

EPA should remove these proposed 

provisions in the final rule. Commenters 

claim that the EPA’s proposed approach 

to allow EGU emissions to be addressed 

solely through CAIR would undermine 

states’ efforts to meet the Federal PM2.5 

health standard, particularly when EGU 

sources are among the most costeffective to control. Another commenter 

claimed that EPA’s proposal allowing 

States that choose to fulfill their CAIR 

requirements entirely through emission 

reductions from EGUs to also use CAIR 

to satisfy their SO2 and NOX PM2.5 

RACT requirements, thereby equating 

these two requirements for the EGU 

sector, is flawed. This commenter 

argued that allowing a cap-and-trade 

program, such as the CAIR, to substitute 

for the RACT requirement undermines 

the effectiveness of the controls by 

allowing facilities to use allowances to 

offset emissions, rather than control 

them at the source. The purchase of 

allowances, they assert, does not satisfy 

RACT requirements. 

Response: The EPA disagrees with 

these comments. The final rule does not 

displace the RACT requirement for any 

sources. Instead, EPA is exercising its 

authority to interpret the section 172 

RACT and RACM requirements for the 

purposes of implementing the 1997 

PM2.5 standards. For the reasons 

described in section (b) above, we 

believe that States can rely on EPA’s 

presumption that compliance with a 

CAIR SIP or FIP, meeting certain 

requirements, will satisfy the RACT/ 

RACM requirement for certain EGU 

sources. The EPA historically issued 

control technology guidelines setting 

forth presumptive levels of emissions 

control that satisfy the RACT 

requirement for a given industry. The 

final rule is similar to this practice in 

establishing a presumption that SO2 and 

NOX reductions under the CAIR 

program satisfy the RACT/RACM 

requirement for EGUs in CAIR States. In 

identifying reasonably available control 

measures to ensure attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable, States will 

need to take CAIR reductions into 

account as well as any additional costeffective reductions that are 

technologically and reasonably 

available. 

We further find that the attempt by 

many commenters to characterize CAIR 

as a strategy to address only regional 

pollution transport and not an 

attainment strategy as overly simplistic. 

The EPA analyses for CAIR show that 

there are significant air quality benefits 

projected for individual nonattainment 

areas as a result of SO2 and NOX 

reductions across the multistate CAIR 

region. The Act does not prevent States 

from properly crediting measures that 

achieve multiple objectives (e.g. 

regional transport or local 

nonattainment). Moreover, Section 

110(a)(2)(D) requires SIPs to contain 

adequate provisions to assure that 

sources in the State do not contribute 

significantly to nonattainment in any 

other State. The CAIR rule is an integral 

element in meeting the States’ Section 

110 attainment obligations. 

Accordingly, it is reasonable to 

incorporate this consideration in 

determining what measures qualify as 

RACT/RACM. 

Finally, EPA does not interpret the 

provisions of Section 172(c)(1) related to 

the RACT requirement as precluding 

States’ use of a cap and trade approach 

as a means of regulating existing sources 

and achieving RACT/RACM reductions, 

especially in light of Congresses’ 

expressed authorization to auction 

emission rights in Section 172(c)(6). 

The EPA has long recognized that 

RACT need not apply to individual 

sources. As stated earlier, our early 

guidance on RACT requirements stated 

that States could establish RACT for an 

‘‘individual sources or a group of 

sources.’’ (emphasis added) See Memo. 

Strelow (Dec. 1976) and 44 FR 71779. 

Importantly, Congress ratified the early 

interpretations of RACT and RACM 

when it enacted the 1990 Amendments. 

See 42 U.S.C. Section 7515 (Clean Air 

Act section 193). Our 1986 emissions 

trading policy also recognized a number 

of advantages offered through 

application of a ‘‘bubble’’ approach 

including faster compliance with RACT 

limits and earlier reductions. Moreover, 

Courts have upheld EPA’s approval of 

States’ use of ‘‘bubbling’’ multiple units 

to meet RACT requirements. See e.g. 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20627 

Natural Resources Defense Council v. 

EPA, 941 F.2d 1207 (finding that EPA 

need not adhere to a source specific 

RACT determination to satisfy RACT 

requirements and acknowledging EPA’s 

special knowledge and expertise in the 

area.) 

Comment: The EPA’s proposal to 

allow EGU emissions to be addressed 

solely through CAIR undermines 

prospectively States’ efforts to meet the 

Federal PM2.5 health standard. EGU 

sources are among the most costeffective to control. 

Response: For the reasons described 

in section (b) above, EPA believes that 

States can rely on EPA’s presumption 

that compliance with a CAIR SIP or FIP, 

meeting certain requirements, satisfies 

the SO2 and NOX RACT/RACM 

requirement for certain EGU sources. 

Areas can require ‘‘beyond CAIR’’ EGU 

controls if a State determines that it is 

a necessary and reasonable means to 

attain as expeditiously as practicable. 

Nonetheless, as discussed above, EPA 

believes that implementation of the 

CAIR requirements will provide for 

substantial progress in attaining the 

PM2.5 standards and that States may 

presume that RACT/RACM 

requirements are equal to the CAIR level 

of control. 

Comment: CAIR fails to address the 

need for short-term reductions in PM2.5 

and precursor emissions on high 

pollution days. While RACT restricts 

emissions over a 1-hour to 24-hour 

period, CAIR only provides for an 

annual or seasonal cap. Reliance on 

CAIR therefore fails to recognize the 

importance of reducing short-term 

emissions, which was recently 

highlighted by the EPA’s own proposal 

to tighten the 24-hour PM2.5 health 

standard. Local and short-term adverse 

air quality effects of PM2.5, must be 

addressed in the final rule by requiring 

RACT for all major facilities in addition 

to CAIR. 

Response: The CAIR program is 

oriented toward reducing SO2 and NOX 

emissions in order to reduce air quality 

concentrations on an annual and 

seasonal basis. Because all PM2.5 

nonattainment areas were designated 

due to violations of the annual standard 

(and the two designated areas in 

California also violated the 24-hour 

standard), the focus of this 

implementation rule is attainment of the 

annual standard. CAIR is projected to 

provide significant air quality benefits 

in 2010 and 2015 for eastern PM2.5 

nonattainment areas on both an annual 

basis and on a 98th percentile 24-hour 

basis.41 

Comment: The proposal is silent on 

the issue of whether EGUs are subject to 

direct PM2.5 emissions RACT 

requirements. It is critical that RACT be 

required for all facilities with respect 

direct PM2.5 emissions, regardless of a 

facility’s participation in CAIR. 

Response: In the final rule and 

preamble, EPA has clarified that all 

EGUs in nonattainment areas are subject 

to RACT/RACM for direct PM2.5 

emissions. The presumption described 

above applies only to SO2 and NOX 

RACT/RACM, not RACT/RACM for 

direct PM2.5 emissions from EGUs. 

Comment: The EPA fails to consider 

the geographical distributional impacts 

of the emission reductions. Equating 

CAIR with RACT fails to take into 

account the substantial contribution that 

emissions from EGUs within a 

nonattainment area may make toward 

that area’s PM2.5 nonattainment 

problem. The EPA does not attempt to 

explain how such a generalized 

determination satisfies RACT for PM2.5. 

Response: The establishment of 

recommended levels for RACT/RACM is 

an area Congress delegated to the 

specific expertise of the Agency. Based 

on our analysis, we conclude that the 

CAIR emissions caps presumptively 

represent the level of emissions control 

achievable through application of 

‘‘reasonably available’’ control 

technologies. Nonetheless, in 

developing attainment plans, each State 

will evaluate the impact of stationary 

sources located within the 

nonattainment area in developing its 

attainment strategies for the local area. 

Comment: A few commenters stated 

that EPA should explain how this 

proposal would be implemented for 

States that request an extension of an 

attainment date because attaining in 5 

years or less is impracticable; i.e., 

whether EPA would still hold to its 

interpretation that CAIR equals RACT 

for EGUs and not require additional 

reductions from EGUs even if an area 

cannot attain in 5 years and controls on 

EGUs could lead it to attain more 

expeditiously. These commenters argue 

that, in considering if additional RACT 

is needed in states that obtain 

extensions of the attainment deadline 

after 2010, EPA cannot ignore potential 

RACT for electric generating units any 

more than they would be allowed 

legally to avoid consideration of any 

other RACT candidates. One commenter 

41 See the regulatory impact analysis chapter on 

air quality for the 2006 PM NAAQS review at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/ 

Chapter%204-Air%20Quality.pdf. 

is particularly concerned that States 

would not include EGUs in their RACT 

determinations and instead require 

smaller industrial boilers or process 

heaters to control emissions. 

Response: The EPA’s determination 

regarding CAIR and RACT is not limited 

to areas attaining within five years. The 

Agency’s rationale is presented in the 

‘‘final rule’’ section above. We disagree 

that the CAIR–RACT presumptions 

necessarily shift emission control 

burdens from EGUs to smaller industry 

boilers and process heaters because, in 

implementing the RACM requirement, 

the State may include an evaluation of 

control options on those sources as part 

of their RACT/RACM analyses. As 

stated above, EPA concluded that the 

CAIR compliance dates represent an 

aggressive schedule that reflects the 

limitations of the labor pool, and 

equipment/vendor availability, and 

need for electrical generation reliability 

for installation of emission controls. 

Accordingly, additional controls on 

EGUs may not be a reasonably available 

control measure that can be effectively 

implemented in a manner that advances 

an area’s attainment date. 

Comment: The EPA designated many 

partial counties nonattainment for PM2.5 

solely because the areas contained EGU 

emission sources thought to cause or 

contribute to violations of the NAAQS. 

In implementing attainment plans, it 

makes sense to consider further control 

of these sources, and because they are 

located in nonattainment areas, the 

ability to do so is provided for and legal 

under the CAA. 

Response: The EPA designated PM2.5 

nonattainment counties because they 

either had a violating monitor or they 

contributed to a nearby air quality 

problem. Importantly, EPA designated 

these areas without considering the air 

quality benefits expected in the future 

from CAIR. Accordingly, the fact that an 

EGU is located in a partial county and 

we included the partial county in the 

nonattainment area because we believe 

that the EGU was causing or 

contributing to the nonattainment 

violations, does not equate with a 

finding that more than CAIR is required 

to remedy the nonattainment problem. 

Nonetheless, EPA believes that States 

should evaluate the impact of stationary 

sources in all designated counties, 

including those partial counties noted 

by the commenter, in its assessment of 

reasonably available control strategies to 

ensure attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. 

Comment: The EPA should adopt the 

Ozone Transport Commission’s (OTC’s) 

approach to cap-and-trade programs. 

When the OTC developed its NOX 

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Budget Program (which was the basis 

for EPA’s NOX SIP call and 

subsequently CAIR), it assumed that 

RACT was applied first. Thus the capand-trade program operated in an 

environment that assumed RACT was in 

force, not in lieu of RACT. 

Response: Under the ozone national 

ambient air quality standards, NOX and 

VOC RACT have been implemented 

progressively for the past 30 years or 

more, prior to development of the NOX 

SIP call regional control program. In 

contrast, the PM2.5 implementation 

program is the first instance in which 

we have required RACT/RACM 

specifically for fine particle pollution. 

For this reason, the CAIR program is not 

operating with SO2 and NOX RACT 

limits already in place for attainment of 

the PM2.5 standards. Nonetheless, as 

discussed above, EPA believes that 

implementation of the CAIR 

requirements will provide for 

substantial progress in attaining the 

PM2.5 standards and that States may 

presume that RACT/RACM 

requirements are equal to the CAIR level 

of control. 

Comment: A few commenters stated 

that EPA should clarify and modify the 

part of its proposal that explains why a 

State cannot rely on EPA’s 

determination that CAIR can satisfy the 

NOX RACT requirement for PM2.5 if the 

State ‘‘elect[s] to allow non-EGU sources 

to voluntarily enter the EPAadministered CAIR trading program 

through an opt-in provision in the CAIR 

model rule.’’ (70 FR 66025 col. 3). These 

commenters believe that this part of the 

proposal might be construed to preclude 

States subject to both the NOX SIP Call 

and included in the CAIR region for 

ozone from relying on the NOX RACT 

determination for PM2.5 if the States 

choose ‘‘to bring their non-CAIR 

[including non-EGU] NOX SIP Call 

trading sources into the CAIR ozone 

season NOX cap and trade program.’’ (70 

FR 49708, 49728 col. 3) (August 24, 

2005). The commenters assert that EPA 

gave States the option of bringing nonEGU NOX SIP Call sources into the 

CAIR seasonal NOX trading program to 

ensure that non-CAIR sources, including 

non-EGUs, that are subject to the NOX 

SIP Call rule would not be ‘‘stranded,’’ 

starting in 2009, by being left in an 

ozone season NOX control program with 

no EGU trading partners. The 

commenters argued that ‘‘EGUs should 

not be penalized, in the form of denial 

of CAIR–RACT treatment, as a result of 

States exercising their option to avoid 

financial and compliance difficulties for 

non-EGUs that otherwise would be left 

without allowance trading partners in 

the EGU sector after the NOX SIP Call 

trading program ends in 2008.’’ These 

commenters point to EPA’s 

determination in the final Phase 2 ozone 

implementation rule, that participation 

in the CAIR trading programs can satisfy 

NOX RACT for ozone even if a State 

brings non-EGUs in the NOX SIP Call 

trading program into the trading 

program after 2008, see 70 FR 71657 col. 

2, provided the State retains an ‘‘EGU 

[emission] budget under CAIR that is at 

least as restrictive as the EGU budget 

that was set in the State’s NOX SIP call 

SIP,’’ id. At 71658 col. 1. These 

commenters argue that EPA should 

make a similar determination here 

regarding NOX RACT for purposes of 

PM2.5 NAAQS implementation. 

Response: All states with EPA 

approved CAIR SIPs or subject to a 

CAIR FIP implementing the annual NOX 

emission reduction requirements, and 

obtaining those reductions solely from 

EGUs may rely on EPA’s determination 

that CAIR presumptively satisfies NOX 

RACT/RACM for PM2.5 for these 

sources. This determination is 

unaffected by whether or not a State 

permits NOX SIP Call non-EGUs to 

participate in the CAIR ozone season 

trading program. In the final rule, we 

have included the presumption that 

NOX RACT/RACM for PM2.5 is satisfied 

for EGUs complying with a CAIR SIP or 

CAIR FIP implementing the annual 

CAIR NOX emission reduction 

requirements (provided the State 

implementation of the CAIR NOX 

annual trading program includes EGUs 

only).42 

In the final ozone implementation 

rule, EPA addressed numerous issues 

relating to the transition from the NOX 

SIP Call to the CAIR ozone season 

trading program, including the impact 

of bringing NOX SIP Call non-EGUs into 

the CAIR ozone season trading program. 

Commenters’ suggestion that these 

determinations are relevant to this PM2.5 

implementation rule ignores the fact 

that both the NOX SIP Call and the CAIR 

ozone season trading program are 

seasonal, not annual, trading programs. 

The NOX SIP Call EGU and non-EGU 

budgets are seasonal NOX budgets and 

do not address annual NOX emissions. 

As discussed above, PM2.5 levels yearround contribute to an area’s annual 

average concentration, and NOX 

emissions during non-summer months 

42 EPA’s CAIR–RACT presumption also would 

not apply if a State required sources other than 

EGUs to achieve a portion of the reductions 

required by CAIR (e.g., the State’s CAIR SIP 

achieved some reductions from EGUs but took 

credit for non-EGU reductions achieved under new, 

more stringent requirements implemented to meet 

NOX SIP call caps). Under the CAIR rule such a 

State would not be eligible to participate in the 

EPA-administered CAIR trading system. 

contribute to nitrate concentrations, 

which are typically highest in cooler 

temperatures. For these reasons, EPA 

believes it would be inappropriate to 

accept commenters’ suggestion. 

8. What Are the Required Dates for 

Submission and Implementation of 

RACT? 

a. Background 

The EPA requested comment on a 

general approach for the dates for 

submission and implementation of 

RACT rules. The final rule retains the 

proposed approach, as described in the 

following section. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule requires the following: 

(1) Date of submission. States must 

submit adopted RACT rules to EPA 

within 3 years of designation, at the 

same time as the attainment 

demonstration due in April 2008. 

(2) Dates for implementation of 

control measures. States should also 

implement any measures determined to 

be RACT expeditiously, as required by 

section 172. Implementation of RACT 

measures should in no case start later 

than the beginning of the year before the 

nominal attainment date. For example, 

if an area has an attainment date of 

April 2010, then any required RACT 

measures should be in place and 

operating no later than the beginning of 

2009. This is intended to help provide 

for clean air in calendar year 2009. As 

discussed in section II.D, if other criteria 

are also met, EPA could then grant the 

area a 1-year attainment date extension 

if the air quality level in the 3rd of the 

3 years was below the level of the 

standard. If the area observes a second 

year of clean air, EPA could grant a 

second 1-year attainment date 

extension. In this case, the 2009 to 2011 

period would then be reviewed to assess 

whether the area attains the standards. 

(3) Provisions for a demonstration that 

additional time is needed. While EPA 

expects that States will implement 

required RACT controls by January 2009 

in most situations, there may be cases 

where additional time is needed to 

implement an innovative control 

measure or to achieve a greater level of 

reduction through a phased approach. If 

a State has provided an adequate 

demonstration showing that an 

attainment date extension would be 

appropriate for an area, then the State 

may consider phasing-in certain RACT 

controls after January 2009. The EPA 

would allow the implementation of 

selected RACT controls after January 

2009 if the State can show why 

additional time is needed for 

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implementation, and such delayed 

implementation still would need to be 

on a schedule that provides for 

expeditious attainment. In no event 

could the State wait to implement RACT 

controls until the last few years prior to 

the attainment date without an adequate 

rationale for why earlier 

implementation was not feasible. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter supported 

EPA’s position that implementation of 

RACT and RACM by January 1, 2009 is 

necessary to achieve the effect on air 

quality for calendar year 2009. 

Response: The EPA agrees with this 

comment. 

Comment: Some commenters 

supported allowing for an 

implementation schedule that allowed 

for implementation of RACT and RACM 

for a time frame extending beyond 2009. 

These commenters favored such an 

approach if States provided an adequate 

demonstration of why the measures 

cannot be implemented earlier. 

Commenters noted that a phased 

approach to emissions reductions in 

some cases could lead to additional 

reductions that could not occur by 2009. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. 

Comment: One commenter believed 

that so long as a State demonstrates 

attainment by 2015, EPA should not 

require implementation of any RACT 

measures. The commenter further 

asserted that it would be bad policy to 

require costly emissions reductions 

through imposition of RACT on areas 

expected to attain the standards through 

other means by 2015. 

Response: The EPA disagrees with 

this comment. The CAA requires States 

to demonstrate that the attainment plan 

will attain the standards as 

expeditiously as practicable and must 

include RACT and RACM. The 

requirement for ‘‘reasonable’’ measures 

does not require that any theoretical 

measure be implemented, but does 

require implementation of those 

reasonable measures which could 

advance the attainment date by at least 

1 year. Given the health effects 

associated with PM2.5, EPA believes this 

approach is sound public policy. 

9. Which Pollutants Must Be Addressed 

by States in Establishing RACT and 

RACM Limits in Their PM2.5 Attainment 

Plans? 

a. Background 

In the proposed rule, and in the final 

rule as discussed in detail in section 

II.A above, EPA discusses the pollutants 

which States must address in the 

attainment plans, in particular with 

respect to RACT, RACM and NSR. 

These pollutants include not only direct 

PM2.5, but also gaseous precursors to the 

formation of PM2.5. In general, the 

decisions that States and EPA make 

with respect to which precursors are 

significant contributors to an area’s 

PM2.5 nonattainment problem define the 

pollutants and sources to be addressed 

by States in developing RACT and 

RACM. 

b. Final Rule 

In the final rule, in establishing RACT 

and RACM limits, those RACT and 

RACM limits must address: 

—Direct emissions of PM2.5


—SO2, a precursor to PM2.5 formation, 


and 

—NOX, unless a State makes a finding 

that NOX emissions from sources in 

the State do not significantly 

contribute to the PM2.5 problem in a 

given nonattainment area. 

The EPA generally presumes that 

RACT and RACM limits are not needed 

for ammonia or VOC unless that State or 

EPA determines otherwise for a given 

nonattainment area. RACT and RACM 

limits are needed for ammonia if a State 

or EPA makes a finding that ammonia 

emissions significantly contribute to the 

PM2.5 problem in a given nonattainment 

area, and thus finds that control of 

ammonia would help address the PM2.5 

problem. RACT and RACM limits are 

needed for VOC only if a State or EPA 

makes a finding that VOC emissions 

significantly contribute to the PM2.5 

problem in a given nonattainment area. 

(As a point of clarification, ‘‘VOCs,’’ 

which are gaseous organic precursors to 

the chemical formation of secondary 

organic aerosol, are treated differently 

from semivolatile or nonvolatile organic 

compounds which are addressed as 

directly emitted PM2.5). Issues related to 

the finding of ‘‘significant contribution’’ 

for these pollutants are discussed in 

Section II.A above. 

10. Under the PM2.5 Implementation 

Program, When Does a State Need To 

Conduct a RACT Determination for an 

Applicable Source That Already Has a 

RACT, BACT, LAER, or MACT 

Determination in Effect? 

a. Background 

For PM2.5 nonattainment areas, States 

are required to implement the RACT 

requirement to reduce emissions of 

direct PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors from 

applicable sources. The EPA anticipates 

that for some sources located in PM2.5 

nonattainment areas, the State would 

have previously conducted RACT 

determinations for VOC or NOX under 

the 1-hour ozone standard, or for direct 

PM10 emissions under the PM10 

standards. Some of the RACT 

determinations established under these 

other programs would be relatively 

recent while other determinations may 

be more than 10 years old. In some 

cases, a new RACT determination might 

reach the conclusion that the 

preexisting determination is still valid 

and would require the installation of 

similar control technology because the 

relevant pollutant was addressed, the 

same emission points were reviewed, 

and the same fundamental control 

techniques would still have similar 

costs. In other cases, however, a new 

RACT analysis could determine, for 

example, that better technology has 

become available, and that cost-effective 

emission reductions are achievable. 

In the proposed rule, the EPA 

requested comments on a general 

approach to taking prior RACT 

determinations into account, and within 

the general approach, invited comments 

on two specific questions: (1) Should 

new RACT determinations be required 

for all existing determinations that are 

older than a specified amount of time 

(such as 10 years old)?; and (2) what 

supporting information should a State 

be required to submit as part of its 

certification to demonstrate that a 

previous RACT analysis meets the 

RACT requirement currently for 

purposes of the PM2.5 program? 

In the proposed rule, EPA also noted 

that sources subject to RACT may also 

have been subject to other prior 

technology determinations such as 

BACT, LAER or MACT determinations. 

The proposed rule requested comment 

on approaches to taking these prior 

technology determinations into account. 

b. Final Rule 

The EPA has determined that it is 

appropriate to follow the approach in 

the proposed rule, which is described 

below. State RACT SIPs for PM2.5 must 

assure that RACT is met, either through 

a new RACT determination or a 

certification that previously required 

RACT controls represent RACT for 

PM2.5. 

Where a State adopted and EPA 

approved a control measure as RACT for 

a pollutant emitted from a specific 

stationary source or source category 

under another NAAQS program, the 

State may submit as part of its SIP 

revision a certification, with appropriate 

supporting information, that the 

previous determination represents a 

current RACT level of control for those 

emissions for purposes of the PM2.5 

program. Otherwise, the State should 

revise the SIP to reflect a modified 

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RACT requirement for specific sources 

or source categories. 

In cases where the State’s prior RACT 

analysis under another NAAQS program 

concluded that no additional controls 

were necessary, a new RACT 

determination is required for that 

source. In cases where the previous 

RACT determination did not require any 

controls on the source, it is more likely 

that a new review might find that 

emission controls are now economically 

and technically feasible. This is because 

emissions reductions from a potential 

control measure are likely to be greater, 

and the cost per ton of emission 

reduction is likely to be lower, than in 

the case of a source that previously 

installed controls to meet RACT under 

another program. 

A RACT determination for a source or 

source category subject to a prior RACT 

determination is also required for any 

pollutants that were not the subject of 

the prior RACT determination, but 

which the State has determined should 

be regulated for purposes of PM2.5. The 

EPA advises that the State should 

closely review any existing RACT 

determinations established under 

another NAAQS program. For RACT 

certifications and determinations, States 

are to consider new information that has 

become available since the earlier RACT 

determination. For example, where 

updated information on control 

technologies is presented as part of 

notice-and-comment rulemaking, 

including a RACT SIP submittal for 

sources previously controlled, States 

(and EPA) must consider the additional 

information as part of that rulemaking. 

Existing EPA guidance on control 

technologies can be used to help inform 

RACT decisions. However, EPA believes 

it may not be sufficient for a State to 

rely on technology guidance that is 

several years old and issued to provide 

recommendations on control measures 

and levels for a different NAAQS in 

evaluating RACT for PM2.5. 

With respect to prior technology 

determinations other than RACT, the 

final rule provides that: 

(1) Prior BACT and LAER 

Determinations. In many cases, but not 

all, best available retrofit technology 

(BACT) or lowest achievable emission 

rate (LAER) provisions for new sources 

would assure at least RACT level 

controls on such sources. The BACT/ 

LAER analyses do not automatically 

ensure compliance with RACT since the 

regulated pollutant or source 

applicability may differ and the 

analyses may be conducted many years 

apart. States may, however, rely on 

information gathered from prior BACT 

or LAER analyses for the purposes of 

showing that a source has met RACT to 

the extent the information remains 

valid. We believe that the same logic 

holds true for emissions standards for 

municipal waste incinerators under 

CAA section 111(d) and NSR/PSD 

settlement agreements. Where the State 

is relying on these standards to 

represent a RACT level of control, the 

State should present its analysis with its 

determination during the SIP adoption 

process. 

(2) Compliance With MACT 

Standards Affecting VOC. In situations 

where the State has determined VOC to 

be a significant contributor to PM2.5 

formation in an area, compliance with 

MACT standards may be considered in 

VOC RACT determinations. For VOC 

sources subject to MACT standards, 

States may streamline their RACT 

analysis by including a discussion of the 

MACT controls and relevant factors 

such as whether VOCs are well 

controlled under the relevant MACT air 

toxics standard, which units at the 

facility have MACT controls, and 

whether any major new developments 

in technologies or costs have occurred 

subsequent to establishment of the 

MACT standards. We believe that there 

are many VOC sources that are well 

controlled (e.g., through add-on controls 

or through substitution of non-VOC 

non-HAP materials for VOC HAP 

materials) because they are regulated by 

the MACT standards, which EPA 

developed under CAA section 112. Any 

source subject to MACT standards must 

meet a level that is as stringent as the 

best-controlled 12 percent of sources in 

the industry. Examples of these HAP 

sources that may effectively control 

VOC emissions include organic 

chemical plants subject to the hazardous 

organic NESHAP (HON), 

pharmaceutical production facilities, 

and petroleum refineries.43 We believe 

that, in many cases, it will be unlikely 

that States will identify VOC emission 

controls more stringent than the MACT 

standards that are not prohibitively 

expensive and are thus unreasonable. 

We noted our view that this will allow 

States, in many cases, to conclude that 

the control measures implemented to 

meet MACT standards satisfy any 

requirement for VOC RACT. 

(3) Compliance With MACT 

Standards Affecting PM2.5 Emissions. 

Compliance with MACT standards may 

be considered in direct PM2.5 RACT 

43 There are some MACT categories for which it 

may not be possible to determine the degree of VOC 

reductions from the MACT standard without 

additional analysis; for example, the miscellaneous 

metal parts and products (40 CFR part 60, subpart 

MMMM) due to the uncertainty of the compliance 

method that will be selected. 

determinations. For direct PM2.5 sources 

subject to MACT standards, States may 

streamline their RACT analysis by 

including a discussion of the MACT 

controls and relevant factors such as 

whether PM2.5 emissions are well 

controlled under the relevant MACT air 

toxics standard, which units at the 

facility have MACT controls, and 

whether any major new developments 

in technologies or costs have occurred 

subsequent to the MACT standards. We 

believe that there are many direct PM2.5 

sources that are well controlled (e.g., 

through add-on controls that represent 

state-of-the-art measures for PM2.5 

reduction) because they are regulated by 

the MACT standards which EPA 

developed under CAA section 112. For 

some MACT standards, PM2.5 is used as 

a surrogate for achieving MACT for 

HAPs such as heavy metals. Any source 

subject to MACT standards must meet a 

level that is as stringent as the bestcontrolled 12 percent of sources in the 

industry. We believe that there will be 

sources for which it will be unlikely 

that States will identify emission 

controls more stringent than the MACT 

standards that are not prohibitively 

expensive and are thus unreasonable. In 

addressing whether a MACT standard 

represents best controls for PM2.5, it is 

important that the State consider all 

PM2.5 sources at a given facility and the 

nature of the PM limit (i.e., whether the 

limit ensures control of the fine fraction 

of particulate matter). Also, the State 

should evaluate the degree of capture of 

PM2.5—that is, the amount of PM2.5 that 

is collected and sent to a pollution 

control device in addition to the 

efficiency of the device itself. This 

evaluation should consider the PM2.5 

emissions reductions that could be 

achieved by improving the degree of 

capture. 

(4) Year-Round Controls for NOX. In 

some cases, sources subject to NOX 

RACT for PM will also be subject to 

controls under the NOX SIP Call. In the 

8-hour ozone implementation rule, EPA 

concluded that certain sources which 

have installed emission controls to 

comply with the NOX SIP call would be 

deemed to meet NOX RACT for the 

purposes of the 8-hour ozone 

implementation program. Some of these 

sources subject to the NOX SIP call may 

choose to control NOX emissions only or 

primarily during the ozone season. For 

purposes of PM2.5, however, EPA 

concludes that the operation of emission 

controls only or primarily during the 

ozone season would not constitute 

RACT for PM2.5 purposes. Indeed PM2.5 

control programs must address annual 

average concentrations, and in many 

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areas nitrate concentrations are 

generally highest in the winter. 

Therefore, RACT for PM2.5 is year-round 

operation of controls. For sources 

subject to both the NOX SIP call and 

NOX RACT for PM, we believe that, in 

most cases, the additional costs of 

running the NOX SIP call controls yearround would impose only modest, 

reasonable additional costs and the cost 

effectiveness would be better than the 

average cost effectiveness for many 

other sources subject to PM RACT. (See 

further discussion in section F.7 above 

related to EGU sources subject to CAIR 

requirements for NOX). 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comments: A number of commenters 

agreed with the requirement for the 

State to conduct a new RACT 

determination for any source for which 

the State’s prior RACT analysis under 

another NAAQS program concluded 

that RACT was defined as no additional 

controls. One commenter noted that for 

a source having a previous RACT 

determination for ozone or PM10 to 

show that its level of control currently 

meets RACT for PM2.5 purposes, the 

source must provide supporting 

documentation showing that the 

previous RACT determination was 

based on the same universe of controls 

that are ‘‘reasonably available’’ for the 

source in the present day. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. 

Comments: A few commenters 

recommended that EPA clarify that 

RACT determinations resulting only in 

‘‘operational changes’’ should be treated 

in an equivalent manner as those 

resulting in no controls. The 

commenters suggested that, unlike 

‘‘physical modification,’’ such 

operational changes should always be 

revisited with a new RACT 

determination. 

Response: The EPA does not agree 

with the implicit recommendation to 

impose different RACT review 

requirements based on the types of 

control previously implemented. The 

EPA believes that a reassessment of 

RACT is warranted, irrespective of the 

type of control previously implemented, 

to consider the reasonableness of 

modifying or adding controls in the 

particular circumstances. Furthermore, 

we are concerned that making such a 

distinction based upon the fairly broad 

term ‘‘operational change’’ would be 

difficult to interpret and implement, 

and would invite unnecessary disputes 

concerning the application of the term. 

Comment: Commenters differed on 

whether new RACT determinations 

should be required for all existing 

determinations made before a specific 

date, and on what that date should be. 

Some commenters recommended that 

EPA allow States to rely on any 

previous RACT determinations made 

after 1990, and one commenter 

recommended that EPA require States to 

review only those older than 10–15 

years, another recommended 10 years. 

One commenter believed that a 15-year 

period would be reasonable where 

previous controls were installed, to 

allow for a 15-year amortization of the 

cost of those controls. Other 

commenters recommended that new 

RACT determinations be made for any 

RACT determinations older than 5 

years. Another commenter 

recommended that all RACT 

determinations should be reviewed. 

Response: The EPA has not included 

any specific time frame in the final rule. 

The EPA agrees that the more recent the 

RACT determination, the greater the 

probability that technology advances or 

decreases in control cost will not have 

occurred. At the same time, technology 

advances and decreases in control cost 

can and have occurred frequently. 

Accordingly, we believe it is necessary 

for States to review whether such 

technology advances or decreases in 

control cost have occurred before 

relying on previous RACT 

determinations. We do not believe there 

is any specific date or age that could be 

identified after which States could 

ensure that no technology advances or 

decreases in control cost will have 

occurred. 

Comment: A number of commenters 

expressed concerns with the resources 

required to conduct the certifications 

required by the proposed approach, and 

argued that expending the resources 

required to review and to certify 

previous RACT determinations would 

not be productive. One commenter 

recommended that EPA provide 

guidance on the previous RACT 

categories for which old RACT 

determinations are believed to be out of 

date. Another commenter asserted that 

the only possible exception to the 

acceptability of previous RACT 

measures for purposes of the ozone 

standards would be when the new 

RACT is year-round for an existing 

ozone-season RACT measure. 

Response: The EPA believes that the 

proposed certification approach strikes 

an appropriate balance in requiring 

States to verify whether previous RACT 

determinations currently represent an 

appropriate RACT level of control for 

PM2.5 purposes, while stopping short of 

requiring an exhaustive re-analysis for 

all RACT sources. The EPA believes that 

much of the resource concerns 

expressed in comments were based 

upon concerns that VOC sources are 

very numerous, and that this approach 

would require detailed review for these 

sources. As noted previously, a RACT 

analysis for VOC sources is required 

only if a State makes a finding that VOC 

sources significantly contribute to 

nonattainment in the State. We believe 

the commenters likely overestimate the 

resource implications of the certification 

process for prior RACT determinations. 

Another mitigating factor is that many 

of these same sources would be 

reviewed for purposes of implementing 

the eight-hour ozone standard. On the 

other hand, where a State or EPA 

determines that it is appropriate to 

regulate VOC sources for PM2.5, EPA 

believes that it likely would be 

productive to review the previous 

determination for such sources, some of 

which have not been reviewed for many 

years. 

Comment: One commenter believed 

that EPA should acknowledge detailed 

RACT and RACM analyses for the South 

Coast and San Joaquin Valley in 

California prepared during the 1990s for 

purposes of implementing the ozone 

and PM10 standards. The commenter 

believes that EPA acceptance of these 

determinations as RACT for PM2.5 

would enable States to focus resources 

on developing new measures needed for 

attainment. 

Response: The EPA agrees that States 

should focus resources on new 

technologies and new developments. At 

the same time, EPA recognizes that for 

most source categories, new technology 

continues to be developed, and new 

information continues to be generated. 

Thus, even recent RACT determinations 

for a given source category may be 

outdated. Hence, the certification 

approach in the rule for the relevant 

sources or source categories is a 

reasonable approach which is designed 

to provide for the type of focused efforts 

suggested by the commenter. 

Comment: One commenter believed 

that a State certification should only 

have to identify the existing RACT 

levels in a SIP and pollutants affected, 

but the State should not be required to 

provide any additional information. 

Response: The EPA disagrees with 

this comment. The EPA believes that 

prior technology determinations should 

be taken into account in the RACT 

determination process. In reviewing 

existing RACT determinations, the State 

should provide supporting information 

to show that the existing technology in 

use should still be considered RACT, or 

it should show that there have been 

technology advances or cost reductions 

that have occurred since the previous 

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RACT limits were developed that make 

lower emissions technically and 

economically feasible in the context of 

RACT and would contribute to 

advancing the attainment date by at 

least one year. 

Comment: Some commenters 

supported EPA’s requirement for yearround operation of NOX pollution 

control devices as RACT, given that 

PM2.5 is an annual standard, while 

ozone is a summertime problem. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. 

Comment: One commenter concluded 

that BACT and LAER determinations 

should be considered to satisfy RACT, 

regardless of the date they were made, 

because BACT and LAER by definition 

are more stringent than RACT. 

Response: The EPA disagrees with 

this comment. The EPA believes that in 

many cases, but not all, BACT and 

LAER would assure RACT level of 

controls. Reasons that BACT and LAER 

might not satisfy RACT include: The 

pollutant of concern could have been 

different, the applicability threshold for 

BACT and LAER may have excluded 

smaller sources potentially subject to 

RACT controls, and technology 

advances or reductions in control costs 

may have occurred since the old 

determination was conducted. 

Comment: One commenter 

recommended that EPA allow States to 

use information gathered from prior 

BACT or LAER analyses to complete the 

RACT determination, as was allowed in 

the 8-hour ozone NAAQS 

implementation rule. 

Response: The final rule allows for 

use of such information, to the extent it 

remains valid, to inform a certification 

by the State that BACT or LAER 

technology continues to exceed what 

would currently be considered RACT. 

Comment: Some commenters argued 

that any MACT determination that 

controls the pollutants of concern 

should be more than sufficient to satisfy 

RACT. Some commenters made similar 

recommendations regarding specific 

standards where PM limits were 

developed as a surrogate for HAPs, such 

as the MACT standard for integrated 

iron and steel mills, the MACT standard 

for iron and steel foundries, and the 

section 129 standards for waste to 

energy facilities. 

Response: While agreeing that MACT 

controls are relevant, the EPA disagrees 

that all MACT determinations should be 

automatically considered to satisfy 

RACT. Reasons include: A MACT 

standard aimed at toxics might not 

ensure that the relevant PM2.5 

pollutant(s) are well controlled, MACT 

applicability provisions might have 

excluded units potentially subject to 

RACT, and technology advances or 

reductions in control costs might have 

occurred since EPA conducted the 

MACT analysis. The EPA believes that 

the State should review whether 

technology advances have occurred 

including available ‘‘beyond the MACT 

floor’’ technologies that may be 

reasonable in the context of RACT for 

PM2.5 nonattainment, but which were 

not selected as MACT for purposes of 

implementing section 112. The EPA 

believes that RACT analyses should 

evaluate whether increased capture of 

PM2.5 could be achieved, and whether 

an increased efficiency in controlling 

the fine fraction of particulate matter is 

reasonably available. The EPA has, 

however, added a specific recognition 

that MACT standards can reduce PM2.5 

as well as VOC, and that PM2.5 

information gathered for MACT 

standards development may inform a 

State’s conclusions on available 

technologies for direct PM2.5 emissions. 

Comment: One commenter expressed 

a concern that EPA should not presume 

that MACT represents RACT where the 

MACT rule allows for a risk-based 

exemption from the control technology 

requirement. 

Response: The EPA agrees with this 

comment. 

11. How Should Condensable Emissions 

Be Treated in RACT Determinations? 

a. Background 

Certain commercial or industrial 

activities involving high temperature 

processes (fuel combustion, metal 

processing, cooking operations, etc.) 

emit gaseous pollutants into the ambient 

air which rapidly condense into particle 

form. The constituents of these 

condensed particles include, but are not 

limited to, organic material, sulfuric 

acid, and metals. In general, 

condensable emissions are taken into 

account wherever possible in emission 

factors used to develop national 

emission inventories, and States are 

required under the consolidated 

emissions reporting rule (CERR) 44 to 

report condensable emissions in each 

inventory revision. Currently, some 

States have regulations requiring 

sources to quantify condensable 

emissions and to implement control 

measures for them, and others do not. In 

1990, EPA promulgated Method 202 in 

Appendix M of 40 CFR Part 51 to 

quantify condensable particulate matter 

emissions. In the proposed rule, EPA 

discussed and requested comment on 

44 The consolidated emissions reporting rule was 

published in the Federal Register on June 10, 2002, 

pages 39602–39616. 

issues related to condensable emissions 

in RACT determinations. 

In the proposed rule, we noted that 

EPA is in the process of developing 

detailed guidance on a new test method 

which quantifies and can be used to 

characterize the constituents of the 

PM2.5 emissions including both the 

filterable and condensable portion of the 

emissions stream. We also noted that 

when a source implements either of 

these test methods addressing 

condensable emissions, the State will 

likely need to revise the source’s 

emissions limit to account for those 

emissions that were previously 

unregulated. For the purposes of 

determining RACT applicability and 

establishing RACT emission limits, EPA 

indicated in the proposal that it intends 

to require the State to adopt the new test 

method once EPA issues its detailed 

guidance. This guidance would be for 

use by all sources within a PM2.5 

nonattainment area that are required to 

reduce emissions as part of the area’s 

attainment strategy. 

b. Final Rule 

Issues and comments related to test 

method and emissions limit issues for 

direct PM2.5 for RACT, including 

discussion of test methods for 

condensable PM2.5, are discussed in 

section II.L.3 of this preamble. The EPA 

recognizes that in some cases 

condensable emissions are more 

difficult to control than filterable 

emissions. However, condensable 

emissions may be assumed to be almost 

entirely in the 2.5 micrometer range and 

smaller, so these emissions are 

inherently more significant for PM2.5 

than for prior particulate matter 

standards addressing larger particles. 

Therefore, EPA encourages States to 

consider the potential for reducing 

condensable emissions when evaluating 

potential measures for RACT. 

12. What Criteria Should Be Met To 

Ensure Effective Regulations To 

Implement RACT and RACM? 

a. Final Rule 

After the State has identified a RACT 

or RACM measure for a particular 

nonattainment area, it must then 

implement that measure through a 

legally enforceable mechanism (e.g., a 

State rule approved into the SIP). The 

legally enforceable mechanism must 

meet four important criteria. 

First, the baseline emissions from the 

source or group of sources and the 

future year projected emissions must be 

quantifiable so that the projected 

emissions reductions from the sources 

can be attributed to the specific 

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measures being implemented. It is 

important that the emissions from the 

source category in question are 

accurately represented in the baseline 

inventory so that emissions reductions 

are properly calculated. In particular, it 

is especially important to ensure that 

both the filterable and condensable 

components of PM2.5 are accurately 

represented in the baseline since 

traditional Federal and State test 

methods have not included the 

condensable component of particulate 

matter emissions and have not required 

particle sizing of the filterable 

component. 

Second, the control measures must be 

enforceable. This means that they must 

specify clear, unambiguous, and 

measurable requirements. When 

feasible, the measurable requirements 

for larger emitting facilities should 

include periodic source testing to 

establish the capability of such facilities 

to achieve the required emission level. 

Additionally, to verify the continued 

performance of the control measure, 

specific monitoring programs 

appropriate for the type of control 

measure employed and the level of 

emissions must be included to verify the 

continued performance of the control 

measure. The control measures and 

monitoring program must also have 

been adopted according to proper legal 

procedures. 

Third, the measures must be 

replicable. This means that where a rule 

contains procedures for interpreting, 

changing, or determining compliance 

with the rule, the procedures are 

sufficiently specific and nonsubjective 

so that two independent entities 

applying the procedures would obtain 

the same result. 

Fourth, the control measures must be 

accountable. This means, for example, 

that source-specific emission limits 

must be permanent and must reflect the 

assumptions used in the SIP 

demonstration. It also means that the 

SIP must establish requirements to track 

emission changes at sources and 

provide for corrective action if 

emissions reductions are not achieved 

according to the plan. 

b. Comments and Responses 

There were no comments on this 

section. The language above is very 

similar to the language in the proposal. 

G. Reasonable Further Progress (RFP) 

1. Background 

Clean Air Act Section 172(c)(2) 

requires that plans for nonattainment 

areas ‘‘shall require reasonable further 

progress,’’ which as defined in Section 

171(1) ‘‘means such annual incremental 

reductions in emissions of the relevant 

air pollutant as are required by this part 

or may reasonably be required by the 

Administrator for the purpose of 

ensuring attainment of the applicable 

national ambient air quality standard by 

the applicable date.’’ This section 

describes the requirements the 

Administrator is establishing for states 

to achieve reasonable further progress. 

In general terms, the goal of these RFP 

requirements is for areas to achieve 

generally linear progress toward 

attainment. The RFP requirements were 

included in the Clean Air Act to assure 

steady progress toward attaining air 

quality standards, as opposed to 

deferring implementation of all 

measures until the end date by which 

the standard is to be attained. 

2. Requirements for Areas With 

Attainment Dates of 2010 or Earlier 

a. Background 

In 40 CFR 51.1009(b)(1) of the 

proposed rule, EPA proposed that a 

State which submits an implementation 

plan that demonstrates that an area will 

achieve attainment by 2010 (i.e., 

achieves attainment level emissions 

during 2009) would not be required to 

submit a separate reasonable further 

progress plan for that area. In such 

cases, EPA proposed that the attainment 

demonstration would also be considered 

to demonstrate that the area is achieving 

RFP. 

b. Final Rule 

In the final rule, EPA is maintaining 

the approach described in the proposed 

rule. An area that demonstrates 

attainment by 2010 will be considered 

to have satisfied the RFP requirement 

and need not submit any additional 

material to satisfy the RFP requirement. 

The EPA will view the attainment 

demonstration as also demonstrating 

that the area is making reasonable 

further progress toward attainment. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A number of commenters 

supported EPA’s view that a 

demonstration of attainment by 2010 

would also demonstrate that the area is 

making reasonable further progress 

toward attainment. 

Response: The EPA appreciates the 

support and is adopting the supported 

approach. 

Comment: A set of commenters 

objects to EPA’s proposal, arguing that 

EPA cannot waive RFP requirements for 

areas where the state purports to 

demonstrate attainment. These 

commenters believe that Subpart 4 of 

Part D requires milestones prior to 2009, 

and these commenters believe that even 

Subpart 1 requires a demonstration of 

interim progress that EPA cannot waive. 

Response: In brief, EPA is not waiving 

the RFP requirements for any area. 

Instead, EPA is concluding that a 

demonstration of attainment by 2010 

also serves to demonstrate achievement 

of RFP. If the state submittal purports to 

demonstrate attainment but does not 

adequately make this demonstration, 

then the submittal also would not 

demonstrate achievement of RFP. The 

nature of the RFP requirement would 

then depend on whether the remedied 

attainment demonstration provides for 

attainment by 2010. Finally, as 

discussed above, EPA believes that 

Subpart 4 requirements do not apply to 

PM2.5 plans. More detailed discussion of 

this comment and EPA’s response are 

provided in the response to comments 

document. 

3. Requirements for Areas With 

Attainment Dates Beyond 2010 

a. Background 

The proposed rule required a State to 

submit an RFP plan along with its 

attainment demonstration and SIP due 

in April 2008 for any area for which the 

State demonstrates that 2011 or later is 

the most expeditious attainment date. 

EPA proposed that the 2008 RFP plan 

must provide adequate emission 

reductions by 2009 45 and, in some 

cases, by 2012. The plan must 

demonstrate that emissions will decline 

in a manner that represents generally 

linear progress from the 2002 baseline 

year to the attainment year. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule requires a State to 

submit an RFP plan along with its 

attainment demonstration and SIP due 

in April 2008 for any area for which the 

State justifies an extension of the 

attainment date beyond 2010. The RFP 

plan must provide emission reductions 

such that emissions in 2009 represent 

generally linear progress from the 2002 

baseline year to the attainment year. 

Where the State justifies an extension of 

the attainment deadline to 2014 or 2015, 

the state must additionally provide 

emission reductions such that emissions 

in 2012 represent generally linear 

progress from the 2002 baseline year to 

the attainment year. 

45 The RFP test uses inventories for the full year, 

e.g. the year of 2009 or the year of 2012. EPA does 

not specifically require that the relevant measures 

be implemented by the beginning of the year, but 

RFP inventories must reflect the fact that measures 

that are implemented later in the year have 

correspondingly less impact on the year’s annual 

total emissions. 

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If the State demonstrates that 

attainment will occur by 2010 or earlier, 

EPA will consider the attainment 

demonstration to demonstrate 

achievement of reasonable further 

progress, and the State will not be 

required to submit an additional RFP 

plan for the area. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: For areas that demonstrate 

attainment by 2015 without adopting 

additional measures, a commenter 

recommended that the attainment 

demonstration be viewed as also 

demonstrating that the area is achieving 

RFP. The commenter therefore 

recommended that the state not be 

required to submit an RFP plan for such 

an area. 

Response: A submittal that 

demonstrates attainment at the latest 

allowable date and does not address 

interim air quality fails to show that the 

path to attainment will yield interim 

incremental air quality improvements. 

States have ample opportunity to adopt 

measures that would provide interim air 

quality improvement long before 2015. 

Indeed, as discussed elsewhere as part 

of the discussion of attainment dates, a 

submittal that only addresses 2015 

would also fail the attainment 

demonstration requirement, insofar as it 

would not be addressing whether 

attainment is as expeditious as 

practicable, because the submittal 

would fail to assess whether attainment 

could be achieved earlier. Therefore, 

irrespective of whether additional 

measures are needed to attain by 2015, 

the Clean Air Act mandates assessing 

progress at reasonable interim dates as 

well as mandating attainment. 

4. Generally Linear Progress and 

Associated Timeline 

a. Background 

The EPA proposed that states with 

areas needing an extension of the 

attainment deadline beyond 2010 would 

be required to submit a plan 

demonstrating that emissions would be 

sufficiently reduced by 2009 to achieve 

a generally linear incremental 

improvement in air quality. The notice 

of proposed rulemaking provided an 

example calculation for an area with a 

2013 attainment date, i.e. an area that 

achieves attainment level emissions in 

2012. (See section III.G.4.b.iv of the 

proposal, 70 FR 66013.) In this example, 

the 2009 emissions year represents 7/10 

of the period extending from the 

baseline year of 2002 to the 2012 year 

of attainment level emissions. 

Therefore, for this example, EPA’s 

proposed requirement would be for this 

area to achieve emission reductions by 

2009 representing approximately 7/10 of 

the emission reductions needed to attain 

the standards. For states with areas 

needing the attainment deadline 

extended to 2014 or 2015, EPA 

proposed to require achievement of 

generally linear emission reductions at 

two RFP milestone years—the 2009 and 

2012 emission years. 

The EPA received several comments 

on various elements of its proposed 

approach. Several commenters objected 

to EPA’s proposed requirement to 

achieve linear progress toward 

attainment, asserting that EPA cannot 

reasonably expect states to achieve a 

significant amount of progress within a 

short time after plan submittals are due. 

Some commenters recommended 

requiring a specific emission reduction 

percentage, similar to the rate of 

progress requirement for ozone. These 

comments are addressed below. 

b. Final Rule 

The EPA is requiring States with areas 

needing an extension of the attainment 

deadline to submit RFP plans. These 

plans must demonstrate that generally 

linear reductions in emissions will 

occur by 2009, i.e. that emissions in 

2009 will be reduced to the extent 

represented by a generally linear 

progression from 2002 base year 

emissions to attainment-level emissions. 

For any area that needs an extension of 

the attainment deadline to 2014 or 2015, 

the State’s RFP plan would also need to 

demonstrate that generally linear 

reductions will be achieved in the 2012 

emissions year as well. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Several commenters 

objected to EPA’s proposed requirement 

that states demonstrate linear progress 

toward attainment. For example, a 

commenter stated that a ‘‘generally 

linear reduction process may not be 

practicable.’’ A commenter stated that it 

‘‘agrees that areas should be able to take 

credit for reductions from 2002 forward, 

[but] EPA should allow for fewer 

reductions (as opposed to linear 

reductions) prior to 2008.’’ 

A commenter noted that EPA’s 

‘‘proposed approach ignores several 

important realities about PM NAAQS 

implementation. First, * * * [n]ot until 

SIP submittal in April 2008, some 6 

years after the RFP baseline date, will 

any local measures be finally adopted 

and approved. Under [the example EPA 

provided in its proposed rulemaking], 

states will be required to play ‘catch-up’ 

by achieving 70 percent of the required 

reductions in 2009. * * * Second, the 

‘generally linear’ approach ignores that 

EPA intends for states to rely in large 

part on mobile source reductions and 

reductions in NOX and SO2 from CAIR 

implementation to achieve attainment 

in many areas. These measures fail a 

‘generally linear’ test since most of the 

reductions they provide will not be 

realized until after 2009.’’ This 

commenter continues that the 

incremental reductions in emissions 

required in the Clean Air Act need not 

be equal increments, that the absence of 

a specific statutorily mandated 

increment (such as the 3 percent per 

year requirement for ozone) allows EPA 

to be more flexible and to rely more 

heavily on later reductions. The 

commenter also argues that EPA’s 

proposal is more stringent than the 

ozone RFP requirement, insofar as the 

ozone RFP requirement provides for 

averaging over 3 years. Similar 

comments were submitted by other 

commenters. 

Another commenter supported EPA’s 

proposal. This commenter supported 

requiring demonstrations that areas 

achieve emission reductions that will 

yield incremental improvement in air 

quality on a path toward expeditious 

attainment. 

Response: The EPA believes that the 

requirement for generally linear 

reductions is reasonable because it 

allows States to take credit for early 

reductions achieved due to federal, 

State, and local programs. We find that 

it appropriately implements the RFP 

requirement in the Clean Air Act. For 

these reasons, EPA is finalizing the 

requirement that RFP plans for areas 

needing an attainment deadline 

extension show generally linear 

progress in reducing emissions from the 

base year through the 2009 emissions 

year. EPA is also requiring that areas 

needing an attainment deadline 

extension to 2014 or 2015 (i.e. 

attainment level emissions projected to 

start in 2013 or 2014) show generally 

linear progress in reducing emissions 

through the 2012 emissions year. 

The commenters objecting to the 

requirement for generally linear 

progress appear to be assuming that 

only minimal emission reductions can 

be expected before 2008, so that a 

requirement for generally linear 

progress would require plans submitted 

in 2008 to compensate by achieving 

unrealistically high levels of emission 

reductions. The EPA disagrees with this 

assumption. 

In fact, substantial emission 

reductions have occurred in the past 

few years and can be expected to occur 

through the 2009 emissions year. The 

EPA has promulgated significant mobile 

source rules recently that will yield 

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substantial benefits in the coming years, 

and these benefits follow a series of 

prior rules that provide a steady 

progression of emission reductions as 

newer, cleaner vehicles replace older, 

dirtier vehicles. For utilities, significant 

NOX reductions occurred in 2004 under 

the NOX SIP call, and substantial SO2 

reductions are expected to occur under 

the CAIR trading program prior to 2010 

due to incentives for early reductions 

and the banking of allowances. 

The EPA has also promulgated many 

other regulations that will reduce 

particulate matter and particulate matter 

precursor emissions before as well as 

after 2009. States have also been 

implementing a variety of measures. 

With use of a 2002 baseline, the 

assessment of RFP allows credit for 

these measures. The following is a 

partial list of the measures that have 

been adopted and will contribute to 

achieving generally linear reductions: 

• NOX SIP Call. 

• Tightened emission limits for new 

gasoline and diesel vehicles. 

• Numerous regulations requiring 

Maximum Achievable Control 

Technology, including regulations for: 

—Iron and steel plants, including coke 

plants 

—Industrial boilers 

—Cement plants 

—Lime plants 

—Primary aluminum plants 

• Numerous consent decrees for 

refineries. 

• Numerous consent decrees for 

power plants. 

• The Clean Air Interstate Rule for 

utilities. 

• Retrofitted controls on diesel 

vehicles, and related programs for 

reducing diesel vehicle emissions. 

• Closures of coke plants and other 

facilities (and, from a national 

perspective, replacement with cleaner 

new facilities). 

While different control measures 

require various timelines for 

implementation, EPA believes that 

many of the additional measures that 

states might adopt for attainment 

planning purposes can be implemented 

in a timely fashion for addressing RFP 

requirements. Thus, EPA believes that 

states can reasonably be expected to 

assure that the combination of existing 

measures and additional measures as 

necessary will provide for generally 

linear progress in reducing emissions. 

Furthermore, particularly with respect 

to the 2009 RFP milestone year, when 

EPA evaluates whether the emission 

levels in a state plan represent generally 

linear progress, EPA will consider the 

availability of measures that can be 

implemented by 2009. 

It is difficult to compare the 

stringency of this RFP requirement to 

the RFP requirement for ozone. The RFP 

requirement for ozone measures one 

form of progress that occurs after 3 

years, and the requirement for PM2.5 

measures a different form of progress 

that occurs after 7 years (and for some 

areas also after 10 years). That is, the 

ozone RFP requirement applies a fixed, 

universally applicable emission 

reduction percentage for one pollutant 

(VOC), whereas EPA is defining the 

PM2.5 RFP requirement as an areaspecific combination of emission 

reductions for multiple pollutants, 

defined on the basis of each area’s 

attainment demonstration. 

The EPA believes that the Clean Air 

Act mandates not merely eventual 

attainment by 2015 but also that states 

demonstrate that emissions are being 

incrementally reduced in earlier years. 

(As discussed elsewhere, states must 

also demonstrate attainment by earlier 

than 2015 if feasible.) The requirement 

for RFP reflects Congressional intent 

that areas make steady progress toward 

attainment in the years before 

attainment occurs, and states have 

ample opportunity to assure that 

reductions occur well before 2015. 

Comment: A commenter observes that 

the PM2.5 nonattainment areas in its 

state also violate the ozone standard. 

The commenter observes, ‘‘[i]n setting 

plan requirements, U.S. EPA should 

choose options that best facilitate 

harmonization of fine particulate and 

ozone control programs. This includes 

using a fixed percentage of emission 

reductions per year for reasonable 

further progress (RFP). We recommend 

the ozone RFP metric of three percent 

annual emission reductions averaged 

over three years.’’ Another commenter 

also supports a more prescriptive RFP 

requirement, and comments that ‘‘As 

suggested by EPA, nonattainment areas 

must be required to achieve ‘a fixed 

percentage reduction of the emissions of 

direct PM2.5 and regulated PM2.5 

precursors and in specific milestone 

years’ between the base year and the 

attainment year proposed in the 

attainment demonstration.’’ A third 

commenter supported establishing a 

requirement for a fixed emission 

reduction percentage, set at ‘‘no less 

than the 3 percent rate’’ in Section 182, 

with the possibility of higher rates in 

areas with more severe air quality 

problems. 

Other commenters prefer the 

approach that EPA proposed. For 

example one commenter states that it 

agrees with EPA’s approach of using the 

attainment demonstration to define the 

parameters for determining what 

constitutes RFP, and the commenter 

supports the flexibility of EPA’s 

proposed approach ‘‘rather than 

requiring fixed linear percentage 

reductions.’’ Regarding the proposed 

option to require 3 percent per year 

emission reductions for areas classified 

as serious, some commenters 

recommended against establishing 

classifications and a fixed emission 

reduction percentage for any area. 

Response: Requiring a fixed annual 

emission reduction percentage would 

impose a ‘‘one-size-fits-all’’ approach to 

address a range of circumstances. 

Requiring a fixed annual emission 

reduction percentage would overstate 

the reductions needed to achieve timely 

attainment in some areas and would 

understate the reductions needed to 

achieve timely attainment in other 

areas. The EPA believes that defining 

the RFP requirement in terms of 

achieving generally linear progress 

toward the emission reductions needed 

for timely attainment assures that each 

area will achieve a steady rate of 

progress most appropriate for the area to 

achieve timely attainment. 

The EPA recognizes that many areas 

are nonattainment for both PM2.5 and 

ozone and that the control programs for 

the two pollutants are sufficiently 

intertwined that harmonization of 

planning for meeting requirements 

applicable to the two pollutants is 

important. However, because the 

statutory requirements set forth in 

section 182 do not apply to PM2.5 RFP 

plans, EPA believes it is neither 

necessary nor appropriate to impose 

these requirements for PM2.5. Indeed, 

given the multiple pollutants that 

contribute to PM2.5 and the variations 

that exist in the nature and composition 

of PM2.5 across the country, EPA 

believes that the PM2.5 RFP 

requirements for generally linear 

reductions are better defined to reflect 

these variations and thus better targeted 

toward the emission reductions that in 

each area can be expected to lead 

toward timely attainment. Further, EPA 

believes that application of a different 

form of the RFP requirement does not 

cause conflicts in implementation 

planning for the two standards. For 

example, reductions of NOX emissions 

will generally reduce concentrations of 

both ozone and PM2.5, and NOX 

emission reductions are creditable for 

meeting both the ozone and the PM2.5 

RFP requirements. 

An important distinction between 

PM2.5 and ozone is that fine particle 

formation is in general a more complex 

process, affected by both direct 

emissions and numerous precursor 

pollutants. The EPA does not believe 

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that RFP targets for PM2.5 should be the 

same as those used for the ozone 

implementation program, nor should 

the same percentage reduction be used 

for all PM2.5 related pollutants. Instead, 

EPA believes that RFP plans should 

reflect an appropriate combination of 

pollutant reductions that most 

effectively provides for attainment. 

Therefore, EPA has defined an RFP 

requirement in which target emission 

reductions are established in 

conjunction with the area’s attainment 

plan. 

5. Geographic Coverage of Emissions 

Sources 

a. Background 

PM2.5 concentrations reflect a 

combination of impacts over a wide 

range of geographic scales. For some 

components of PM2.5, observed 

concentrations typically arise 

predominantly from sources within the 

nonattainment area. For other 

components, PM2.5 concentrations may 

be influenced by sources across a broad 

area extending outside the 

nonattainment area. The EPA’s intent is 

to define the RFP requirement in terms 

of emissions reductions that can be 

expected to provide generally linear 

improvements in air quality in the 

nonattainment area. For this purpose, 

EPA continues to believe that RFP 

requirements for PM2.5 are best defined 

such that states evaluate emissions of 

each pollutant throughout the area in 

which the emissions substantially 

influence PM2.5 concentrations in the 

nonattainment area. 

As described in the proposed 

rulemaking, EPA expects each area’s 

attainment demonstration to identify 

many of the parameters used to define 

the emission reductions that would 

represent RFP. First, the attainment plan 

will identify the pollutants that are 

being reduced to achieve attainment. 

Second, the attainment plan will 

identify the amount of reduction of each 

pollutant and the date by which 

attainment can be achieved. This 

information suffices to calculate a 

baseline set of reductions to be achieved 

by 2009 to provide for RFP. Third, 

where a state chooses to achieve RFP by 

reducing some pollutants earlier than 

others, the attainment plan will provide 

the information needed to assess 

whether the intended set of reductions 

can be expected to provide a 

comparable level of air quality 

improvement. Fourth, if the State 

intends to include emissions sources 

located outside the nonattainment area 

in its RFP plan, the information 

necessary to justify inclusion of such 

sources will likely be found in the 

attainment plan. 

The EPA’s proposed rulemaking 

identified several expectations regarding 

regional versus local impacts. For 

directly emitted PM2.5 (including 

organic and other carbonaceous 

particles as well as miscellaneous 

inorganic particles and including 

condensable particulate matter), EPA 

recognized that impacts are commonly 

localized, and that direct emissions of 

PM2.5 outside the nonattainment area 

should not be included in the RFP plan. 

Conversely, EPA recognized the regional 

nature of secondarily-formed sulfate and 

nitrate, and proposed that states could 

justify inclusion in the RFP plan of SO2 

and NOX emissions sources located 

within 200 kilometers of the 

nonattainment area. 

The EPA recognizes that fine particles 

travel over long distances, and that 

distant emissions of SO2 and NOX 

emissions can influence a 

nonattainment area’s air quality. At the 

same time, distant sources can be 

expected to have less impact than 

sources closer to the nonattainment 

area. EPA’s procedures for assessing 

RFP rely on a general assumption that 

all the sources included in the 

assessment have a comparable impact 

per ton of emissions. For this reason, it 

would be inappropriate to include 

distant emission sources in the 

assessment. Indeed, limiting the 

consideration of SO2 and NOX 

emissions to a 200 kilometer range is 

intended to assure that only sources 

with comparable impacts are included 

in the assessment. 

b. Final Policy 

The policy for addressing direct PM2.5 

emissions in RFP plans remains 

unchanged from the proposal: only 

emissions from within the 

nonattainment area may be included. 

Conversely, for SO2 and NOX, EPA 

believes that states could be able to 

justify considering not only all 

emissions in the nonattainment area but 

also emissions within a distance that 

may be up to 200 kilometers from the 

nonattainment area. States may also be 

able to justify consideration of VOC and 

ammonia emissions outside the 

nonattainment area on a case-by-case 

basis. As we explain more fully below 

in responding to comments, in 

situations where the state demonstrates 

that VOCs are a significant contributor 

to PM2.5 concentrations in the area, it 

may be appropriate to include VOC 

emission sources within a distance of 

up to 100 kilometers of the 

nonattainment area. Given the 

uncertainties regarding ammonia 

emission inventories and the effects of 

reducing ammonia, EPA is not 

establishing a policy on this issue with 

respect to ammonia. States that expect 

to regulate ammonia should consult 

with their regional offices to determine 

appropriate approaches for those areas. 

The justification for considering 

emissions outside the nonattainment 

area shall include justification of the 

state’s recommended definition of the 

area used in the RFP plan for each 

pollutant. 

The EPA received comments objecting 

to the possibility that RFP inventories 

for areas outside the nonattainment area 

could include selected sources 

expecting substantial emission 

reductions while excluding other nearby 

sources expecting emission increases. 

Based on its review of these comments, 

EPA is revising its approach for 

considering regional emissions. If the 

state justifies consideration of precursor 

emissions for an area outside the 

nonattainment area, EPA will expect 

state RFP assessments to reflect 

emissions changes from all sources in 

this area. The State cannot include only 

selected sources providing emission 

reductions in the analysis. The 

inventories for 2002, 2009, 2012 (where 

applicable) and the attainment year 

would all reflect the same source 

domain (i.e. the same set of sources 

except for the addition of any known 

new sources or removal of known, 

creditably and permanently shut down 

sources). 

In cases where the state justifies 

consideration of emissions of specified 

precursors from outside the 

nonattainment area, the state must 

provide separate information regarding 

on-road mobile source emissions within 

the nonattainment area for 

transportation conformity purposes. The 

EPA’s transportation conformity 

regulations (40 CFR Part 93.102(b)) only 

require conformity determinations in 

nonattainment and maintenance areas, 

and these regulations rely on SIP onroad motor vehicle emission budgets 

that address the designated boundary of 

the nonattainment area. For this reason, 

if the state addresses emissions outside 

the nonattainment area for a pertinent 

precursor (i.e. a precursor for which 

mobile sources are significant, as 

discussed in the May 6, 2005 

transportation conformity rule on PM2.5 

precursors at 72 FR 24280), the on-road 

mobile source component of the RFP 

inventory will not satisfy the 

requirements for establishing a SIP 

budget for transportation conformity 

purposes. 

In such a case, the state must 

supplement the RFP inventory with an 

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inventory of onroad mobile source 

emissions to be used to establish a 

motor vehicle emissions budget for 

transportation conformity purposes. 

This inventory must address on-road 

motor vehicle emissions that occur 

within the designated nonattainment 

area, must be provided for the same 

milestone year or years as the RFP 

demonstration (i.e. 2009 and 2012 as 

applicable), and must satisfy other 

applicable requirements of the 

transportation conformity regulations. 

So long as the state provides this 

separate emissions budget EPA believes 

that this approach will optimally 

address both the RFP and the 

transportation conformity provisions of 

the Act. 

The EPA is restricting the geographic 

area for RFP assessments to include 

only areas within the state or states 

represented in the nonattainment area. 

For a single state nonattainment area, 

only emissions within that state would 

be considered, even if other states may 

be within 200 kilometers of the 

nonattainment area. For multi-state 

nonattainment areas, only regions 

within states represented in the 

nonattainment area shall be included in 

the RFP assessment. This restriction is 

intended to address commenters’ 

concerns about the enforceability of 

emission reductions included in the 

RFP assessment and helps assure 

accountability for these reductions. This 

topic is discussed further in the 

discussion below about multi-state 

nonattainment areas. 

The EPA is retaining the approach 

that RFP assessments may not include 

direct PM2.5 emissions from sources 

outside the nonattainment area. If a 

State regulates VOC or ammonia 

emissions as part of its attainment 

strategy, the RFP plan must include 

emissions of these pollutants. In the 

event that a State technical 

demonstration indicates that emissions 

of VOC or ammonia from sources 

outside the nonattainment area 

contribute significantly to PM2.5 

concentrations in the nonattainment 

area, EPA will consider on a case-bycase basis whether it would be 

appropriate to include emissions from 

such sources in the RFP plan. 

c. Comments and Responses 

The EPA received numerous 

comments on its proposal regarding 

how regional versus local impacts 

would be addressed. Multiple 

commenters objected to EPA’s proposal 

that states could consider sources 

reducing emissions but ignore 

neighboring sources increasing 

emissions. Other commenters 

recommended that EPA support 

granting credit for reductions of direct 

PM2.5 emissions that occur outside 

nonattainment areas. A few commenters 

also recommended different treatment 

of selected pollutants. 

Comment: Several commenters object 

to the methods by which EPA proposed 

to account for reductions outside the 

nonattainment area. According to a set 

of commenters, if indeed sources 

outside the nonattainment area 

contribute to nonattainment, ‘‘then EPA 

cannot lawfully or rationally allow the 

state to claim RFP credit from a single 

source’s reductions without including 

in the baseline emissions from all 

sources (mobile, area and stationary) 

within the same distance from the 

nonattainment area, and without 

calculating the impacts of increases and 

decreases in such emissions on RFP. 

Viewing reductions from a single 

‘outside the area’ source in isolation 

will invariably provide an incomplete 

and inaccurate picture of the actual 

increase or decrease in emissions 

contribution to the nonattainment area 

from all ‘outside the area’ sources. 

Moreover, EPA’s proposal creates 

numerous opportunities to game and 

undermine the system. By allowing 

nonattainment areas to rely on RFP 

reductions made outside the 

nonattainment area, the proposed rule 

strays from the Act’s focus on achieving 

emissions reductions from sources 

within the nonattainment area.’’ 

Another commenter insisted that states 

should not be allowed to consider 

emissions from sources outside the area 

unless they can demonstrate the impacts 

of these sources on nonattainment area 

concentrations. 

In addition, a commenter objects to 

consideration only of sources that are 

reducing emissions and recommends 

that EPA allow credit for upwind source 

reductions only ‘‘on the condition that 

all other major sources in the 200 

kilometer boundary are also not allowed 

to increase emissions.’’ Another 

commenter supports an option which 

states would only consider emissions 

within the nonattainment area, 

observing that to consider emissions 

outside the nonattainment area would 

be difficult to administer and might 

inappropriately ‘‘dilute the reductions 

needed in the nonattainment area.’’ This 

commenter also observes that a 200 

kilometer limit does not include much 

of the emissions that yield long range 

transport. Another commenter supports 

crediting reductions outside the 

nonattainment area but requests that 

EPA define the area to be considered. 

Response: The EPA agrees that 

examining emissions reductions of only 

selected sources outside the 

nonattainment area gives an inaccurate 

assessment of the progress that an area 

is making. For example, if a state took 

credit for emission reductions at Source 

A but ignored equal emission increases 

at neighboring Source B, the state would 

claim emission reductions in its RFP 

plan when in fact no net emission 

reductions had occurred. 

The commenters suggest various 

remedies for this problem. One 

suggestion is to include all sources 

within the area that is used. Another 

suggestion is to allow no consideration 

of emissions outside the nonattainment 

area. Yet another suggestion is to allow 

consideration of selected sources so 

long as other sources do not increase 

emissions. 

The EPA is adopting the first of these 

suggestions: for the pertinent area 

outside the nonattainment area, the RFP 

assessment must include emissions (for 

all years evaluated) for all sources. The 

EPA believes that inclusion of all 

sources is needed to ensure that the RFP 

plan reflects the actual net emissions 

changes that are occurring in the 

relevant area. 

In cases where the state justifies 

consideration of emissions of specified 

precursors from outside the 

nonattainment area, EPA is accepting 

the recommendation of various 

commenters that the inventories of these 

precursors used for RFP purposes shall 

include mobile source emissions as well 

as stationary and area source emissions. 

However, in cases where onroad mobile 

source emissions are significant and are 

therefore included, the state would need 

to submit additional information for 

transportation conformity purposes. As 

discussed above, in accordance with 

existing transportation conformity 

regulations (40 CFR Part 93), the SIP’s 

motor vehicle emissions budget(s) must 

reflect an emissions inventory of onroad mobile source emissions for the 

nonattainment area. Consequently, in 

these cases, the state would need to 

supplement its RFP inventory with 

information identifying the inventory of 

on-road mobile source emissions within 

the nonattainment area for the pertinent 

precursor(s) for the applicable year or 

years (i.e. 2009 and potentially 2012) to 

be used to establish a motor vehicle 

emissions budget for transportation 

conformity purposes. 

The relevant comments in general did 

not address the dimensions of spatial 

domain of the sources outside the 

nonattainment area that would be used 

in assessing RFP. EPA agrees with a 

commenter urging, as a prerequisite to 

including sources of the pertinent 

pollutants outside the nonattainment 

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area in the assessment, that states must 

justify the inclusion of sources outside 

the nonattainment area. This 

justification would need to demonstrate 

that these emissions have a substantial 

impact on nonattainment concentrations 

that warrants including these emissions 

along with nonattainment area 

emissions in assessing RFP. Another 

commenter recommends that EPA 

define the area to be included. Since the 

demonstrations of impact are best done 

by states, in conjunction with their 

attainment planning, EPA intends to 

allow States to justify the area to be 

included, within distance limits 

discussed above. 

Comment: Numerous commenters 

recommend that EPA allow credit for 

reductions of direct PM2.5 emissions 

outside the nonattainment area. Some of 

these commenters also recommend that 

EPA allow credit for mobile source 

emission reductions outside the 

nonattainment area. Other commenters 

support EPA’s proposed approach, in 

which states may justify considering 

precursor emissions outside the 

nonattainment area but must evaluate 

direct PM2.5 emissions based solely on 

emissions within the nonattainment 

area. 

Response: Under Section 107 of the 

Clean Air Act, EPA is to designate 

nonattainment areas that include areas 

nearby to the violations that contribute 

to the violations. Given the spatial scale 

of the impacts of direct PM2.5 emissions, 

EPA believes that any direct PM2.5 

emission source that demonstrably 

influences nonattainment area 

violations (and thus would contribute to 

these violations) would also be 

considered to be nearby to the violations 

for designation purposes. The EPA 

believes that it has properly defined the 

nonattainment areas to include all 

nearby contributing sources. 

Nevertheless, EPA asks anyone with 

evidence that an additional source or 

source area contributes to violations in 

a nonattainment area to submit that 

information to EPA and to recommend 

incorporation of that source or source 

area into the nonattainment area. 

The EPA has commented on 

consideration of mobile source 

emissions above. For direct PM2.5 

emissions, EPA believes that the 

nonattainment area properly defines the 

area of consideration, and emissions 

from mobile sources outside the 

nonattainment area, like emissions from 

stationary sources outside the 

nonattainment area, should not be 

considered. For precursors for which 

consideration of emissions outside the 

nonattainment area is justified, the 

applicable inventories would include 

emissions from all sources including 

mobile sources as well as stationary 

sources. 

Comment: A commenter states that 

‘‘RFP credits for VOC should be granted 

for reductions achieved within the 

nonattainment area as well as [within] 

geographical limits outside of the 

nonattainment area.’’ This commenter 

supports consistency with the ozone 

policy, which allows credit for NOX 

reductions within 200 kilometers and 

VOC reductions within 100 kilometers 

of the nonattainment area. Another 

commenter makes similar comments 

regarding VOC and comments that ‘‘[a]s 

the science and understanding of PM2.5 

formation increases, EPA must revisit 

the 200 kilometer parameter and 

develop a possible proposal for 

ammonia.’’ 

Response: Conceptually, EPA agrees 

that in areas where anthropogenic VOC 

emissions outside the nonattainment 

area are shown to be a significant 

contributor to nonattainment area PM2.5 

concentrations, presumably by 

formation of organic particles that 

influence nonattainment area 

concentrations, reduction of these VOC 

emissions could help improve air 

quality in the nonattainment area. 

Therefore, EPA is revising its policy to 

accommodate consideration of these 

potential impacts. The EPA believes that 

as the impacts of anthropogenic VOC on 

PM2.5 concentrations are better 

understood, it may in some cases be 

appropriate to consider sources outside 

the nonattainment area in RFP plans if 

the impacts from such sources can be 

properly quantified and justified. 

Nevertheless, EPA must highlight the 

technical challenges involved in 

assessing the impacts of VOC emission 

reductions. First, it is essential that the 

impacts of secondary organic particle 

formation from anthropogenic VOC 

emissions be differentiated from the 

impacts caused by biogenic VOC 

emissions and from the impacts of 

direct organic particle emissions. 

Second, the process of organic particle 

formation is highly complex, and 

currently available atmospheric models 

typically perform poorly in assessing 

the mass of particles thus formed. Third, 

the distance range of impacts, and to be 

more precise the distance range over 

which source impacts are comparable, is 

especially uncertain. While the distance 

range for organic particle formation is 

not necessarily the same as for the 

influence of VOC on ozone formation, it 

may be appropriate to include sources 

within 100 kilometers of the 

nonattainment area for both purposes, 

as the commenter recommended. 

However, any state wishing to include 

such sources outside the nonattainment 

area must justify the distance range that 

is appropriate for the area. 

The EPA is not prepared at this time 

to establish generally applicable 

guidance with respect to how RFP plans 

should address ammonia in cases where 

that precursor is found to be significant. 

States that expect to regulate ammonia 

emissions should consult their regional 

office regarding appropriate approaches 

for their particular areas. 

Finally, EPA agrees with the 

commenter that EPA should revisit the 

range of issues regarding geographic 

distances of impacts as more 

information and understanding become 

available. 

6. Pollutants To Be Addressed in the 

RFP Plan 

a. Background 

A number of commenters appeared to 

be confused by the discussion in the 

notice of proposed rulemaking regarding 

the pollutants to be included in the RFP 

assessment. The EPA proposed that the 

attainment demonstration would 

provide the key parameters of the RFP 

demonstration, and that the list of 

pollutants to be addressed in the RFP 

demonstration would match the list of 

pollutants regulated as part of the 

attainment demonstration. However, the 

notice of proposed rulemaking also 

suggested that the presumptions 

regarding whether different pollutants 

are to be regulated under NSR and 

RACM (including RACT) would also 

apply to RFP. This led some 

commenters to recommend different 

treatment of specific pollutants. 

In fact, the presumptions of 

applicability that EPA is promulgating 

for RACM are not germane to RFP. The 

pollutant coverage of RFP assessments 

is determined on an area-specific basis 

according to each area’s attainment 

demonstration, and EPA need not 

establish presumptions as to what 

pollutants are included in the RFP 

assessment. For example, if a state 

includes no NOX emission reductions in 

its attainment plan, then the RFP plan 

would not include NOX, irrespective of 

whether the (uncontrolled) NOX 

emissions contribute significantly to the 

areas PM2.5 concentrations. 

The contrast between establishment of 

presumptions for RACM and having no 

such presumptions for RFP (or for 

attainment demonstrations) reflects 

differences in regulatory context. For 

RACM, at issue is whether the impact of 

the pollutant is sufficient to warrant full 

implementation of the RACM 

requirements. In contrast, for RFP (as for 

attainment plans), EPA is establishing 

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an overall progress requirement that 

may be met by applying various control 

levels to various pollutants, so long as 

overall emission reductions are 

adequate. Indeed, if the state chooses 

not to control a particular pollutant in 

its attainment plan, then the 

presumption is that that pollutant 

would not be reduced in the RFP plan 

either. Furthermore, states have the 

flexibility to meet the overall progress 

with any adequate combination of 

control of relevant pollutants, regardless 

of the significance or insignificance of 

these pollutants’ impacts. For these 

reasons, EPA is making no 

presumptions as to what pollutants will 

be included in RFP plans. 

b. Final Policy 

As proposed, the pollutants to be 

addressed in the RFP plan are those 

pollutants that are subject to control 

measures in the attainment plan. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A commenter states that 

‘‘VOC should be considered a 

presumptive PM2.5 precursor.’’ Another 

commenter recommends presuming that 

VOC and ammonia are included in the 

RFP plan. 

Response: The EPA’s approach to RFP 

does not rely on presumptions as to 

whether a pollutant does or does not 

warrant regulation as a precursor. 

Instead, pollutants are to be included or 

excluded according to whether the 

attainment demonstration includes 

emission controls for the pollutant that 

yield quantitative air quality benefits. 

Thus, irrespective of the presumptions 

applicable to RACM, the RFP plan 

would not include VOC unless the 

attainment plan reflects air quality 

improvements from VOC emission 

controls. The challenges of addressing 

VOC as part of an RFP plan were 

discussed earlier in this section. 

Similarly, ammonia would not be 

included in the RFP plan if the 

attainment plan does not regulate 

ammonia emissions. 

7. Equivalent Air Quality Improvement 

a. Background 

The EPA proposed that states could 

use alternative combinations of various 

types of emission control programs to 

meet RFP requirements if the alternative 

would be expected provide air quality 

improvements that are approximately 

equivalent to those of the benchmark 

emission reductions. Some control 

programs for some pollutants can be 

implemented more quickly than other 

control programs. EPA believes that it is 

unnecessary to require that all 

pollutants be reduced at the same rate 

or by the same fraction of the ultimate 

attainment plan reductions. The EPA 

believes instead that the states should 

have flexibility to ‘‘mix and match’’ 

control strategies, so long as they 

provide a demonstration that the 

adopted approach can be expected to 

yield approximately the same air quality 

progress as an approach in which the 

state achieves an identical fraction of 

the attainment strategy for all pollutants 

by the RFP milestone date. 

The notice of proposed rulemaking 

presented examples of the assessment of 

RFP, illustrating EPA’s recommended 

approach for establishing a benchmark 

set of emission reductions and 

illustrating EPA’s recommended 

procedures for whether modified 

approaches that control some pollutants 

earlier than other pollutants may be 

considered equivalent. While not 

repeated here, the examples remain 

appropriate for describing the approach 

included in the final rule. (See 70 FR 

66012–66013). 

Most commenters supported EPA’s 

proposal to allow alternative 

combinations of control that can be 

shown by simple means to be 

equivalent. A set of commenters 

objected to this approach, given the 

uncertainties involved in the 

equivalency assessment. Nevertheless, 

for this aspect of RFP policy, EPA’s final 

policy reflects the policy that it 

proposed. 

b. Final Policy 

The EPA is adopting an approach that 

establishes a benchmark level of 

controls but allows states the flexibility 

to adopt any combination of controls of 

the various pollutants that can be shown 

to provide equivalent benefits using 

procedures that EPA is recommending 

(or at the State’s option, air quality 

modeling). The first step is to determine 

the ratio of the number of years from the 

baseline year to the RFP review year 

(e.g., the 7 years from 2002 to 2009) 

divided by the number of years from the 

baseline year to the year in which 

attainment level emissions are achieved 

(e.g. the 10 years from 2002 to 2012, for 

an area with a 2013 attainment 

deadline). The benchmark level of 

controls is then determined by 

multiplying this ratio times the level of 

control being achieved for each 

pollutant. For example, for an area with 

an attainment deadline extended to 

2013, the benchmark level of controls 

would reflect 7⁄10 of the emission 

reductions of each pollutant that is 

controlled in the attainment plan. 

The equivalency process involves 

consideration of the air quality benefits 

for the emission reductions in the 

alternative plan for each regulated 

pollutant. In effect, the air quality 

benefits for each pollutant are used as 

weighting factors, such that pollutants 

for which controls yield larger benefits 

are weighted more heavily in 

determining the adequacy of the 

resulting plan. For each pollutant, the 

first step is to find the ratio of the 

emission reductions achieved by the 

RFP milestone date (e.g. the emission 

reductions achieved between 2002 and 

2009) divided by the emission 

reductions achieved by the attainment 

date. The second step is to multiply this 

ratio times the air quality improvement 

attributable to full implementation in 

the attainment year of the attainment 

strategy relevant to that pollutant. The 

third step is to add these pollutantspecific results to obtain a total 

estimated air quality benefit of the 

alternative plan. 

The air quality benefits of the 

benchmark reductions are easier to 

determine. The first step, inherent to 

defining the benchmark reductions, is to 

determine the ratio of the number of 

years to the RFP review divided by the 

number of years to attainment level 

emissions (in the example above, 7⁄10). 

The second step is simply to multiply 

this ratio times the quantity of air 

quality improvement achieved by the 

attainment plan. (Conceptually, the 

calculations are the same as are done for 

the alternative plan, but the 

mathematics are simpler because one is 

applying the same assumed fraction of 

the attainment plan emission reductions 

(e.g. 7⁄10) for all pollutants, so that there 

is no need to subdivide by pollutant.) 

For each milestone date, any alternative 

that provides estimated air quality 

benefits by the RFP milestone date that 

at a minimum are generally equivalent 

to the estimated benefits of the 

benchmark level of emission reductions 

will be considered to satisfy RFP 

requirements. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A set of commenters argues 

that the equivalency process is too 

uncertain, and recommends instead that 

states be required to achieve at least a 

fixed percentage reduction for all 

pollutants. The commenters cite the 

uncertainties acknowledged by EPA, 

including potential nonlinearity (i.e. 

that a given percentage of an emission 

reduction may yield a different 

percentage of the related air quality 

benefit). The commenters contrast EPA’s 

willingness to accommodate these 

uncertainties, for purposes of giving 

states flexibility for alternate RFP plan 

designs, with EPA’s unwillingness to 

accommodate the uncertainties inherent 

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in regulating ammonia emissions. The 

commenters state that ‘‘Rather than 

propose a standardized process for 

coherently determining ‘equivalency,’ 

EPA embraces the possibility that States 

will invent multiple and disparate 

methodologies.’’ The commenters argue 

that the need for certainty in achieving 

emission reductions trumps the benefits 

of state flexibility, not the other way 

around. The commenters state that if 

‘‘EPA decides nonetheless to accept 

equivalency demonstrations, it should 

at least * * * require States to conduct 

dispersion modeling’’ to confirm 

equivalency. The commenters further 

find unlawful the fact that EPA would 

allow ‘‘rough equivalency’’ rather than 

full equivalency to the benchmark 

approach. The commenters would 

prefer that EPA required a fixed 

percentage reduction of the emissions of 

direct PM2.5 emissions and of each 

precursor. 

Response: The EPA believes that its 

proposed approach satisfies the intent of 

the RFP requirement, which is to make 

ongoing, steady progress toward 

attainment rather than backloading 

control strategies. A requirement to 

obtain at least a given percentage of 

each of the pollutants that contribute to 

PM2.5 concentrations would impose an 

inflexibility that EPA concludes is 

unnecessary where not required by the 

statute. The EPA proposed to require 

that areas achieve emission reductions 

that are generally linear, and a plan that 

provides for rough equivalency to the 

benchmark approach would indeed 

provide generally linear reductions. In 

response to commenters’ requests for a 

standardized process for assessing 

equivalency, EPA believes the process 

outlined in the final rule is responsive 

to this request. It is not clear whether 

the fixed reduction percentage that 

certain commenters recommended 

would be an area-specific percentage 

(such as EPA uses to define the 

benchmark approach) or a universally 

applicable percentage (such as 3 percent 

per year). If the former, then EPA would 

repeat the response above regarding 

flexibility being consistent with the 

Act’s requirements; if the latter, then 

responses in III.6.4 regarding a fixed 

reduction percentage apply. The EPA 

believes that the procedures it is 

establishing to assess equivalency are 

adequate for assessing RFP and that 

dispersion modeling need not be 

required for this purpose. 

8. Other RFP Issues 

a. Multi-State Nonattainment Areas 

As stated in the proposed rulemaking, 

EPA seeks to ensure that nonattainment 

areas that include more than one State 

meet RFP requirements as a whole. 

Some commenters expressed concern 

about how one state’s submittal should 

address emissions in other states, 

including how the state might address 

questions about the enforceability of 

another state’s requirements. 

The issues here resemble the issues 

for attainment demonstrations. In that 

context as well, EPA seeks plans that 

reflect active consultation by the 

affected states and provide a 

combination of reductions that are 

enforceable by the respective states that 

collectively provide for attainment. The 

active involvement of regional planning 

organizations helps assure a collective 

design of a plan with specific 

requirements to be adopted by specific 

states. Likewise for RFP, EPA would 

expect states with multi-state 

nonattainment areas to consult with 

other involved states, to formulate a list 

of the measures that they will adopt and 

the measures that the other state(s) will 

adopt, and then to adopt their list of 

measures under the assumption that the 

other state(s) will adopt their listed 

measures. That is, each state would be 

responsible for adopting and thereby 

providing for enforcement of its list of 

measures, and then that state and 

ultimately EPA (at such time as the plan 

is approved) would be responsible for 

assuring compliance with the SIP 

requirements. 

In accordance with this view of RFP, 

as is the case for attainment plans, EPA 

expects states sharing a multi-state 

nonattainment area to submit a common 

assessment of whether RFP will occur. 

As a default, if the assessment only 

includes emissions within the 

nonattainment area, then each state 

would submit an assessment based on 

emissions from the full nonattainment 

area including portions of the area in 

other states. If the assessment includes 

precursor emissions from additional 

area outside the nonattainment area, 

then the states should have a common 

rationale for the area included, and all 

affected states would use the same 

inventory of the same multi-state area 

thus defined in assessing whether RFP 

will occur. The EPA would judge such 

submittals based on (1) whether the 

overall projected emission reductions 

will achieve RFP and (2) whether the 

submitting state has adopted the 

necessary enforceable measures to 

assure that the reductions projected 

within its boundaries will in fact occur. 

As a point of clarification, even if a 

state justifies consideration of emissions 

outside the nonattainment area in its 

RFP assessment, EPA intends that these 

assessments not use emissions from 

outside the state or states represented in 

the nonattainment area. For single state 

nonattainment areas, only emissions 

within that state would be considered. 

This will help assure accountability for 

the emission reductions included in the 

plan. 

b. Tribal Areas 

The EPA received no comments on its 

proposed policy regarding RFP for tribal 

areas, and EPA is finalizing the 

proposed policy. Under its Tribal 

Authority Rule (40 CFR 49.4), EPA 

found that it was not appropriate to 

apply SIP schedule requirements to 

tribes. For similar reasons, EPA is not 

requiring tribes to submit RFP plans. 

Generally this exemption will have 

limited if any impact on the 

achievement of RFP by an area. 

Nevertheless, consistent with its general 

role in implementing programs for tribes 

where ‘‘necessary and appropriate,’’ 

EPA will work with the affected tribes 

and states to ensure that emissions on 

tribal lands are addressed appropriately. 

The EPA intends to ensure that areas 

that include both state and tribal lands 

will satisfy RFP on a collective basis, 

similar to the policy applicable to multistate nonattainment areas. 

9. Mid-Course Review 

a. Background 

The EPA proposed requiring midcourse reviews on a case-by-case basis. 

The proposal described a mid-course 

review as a combination of reviews 

aimed at assessing whether a 

nonattainment area is or is not making 

sufficient progress toward attainment of 

the PM2.5 standards. The proposal 

described the mid-course review as 

involving ‘‘three basic steps: (1) 

Demonstrate whether the appropriate 

emission limits and emission reduction 

programs that were approved as part of 

the original attainment demonstration 

and SIP submittal were adopted and 

implemented; (2) analyze available air 

quality, meteorology, emissions and 

modeling data and document relevant 

findings; and (3) document conclusions 

regarding whether progress toward 

attainment is being made using a weight 

of evidence determination.’’ (Cf. 70 FR 

66010) 

The EPA views mid-course review 

requirements as part of a set of 

requirements for implementing the 

Clean Air Act requirements for 

reasonable further progress. For areas 

that demonstrate attainment by April 5, 

2010, EPA believes that this attainment 

demonstration also demonstrates that 

reasonable further progress is being 

achieved. For areas that demonstrate 

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attainment after April 5, 2010, EPA is 

requiring states to submit an RFP plan, 

due on April 5, 2008, showing that 

emissions in 2009 and, in some cases, 

in 2012, will be sufficiently reduced to 

provide generally linear progress toward 

levels that are expected to yield 

attainment. At issue here is how then to 

conduct ongoing tracking of whether the 

planned progress toward attainment is 

in fact occurring. Subparts 2 (for ozone) 

and 4 (for PM10) include explicit 

requirements for ongoing milestone 

tracking. Since Subpart 1 (applicable for 

PM2.5) allows EPA flexibility in 

determining how ongoing progress is to 

be tracked, EPA may adopt other 

approaches for achieving the necessary 

assurances that ongoing progress toward 

attainment is occurring. 

Milestone reviews can be confounded 

by changes in inventory methods (a 

concern expressed by a commenter 

particularly with respect to condensable 

emissions) and involve lengthy delays 

while inventories are compiled before 

planning can begin. Other approaches 

involving only air quality data reviews 

also do not provide for timely planning, 

insofar as such approaches involve 

waiting for three years of air quality data 

after implementation of controls before 

planning can begin. The EPA believes 

that a mid-course review provides the 

most productive approach, in lieu of 

establishing milestone tracking or other 

requirements, to assure that reasonable 

further progress in reducing emissions 

is being achieved. For this reason EPA 

proposed a requirement for mid-course 

reviews. 

The EPA proposed a process for 

establishing and implementing midcourse review. After the state submits an 

attainment plan (due in April 2008), 

EPA would evaluate whether a midcourse review is warranted after 

considering various factors including 

factors identified in the proposal. The 

EPA did not propose to conduct further 

rulemaking on establishing this 

requirement, but EPA proposed that 

‘‘[w]here EPA finds that a MCR would 

be required, the approval of the 

[attainment] demonstration would be 

contingent on a commitment from the 

State to conduct the MCR.’’ The midcourse review would then be due April 

2010. The EPA’s proposal also stated 

that ‘‘EPA would determine [based on 

review of the mid-course review] 

whether additional emissions 

reductions are necessary,’’ so that states 

would need to complete the mid-course 

review ‘‘three or more years before the 

applicable attainment date to ensure 

that any additional controls that may be 

needed can be adopted [in timely 

fashion].’’ Finally, EPA stated ‘‘[i]f a 

mid-course review will be required for 

certain PM2.5 nonattainment areas, 

separate PM2.5 mid-course review 

guidance will be written to address the 

specific requirements of PM2.5 

nonattainment areas.’’ 

The EPA received numerous 

comments objecting to EPA’s proposed 

approach. Several commenters noted 

the inconsistency between requiring a 

mid-course review in April 2010 versus 

requiring a mid-course review due 3 or 

more years before an attainment date of 

2012 or earlier. Multiple commenters 

objected to EPA requiring a mid-course 

review only 2 years after the initial 

attainment plan is due. A commenter 

requested ‘‘nationally applicable 

guidance on when an MCR would be 

required and what it would need to 

include.’’ No commenters supported 

EPA’s timeline for mid-course reviews. 

Based on the comments that EPA 

received, EPA has reevaluated the 

process for mid-course reviews. Upon 

reevaluation, EPA shares many of the 

concerns expressed by commenters 

about the proposal. The proposal indeed 

presents conflicting dates for submittal. 

The EPA agrees that a deadline just 2 

years after the initial SIP submittal is 

too soon for states to conduct 

meaningful analyses of whether areas 

are making progress towards attainment. 

This problem would be exacerbated by 

the proposed process, in particular the 

fact that states would not know to begin 

work on a mid-course review until after 

they had submitted their initial SIP and 

after EPA had sufficiently reviewed the 

submittal to determine the need for a 

mid-course review. An early mid-course 

review also would defeat one of the 

purposes of the mid-course review, 

which is to take advantage of advances 

in the science and understanding of the 

nature of condensables and other 

components of PM2.5, to adjust plans to 

be better targeted at solving problems. 

For these reasons, EPA is significantly 

revising its approach to mid-course 

reviews as recommended by the 

commenters. The EPA is establishing a 

rule which provides more certainty to 

the states as to applicability and content 

of mid-course review requirements, 

thereby avoiding the need for future 

EPA rulemakings on the subject. The 

EPA’s rule clearly does not require 

states with early attainment dates to 

conduct a mid-course review and would 

clearly mandate a mid-course review 

only for areas with later attainment 

dates. The EPA’s final rule clarifies the 

content of mid-course reviews and 

provides for states to make decisions on 

whether further controls are needed 

rather than having EPA make this 

determination. The mid-course review 

shall include an updated modeled 

attainment demonstration as well as a 

review of the implementation of 

measures in the April 2008 SIP and a 

review of recent air quality data. The 

EPA believes that all of these elements 

are necessary and should be sufficient 

for the state to identify whether 

additional measures are needed to 

achieve attainment by the attainment 

date in the approved plan. The EPA 

believes that states, not EPA, should 

make the initial determination as to 

whether additional measures are 

needed, and EPA has designed its midcourse review requirements to provide 

for the states to make this 

determination. 

The EPA is promulgating a fixed date 

of April 2011 as a date for submittal of 

mid-course reviews for areas with 

attainment dates in 2014 or 2015. This 

fixed date will facilitate joint planning 

for multiple areas to apply common 

assumptions regarding regional 

transport. This date also gives states 

adequate notice for preparing these 

reviews and adequate time after the 

April 2008 submittal to incorporate new 

information and understanding of PM2.5 

nonattainment problems to adjust 

attainment strategies as appropriate. 

The EPA is not requiring areas 

demonstrating attainment by 2013 or 

before to conduct a mid-course review. 

Such areas plan to have attainment level 

emissions by 2012, and EPA believes 

that an April 2011 mid-course review 

would not provide a timely 

reassessment of such areas’ attainment 

plans. Instead, EPA is clarifying that 

mid-course reviews are only required 

for areas that demonstrate a need for an 

attainment date extension at least to 

April 2014. 

b. Final Rule 

For each area with an approved 

attainment date in 2014 or 2015, EPA is 

requiring the state to submit a midcourse review by April 2011. The midcourse review shall include an updated 

attainment demonstration as well as a 

review of the implementation status of 

measures included in the April 2008 

submittal and a review of recent air 

quality data. The state shall determine 

whether additional measures are needed 

for timely attainment, just as the state is 

responsible for determining whether 

additional measures are needed in the 

April 2008 attainment demonstration, 

subject to formal EPA SIP review. The 

EPA is not requiring RFP milestone 

reviews, and EPA is requiring midcourse reviews for areas with 

sufficiently extended attainment dates 

in lieu of any other form of tracking 

reasonable progress. 

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c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: A number of commenters 

objected to EPA’s proposed timeframe 

that would have areas submit a midcourse review only 2 years after the 

initial SIP is due. They recommended, 

instead, that areas with attainment dates 

2 years or more beyond the first 5-year 

period submit mid-course reviews 3 

years after the SIPs are due (April 2011) 

and every 3 years thereafter, if 

necessary. Their reason for this 

suggestion is that the timing of midcourse review requirements needs to be 

clearer and should allow adequate time 

between plans and mid-course reviews 

if they are to serve as meaningful 

reviews. 

Several commenters also noted an 

inconsistency in the timing of midcourse review requirements under 

EPA’s proposal. The EPA proposed that 

mid-course review submittals would be 

due 5 years after the initial designation, 

which for all the original designations 

means 5 years after April 2005, i.e. April 

2010. However, EPA also proposed that 

mid-course reviews would be due 3 

years before the attainment date, which 

for areas with an April 2012 attainment 

date means April 2009. The commenters 

considered April 2009 for a mid-course 

review submittal to be too soon after the 

initial SIP submittal in April 2008, 

arguing that EPA would not have had 

time to review the 2008 SIP submittal, 

and the states would not have time to 

prepare a mid-course review by 2009. 

Some of these commenters expressed a 

view that EPA should not require midcourse reviews earlier than 3 years after 

the SIP submittal date. 

Response: The EPA agrees with these 

comments. The EPA is remedying the 

inconsistency in submittal dates by 

establishing the single submittal due 

date of April 2011 that was 

recommended by the commenters. As 

requested by commenters, EPA is also 

clarifying the applicability of the midcourse review requirement. The 

requirement shall apply to areas with 

attainment dates of 2014 or 2015; midcourse reviews shall not be required for 

areas that are expected to attain the 

standards by 2013. 

Comment: A commenter supports 

mid-course reviews as a means of 

assuring that areas with longer-term 

compliance dates are on track to attain 

the NAAQS as expeditiously as 

practicable. 

Response: The EPA agrees that midcourse reviews can be a critical step in 

assuring expeditious attainment for 

areas with extended attainment dates. 

Indeed, EPA is relying on mid-course 

reviews rather than milestone reviews 

or other forms of RFP tracking to serve 

this purpose. 

Comment: A commenter 

recommended eliminating mid-course 

review requirements for any area with 

less than seven years between SIP 

submittal and attainment. The 

commenter urged that EPA carefully 

reconsider its overall timelines for PM2.5 

while considering the feasibility and 

practical usefulness of the steps 

required of States and emission sources. 

Response: The EPA agrees that the 

proposed timeline potentially required 

mid-course reviews in areas where such 

reviews would not be warranted, and 

the timeline did not provide the clarity 

as to the applicability of the 

requirement that states need to fulfill 

their planning responsibilities. In 

response, EPA is not requiring midcourse reviews for areas demonstrating 

attainment prior to 2014. For those areas 

that cannot demonstrate that attainment 

will occur prior to 2014, EPA has 

streamlined the mid-course review 

process so that the state bears 

responsibility for making the initial 

determination as to whether additional 

measures are needed to achieve timely 

attainment, rather than requiring 

additional steps of EPA rulemaking and 

initial findings by EPA as to the level of 

controls needed in the state’s SIP. With 

the revised timetable, states can be 

assured of a meaningful mid-course 

review effort that focuses on the areas 

that particularly warrant such a review 

and for which time is available for a 

productive assessment of the need for 

additional measures. 

Comment: One commenter stated that 

the proposal that allows the Agency to 

determine whether or not a State needs 

to submit a mid-course review with 

their attainment demonstration on a 

case-by-case basis lacks sufficient 

information. Since these attainment 

demonstrations must meet rigorous 

criteria, and require substantial work by 

the States, the commenter is concerned 

that the proposal neglects to outline the 

criteria EPA will use to make the caseby-case mid-course review 

determinations. The commenter asks 

that EPA provide the States with 

nationally applicable guidance on when 

an MCR would be required and what it 

would need to include. 

Response: The EPA agrees with this 

comment. In particular, EPA agrees that 

establishing clear criteria for 

applicability and content of a midcourse review requirement will provide 

states the opportunity to plan for these 

reviews and conduct appropriate 

reviews in a timely fashion. Therefore, 

this final rule is establishing specific 

criteria for the applicability of the midcourse review requirement, namely that 

a mid-course review shall be conducted 

for any area that cannot demonstrate 

attainment before 2014. This final rule 

is also identifying the necessary 

elements of this mid-course review, i.e. 

a review of the implementation of 

measures in the 2008 SIP, and review of 

recent air quality data, and an updated 

modeled attainment demonstration. 

H. Contingency Measures 

a. Background 

Under subpart 1 of the CAA, all PM2.5 

nonattainment areas must include in 

their SIPs contingency measures 

consistent with section 172(c)(9). 

Contingency measures are additional 

control measures to be implemented in 

the event that an area fails to meet RFP 

or fails to attain the standards by its 

attainment date. These contingency 

measures must be fully adopted rules or 

control measures that are ready to be 

implemented quickly upon failure to 

meet RFP or failure of the area to meet 

the standard by its attainment date. The 

preamble to the proposal stated that the 

SIP should contain trigger mechanisms 

for the contingency measures, specify a 

schedule for implementation, and 

indicate that the measures will be 

implemented without significant further 

action by the State or by EPA. The 

contingency measures should consist of 

other control measures for the area that 

are not included in the control strategy 

for the SIP. 

The April 16, 1992 General Preamble 

provided the following guidance: 

‘‘States must show that their 

contingency measures can be 

implemented without further action on 

their part and with no additional 

rulemaking actions such as public 

hearings or legislative review. In 

general, EPA will expect all actions 

needed to affect full implementation of 

the measures to occur within 60 days 

after EPA notifies the State of its 

failure.’’ (57 FR at 13512.) This could 

include Federal measures and local 

measures already scheduled for 

implementation, as explained below. 

The EPA has approved numerous SIPs 

under this interpretation—i.e., that use 

as contingency measures one or more 

Federal or local measures that are in 

place and provide reductions that are in 

excess of the reductions required by the 

attainment demonstration or RFP plan. 

(62 FR 15844, April 3, 1997; 62 FR 

66279, December 18, 1997; 66 FR 30811, 

June 8, 2001; 66 FR 586 and 66 FR 634, 

January 3, 2001.) The key is that the 

statute requires that contingency 

measures provide for additional 

emission reductions that are not relied 

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on for RFP or attainment and that are 

not included in the demonstration. The 

purpose is to provide a cushion while 

the plan is being revised to meet the 

missed milestone. In other words, 

contingency measures are intended to 

achieve reductions over and beyond 

those relied on in the attainment and 

RFP demonstrations. Nothing in the 

statute precludes a State from 

implementing such measures before 

they are triggered. In fact, a recent court 

ruling upheld contingency measures 

that were previously required and 

implemented where they were in excess 

of the attainment demonstration and 

RFP SIP. See LEAN v. EPA, 382 F.3d 

575, 5th Circuit., 2004. 

One basis EPA recommends for 

determining the level of reductions 

associated with contingency measures is 

the amount of actual PM2.5 emissions 

reductions required by the control 

strategy for the SIP to attain the 

standards. The contingency measures 

are to be implemented in the event that 

the area does not meet RFP, or attain the 

standards by the attainment date, and 

should represent a portion of the actual 

emissions reductions necessary to bring 

about attainment in area. Therefore, the 

emissions reductions anticipated by the 

contingency measures should be equal 

to approximately 1 year’s worth of 

emissions reductions necessary to 

achieve RFP for the area. 

As stated previously, EPA believes 

that contingency measures should 

consist of other available control 

measures beyond those required to 

attain the standards, and may go beyond 

those measures considered to be RACM 

for the area. It is important, however, 

that States make decisions concerning 

contingency measures in conjunction 

with their determination of RACM for 

the area, and that all available measures 

needed in order to demonstrate 

attainment of the standards must be 

considered first; all remaining measures 

should then be considered as candidates 

for contingency measures. It is 

important not to allow contingency 

measures to counteract the development 

of an adequate control strategy 

demonstration. 

The preamble to the proposal stated 

that contingency measures must be 

implemented without ‘‘significant 

further action’’ after EPA determines 

that the area has either failed to meet 

RFP, or has failed to attain the standard 

by its attainment date. The purpose of 

the contingency measure provision is to 

ensure that corrective measures are put 

in place automatically at the time that 

EPA makes its determination that an 

area has either failed to meet RFP or 

failed to meet the standard by its 

attainment date. The EPA is required to 

determine within 90 days after receiving 

a State’s RFP demonstration, and within 

6 months after the attainment date for 

an area, whether these requirements 

have been met. The consequences for 

states which fail to attain or to meet RFP 

are described in section 179 of the CAA. 

2. Final Rule 

The final rule includes regulatory text 

for contingency measures and maintains 

the overall policy approach as described 

in the preamble to the proposal. The key 

requirements associated with 

contingency measures are: 

—Contingency measures must be fully 

adopted rules or control measures that 

are ready to be implemented quickly 

upon failure to meet RFP or failure of 

the area to meet the standard by its 

attainment date. 

—The SIP should contain trigger 

mechanisms for the contingency 

measures, specify a schedule for 

implementation, and indicate that the 

measures will be implemented 

without further action by the State or 

by EPA. 

—The contingency measures should 

consist of other control measures for 

the area that are not included in the 

control strategy for the SIP. 

—The measures should provide for 

emission reductions equivalent to 

about 1 year of reductions needed for 

RFP, based on the overall level of 

reductions needed to demonstrate 

attainment divided by the number of 

years from the 2002 base year to the 

attainment year. Contingency 

measures are those measures that 

would not be included in the 

attainment strategy for various 

reasons; for example, they may not be 

as economically feasible as other 

measures that are considered to be 

RACM, or it may not be possible to 

implement the measures soon enough 

to advance the attainment date (e.g. 

federal mobile source measures based 

on the incremental turnover of the 

motor vehicle fleet each year). 

3. Comments and Responses 

Comment: Several comments were 

received concerning the requirement for 

contingency measures under section 

172(c)(9). The proposal indicated that 

contingency measures adopted as part of 

the State plan are to be equal to 

approximately 1 year’s worth of 

emissions reductions necessary to 

achieve RFP, as determined by the 

attainment demonstration for the area. 

One commenter indicates that this 

amount of reductions for contingency 

measures may be excessive in some 

cases. The commenter stated that States 

should be allowed to demonstrate 

appropriate amount of reductions for 

contingency measures in each area 

based on the degree of the PM2.5 

nonattainment area problem and the 

progression of emission reductions 

planned for the area as a part of the SIP. 

Response: The EPA agrees that the 

CAA does not include the specific level 

of emission reductions that must be 

adopted to meet the contingency 

measures requirement under section 

172(c)(9). One possible interpretation of 

the CAA would assume that 

contingency measures should be in 

place in the event that all of the State’s 

measures fail to produce their expected 

emission reductions. Under this 

scenario, the State theoretically would 

be required to adopt sufficient 

contingency measures to make up for 

the entire short fall. In other words, the 

State would have to adopt ‘‘double’’ the 

measures required to satisfy the 

applicable emissions reduction 

requirements. 

The EPA believes that this scenario 

would be highly unlikely and that this 

interpretation would be an unreasonable 

requirement. The adoption of double the 

measures needed for attainment would 

be difficult for States. Therefore, the 

EPA believes that it is reasonable that 

contingency measures should, at a 

minimum, ensure that an appropriate 

level of emissions reduction progress 

continues to be made if attainment or 

RFP is not achieved, or if an area fails 

to attain the standard by its statutory 

attainment date and additional planning 

is needed by the State. The EPA believes 

that the contingency measures adopted 

by the State for the affected area should 

represent a portion of the actual 

emissions reductions necessary to bring 

about attainment in the area. Therefore, 

EPA believes that it is reasonable to 

require states to adopt contingency 

measures equal to approximately 1 

year’s worth of emissions reductions 

necessary to achieve RFP for the area. 

Comment: One commenter claimed 

that EPA incorrectly quoted the CAA as 

requiring SIPs to provide for 

implementation of contingency 

measures upon an attainment or RFP 

failure, without ‘‘significant’’ further 

action by the State or EPA. The 

commenter stated that section 172(c)(9) 

does not contain the word ‘‘significant.’’ 

The CAA requires that contingency 

measures take effect ‘‘without further 

action’’ by the State or EPA. 

Response: The EPA agrees with the 

commenter that the general 

requirements for attainment plans 

specified under section 172(c)(9) State 

that each plan must contain additional 

measures that will take effect without 

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‘further action’ by the State or EPA if an 

area either fails to make RFP or fails to 

attain the standard by the applicable 

attainment date. Section 51.1012 of the 

final rule describes the contingency 

measures requirement and does not 

include the word ‘‘significant.’’ 

However, as a matter of practicality 

states need to take minimal steps to 

make contingency measures effective 

and alert the affected public that the 

measures are in force. Thus, EPA has 

indicated based on conclusions first 

made in the 1992 General Preamble that 

states should complete all of these 

administrative steps within 60 days and 

that all regulatory steps be completed 

before SIP submission. 

Comment: The commenter further 

states that EPA is wrong in asserting 

that contingency measures can include 

Federal measures and local measures 

already scheduled for implementation, 

or previously implemented measures 

that provide ‘excess’ reductions. The 

CAA requires contingency measures to 

consist of controls ‘to be undertaken if ’ 

the area fails to meet attainment or RFP. 

The commenter states that this language 

clearly states that such measures are to 

be new measures that will be 

undertaken upon the triggering event 

specifically to address RFP or failure to 

attain, not measures already in place, or 

measures required for other reasons. 

Further, the commenter claims that 

EPA can not rationally refer to any 

reductions prior to an attainment or RFP 

failure as ‘excess’ when total reductions 

in the area in fact prove insufficient to 

meet attainment RFP. The commenter 

states that EPA cites a 5th Circuit case 

as support, but the commenter 

respectfully submits that the case was 

incorrectly decided on this issue for the 

aforementioned reasons. 

Response: In response to comments 

claiming that EPA is wrong in asserting 

that contingency measures can include 

Federal measures and local measures 

already scheduled for implementation, 

or previously implemented measures 

that provide ‘excess’ reductions, as 

stated previously, the EPA has approved 

numerous SIPs under this 

interpretation. The statute requires that 

contingency measures provide for 

additional emission reductions that are 

not relied on for RFP or attainment and 

that are included in the attainment 

demonstration for the area. These 

measures are intended to provide a 

‘‘cushion’’ in terms of emissions 

reductions for the area while the State 

is revising the SIP for the area due to the 

failure to show RFP or attain. In other 

words, contingency measures are 

intended to achieve reductions over and 

beyond those relied on in the attainment 

and RFP demonstrations. Nothing in the 

statute precludes a State from 

implementing such measures before 

they are triggered. 

As noted above, EPA’s General 

Preamble interpreted the control 

measure requirements of sections 

172(c)(9) and 182(c)(9) to allow 

nonattainment areas to implement their 

contingency measures early. 57 FR 

13498, 13511 (April 16, 1992). The EPA 

has applied this interpretation in 

rulemakings. See, for example, 67 FR 

6,590, 6,591–92 (September 26, 2002). 

See also rulemakings cited in the 

Background section, above. As set forth 

above, the Fifth Circuit has upheld 

EPA’s interpretation. Louisiana 

Environmental Action Network v. EPA, 

382 F.3d 575 (Fifth Cir. 2004). (‘‘LEAN’’) 

Commenters have not provided a basis 

for concluding that the Fifth Circuit in 

the LEAN case wrongly interpreted the 

CAA. 

Commenters contend that the 

language in the CAA regarding 

contingency measure controls ‘‘to be 

undertaken’’ requires measures not 

already in place or required for other 

reasons. The Fifth Circuit disagreed, 

finding that the terms in section 

172(c)(9)—‘‘to be undertaken’’ and ‘‘to 

take effect’’—were ambiguous, and 

finding persuasive EPA’s interpretation 

that this language allows measures 

already in place or otherwise required. 

The Court held: 

‘‘Here, the EPA’s allowance of early 

reductions to be used as contingency 

measures comports with a primary purpose 

of the CAA—the aim of ensuring that 

nonattainment areas reach NAAQS 

compliance in an efficient manner—and 

necessary requirements of the CAA.’’ 382 

F.3d at 583. 

The Court further found that ‘‘By 

utilizing contingency measures early, 

the contingency measures ensured that 

‘an appropriate level of emissions 

reduction progress’ would be 

implemented while the State ‘adopt[ed] 

newly required measures resulting from 

the bump-up to a higher classification.’’ 

[citing the General Preamble]. Id. 

In addition, the Court agreed with 

EPA that ‘‘early reductions are 

necessary in order to create an incentive 

for nonattainment areas to implement 

‘all reasonably available control 

measures as expeditiously as 

practicable’ ’’ in accordance with section 

172(c)(1) of the CAA. Thus the Court 

concluded that it would be ‘‘illogical to 

penalize nonattainment areas that are 

taking extra steps, such as implementing 

contingency measures prior to a 

deadline, to comport with the CAA’s 

mandate that such states achieve 

NAAQS compliance as ‘expeditiously as 

practicable.’ ’’ Id. at 583–584. 

The Fifth Circuit also endorsed the 

concept of ‘‘excess’’ reductions, noting 

that the reductions credits at issue in 

that case, ‘‘although already 

implemented, are in effect set aside, ‘to 

be applied in the event that attainment 

is [not] achieved’ and such reduction 

credits ‘are not available for any other 

use.’ [citations omitted]. The setting 

aside of a continuing, surplus emissions 

reduction fits neatly within the CAA’s 

requirement that a necessary element of 

a contingency measure is that it must 

‘take effect without further action by the 

State or [EPA]’.’’ The Court concluded 

that ‘‘the early activation of continuing 

contingency measures is consistent with 

the purpose and requirements of the 

CAA statute.’’ Id. at 584. 

Thus, EPA’s approval of early 

implemented contingency measures is 

consistent with the CAA, as well as with 

EPA guidance. For example, EPA has 

consistently taken the position that 

ozone nonattainment areas classified 

moderate and above must include 

sufficient contingency measures so that 

‘‘upon implementation of such 

measures, additional emissions 

reductions of up to 3 percent of the 

emissions in the adjusted base year 

inventory (or such lesser percentage that 

will cure the identified failure) would 

be achieved in the year following the 

year in which the failure has been 

identified.’’ 57 FR at 13511 (EPA’s 

General Preamble). Thus the 

contingency measures are supposed to 

ensure that progress towards attainment 

will occur while the relevant State 

adopts whatever additional controls 

may be necessary to correct a shortfall 

in emissions reductions. Id. The EPA 

has historically allowed early 

reductions—that is, reductions achieved 

before the contingency measure is 

‘‘triggered’’—to be used as contingency 

measures. See also August 13, 1993 

Memorandum from G.T. Helms: Early 

Implementation of Contingency 

Measures for Ozone and Carbon 

Monoxide (CO) Nonattainment Areas). 

The commenter’s argument that 

emission reductions cannot be valid 

contingency measures if they are 

otherwise required is also misplaced. A 

State must have the legal authority to 

require whatever reductions it may 

require as a contingency measure. As 

EPA has previously stated, ‘‘all 

contingency measures must be fully 

adopted rules or measures.’’ 62 FR 

15844, 15846 (April 3, 1997). The fact 

that the State or Federal government has 

already exercised that authority is 

irrelevant because, as noted above, 

contingency measures must ‘‘take effect 

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without further action by the State or 

[EPA].’’ Section 172(c)(9). Thus, by 

definition, the State necessarily will 

have already exercised its legal 

authority to require reductions as a 

contingency measure before the measure 

is triggered. It does not matter whether 

or not a specific contingency measure is 

already required by law, as long as the 

emissions reductions that will result 

from that contingency measure have not 

been accounted for in the attainment 

and reasonable further progress 

demonstrations. If the reductions from 

the contingency measure are not 

available for any other use, then they are 

surplus that is set aside in the event 

reasonable further progress or 

attainment is not achieved. 

A key element of a valid contingency 

measure reduction is that the State may 

not use the reduction in its attainment 

or reasonable further progress 

demonstrations if it is already using the 

reduction as a contingency measure. 

Those demonstrations must account for 

the actual emissions reductions that will 

make reasonable further progress 

towards, and achieve attainment of the 

NAAQS in the absence of contingency 

measures. 

I. Transportation Conformity 

Transportation conformity is required 

under CAA section 176(c) (42 U.S.C. 

7506(c)) to ensure that Federally 

supported highway and transit project 

activities are consistent with (‘‘conform 

to’’) the purpose of the SIP. Conformity 

currently applies to areas that are 

designated nonattainment, and those 

redesignated to attainment after 1990 

(‘‘maintenance areas’’ with plans 

developed under CAA section 175A) for 

the following transportation-related 

criteria pollutants: ozone, particulate 

matter (PM2.5 and PM10), carbon 

monoxide (CO), and nitrogen dioxide 

(NO2). Conformity to the purpose of the 

SIP means that transportation activities 

will not cause new air quality 

violations, worsen existing violations, or 

delay timely attainment of the relevant 

NAAQS (or ‘‘standards’’). 

The final PM2.5 implementation rule 

does not contain any revisions to the 

transportation conformity regulation. 

The EPA addressed the transportation 

conformity requirements that apply in 

PM2.5 nonattainment and maintenance 

areas in three separate rulemakings as 

described below. 

First, on July 1, 2004, EPA published 

a final rule (69 FR 40004) that addressed 

the majority of requirements that apply 

in PM2.5 areas including: 

• Regional conformity tests to be used 

in conformity determinations both 

before and after SIPs are submitted and 

motor vehicle emissions budgets are 

found adequate or are approved; 

• Consideration of direct PM2.5 

emissions in regional emissions 

analyses; 

• Consideration of re-entrained road 

dust in PM2.5 regional emissions 

analyses; 

• Consideration of transportation 

construction-related fugitive dust in 

PM2.5 regional emissions analyses; and 

• Compliance with PM2.5 SIP control 

measures. 

Then on May 6, 2005, EPA 

promulgated a final rule (70 FR 24280) 

that specified the transportation-related 

PM2.5 precursors and when they apply 

in transportation conformity 

determinations in PM2.5 nonattainment 

and maintenance areas. 

Finally, on March 10, 2006, EPA 

promulgated a final rule (71 FR 12468) 

that establishes the criteria for 

determining which transportation 

projects must be analyzed for local 

particle emissions impacts in PM2.5 and 

PM10 nonattainment and maintenance 

areas. If required, an analysis of local 

particle emissions impacts is done as 

part of a transportation project’s 

conformity determination. 

Transportation conformity for the 

PM2.5 standards began applying in PM2.5 

nonattainment areas on April 5, 2006, 

one year after the effective date of EPA’s 

PM2.5 nonattainment designations (i.e., 

April 5, 2005). CAA section 176(c)(6) 

and 40 CFR 93.102(d) provide a oneyear grace period before conformity 

applies in areas newly designated 

nonattainment for a new standard. PM2.5 

SIP submissions such as RFP and 

attainment demonstrations would 

identify motor vehicle emissions 

budgets (‘‘budgets’’) for direct PM2.5 or 

PM2.5 precursors, as described below. 

These budgets would be used for 

satisfying transportation conformity 

requirements, once the budgets are 

found adequate or the SIP containing 

the budgets is approved by EPA. For 

example, state and local agencies would 

consider during the development of the 

PM2.5 SIP whether reductions of on-road 

mobile source S02 emissions are a 

significant contributor to an area’s PM2.5 

air quality problem, and if so, establish 

a S02 motor vehicle emissions budget 

for transportation conformity purposes. 

The EPA has previously addressed its 

intentions regarding when budgets must 

be established in PM2.5 SIPs for 

transportation conformity purposes. 

RFP plans, attainment demonstrations, 

and maintenance plans must include a 

budget for direct PM2.5 emissions, 

except for certain cases as described 

below. All PM2.5 SIP budgets would 

include directly emitted PM2.5 motor 

vehicle emissions from tailpipe, brake 

wear, and tire wear. States should also 

consider whether re-entrained road dust 

or highway and transit construction 

dust are significant contributors and 

should be included in the PM2.5 budget. 

For further information, see 40 CFR 

93.102(b) and 93.122(f) of the 

transportation conformity regulation, as 

well as Sections VIII–X of the July 1, 

2004 conformity rule preamble at 69 FR 

40031–40036. 

Under certain circumstances, directly 

emitted PM2.5 from on-road mobile 

sources may be found an insignificant 

contributor to the air quality problem 

and NAAQS. Section 93.109(k) of the 

conformity rule states that ‘‘[s]uch a 

finding would be based on a number of 

factors, including the percentage of 

motor vehicle emissions in the context 

of the total SIP inventory, the current 

state of air quality as determined by 

monitoring data for that NAAQS, the 

absence of SIP motor vehicle control 

measures, and historical trends and 

future projections of the growth of 

motor vehicle emissions.’’ The EPA 

discussed its intentions for applying the 

insignificance provision in the July 2004 

final rule (69 FR 40061–40063). 

In the May 6, 2005 final rule, EPA 

provided details regarding when states 

must establish SIP budgets for any PM2.5 

precursor (i.e., NOX, VOCs, S02 and 

ammonia). If through the SIP process a 

state concludes that on-road mobile 

source emissions of one or more 

precursors are significant (i.e. need to be 

addressed in order to attain the PM2.5 

standards as expeditiously as 

practicable), then EPA expects that the 

state will include a budget in the SIP for 

each of the relevant precursors. (70 FR 

24287) The EPA also noted in the May 

2005 conformity rule that, if inventory 

and modeling analyses demonstrating 

RFP, attainment or maintenance 

indicate a level of emissions of a 

precursor that must be maintained to 

demonstrate compliance with the 

applicable requirement, then that level 

of emissions should be clearly identified 

in the SIP as a budget for transportation 

conformity purposes, even if the SIP 

does not establish particular controls for 

the given precursor. If the state fails to 

identify such a level of emissions as a 

budget, EPA will find the submitted SIP 

budgets inadequate because the SIP fails 

to clearly identify the motor vehicle 

emissions budget as required by the 

conformity rule (40 CFR 

93.118(e)(4)(iii)). (70 FR 24287) In 

determining whether the on-road mobile 

source emissions of a PM2.5 precursor 

are significant, state and local agencies 

would use the criteria for insignificance 

findings provided in 40 CFR 93.109(k) 

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of the transportation conformity 

regulation. A further discussion of the 

criteria to be considered in establishing 

PM2.5 precursor budgets is contained in 

the May 2005 final transportation 

conformity rule (70 FR 24282–24288). If 

state and local agencies conclude that 

on-road sources of a precursor are not a 

significant contributor to the area’s 

PM2.5 air quality problem, as described 

above, motor vehicle emissions budgets 

would not be established even though 

emissions may be addressed in the 

area’s RFP plan, attainment 

demonstration and/or maintenance 

plan. 

J. General Conformity 

a. Background 

The General Conformity regulations 

promulgated in 1993 establish an 

implementation process where Federal 

agencies are responsible for making 

their own determination of conformity 

with State implementation plans (SIPs), 

and EPA plays an advisory role. 

Recognizing that it was impracticable to 

evaluate all Federal actions for 

conformity, EPA created a number of 

exemptions in those regulations for 

actions with insignificant or not 

reasonably foreseeable emission 

increases, including exemptions for 

Federal actions with emissions below 

specified de minimis levels. When a 

Federal agency must demonstrate 

conformity for an action, the regulations 

provide several methods for making that 

demonstration. With the designations of 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas on April 5, 

2005, requirements for demonstrating 

conformity become effective in those 

areas on April 5, 2006. 

On July 17, 2006 EPA issued a final 

rule (71 FR 40420) to amend the General 

Conformity Regulations to establish de 

minimis levels for PM2.5 for the General 

Conformity program. The final rule 

established 100 tons/year of direct PM2.5 

emissions and its precursors as the de 

minimis level where the General 

Conformity regulations would apply in 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas. In the 

process of finalizing the de minimis 

level for PM2.5 three comments were 

received. One commenter was 

concerned about emissions from 

burning by Federal agencies. Another 

commenter proposed that the de 

minimis level for emissions of direct 

PM2.5 should be set significantly lower 

than 100 tons—in the range of 25–50 

tons per year (TPY) in areas that are 

likely to attain the PM2.5 national 

ambient air quality standard within 5 

years, and a level of 10–25 TPY in areas 

that are likely to take more than 5 years 

to achieve the national ambient air 

quality standard. A third commenter 

supported the proposed de minimis 

level. 

The final rule revises the tables in 

sub-paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) of the 

General Conformity Regulations by 

adding a de minimis emission level for 

PM2.5 and its precursors. This action 

maintained our past policy of 

consistency between the conformity de 

minimis emission levels and the size of 

a major stationary source under the New 

Source Review program (70 FR 65984). 

These levels are also consistent with the 

levels promulgated for Reasonably 

Available Control Technology 

applicability levels for volatile organic 

compound and nitrogen oxide 

emissions in subpart 1 areas under the 

8-hour ozone implementation strategy 

(68 FR 32843). Since EPA is not 

finalizing any classifications for the 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas, we did not 

establish differing PM2.5 de minimis 

emission levels for higher classified 

nonattainment areas. 

b. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter requests 

that EPA communicate to all Federal 

agencies the value of the agencies 

advising the States as soon as possible 

of any planned future projects in 

nonattainment areas that may be above 

the General Conformity de minimis 

values or that will have to be evaluated 

to show that they are below de minimis. 

This is for projects that are very likely 

to proceed. The aim is to consider these 

future emissions in any growth 

projections during SIP development 

since such growth may not be 

anticipated well by the available growth 

model (E–GAS). States can 

communicate with existing Federal 

facilities now concerning this issue. 

Response: The EPA sees the value in 

Federal agencies working with States to 

anticipate growth in emissions and 

include those anticipated emissions in 

the applicable SIP. The EPA is in the 

process of proposing regulatory 

amendments to the General Conformity 

regulations that provide a framework for 

Federal facilities to work with States to 

account for facility-wide emissions in 

SIPs and to include Federal facility 

emissions in future SIPs. The EPA 

anticipates that these rule amendments 

should be proposed before the end of 

summer 2006. 

Comment: Some commenters stated 

that the de minimis level for PM2.5 for 

conformity applicability should be less 

than 100 tons per year. A level of 50 

tons per year was suggested for direct 

PM2.5 emissions. 

Response: Similar comments were 

received when the PM2.5 de minimis 

level was proposed on April 5, 2006. 

The response to those comments can be 

found in the preamble to the final rule 

setting the de minimis level for PM2.5 at 

71 FR 40420. 

Comment: Are the precursors for 

general conformity consistent with this 

rulemaking or with the transportation 

conformity rulemaking? 

Response: The precursors for general 

conformity are generally consistent both 

with this rule and the transportation 

conformity rule. The only difference 

between the transportation rule and this 

rule is that SO2 is not considered a 

precursor for transportation conformity 

determinations that occur prior to a 

PM2.5 SIP unless EPA or the State air 

agency finds on-road mobile source 

emissions significant. For more 

information, see the May 6, 2005 

transportation conformity rule on PM2.5 

precursors at 70 FR 24283. Since general 

conformity includes analysis of 

stationary sources the general 

conformity rule requires SO2 as a 

precursor both before and after a PM2.5 

SIP is submitted. 

Comment: When will rulemaking 

containing the de minimis levels for 

PM2.5 and for the precursors be issued? 

There is some confusion, since the 

proposed rule says that states should 

assume 100 tpy for all PM2.5 pollutants, 

as this would make it consistent with 

the levels for NOX and VOC for the 

subpart 1 areas under 8-hour ozone. 

However, since New Jersey’s 

classification is moderate under the 8-

hour ozone standard and we are in an 

Ozone Transport Region, the de minimis 

level for VOC is 50 tons per year. 

Response: On July 17, 2006 EPA 

issued a final rule (71 FR 40420) to 

amend the General Conformity 

Regulations to establish de minimis 

levels for PM2.5 for the General 

Conformity program. The final rule 

established 100 tons/year of direct PM2.5 

emissions and its precursors as the de 

minimis level where the General 

Conformity regulations would apply in 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas. Since EPA is 

not finalizing any classifications for the 

PM2.5 nonattainment areas, we did not 

establish differing PM2.5 de minimis 

emission levels for based on a 

classification scheme. 

Comment: If a Statement of 

Conformity has been issued on a project 

and if the project has not been 

completed to date, are they required to 

address PM2.5 prior to completion of the 

project or will they be grandfathered in? 

Response: If a Federal action has 

completed a conformity determination 

and the action has started (regardless of 

whether the project is complete or not) 

then no new determination is needed. If 

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the conformity determination was 

completed, but the action did not start 

in 5 years a new determination is 

needed under the general conformity 

rules. 

Comment: What guidance should 

states use to establish budgets for large 

facilities or military bases? 

Response: The EPA has not issued 

any guidance for States and Federal 

facilities to establish facility-wide 

budgets in the applicable SIP. There is 

nothing in the General Conformity 

regulations preventing this approach 

which would allow Federal actions that 

do not increase total facility emissions 

over the budget in the SIP from 

determining the action conforms on the 

basis of its compliance with the budget 

limit. The EPA sees this practice as a 

positive step to encourage States and 

Federal agencies to work together to 

account for emissions in a SIP so they 

conform with the purposes and goals of 

the SIP. The EPA intends to address the 

approach and provide guidance in 

planned revisions to the General 

Conformity regulations which are 

expected to be proposed in 2006. 

K. Emission Inventory Requirements 

a. Background 

Emission inventories are critical for 

the efforts of State, local, tribal and 

federal agencies to attain and maintain 

the NAAQS that EPA has established for 

criteria pollutants including PM2.5. 

Pursuant to its authority under section 

110 of Title I of the CAA, EPA has long 

required States to submit emission 

inventories containing information 

regarding the emissions of criteria 

pollutants and their precursors. The 

EPA codified these requirements in 40 

CFR part 51, subpart Q in 1979 and 

amended them in 1987. 

The 1990 CAAA revised many of the 

provisions of the CAA related to 

attainment of the NAAQS and the 

protection of visibility in mandatory 

Class I Federal areas (certain national 

parks and wilderness areas). These 

revisions established new emission 

inventory requirements applicable to 

certain areas that were designated 

nonattainment for certain pollutants. In 

the case of particulate matter, the 

emission inventory provisions are in the 

general provisions under Section 

172(c)(3). 

In June 2002, EPA promulgated the 

Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule 

(CERR) (67 FR 39602; June 10, 2002), 40 

CFR part 51 subpart A. The CERR 

consolidated the various emissions 

reporting requirements that already 

existed into one place in the CFR, 

established new reporting requirements 

for PM2.5 and ammonia, and established 

new requirements for the statewide 

reporting of area source and mobile 

source emissions. 

The CERR established two types of 

required emission inventories: annual 

inventories, and 3-year cycle 

inventories. The annual inventory 

requirement is limited to reporting 

statewide emissions data from the larger 

point sources. For the 3-year cycle 

inventory, States need to report data 

from all of their point sources plus all 

of the area and mobile sources on a 

statewide basis. A special case existed 

for the first 3-year cycle inventory for 

the year 2002 which was due on June 1, 

2004. 

The EPA issued guidance suggesting 

that 2002 be used as the Base Year for 

8-hour ozone, PM2.5 and regional haze 

planning efforts (November 18, 2002 

EPA memorandum ‘‘2002 Base Year 

Emission Inventory SIP Planning: 8-hr 

Ozone, PM2.5 and Regional Haze 

Programs’’ http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ 

chief/eidocs/2002 

baseinven_102502new.pdf). 

States should estimate mobile source 

emissions by using the latest emissions 

models and planning assumptions 

available at the time the SIP is 

developed. Information and guidance on 

the latest emissions models is available 

at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/ 

stateresources/transconf/ 

policy.htm#models and at http:// 

www.epa.gov/otaq/models.htm. 

By merging the information on point 

sources, area sources and mobile 

sources into a comprehensive emission 

inventory, State, local and tribal 

agencies may do the following: 

• Set a baseline for SIP development. 

• Measure their progress in reducing 

emissions. 

• Have a tool to support future 

trading programs. 

• Answer the public’s request for 

information. 

The EPA uses the data submitted by 

the States to develop the National 

Emission Inventory (NEI). The NEI is 

used by EPA to show national emission 

trends, as modeling input for analysis of 

potential regulations, and other 

purposes. 

Most importantly, States need these 

inventories to help in the development 

of control strategies and demonstrations 

to attain the annual and 24-hour PM2.5 

NAAQS. In April 1999, EPA published 

the ‘‘Emissions Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and 

Particulate Matter National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations,’’ EPA–454/ 

R–99–006. The EPA updated this 

guidance in November 2005.46 The 

current version of this guidance is 

available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ 

chief/eidocs/eiguid/index.html. The 

EPA developed this guidance document 

to complement the CERR and to provide 

specific guidance to State and local 

agencies and Tribes on how to develop 

emissions inventories for 8-hour ozone, 

PM2.5, and regional haze SIPs. While the 

CERR sets forth requirements for data 

elements, EPA guidance complements 

these requirements and indicates how 

the data should be prepared for SIP 

submissions. 

The SIP inventory must be approved 

by EPA as a SIP element and is subject 

to public hearing requirements, whereas 

the CERR is not. Because of the 

regulatory significance of the SIP 

inventory, EPA will need more 

documentation on how the SIP 

inventory was developed by the State as 

opposed to the documentation required 

for the CERR inventory. In addition, the 

geographic area encompassed by some 

aspects of the SIP submission inventory 

will be different from the statewide area 

covered by the CERR emissions 

inventory. The CERR inventory was due 

June 1, 2004, while the SIP inventory 

due date is later. Because of this time 

lapse, the State may choose to revise 

some of the data from the CERR when 

it prepares its SIP inventory to account 

for improvements in emissions 

estimates. If a State’s 2005 emission 

inventory (or a later one) becomes 

available in time to use for timely 

development of a nonattainment area 

SIP, then that inventory can be used. We 

also encourage the cooperation of the 

Tribes and the State and local agencies 

in preparing their emissions inventories. 

b. Final Rule 

In the proposed rulemaking, in 

§ 51.1008(a), to meet the emission 

inventory requirements of section 

172(c)(3), EPA proposed to require 

submission of the CERR inventories as 

well as ‘‘any additional emission 

inventory information needed to 

support an attainment demonstration 

and RFP plan ensuring expeditious 

attainment of the annual and 24-hour 

PM2.5 standards.’’ Section 51.1008(b) set 

forth specifications for baseline 

emissions inventories for attainment 

demonstrations and RFP requirements. 

Section 51.1008 of the final rule reflects 

our proposed rule but is different from 

the draft regulatory text. The proposal 

did not specify a deadline for 

46 Emissions Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and Particulate Matter 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 

and Regional Haze Regulations,’’ (EPA–454/R–05– 

001, November 2005. 

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submission of the emission inventory. 

To ensure clarity, the final rule contains 

language addressing the deadline for 

submission of emissions inventories for 

nonattainment areas under section 

172(c)(3) and section 172(b), and reflects 

the statutory requirement of no later 

than 3 years after designation of the 

area. See § 51.1008(a). In addition, 

§ 51.1008(a)(1) of the proposed rule has 

been changed for purposes of 

clarification. The proposal referred to 

the requirement to submit statewide 

emission inventories under the (CERR), 

contained in 40 CFR part 51, subpart A. 

The final regulatory text clarifies this to 

refer to the requirements for data 

elements under 40 CFR part 51, subpart 

A. The EPA did not intend that the 

emissions inventories developed under 

the CERR, which are statewide, would 

be appropriate for and satisfy all aspects 

of SIP inventories developed for SIP 

submissions. Section 51.1008(b) has a 

minor change to clarify that this 

subsection refers to the inventories 

required for submission under 

paragraph (a) of section 51.1008, and 

also clarifies the reference to 40 CFR 

Part 51 subpart A, which currently 

contains the CERR. In addition, section 

51.1008(b) as finalized provides that 

‘‘The baseline emission inventory for 

calendar year 2002 or other suitable year 

shall be used for attainment planning 

and RFP plans for areas initially 

designated nonattainment for the PM2.5 

NAAQS in 2004.’’ The EPA added this 

flexibility to be consistent with EPA’s 

ozone implementation rule, and to 

enable a State to use a more recent and 

improved base year inventory if it is 

completed in time to allow for timely 

development of the attainment plan. As 

noted above, we expect that States will 

consult the guidance document titled 

Emission Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and 

Particulate Matter National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards (‘‘NAAQS’’) and 

Regional Haze Regulations, November 

2005,and submit inventories that are 

appropriate for the geographic area at 

issue and consistent with regulations 

and this guidance. We expect the States 

to include in their SIP submission 

documentation explaining how the 

emissions data were calculated. 

In the proposed rulemaking, EPA 

asked ‘‘What emission inventory 

requirements should apply under the 

PM2.5 NAAQS.’’ Several specific 

questions followed this general question 

to assess whether or not additional 

emission inventory requirements or 

guidance are needed to implement the 

proposed standard. It was noted in the 

proposal that the basis for EPA’s 

emission inventory program is specified 

in the Consolidated Emissions 

Reporting Rule (CERR) and the related 

guidance document titled Emissions 

Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter 

National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards (NAAQS) and Regional Haze 

Regulations. 

Subsequent to the proposed 

rulemaking, EPA proposed the Air 

Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) at 71 

FR 69 (Jan. 3, 2006). The AERR would 

update CERR reporting requirements by 

consolidating and harmonizing new 

emissions reporting requirements with 

pre-existing sets of reporting 

requirements under the Clean Air 

Interstate Rule (CAIR) and the NOX SIP 

Call. At this time, EPA is reviewing 

comments submitted on the AERR 

proposal and expects to finalize this 

rulemaking during calendar year 2007. 

The AERR is expected to be a means by 

which the Agency will implement 

additional data reporting requirements 

for PM2.5 SIP emission inventories. 

Since the AERR rulemaking is in 

progress, EPA believes it is appropriate 

to defer responding to certain comments 

on the proposed PM2.5 Implementation 

Rule related to data reporting and 

emission inventory requirements that 

were discussed in the AERR proposal. 

Those comments will be addressed in 

the final AERR rulemaking. Significant 

comments that are separable from the 

AERR rulemaking and relate to data 

reporting and emission inventory 

requirements for the PM2.5 NAAQS are 

addressed below and in EPA’s 

Responses to Comments document. 

With respect to SIP emission 

inventory requirements under this 

rulemaking, EPA recognizes NOX, SO2, 

VOCs, and ammonia as potential 

precursors of PM2.5 because these 

pollutants can contribute to the 

formation of PM2.5 in the ambient air. To 

provide a technical foundation for 

understanding contributions to PM2.5 

nonattainment problems and for 

identifying potential future measures to 

reduce PM2.5 concentrations, EPA is 

requiring under 40 CFR part 51 subpart 

A and 40 CFR 51.1008 of this rule that 

States develop and submit inventories 

for direct PM2.5 and all precursors of 

PM2.5. This requirement stands apart 

from the policies in this rule regarding 

the required treatment of various 

precursor emissions in the development 

of control strategies for attaining the 

PM2.5 standards. With respect to the 

latter requirements, EPA has not made 

a finding that all precursors should be 

evaluated for potential control measures 

in each specific nonattainment area. The 

policy approach in the rule instead 

requires evaluation of control measures 

for direct PM2.5 and sulfur dioxide in all 

areas, and describes general 

presumptive policies that NOX sources 

need to be evaluated for control 

measures in all areas unless findings of 

insignificance are made, but that control 

measure evaluations are not required for 

sources of ammonia and VOC unless 

findings of significance are made. The 

rule also provides a mechanism by 

which the State and/or EPA can make 

an area-specific demonstration to 

reverse the general presumption for 

these three precursors. (See section 

II.A.8 for additional discussion on these 

issues.) 

c. Comments and Responses 

1. Should EPA Specify an Inventory 

Approval Process? 

Comment: Several commenters 

indicated that the current process of 

approving SIP inventories by EPA 

regional offices is appropriate and did 

not believe that additional approval 

requirements were necessary. Some 

commenters noted that flexibility is 

needed to address regional concerns. 

Several commenters noted that SIP 

emission inventories may include 

requirements or information in addition 

to data required by the Consolidated 

Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR). One 

commenter observed that States 

routinely develop information outside 

the CERR for purposes of their SIP 

development and that additional 

requirements should not be defined by 

EPA. Another commenter recommended 

that requirements for nonattainment 

area emission inventories be 

incorporated in the CERR or AERR. A 

few commenters felt that additional 

guidance was needed on the SIP 

emission inventory approval process. 

Response: The SIP emissions 

inventory is a plan provision that must 

be approved by EPA under section 

110(k) of the CAA and is subject to 

public hearing requirements pursuant to 

section 110(a)(2). The EPA believes that 

it need not further specify a SIP 

approval process for emissions 

inventories beyond that set forth in the 

statute, regulation (51.1008), other 

related sections of this rulemaking and 

EPA’s current guidance. The EPA agrees 

with many of the commenters that the 

approval process for SIP emission 

inventories need not be further defined 

and that approval should be conducted 

at the regional level to provide 

flexibility to address regional concerns. 

The EPA also agrees that use of Quality 

Assurance Project Plans developed for 

each state will be helpful in establishing 

the proper approval process. The EPA 

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addresses the issue of what data 

elements are needed for SIP approval in 

the responses to comments below, 

including the responses to comments 

under Issue 2, below. 

As noted by two commenters EPA 

describes procedures for approval of SIP 

inventories in a document titled 

Emissions Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and 

Particulate Matter National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Regulations, November 

2005. Section 2.5, Inventory Approval, 

references a memorandum titled Public 

Hearing Requirements for 1990 BaseYear Emissions Inventories for Ozone 

and CO Nonattainment Areas, 

September 29, 1992. The EPA intends to 

use the procedures discussed in the 

guidance and memorandum to the 

extent that they are applicable to 

approval of PM2.5 emission inventories 

submitted as part of the SIP. 40 CFR 

51.1008 sets forth the requirements for 

emissions inventories under section 

172(c)(3), which will be reviewed in the 

context of the SIP approval process. See 

also 40 CFR 51.1007 and 51.1009 

regarding attainment demonstrations 

and RFP plans. Thus, EPA believes that 

its existing SIP approval process is 

adequately described in statute, 

regulation and guidance, and that it 

provides flexibility to deal with issues 

that arise in individual nonattainment 

areas. 

2. Are the Data Elements Specified 

Within the CERR Sufficient To Develop 

Adequate SIPs? For Example, in the 

Determination of RACT, Should More 

Information on Existing Control Devices 

Be Required? 

Comment: Several commenters 

recommended that any additional 

reporting requirements should be 

addressed through the CERR/AERR and 

associated guidance and that no 

additional reporting requirements 

should be specified in the Rule. Another 

commenter stated that more detail 

concerning control equipment would be 

helpful but was concerned about the 

additional burden on industry 

compared to the benefit to State and 

local agencies, and suggested that this 

would be further addressed in the 

context of comments on the AERR. One 

commenter believed that the reporting 

requirements within the CERR are 

sufficient to develop a PM2.5 SIP for 

most areas but noted that nonattainment 

areas may require additional inventory 

information which will need evaluation 

on a case-by-case basis. The commenter 

further stated that any additional 

inventory requirements should be 

identified during the SIP development 

process, in cooperation with the EPA 

regional office, and should not be part 

of this rule. 

Response: In section 40 CFR 

51.1008(a)(1) of the final rule, EPA 

incorporates the requirements for data 

elements required under 40 CFR part 51, 

subpart A, which contains the CERR, for 

inventories submitted under this 

section. The EPA notes, however, that 

the issue of whether to require 

additional reporting requirements 

beyond those required in the CERR is 

currently being addressed in the Air 

Emissions Reporting Rule (AERR) 71 FR 

69 (January 3, 2006). At this time EPA 

believes that the requirements for data 

elements under the CERR, in 

conjunction with the other provisions of 

40 CFR 51.1008, as well as 40 CFR 

51.1007 and 51.1009, are generally 

adequate to meet the needs for PM2.5 

nonattainment emission inventory SIP 

development. The AERR as proposed 

includes additional provisions which 

may be helpful for PM2.5 SIP emission 

inventory development. The EPA will 

address this aspect of the AERR, 

including comments received in this 

rulemaking on the issues raised and the 

additional elements proposed in the 

AERR, in the final AERR rulemaking. 

This final rule indicates that States shall 

include data elements for PM2.5 

inventories as required under 40 CFR 

part 51, subpart A. In addition, 40 CFR 

51.1008(a)(2) requires that States submit 

‘‘any additional emission inventory 

information needed to support an 

attainment demonstration and RFP plan 

ensuring expeditious attainment of the 

annual and 24-hour PM2.5 standards.’’ 

See also 40 CFR 51.1007 and 51.1009. 

Thus States should be aware that data 

elements in addition to those required 

under the CERR may be needed to 

support attainment demonstrations and 

RFP inventories. Additional data 

elements needed for other SIP emission 

inventory purposes should be handled 

on a case-by-case basis. Because of the 

nature of SIP development, which varies 

depending on the nature and needs of 

individual areas, it may not be possible 

to require a level of detail in regulations 

that will enable a ‘‘one-stop-shop’’ 

information request as suggested by one 

of the commenters. 

As recommended by one commenter, 

guidance on reporting requirements is 

contained in Emissions Inventory 

Guidance for Implementation of Ozone 

and Particulate Matter National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(NAAQS) and Regional Haze 

Regulations (EPA–454/R–05–001, 

November 2005). For example, Section 

3.2.1 for Pollutant and Pollutant 

Precursors to be Inventoried presents 

guidance to states on PM2.5 pollutants 

and their components that should be 

reported for PM2.5 SIP development. See 

also section 5, Emission Inventory 

Development, and other related sections 

of the guidance. 

With respect to the comment on 

additional detail on control 

requirements, see also EPA’s Response 

to Comment Document. 

3. Is the Current Approach for Reporting 

Specific Pollutants Sufficient, or Should 

EPA Require More Specific Emission 

Component Reporting Such as Groups 

of Compounds or Reporting of 

Elemental Carbon and Organic Carbon? 

Comment: Currently the CERR 

requires the reporting of SO2, VOC, 

NOX, CO, Pb, PM10, PM2.5, and NH3. 

VOC and PM are speciated by the 

emissions processing models based on 

speciation profiles for specific source 

categories. Most commenters supported 

retaining the existing reporting 

requirements under the CERR. Others 

encouraged expansion of the 

requirements to include reporting of 

specific organic compounds and organic 

fractions although some thought this 

should be a requirement while others 

thought it should be optional. One 

commenter thought that EPA should 

work with industry trade groups to 

develop and improve the speciation 

profiles of the most important source 

categories rather than asking the state 

and local agencies to characterize VOC 

and PM species. Several commenters 

thought that EPA should encourage the 

reporting of PM components (filterable, 

condensable and total) for development 

of control strategies and attainment 

demonstrations. Another commenter 

noted that including condensable 

emissions raises ‘‘uncertainty’’ issues 

and urged EPA to devote resources to 

developing better test methods. One 

commenter believed that in addition to 

reporting PM2.5 and its components, 

states should report all precursors to 

PM2.5 (SO2, NOX, ammonia and VOC). 

Response: The EPA agrees with the 

commenters who argued that the need 

for additional speciation should be 

determined based on specific SIP needs. 

40 CFR part 51, subpart A which 

contains the CERR, does not require 

reporting of specific compounds or 

compound groups nor does it require 

reporting of organic and elemental 

carbon fractions. As discussed in the 

response to comment above, EPA 

believes that the requirements for data 

elements contained in 40 CFR part 51 

subpart A, in conjunction with the 

provisions of 40 CFR 51.1008, are 

generally adequate to meet the needs for 

PM2.5 nonattainment emissions 

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20650 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

inventory SIP development. Section 

51.1008(a)(1) applies the data element 

requirements contained in 40 CFR part 

51 subpart A. Section 51.1008(a)(2) 

requires States to submit ‘‘any 

additional emission inventory 

information needed to support an 

attainment demonstration and RFP plan 

ensuring expeditious attainment of the 

annual and 24-hour PM2.5 standards.’’ 

Thus data elements in addition to those 

required under the CERR may be needed 

to support attainment demonstrations 

and RFP inventories under 40 CFR 

51.1008(a)(2). Additional data elements 

needed for other SIP emission inventory 

purposes should be handled on a caseby-case basis. Where States need to 

develop speciated emissions for PM2.5 

SIP emission inventories, EPA provides 

guidance in the document titled 

Emissions Inventory Guidance for 

Implementation of Ozone and 

Particulate Matter National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards (NAAQS) and 

Regional Haze Ozone Regulations, 

November 2005. Section 3.2.1, 

Pollutants and Pollutant Precursors to 

be Inventoried identifies pollutants and 

their components to be reported for 

PM2.5 SIPs. Section 3.3.5, Speciation 

Procedures, discusses the preferred 

approach for speciating PM2.5 emission 

inventories for use in ambient air 

quality simulations. The approach 

discussed in the guidance is application 

of emission models which use 

speciation profiles to estimate the mass 

of specific compounds and compound 

groups for VOC and elemental and 

organic carbon fractions for PM. The 

EPA encourages further research and 

development of technical tools to better 

characterize emissions inventories for 

specific VOC compounds and to 

determine the extent of specific VOC 

compounds and organic PM mass. The 

EPA also encourages States to continue 

efforts to refine their ammonia 

inventories. See sections II.A.3 and 

II.A.4 of the Preamble. 

As discussed in the guidance 

document, EPA encourages reporting of 

organic and elemental fractions of PM2.5 

by state agencies (see Section 3.2.1, 

Pollutants and Pollutant Precursors to 

be Inventoried). While elemental or 

black carbon (EC/BC) and organic 

carbon (OC) will be identified in default 

speciation profiles, more locally-specific 

data should be collected where available 

as an input to model preprocessing. 

Where such data are available, they 

should be provided to EPA to help in 

improving EPA’s speciation profiles. 

Certain organic gases have been 

identified as precursors to secondary 

organic aerosols (SOA). Toluene, xylene 

and ethyl benzene are known to be 

important SOA precursors. Additional 

organic gases may be identified by 

ongoing research. While these gases will 

be identified in default speciation 

profiles, more locally-specific data 

should be collected, where available, as 

an input to model preprocessing. State, 

local and Tribal agencies can contact 

EPA’s EIAG for more information. 

EPA agrees with the comment that it 

should take the lead in updating VOC 

and PM profiles for most important 

source categories. The Agency is close 

to completing a multi-year effort to 

update the SPECIATE database. 

SPECIATE is EPA’s repository of Total 

Organic Compound (TOC) and PM 

speciated profiles for a wide variety of 

sources. The profiles in this system are 

provided for air quality dispersion 

modeling and as a library for sourcereceptor and source apportionment type 

models. This recent initiative to update 

SPECIATE was needed because 

speciated emissions profiles continue to 

be developed and the data in the 

existing EPA database (SPECIATE 3.2) 

was becoming outdated. 

This work was coordinated with 

interested parties including industry 

through an Agency sponsored 

workgroup. It has depended largely on 

the collection and review of existing 

profile data to accomplish, as the 

commenter suggests, delivering the best 

results for the least amount of resources 

spent. Previously, these data were not 

widely available to emission inventory 

developers and lacked the quality 

assurance review and evaluation needed 

to develop profiles used by emissions 

models to generate speciated emissions. 

As suggested by the commenter, the 

workgroup was used to help prioritize 

source categories for investigation to 

ensure that updates to existing profiles 

and development of new profiles 

focused on areas of greatest need. 

SPECIATE v4.0 contains more than 

2500 source profiles and is currently 

undergoing peer review. The EPA 

expects the final work product to be 

available for use by emission inventory 

preparers during early calendar year 

2007 and it will be distributed through 

EPA’s CHIEF Web site. 

The EPA agrees with a commenter 

who noted that in order to meet the 

requirements under section 172(c) of the 

CAA for ‘‘a comprehensive, accurate, 

current inventory * * *,’’ condensable 

emissions of PM2.5 and PM2.5 precursors 

are important to support development of 

local control strategies and attainment 

demonstrations. The EPA believes that 

the final rule provides for the 

submission of PM2.5 nonattainment area 

inventories meeting the requirements of 

section 172(c)(3). 

Section 51.1008(a)(1) requires that 

States submit emission inventories for 

PM2.5 that satisfy the data elements 

reporting requirements under 40 CFR 

part 51 subpart A, which contains the 

CERR. The CERR requires reporting of 

‘‘Primary PM2.5 ’’ which is defined as the 

sum of the filterable and condensable 

portions of PM2.5. Therefore, SIP base 

year inventories will include the 

condensable fraction of PM which was 

of concern to several commenters. The 

CERR also requires reporting of SOx, 

NOX, ammonia and VOC which are 

potential precursors to PM2.5. EPA notes 

that the AERR as proposed would 

require reporting of the same precursors 

and would also require reporting of 

Primary PM2.5. However, the proposed 

AERR requires the reporting of the 

filterable and condensable fractions of 

PM2.5 (optional under the CERR) in 

addition to the primary PM2.5 total mass. 

The EPA will address this requirement 

in its final rulemaking on the AERR. 

As noted above, in addition to the 

data element requirements under 

section 51.1008(a)(1), under section 

51.1008(a)(2) States must submit ‘‘any 

additional emission inventory 

information needed to support’’ an 

attainment demonstration and RFP plan. 

Thus States should be aware that data 

elements in addition to those required 

under the CERR may be needed to 

support attainment demonstrations and 

RFP inventories under 40 CFR Part 

51.1008(a)(2). Additional data elements 

needed for other SIP emission inventory 

purposes should be handled on a caseby-case basis. 

The EPA is aware of the issues raised 

by one commenter regarding 

measurement uncertainty for 

condensable PM. This issue is 

addressed in detail under Section II.L of 

the preamble (‘‘Condensable particulate 

matter test methods and related data 

issues,’’). We believe that for purposes 

of emissions inventories and attainment 

demonstrations, States should continue 

to describe the impacts of baseline 

emissions and develop future air quality 

strategies using information available on 

primary PM2.5 emissions, including 

condensable PM2.5. However, with 

respect to developing enforceable 

emissions limits for condensable PM2.5 

emissions, the final rule reflects EPA’s 

adoption of a transition period during 

which we will allow time for 

development of emissions limits for 

condensable PM2.5. See 40 CFR 

51.1002(c). 

For additional comments and 

responses related to speciation issues, 

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see the Response to Comments 

Document. 

4. Should EPA Require That States 

Develop Their Own Estimates for Area 

and Mobile Source Emissions? 

Comment: The CERR allows states to 

adopt EPA developed emission 

estimates from area and mobile sources 

in lieu of making those estimates 

themselves if they accept these 

estimates for their emission inventory. 

One commenter thought that EPA 

should require States to develop their 

own estimates for area and mobile 

sources based on the specified 2002 

base year. Three commenters thought 

that the existing process (under the 

CERR) was adequate. One of the 

commenters expressed concerns about 

the reporting burden for States if they 

were required to compile their own 

mobile and area source inventories. 

Another commenter did not believe that 

States should be required to submit data 

on area and mobile sources but noted 

that many States would continue to run 

the MOBILE model for onroad mobile 

sources and calculate area source data 

for SIP emission inventories. Two of the 

commenters thought that the existing 

process provided flexibility needed by 

States to focus on source categories of 

most concern and address problematic 

areas with special inventory needs. One 

commenter recommended that EPA 

continue developing models for area 

and mobile sources. 

Response: The EPA strongly 

encourages states to submit their own 

estimates for area (nonpoint) and mobile 

sources unless they can establish that it 

is impracticable to do so, given time and 

resources. We will continue, in 

appropriate circumstances, to allow a 

State to use EPA-developed emission 

estimates for mobile and nonpoint 

sources in lieu of making those 

estimates itself if the State accepts the 

estimates for its emission inventory. 

While this has been the case with 

respect to reporting under the CERR for 

the 3-year cycle inventories, for 

development of emission inventories to 

support PM2.5 SIPs, the ability to rely on 

EPA-developed emission estimates for 

development of emission inventories to 

support PM2.5 SIPS is more complex and 

problematic. For mobile sources, the 

practical use of these EPA-developed 

mobile source inventories in a SIP may 

be very limited. While EPA has 

developed inventories for 2002, states 

will still have to develop attainment 

year inventories, including projections 

of future activity and the effects of 

control measures. For mobile sources, 

future year inventories are not 

developed by simply growing a base 

year inventory, but instead are 

developed by running an emissions 

model with appropriate inputs for the 

future year. In order to develop an 

attainment demonstration that 

accurately accounts for the change in 

emissions from the base year to the 

attainment year, inventories for both of 

those years will need to be developed 

using consistent methods and modeling 

assumptions. For mobile sources 

especially, it may be very difficult for 

states to replicate the methods used by 

EPA for the base year when creating the 

attainment year inventory. 

In addition, states cannot use the EPA 

developed inventories for the base year 

if newer models or planning 

assumptions are available at the time 

they begin working on the SIP. For 

example, if new or better information 

about the composition of the local fleet 

of highway vehicles in the base year 

becomes available to the state after the 

EPA developed inventories were 

created, that information should be used 

by the state to create a new base year 

inventory. 

Given the need for emissions 

modeling for mobile sources in the 

projection year, the need for consistency 

in tools and methods between the base 

year and attainment year, and the need 

to use latest available models and 

planning assumptions, EPA believes 

that most if not all states will choose to 

develop their own base year inventories 

for mobile sources. 

With respect to nonpoint (area) source 

emissions, States must make every 

effort, consistent with available timing 

and resources to ensure that their area 

source emission inventories are as 

accurate as possible. While EPA 

prepares a national area source emission 

inventory that covers all counties, it is 

designed for national analyses. EPA 

does not have access to the more 

detailed information available to States 

that is used to develop an area source 

inventory. Therefore, states should 

develop as much of their area source 

inventory as possible using local and 

State information, and in particular 

should develop the inventory for the 

most significant area source categories 

which are critical to ensuring overall 

accuracy. Where time and resources 

preclude a State from developing the 

estimates for less-critical area source 

categories, the State may rely on EPAdeveloped area source emissions 

information for those categories. 

The EPA points out that although 

guidance has recommended that 2002 

be used as the base year for emissions 

inventories for states initially 

designated nonattainment in 2004–5, 

states remain free to use an alternate 

base year, as appropriate. Section 

51.1008(b) provides in relevant part that 

‘‘The baseline emission inventory for 

calendar year 2002 or other suitable year 

shall be used for attainment planning 

and RFP plans for areas initially 

designated nonattainment for the PM2.5 

NAAQS in 2004.’’ 

EPA agrees with the comment that it 

should continue to develop models and 

other emission estimation tools. As an 

example, EPA’s Office of Transportation 

and Air Quality (OTAQ) is developing 

a modeling system termed the Motor 

Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES). 

This new system will estimate 

emissions for on-road and nonroad 

sources, cover a broad range of 

pollutants, and allow multiple scale 

analysis, from fine-scale analysis to 

national inventory estimation. When 

fully implemented MOVES will serve as 

the replacement for MOBILE6.2 and 

NONROAD. In addition, as the NEI is 

reengineered, OAQPS will examine the 

need for updating emissions estimation 

guidance materials and developing tools 

which will assist State agencies in 

estimating emissions from area source 

categories. See also EPA’s ‘‘Emissions 

Inventory Guidance for Implementation 

of Ozone and Particulate Matter 

National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(NAAQS) and Regional Haze 

Regulations,’’ November 2005. 

5. Other Inventory Issues 

The EPA’s responses to additional 

comments concerning emission 

inventory issues can be found in EPA’s 

Response to Comments Document. 

L. Condensable Particulate Matter Test 

Methods and Related Data Issues 

a. Background 

As noted in the preamble to the 

November 1, 2005 proposed rule, 

certain commercial or industrial 

activities involving high temperature 

processes (fuel combustion, metal 

processing, cooking operations, etc.) 

emit gaseous pollutants into the ambient 

air which rapidly condense into particle 

form. The constituents of these 

condensed particles include, but are not 

limited to, organic material, sulfuric 

acid, and metals. Because condensable 

emissions exist almost entirely in the 

2.5 micrometer range and smaller, these 

emissions are inherently more 

significant for PM2.5 than for prior 

particulate matter standards addressing 

larger particles. Therefore, we believe 

that it is important that the air quality 

management of particulate matter 

promote a comprehensive approach to 

condensable particulate matter. 

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20652 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

We proposed to require a 

comprehensive inclusion of 

condensable PM for all aspects of SIP 

development for PM2.5. Under the 

proposal, EPA would require 

condensable PM to be considered in the 

emissions inventories and analyses used 

in attainment demonstrations. Also 

under the proposal, any stationary 

source emissions limits developed to 

implement RACT or RACM would 

reflect control and measurement of 

condensable PM. 

We received numerous comments on 

whether these requirements were 

unreasonable in light of the current state 

of knowledge of and uncertainties 

around the measurement of direct PM2.5. 

Most commenters supported the overall 

view that condensable PM should be 

addressed in order to provide a 

complete air quality management 

program for PM2.5. On the other hand, 

many commenters raised concerns 

about the availability and 

implementation of test methods and 

related issues about the uncertainties in 

existing data for condensable PM2.5. As 

a result of the concerns, these 

commenters believed EPA would be 

premature in requiring a comprehensive 

evaluation of condensable PM2.5, 

especially as it related to developing 

any new emissions limits for stationary 

sources. In recognition of these 

concerns, the final rule reflects EPA’s 

adoption of a transition period during 

which we will assess possible revisions 

to available test methods and we will 

allow time for States to update 

emissions inventories as needed to 

address direct PM2.5 emissions. In this 

section of the preamble, we outline the 

elements of the final rule addressing 

inventories reflecting control of direct 

PM2.5. We also discuss the specific 

comments raised regarding methods for 

measuring direct PM2.5, both filterable 

and condensable PM, in implementing 

the rule. The particular comment areas 

include defining test methods, 

quantifying direct PM2.5 for inventories, 

and a transition period for developing 

effective regulations. Below are also our 

responses to those comments. 

b. Final Rule 

For the final rule, EPA addresses two 

broad issues related to inclusion of 

condensable PM. The first issue is 

whether emissions inventories and 

attainment demonstrations should 

include the condensable portion of 

direct PM2.5 emissions. The second 

issue is whether direct PM2.5 emissions 

limitations established by States for 

purposes of RACT and RACM must 

include limits on condensable PM 

emissions or limits on total direct PM2.5 

that includes the condensable PM 

fraction. 

For purposes of developing emissions 

inventories and attainment 

demonstrations, the final rule reflects a 

requirement to account for significant 

contributors of direct PM2.5 emissions, 

both filterable and condensable PM2.5. 

We recognize that some States have 

established inventories consistent with 

requirements of the consolidated 

emissions reporting rule (CERR) to 

report direct PM2.5 emissions, including 

condensable PM, in each inventory 

revision. While uncertainties remain 

with significant issues to address related 

to our current knowledge base on 

condensable PM emissions, we believe 

that for purposes of emissions 

inventories and attainment 

demonstrations, States should continue 

to describe the impacts of baseline 

emissions develop future air quality 

strategies using information available on 

direct PM2.5 emissions including 

condensable PM. 

With respect to developing 

enforceable emissions limits for 

condensable PM emissions, we note that 

some States have established emissions 

limits or otherwise require PM 

emissions testing that includes 

measurement of condensable PM. We 

recognize that in some States there 

remain questions about the viability of 

available test methods, the availability 

of representative direct PM2.5 emissions 

data, the uncertainty of the methods 

used to establish inventories, and the 

short time frame within which States 

must develop SIPs. In response we have 

decided to provide a transition period 

for developing emissions limits and 

regulations for condensable PM2.5. 

During this transition period, we will 

provide technical support to States as 

requested in establishing effective PM2.5 

emissions limits and corresponding 

emissions testing requirements. 

As described further below, we will 

devote resources early during this 

transition period to assessing and 

improving the available test methods for 

condensable PM. During this transition 

period, we will also solicit the 

involvement of stakeholders with an 

interest in conducting emissions testing 

to collect updated direct PM2.5 

emissions data. The purpose of these 

stakeholder projects will be to collect 

new direct filterable and condensable 

PM emissions data using methodologies 

that provide data more representative of 

source direct PM2.5 emissions. The EPA, 

States, and others will use these data to 

improve emissions factors and to help 

define or revise source emissions limits 

in permits and State implementation 

plans. 

The time required for our 

stakeholders and EPA to complete the 

test method assessment will limit the 

degree to which State and local agencies 

can address effectively the necessary 

direct PM2.5 regulations in inventories 

and in the 2008 SIP submittals. In 

recognition of this, we will not require 

that the emissions limits included in the 

2008 submittals account for the 

condensable fraction of direct PM2.5 or 

to establish limits for total direct PM2.5, 

including condensable PM. 

We will expect States to continue 

developing more complete inventories 

with regard to direct PM2.5 emissions, 

particularly for condensable PM, during 

this transition period. We expect no 

such allowance period for method 

assessment or data collection to be 

necessary for implementing regulations 

addressing precursor PM2.5 emissions. 

The period of transition for 

establishing emissions limits for 

condensable direct PM2.5 will end 

January 1, 2011. We expect States to 

address the control of direct PM2.5 

emissions, including condensable PM, 

with any new actions taken after 

January 1, 2011. For example, States 

must address condensable PM 

emissions in any direct PM2.5 emissions 

limits resulting from midcourse reviews. 

Additionally, EPA expects that any 

direct PM2.5 regulations or limits 

developed under any new NAAQS for 

particulate matter would also address 

condensable PM emissions. 

Notwithstanding the issues and 

uncertainties related to condensable 

PM, EPA encourages States to identify 

measures for reducing condensable PM 

emissions, particularly where those 

emissions are deemed significant 

contributors to the control strategy 

needed for expeditious attainment. We 

wish to clarify that in order to take 

credit in the SIP for reduction of any 

such condensable PM emissions, there 

must be enforceable limitations that 

ensure that reduction in condensable 

PM emissions. These enforceable limits 

could take the form of a limitation on 

the condensable PM emissions or total 

direct PM2.5 emissions (or a 

commitment to develop such limitations 

after the end of the transition period 

described above). Alternatively, these 

enforceable limitations could provide 

for enforceable conditions that ensure 

that the effect on condensable PM 

emissions is assured (for example, 

enforceable limitations on operating 

temperature, or limits on FGD scrubber 

operations which have the effect of 

reducing condensable PM emissions). 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20653 

c. Comments and Responses 

We received many comments on 

quantification of direct PM2.5 emissions 

particularly about the need to conduct 

further validations for the available test 

methods, the availability of direct 

filterable or condensable PM2.5 data or 

lack thereof for representative baselines, 

and the procedures for applying 

baseline data for developing effective 

regulations. 

1. Method 202 

Comment: A majority of commenters 

characterized the performance of 

Method 202 as lacking in reliability. 

Some commenters characterized the 

formation of artifacts in Method 202 as 

significant and the primary reason for 

their recommendation to defer the 

inclusion of condensable particulate 

matter in the baseline assessments and 

regulatory development for the initial 

SIPs. The commenters stated that the 

principal artifact formed when using 

Method 202 was the result of SO2 

dissolving in the impinger water and 

converting to sulfuric acid. 

Response: We agree that SO2 in 

particular, and perhaps other gaseous 

compounds, can react with the 

collecting liquids used in the method to 

form materials (artifacts) that would not 

otherwise be solid or liquid or would 

not condense upon exiting the stack. We 

believe that when Method 202 is 

applied appropriately (i.e., with the N2 

purge as prescribed), the SO2 artifact 

formation is reduced by as much as or 

more than 90 percent; however, we 

agree that further verification and 

refinement would be appropriate to 

verify the potential for artifact 

formation. 

In response, we are undertaking 

laboratory studies in collaboration with 

several stakeholders to characterize the 

artifact formation and other 

uncertainties associated with 

conducting Method 202, and to identify 

procedures to be used in applying 

methods to minimize uncertainties. We 

are involving stakeholders representing 

industry and State and local agencies in 

the project design and results review. 

Stakeholders who have expressed 

interest in participating in these studies 

include the Electric Power Research 

Institute, companies associated with the 

National Environmental Development 

Association’s Clean Air Project (NEDA/ 

CAP), the Portland Cement Association, 

the Lime Manufacturing Association, 

the American Foundry Association, the 

National Aluminum Association, and 

several governmental organizations 

represented by National Association of 

Clean Air Agencies. Other parties may 

participate in the study as well. 

By the end of 2007, we intend to have 

conducted a comprehensive laboratory 

study that examines the relationship 

between several critical condensable PM 

sampling and analysis parameters (e.g., 

SO2 concentration, moisture 

concentration, sample duration, and 

water acidity) and the artifact formation 

associated with the measurements. One 

intended result of the project will be 

identifying possible modifications to 

Method 202 to minimize and quantify 

the uncertainties. We will publish the 

results of the laboratory study along 

with an assessment of other input and 

data from stakeholders on the EPA 

website and, to the extent possible, in a 

widely circulated peer review journal. 

Also, to the extent necessary, we intend 

to propose revisions to the method to 

incorporate improvements and to clarify 

application. 

2. Conditional Test Methods 039 

and 040 

Comment: Several commenters cited 

as a deficiency that neither conditional 

test method 040 (CTM–040) for 

measuring filterable PM2.5 nor the 

dilution sampling method (CTM–039) 

has been thoroughly validated through 

EPA Method 301. There were also 

comments that neither of the CTMs was 

published in the Federal Register. 

Response: We agree with the 

comments that neither method has been 

subjected to adequate public notice and 

comment rulemaking. Taking that step 

will facilitate application of the 

appropriate methods for implementing 

the SIPs. On the other hand, there are 

a number of levels of validation already 

achieved for one or more of these 

methods that will determine what, if 

any, additional validation work will be 

necessary. For example, while we could 

seek resources to evaluate dilution 

sampling technology, including CTM– 

039, and to request public involvement 

in the project planning, conduct, and 

review with the possibility of a Federal 

Register proposal, our preference would 

be to incorporate by reference an 

approved voluntary consensus test 

method (e.g., ASTM standard). 

We believe that a dilution sampling 

method for measuring direct PM2.5 

eliminates essentially all artifact 

formation and provides the most 

accurate emissions quantification. To 

the extent that we need to and can 

secure resources and stakeholder 

interest, we plan to perform additional 

validation testing of CTM–039 or other 

dilution sampling technologies to 

characterize the precision of this 

approach. In conjunction with our 

validation efforts, we intend to continue 

participation in the ASTM D22 

committee to develop and publish a 

dilution sampling method and 

encourage other volunteers on that 

committee to approve the consensus 

based dilution sampling method. We 

believe that this work is nearly 

complete. As outlined above, we are 

already undertaking laboratory studies 

to assess the method and to identify 

possible modifications to reduce 

formation of these artifacts. Preliminary 

laboratory evaluations conducted by 

EPA and by Environment Canada47 

indicate that additional artifact 

reductions of 60 to 90 percent may be 

achieved with other minor 

modifications to Method 202. These 

preliminary findings indicate that 

Method 202 is essentially a viable 

method that these proposed laboratory 

studies will serve to enhance. Within 18 

months we intend to propose, if 

necessary, modifications to Method 202 

or similar methodologies suitable for 

measuring condensable PM2.5. 

As for CTM–040, we believe that 

further validation of this method is 

unwarranted since the technology and 

procedures are based upon the same as 

evaluated for promulgated Method 

201A. Method 201A has undergone 

public review and comment (55 FR 

14246, April 17, 1990). Also, as noted 

earlier, we have already begun 

laboratory and data evaluation work the 

possible result of which would be a 

revised Method 202 to be proposed in 

the Federal Register to include 

improvements indicated by the 

evaluation. At that same time, we may 

propose CTM–040 to be used in 

combination with Method 202 for 

measuring direct PM2.5 with additional 

guidance on appropriate approaches to 

testing for direct PM2.5 emissions from 

various types of control measures (e.g., 

electrostatic precipitator and flue gas 

desulphurization combinations). 

3. Role of Condensable PM Emissions in 

Defining RACT 

Comment: Commenters indicated that 

States must reassess and revise 

emissions limits if the States adopt 

methods for measuring direct PM2.5 

including condensable PM where not 

required previously. Commenters noted 

that most existing PM emissions limits 

are not reflective of data collected with 

47 ‘‘Optimized Method 202 Sampling Train to 

Minimize the Biases Associated with Method 202 

Measurement of Condensable Particulate Matter 

Emissions,’’ John Richards, Tom Holder, and David 

Goshaw, Air Control Techniques, P.C.; Air & Waste 

Management Association, Hazardous Waste 

Combustion Specialty Conference AWM, November 

2–3, 2005, St. Louis, MO. 

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methods that measure condensable or 

filterable PM2.5 and, therefore, not 

enforceable using a new or different test 

method. 

Response: We agree that coordinating 

the test method with the pollutant 

defined by the emissions limit is critical 

to an effective regulation. In the case of 

direct PM2.5 regulations, the methods for 

measuring filterable and condensable 

PM provide data that are significantly 

different than do methods often used in 

implementing many current regulations 

(i.e., filterable plus condensable PM2.5 

versus filterable PM only). The existing 

PM emissions regulations implementing 

many current SIPs have focused almost 

exclusively on filterable PM at stack 

conditions or other elevated 

temperatures (e.g., 250 °F) with little or 

no measurement of condensable PM, let 

alone filterable PM2.5. These 

deficiencies exist in spite of the 

Agency’s policies and guidance 

presented in documents such as the 

1987 PM10 SIP Development 

Guideline 48 and the General Preamble 

for the Implementation of Title 1 of the 

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 49 

issued in 1992. These documents set 

forth Agency policy stating that direct 

PM10 and direct PM2.5 emissions include 

both filterable and condensable 

particulate matter. The policies are 

reinforced by a 2005 directive from the 

CAA Advisory Committee.50 

More to the point, the use of test 

methods that quantify only filterable PM 

would limit the capability of any 

assessment of control measures 

available for developing cost effective 

strategies to achieve attainment of the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. Examples include an 

attainment demonstration that includes 

control methodologies for PM 

precursors which are likely to result in 

a significant decrease in the emissions 

of direct PM2.5 (for example, alkaline 

scrubbers to reduce SO2 emissions) and 

incorporate these direct PM2.5 emissions 

reductions in their attainment 

demonstration or allow for the use of 

these reductions as credits for other 

programs. 

Some States may decide to measure 

and control condensable PM emissions 

prior to the end of the transition period. 

48 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. PM–10 

SIP Development Guideline. Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC. EPA Publication No. EPA–450/2–86–001. June 

1987. 

49 The General Preamble is available online at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t1pfpr.html. 

50 Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, 

Recommendations to the Clean Air Act Advisory 

Committee—Phase I and Next Steps, Air Quality 

Management Work Group, Environmental 

Protection Agency, http://www.epa.gov/air/caaac/ 

pdfs/report1-17-05.pdf, January 2005. 

To the extent that a State has the 

supporting technical information and 

test methods, the State may also assess 

the capabilities of current control 

technologies, possible modifications to 

such technologies, or new technologies 

as appropriate relative to control of 

condensable PM2.5 emissions in 

developing effective control strategies 

and regulations. As an example, a 

specific approach for controlling 

condensable PM could be a change in 

control device operating temperature to 

achieve necessary emissions reductions. 

We also note that it is important that 

implementation of any new or revised 

rules and test methods should be 

prospective and clearly differentiated 

from existing regulations to avoid 

confusion over status of compliance 

relative to existing PM emissions limits. 

4. Sufficiency of Current Baselines 

Relative to Direct PM2.5 for Regulatory 

Development 

Comment: Many commenters 

indicated that the currently available 

baselines for direct PM2.5 emissions are 

not sufficient for States to develop 

effective emissions control regulations. 

One commenter claimed that States will 

need additional information regarding 

how to arrive at enforceable PM2.5 

emissions limitations through 

application of correlations to existing 

PM10 emissions limitations. 

Response: We agree that State 

inventories accounting for direct PM2.5 

emissions are important to the NAAQS 

implementation decision-making 

process. For example, the current 

national emissions inventories have 

characterized the contribution of the 

condensable PM emissions to range 

from 40 to 80 percent of the direct PM2.5 

emissions particularly from combustion 

source categories. We also agree in 

many cases, the emissions baselines are 

not sufficiently representative of 

significant direct PM2.5 contributors to 

allow States to develop effective and 

enforceable emissions limitations for 

sources that may require control of 

direct filterable or condensable PM2.5 

emissions in order for States to come 

into attainment with the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

We note that States are already 

required under the consolidated 

emissions reporting rule (CERR) to 

report direct PM2.5 emissions, including 

condensable PM, in each inventory 

revision. That means that inventories 

and associated baselines must address 

sources and contributions of direct 

PM2.5 emissions, both filterable and 

condensable PM, from individual 

sources and groups of sources as well as 

for future year projected emissions. 

These data are important for the 

purposes of calculating emissions 

reductions and demonstrating that such 

reductions are attributable to the control 

measures being implemented. 

In taking the process to the next step, 

we contend that many current baselines 

established using the available direct 

filterable and condensable PM2.5 

national industry average emissions 

factors (e.g., those found in AP–42 and 

WebFIRE, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ 

efpac/index.html) often are of quality 

insufficient to establish effective sourcespecific emissions limits. First, national 

industry average emissions factors are 

subject to significant uncertainties as 

they usually represent data from a very 

limited number of example facilities in 

a category and for a very limited number 

of operating conditions. Second, the 

available emissions factors databases 

may not include direct PM2.5 emissions 

data for specific source types that 

appear in some State and local 

inventories. 

In short, we believe that States should 

rely on directly measured emissions 

data in developing source category or 

pollutant-specific emissions limits for 

regulations. This approach is preferable 

to the use of these national industry 

average emissions factors such as those 

found in AP–42. If there are no directly 

measured emissions data available from 

the subject sources, national average 

emissions factors should be used only 

with appropriate and significant 

adjustments for uncertainty. Based on 

our initial study 51 of the uncertainties 

associated with national average 

emissions factors when applied to sitespecific or rule-development activities, 

we would expect multipliers of 0.1 to 

3.3 for an A-rated national average 

filterable and condensable direct PM2.5 

emissions factors. The level of a 

particular multiplier would depend on 

how representative of the source 

category the applicable emissions factor 

is, the quantity of data supporting that 

emissions factor, and the specific 

application. Determining what 

adjustment may apply for a particular 

application requires detailed knowledge 

of the emissions control variability, the 

expected range of operational and 

process variability, and the statistical 

uncertainty in the measured emissions 

data. While more general adjustments to 

emissions factors are possible for these 

purposes, we believe that the better 

approach is to improve and update the 

emissions factors used in the database 

for a particular area with measured 

51 Option Paper 4—Providing Guidance 

Regarding The Use Of Emissions Factors For 

Purposes Other Than Emissions Inventories, 

September 2005, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ 

efpac/projects.html. 

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direct PM2.5 emissions data. For these 

reasons and to allow time for data 

collection and analysis, we have 

determined the need for a period of 

transition for States in developing direct 

PM2.5 emissions reduction strategies. 

5. Transition Period 

Comment: Some commenters 

suggested that EPA should allow States 

to base their initial 2008 SIPs on NOX, 

SO2, and filterable PM or PM10 (as a 

surrogate for filterable PM2.5) rather than 

require State and local agencies to 

develop direct PM2.5 emissions 

regulations immediately. Commenters 

suggested that EPA provide a transition 

period for sources to adopt SIPs that 

address direct PM2.5 and to apply the 

appropriate test methods. The 

commenters proposed that during this 

transition period, a source should be 

able to continue to use Method 5, 

Method 17, or whatever method was 

used to set the underlying limit 

contained in the source’s title V 

operating permit. Commenters believe 

that such a transition plan must provide 

additional time to collect data related to 

condensable PM emissions. 

Commenters believe that this additional 

time is necessary because it is 

unrealistic to develop SIP revisions 

addressing condensable emissions by 

April 2008. Other commenters 

suggested that source emissions 

inventories used for regulatory decisionmaking and identifying regulatory 

control measures must be based on 

accurate measurements. 

Response: As outlined above, we 

agree that a transition period should be 

allowed to allow time to resolve and 

adopt appropriate testing procedures for 

condensable PM emissions, to collect 

total (filterable and condensable) PM2.5 

emissions data that are more 

representative of the sources in their 

areas, and develop effective regulations 

for control of direct PM2.5, including 

condensable PM. 

6. Data Collection for Regulatory 

Development 

Comment: Several commenters 

recommended that EPA should be 

responsible for developing data of 

emissions from common sources of 

direct PM2.5. 

Response: We disagree with the 

commenters’ recommendation that EPA 

should be primarily or solely 

responsible for developing baseline data 

on common sources of direct PM2.5 

emissions. Commenters are suggesting 

that we should collect data 

representative of direct PM2.5 emissions 

from source categories potentially 

subject to regulation of direct PM2.5 

emissions. Furthermore, they suggest 

that we expand or improve the current 

compilation of national industry average 

emissions factors such as found in AP– 

42 and WebFIRE (http://www.epa.gov/ 

ttn/chief/efpac/index.html). Given the 

limited extent to which national 

industry average emissions factors are 

suitable for developing State or local 

regulations that set limits on direct 

PM2.5 emissions, we believe that it is 

inherent that States instead have 

primary responsibility for reviewing and 

applying measured emissions data 

collected from their sources in 

enhancing their current baselines. In 

some cases, this will mean that States 

and other stakeholders will need to 

conduct more focused direct PM2.5 

emissions data collection and improve 

relevant emissions factors. 

This approach is appropriate for 

several reasons. First, we believe that 

stakeholders other than EPA are better 

equipped to identify specific data needs 

and that they have the means to collect 

the data. Second, we believe we are 

better positioned to provide guidance on 

test planning, data collection, and 

emissions factors calculations with a 

less direct role in data collection and 

evaluation. Third, we believe that States 

in need of additional information can 

also benefit from experience of other 

States with similar source types and 

who are developing regulations to 

implement the NAAQS including the 

control of condensable PM. See also the 

discussion in section II.L.2.c.1 above on 

the currently active collaborative study 

to assess direct PM2.5 emissions 

measurement technologies and to 

collect updated direct PM2.5 emissions 

data. 

7. Developing Effective Regulations for 

Direct PM2.5, Including Condensable 

PM, Emissions 

Most current PM regulations focus on 

the control and measurement of 

filterable PM emissions and do not 

account for condensable PM emissions. 

At issue are assessing and accounting 

for the differences in methodology and 

applicable limits when changing to a 

program designed to achieve reductions 

in PM2.5 emissions, including 

condensable PM. 

Comment: A number of respondents 

commented that EPA needs to 

promulgate a PM2.5 test method and 

adopt regulatory language that 

determines the PM2.5 limits based on 

that promulgated PM2.5 test method as 

soon as possible. Other commenters 

suggested that EPA and States have no 

choice but to revise the underlying 

standard by adopting new monitoring 

requirements through a notice and 

comment rulemaking. Further, these 

commenters indicate that it is essential 

that EPA require that no change in a test 

method or in methods of monitoring for 

determining compliance until such time 

as EPA or the permitting agency have 

undertaken a notice and comment 

process to determine how the emissions 

limitations must be revised. A number 

of commenters cited specific 

components necessary for effective 

regulations. 

Response: We agree that notice and 

comment rulemaking is appropriate for 

establishing effective regulations. As 

noted above, we are already undertaking 

a study of the available test methods to 

determine the need for regulatory 

revisions. We also agree that new 

regulations limiting direct PM2.5 

emissions must include effective 

emissions limitations to the extent that 

a State must reduce sources of direct 

PM2.5. How a State determines to take 

such regulatory action depends on the 

State’s implementation plan. Regarding 

the specific components necessary for 

effective regulations, see section O 

below on enforcement and compliance 

issues. 

M. Improving Source Monitoring 

a. Background 

In the November 1, 2005 proposal, we 

discussed a number of actions the EPA 

would undertake to improve the 

effectiveness of existing and new 

regulations with improved source 

monitoring provisions. Specifically, we 

repeated a plan outlined on January 22, 

2004 (69 FR 3202; a Federal Register 

notice describing requirements for 

monitoring in operating permits), that 

includes a four-part strategy for 

improving monitoring of emissions at 

the source where necessary through 

rulemaking. One element of that plan is 

for EPA to develop guidance on how 

States can reduce PM2.5 emissions by 

improving source monitoring related to 

PM2.5 emissions limits. We noted that 

we expect to describe in such guidance 

methods of improving monitoring 

frequency or adopting more appropriate 

monitoring for States to consider in 

developing their PM2.5 SIPs and to 

illustrate the amount of credit that 

States could receive in PM2.5 SIPs for 

adopting such improved monitoring. We 

suggested that States with areas where 

additional reductions are needed to help 

the area achieve compliance with the 

NAAQS could implement improved 

monitoring measures to obtain 

additional emissions reductions. We put 

forward that State agencies could 

receive SIP credits as a result of 

enforceable improved monitoring or 

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voluntary emissions monitoring 

programs meeting EPA voluntary 

program policies. 

Specific examples of improved 

monitoring we outlined included: (1) 

Conducting the currently required 

monitoring more frequently (i.e., 

increased monitoring frequency), (2) 

changing the monitoring technique to a 

parameter more closely related to 

control of direct or precursor PM2.5 

emissions (i.e., a correlated parametric 

monitoring technique), (3) changing the 

technique to more measurement of 

direct PM2.5 emissions and PM2.5 

precursors, or (4) a combination of these 

improvements. These types of 

monitoring improvements could be 

conducted for both controlled and 

uncontrolled emissions units. The 

improved monitoring control measure 

would require facilities to pay more 

attention to the operation of add-on air 

pollution control devices, work 

practices, and other control measure 

activities. The additional attention will 

reduce periods during which control 

devices and other control measures do 

not operate as intended or required. The 

result would be increased emissions 

reductions from implementing existing 

and new rules. 

We discussed a range of currently 

applied and new monitoring 

technologies. We addressed concerns 

we have about the limitations of the 

widespread use of visual emissions (VE) 

monitoring techniques, such as visible 

emissions checks, to show compliance 

with PM emissions limits. We noted 

particular concerns about VE 

approaches, even with frequent 

application, having the ability to verify 

compliance when the margin of 

compliance is small or the ability to 

detect relatively significant changes in 

emissions control performance. The 

other concern we noted about the use of 

VE tools is the limited frequency at 

which they are conducted. We cited 

studies on the availability of continuous 

instrumental methods for monitoring 

opacity and operational parameters 

closely related to PM control levels 

including the development of repeatable 

correlations between parameter levels 

and PM emissions. We noted that PM 

continuous emissions monitoring 

systems (PM CEMS) technology 

provides the opportunity to quantify PM 

emissions levels (concentration or 

emissions rates). These additional data 

provide the source owner/operator with 

a level of information that can be useful 

for understanding and operating the 

process and the control measures in 

ways to minimize emissions, improve 

operating efficiencies, and reduce 

enforcement liabilities. Furthermore, we 

noted that this technology will provide 

the State with quantitative information 

on PM emissions which will help 

improve the inventories and to 

implement effective control strategies to 

meet the NAAQS. 

We also discussed at some length 

what we believe constitutes improved 

monitoring and the potential for 

monitoring-related emissions 

reductions. We discussed a study of 

how these emissions reductions would 

be achieved by increasing the 

monitoring frequency or improving the 

monitoring of an add-on air pollution 

control device or other process activity 

above the level currently required in 

existing rules. The increased frequency 

or improved technique would allow 

owners or operators to achieve greater 

emissions reductions by identifying and 

responding more quickly to periods of 

ineffective control measure operation. 

States could use an improved 

monitoring control measure in 

regulations or through other means to 

reduce emissions levels and receive 

credits towards attainment. Specifically, 

we cited materials that indicate that 

source owners and operators who 

increase monitoring frequency could 

achieve emissions reductions up to 13 

percent and those who improve the 

monitoring technique could achieve 

emissions reductions up to 15 percent. 

States with nonattainment areas in need 

of additional reductions to achieve 

compliance with the NAAQS could 

implement an improved monitoring 

measure and develop additional 

emissions reductions credits. We 

outlined several specific examples. 

In order to inform our improved 

monitoring guidance development 

efforts, we used the 2005 proposal to 

solicit specific comments on (1) how 

potentially inadequate source 

monitoring in certain SIPs could be 

improved; (2) how improved PM2.5 

monitoring relates to title V monitoring; 

(3) whether instrumental techniques are 

more appropriate than visual emissions 

(VE) techniques for monitoring 

compliance with PM emissions limits; 

and (4) a basis for determining whether 

improved monitoring would be effective 

and under what conditions should be 

required. We also requested comment 

on the feasibility of monitoring of copollutant control measures and 

requested examples of improved 

monitoring for any applications. 

b. Final Rule 

We maintain that improved 

monitoring is critical to implementing 

the PM2.5 direct and precursor emissions 

reductions programs. We also believe 

that improving monitoring both in terms 

of increasing data collection and 

analysis frequency and in measuring the 

pollutant of interest more directly will 

accomplish several important and 

advantageous outcomes. First, improved 

monitoring will improve verification of 

compliance and assurance of the 

intended emissions reductions. Second, 

improved monitoring can provide 

additional emissions reductions through 

quicker detection and correction of 

control measure problems. Third, 

improved monitoring can improve 

operating efficiencies that often result in 

cost savings to the facility exceeding the 

cost of the monitoring. We will continue 

to evaluate the effects of improved 

monitoring on emissions reductions and 

ways to quantify the benefits associated 

with improved monitoring. 

We intend to move forward with 

developing and providing additional 

technical and informational materials 

regarding technologies constituting 

improved monitoring and for 

developing regulations with improved 

monitoring. These materials may also 

include guidance and tools for 

establishing emissions reductions 

credits and the economic benefits 

associated with improved monitoring. 

As noted in section L above, we also 

reaffirm our policy that effective 

regulations must include certain 

elements that define applicable 

emissions limitations, the testing and 

monitoring requirements, and 

compliance, reporting, and corrective 

action obligations. 

c. Comments and Responses 

We expected to receive practical 

advice concerning improved PM2.5 

source emissions monitoring methods 

and field-tested examples. Instead, 

commenters focused on (1) critiquing 

PM CEMS technology (2) insisting that 

improving monitoring changes 

stringency of existing rules and requires 

rulemaking, and (3) critiquing the 

theoretical study linking emissions 

reductions with improved monitoring. 

1. Currently Available PM CEMS for 

Monitoring Direct PM2.5 Emissions 

Comment: Commenters noted that 

because currently available PM CEMS 

measure filterable PM at stack 

conditions or at other elevated 

temperatures, the instruments do not 

measure the condensable portion of 

PM2.5. 

Response: We agree with this 

comment relative to PM CEMS in use to 

date and the ability to detect 

condensable PM. PM CEMS as applied 

today can be calibrated to measure 

filterable PM2.5 emissions with very 

good sensitivity and repeatability. Note 

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that we are aware of a number of PM 

CEMS vendors developing devices 

relying on much the same technology 

but modified to measure condensable 

PM. Further, we are aware of at least 

one manufacturer offering a PM CEMS 

applicable to stationary sources that also 

complies with ASTM requirements for 

mobile source emissions monitoring. 

We also believe that monitoring for 

filterable PM2.5 will be as important in 

some cases as monitoring for 

condensable PM and that PM CEMS in 

use today are markedly better at 

monitoring PM emissions than other 

frequently used monitoring approaches. 

We realize that PM CEMS represent 

just one of a range of monitoring options 

that constitute improvements over the 

current monitoring. For instance, we 

believe that improved monitoring would 

include replacing current periodic VE 

measurements or daily recording of 

pressure drop of fabric filters with 

continuous bag leak detectors. We know 

of projects (e.g., ASTM committee work) 

for continuing the development of 

optical, as well as electromagnetic, 

monitoring tools to increase sensitivity 

and cost-effectiveness. Such monitoring 

would increase monitoring frequency 

and would yield data much more 

closely related to and more sensitive to 

control device operation than most 

currently applied monitoring. To the 

extent that condensable PM control is 

critical in implementing a regulation, 

we believe that monitoring must address 

that need. We will continue to collect 

and also provide information on source 

monitoring approaches that are 

improvements over current methods in 

both frequency and representativeness 

relative to implementing PM2.5 

emissions control strategies. 

2. Status of Guidance Relative to 

Regulations 

Comment: A significant majority of 

commenters suggested that improving 

monitoring in an existing regulation 

increases its stringency and requires 

notice and comment rulemaking, not 

guidance. Just one commenter suggested 

guidance could be developed and used. 

Response: There are two aspects to 

the comments on this issue. One is 

whether improved monitoring would 

change source operations. We agree 

with the commenters that increasing the 

frequency of data collection or 

providing data more directly related to 

the pollutant of concern with improved 

monitoring could result in changes in 

how a facility is operated relative to 

compliance. We disagree with 

commenters that such changes in 

process operation resulting from 

improved monitoring constitute an 

increase in a regulation’s stringency 

with respect to compliance. First, as 

mentioned in the preamble to the 

Credible Evidence rule (62 FR 8326, 

February 24, 1997), an emissions 

standard’s required stringency is 

unaffected by the frequency of 

monitoring given no decrease in 

averaging time or emissions limitation. 

Secondly, data from improved 

monitoring will provide a facility 

operator better information on control 

measure performance more quickly and 

allow for reducing the duration and the 

number of periods that may lead to 

compliance problems. Reducing the 

duration of excess emissions periods, 

for example, with improved monitoring 

is not an increase in regulatory 

stringency but a decrease in 

enforcement liability. 

The second aspect to the comment is 

questioning whether we can issue 

technical information about improved 

monitoring as guidance without 

applying it to a Federal Register notice 

and comment process. We disagree with 

commenters who believe that our 

developing and disseminating technical 

resource information is limited to notice 

and comment rulemaking. We note that 

making technical and other information 

materials available to the public, states, 

and industry is an important Agency 

function. There are many examples of 

the Agency dispensing such information 

including the Monitoring Knowledge 

Base (http://cfpub.epa.gov/mkb/) that 

provides just such information on 

improved monitoring. On the other 

hand, we agree with commenters that 

any significant change to an existing 

regulation, including the addition of 

new monitoring requirements, would be 

subject to notice and comment 

rulemaking. To the extent that States 

determine the need for changing 

existing or developing new regulations, 

public notice and comment rulemaking 

is appropriate. Our role in developing 

technical resources and information 

informing the states in developing those 

revised or new regulations does not 

require, nor should be subject to the 

rulemaking process. In that light, we 

recognize the value in obtaining and 

responding to public comments and 

suggestions on informative technical 

materials. Further, we believe 

rulemaking is not necessarily required 

for source owners or operators who 

volunteer to participate in an optional 

improved monitoring program, such as 

the one mentioned in the proposal. That 

program seeks to provide SIP credits to 

States where source owners or operators 

agree to improve their PM monitoring 

approaches. We plan on continuing to 

prepare and offer non-regulatory 

incentives for source owners and 

operators who volunteer to improve 

existing monitoring. 

3. Study of Improved MonitoringInduced Emissions Reductions 

Comment: Commenters recommended 

that the proposal’s theoretical study 

showing PM emissions reductions from 

the use of improved monitoring needs to 

be validated with field data. 

Response: We agree with commenters 

that one should base any costs and 

benefits findings as well as validating 

the approach on available data. To the 

extent that this applies to assessing the 

benefits of emissions reductions 

achieved through improved monitoring, 

we requested that commenters provide 

data or leads to other information or to 

other alternatives that show how 

improved monitoring yields emissions 

reductions and ways to quantify 

possible PM credits for SIPs. In fact, we 

are disappointed that commenters failed 

to provide these data or examples of 

other approaches. As resources allow, 

we will investigate opportunities for 

field validation of the theoretical study, 

as well as other means to offer 

incentives for use of improved 

monitoring. 

N. Guidance Specific to Tribes 

a. Background 

The proposal set forth guidance for 

Tribes regarding various aspects of air 

quality management, and this guidance 

remains largely the same as described in 

the section below. 

b. Final Rule 

The 1998 Tribal Authority Rule (TAR) 

(40 CFR part 49), which implements 

section 301(d) of the CAA, gives Tribes 

the option of developing tribal 

implementation plans (TIPs). 

Specifically, the TAR provides for the 

Tribes to be treated in the same manner 

as a State in implementing sections of 

the CAA. However, Tribes are not 

required to develop implementation 

plans. The EPA determined in the TAR 

that it was inappropriate to treat Tribes 

in a manner similar to a State with 

regard to specific plan submittal and 

implementation deadlines for NAAQSrelated requirements, including, but not 

limited to, such deadlines in CAA 

sections 110(a)(1), 172(a)(2), 182, 187, 

and 191. (Add footnote) See 40 CFR 

49.4(a). In addition, EPA determined it 

was not appropriate to treat tribes 

similarly to states with respect to 

provisions of the CAA requiring as a 

condition of program approval the 

demonstration of criminal enforcement 

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authority or providing for the delegation 

of such criminal enforcement authority. 

See 40 CFR 49.4(g). To the extent a tribe 

is precluded from asserting criminal 

enforcement authority, the Federal 

government will exercise primary 

criminal enforcement responsibility. See 

40 CFR 49.8. In such circumstances, 

tribes seeking approval for CAA 

programs provide potential investigative 

leads to an appropriate federal 

enforcement agency. (end footnote) 

If a Tribe elects to do a TIP, we will 

work with the Tribe to develop an 

appropriate schedule which meets the 

needs of the Tribe, and which does not 

interfere with the attainment of the 

NAAQS in other jurisdictions. The 

Tribe developing a TIP can work with 

the EPA Regional Office on the 

appropriateness of addressing RFP and 

other substantive SIP requirements that 

may or may not be appropriate for the 

Tribe’s situation. 

The TAR indicates that EPA is 

ultimately responsible for implementing 

CAA programs in Indian country, as 

necessary and appropriate, if Tribes 

choose not to implement those 

provisions. For example, an unhealthy 

air quality situation in Indian country 

may require EPA to develop a FIP to 

reduce emissions from sources on the 

reservation. In such a situation, EPA, in 

consultation with the Tribe and in 

consideration of their needs, would 

work to ensure that the NAAQS are met 

as expeditiously as practicable. 

Likewise, if we determine that sources 

in Indian country could interfere with a 

larger nonattainment area meeting the 

NAAQS by its attainment date, we 

would develop a FIP for those sources 

in consultation with the Tribe, as 

necessary or appropriate. 

The TAR also provides flexibility for 

the Tribe in the preparation of a TIP to 

address the NAAQS. If a Tribe elects to 

develop a TIP, the TAR offers flexibility 

to Tribes to identify and implement on 

a Tribe-by-Tribe, case-by-case basis only 

those CAA programs or program 

elements needed to address their 

specific air quality problems. In the 

proposed Tribal rule, we described this 

flexible implementation approach as a 

modular approach. Each Tribe may 

evaluate the particular activities, 

including potential sources of air 

pollution within the exterior boundaries 

of its reservation (or within nonreservation areas for which it has 

demonstrated jurisdiction), which cause 

or contribute to its air pollution 

problem. A Tribe may adopt measures 

for controlling those sources of PM2.5-

related emissions, as long as the 

elements of the TIP are reasonably 

severable from the package of elements 

that can be included in a whole TIP. A 

TIP must include regulations designed 

to solve specific air quality problems for 

which the Tribe is seeking EPA 

approval, as well as a demonstration 

that the Tribal air agency has the 

authority from the Tribal government to 

develop and run their program, the 

capability to enforce their rules, and the 

resources to implement the program 

they adopt. In addition, the Tribe must 

receive an eligibility determination from 

EPA to be treated in the same manner 

as a State and to receive authorization 

from EPA to run a CAA program. 

The EPA would review and approve, 

where appropriate, these partial TIPs as 

one step of an overall air quality plan to 

attain the NAAQS. A Tribe may step in 

later to add other elements to the plan, 

or EPA may step in to fill gaps in the 

air quality plan as necessary or 

appropriate. In approving a TIP, we 

would evaluate whether the plan 

interferes with the overall air quality 

plan for an area when Tribal lands are 

part of a multi-jurisdictional area. 

Because many of the nonattainment 

areas will include multiple 

jurisdictions, and in some cases both 

Tribal and State jurisdictions, it is 

important for the Tribes and the States 

to work together to coordinate their 

planning efforts. States need to 

incorporate Tribal emissions in their 

base emission inventories if Indian 

country is part of an attainment or 

nonattainment area. Tribes and States 

need to coordinate their planning 

activities as appropriate to ensure that 

neither is adversely affecting attainment 

of the NAAQS in the area as a whole. 

c. Comments and Responses 

No public comments were received on 

this section. 

O. Enforcement and Compliance 

a. Background 

The proposed rule included a 

discussion of the specific requirements 

that must be addressed in order for SIP 

regulations to be enforceable. 

b. Final Rule 

The final rule includes similar 

guidance on enforceable SIP regulations, 

with some additional discussion about 

specific elements that must be 

addressed regarding compliance testing 

and compliance monitoring. (Note that 

enforceable SIP regulations may address 

these key elements in different ways 

depending on the type of source 

category being regulated.) 

In general, for a SIP regulation to be 

enforceable, it must clearly spell out 

which sources or source types are 

subject to its requirements and what its 

requirements (e.g., emission limits, 

work practices, etc.) are. The regulation 

also needs to specify the time frames 

within which these requirements must 

be met, and must definitively state 

recordkeeping and monitoring 

requirements appropriate to the type of 

sources being regulated. The 

recordkeeping and monitoring 

requirements must be sufficient to 

enable the State or EPA to determine 

whether the source is complying with 

the emission limit on a continuous 

basis. An enforceable regulation must 

also contain test procedures in order to 

determine whether sources are in 

compliance. 

Complete and effective regulations 

that ensure compliance with an 

applicable emissions limit must include 

requirements for both performance 

testing of emissions and ongoing 

monitoring of the compliance 

performance of control measures. SIP 

regulations must include the following 

critical elements of regulatory 

compliance testing: 

• Indicator(s) of compliance—the 

pollutant or pollutants of interest (e.g., 

filterable PM2.5 plus condensable PM2.5) 

and the applicable measurable units for 

expressing compliance (e.g., ng/J of heat 

input, lb/hr); 

• Test method—reference to a 

specific EPA or other published set of 

sample collection and analytical 

procedures, equipment design and 

performance criteria, and the 

calculations providing data in units of 

the indicator of compliance (see section 

II.L. below for descriptions of available 

and potential improved test methods); 

• Averaging time—the minimum 

length of each required test run and the 

requirement to average the results of the 

test runs (e.g., three runs) representing 

a specified period of time (e.g., 8 hours); 

and 

• Frequency—the maximum time 

between conduct of emissions or 

performance tests (e.g., within 30 days 

of facility start-up and once each 

successive quarter, every 6-month 

period, yearly). 

In order to be complete with regard to 

compliance monitoring provisions, SIP 

regulations must include the following 

critical elements: 

• Indicator(s) of performance—the 

parameter or parameters measured or 

observed for demonstrating proper 

operation of the pollution control 

measures or compliance with the 

applicable emissions limitation or 

standard. Indicators of performance may 

include direct or predicted emissions 

measurements, process or control device 

(and capture system) operational 

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parametric values that correspond to 

compliance with efficiency or emissions 

limits, and recorded findings of 

verification of work practice activities, 

raw material or fuels pollutant content, 

or design characteristics. Indicators may 

be expressed as a single maximum or 

minimum value, a function of process 

variables (e.g., within a range of 

pressure drops), a particular operational 

or work practice status (e.g., a damper 

position, completion of a waste recovery 

task), raw material or fuel pollutant 

content, or an interdependency between 

two or more variables; 

• Measurement technique—the 

means used to gather and record 

information of or about the indicators of 

performance. The components of the 

measurement technique include the 

detector type or analytical method, 

location and installation specifications, 

inspection procedures, and quality 

assurance and quality control measures. 

Examples of measurement approaches 

include continuous emissions 

monitoring systems, continuous opacity 

monitoring systems, continuous 

parametric monitoring systems, 

performance testing, vendor or 

laboratory analytical data, and manual 

inspections and data collection that 

include making records of process 

conditions, raw materials or fuel 

specifications, or work practices; 

• Monitoring frequency—the number 

of times to obtain and record monitoring 

data over a specified time interval. 

Examples of monitoring frequencies 

include at least one data value every 15 

minutes for continuous emissions or 

parametric monitoring systems, at least 

every 10 seconds for continuous opacity 

monitoring systems, upon receipt or 

application of raw materials or fuel to 

the process, and at least once per 

operating day (or week, month, etc.) for 

performance testing, work practice 

verification, or equipment design 

inspections; and 

• Averaging time—the period over 

which to average and use data to verify 

compliance with the emissions 

limitation or standard or proper 

operation of the pollution control 

measure. Examples of averaging time 

include a 3-hour average in units of the 

emissions limitation, a 30-day rolling 

average emissions value, a daily average 

of a control device operational 

parametric range, periodic (e.g., 

monthly, annual) average of raw 

materials or fuel pollutant content, and 

an instantaneous alarm. 

These regulatory elements are 

essential for effective implementation of 

the rules and clear and enforceable 

applicable requirements. We believe 

that approval of regulations 

implementing the SIPs must ensure that 

these critical elements are present and 

clearly defined to be approvable. We 

reiterate that the compliance 

obligations, including emissions limits 

and other applicable requirements, must 

be representative of and accountable to 

the assumptions used in the SIP 

demonstration. This accountability 

includes the ability to transfer the 

applicable regulatory requirements to an 

operating permit subject to EPA and 

public review. 

Under the Title V regulations, sources 

have an obligation to include in their 

Title V permit applications all 

emissions for which the source is major 

and all emissions of regulated air 

pollutants. The definition of regulated 

air pollutant in 40 CFR 70.2 includes 

any pollutant for which a NAAQS has 

been promulgated, which would 

include both PM10 and PM2.5. To date, 

some permitted entities have been using 

PM10 emissions as a surrogate for PM2.5 

emissions. Upon promulgation of this 

rule, EPA will no longer accept the use 

of PM10 as a surrogate for PM2.5. Thus, 

sources will be required to include their 

PM2.5 emissions in their Title V permit 

applications, in any corrections or 

supplements to these applications, and 

in applications submitted upon 

modification and renewal.52 The degree 

of quantification of PM2.5 emissions 

required will depend on the types of 

determinations that a permitting 

authority needs to address for a 

particular source, the requirements of 

title V, and the informational needs and 

requirements of the particular State in 

question. Sources must continue to 

describe their PM10 emissions in their 

applications as indicated above because 

the original PM10 NAAQS remains in 

effect. 

c. Comments and Responses 

Comment: One commenter disagreed 

with language in the preamble to the 

proposal regarding Title V permitting 

requirements and the requirement to 

include various emissions information 

in title V permit applications. As 

described in 40 CFR 70.5(c)(3)(i) and 

71.5(c)(3)(i), sources are required to 

include in their permit applications all 

emissions for which the source is major 

and all emissions of regulated air 

pollutants. In the preamble to the 

proposal, the EPA stated that in the past 

some permitted entities have been using 

PM10 emissions as a surrogate for PM2.5 

emissions in permit applications, or in 

corrections or supplements to 

52 See 40 CFR 70.5(c)(3)(i), 70.5(b), and 

70.7(a)(1)(i); 40 CFR 71.5(c)(3)(i), 71.5(b), and 

71.7(a)(1)(i). 

applications. The EPA stated that upon 

promulgation of this rule, the EPA will 

no longer accept the use of PM10 as a 

surrogate for PM2.5. 

The commenter disagreed with 

language in the proposal stating that 

sources would be required to detail or 

quantify PM2.5 emissions in permit 

applications, or in corrections or 

supplements to applications. The 

commenter asserts that the inclusion of 

PM2.5 emissions information is required 

in a Title V permit application only if 

there is an applicable requirement in 

existence for which the source’s 

applicability is in question and cited to 

various examples from the 

memorandum entitled ‘‘White Paper for 

Streamlined Development of Part 70 

Permit Applications,’’ from Lydia N. 

Wegman, Deputy Director, Office of Air 

Quality Planning and Standards, to Air 

Division Directors, Regions I–X, dated 

July 10, 1995. 

Response: The commenter is 

concerned that as a result of this rule all 

applications (including initial, 

modification, and renewal applications) 

will need to include a quantification of 

PM2.5 emissions, and that a State will 

request that every source supplement or 

correct any existing title V application 

in order to provide an estimation of 

PM2.5 emissions at the source. 

The EPA is not implying that this is 

the case. The degree of quantification of 

PM2.5 emissions required in an 

application (including an initial, 

modification, or renewal application), or 

in a correction or supplement to an 

existing application, depends on the 

types of determinations that a 

permitting authority needs to address 

for a particular source, the requirements 

of title V, and the informational needs 

and requirements of the particular State 

in question. For example, if a source 

which emits PM2.5 emissions has 

submitted a title V application, but a 

draft permit has not yet been issued, 

then the source is required to submit 

information relative to the 

quantification of its PM2.5 emissions if 

such information is needed or requested 

and it has not previously submitted 

such information. See 40 CFR 70.5(b) 

and 71.5(b). 

Circumstances necessitating the 

quantification of PM2.5 emissions and 

the submittal of this information 

include: (1) Determining all of the 

pollutants for which a source is major; 

(2) determining whether an applicable 

requirement or program applies, e.g., 

determining the applicability of a SIP 

requirement or a PSD or nonattainment 

NSR program, etc.; or (3) determining 

what fees a source owes a permitting 

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authority as a result of considering 

PM2.5 emissions. 

In all circumstances, however, a State 

may require that a source quantify its 

PM2.5 emissions information in an 

application, supplement, or correction, 

even if it is not needed for the particular 

determination at issue. The State, for 

example, may choose to obtain this 

information for air quality planning 

purposes, developing emission 

inventories, or for other purposes 

related to its air quality management 

goals. Requesting such emissions 

information is an option for any title V 

permitting authority. 

The ‘‘White Paper for Streamlined 

Development of Part 70 Permit 

Applications,’’ referenced by the 

commenter, was a confirmation of EPA 

policy with respect to the fact that the 

specificity of emissions quantification 

can vary significantly, depending on the 

circumstances of a particular source. It 

is also important to note that this 

guidance document is a statement 

regarding the range of discretion 

available to permitting authorities in 

implementing the emissions 

quantification requirement, not a 

restriction of that discretion to 

minimum practices. Thus, States can 

implement this guidance document at 

their option, either in part or in its 

entirety. 

In summary, the purpose of the 

statements made in the preamble to the 

proposal was to notify sources that as of 

the promulgation of this final rule, the 

EPA will no longer accept the use of 

PM10 emissions information as a 

surrogate for PM2.5 emissions 

information 53 given that both pollutants 

are regulated by a National Ambient Air 

Quality Standard and therefore are 

considered regulated air pollutants. See 

the definition of regulated air pollutant 

in 40 CFR 70.2 and 71.2.54 The degree 

of quantification of PM2.5 emissions now 

required in an application (including an 

initial, modification, or renewal 

application), or provided in a correction 

or supplement to an existing 

application, will depend on the types of 

determinations that a permitting 

authority needs to address for a 

53 For background information on issues 

surrounding implementation of the PM2.5 NAAQS, 

see the EPA memo entitled ‘‘Implementation of 

New Source Review Requirements in PM2.5 

Nonattainment Areas,’’ from Stephen D. Page, 

Director, Office of Air Quality Planning and 

Standards, to Regional Air Directors, Regions I–X, 

dated April 5, 2005. 

54 For background information on regulated air 

pollutants, see the EPA memo entitled ‘‘Definition 

of Regulated Air Pollutant for Purposes of Title V,’’ 

from Lydia N. Wegman, Deputy Director, Office of 

Air Quality Planning and Standards, to Air Division 

Directors, Regions I–X, dated April 26, 1993. 

particular source, the requirements of 

title V, and the informational needs and 

requirements of the particular State in 

question. 

P. Emergency Episodes 

a. Background 

In the proposal, we noted that subpart 

H of 40 CFR part 51 specifies 

requirements for SIPs to address 

emergency air pollution episodes and 

for preventing air pollutant levels from 

reaching levels determined to cause 

significant harm to the health of 

persons. We noted that we anticipate 

proposing a separate rulemaking in the 

future to update portions of that rule. 

The preamble to the proposal 

b. Final Rule 

We have not yet proposed any rule 

revision related to emergency episodes. 

c. Comments and Responses 

We received no comments on this 

section of the proposal. 

Q. Ambient Monitoring 

a. Background 

Ambient air quality monitoring for 

PM2.5 plays an important role in 

identifying areas violating the NAAQS, 

control strategy development, and 

tracking progress to attainment. We 

indicated in the proposal that States are 

required to monitor PM2.5 mass 

concentrations using Federal Reference 

Method devices to determine 

compliance with the NAAQS.55 We did 

not propose any revisions to current 

ambient monitoring requirements listed 

in 40 CFR part 58. Currently, there are 

more than 1200 FRM monitors located 

across the country. States will need to 

maintain monitors in designated 

nonattainment areas in order to track 

progress toward attainment and 

ultimately determine whether the area 

has attained the PM2.5 standards. 

In addition to the FRM network, EPA 

and the States have also deployed more 

than 250 speciation monitoring sites 

around the country to sample for 

chemical composition of PM2.5. The data 

provided from these speciation monitors 

are invaluable in identifying 

contributing source categories and 

developing control strategies to reach 

attainment. Source apportionment and 

other receptor modeling techniques rely 

on the detailed data on species, ions, 

and other compounds obtained from 

chemical analysis. Analyses of rural 

versus urban sites to identify which 

PM2.5 components comprise the ‘‘urban 

55 The PM2.5 monitoring regulations are located at 

40 CFR part 58. 

excess’’ (urban minus rural levels) 

portion of PM2.5 mass also rely on data 

from speciation monitors. The EPA 

encourages states to expand their data 

analysis efforts using the wealth of 

information provided from the 

speciation monitoring network. 

b. Final Rule 

There is no change from the proposal. 

We are not promulgating any additional 

monitoring requirements as part of this 

rulemaking. Revised monitoring 

regulations were issued in 2006 along 

with the revised PM NAAQS. 

c. Comments and Responses 

There were no comments on this 

section. 

III. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory 

Planning and Review 

Under section 3(f)(1) of Executive 

Order (EO) 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 

4, 1993), this action is an ‘‘economically 

significant regulatory action.’’ 

Implementation of the PM2.5 NAAQS is 

likely to have an annual effect on the 

economy of $100 million or more. 

Accordingly, EPA submitted this action 

to the Office of Management and Budget 

(OMB) for review under EO 12866 and 

any changes made in response to OMB 

recommendations have been 

documented in the docket for this 

action. For clarity, we note that the 

estimated costs and benefits of 

implementing the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS 

are not created by this rule, because the 

Clean Air Act requires state 

implementation of the 1997 PM2.5 

standards (through state development of 

plans with enforceable requirements for 

sources) on a statutory timetable 

regardless of whether EPA issues this 

rule interpreting the statutory 

requirements. The rule reflects the 

statutory requirements. 

As part of the ‘‘Regulatory Impact 

Analysis for Particulate Matter National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards 

(September 2006),’’ EPA prepared an 

assessment of the estimated costs and 

benefits associated with attaining the 

1997 PM2.5 NAAQS in 2015, 

incremental to currently promulgated 

federal and state programs including for 

example the Clean Air Interstate Rule, 

the Nonroad Diesel Rule, and other 

programs. This analysis is included as 

Appendix A of the report and is 

available in the docket for this action 

and on EPA’s Web site at: http:// 

www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/regdata/RIAs/ 

Appendix%20A— 

2015%20Analysis.pdf. This illustrative 

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analysis finds that the estimated 

monetized benefits of attaining the 1997 

standards in 2015 are between $43 

billion and $97 billion annually, and the 

estimated monetized costs are $6.7 

billion annually. The RIA states: ‘‘Note 

that because this analysis was intended 

to compare costs and benefits of 

attaining alternative standards by fixed 

dates, it did not attempt to identify for 

each designated PM2.5 area measures 

that may be needed to meet subpart 1 

Clean Air Act requirements, such as 

reasonably available measures and 

attainment as expeditiously as 

practicable. It is expected that 

additional costs and benefits will begin 

to accrue in earlier years as states 

comply with these requirements.’’ (RIA, 

p. 1–4) 

B. Paperwork Reduction Act 

The information collection 

requirements in this rule have been 

submitted for approval to the Office of 

Management and Budget (OMB) under 

the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 

3501 et seq. In a separate Federal 

Register notice published today, EPA is 

requesting comment on the information 

collection requirements of this rule. The 

information collection requirements are 

not enforceable until OMB approves 

them. 

The data collected from the State or 

local air agency respondents will 

include the required SIP elements 

prescribed in CAA sections 110 and part 

D, subpart 1 of title I for Implementation 

plans and the requirements in this 

Implementation Rule (40 CFR 51.1000– 

51.1012). The PM2.5 SIP will contain 

rules and other requirements designed 

to achieve the NAAQS by the deadlines 

established under the CAA, and it also 

contains a demonstration that the State’s 

requirements will in fact result in 

attainment. The SIP must meet the 

requirements in subpart 1 to adopt 

RACM, RACT, and provide for RFP 

toward attainment for the period prior 

to the area’s attainment date. 

The Agency anticipates additional 

administrative burden during the 3 year 

period of the ICR for State governments 

and the Agency of 630,000 hours and 

69,300 hours, respectively. Fifty percent 

of the hours are expended in the first 

year with the remainder evenly divided 

between the second and third years of 

the ICR period. Tribes are not required 

to conduct attainment demonstrations 

or submit the RFP, RACT, or RACM 

requirements. 

The present value of the total 

additional costs for State government 

respondents is estimated at $33.4 

million for the 3 year period. On an 

equivalent annual basis that is $12.7 

million per year during the 3 year 

period of the ICR. The present value of 

the Agency administrative cost burden 

is estimated at $3.7 million dollars for 

the 3 year period. This is equivalent to 

an equal annual stream of costs of $1.4 

million per year during the three year 

period. Burden means the total time, 

effort, or financial resources expended 

by persons to generate, maintain, retain, 

or disclose or provide information to or 

for a Federal agency. This includes the 

time needed to review instructions; 

develop, acquire, install, and utilize 

technology and systems for the purposes 

of collecting, validating, and verifying 

information, processing and 

maintaining information, and disclosing 

and providing information; adjust the 

existing ways to comply with any 

previously applicable instructions and 

requirements; train personnel to be able 

to respond to a collection of 

information; search data sources; 

complete and review the collection of 

information; and transmit or otherwise 

disclose the information. 

An agency may not conduct or 

sponsor, and a person is not required to 

respond to a collection of information 

unless it displays a currently valid OMB 

control number. The OMB control 

numbers for EPA’s regulations in 40 

CFR are listed in 40 CFR part 9. When 

this ICR is approved by OMB, the 

Agency will publish a technical 

amendment to 40 CFR part 9 in the 

Federal Register to display the OMB 

control number for the approved 

information collection requirements 

contained in this final rule. 

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act 

The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) 

generally requires an agency to prepare 

a regulatory flexibility analysis of any 

rule subject to notice and comment 

rulemaking requirements under the 

Administrative Procedure Act or any 

other statute unless the agency certifies 

that the rule will not have a significant 

economic impact on a substantial 

number of small entities. Small entities 

include small businesses, small 

organizations, and small governmental 

jurisdictions. 

For purposes of assessing the impacts 

of this final action on small entities, 

small entity is defined as: (1) A small 

business as defined by the Small 

Business Administration’s (SBA) 

regulations at 13 CFR 121.201; (2) a 

small governmental jurisdiction that is a 

government of a city, county, town, 

school district, or special district with a 

population of less than 50,000; or (3) a 

small organization that is any not-forprofit enterprise that is independently 

owned and operated and is not 

dominant in its field. 

After considering the economic 

impacts of this final rule on small 

entities, I certify that this action will not 

have a significant economic impact on 

a substantial number of small entities 

and it is not necessary to prepare a 

regulatory flexibility analysis in 

conjunction with this final rule. The 

final rule governing SIPs will not 

directly impose any requirements on 

small entities. Rather, this rule 

interprets the obligations established in 

the CAA for States to submit 

implementation plans in order to attain 

the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

Title II of the Unfunded Mandates 

Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), Public 

Law 104–4, establishes requirements for 

Federal agencies to assess the effects of 

their regulatory actions on State, local, 

and Tribal governments and the private 

sector. Under section 202 of the UMRA, 

EPA generally must prepare a written 

statement, including a cost-benefit 

analysis, for proposed and final rules 

with ‘‘Federal mandates’’ that may 

result in expenditures to State, local, 

and tribal governments, in the aggregate, 

or to the private sector, of $100 million 

or more in any 1 year. Before 

promulgating an EPA rule for which a 

written statement is needed, EPA is 

required by section 205 of the UMRA to 

identify and consider a reasonable 

number of regulatory alternatives, and 

adopt the least costly, most costeffective or least burdensome alternative 

that achieves the objectives of the rule. 

The provisions of section 205 do not 

apply when they are inconsistent with 

applicable law. Moreover, section 205 

allows EPA to adopt an alternative other 

than the least costly, most cost-effective 

or least burdensome alternative if the 

Administrator publishes with the final 

rule an explanation why that alternative 

was not adopted. Before EPA establishes 

any regulatory requirements that may 

significantly or uniquely affect small 

governments, including Tribal 

governments, it must have developed 

under section 203 of the UMRA a small 

government agency plan. The plan must 

provide for notifying potentially 

affected small governments, enabling 

officials of affected small governments 

to have meaningful and timely input in 

the development of EPA regulatory 

proposals with significant Federal 

intergovernmental mandates, and 

informing, educating, and advising 

small governments on compliance with 

the regulatory requirements. 

This rule contains no Federal 

mandate that may result in expenditures 

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20662 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

of $100 million or more for State, local, 

and Tribal governments, in the 

aggregate, or the private sector in any 1 

year. The estimated administrative 

burden hours and costs associated with 

implementing the PM2.5 NAAQS are 

estimated in the ICR for this rule. The 

estimated costs presented there for 

States totals $33.4 million for a threeyear period. Thus, this rule is not 

subject to the requirements of section 

202 and 205 of the UMRA. The EPA 

consulted with governmental entities 

affected by this rule and has determined 

that this rule contains no regulatory 

requirements that may significantly or 

uniquely affect small governments, 

including Tribal governments. 

The CAA imposes the obligation for 

States to submit SIPs to implement the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. In this rule, EPA is 

merely providing an interpretation of 

those requirements. However, even if 

this rule did establish an independent 

requirement for States to submit SIPs, it 

is questionable whether a requirement 

to submit a SIP revision would 

constitute a Federal mandate in any 

case. The obligation for a State to submit 

a SIP that arises out of section 110 and 

section 172 (part D) of the CAA is not 

legally enforceable by a court of law, 

and at most is a condition for continued 

receipt of highway funds. Therefore, it 

is possible to view an action requiring 

such a submittal as not creating any 

enforceable duty within the meaning of 

section 421(5)(9a)(I) of UMRA (2 U.S.C. 

658(a)(I)). Even if it did, the duty could 

be viewed as falling within the 

exception for a condition of Federal 

assistance under section 421(5)(a)(i)(I) of 

UMRA (2 U.S.C. 658(5)(a)(i)(I)). 

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism 

Executive Order 13132, entitled 

‘‘Federalism’’ (64 FR 43255, August 10, 

1999), requires EPA to develop an 

accountable process to ensure 

‘‘meaningful and timely input by State 

and local officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have Federalism 

implications.’’ ‘‘Policies that have 

Federalism implications’’ is defined in 

the Executive Order to include 

regulations that have ‘‘substantial direct 

effects on the States, on the relationship 

between the national government and 

the States, or on the distribution of 

power and responsibilities among the 

various levels of government.’’ 

At the time of proposal, EPA 

concluded that the proposed rule would 

not have any federalism implications. 

The EPA stated that the proposed rule 

would not have substantial direct effects 

on the States, on the relationship 

between the national government and 

the States, or on the distribution of 

power and responsibilities among the 

various levels of government, as 

specified in Executive Order 13132. The 

CAA establishes the scheme whereby 

States take the lead in developing plans 

to meet the NAAQS. This rule clarifies 

the statutory obligations of States in 

implementing the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

However, EPA recognized that States 

would have a substantial interest in this 

rule and any corresponding revisions to 

associated SIP requirements. 

Therefore, in the spirit of Executive 

Order 13132, and consistent with EPA 

policy to promote communications 

between EPA and State and local 

governments, EPA held a number of 

calls with representatives of State and 

local air pollution control agencies and 

hosted a public hearing in Washington, 

DC in November 2005. The EPA 

considered the comments from State 

and local governments in developing 

the final rule. 

EPA concludes that this final rule 

does not have federalism implications, 

for the reasons proposed. The final rule 

will not modify the relationship of the 

States and EPA for purposes of 

developing programs to implement the 

NAAQS. As noted above in section D on 

UMRA, this rule does not impose 

significant costs on State and local 

governments. (EPA estimates the costs 

to States to implement the PM2.5 

NAAQS to be $33.4 million.) Thus, 

Executive Order 13132 does not apply 

to this rule. 

F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation 

and Coordination With Indian Tribal 

Governments 

Executive Order 13175, entitled 

‘‘Consultation and Coordination with 

Indian Tribal Governments’’ (65 FR 

67249, November 9, 2000), requires EPA 

to develop an accountable process to 

ensure ‘‘meaningful and timely input by 

Tribal officials in the development of 

regulatory policies that have Tribal 

implications.’’ This final rule does not 

have ‘‘Tribal implications’’ as defined in 

Executive Order 13175. This rule 

concerns the requirements for State and 

tribal implementation plans for 

attaining the PM2.5 air quality standards. 

The CAA provides for States to develop 

plans to regulate emissions of air 

pollutants within their jurisdictions. 

The Tribal Air Rule (TAR) under the 

CAA gives Tribes the opportunity to 

develop and implement CAA programs 

such as programs to attain and maintain 

the PM2.5 NAAQS, but it leaves to the 

discretion of the Tribe the decision of 

whether to develop these programs and 

which programs, or appropriate 

elements of a program, they will adopt. 

Although Executive Order 13175 does 

not apply to this rule, EPA did reach out 

to Tribal leaders and environmental 

staff in developing this rule. From 

2001–2004, the EPA supported a 

National Designations Workgroup to 

provide a forum for tribal professionals 

to give input to the designations 

process. In 2006, EPA supported a 

national ‘‘Tribal Air call’’ which 

provides an open forum for all Tribes to 

voice concerns to EPA about the 

NAAQS implementation process, 

including the PM2.5 NAAQS. In these 

meetings, EPA briefed call participants 

and Tribal environmental professionals 

gave input as the rule was under 

development. Furthermore, in December 

2005, EPA sent individualized letters to 

all federally recognized Tribes about the 

proposal to give Tribal leaders the 

opportunity for consultation. 

This final rule does not have Tribal 

implications as defined by Executive 

Order 13175. It does not have a 

substantial direct effect on one or more 

Indian Tribes, since no Tribe has 

implemented a CAA program to attain 

the PM2.5 NAAQS at this time. The EPA 

notes that even if a Tribe were 

implementing such a plan at this time, 

while the rule might have Tribal 

implications with respect to that Tribe, 

it would not impose substantial direct 

costs upon it, nor would it preempt 

Tribal law. 

Furthermore, this rule does not affect 

the relationship or distribution of power 

and responsibilities between the Federal 

government and Indian Tribes. The 

CAA and the TAR establish the 

relationship of the Federal government 

and Tribes in developing plans to attain 

the NAAQS, and this rule does nothing 

to modify that relationship. As this rule 

does not have Tribal implications, 

Executive Order 13175 does not apply. 

G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of 

Children From Environmental Health 

and Safety Risks 

EO 13045, ‘‘Protection of Children 

from Environmental Health and Safety 

Risks,’’ (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) 

applies to any rule that (1) Is 

determined to be ‘‘economically 

significant’’ as defined under Executive 

Order 12866, and (2) concerns an 

environmental health or safety risk that 

EPA has reason to believe may have 

disproportionate effect on children. If 

the regulatory action meets both criteria, 

the Agency must evaluate the 

environmental health or safety effects of 

the planned rule on children, and 

explain why the planned regulation is 

preferable to other potentially effective 

and reasonably feasible alternatives 

considered by the Agency. This final 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20663 

rule is subject to EO 13045 because it is 

economically significant as defined in 

EO 12866, and we believe that the 

environmental health risk addressed by 

this action may have a disproportionate 

effect on children. This rule implements 

a previously promulgated health-based 

Federal standard—the PM2.5 NAAQS 56. 

The NAAQS constitute uniform, 

national standards for PM pollution; 

these standards are designed to protect 

public health with an adequate margin 

of safety, as required by CAA section 

109. However, the protection offered by 

these standards may be especially 

important for children because children, 

along with other sensitive population 

subgroups such as the elderly and 

people with existing heart or lung 

disease, are potentially susceptible to 

health effects resulting from PM 

exposure. Because children are 

considered a potentially susceptible 

population, we have carefully evaluated 

the environmental health effects of 

exposure to PM pollution among 

children. These effects and the size of 

the population affected are summarized 

in section 9.2.4 of the Criteria Document 

and section 3.5 of the Staff Paper. 

H. Executive Order 13211: Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use 

This final rule is not a ‘‘significant 

energy action’’ as defined in Executive 

Order 13211, ‘‘Actions That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use,’’ (66 FR 28355, 

May 22, 2001) because it is not likely to 

have a significant adverse effect on the 

supply, distribution, or use of energy. 

This rule is not a ‘‘significant energy 

action,’’ because it does not establish 

requirements that directly affect the 

general public and the public and 

private sectors, but, rather, interprets 

the statutory requirements that apply to 

States in preparing their SIPs. The SIPs 

themselves will likely establish 

requirements that directly affect the 

general public, and the public and 

private sectors. 

I. National Technology Transfer 

Advancement Act 

Section 12(d) of the National 

Technology Transfer Advancement Act 

of 1995 (‘‘NTTAA’’), Public Law No. 

104–113, section 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 

note) directs EPA to use voluntary 

consensus standards (VCS) in its 

regulatory activities unless to do so 

would be inconsistent with applicable 

law or otherwise impractical. Voluntary 

56 See 62 FR 38652–38760, National Ambient Air 

Quality Standards for Particulate Matter, Final Rule; 

also 40 CFR part 50. 

consensus standards are technical 

standards (e.g., materials specifications, 

test methods, sampling procedures, and 

business practices) that are developed or 

adopted by VCS bodies. The NTTAA 

directs EPA to provide Congress, 

through OMB, explanations when the 

Agency decides not to use available and 

applicable VCS. 

This final rulemaking does not 

involve technical standards. Therefore, 

EPA is not considering the use of any 

VCS. The EPA will encourage the States 

and Tribes to consider the use of such 

standards, where appropriate, in the 

development of their implementation 

plans. 

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal 

Actions To Address Environmental 

Justice in Minority Populations and 

Low-Income Populations 

EO 12898 (59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994) 

establishes Federal executive policy on 

environmental justice. Its main 

provision directs Federal agencies, to 

the greatest extent practicable and 

permitted by law, to make 

environmental justice part of their 

mission by identifying and addressing, 

as appropriate, disproportionately high 

and adverse human health or 

environmental effects of their programs, 

policies and activities on minority 

populations and low-income 

populations in the United States. 

The EPA has determined that the final 

rule should not have disproportionately 

high and adverse human health or 

environmental effects on minority or 

low-income populations because it 

increases the level of environmental 

protection for all affected populations 

without having any disproportionately 

high and adverse human health or 

environmental effects on any 

population, including any minority or 

low-income population. The health and 

environmental risks associated with fine 

particles were considered in the 

establishment of the PM2.5 NAAQS. The 

level is designed to be protective with 

an adequate margin of safety. This final 

rule provides a framework for 

improving environmental quality and 

reducing health risks for areas that may 

be designated nonattainment. 

K. Congressional Review Act 

The Congressional Review Act, 5 

U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides 

that before a rule may take effect, the 

agency promulgating the rule must 

submit a rule report, which includes a 

copy of the rule, to each House of the 

Congress and to the Comptroller General 

of the United States. The EPA will 

submit a report containing the rule and 

other required information to the U.S. 

Senate, the U.S. House of 

Representatives, and the Comptroller 

General of the United States prior to 

publication of the rule in the Federal 

Register. A Major rule cannot take effect 

until 60 days after it is published in the 

Federal Register. This action is a ‘‘major 

rule’’ as defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). This 

rule will be effective June 25, 2007. 

L. Petitions for Judicial Review 

Under section 307(b)(1) of the Act, 

petitions for judicial review of this 

action must be filed in the United States 

Court of Appeals for the District of 

Columbia Circuit by June 25, 2007. 

Filing a petition for reconsideration by 

the Administrator of this final rule does 

not affect the finality of this rule for the 

purposes of judicial review nor does it 

extend the time within which a petition 

for judicial review may be filed, and 

shall not postpone the effectiveness of 

such rule or action. This action may not 

be challenged later in proceedings to 

enforce its requirements. See Act 

section 307(b)(2). 

M. Judicial Review 

Under sections 307(d)(1)(E) and 

307(d)(1)(V) of the CAA, the 

Administrator determines that this 

action is subject to the provisions of 

section 307(d). Section 307(d)(1)(V) 

provides that the provisions of section 

307(d) apply to ‘‘such other actions as 

the Administrator may determine.’’ 

While the Administrator did not make 

this determination earlier, the 

Administrator believes that all of the 

procedural requirements, e.g., 

docketing, hearing and comment 

periods, of section 307(d) have been 

complied with during the course of this 

rulemaking. 

IV. Statutory Authority 

The statutory authority for this action 

is provided by 42 U.S.C. 7401, 7408, 

7410, 7501–7509a, and 7601(a)(1). This 

notice is also subject to 307(d) of the 

CAA (42 U.S.C. 7407(d)). 

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 51 

Administrative practice and 

procedure, Air pollution control, 

Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen 

dioxide, Ozone, Particulate matter, 

Sulfur oxides, Transportation, Volatile 

organic compound. 

Dated: March 29, 2007. 

Stephen L. Johnson, 

Administrator. 

■ For the reasons set out in the 

preamble, title 40, chapter I of the Code 

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20664 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

of Federal Regulations is amended as 

follows: 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 51 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 23 U.S.C. 101; 42 U.S.C. 7401– 

7671q. 

■ 2. A new Subpart Z is added to read 

as follows: 

Subpart Z—Provisions for 

Implementation of PM2.5 National 

Ambient Air Quality Standards 

Sec. 


51.1000 Definitions. 


51.1001 Applicability of part 51. 


51.1002 Submittal of State implementation 


plan. 

51.1003 [Reserved] 

51.1004 Attainment dates. 

51.1005 One-year extensions of the 

attainment date. 

51.1006 Redesignation to nonattainment 

following initial designations for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. 

51.1007 Attainment demonstration and 

modeling requirements. 

51.1008 Emission inventory requirements 

for the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

51.1009 Reasonable further progress (RFP) 

requirements. 

51.1010 Requirements for reasonably 

available control technology (RACT) and 

reasonably available control measures 

(RACM). 

51.1011 Requirements for mid-course 

review. 

51.1012. Requirements for contingency 

measures. 

§ 51.1000 Definitions. 

The following definitions apply for 

purposes of this subpart. Any term not 

defined herein shall have the meaning 

as defined in 40 CFR 51.100. 

Act means the Clean Air Act as 

codified at 42 U.S.C. 7401–7671q. 

(2003). 

Attainment date means the date by 

which an area, under an approved State 

implementation plan, is required to 

attain the PM2.5 NAAQS (based on the 

average of three consecutive years of 

ambient air quality data). 

Baseline year inventory for the RFP 

plan is the emissions inventory for the 

year also used as the base year for the 

attainment demonstration. 

Benchmark RFP plan means the 

reasonable further progress plan that 

requires generally linear emission 

reductions in pollutants from the 

baseline emissions year through the 

milestone inventory year. 

Date of designation means the 

effective date of the PM2.5 area 

designation as promulgated by the 

Administrator. 

Direct PM2.5 emissions means solid 

particles emitted directly from an air 

emissions source or activity, or gaseous 

emissions or liquid droplets from an air 

emissions source or activity which 

condense to form particulate matter at 

ambient temperatures. Direct PM2.5 

emissions include elemental carbon, 

directly emitted organic carbon, directly 

emitted sulfate, directly emitted nitrate, 

and other inorganic particles (including 

but not limited to crustal material, 

metals, and sea salt). 

Existing control measure means any 

Federally enforceable national, State, or 

local control measure that has been 

approved in the SIP and that results in 

reductions in emissions of PM2.5 or 

PM2.5 precursors in a nonattainment 

area. 

Full implementation inventory is the 

projected RFP emission inventory for 

the year preceding the attainment date, 

representing a level of emissions that 

demonstrates attainment. 

Milestone year inventory is the 

projected RFP emission inventory for 

the applicable RFP milestone year (i.e. 

2009 and, where applicable, 2012). 

PM2.5 NAAQS means the particulate 

matter national ambient air quality 

standards (annual and 24-hour) codified 

at 40 CFR 50.7. 

PM2.5 design value for a 

nonattainment area is the highest of the 

three-year average concentrations 

calculated for the monitors in the area, 

in accordance with 40 CFR part 50, 

appendix N. 

PM2.5 attainment plan precursor 

means S02 and those other PM2.5 

precursors emitted by sources in the 

State which the State must evaluate for 

emission reduction measures to be 

included in its PM2.5 nonattainment area 

or maintenance area plan. 

PM2.5 precursor means those air 

pollutants other than PM2.5 direct 

emissions that contribute to the 

formation of PM2.5. PM2.5 precursors 

include S02, NOX, volatile organic 

compounds, and ammonia. 

Reasonable further progress (RFP) 

means the incremental emissions 

reductions toward attainment required 

under sections 172(c)(2) and 171(1). 

Subpart 1 means the general 

attainment plan requirements found in 

subpart 1 of part D of title I of the Act. 

§ 51.1001 Applicability of part 51. 

The provisions in subparts A through 

X of this part apply to areas for purposes 

of the PM2.5 NAAQS to the extent they 

are not inconsistent with the provisions 

of this subpart. 

§ 51.1002 Submittal of State 

implementation plan. 

(a) For any area designated by EPA as 

nonattainment for the PM2.5 NAAQS, 

the State must submit a State 

implementation plan satisfying the 

requirements of section 172 of the Act 

and this subpart to EPA by the date 

prescribed by EPA which will be no 

later than 3 years from the date of 

designation. 

(b) The State must submit a plan 

consistent with the requirements of 

section 110(a)(2) of the Act unless the 

State already has fulfilled this obligation 

for the purposes of implementing the 

PM2.5 NAAQS. 

(c) Pollutants contributing to fine 

particle concentrations. The State 

implementation plan must identify and 

evaluate sources of PM2.5 direct 

emissions and PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursors in accordance with 

§§ 51.1009 and 51.1010. After January 1, 

2011, for purposes of establishing 

emissions limits under 51.1009 and 

51.1010, States must establish such 

limits taking into consideration the 

condensable fraction of direct PM2.5 

emissions. Prior to this date, States are 

not prohibited from establishing source 

emission limits that include the 

condensable fraction of direct PM2.5. 

(1) The State must address sulfur 

dioxide as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor and evaluate sources of SO2 

emissions in the State for control 

measures. 

(2) The State must address NOX as a 

PM2.5 attainment plan precursor and 

evaluate sources of NOX emissions in 

the State for control measures, unless 

the State and EPA provide an 

appropriate technical demonstration for 

a specific area showing that NOX 

emissions from sources in the State do 

not significantly contribute to PM2.5 

concentrations in the nonattainment 

area. 

(3) The State is not required to 

address VOC as a PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursor and evaluate sources of VOC 

emissions in the State for control 

measures, unless: 

(i) the State provides an appropriate 

technical demonstration for a specific 

area showing that VOC emissions from 

sources in the State significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the 

nonattainment area, and such 

demonstration is approved by EPA; or 

(ii) The EPA provides such a technical 

demonstration. 

(4) The State is not required to 

address ammonia as a PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor and evaluate sources of 

ammonia emissions from sources in the 

State for control measures, unless: 

(i) The State provides an appropriate 

technical demonstration for a specific 

area showing that ammonia emissions 

from sources in the State significantly 

contribute to PM2.5 concentrations in the 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20665 

nonattainment area, and such 

demonstration is approved by EPA; or 

(ii) The EPA provides such a technical 

demonstration. 

(5) The State must submit a 

demonstration to reverse any 

presumption in this rule for a PM2.5 

precursor with respect to a particular 

nonattainment area, if the 

administrative record related to 

development of its SIP shows that the 

presumption is not technically justified 

for that area. 

§ 51.1003 [Reserved] 

§ 51.1004 Attainment dates. 

(a) Consistent with section 

172(a)(2)(A) of the Act, the attainment 

date for an area designated 

nonattainment for the PM2.5 NAAQS 

will be the date by which attainment 

can be achieved as expeditiously as 

practicable, but no more than five years 

from the date of designation. The 

Administrator may extend the 

attainment date to the extent the 

Administrator determines appropriate, 

for a period no greater than 10 years 

from the date of designation, 

considering the severity of 

nonattainment and the availability and 

feasibility of pollution control measures. 

(b) In the SIP submittal for each of its 

nonattainment areas, the State must 

submit an attainment demonstration 

justifying its proposed attainment date. 

For each nonattainment area, the 

Administrator will approve an 

attainment date at the same time the 

Administrator approves the attainment 

demonstration for the area, consistent 

with the attainment date timing 

provision of section 172(a)(2)(A) and 

paragraph (a) of this section. 

(c) Upon a determination by EPA that 

an area designated nonattainment for 

the PM2.5 NAAQS has attained the 

standard, the requirements for such area 

to submit attainment demonstrations 

and associated reasonably available 

control measures, reasonable further 

progress plans, contingency measures, 

and other planning SIPs related to 

attainment of the PM2.5 NAAQS shall be 

suspended until such time as: the area 

is redesignated to attainment, at which 

time the requirements no longer apply; 

or EPA determines that the area has 

violated the PM2.5 NAAQS, at which 

time the area is again required to submit 

such plans. 

§ 51.1005 One-year extensions of the 

attainment date. 

(a) Pursuant to section 172(a)(2)(C)(ii) 

of the Act, a State with an area that fails 

to attain the PM2.5 NAAQS by its 

attainment date may apply for an initial 

1-year attainment date extension if the 

State has complied with all 

requirements and commitments 

pertaining to the area in the applicable 

implementation plan, and: 

(1) For an area that violates the annual 

PM2.5 NAAQS as of its attainment date, 

the annual average concentration for the 

most recent year at each monitor is 15.0 

μg/m3 or less (calculated according to 

the data analysis requirements in 40 

CFR part 50, appendix N). 

(2) For an area that violates the 24-

hour PM2.5 NAAQS as of its attainment 

date, the 98th percentile concentration 

for the most recent year at each monitor 

is 65 μg/m3 or less (calculated according 

to the data analysis requirements in 40 

CFR part 50, appendix N). 

(b) An area that fails to attain the 

PM2.5 NAAQS after receiving a 1-year 

attainment date extension may apply for 

a second 1-year attainment date 

extension pursuant to section 

172(a)(2)(C)(ii) if the State has complied 

with all requirements and commitments 

pertaining to the area in the applicable 

implementation plan, and: 

(1) For an area that violates the annual 

PM2.5 NAAQS as of its attainment date, 

the two-year average of annual average 

concentrations at each monitor, based 

on the first extension year and the 

previous year, is 15.0 μg/m3 or less 

(calculated according to the data 

analysis requirements in 40 CFR part 50, 

appendix N). 

(2) For an area that violates the 24-

hour PM2.5 NAAQS as of its attainment 

date, the two-year average of annual 

98th percentile concentrations at each 

monitor, based on the first extension 

year and the previous year, is 65 μg/m3 

or less (calculated according to the data 

analysis requirements in 40 CFR part 50, 

appendix N). 

§ 51.1006 Redesignation to nonattainment 

following initial designations for the PM2.5 

NAAQS. 

Any area that is initially designated 

‘‘attainment/unclassifiable’’ for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS may be subsequently 

redesignated to nonattainment if 

ambient air quality data in future years 

indicate that such a redesignation is 

appropriate. For any such area that is 

redesignated to nonattainment for the 

PM2.5 NAAQS, any absolute, fixed date 

that is applicable in connection with the 

requirements of this part is extended by 

a period of time equal to the length of 

time between the effective date of the 

initial designation for the PM2.5 NAAQS 

and the effective date of redesignation, 

except as otherwise provided in this 

subpart. 

§ 51.1007 Attainment demonstration and 

modeling requirements. 

(a) For any area designated as 

nonattainment for the PM2.5 NAAQS, 

the State must submit an attainment 

demonstration showing that the area 

will attain the annual and 24-hour 

standards as expeditiously as 

practicable. The demonstration must 

meet the requirements of § 51.112 and 

Appendix W of this part and must 

include inventory data, modeling 

results, and emission reduction analyses 

on which the State has based its 

projected attainment date. The 

attainment date justified by the 

demonstration must be consistent with 

the requirements of § 51.1004(a). The 

modeled strategies must be consistent 

with requirements in § 51.1009 for RFP 

and in § 51.1010 for RACT and RACM. 

The attainment demonstration and 

supporting air quality modeling should 

be consistent with EPA’s PM2.5 

modeling guidance. 

(b) Required time frame for obtaining 

emissions reductions. For each 

nonattainment area, the State 

implementation plan must provide for 

implementation of all control measures 

needed for attainment as expeditiously 

as practicable, but no later than the 

beginning of the year prior to the 

attainment date. Consistent with section 

172(c)(1) of the Act, the plan must 

provide for implementation of all RACM 

and RACT as expeditiously as 

practicable. The plan also must include 

RFP milestones in accordance with 

§ 51.1009, and control measures needed 

to meet these milestones, as necessary. 

§ 51.1008 Emission inventory 

requirements for the PM2.5 NAAQS. 

(a) For purposes of meeting the 

emission inventory requirements of 

section 172(c)(3) of the Act for 

nonattainment areas, the State shall, no 

later than three years after designation: 

(1) Submit to EPA Statewide emission 

inventories for direct PM2.5 emissions 

and emissions of PM2.5 precursors. For 

purposes of defining the data elements 

for these inventories, the PM2.5 and 

PM2.5 precursor-relevant data element 

requirements under subpart A of this 

part shall apply. 

(2) Submit any additional emission 

inventory information needed to 

support an attainment demonstration 

and RFP plan ensuring expeditious 

attainment of the annual and 24-hour 

PM2.5 standards. 

(b) For inventories required for 

submission under paragraph (a) of this 

section, a baseline emission inventory is 

required for the attainment 

demonstration required under § 51.1007 

and for meeting RFP requirements 

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20666 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

under § 51.1009. As determined on the 

date of designation, the base year for 

this inventory shall be the most recent 

calendar year for which a complete 

inventory was required to be submitted 

to EPA pursuant to subpart A of this 

part. The baseline emission inventory 

for calendar year 2002 or other suitable 

year shall be used for attainment 

planning and RFP plans for areas 

initially designated nonattainment for 

the PM2.5 NAAQS in 2004–2005. 

§ 51.1009 Reasonable further progress 

(RFP) requirements. 

(a) Consistent with section 172(c)(2) 

of the Act, State implementation plans 

for areas designated nonattainment for 

the PM2.5 NAAQS must demonstrate 

reasonable further progress as provided 

in § 51.1009(b) through (h). 

(b) If the State submits to EPA an 

attainment demonstration and State 

implementation plan for an area which 

demonstrates that it will attain the PM 

NAAQS within five years of the date of 

designation, the State is not required to 

submit a separate RFP plan. Compliance 

with the emission reduction measures 

in the attainment demonstration and 

State implementation plan will meet the 

requirements for achieving reasonable 

further progress for the area. 

(c) For any area for which the State 

submits to EPA an approvable 

attainment demonstration and State 

implementation plan that demonstrates 

the area needs an attainment date of 

more than five years from the date of 

designation, the State also must submit 

an RFP plan. The RFP plan must 

describe the control measures that 

provide for meeting the reasonable 

further progress milestones for the area, 

the timing of implementation of those 

measures, and the expected reductions 

in emissions of direct PM2.5 and PM2.5 

attainment plan precursors. The RFP 

plan is due to EPA within three years of 

the date of designation. 

(1) For any State that submits to EPA 

an approvable attainment demonstration 

and State implementation plan 

justifying an attainment date of more 

than five and less than nine years from 

the date of designation, the RFP plan 

must include 2009 emissions milestones 

for direct PM2.5 and PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursors demonstrating that 

reasonable further progress will be 

achieved for the 2009 emissions year. 

(2) For any area that submits to EPA 

an approvable attainment demonstration 

and State implementation plan 

justifying an attainment date of nine or 

ten years from the date of designation, 

the RFP plan must include 2009 and 

2012 emissions milestones for direct 

PM2.5 and PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursors demonstrating that 

reasonable further progress will be 

achieved for the 2009 and 2012 

emissions years. 

(d) The RFP plan must demonstrate 

that in each applicable milestone year, 

emissions will be at a level consistent 

with generally linear progress in 

reducing emissions between the base 

year and the attainment year. 

(e) For a multi-State nonattainment 

area, the RFP plans for each State 

represented in the nonattainment area 

must demonstrate RFP on the basis of 

common multi-State inventories. The 

States within which the area is located 

must provide a coordinated RFP plan. 

Each State in a multi-State 

nonattainment area must ensure that the 

sources within its boundaries comply 

with enforceable emission levels and 

other requirements that in combination 

with the reductions planned in other 

state(s) will provide for attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable and 

demonstrate reasonable further progress. 

(f) In the benchmark RFP plan, the 

State must identify direct PM2.5 

emissions and PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursors regulated under the PM2.5 

attainment plan and specify target 

emission reduction levels to be achieved 

during the milestone years. In 

developing the benchmark RFP plan, 

the State must develop emission 

inventory information for the 

geographic area included in the plan 

and conduct the following calculations: 

(1) For direct PM2.5 emissions and 

each PM2.5 attainment plan precursor 

addressed in the attainment strategy, the 

full implementation reduction is 

calculated by subtracting the full 

implementation inventory from the 

baseline year inventory. 

(2) The ‘‘milestone date fraction’’ is 

the ratio of the number of years from the 

baseline year to the milestone inventory 

year divided by the number of years 

from the baseline year to the full 

implementation year. 

(3) For direct PM2.5 emissions and 

each PM2.5 attainment plan precursor 

addressed in the attainment strategy, a 

benchmark emission reduction is 

calculated by multiplying the full 

implementation reduction by the 

milestone date fraction. 

(4) The benchmark emission level in 

the milestone year is calculated for 

direct PM2.5 emissions and each PM2.5 

attainment plan precursor by 

subtracting the benchmark emission 

reduction from the baseline year 

emission level. The benchmark RFP 

plan is defined as a plan that achieves 

benchmark emission levels for direct 

PM2.5 emissions and each PM2.5 

attainment plan precursor addressed in 

the attainment strategy for the area. 

(5) In comparing inventories between 

baseline and future years for direct 

PM2.5 emissions and each PM2.5 

attainment plan precursor, the 

inventories must be derived from the 

same geographic area. The plan must 

include emissions estimates for all types 

of emitting sources and activities in the 

geographic area from which the 

emission inventories for direct PM2.5 

emissions and each PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor addressed in the plan are 

derived. 

(6) For purposes of establishing motor 

vehicle emissions budgets for 

transportation conformity purposes (as 

required in 40 CFR part 93) for a PM2.5 

nonattainment area, the State shall 

include in its RFP submittal an 

inventory of on-road mobile source 

emissions in the nonattainment area. 

(g) The RFP plan due three years after 

designation must demonstrate that 

emissions for the milestone year are 

either: 

(1) At levels that are roughly 

equivalent to the benchmark emission 

levels for direct PM2.5 emissions and 

each PM2.5 attainment plan precursor to 

be addressed in the plan; or 

(2) At levels included in an 

alternative scenario that is projected to 

result in a generally equivalent 

improvement in air quality by the 

milestone year as would be achieved 

under the benchmark RFP plan. 

(h) The equivalence of an alternative 

scenario to the corresponding 

benchmark plan must be determined by 

comparing the expected air quality 

changes of the two scenarios at the 

design value monitor location. This 

comparison must use the information 

developed for the attainment plan to 

assess the relationship between 

emissions reductions of the direct PM2.5 

emissions and each PM2.5 attainment 

plan precursor addressed in the 

attainment strategy and the ambient air 

quality improvement for the associated 

ambient species. 

§ 51.1010 Requirements for reasonably 

available control technology (RACT) and 

reasonably available control measures 

(RACM). 

(a) For each PM2.5 nonattainment area, 

the State shall submit with the 

attainment demonstration a SIP revision 

demonstrating that it has adopted all 

reasonably available control measures 

(including RACT for stationary sources) 

necessary to demonstrate attainment as 

expeditiously as practicable and to meet 

any RFP requirements. The SIP revision 

shall contain the list of the potential 

measures considered by the State, and 

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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 79 / Wednesday, April 25, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 20667 

information and analysis sufficient to 

support the State’s judgment that it has 

adopted all RACM, including RACT. 

(b) In determining whether a 

particular emission reduction measure 

or set of measures must be adopted as 

RACM under section 172(c)(1) of the 

Act, the State must consider the 

cumulative impact of implementing the 

available measures. Potential measures 

that are reasonably available 

considering technical and economic 

feasibility must be adopted as RACM if, 

considered collectively, they would 

advance the attainment date by one year 

or more. 

§ 51.1011 Requirements for mid-course 

review. 

(a) Any State that submits to EPA an 

approvable attainment plan for a PM2.5 

nonattainment area justifying an 

attainment date of nine or ten years 

from the date of designation also must 

submit to EPA a mid-course review six 

years from the date of designation. 

(b) The mid-course review for an area 

must include: 

(1) A review of emissions reductions 

and progress made in implementing 

control measures to reduce emissions of 

direct PM2.5 and PM2.5 attainment plan 

precursors contributing to PM2.5 

concentrations in the area; 

(2) An analysis of changes in ambient 

air quality data for the area; 

(3) Revised air quality modeling 

analysis to demonstrate attainment; 

(4) Any new or revised control 

measures adopted by the State, as 

necessary to ensure attainment by the 

attainment date in the approved SIP of 

the nonattainment area. 

§ 51.1012 Requirement for contingency 

measures. 

Consistent with section 172(c)(9) of 

the Act, the State must submit in each 

attainment plan specific contingency 

measures to be undertaken if the area 

fails to make reasonable further 

progress, or fails to attain the PM2.5 

NAAQS by its attainment date. The 

contingency measures must take effect 

without significant further action by the 

State or EPA. 

[FR Doc. E7–6347 Filed 4–24–07; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 
Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 56623 

[FR Doc. E7–19661 Filed 10–3–07; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 4310–05–P 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 52 

[EPA–R04–OAR–2007–0835–200740(a); 

FRL–8475–4] 

Approval of Implementation Plans of 

Kentucky: Clean Air Interstate Rule 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Direct final rule. 

SUMMARY: EPA is approving a revision to 

the Kentucky State Implementation Plan 

(SIP) submitted on July 19, 2007. This 

revision addresses the requirements of 

EPA’s Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR), 

promulgated on May 12, 2005 and 

subsequently revised on April 28, 2006, 

and December 13, 2006. EPA has 

determined that the SIP revision fully 

implements the CAIR requirements for 

Kentucky. Therefore, as a consequence 

of the SIP approval, EPA will also 

withdraw the CAIR Federal 

Implementation Plans (FIPs) concerning 

sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides 

(NOX) annual, and NOX ozone season 

emissions for Kentucky. The CAIR FIPs 

for all States in the CAIR region were 

promulgated on April 28, 2006, and 

subsequently revised on December 13, 

2006. 

CAIR requires States to reduce 

emissions of SO2 and NOX that 

significantly contribute to, and interfere 

with maintenance of, the national 

ambient air quality standards for fine 

particulates and/or ozone in any 

downwind state. CAIR establishes State 

budgets for SO2 and NOX and requires 

States to submit SIP revisions that 

implement these budgets in States that 

EPA concluded did contribute to 

nonattainment in downwind states. 

States have the flexibility to choose 

which control measures to adopt to 

achieve the budgets, including 

participating in the EPA-administered 

cap-and-trade programs. In the SIP 

revision that EPA is approving, 

Kentucky would meet CAIR 

requirements by participating in the 

EPA-administered cap-and-trade 

programs addressing SO2, NOX annual, 

and NOX ozone season emissions. 

DATES: This direct final rule is effective 

December 3, 2007 without further 

notice, unless EPA receives adverse 

comment by November 5, 2007. If EPA 

receives such comments, it will publish 

a timely withdrawal of the direct final 

rule in the Federal Register and inform 

the public that the rule will not take 

effect. 

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, 

identified by Docket ID No. EPA–R04–

OAR–2007–0835, by one of the 

following methods: 

1. http://www.regulations.gov: Follow 

the on-line instructions for submitting 

comments. 

2. E-mail: Lesane.Heidi@epa.gov. 

3. Fax: (404) 562–9019. 

4. Mail: ‘‘EPA–R04–OAR–2007–

0835’’, Regulatory Development Section, 

Air Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and 

Toxics Management Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street, SW., 

Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. 

5. Hand Delivery or Courier: Heidi 

Lesane, Regulatory Development 

Section, Air Planning Branch, Air, 

Pesticides and Toxics Management 

Division, U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street, 

SW., Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. Such 

deliveries are only accepted during the 

Regional Office’s normal hours of 

operation. The Regional Office’s official 

hours of business are Monday through 

Friday, 8:30 to 4:30, excluding Federal 

holidays. 

Instructions: Direct your comments to 

Docket ID No. ‘‘EPA–R04–OAR–2007–

0835’’. EPA’s policy is that all 

comments received will be included in 

the public docket without change and 

may be made available online at 

www.regulations.gov, including any 

personal information provided, unless 

the comment includes information 

claimed to be Confidential Business 

Information (CBI) or other information 

whose disclosure is restricted by statute. 

Do not submit through 

www.regulations.gov or e-mail, 

information that you consider to be CBI 

or otherwise protected. The 

www.regulations.gov Web site is an 

‘‘anonymous access’’ system, which 

means EPA will not know your identity 

or contact information unless you 

provide it in the body of your comment. 

If you send an e-mail comment directly 

to EPA without going through 

www.regulations.gov, your e-mail 

address will be automatically captured 

and included as part of the comment 

that is placed in the public docket and 

made available on the Internet. If you 

submit an electronic comment, EPA 

recommends that you include your 

name and other contact information in 

the body of your comment and with any 

disk or CD–ROM you submit. If EPA 

cannot read your comment due to 

technical difficulties and cannot contact 

you for clarification, EPA may not be 

able to consider your comment. 

Electronic files should avoid the use of 

special characters and any form of 

encryption and should be free of any 

defects or viruses. For additional 

information about EPA’s public docket 

visit the EPA Docket Center homepage 

at http://www.epa.gov/epahome/ 

dockets.htm. 

Docket: All documents in the 

electronic docket are listed in the 

www.regulations.gov index. Although 

listed in the index, some information is 

not publicly available, i.e., CBI or other 

information whose disclosure is 

restricted by statute. Certain other 

material, such as copyrighted material, 

is not placed on the Internet and will be 

publicly available only in hard copy 

form. Publicly available docket 

materials are available either 

electronically in www.regulations.gov or 

in hard copy at the Regulatory 

Development Section, Air Planning 

Branch, Air, Pesticides and Toxics 

Management Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street, SW., 

Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. EPA 

requests that if at all possible, you 

contact the person listed in the FOR

FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section to 

schedule your inspection. The Regional 

Office’s official hours of business are 

Monday through Friday, 8:30 to 4:30, 

excluding Federal holidays. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If 

you have questions concerning today’s 

action, please contact Heidi LeSane, 

Regulatory Development Section, Air 

Planning Branch, Air, Pesticides and 

Toxics Management Division, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Region 4, 61 Forsyth Street, SW., 

Atlanta, Georgia 30303–8960. The 

telephone number is (404) 562–9074. 

Mrs. LeSane can also be reached via 

electronic mail at 

LeSane.Heidi@epa.gov. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Table of Contents 

I. What Action Is EPA Taking? 

II. What Is the Regulatory History of CAIR 

and the CAIR FIPs? 

III. What Are the General Requirements of 

CAIR and the CAIR FIPs? 

IV. What Are the Types of CAIR SIP 

Submittals? 

V. Analysis of Kentucky’s CAIR SIP 

Submittal 

A. State Budgets for Allowance Allocations 

B. CAIR Cap-and-Trade Programs 

C. Applicability Provisions for non-EGU 

NOX SIP Call Sources 

D. NOX Allowance Allocations 

E. Allocation of NOX Allowances From the 

Compliance Supplement Pool 

F. Individual Opt-In Units 

VI. Final Action 

VII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews 


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56624 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

I. What Action Is EPA Taking? 

EPA is approving a revision to 

Kentucky’s SIP, submitted on July 19, 

2007. In its SIP revision, Kentucky 

meets CAIR requirements by requiring 

certain electric generating units (EGUs) 

to participate in the EPA-administered 

State CAIR cap-and-trade programs 

addressing SO2, NOX annual, and NOX

ozone season emissions. EPA has 

determined that the SIP as revised meets 

the applicable requirements of CAIR. As 

a consequence of this SIP approval, EPA 

will also issue a final rule to withdraw 

the FIPs concerning SO2, NOX annual, 

and NOX ozone season emissions for 

Kentucky. This action will delete and 

reserve 40 CFR 52.940 and 40 CFR 

52.941. The withdrawal of the CAIR 

FIPs for Kentucky is a conforming 

amendment that must be made once the 

SIP is approved because EPA’s authority 

to issue the FIPs was premised on a 

deficiency in the SIP for Kentucky. 

Once the SIP is fully approved, EPA no 

longer has authority for the FIPs. Thus, 

EPA will not have the option of 

maintaining the FIPs following the full 

SIP approval. Accordingly, EPA does 

not intend to offer an opportunity for a 

public hearing or an additional 

opportunity for written public comment 

on the withdrawal of the FIPs. 

II. What Is the Regulatory History of the 

CAIR and the CAIR FIPs? 

The CAIR was published by EPA on 

May 12, 2005 (70 FR 25162). In this 

rule, EPA determined that 28 States and 

the District of Columbia contribute 

significantly to nonattainment and 

interfere with maintenance of the 

national ambient air quality standards 

(NAAQS) for fine particulates (PM2.5) 

and /or 8-hour ozone in downwind 

States in the eastern part of the country. 

As a result, EPA required those upwind 

States to revise their SIPs to include 

control measures that reduce emissions 

of SO2, which is a precursor to PM2.5

formation, and/or NOX, which is a 

precursor to both ozone and PM2.5

formation. For jurisdictions that 

contribute significantly to downwind 

PM2.5 nonattainment, CAIR sets annual 

State-wide emission reduction 

requirements (i.e., budgets) for SO2 and 

annual State-wide emission reduction 

requirements for NOX. Similarly, for 

jurisdictions that contribute 

significantly to 8-hour ozone 

nonattainment, CAIR sets State-wide 

emission reduction requirements for 

NOX for the ozone season (May 1st to 

September 30th). Under CAIR, States 

may implement these reduction 

requirements by participating in the 

EPA-administered cap-and-trade 

programs or by adopting any other 

control measures. 

CAIR explains to subject States what 

must be included in SIPs to address the 

requirements of section 110(a)(2)(D) of 

the Clean Air Act (CAA) with regard to 

interstate transport with respect to the 

8-hour ozone and PM2.5 NAAQS. EPA 

made national findings, effective on 

May 25, 2005, that the States had failed 

to submit SIPs meeting the requirements 

of section 110(a)(2)(D). The SIPs were 

due in July 2000, 3 years after the 

promulgation of the 8-hour ozone and 

PM2.5 NAAQS. These findings started a 

2-year clock for EPA to promulgate a FIP 

to address the requirements of section 

110(a)(2)(D). Under CAA section 

110(c)(1), EPA may issue a FIP anytime 

after such findings are made and must 

do so within two years unless a SIP 

revision correcting the deficiency is 

approved by EPA before the FIP is 

promulgated. 

On April 28, 2006, EPA promulgated 

FIPs for all States covered by CAIR in 

order to ensure the emissions reductions 

required by CAIR are achieved on 

schedule. Each CAIR State is subject to 

the FIPs until the State fully adopts, and 

EPA approves, a SIP revision meeting 

the requirements of CAIR. The CAIR 

FIPs require EGUs to participate in the 

EPA-administered CAIR SO2, NOX

annual, and NOX ozone season trading 

programs, as appropriate. The CAIR FIP 

SO2, NOX annual, and NOX ozone 

season trading programs impose 

essentially the same requirements as, 

and are integrated with, the respective 

CAIR SIP trading programs. The 

integration of the FIP and SIP trading 

programs means that these trading 

programs will work together to create 

effectively a single trading program for 

each regulated pollutant (SO2, NOX

annual, and NOX ozone season) in all 

States covered by the CAIR FIP or SIP 

trading program for that pollutant. The 

CAIR FIPs also allow States to submit 

abbreviated SIP revisions that, if 

approved by EPA, will automatically 

replace or supplement certain CAIR FIP 

provisions (e.g., the methodology for 

allocating NOX allowances to sources in 

the State), while the CAIR FIP remains 

in place for all other provisions. 

On April 28, 2006, EPA published 

two additional CAIR-related final rules 

that added the States of Delaware and 

New Jersey to the list of States subject 

to CAIR for PM2.5 and announced EPA’s 

final decisions on reconsideration of 

five issues, without making any 

substantive changes to the CAIR 

requirements. 

III. What Are the General Requirements 

of CAIR and the CAIR FIPs? 

CAIR establishes State-wide emission 

budgets for SO2 and NOX and is to be 

implemented in two phases. The first 

phase of NOX reductions starts in 2009 

and continues through 2014, while the 

first phase of SO2 reductions starts in 

2010 and continues through 2014. The 

second phase of reductions for both 

NOX and SO2 starts in 2015 and 

continues thereafter. CAIR requires 

States to implement the budgets by 

either: (1) Requiring EGUs to participate 

in the EPA-administered cap-and-trade 

programs; or (2) adopting other control 

measures of the State’s choosing and 

demonstrating that such control 

measures will result in compliance with 

the applicable State SO2 and NOX

budgets. 

The May 12, 2005 and April 28, 2006 

CAIR rules provide model rules that 

States must adopt (with certain limited 

changes, if desired) if they want to 

participate in the EPA-administered 

trading programs. 

With two exceptions, only States that 

choose to meet the requirements of 

CAIR through methods that exclusively 

regulate EGUs are allowed to participate 

in the EPA-administered trading 

programs. One exception is for States 

that adopt the opt-in provisions of the 

model rules to allow non-EGUs 

individually to opt into the EPAadministered trading programs. The 

other exception is for States that include 

all non-EGUs from their NOX SIP Call 

trading programs in their CAIR NOX

ozone season trading programs. 

IV. What Are the Types of CAIR SIP 

Submittals? 

States have the flexibility to choose 

the type of control measures they will 

use to meet the requirements of CAIR. 

EPA anticipates that most States will 

choose to meet the CAIR requirements 

by selecting an option that requires 

EGUs to participate in the EPAadministered CAIR cap-and-trade 

programs. For such States, EPA has 

provided two approaches for submitting 

and obtaining approval for CAIR SIP 

revisions. States may submit full SIP 

revisions that adopt the model CAIR 

cap-and-trade rules. If approved, these 

SIP revisions will fully replace the CAIR 

FIPs. Alternatively, States may submit 

abbreviated SIP revisions. These SIP 

revisions will not replace the CAIR FIPs; 

however, the CAIR FIPs provide that, 

when approved, the provisions in these 

abbreviated SIP revisions will be used 

instead of or in conjunction with, as 

appropriate, the corresponding 

provisions of the CAIR FIPs (e.g., the 


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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 56625 

NOX allowance allocation 

methodology). 

A State submitting a full SIP revision 

may either adopt regulations that are 

substantively identical to the model 

rules or incorporate by reference the 

model rules. CAIR provides that States 

may only make limited changes to the 

model rules if the States want to 

participate in the EPA-administered 

trading programs. A full SIP revision 

may change the model rules only by 

altering their applicability and 

allowance allocation provisions to: 

1. Include NOX SIP Call trading 

sources that are not EGUs under CAIR 

in the CAIR NOX ozone season trading 

program; 

2. Provide for allocation of NOX

annual or ozone season allowances by 

the State, rather than the Administrator 

of the EPA or the Administrator’s duly 

authorized representative 

(Administrator), and using a 

methodology chosen by the State; 

3. Provide for State allocation of NOX

annual allowances from the compliance 

supplement pool (CSP) using the State’s 

choice of allowed, alternative 

methodologies; or 

4. Allow units that are not otherwise 

CAIR units to opt individually into the 

CAIR SO2, NOX annual, or NOX ozone 

season trading programs under the optin provisions in the model rules. 

An approved CAIR full SIP revision 

addressing EGUs’ SO2, NOX annual, or 

NOX ozone season emissions will 

replace the CAIR FIP for that State for 

the respective EGU emissions. 

V. Analysis of Kentucky’s CAIR SIP 

Submittal 

A. State Budgets for Allowance 

Allocations 

The CAIR NOX annual and ozone 

season budgets were developed from 

historical heat input data for EGUs. 

Using these data, EPA calculated annual 

and ozone season regional heat input 

values, which were multiplied by 0.15 

pounds per million British thermal 

units (lb/mmBtu), for phase 1, and 0.125 

lb/mmBtu, for phase 2, to obtain 

regional NOX budgets for 2009–2014 

and for 2015 and thereafter, 

respectively. EPA derived the State NOX

annual and ozone season budgets from 

the regional budgets using State heat 

input data adjusted by fuel factors. 

The CAIR State SO2 budgets were 

derived by discounting the tonnage of 

emissions authorized by annual 

allowance allocations under the Acid 

Rain Program under title IV of the CAA. 

Under CAIR, each allowance allocated 

in the Acid Rain Program for the years 

in phase 1 of CAIR (2010 through 2014) 

authorizes 0.50 ton of SO2 emissions in 

the CAIR trading program, and each 

Acid Rain Program allowance allocated 

for the years in phase 2 of CAIR (2015 

and thereafter) authorizes 0.35 ton of 

SO2 emissions in the CAIR trading 

program. 

In this action, EPA is approving 

Kentucky’s SIP revision that adopts the 

budgets established for the 

Commonwealth in CAIR, i.e., 83,205 

(2009–2014) and 69,337 (2015–

thereafter) tons for NOX annual 

emissions, 36,109 (2009–2014) and 

30,651 (2015–thereafter) tons for NOX

ozone season emissions, and 188,773 

(2010–2014) and 132,141 (2015–

thereafter) tons for SO2 emissions. 

Kentucky’s SIP revision sets these 

budgets as the total amounts of 

allowances available for allocation for 

each year under the EPA-administered 

cap-and-trade programs. 

B. CAIR Cap-and-Trade Programs 

The CAIR NOX annual and ozoneseason model trading rules both largely 

mirror the structure of the NOX SIP Call 

model trading rule in 40 CFR part 96, 

subparts A through I. While the 

provisions of the NOX annual and 

ozone-season model rules are similar, 

there are some differences. For example, 

the NOX annual model rule (but not the 

NOX ozone season model rule) provides 

for a CSP, which is discussed below and 

under which allowances may be 

awarded for early reductions of NOX

annual emissions. As a further example, 

the NOX ozone season model rule 

reflects the fact that the CAIR NOX

ozone season trading program replaces 

the NOX SIP Call trading program after 

the 2008 ozone season and is 

coordinated with the NOX SIP Call 

program. The NOX ozone season model 

rule provides incentives for early 

emissions reductions by allowing 

banked, pre-2009 NOX SIP Call 

allowances to be used for compliance in 

the CAIR NOX ozone-season trading 

program. In addition, States have the 

option of continuing to meet their NOX

SIP Call requirement by participating in 

the CAIR NOX ozone season trading 

program and including all their NOX SIP 

Call trading sources in that program. 

The provisions of the CAIR SO2

model rule are also similar to the 

provisions of the NOX annual and ozone 

season model rules. However, the SO2

model rule is coordinated with the 

ongoing Acid Rain SO2 cap-and-trade 

program under CAA title IV. The SO2

model rule uses the title IV allowances 

for compliance, with each allowance 

allocated for 2010–2014 authorizing 

only 0.50 ton of emissions and each 

allowance allocated for 2015 and 

thereafter authorizing only 0.35 ton of 

emissions. Banked title IV allowances 

allocated for years before 2010 can be 

used at any time in the CAIR SO2 capand-trade program, with each such 

allowance authorizing 1 ton of 

emissions. Title IV allowances are to be 

freely transferable among sources 

covered by the Acid Rain Program and 

sources covered by the CAIR SO2 capand-trade program. 

EPA also used the CAIR model 

trading rules as the basis for the trading 

programs in the CAIR FIPs. The CAIR 

FIP trading rules are virtually identical 

to the CAIR model trading rules, with 

changes made to account for federal 

rather than state implementation. The 

CAIR model SO2, NOX annual, and NOX

ozone season trading rules and the 

respective CAIR FIP trading rules are 

designed to work together as integrated 

SO2, NOX annual, and NOX ozone 

season trading programs. 

In the SIP revision, Kentucky chooses 

to implement its CAIR budgets by 

requiring EGUs to participate in EPAadministered cap-and-trade programs 

for SO2, NOX annual, and NOX ozone 

season emissions. Kentucky has adopted 

a full SIP revision that adopts, with 

certain allowed changes discussed 

below, the CAIR model cap-and-trade 

rules for SO2, NOX annual, and NOX

ozone season emissions. 

C. Applicability Provisions for Non-EGU 

NOX SIP Call Sources 

In general, the CAIR model trading 

rules apply to any stationary, fossil-fuelfired boiler or stationary, fossil-fuelfired combustion turbine serving at any 

time, since the later of November 15, 

1990 or the start-up of the unit’s 

combustion chamber, a generator with 

nameplate capacity of more than 25 

megawatt electrical (MWe) producing 

electricity for sale. 

States have the option of bringing in, 

for the CAIR NOX ozone season program 

only, those units in the State’s NOX SIP 

Call trading program that are not EGUs 

as defined under CAIR. EPA advises 

States exercising this option to add the 

applicability provisions in the State’s 

NOX SIP Call trading rule for non-EGUs 

to the applicability provisions in 40 CFR 

96.304 in order to include in the CAIR 

NOX ozone season trading program all 

units required to be in the State’s NOX

SIP Call trading program that are not 

already included under 40 CFR 96.304. 

Under this option, the CAIR NOX ozone 

season program must cover all large 

industrial boilers and combustion 

turbines, as well as any small EGUs (i.e. 

units serving a generator with a 

nameplate capacity of 25 MWe or less) 


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56626 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

that the State currently requires to be in 

the NOX SIP Call trading program. 

Kentucky has chosen to expand the 

applicability provisions of the CAIR 

NOX ozone season trading program to 

include all non-EGUs in the State’s NOX

SIP Call trading program. Kentucky has 

committed to revising the applicability 

section in its CAIR NOX ozone season 

rule in order to clarify that, as intended 

by the State, units subject to its NOX SIP 

Call program and brought into its CAIR 

program through the allowed expansion 

of the CAIR NOX ozone season 

applicability provisions are to be treated 

as CAIR NOX ozone season units and 

certain definitions from 401 KAR 51:001 

apply to the provisions that bring these 

units into the CAIR program. EPA 

determined after review of Kentucky’s 

final rules, and after Kentucky had 

adopted other necessary revisions to its 

CAIR rules, that these provisions 

needed clarification. However, while 

the clarifications are needed, EPA 

interprets Kentucky’s current rule to 

provide that the NOX SIP Call units are 

subject to the requirements for CAIR 

NOX ozone season units and that the 

NOX SIP Call definitions are used in 

applying the applicability provisions 

that bring in NOX SIP Call units. In 

addition, Kentucky has committed to 

correct two citation references in its 

CAIR NOX ozone season allowance 

allocation methodology needed in order 

to reference correctly its applicability 

section. EPA interprets Kentucky’s 

current rule as applying the correct 

references. 

Kentucky has also committed to 

revising the definitions of ‘‘commence 

commercial operation’’ and ‘‘commence 

operation’’ in its CAIR NOX ozone 

season rule in order to clarify the 

deadlines, for meeting monitoring and 

reporting requirements, that apply to the 

NOX SIP Call units that are brought into 

the CAIR program but do not serve 

generators producing electricity for sale, 

as intended by the State. EPA 

determined after review of Kentucky’s 

final rules, and after Kentucky had 

adopted other necessary revisions to its 

CAIR rules, that these provisions 

needed clarification. 

EPA has outlined these necessary 

revisions in a technical support 

document. EPA received a letter from 

Kentucky dated September 11, 2007, 

that provides a commitment to make 

these rule revisions in its CAIR rules in 

2008. Specifically, in the September 11, 

2007, letter, Kentucky commits to make 

the revisions discussed above to its 

CAIR NOX Ozone Season trading rule, 

401 KAR 51:220. 

D. NOX Allowance Allocations 

Under the NOX allowance allocation 

methodology in the CAIR model trading 

rules and in the CAIR FIP, NOX annual 

and ozone season allowances are 

allocated to units that have operated for 

five years, based on heat input data from 

a three-year period that are adjusted for 

fuel type by using fuel factors of 1.0 for 

coal, 0.6 for oil, and 0.4 for other fuels. 

The CAIR model trading rules and the 

CAIR FIP also provide a new unit setaside from which units without five 

years of operation are allocated 

allowances based on the units’ prior 

year emissions. 

States may establish in their SIP 

submissions a different NOX allowance 

allocation methodology that will be 

used to allocate allowances to sources in 

the States if certain requirements are 

met concerning the timing of 

submission of units’ allocations to the 

Administrator for recordation and the 

total amount of allowances allocated for 

each control period. In adopting 

alternative NOX allowance allocation 

methodologies, States have flexibility 

with regard to: 

1. The cost to recipients of the 

allowances, which may be distributed 

for free or auctioned; 

2. The frequency of allocations; 

3. The basis for allocating allowances, 

which may be distributed, for example, 

based on historical heat input or electric 

and thermal output; and 

4. The use of allowance set-asides 

and, if used, their size. 

Kentucky has chosen to replace the 

provisions of the CAIR NOX annual and 

CAIR NOX ozone season model trading 

rules concerning the allocation of NOX

annual and ozone season allowances 

with its own methodology. Kentucky 

has chosen to distribute 98% of its NOX

annual allowances based upon adjusted 

heat input. In Kentucky’s final CAIR SIP 

submittal, Kentucky already made 

initial allocations for the control periods 

spanning from 2009 to 2014. In 2009, 

Kentucky will submit one-year 

allocations for the 2015 control period, 

and for every control period thereafter 

Kentucky will continue to submit 

allocations six years in advance. For 

example, in 2010, one-year allocations 

will be made for the 2016 control 

period; in 2011, one-year allocations 

will be made for the 2017 control 

period, etc. The remaining 2% of 

Kentucky’s allowances will be held and 

sold as needed by the Commonwealth of 

Kentucky, with the proceeds to be 

deposited into Kentucky’s general fund. 

E. Allocation of NOX Allowances From 

the Compliance Supplement Pool 

The CAIR establishes a compliance 

supplement pool (CSP) to provide an 

incentive for early reductions in NOX

annual emissions. The CSP consists of 

200,000 CAIR NOX annual allowances 

of vintage 2009 for the entire CAIR 

region, and a State’s share of the CSP is 

based upon the projected magnitude of 

the emission reductions required by 

CAIR in that State. States may distribute 

CSP allowances, one allowance for each 

ton of early reduction, to sources that 

make NOX reductions during 2007 or 

2008 beyond what is required by any 

applicable State or Federal emission 

limitation. States also may distribute 

CSP allowances based upon a 

demonstration of need for an extension 

of the 2009 deadline for implementing 

emission controls. 

The CAIR annual NOX model trading 

rule establishes specific methodologies 

for allocations of CSP allowances. States 

may choose an allowed, alternative CSP 

allocation methodology to be used to 

allocate CSP allowances to sources in 

the States. 

Kentucky has chosen to modify the 

provisions of the CAIR NOx annual 

model trading rule concerning the 

allocation of allowances from the CSP. 

Kentucky has chosen to distribute CSP 

allowances using an allocation 

methodology that continues to reward 

early reductions, but hinges on heat 

input data. Initially, the portion of the 

CSP that is available to a given source 

is determined by the following formula: 

ERC

BHI

BHI U CSP U

T

= T

( ) ( )

Where: ERCU is the Early Reduction Credit 

available to the unit, BHIU is the Baseline 

Heat Input of the unit, BHIT is the Baseline 

Heat Input from all sources within Kentucky, 

and CSPT is 14,935 tons, the Early Reduction 

Credits available pursuant to 40 CFR 

96.143(a). 

Kentucky also makes available 

portions of the CSP for units that are 

able to demonstrate need, in a manner 

that is identical to 40 CFR 96.143(c). 

Remaining credits are then distributed 

on a pro rata basis, up to the total early 

reduction credits requested pursuant to 

40 CFR 96.143(b), to those CAIR NOX

units with early reduction credits that 

exceeded the amount of credits made 

available by the previous calculation. 

F. Individual Opt-In Units 

The opt-in provisions of the CAIR SIP 

model trading rules allow certain nonEGUs (i.e., boilers, combustion turbines, 

and other stationary fossil-fuel-fired 

devices) that do not meet the 


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Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 56627 

applicability criteria for a CAIR trading 

program to participate voluntarily in 

(i.e., opt into) the CAIR trading program. 

A non-EGU may opt into one or more 

of the CAIR trading programs. In order 

to qualify to opt into a CAIR trading 

program, a unit must vent all emissions 

through a stack and be able to meet 

monitoring, recordkeeping, and 

recording requirements of 40 CFR part 

75. The owners and operators seeking to 

opt a unit into a CAIR trading program 

must apply for a CAIR opt-in permit. If 

the unit is issued a CAIR opt-in permit, 

the unit becomes a CAIR unit, is 

allocated allowances, and must meet the 

same allowance-holding and emissions 

monitoring and reporting requirements 

as other units subject to the CAIR 

trading program. The opt-in provisions 

provide for two methodologies for 

allocating allowances for opt-in units, 

one methodology that applies to opt-in 

units in general and a second 

methodology that allocates allowances 

only to opt-in units that the owners and 

operators intend to repower before 

January 1, 2015. 

States have several options 

concerning the opt-in provisions. States 

may adopt the CAIR opt-in provisions 

entirely or may adopt them but exclude 

one of the methodologies for allocating 

allowances. States may also decline to 

adopt the opt-in provisions at all. 

Kentucky has chosen to allow nonEGUs meeting certain requirements to 

opt into the CAIR NOX annual trading 

program, including both of the opt-in 

allocation methods in the model rule. 

Kentucky has chosen to allow nonEGUs meeting certain requirements to 

opt into the CAIR NOX ozone season 

trading program, including both of the 

opt-in allocation methods in the model 

rule. 

Kentucky has chosen to allow certain 

non-EGUs to opt into the CAIR SO2

trading program, including both of the 

opt-in allocation methods in the model 

rule. 

VI. Final Action 

EPA is approving Kentucky’s full 

CAIR SIP revision submitted on July 19, 

2007. Under this SIP revision, Kentucky 

is choosing to participate in the EPAadministered cap-and-trade programs 

for SO2, NOX annual, and NOX ozone 

season emissions. The SIP revision 

(interpreted and clarified as discussed 

above) meets the applicable 

requirements in 40 CFR 51.123(o) and 

(aa), with regard to NOX annual and 

NOX ozone season emissions, and 40 

CFR 51.124(o), with regard to SO2

emissions. Further, Kentucky has agreed 

to make the technical corrections to 

certain provisions as discussed above. 

Therefore, EPA has determined that the 

SIP as revised will meet the 

requirements of CAIR. As a consequence 

of the SIP approval, the Administrator 

of EPA will also issue, without 

providing an opportunity for a public 

hearing or an additional opportunity for 

written public comment, a final rule to 

withdraw the CAIR FIPs concerning 

SO2, NOX annual, and NOX ozone 

season emissions for Kentucky. This 

action will delete and reserve 40 CFR 

52.940 and 40 CFR 52.941. 

EPA is approving the aforementioned 

changes to the SIP. EPA is publishing 

this rule without prior proposal because 

the Agency views this as a 

noncontroversial submittal and 

anticipates no adverse comments. 

However, in the proposed rules section 

of this Federal Register publication, 

EPA is publishing a separate document 

that will serve as the proposal to 

approve the SIP revision should adverse 

comments be filed. This rule will be 

effective December 3, 2007 without 

further notice unless the Agency 

receives adverse comments by 

November 5, 2007. 

If the EPA receives such comments, 

then EPA will publish a document 

withdrawing the final rule and 

informing the public that the rule will 

not take effect. All public comments 

received will then be addressed in a 

subsequent final rule based on the 

proposed rule. EPA will not institute a 

second comment period. Parties 

interested in commenting should do so 

at this time. If no such comments are 

received, the public is advised that this 

rule will be effective on December 3, 

2007 and no further action will be taken 

on the proposed rule. 

VII. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

Under Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 

51735, October 4, 1993), this action is 

not a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ and 

therefore is not subject to review by the 

Office of Management and Budget. For 

this reason, this action is also not 

subject to Executive Order 13211, 

‘‘Actions Concerning Regulations That 

Significantly Affect Energy Supply, 

Distribution, or Use’’ (66 FR 28355, May 

22, 2001). This action merely approves 

state law as meeting Federal 

requirements and imposes no additional 

requirements beyond those imposed by 

state law. Accordingly, the 

Administrator certifies that this rule 

will not have a significant economic 

impact on a substantial number of small 

entities under the Regulatory Flexibility 

Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.). Because this 

rule approves pre-existing requirements 

under state law and does not impose 

any additional enforceable duty beyond 

that required by state law, it does not 

contain any unfunded mandate or 

significantly or uniquely affect small 

governments, as described in the 

Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 

(Pub. L. 104–4). 

This rule also does not have tribal 

implications because it will not have a 

substantial direct effect on one or more 

Indian tribes, on the relationship 

between the Federal Government and 

Indian tribes, or on the distribution of 

power and responsibilities between the 

Federal Government and Indian tribes, 

as specified by Executive Order 13175 

(65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000). This 

action also does not have Federalism 

implications because it does not have 

substantial direct effects on the States, 

on the relationship between the national 

government and the States, or on the 

distribution of power and 

responsibilities among the various 

levels of government, as specified in 

Executive Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, 

August 10, 1999). This action merely 

approves a state rule implementing a 

Federal standard, and does not alter the 

relationship or the distribution of power 

and responsibilities established in the 

CAA. This rule also is not subject to 

Executive Order 13045 ‘‘Protection of 

Children from Environmental Health 

Risks and Safety Risks’’ (62 FR 19885, 

April 23, 1997), because it is not 

economically significant. 

In reviewing SIP submissions, EPA’s 

role is to approve state choices, 

provided that they meet the criteria of 

the CAA. In this context, in the absence 

of a prior existing requirement for the 

State to use voluntary consensus 

standards (VCS), EPA has no authority 

to disapprove a SIP submission for 

failure to use VCS. It would thus be 

inconsistent with applicable law for 

EPA, when it reviews a SIP submission, 

to use VCS in place of a SIP submission 

that otherwise satisfies the provisions of 

the CAA. Thus, the requirements of 

section 12(d) of the National 

Technology Transfer and Advancement 

Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) do not 

apply. This rule does not impose an 

information collection burden under the 

provisions of the Paperwork Reduction 

Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.). 

The Congressional Review Act, 5 

U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides 

that before a rule may take effect, the 

agency promulgating the rule must 

submit a rule report, which includes a 

copy of the rule, to each House of the 

Congress and to the Comptroller General 

of the United States. EPA will submit a 

report containing this rule and other 


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56628 Federal Register / Vol. 72, No. 192 / Thursday, October 4, 2007 / Rules and Regulations 

required information to the U.S. Senate, 

the U.S. House of Representatives, and 

the Comptroller General of the United 

States prior to publication of the rule in 

the Federal Register. A major rule 

cannot take effect until 60 days after it 

is published in the Federal Register. 

This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as 

defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). 

Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, 

petitions for judicial review of this 

action must be filed in the United States 

Court of Appeals for the appropriate 

circuit by December 3, 2007. Filing a 

petition for reconsideration by the 

Administrator of this final rule does not 

affect the finality of this rule for the 

purposes of judicial review nor does it 

extend the time within which a petition 

for judicial review may be filed, and 

shall not postpone the effectiveness of 

such rule or action. This action may not 

be challenged later in proceedings to 

enforce its requirements. (See section 

307(b)(2).) 

List of Subjects 40 CFR Part 52 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, Electric utilities, 

Intergovernmental relations, Nitrogen 

oxides, Ozone, Particulate matter, 

Reporting and recordkeeping 

requirements, Sulfur dioxide. 

Dated: September 21, 2007. 

J.I. Palmer, Jr., 

Regional Administrator, Region 4. 

■ 40 CFR part 52 is amended as follows: 

PART 52—[AMENDED] 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 52 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. 

Subpart S—Kentucky 

■ 2. In § 52.920(c) Table 1 is amended 

under Chapter 51 by adding in 

numerical order the entries for ‘‘401 

KAR 51.210,’’ ‘‘401 KAR 51.220,’’ and 

‘‘401 KAR 51.230’’ to read as follows: 

§ 52.920 Identification of plan. 

* * * * * 

(c) * * * 

TABLE 1.—EPA APPROVED KENTUCKY REGULATIONS

State citation Title/subject State effective date EPA approval date Explanation 

* * * * * * * 

Chapter 51 Attainment and Maintenance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

* * * * * * * 

401 KAR 51.210 ......... CAIR NOX Annual Trading Program ................................ 2/2/2007 10/4/2007 [Insert citation 

of publication]. 

401 KAR 51.220 ......... CAIR NOX Ozone Season Trading Program ................... 6/13/2007 10/4/2007 [Insert citation 

of publication]. 

401 KAR 51.230 ......... CAIR SO2 Trading Program ............................................. 2/2/2007 10/4/2007 [Insert citation 

of publication]. 

* * * * * * * 

[FR Doc. E7–19327 Filed 10–3–07; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Part 82 

[EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118; FRL–8477–7] 

RIN 2060–AG12 

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: 

Notice 22 for Significant New 

Alternatives Policy Program 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Determination of acceptability. 

SUMMARY: This Determination of 

Acceptability expands the list of 

acceptable substitutes for ozonedepleting substances under the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency’s 

(EPA) Significant New Alternatives 

Policy (SNAP) program. The 

determinations concern new substitutes 

for use in the refrigeration and air 

conditioning sector. 

DATES: This action is effective on 

October 4, 2007. 

ADDRESSES: EPA has established a 

docket for this action under Docket ID 

No. EPA–HQ–OAR–2003–0118 

(continuation of Air Docket A–91–42). 

All electronic documents in the docket 

are listed in the index at http:// 

www.regulations.gov. Although listed in 

the index, some information is not 

publicly available, i.e., Confidential 

Business Information (CBI) or other 

information whose disclosure is 

restricted by statute. Publicly available 

docket materials are available either 

electronically at www.regulations.gov or 

in hard copy at the EPA Air Docket (No. 

A–91–42), EPA/DC, EPA West, Room 

3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue, NW., 

Washington, DC. The Public Reading 

Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 

p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding 

legal holidays. The telephone number 

for the Public Reading Room is (202) 

566–1744, and the telephone number for 

the Air Docket is (202) 566–1742. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Margaret Sheppard by telephone at 

(202) 343–9163, by facsimile at (202) 

343–2362, by e-mail at 

sheppard.margaret@epa.gov, or by mail 

at U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Mail Code 6205J, 1200 

Pennsylvania Avenue, NW., 

Washington, DC 20460. Overnight or 

courier deliveries should be sent to the 

office location at 1310 L Street, NW., 

10th floor, Washington, DC 20005. 

For more information on the Agency’s 

process for administering the SNAP 

program or criteria for evaluation of 

substitutes, refer to the original SNAP 

rulemaking published in the Federal 

Register on March 18, 1994 (59 FR 

13044). Notices and rulemakings under 

the SNAP program, as well as other EPA 

publications on protection of 

stratospheric ozone, are available at 

EPA’s Ozone Depletion World Wide 

Web site at http://www.epa.gov/ozone/ 

including the SNAP portion at http:// 

www.epa.gov/ozone/snap/. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes 

A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 

II. Section 612 Program 

A. Statutory Requirements 

B. Regulatory History 


pwalker on PROD1PC71 with RULES
26118 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 90 / Tuesday, May 11, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 

* * * * * 

[FR Doc. 2010–11009 Filed 5–10–10; 8:45 am] 

BILLING CODE 6560–50–P 

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 

AGENCY 

40 CFR Parts 52 and 81 

[EPA–R05–OAR–2009–0928; EPA–R05– 

OAR–2010–0046; FRL–9147–3] 

Approval and Promulgation of 

Implementation Plans and Designation 

of Areas for Air Quality Planning 

Purposes; Ohio; Indiana; 

Redesignation of the Ohio and Indiana 

Portions of the Cincinnati-Hamilton 

Area to Attainment for Ozone 

AGENCY: Environmental Protection 

Agency (EPA). 

ACTION: Final rule. 

SUMMARY: EPA is approving the requests 

of Ohio and Indiana to redesignate the 

Ohio and Indiana portions of the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH–KY–IN 8-hour 

ozone nonattainment area, ‘‘the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton area,’’ to 

attainment for that standard, because 

these requests meet the statutory 

requirements for redesignation under 

the Clean Air Act (CAA). The Ohio 

Environmental Protection Agency (Ohio 

EPA) and the Indiana Department of 

Environmental Management (IDEM) 

submitted these requests on December 

14, 2009, and January 21, 2010, 

respectively. (EPA will address the 

Kentucky portion of the CincinnatiHamilton area in a separate rulemaking 

action.) 

These approvals involve several 

related actions. EPA is making a 

determination under the CAA that the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton area has attained 

the 1997 8-hour ozone National 

Ambient Air Quality Standard 

(NAAQS). The Cincinnati-Hamilton area 

includes Butler, Clermont, Clinton, 

Hamilton, and Warren Counties in Ohio, 

Lawrenceburg Township in Dearborn 

County, Indiana, and Boone, Campbell, 

and Kenton Counties in Kentucky. This 

determination is based on three years of 

complete, quality-assured ambient air 

quality monitoring data for the 2007– 

2009 ozone seasons that demonstrate 

that the 8-hour ozone NAAQS has been 

attained in the entire CincinnatiHamilton area. EPA is also approving, as 

revisions to the Ohio and Indiana State 

Implementation Plans (SIPs), the States’ 

plans for maintaining the 8-hour ozone 

NAAQS through 2020 in the area. 

EPA is approving the 2002 base year 

emissions inventory submitted by IDEM 

on June 13, 2007, as meeting the base 

year emissions inventory requirement of 

the CAA for the Indiana portion of the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton area. EPA is 

approving the 2005 base year emissions 

inventory submitted by Ohio EPA as 

part of its redesignation request as 

meeting the base year emissions 

inventory requirements of the CAA for 

the Ohio portion of the CincinnatiHamilton area. Finally, EPA finds 

adequate and is approving the States’ 

2015 and 2020 Motor Vehicle Emission 

Budgets (MVEBs) for the Ohio and 

Indiana portion of the CincinnatiHamilton area. 

DATES: This final rule is effective May 

11, 2010. 

ADDRESSES: EPA has established dockets 

for this action: Docket ID No. EPA–R05– 

OAR–2009–0928 and ID No. EPA–R05– 

OAR–2010–0046. All documents in the 

docket are listed on the 

www.regulations.gov Web site. Although 

listed in the index, some information is 

not publicly available, i.e., Confidential 

Business Information (CBI) or other 

information whose disclosure is 

restricted by statute. Certain other 

material, such as copyrighted material, 

is not placed on the Internet and will be 

publicly available only in hard copy 

form. Publicly available docket 

materials are available either 

electronically in www.regulations.gov or 

in hard copy at the Environmental 

Protection Agency, Region 5, Air and 

Radiation Division, 77 West Jackson 

Boulevard, Chicago, Illinois 60604. This 

facility is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 

p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding 

Federal holidays. We recommend that 

you telephone Kathleen D’Agostino, 

Environmental Engineer, at (312) 886– 

1767 before visiting the Region 5 office. 

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: 

Kathleen D’Agostino, Environmental 

Engineer, Criteria Pollutant Section, Air 

Programs Branch (AR–18J), U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, 

Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, 

Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 886–1767, 

dagostino.kathleen@epa.gov. 

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: 

Throughout this document whenever 

‘‘we,’’ ‘‘us,’’ or ‘‘our’’ is used, we mean 

EPA. This supplementary information 

section is arranged as follows: 

Table of Contents 

I. What is the background for these actions? 

II. What comments did we receive on the 

proposed rule? 

III. What action is EPA taking? 

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews. 

I. What is the background for these 

actions? 

The background for today’s actions is 

discussed in detail in EPA’s February 

26, 2010, proposal (75 FR 8871). In that 

rulemaking, we noted that, under EPA 

regulations at 40 CFR part 50, the 8-hour 

ozone standard is attained when the 

three-year average of the annual fourthhighest daily maximum 8-hour average 

ozone concentrations is less than or 

equal to 0.08 ppm. (See 69 FR 23857 

(April 30, 2004) for further information.) 

Under the CAA, EPA may redesignate 

nonattainment areas to attainment if 

sufficient complete, quality-assured data 

are available to determine that the area 

has attained the standard and if it meets 

the other CAA redesignation 

requirements in section 107(d)(3)(E). 

The Ohio EPA and IDEM submitted 

requests to redesignate the Ohio and 

Indiana portions of the CincinnatiHamilton area to attainment for the 8- 

hour ozone standard on December 14, 

2009, and January 21, 2010, 

respectively. The redesignation requests 

included three years of complete, 

quality-assured data for the period of 

2007 through 2009, indicating the 8- 

hour NAAQS for ozone, as promulgated 

in 1997, had been attained for the 

Cincinnati-Hamilton area. The February 

26, 2010, proposed rule provides a 

detailed discussion of how Ohio and 

Indiana met this and other CAA 

requirements. 

II. What comments did we receive on 

the proposed rule? 

EPA provided a 30-day review and 

comment period. The comment period 

closed on March 29, 2010. We received 

no comments on the proposed rule. 

III. What action is EPA taking? 

EPA is making a determination that 

the Cincinnati-Hamilton area has 

attained the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. 

EPA is also approving the maintenance 

plan SIP revisions for the Ohio and 

Indiana portions of the CincinnatiHamilton area. EPA’s approval of the 

maintenance plans is based on the 

States’ demonstrations that the plans 

meet the requirements of section 175A 

of the CAA. After evaluating the 

redesignation requests submitted by 

Ohio and Indiana, EPA believes that the 

requests meet the redesignation criteria 

set forth in section 107(d)(3)(E) of the 

CAA. Therefore, EPA is approving the 

redesignation of the Ohio and Indiana 

portions of the Cincinnati-Hamilton area 

from nonattainment to attainment for 

the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS. EPA is 

also approving Ohio EPA’s 2005 base 

year emissions inventory for the Ohio 


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Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 90 / Tuesday, May 11, 2010 / Rules and Regulations 26119 

portion of the Cincinnati-Hamilton area 

and IDEM’s 2002 base year emissions 

inventory for Dearborn County as 

meeting the requirements of section 

172(c)(3) of the CAA. Finally, EPA finds 

adequate and is approving the States’ 

2015 and 2020 MVEBs for Ohio and 

Indiana portions of the CincinnatiHamilton area. 

In accordance with 5 U.S.C. 553(d), 

EPA finds there is good cause for this 

action to become effective immediately 

upon publication. This is because a 

delayed effective date is unnecessary 

due to the nature of a redesignation to 

attainment, which relieves the area from 

certain CAA requirements that would 

otherwise apply to it. The immediate 

effective date for this action is 

authorized under both 5 U.S.C. 

553(d)(1), which provides that 

rulemaking actions may become 

effective less than 30 days after 

publication if the rule ‘‘grants or 

recognizes an exemption or relieves a 

restriction,’’ and section 553(d)(3), 

which allows an effective date less than 

30 days after publication ‘‘as otherwise 

provided by the agency for good cause 

found and published with the rule.’’ The 

purpose of the 30-day waiting period 

prescribed in section 553(d) is to give 

affected parties a reasonable time to 

adjust their behavior and prepare before 

the final rule takes effect. Today’s rule, 

however, does not create any new 

regulatory requirements such that 

affected parties would need time to 

prepare before the rule takes effect. 

Rather, today’s rule relieves the state of 

various requirements for this 8-hour 

ozone nonattainment area. For these 

reasons, EPA finds good cause under 5 

U.S.C. 553(d)(3) for this action to 

become effective on the date of 

publication of this action. 

IV. Statutory and Executive Order 

Reviews 

Under the CAA, redesignation of an 

area to attainment and the 

accompanying approval of a 

maintenance plan under section 

107(d)(3)(E) are actions that affect the 

status of a geographical area and do not 

impose any additional regulatory 

requirements on sources beyond those 

imposed by state law. A redesignation to 

attainment does not in and of itself 

create any new requirements, but rather 

results in the applicability of 

requirements contained in the CAA for 

areas that have been redesignated to 

attainment. Moreover, the Administrator 

is required to approve a SIP submission 

that complies with the provisions of the 

CAA and applicable Federal regulations. 

42 U.S.C. 7410(k); 40 CFR 52.02(a). 

Thus, in reviewing SIP submissions, 

EPA’s role is to approve state choices, 

provided that they meet the criteria of 

the CAA. These actions do not impose 

additional requirements beyond those 

imposed by state law and the CAA. For 

that reason, these actions: 

• Are not ‘‘significant regulatory 

actions’’ subject to review by the Office 

of Management and Budget under 

Executive Order 12866 (58 FR 51735, 

October 4, 1993); 

• Do not impose an information 

collection burden under the provisions 

of the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 

U.S.C. 3501 et seq.); 

• Are certified as not having a 

significant economic impact on a 

substantial number of small entities 

under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 

U.S.C. 601 et seq.); 

• Do not contain any unfunded 

mandate or significantly or uniquely 

affect small governments, as described 

in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act 

of 1995 (Pub. L. 104–4); 

• Do not have Federalism 

implications as specified in Executive 

Order 13132 (64 FR 43255, August 10, 

1999); 

• Are not an economically significant 

regulatory action based on health or 

safety risks subject to Executive Order 

13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997); 

• Are not a significant regulatory 

action subject to Executive Order 13211 

(66 FR 28355, May 22, 2001); 

• Are not subject to requirements of 

section 12(d) of the National 

Technology Transfer and Advancement 

Act of 1995 (15 U.S.C. 272 note) because 

application of those requirements would 

be inconsistent with the CAA; and 

• Do not provide EPA with the 

discretionary authority to address, as 

appropriate, disproportionate human 

health or environmental effects, using 

practicable and legally permissible 

methods, under Executive Order 12898 

(59 FR 7629, February 16, 1994). 

In addition, this rule does not have 

tribal implications as specified by 

Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, 

November 9, 2000), because the SIP is 

not approved to apply in Indian country 

located in the state, and EPA notes that 

it will not impose substantial direct 

costs on tribal governments or preempt 

tribal law. 

The Congressional Review Act, 5 

U.S.C. 801 et seq., as added by the Small 

Business Regulatory Enforcement 

Fairness Act of 1996, generally provides 

that before a rule may take effect, the 

agency promulgating the rule must 

submit a rule report, which includes a 

copy of the rule, to each House of the 

Congress and to the Comptroller General 

of the United States. EPA will submit a 

report containing this action and other 

required information to the U.S. Senate, 

the U.S. House of Representatives, and 

the Comptroller General of the United 

States prior to publication of the rule in 

the Federal Register. A major rule 

cannot take effect until 60 days after it 

is published in the Federal Register. 

This action is not a ‘‘major rule’’ as 

defined by 5 U.S.C. 804(2). 

Under section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, 

petitions for judicial review of this 

action must be filed in the United States 

Court of Appeals for the appropriate 

circuit by July 12, 2010. Filing a petition 

for reconsideration by the Administrator 

of this final rule does not affect the 

finality of this action for the purposes of 

judicial review nor does it extend the 

time within which a petition for judicial 

review may be filed, and shall not 

postpone the effectiveness of such rule 

or action. This action may not be 

challenged later in proceedings to 

enforce its requirements. (See section 

307(b)(2).) 

List of Subjects 

40 CFR Part 52 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, Intergovernmental 

relations, Nitrogen oxides, Ozone, 

Volatile organic compounds. 

40 CFR Part 81 

Environmental protection, Air 

pollution control, National parks, 

Wilderness areas. 

Dated: April 22, 2010. 

Bharat Mathur, 

Acting Regional Administrator, Region 5. 

■ Parts 52 and 81, chapter I, title 40 of 

the Code of Federal Regulations is 

amended as follows: 

PART 52—[AMENDED] 

■ 1. The authority citation for part 52 

continues to read as follows: 

Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. 

Subpart P—Indiana 

■ 2. Section 52.777 is amended by 

adding paragraphs (nn) and (oo) to read 

as follows: 

§ 52.777 Control strategy: Photochemical 

oxidants (hydrocarbons). 

* * * * * 

(nn) Approval—Indiana’s 2002 

inventory satisfies the base year 

emissions inventory requirements of 

section 172(c)(3) of the Clean Air Act for 

the Indiana portion of the CincinnatiHamilton, OH–KY–IN area under the 

1997 8-hour ozone standard. 

(oo) Approval—On January 21, 2010, 

the Indiana Department of 


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