United States

Environmental Protection

Agency

Sample Collection Procedures 

for Radiochemical Analytes in 

Environmental Matrices

Office of Research and Development

National Homeland Security 

Research Center

December 2006

EPA/600/S-07/001

Sample Collection Procedures 

for Radiochemical Analytes in 

Environmental Matrices

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Research and Development

National Homeland Security Research Center

26 West Martin Luther King Drive

Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

December 2006
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

Page ii December 2006

Disclaimer 

This document has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) 

National Homeland Security Research Center, National Decontamination Team, Radiation and 

Indoor Environmental National Laboratory, and Regions 2 and 7. Neither the U.S. Government, 

nor any of its employees, contractors, or their employees make any warranty, expressed or 

implied, or assume any legal liability or responsibility for any third party’s use of any 

information, apparatus, products, or process described. Mention of company names, trade 

names, or commercial products in this document does not constitute endorsement or 

recommendation for use. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

December 2006 iii

Table of Contents

MODULE I – GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................................I – 1

1.0 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................I – 1

1.1. SCOPE AND APPLICATION ............................................................................................................................I – 1

1.2. SAMPLE COLLECTION PLAN (SCP)..............................................................................................................I – 1

1.3. PREPARATION ...............................................................................................................................................I – 2

1.4. SAMPLING PHASES .......................................................................................................................................I – 3

1.5. SAMPLING LOCATIONS.................................................................................................................................I – 3

1.6. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS, PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE), AND FIRST AID .....................I – 3

2.0 Equipment and Materials........................................................................................................................I – 5

2.1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ...........................................................................................................................I – 5

2.2. SAMPLING EQUIPMENT ................................................................................................................................I – 5

2.3. CLOSURES AND SEALS ...............................................................................................................................I – 12

2.4. SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION ............................................................................................I – 13

2.5. COMMUNICATIONS .....................................................................................................................................I – 14

3.0 Quality Control .........................................................................................................................................I – 14

3.1. FIELD BLANKS ............................................................................................................................................I – 14

3.2. RINSATE BLANKS .......................................................................................................................................I – 14

3.3. FIELD REPLICATES .....................................................................................................................................I – 15

3.4. BACKGROUND SAMPLES.............................................................................................................................I – 15

3.5. EQUIPMENT.................................................................................................................................................I – 15

3.6. SAMPLE CONTROL......................................................................................................................................I – 16

4.0 Documentation...........................................................................................................................................I – 17

4.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................................................................................I – 17

4.2. SAMPLE LABELS .........................................................................................................................................I – 17

4.3. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION CODES (SICS)...................................................................................................I – 18

4.4. FIELD LOGBOOKS .......................................................................................................................................I – 18

4.5. FIELD SAMPLE TRACKING FORM...............................................................................................................I – 18

4.6. CHAIN OF CUSTODY ...................................................................................................................................I – 19

4.7. VERBAL DISCUSSIONS................................................................................................................................I – 20

4.8. TRANSPORT DOCUMENTS ..........................................................................................................................I – 20

5.0 Personnel/Equipment Decontamination ...........................................................................................I – 21

5.1. SURFACE CONTAMINATION .......................................................................................................................I – 21

5.2. PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION ..................................................................................I – 21

5.3. DRY, WET AND CHEMICAL WIPING ..........................................................................................................I – 21

5.4. DECONTAMINATION OF PUMPS AND HOSES..............................................................................................I – 21

5.5. WASHING AND RINSING .............................................................................................................................I – 22

6.0 Waste Control............................................................................................................................................I – 22

6.1. GENERAL ....................................................................................................................................................I – 22

6.2. SOLIDS ........................................................................................................................................................I – 23

6.3. LIQUIDS.......................................................................................................................................................I – 23

6.4. SEGREGATION.............................................................................................................................................I – 23

6.5. DISPOSAL ....................................................................................................................................................I – 23
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

iv December 2006

7.0 Sample Packaging and Transport.......................................................................................................I – 24

7.1. REGULATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS .........................................................................................................I – 24

7.2. TRANSPORT MATERIALS ............................................................................................................................I – 25

7.3. PREPARING SAMPLES FOR TRANSPORT .....................................................................................................I – 27

7.4. PACKING THE TRANSPORT PACKAGING ....................................................................................................I – 28

7.5. TRANSFER OF CUSTODY TO AN AUTHORIZED CARRIER ...........................................................................I – 29

MODULE II - SAMPLING PROCEDURES – SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND 

REMEDIATION PHASES....................................................................................................................................II – 1

1.0 Collection of Samples...............................................................................................................................II – 1

1.1. OVERVIEW ...................................................................................................................................................II – 1

1.2. PRECAUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ...............................................................................................................II – 2

2.0 Equipment and Materials.......................................................................................................................II – 6

3.0 Collection of Soil Samples.......................................................................................................................II – 6

3.1. GROUND DEPOSITION..................................................................................................................................II – 6

3.2. WET SOIL.....................................................................................................................................................II – 7

3.3. DRY AND SANDY SOIL OR SAMPLING A MIXTURE OF FINES AND GRAVEL.............................................II – 8

3.4. SUBSURFACE SOIL.......................................................................................................................................II – 8

3.5. SOIL WITH VEGETATION .............................................................................................................................II – 9

3.6. WASTE PILES (EXCAVATED PILED MATERIAL) ....................................................................................... II – 10

3.7. SEDIMENT ................................................................................................................................................. II – 10

3.8. SEDIMENT – DEEP WATER BODY GRAB SAMPLES ................................................................................. II – 10

3.9. SEDIMENT – CORE SAMPLES.................................................................................................................... II – 11

3.10. SOIL SAMPLE HANDLING ......................................................................................................................... II – 12

4.0 Collection of Air Samples......................................................................................................................II – 14

4.1. AIR SAMPLE PRE-STAGING REQUIREMENTS........................................................................................... II – 14

4.2. COLLECTION OF PARTICULATE AND VAPOR SAMPLES........................................................................... II – 14

4.3. VACUUM FLASKS AND GAS COLLECTION VESSEL SAMPLES ................................................................. II – 16

4.4. LAPEL SAMPLES ....................................................................................................................................... II – 17

4.5. BUBBLER SAMPLES .................................................................................................................................. II – 17

5.0 Collection of Water Samples................................................................................................................II – 18

5.1. SURFACE WATER...................................................................................................................................... II – 18

5.2. SUBSURFACE WATER AT SHORELINES .................................................................................................... II – 18

5.3. STREAM OR RIVER WATER ...................................................................................................................... II – 19

5.4. SHALLOW WELL WATER OR PUBLIC DRINKING WATER ....................................................................... II – 19

5.5. STORAGE TANKS, CISTERNS, WELLS, AND UNDERGROUND STORM DRAINS OR SEWER LINES .......... II – 19

5.6. LAGOON, POND, AND LAKE WATER ....................................................................................................... II – 21

5.7. WATER SAMPLE HANDLING .................................................................................................................... II – 21

6.0 Collection of Vegetation Samples.......................................................................................................II – 22

6.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................................... II – 22

6.2. VEGETATION SAMPLE COLLECTION ........................................................................................................ II – 23

7.0 Collection of Surface Area Samples Using Swipes .......................................................................II – 24

7.1. DRY SWIPES.............................................................................................................................................. II – 24

7.2. WET SWIPES ............................................................................................................................................. II – 24

7.3. TAPE SWIPES............................................................................................................................................. II – 24

7.4. SWIPE HANDLING ..................................................................................................................................... II – 25
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

December 2006 v

MODULE III - SAMPLING PROCEDURES – FINAL STATUS PHASE........................................III – 1

1.0 Collection of Samples.............................................................................................................................III – 1

1.1. OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................. III – 1

1.2. PRECAUTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................................. III – 2

2.0 Equipment and Materials.....................................................................................................................III – 3

3.0 Collection of Soil Samples.....................................................................................................................III – 3

3.1. SURFACE SOIL PRE-STAGING REQUIREMENTS......................................................................................... III – 3

3.2. SURFACE SOIL COLLECTION ..................................................................................................................... III – 4

3.3. SUBSURFACE SOIL PRE-STAGING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................. III – 6

3.4. SUBSURFACE SOIL COLLECTION............................................................................................................... III – 6

3.5. SEDIMENT .................................................................................................................................................. III – 8

4.0 Collection of Water Samples................................................................................................................III – 9

4.1. WATER SAMPLING PRE-STAGING REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................. III – 9

4.2. WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION PROCEDURES ........................................................................................... III – 9

5.0 Collection of Swipe Samples ................................................................................................................III – 9

6.0 Collection of Air Samples......................................................................................................................III – 9

APPENDICES 

APPENDIX A List of Sampling Equipment and Materials...........................................................................A – 1

APPENDIX – A1 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... A – 1

APPENDIX – A2 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT APPLICATION ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ..................... A – 2

APPENDIX – A3 SAMPLING CONTAINERS ......................................................................................................A – 11

APPENDIX – A4 SHIPPING MATERIALS AND PACKAGING .............................................................................A – 12

APPENDIX – A5 ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT TO CONSIDER FOR SAMPLING OPERATIONS .............................A – 13

APPENDIX – A6 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ..................................................................................A – 15

APPENDIX B Forms ................................................................................................................................................. B – 1

APPENDIX – B1 FIELD SAMPLE LOGBOOK ENTRY .......................................................................................... B – 1

APPENDIX – B2 FIELD SAMPLE TRACKING FORM........................................................................................... B – 2

APPENDIX – B3 CHAIN OF CUSTODY ............................................................................................................... B – 3

APPENDIX – B4 AIR SAMPLE TRACKING FORM .............................................................................................. B – 4

APPENDIX – B5 EXAMPLE WASTE CONTROL FORM ....................................................................................... B – 5

APPENDIX – C SAMPLE FILTRATION AND PRESERVATION............................................................................ C – 1

APPENDIX – D REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................D – 1
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

vi December 2006
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 1

MODULE I – GENERAL INFORMATION 

1.0 Introduction

1.1. Scope and Application 

The procedures described in this document are intended to provide instructions regarding the 

collection of environmental samples to be analyzed for radiological contaminants following a 

contamination event or emergency. This document focuses on the site Characterization, 

Remediation, and Final Status phases of a contamination event and is not intended to address the 

sample collection needs during Initial Response. The procedures are intended for collection of 

environmental samples in response to a contamination event or an emergency at the point where 

Federal Radiological Monitoring and Assessment Center (FRMAC) activities are turned over to 

the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 

The procedures describe sample collection only and are intended for use by sampling personnel 

who have been sufficiently trained in radiological sampling techniques and corresponding 

radiation safety. It is also assumed that an initial site assessment has been performed prior to 

implementation of these procedures. Specifically, the document provides information and 

instructions regarding the following: 

• Procedures for sample collection during site Characterization, Remediation, and Final 

Status phases 

• General sampling equipment and materials 

• Description of quality control samples 

• Sampling documentation 

• Decontamination of sample containers and equipment 

• Packaging of samples for transport 

The procedures do not include information that is typically included in a site-specific Sample 

Collection Plan (e.g., sample locations, expected contaminants and concentration levels or 

methods for determination of the number and type of samples required). The document also does 

not include tasks or activities that will be performed by site management, Radiation Protection 

Personnel, safety and hygiene individuals, and transportation certification personnel. 

Specifically, this document does not provide information and instructions that are included in the 

following documents: 

• Sample Collection Plan 

• Radiological Protection Guidance Plan and associated procedures 

• Health and Safety Plan and associated procedures 

1.2. Sample Collection Plan (SCP) 

A Sample Collection Plan (SCP) that is specific for the site being evaluated should be in place 

prior to initiating the sampling procedures described in this document. The SCP should be based 

on available historical data and recent site assessment information. The SCP will specify: 

Derived Concentration Guidance Levels (DCGLs); Measurement Quality Objectives (MQOs); 

matrices, volumes, and number of samples to be collected; sample locations; sample container 

types and sizes; quality control requirements; specific sample collection equipment to be used; 

and requirements for field sample filtration and preservation. The information included in the 

SCP provides detailed site-specific instructions and requirements that are to be used in 

conjunction with the sample collection procedures that are described in this document. 
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1.3. Preparation 

1.3.1. A laboratory should be identified and informed of the analytical requirements expected 

(sample filtration and/or preservation, QC samples, MQOs, sample volumes), turn 

around time, and data reporting requirements corresponding to the sampling event. The 

laboratory should review and be aware of the quality control requirements included in 

the SCP. The SCP and the sample collection procedures should also be reviewed by the 

laboratory for additional insight into the analysis needed. 

1.3.2. Prior to sample collection, samplers should review the SCP. The samplers’ 

understanding of the requirements will greatly increase the success of the sampling 

event. 

1.3.3. Off-site evaluation of any historical data and site assessment prior to entering the 

contamination area should be performed, and information regarding pertinent issues 

should be provided to the field sampling team. Information may include an evaluation 

of the general geology and potential transportation of contamination outside of the 

designated area, into ground water, surface water, geological layers, or air. 

1.3.4. The sample collection team should also evaluate and prepare sampling equipment and 

personal protective equipment (PPE) needs prior to entry. A site map should be 

provided with details regarding the sample locations (if known) and other geological or 

topographical information to assist in locating the sample points. 

1.3.5. Prior to initiation of sample collection activities and laboratory procurement, the 

decision maker and the sample collection planning team should identify the data needs 

and purpose for the sample collection being performed, including: 

• Types of samples to be collected or measurements to be performed 

• Radionuclide(s) of interest 

• Potential interfering radionuclides and chemical contaminants 

• DCGL for each radionuclide of interest 

• MQOs for each radionuclide (e.g., required method uncertainty, required 

Minimum Detectable Concentration (MDC), etc.) 

• Analytical or screening methods that will be used in the field and laboratory 

to assay samples 

• Analytical bias and precision (e.g., quantitative or qualitative) 

• Number of samples to be collected 

• Type and frequency of field quality control (QC) samples to be collected 

• Amount of material to be collected for each sample 

• Sample collection locations and frequencies 

• Sample tracking requirements 

• Sample preservation, filtration, and shipping requirements 

• Additional standard operating procedures (SOPs) to be followed or 

developed 

• Cost of the methods being used (cost per analysis as well as total cost) 

• Specific background for the radionuclide(s) of interest, if applicable 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 3

• Turnaround time required for sample results 

• Analytical measurement documentation requirements 

1.4. Sampling Phases 

WARNING: The sampling of special nuclear material (plutonium-239, plutonium-241, uranium-233, 

uranium enriched in the isotope 233 or 235) requires special considerations not covered in the 

procedures included in this document. 

1.4.1. There are three phases in the life span of a contamination event that require sampling: 

Characterization, Remediation, and Final Status. 

1.4.2. Characterization Phase sampling takes place after the incident occurrence and prior to 

initiation of site remediation activities. The levels of exposure may be the highest 

encountered at any time during the process of sampling a site. Personnel should be 

constantly aware of existing conditions and radiation levels to ensure personnel are not 

unnecessarily exposed. This phase will be used to determine the extent and magnitude 

of the problem. The samples taken will be used to determine the scope and range of 

activities needed to remediate the site. 

1.4.3. Remediation Phase sampling takes place during remediation. During this phase, sample 

collection can occur with deliberate planning and preparation. However, conditions are 

still considered to be hazardous. 

1.4.4. Final Status Phase sampling takes place after remediation of the affected site. This 

phase has specific requirements to ensure that the sampling procedures support the 

expected low concentration levels in the samples collected. Conditions are expected to 

be non-hazardous and clear of the presence of contamination levels that are in excess of 

DCGLs. 

1.5. Sampling Locations 

Sampling locations may be identified by the use of an alpha/numeric grid, Global Positioning 

System (GPS) coordinates (with ±1 meter accuracy), or distances from landmarks. Sample 

collection during the Characterization Phase often uses landmarks, with the actual sample point 

“fine tuned” using portable radiation survey instrumentation. The survey team then flags or 

places another marker at the sample location. Sample collection points are surveyed, and GPS 

coordinates recorded, at the time of collection. Maps developed for the site are dependent on the 

requirements of the SCP. Subsequent sample locations will be identified by the Field Team 

Leader per the requirements of the SCP. 

1.6. Safety Considerations, Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE), and First Aid 

1.6.1. Safety is a prime consideration in any sampling event. Personnel safety requirements 

and considerations for a particular site may extend beyond radiological concerns. 

Additional concerns include physical hazards and chemicals that are toxic, corrosive, 

emit harmful or explosive vapors, or that are incompatible when mixed. 

1.6.2. All radiation and industrial safety requirements and procedures associated with the site 

are to be followed. 

a. Radiation protection requirements are developed and instituted by the site 

Radiation Protection Group (RPG). The RPG is responsible for: 

• Taking measurements of the radiation levels of all sampling sites and 

associated activities 
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• Dictating the radiation protection requirements for entering and working in a 

radioactively contaminated sampling area 

• Stopping any activity to protect personnel from overexposure to radiation or 

from radioactive material contamination 

• Developing and implementing a Radiation Safety Plan (RSP) and Radiation 

Work Plans (RWP) for individuals working in the area to read and follow 

b. Industrial safety requirements are developed and instituted by a designated 

safety individual (e.g., Safety and Health Officer, SHO). The SHO is 

responsible for: 

• Assessing all site activities for potential safety concerns 

• Ensuring that personnel are informed as to the potential hazards in a 

sampling area and dictating the requirements for safely working in the area 

• Stopping any job or activity to protect personnel from a dangerous situation 

• Developing and implementing a Health and Safety Plan (HASP) for 

individuals working in the area to read and follow

1.6.3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is to be worn as designated by Radiation 

Protection Personnel and the designated site safety individual. 

a. Typical types of PPE are listed in Appendix A6 (Personal Protective 

Equipment). 

b. The amount of PPE used should be designed and designated to provide the 

maximum personal protection and mobility for the task being performed. The 

minimal amount of PPE typically used includes: 

• Gloves (nitrile or latex over cotton liners) 

• Coveralls 

• Water proof or water resistant shoe covers or boots 

c. Care should be taken to ensure that PPE is not damaged. If PPE damage is 

suspected, work must be stopped. Uncontrolled damage can result in 

contamination of personnel. 

d. Care should be taken to ensure that the PPE is sufficient to protect against 

contamination exposure that can result from wicking when working in a wet 

environment. 

e. The level of respiratory PPE needed should be directed by and stated in a Work 

Control Permit (Attachment B4). Appendix A6 (Personal Protective 

Equipment) lists the various types of respirators that may be required. 

NOTE: As required by site HASPs, all injuries must be reported and, if required, examined by medical 

NOTE: PPE should be used during all sample collection and equipment decontamination activities. 

The results of a site assessment or incident evaluation should be used to determine the type 

and amount of PPE used by sample collectors. The Sample Collection Plan should include a 

written HASP and/or Hazard Evaluation of the area to be sampled.
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 5

personnel. Any open cut, sore, or wound provides a path for contamination to enter the body. 

1.6.4. First Aid kits are to be available at all times during the sampling event. At least one kit 

should be carried in any vehicle transporting the sampling team. At least one kit also 

should be located at the primary sampling site office. 

2.0 Equipment and Materials

2.1. General Requirements 

2.1.1. Only equipment that has been certified (clearly identified) for use by the Field Team 

Leader should be used to perform the procedures described in this document. 

Substitution of materials or equipment must be approved and documented prior to use. 

All instruments should have current calibrations or inspections clearly identified on the 

instrument. Any corresponding certification documentation should be copied and 

available to the sampling personnel, as appropriate. 

NOTE: It is highly recommended that sampling equipment be properly and routinely maintained and 

organized before responding to an event. This will allow the sampling team to enter and exit 

the suspected contaminated area in the shortest and most effective amount of time. Sample 

materials should be contained in a controlled area or vehicle with shelving/space sufficient to 

contain all PPE, sample bottles, materials, supplies, and forms needed to perform sample 

collection, documentation, and packaging activities. 

2.1.2. Pre-staging 

a. Pre-staging allows for a minimized time in the contamination zone and 

maximized sample collection and processing efficiency. 

b. As practical, all equipment, containers, PPE, and documentation should be 

placed into a plastic bag. The common practice is to place the materials (bowls, 

bottles, jars, trowels, etc.) for an individual sampling event (soil sample or 

water sample) into a separate plastic bag. Each of these bags (up to a maximum 

number that can be physically handled) is contained in a larger bag that holds 

additional PPE (boots, gloves) and tape or other items needed. Carrying the 

larger bag into the field, an individual can control contamination and sample 

materials with minimal concern for cross contamination and exposure. 

c. Each sampling team should be aware of the SCP for their designated 

assignment. This includes being informed of the location and conditions for the 

specific sampling point(s) prior to entry. 

2.2. Sampling Equipment 

2.2.1. Refer to Appendices A1 – A6 (tables of sampling equipment and materials) for a more 

extensive list of equipment necessary for sampling events. The Appendices are 

supplied for reference. The actual sampling tools, materials, and equipment used will 

be dependent on availability and the actual conditions at the site. 

2.2.2. Sampling frames are used to mark areas for collection of soil and dirt samples during 

Final Status Phase sampling. 

a. Sampling frames are used to provide specific control of the sample location and 

size. Frames must be large enough to cover an area larger than the area to be 

sampled and act to prevent intrusion of surrounding material into the sample. 
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They must be controlled to prevent movement during sample collection and 

may be disposed of after the sampling event. 

b. Frames are constructed of plastic sheeting that is labeled to clearly indicate the 

presence of radioactive material (for example, a large yellow plastic bag labeled 

as "radioactive material" in magenta lettering) and contain an opening to 

designate a given surface area from which a sample is to be taken. Plastic 

frames are used to reduce the volume and weight of material taken into the 

field. 

c. Frames can be approximately 0.5 to 1 m (2 to 3 feet2

), with an opening for 

sampling of approximately 100 cm2

 (16 inches2). 

2.2.3. Trowels, spoons, scoops, and spatulas are used to collect or remove accessible soils, 

dirt, and other solid materials from subsurfaces. 

a. Working surfaces are made of stainless steel or high density polypropylene 

(HDPP) or polyethylene (HDPE), with little ornamentation or exposed fasteners 

to assist in decontamination. Wooden handles may be used, but should be 

covered to minimize contamination. 

b. The differences in design between these tools allow for variations in the 

composition of the material being sampled. 

• Trowels aid in digging into surface dirt. 

• Scoops and spoons are used in loose or shifting sandy soil or sediments. 

• Spatulas aid in homogenization and removal of unwanted materials. 

2.2.4. Bore Hole Tools (Augers, Drill Rigs, Post Hole Diggers, Split Spoon, Thieves, Triers 

and Core Samplers) used to collect or remove soils, dirt, and other solid materials from 

sub-surface areas 

a. Bore hole tools are used to gain access and, in some cases, collect samples. 

Augers, split spoon samplers, thieves, and triers can be used to collect the 

actual sample as well as dig to access the sample location beneath a surface. 

b. Caution should be taken when using these tools to avoid mixing sample layers 

or causing release of volatile contaminants. Augers and drills scrape the sides 

of the hole when inserted or removed, causing unwanted upper layer material to 

fall into the hole where possible collection can occur. Each hole should be 

cleared of all debris prior to sample collection. 

c. Augers are used to collect samples of soils primarily during site 

Characterization Phase sampling. These tools will bite into each section of soil 

that is being collected and are typically used to collect samples in parts. 

• Can be manually or machine power driven. 

• Typically limited to 1.5 m (5 feet) of depth, but extensions to the handle can 

increase the depth of the hole. 

d. Post Hole Diggers and Drill Rigs can be used to excavate to lower levels than 

can be reached when using an auger. When used with a hollow stem auger, a 

drill rig can retrieve reasonably undisturbed samples. 

e. Split spoon samplers are used to collect core samples of undisturbed soils from 

a wide range of depths. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

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• Consist of two halves of a pipe, each from 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches) long, 

and threaded at both ends. The halves are held together with a conical ring at 

one end and a driving bar at the other. 

• A core catcher is positioned in the sampler to prevent loss of sample material 

upon extraction from the bore hole. 

• Often used with a drill rig or other power equipment and sometimes forced 

into the ground with a sledgehammer. 

f. Trier samplers are used for sampling material with a particle diameter less than 

one-half the diameter of the trier. Trier samplers are best used horizontally and 

cannot be used to obtain a vertical sample from loose or sandy material. These 

samplers are made of stainless steel, and consist of a tube cut in half with a 

sharpened tip that allows the sampler to cut into soils, or moist or sticky solids. 

g. A thief is used primarily to sample dry granular or powdered material with 

particle diameters of less than one-third the width of the thief’s slot. Thieves 

used for collection of sediment samples are different than thieves used for 

collection of liquid samples. 

• Soil and sediment thieves consist of a set of slotted tubes (i.e., an inner and 

outer tube). The outer tube has a conical pointed tip that permits penetration 

of the materials being sampled. The inner tube is rotated to open and close 

the sampler. 

• Liquid thieves consist of a single tube, opened at both ends, that is inserted 

into the liquid matrix and then stoppered at the upper end to retain the liquid 

sample. 

h. Core samplers are driven into the ground, typically by machine power, and used 

to collect samples of soils or sediment primarily during site Characterization 

and Remediation Phases. 

• Consist of a hollow tube or pipe that varies in diameter (generally 3.75 to 10 

cm or 1.5 to 4 inches). 

• The number and length of core samplers can be varied to obtain samples at 

different depths. 

• Once the core piping is removed from the ground, it is separated into 

sectional lengths and sections are opened length-wise to allow a solid crosssectional piece of material to be exposed. 

2.2.5. Bottles and jars are used to collect liquid samples and to contain soil, solid and liquid 

samples. 

a. Bottles or jars may be attached to reach rod rigs, tethered to a line, or used to 

collect a sample directly. 

b. Bottle and jar types and materials are chosen in accordance with intended use. 

HDPP, HDPE, or glass bottles and jars are used for dipping, drawing surface 

samples, or sample containment. Stainless steel bottles are typically used to 

collect samples from the bottom of a body of liquid. 

c. Lid design is based on use. Typical designs include: pour lip, screw seal, large 

or small mouth opening. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Teflon)-lined lids 

are used for sample collection, storage, and transport. Container lids should not 
Module I Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

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be composed of materials that can absorb water and should not contain glue or 

adhesives. 

d. Refer to Appendix A3 (Sampling Containers) for typical sizes and dimensions. 

e. Kemmerer bottle samplers are messenger-activated water sampling devices that 

are dropped into deep water bodies or tanks. 

• These samplers consist of a lower stopper, an upper stopper with a tip head, a 

bottle, a messenger, and a cable that runs through the components. 

• The components are separated, lowered to a given sample level and tripped 

with the messenger to collect the sample. 

• Sampler components are primarily composed of brass, plastic, or stainless 

steel. 

f. Wheaton bottle samplers are messenger-activated water sampling devices used 

in relatively deep waters no more than 2 to 3 m (6 to 10 feet). 

• Bottles are lowered to a given sample depth, then opened and closed with a 

control rod to collect the sample. The sampler’s reach and control rods are 

limiting factors in determining the depth of sample collection. 

• Sampler components are primarily composed of plastic and stainless steel. 

2.2.6. Thieves, Bailers, Bacon “Bomb” (Bacon Collection Vessel) Samplers, Dippers, and 

Coliwasa Samplers used for collection of liquid samples 

a. Thieves are used in shallow waters or for sampling from drums and other 

containers, and are designed to fill once they are placed into a liquid. 

• Thieves vary in lengths of up to 2.1 m (7 feet) and in diameters of up to 2.5 

cm (1 inch). 

• The top of the thief must be plugged or capped prior to removal from the 

sample source to prevent sample from escaping out the bottom. 

b. Bailers are tubes used in shallow water depths of up to approximately 1 meter 

(3 to 4 feet). 

• Bailers are opened at the top and have a check valve or valves in the bottom. 

• These devices are constructed of stainless steel to allow them to sink, and 

begin filling with sample upon entry into a liquid. 

• The check valves prevent or minimize drainage and, retain the sample 

volume as the bailer is removed from the sample source. 

c. Bacon Collection Vessel Samplers are used to take composite samples from a 

liquid source (usually a tank, vat, pond, lagoon, or lake) at a given depth 

determined by the length of the line used, up to approximately 60 m (200 feet). 

d. These collection vessels are constructed of stainless steel and begin filling 

when a sampling line is pulled to open valves at the top and bottom of the 

collection vessel. 

e. Release of the sampling line will close the valves on retrieving the collection 

vessel from the sample source. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

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f. Dippers are bottles or cups that can be attached to an extension rod and used to 

collect a sample as they are dipped below the surface of a liquid. The depth of 

sample collection is determined by the length of the extension rod. 

• These devices are generally constructed of HDPE or HDPP and begin filling 

upon entry into the liquid. 

• The extension rods are usually retractable allowing for extended reaches of 

up to 20 feet. 

g. Coliwasa samplers are hollow tubes with a stopper at one end and are used in 

collecting samples from shallow water or liquids in drums. 

• The stopper is attached to an internal rod that runs the length of the tube to a 

locking mechanism at the other end of the tube. 

• Samplers begin filling with liquid upon the turning action of a handle at the 

opposite end of the stopper. 

• These samplers are typically constructed of HDPE or HDPP but may also be 

constructed of stainless steel or polyvinylchloride (PVC). 

• Decontamination of these samplers is difficult and costly. For this reason, 

use is typically limited to collection of multi-phase samples that are 

otherwise difficult to collect. 

2.2.7. Sediment samples may be collected using grab samplers, core samplers, or dredges. 

a. Grab samplers are similar to scoops or open dipping jars used in collecting 

water samples. 

• Grab samplers, such as the Birge–Ekman sampler, are attached to long poles. 

• The sampler is dragged across the sediment to collect the sample. 

• Depth is limited by the length of the reach rod attached to the sampler. 

b. Dredges are buckets designed to retain soils and sediments collected from the 

bottom of a pond, lagoon, or other body of water. 

• Typically constructed of stainless steel with either an open front end or a 

swivel closure designed such that the majority of liquid collected will drain 

away from the sample as the dredge is retrieved. 

• Some dredges have plastic liners that assist in decontamination and prevent 

cross contamination of the sampler. 

• Dredges are activated by either gravity, a tug-line, or a messenger, to allow 

the open jaws to close for sample collection. 

• Many dredges are extremely heavy and require the use of a winch to retrieve 

samples. 

• Several types of dredges are named based on the designer including: 

Petersen, Ponar, Shipek, and Van Veen. 

c. Sediment core samplers are hollow rods or tubes that are inserted into the 

sediment to extract a sample. 

• The sampler may or may not have a closure device to prevent sample loss. 
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• Either gravity or mechanical action is used to push the core sampler into the 

sediment. 

• The type of sampler is dependent on the depth required and the type of water 

body. 

2.2.8. Air samplers, gas collection vessels, and gas bubblers are used to collect samples to be 

measured for air contaminants. 

a. The size and type of air sampler and type of collection format is dependent on 

the type of air parameter sampled (e.g., media, analyte) and the corresponding 

analytical MQOs. Collection filters should be selected to avoid potential 

interferences (for example, radionuclides that may be present in filter materials, 

such as potassium-40 and decay products of uranium that are naturally present 

in glass-fiber air filters). 

• Glass fiber filters or plastic membranes are used to capture particulates. 

• Cyclone or cascade impactors are used to determine particle sizing. 

• Activated charcoal or silver zeolite cartridges are used for absorbance of 

iodine and certain noble gases. 

• Bubblers or vacuum sample collection vessels are used for other air samples. 

b. Air sampling pumps are based on the sample location and volume of air 

required to meet analytical MQOs. Air flow rates are typically low for 

personnel lapel monitors and high for high volume air samplers. Air flow rates 

for large volume or long collection durations are generally at medium rates of 

flow. Typical flow rates include: 

• Lapel samplers: 2 L/minute (0.01 feet3

/minute) 

3 • General area samplers: 28 to 56 L/minute (feet /minute) 

• High volume samplers: 140 to 2800 L/minute (5 to 100+ feet3

/minute) 

• Bubblers – flow rate varies from unit to unit 

• Vacuum collection vessels – instantaneous 

• Pressurized flasks – 2 to 3 atm (30 to 45 psi) 

c. Filter sizes are typically 25 mm (1 inch) for personnel lapel monitors, 47 or 50 

mm (1.9 or 2 inches) for general area monitors, and 100 mm (4 inches) for 

long-term, high volume, general area monitors. 

NOTE: While use of 100 mm (4 inch) filters has increased due to available analytical instrumentation, 

200 mm x 250 mm (8 inch x 10 inch) filters are still being used by EPA (e.g., RadNet). Use of 

these larger filters is discouraged in cases where the laboratory uses alpha/beta counters that 

are capable of analyzing the smaller filters, as the practice of folding or cutting a filter to 

achieve an appropriate size can impact the accuracy and precision of the associated counting 

results. 

d. Air samplers that capture particulates or vapors are normally electrically 

powered pumps that provide a consistent flow rate. However, personnel lapel 

samplers are typically battery powered, which results in air flows that vary 

from the start to the finish of the sampling event as the battery is drained. 
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• Availability of electric power limits the placement of air samplers to the 

distance away from a power source. 

• DC to AC power converters allow for use of an air sampler from a vehicle. 

• Use of portable generators is limited to the supply of gasoline. 

• Power converters and portable generators have health and safety 

considerations for handling; sample collectors should consult the site HASP 

before use. 

• Use of lapel samplers is limited by the capacity of the charge on the battery. 

NOTE: If it is possible that a power source may be depleted during sample collection, the sampler 

should be equipped with a flow volume totalizer. 

2.2.9. Water pumps are used when samples are required from depth or are taken over a 

defined time period. 

NOTE: Water pumps have depth limitations; therefore, other types of pumps or submersibles may be 

required for collecting samples of well water or water from depths greater than 10.7 m (32 

feet. 

a. Pump features are dependent on the application. 

• Depth capabilities 

• Diaphragm, venturi, peristaltic, or piston-type pumping action 

• Manual or power driven operation 

• Flow regulators 

• Stroke counter or volume totalizer to measure flow rate or volume collected 

• Timing mechanisms 

• Collection basins or bottles 

b. Construction materials are dependent on use and mode of operation. Plastic 

and PTFE parts provide the greatest chemical resistance to materials sampled 

but may not be sufficiently durable for long term sampling. 

c. Flow volumes are dependent on mode of operation and pumping action. 

• Low flow pumps (50–200 cm3

/minute) 

• High flow pumps (500–3000 cm3

/minute) 

d. Pump flow volumes must be monitored and documented. Volume totalizers and 

timers should be used when possible. Calculation of the volume collected, from 

flow rate and collection duration, may be used if a volume totalizer is not 

available. 

2.2.10. Filters and swipes are used to collect samples from surface areas. These collection 

materials are composed of cotton fiber, plastic, glass fiber, or paper. Sizes depend on 

the surface area to be sampled and include: 

• Large surface area – use, or example, 10 cm2

 (4 inch 2) 
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• Small surface area – use, for example, 2.5 cm2 (1 inch2) or 5-cm (2-inch) 

diameter circle 

NOTE: The use of large filters or swipes is discouraged in cases where the sample is to be analyzed at 

an off-site laboratory. Some laboratories have instrumentation that is not capable of directly 

analyzing larger samples and must fold or cut these samples to achieve an appropriate size. 

This sample manipulation can impact the accuracy and precision of associated counting 

results. Also see Note regarding air filters in Section 2.2.8(c). 

2.2.11. Plastic Bags can be used to contain samples, sample containers, equipment and 

materials, or waste. 

a. Plastic bags in a variety of sizes and types (e.g., zip lock, open bag with twist 

ties) are used as needed to accommodate sample collection, double bag storage 

and equipment storage. 

• Bags containing samples are sealed with tape and double bagged. 

• Bags without zip-lock capabilities can be used for sample shipment or waste 

containment. 

b. If elevated levels of radioactivity are suspected, use of a plastic container is 

recommended to prevent sample loss and cross-contamination that could 

occur if a bag becomes damaged. 

c. Refer to Appendix A3 (Sampling Containers) for typical sizes and dimensions 

required.

2.2.12. Envelopes made of paper or glassine (transparent paper coated with a glaze), with and 

without sealing capabilities (either gummed or self-adhesive), are used to contain 

swipes and documentation. Typical sizes and types are noted in Appendix A3 

(Sampling Containers). 

NOTE: Glassine envelopes are resistant to humidity and small amounts of water and are recommended 

for storing and shipping air filters and swipes. These envelopes also are better at ensuring that 

sample material remains on the filter or swipe and is not transferred to the envelope. 

2.2.13. Other materials – Based on the nature of the incident and the area affected, other 

materials or equipment may be needed for sample collection. These materials include 

items such as tape, solvents, alcohol, paint scrapers, sanders, saws, and vacuum 

cleaners. The requirements and procedures for these or other items should be reviewed 

and discussed prior to use. A list of some of the additional equipment that may be 

needed is included in Appendix A5. 

2.3. Closures and Seals 

2.3.1. Masking or other adhesive tape is used for sealing containers during sample shipment. 

2.3.2. Security seals are attached over the cap of each sample container to provide an 

indication of sample tampering and to ensure sample integrity. Security seals also can 

be used for sample shipping or transport containers, to ensure package integrity is not 

compromised during transport. Typically, one seal is placed on each sample container 

and multiple seals (e.g., two seals placed on opposite ends) are used on shipping 

containers. 
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a. Security seals may be commercially made or tape seals that contain the 

signature or initial of the sample collector, and date and time of sample 

collection. 

b. The seal must break or tear if it is removed. 

c. Metal seals are usually crimped into place and require cutting or breakage for 

removal. 

2.4. Sampling Equipment Decontamination 

NOTE: Materials that have been used for decontamination or for carrying samples should be 

segregated until they have been decontaminated and surveyed as clean and free of 

contamination. Unless determined to be free of contamination, water and other materials used 

for decontamination must be retained and removed from the sampling site for proper disposal. 

Rinsate water may be required to be collected and analyzed for quality control purposes. 

Additional stages for washing should be used when elevated radiological contamination is 

suspected. 

2.4.1. Buckets and pails serve as tote containers and portable sinks. 

a. Buckets and pails should be constructed of plastic. 

b. Lids are needed for containment, but are generally not taken into the field. 

c. Typically, 5-gallon and 20-gallon buckets are used. 

d. Several buckets or pails are used in decontamination. 

• The number used is dependent on the degree of cleanliness required. At a 

minimum, one is used for the initial wash and one is used for the final rinse. 

• Rinse water may be required to be collected as a quality control sample 

(rinsate sample). 

2.4.2. Drums or large garbage cans are used to contain contaminated PPE, accumulated 

wastes, clean bags, containers, or equipment. 

2.4.3. Brushes are used to remove deposits of solids from sampling equipment. Both bottle 

brushes and flat brushes are used. Brush handles should be sufficient to prevent direct 

contact with the brush during use. 

2.4.4. Cloths are used to remove solids from or dry sampling equipment. Cloths should be 

certified as clean for use in drying equipment, and may be pretreated to contain a 

cleaning agent, if approved for the sampling event. Paper towels may be used, but lintfree cloths are preferred. 

2.4.5. Water is used to wash and rinse contamination from equipment, materials, and sampling 

personnel. At least 16 L (4.2 gallons) is recommended for every 20 samples collected. 

2.4.6. Soap and other non-ionic detergents are used for decontamination and washing. Soap 

can be in either powder or liquid form, and must be non-reactive, anionic, phosphatefree, and low-foaming. Stainless steel polishers or cleaners may be used, provided they 

contain no petroleum distillates and leave no residue. 

2.4.7. Step-off Pads (STOPs) are used to designate the point for exiting a contaminated area. 

Personnel are required to perform a given level of personal monitoring and 

decontamination at the STOPs to ensure contamination is not spread outside the 
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contaminated area. STOPs may be pre-established prior to site entry by the sampling 

team. These pads should: 

• Be clearly designated 

• Allow for the easy egress out of the area 

• Have sufficient containers for the disposal or control of contaminated 

equipment and clothing 

2.4.8. Tote containers should not be used as final rinsate containers, as the materials carried 

may contaminate the rinsate. 

2.4.9. Other materials – Based on the nature of the incident, the area affected, and the extent 

of contamination, other materials may also be needed in equipment decontamination. 

Additional materials may include items such as chemical abrasive cloths, sand paper, 

grinders, solvents, alcohol, and acids. The requirements for and use of these items 

should be reviewed and discussed prior to use. 

2.5. Communications 

2.5.1. Radios or any two-way communication device capable of transmitting the sampling 

team’s concerns or requests to the standby person or Field Team Leader shall be 

employed. 

2.5.2. A Standby Person (individual stationed outside the zone) is required to observe and 

respond to the sampling team if problems arise. This person may be involved indirectly 

or directly with sample collection activities. 

3.0 Quality Control 

NOTE: Sample collectors should refer to the SCP to determine the kind and number of QC samples 

and procedures that should be collected or performed. In some cases, additional samples or 

sample volume will be needed to support laboratory QC sample analysis (e.g., matrix spikes). 

Because QC samples may be shipped to the laboratory as either known QC or blind samples, 

sample collectors should refer to the SCP to determine how QC samples are to be labeled for 

transport to the laboratory. 

3.1. Field Blanks 

3.1.1. Field blanks are used to monitor contamination that may be introduced into samples 

during sample collection, filtration, or preservation. 

a. If required, the field blank is prepared in the field at the same location, using 

the same procedures that are used to collect and process the sample. Field 

blanks are typically prepared prior to sample collection. 

b. The field blank is submitted to the laboratory for analysis with the collected 

samples. 

3.1.2. Field blanks are prepared by filling a sample container with blank matrix material (e.g., 

certified analyte-free water) and preservative (if necessary) using the same collection 

and processing procedures and equipment that are used to collect the samples. 

3.2. Rinsate Blanks 

3.2.1. Rinsate blanks are samples collected from rinse water running off decontaminated 

piece(s) of equipment. 
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a. The rinsate blank may or may not be preserved in the field, as described in the 

SCP. 

b. If the rinsate blank is preserved, a field blank is required. 

3.2.2. Rinsate blanks are submitted to the analytical laboratory to evaluate equipment 

decontamination. 

3.3. Field Replicates 

3.3.1. Field replicates are samples collected in the same manner, location, and time as an 

initial sample. Sample collectors must ensure that sample replicates are as equivalent in 

mass or volume as possible. Variations can affect representative QC evaluations. 

3.3.2. In the case of a solid sample, the location from which a replicate sample is collected 

should be the space adjacent to the initial sample or the space of the initial sample 

enlarged to allow for a greater volume of sample to be taken. 

3.3.3. The replicate sample and initial sample are contained in the same sampling container, 

homogenized, and then separated into individual containers. A field replicate is used to 

measure sample heterogeneity, sample collection methodology, and analytical 

procedures. 

3.3.4. The replicate sample is handled and documented in the same manner as the initial 

sample. 

3.4. Background samples 

3.4.1. Background samples are collected from a known uncontaminated area to allow for the 

determination of natural or “background” composition and variability of radionuclide 

concentrations. 

3.4.2. Background samples are collected under the same control requirements as Final Status 

Phase samples (see Module III). 

3.5. Equipment 

3.5.1. All equipment that is used to measure or analyze samples in the field requires 

calibration, routine maintenance, and at least annual standardization. This equipment is 

calibrated following procedures included in the manufacturer’s users manual or 

performed in the laboratory. Equipment used to obtain volumetric sample 

measurements must be certified to appropriate volume specifications. 

a. Instruments that are routinely used in the field and require calibration and 

standardization or certification to ensure measured sample weights and volumes 

are accurate include: 

• Balances or scales 

• Volumetric pipettes, beakers, graduated cyclinders 

• Air sampler flow rate meters and totalizers 

• Lapel air samplers 

• Water pumps 

b. Analytical equipment that may be used in the field that require calibration to 

ensure sample analyses are accurate include: 

• pH meters 
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• Turbidimeters 

• Dissolved oxygen and/or conductivity meters 

3.6. Sample Control 

3.6.1. Once samples are collected, they must be maintained under controlled conditions 

through shipment to an analytical laboratory. This control is required to ensure that 

samples are not compromised and that analytical data generated are representative of 

site conditions. 

3.6.2. Sample custody requirements 

a. Keep samples in an area where they can be observed or are under lock and key 

to prevent tampering. 

b. Maintain samples in the same configuration or condition in which the sample 

arrived from the sampling site (e.g., cores intact in their casings, containers 

sealed) until additional procedures are required. 

3.6.3. Sample tracking 

a. As samples are transferred from collection through processing, packaging, and 

shipment, record sample progress. 

b. The person(s) performing each step is required to record their initials or 

signature on the label, sample tracking log, Chain of Custody, and any other 

document associated with the sample to qualify the condition of the sample at 

that point of sample progression. See Module I, Section 4.0 (Documentation) 

regarding documentation requirements. 

3.6.4. All sampling personnel are required to perform sample collection, processing, and 

packaging activities in a manner that does not compromise the integrity of the samples 

or the requirements associated with the sampling event. 

a. Follow documented procedures and adhere to requirements. 

b. Notify supervision of problems or concerns. 

c. Adhere to all requirements regarding documentation of activities, conditions, 

observations, and measurements. 

3.6.5. All equipment that is used to measure or analyze samples in the field requires 

calibration, routine maintenance, and at least annual standardization. This equipment is 

calibrated following procedures included in the manufacturer’s users manual or 

performed in the laboratory. Equipment used to obtain volumetric sample 

measurements must be certified to appropriate volume specifications. 

a. Instruments that are routinely used in the field and require calibration and 

standardization or certification to ensure measured sample weights and volumes 

are accurate include: 

• Balances or scales 

• Volumetric pipettes, beakers, graduated cyclinders 

• Air sampler flow rate meters and totalizers 

• Lapel air samplers 

• Water pumps 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

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b. Analytical equipment that may be used in the field that require calibration to 

ensure sample analyses are accurate include: 

• pH meters 

• Turbidimeters 

• Dissolved oxygen and/or conductivity meters 

3.6.6. Unused sample collection materials, such as air filters and swipes are to be sent to the 

laboratory with each batch of samples to be analyzed for radioactive analytes. These 

materials provide the analytical laboratory with information that will determine if any 

activity measured is the result of inherent radioactivity of the filters or swipes used, and 

the results may be used in assessment of the final field sample results. 

4.0 Documentation 

NOTE: ALL documentation produced in collecting and processing samples is considered a legal 

record and is to be treated as such. Legibility and permanence are to be maintained. If errors 

are made, either the document error is struck out using a single line and initialed and dated, or 

it is re-written, checked for accuracy, initialed and dated, and attached to the original for 

record keeping. 

4.1. General Considerations 

4.1.1. Pens and markers should be of black indelible ink capable of writing on damp labels 

and containers. Pens and markers taken inside the contamination zone should be 

discarded with waste or used disposable PPE. 

4.1.2. Logbooks, Forms and Reports should be assembled and maintained as permanent 

records. 

a. If taken to the sampling area, they should be controlled outside of the 

contaminated zone to prevent contamination. If required to be taken into the 

zone, take only a blank copy of the form or page of the logbook. Once out of 

the contaminated area, they are to be rewritten into the original permanent 

records and verified as transcribed correctly once outside of the zone. 

b. Required records include: 

• Sample Identification Codes (SICs) 

• Field Log Book 

• Field Report Forms 

• Chain of Custody (COC) Forms 

• Photographs, when practical 

• Make, model, and accuracy information for any electronic equipment used 

c. Written documents are generated and maintained as the primary records of the 

sampling event. However, information also may be entered into an electronic 

record during or, as soon as practical, following sample collection. 

4.1.3. Control of written and electronic records is detailed in the SCP. 

4.2. Sample Labels 
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4.2.1. Sample labels must be applied to each sample container (including any container that 

holds a blank or quality control sample), with information that identifies and describes 

the sample. Sample labels are to include the following information at a minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sample collected 

• Sample volume and matrix 

• Sample collection location (GPS coordinates or brief description) 

• Signature or initials of the sampler 

4.2.2. If samples are placed in two containers (e.g., double bagged), a duplicate label may be 

placed on the outside of the first bag or container, but inside the second bag or 

container, for legibility. If a duplicate label is used, it must be identified as a duplicate 

label or copy. If samples are triple-bagged, the duplicate label should be placed on the 

outside of the second bag or container, and inside the third. 

4.3. Sample Identification Codes (SICs) 

4.3.1. SICs are required for all samples collected, with the exception of equipment blanks. 

4.3.2. Each sample must have a unique SIC. 

a. SICs typically consist of an alpha-numeric sequence code that includes a coded 

date and location marker. 

b. All assigned SICs are used to track the sample location, type of sample, date 

and time of sample collection, and sample collector. 

4.3.3. The SIC is recorded on all field documentation, sample container labels, Chain of 

Custody forms, and any other documents pertaining to the sample. 

4.4. Field Logbooks 

4.4.1. Field personnel, including samplers, are responsible for recording data and maintaining 

Field Logbooks with adequate information to identify a specific sample and to provide 

information that may be necessary for interpreting analytical results. 

4.4.2. Information that should be recorded in a Field Logbook entry includes: number of 

samples collected, method of sample collection, date and time of collection, any 

pertinent observations, names of samplers and/or observers, a description of sample 

location, GPS coordinates, and field screening data, if available. A Field Sample 

Logbook Entry is provided in Attachment B1. Electronic data recording devices may 

also be used as a means of recording information in the field. If electronic recording 

devices are to be used, however, they should be selected based on durability, accuracy, 

and ease of decontamination. 

4.4.3. If photographs are included as part of the sampling documentation, the name of the 

photographer, date, time, site location, and site description are to be recorded 

sequentially in a logbook as each photograph is taken. After the photographs are 

developed, the associated information included in the logbook entries is to be written on 

the back of the photograph. 

4.5. Field Sample Tracking Form 
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4.5.1. Field personnel, including samplers, are responsible for recording data and maintaining 

Field Sampling Tracking Forms with adequate information to identify a specific 

sample. 

4.5.2. Copies of these forms accompany samples during shipment. 

4.5.3. Information recorded on these forms includes: SIC, sample matrix, sample description 

and location, sample volume or mass, sample depth, sample type, and number of 

containers. A Field Sample Tracking Form is provided in Attachment B2. 

4.6. Chain of Custody 

4.6.1. Tracking samples from collection to receipt at the analytical laboratory is documented 

on a Chain of Custody (COC) form. A COC form is provided in Attachment B3 (Chain 

of Custody Form). 

CAUTION: Documentation of changes in the custody of a sample(s) is important. This is especially 

true for samples that may be used as evidence of intentional contamination or to establish 

compliance with a release criterion. In such cases, there should be sufficient evidence to 

demonstrate that the integrity of the sample is not compromised from the time it is collected to 

the time it is analyzed. During this time, the sample must either be under the physical custody 

of a responsible individual who is currently listed on the COC or be secured and protected, 

under lock and key, from any activity that would change the true value of the results or the 

nature of the sample. Each individual responsible for sample custody is required to provide 

signatory documentation each time a sample(s) is received or relinquished. 

4.6.2. Information contained on the COC form is to include: 

• Site information – Address of the site, contact person, telephone number, and 

emergency contact number 

• SIC for each sample 

• Date and time of sample collection 

• Sample volume or mass 

• Sample matrix 

• Contact gamma reading or any additional radiological screening results of 

the sample, if available, and as provided by Radiation Protection Personnel 

• Analyses requested – general analyses or specific isotopic tests 

• Printed names and signatures of all persons accepting and relinquishing 

sample custody, and the date and time of transfer 

• The printed name of the certified courier, courier company, and the name and 

signature of person(s) relinquishing and accepting custody of the samples 

4.6.3. If deemed necessary, the following information also should be contained in the COC 

form: 

• A brief description of the sample(s) 

• Initials of the sampler(s) 

• Method of shipment (ground, air, or both) 

• Any other pertinent information or comments regarding the sample(s) 
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4.6.4. At the time of transport, the individual relinquishing the sample(s) must sign and date 

the COC form. The receiver also must sign and date the form. 

4.6.5. The COC is copied and usually has carbonless copies attached to the original that are 

specified as to use. 

a. A copy of the COC is to be retained by the individual or organization 

relinquishing the samples. 

b. A copy of the COC is to be placed into a sealed plastic bag. The sealed bag is 

placed inside of the sample transport packaging prior to sealing for transport. 

c. The original COC is sent to the analytical laboratory in a separate envelope. 

4.6.6. The receiving laboratory is required to submit a signed copy of the completed COC to 

the Field Team Leader after receipt of the samples, and the original is to be returned 

with the data package. The laboratory should include the following information with or 

on the completed COC: 

• Time and date received and signature of the person receiving the samples 

(appears on the COC) 

• Condition of the packaging and the security seal, and condition of security 

seals, where applicable 

• Condition of and any problems with the individual samples, such as a broken 

container, missing samples, illegible information 

4.7. Verbal Discussions 

4.7.1. All verbal discussions pertinent to the sampling event, samples, or transport and receipt 

of the samples by the analytical laboratory are to be documented in the Field Sampling 

Logbook. 

4.7.2. If sample collectors are contacted by the laboratory, the following information is to be 

documented: 

• Name of the person who called 

• Name of the person who received the call and answered the questions 

• Content of the conversation, including any specific data or information 

discussed or provided 

• Time and date of the call 

4.8. Transport Documents 

4.8.1. Common Carrier documents should be included with each shipment and completed as 

required by the individual carrier. 

4.8.2. All packages must securely display the following: 

• Sampling contact information, mailing address, and phone number 

• Laboratory name(s), mailing address, and phone number 

• Quantity and description of contents 

• Date of shipment 

• Appropriate U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) radioactive/radiation 

labels and/or Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) labeling 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

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5.0 Personnel/Equipment Decontamination

NOTE: The instructions provided in this section are intended to provide general information and 

guidelines. Requirements set forth by site Radiation Protection Personnel also must be 

consulted and followed for site-specific requirements and procedures. 

5.1. Surface Contamination

Surface contamination can usually be detected by Radiation Protection Personnel, using direct 

monitoring equipment and methods. In areas of high background radiation levels, however, 

surface swipes should be taken and provided to Radiation Protection Personnel for assessment of 

contamination prior to exiting the site. Alternatively, suspected contaminated equipment should 

be controlled in an area of lower background levels for direct reading.

5.2. Personnel and Equipment Decontamination 

5.2.1. All personnel, equipment, materials, tools, or other objects exiting a controlled area will 

be surveyed by Radiation Protection Personnel to determine the presence of 

contamination, and if necessary, will be decontaminated prior to leaving the controlled 

area. 

5.2.2. Any material or personnel that exceeds the site’s release limits, as detailed by Radiation 

Protection (e.g., 2x background levels), are to be controlled to prevent the spread of 

contamination. 

5.2.3. Any personnel decontamination is to be handled by Radiation Protection Personnel. 

5.2.4. Contaminated sampling materials are to be decontaminated per procedures described in 

Sections 5.3 and 5.4, and subsequently surveyed by Radiation Protection Personnel for 

controlled release. 

5.2.5. Equipment that is considered complex (e.g., has recessed areas or crevices, air flowing 

through it for cooling, or water pumps) are to be fully surveyed by Radiation Protection 

personnel to determine if and how decontamination is to be performed. 

NOTE: All wastes produced from wiping off a contaminated surface are to be considered 

contaminated until proven otherwise. 

5.3. Dry, Wet and Chemical Wiping 

5.3.1. Surfaces of used sampling equipment and sampling containers are to be cleaned with 

single wiping motions, starting with equipment handles or outer edges and moving to 

the most contaminated areas. 

5.3.2. Dry wiping with clean cloths or paper towels should be used to remove all visible solids 

contamination. 

5.3.3. Swiping with cloths or paper towels dampened with deionized water should be used to 

remove additional contamination. Additional swipes can be used as necessary. 

5.3.4. Chemically treated swipes (soap swipes, alcohol prep pads, or other approved cleanser) 

may be used to remove heavy grime. 

5.4. Decontamination of Pumps and Hoses 

5.4.1. Pre-rinse the pump and associated piping/tubing/hose by operating the pump in a deep 

basin containing approximately 30 to 40 L (8 to 10 gallons) of potable water for 

approximately 5 minutes. 
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5.4.2. Wash the pump and associated piping/tubing/hose by operating the pump in a deep 

basin containing approximately 30 to 40 L (8 to 10 gallons) of potable water containing 

a non-phosphate detergent (e.g., Alconox) for 5 minutes. 

5.4.3. Repeat the wash with a fresh solution of detergent. 

5.4.4. Rinse the pump and associated piping/tubing/hose by operating the pump in a deep 

basin containing approximately 30 to 40 L (8 to 10 gallons) of potable water for 5 

minutes. 

5.4.5. If practical, take a sample of the rinse water (1L, or 0.25 gallons) and have the sample 

evaluated by the Radiation Protection Team for gross alpha and beta radiation. If gross 

alpha and beta screening is impractical, disassemble the major pump components and 

allow to dry. Take a swipe of the internal openings of the pump suction and discharge 

and the associated piping/tubing/hose and have the swipes counted for alpha and beta 

contamination. 

5.5. Washing and Rinsing 

5.5.1. Place a small amount of water in a container with sufficient room for washing the 

equipment. 

5.5.2. Using a cloth, wash the piece of equipment. 

5.5.3. Rinse the equipment with a minimal amount of water, collecting the rinsate into a wash 

container. 

5.5.4. Wipe off the equipment with a clean paper towel or cloth. 

NOTE: Deionized or distilled water should be used for all final rinsing. 

5.5.5. Give the equipment a final rinse with a minimum of rinse water, collecting the rinse 

water in a separate clean sample container. The final rinsate is to be submitted as a 

sample. 

5.5.6. Dry off the equipment with a clean paper towel. 

5.5.7. Take a swipe of the equipment and submit the swipe to Radiation Protection Personnel 

for analysis to ensure the equipment is properly decontaminated. If radiation is detected 

and is not removed by additional rinsing (e.g., additional rinsing with rinse water or 

with 1% nitric or hydrochloric acid), bag and seal the equipment for delivery to a 

decontamination station or laboratory. 

6.0 Waste Control 

6.1. General 

6.1.1. All waste containers are to be clearly labeled or identifiable as waste. Waste containers 

may be bottles, drums, plastic bags, or garbage cans dependent on the type of waste. 

6.1.2. Clean trash is to be clearly segregated from potentially contaminated or contaminated 

waste. 

6.1.3. Waste material should not penetrate or be capable of chemically reacting with the 

containment used. To prevent leakage or loss of sample, use waste containers that are 

durable, can be sealed, and are composed of materials that will not be affected or 

compromised by the sample. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 23

6.1.4. After each addition, the waste container should be closed. After final insertion of 

material, the container should be sealed. 

6.2. Solids 

6.2.1. Dry Wastes 

a. Place dry material in a labeled plastic bag or container that is appropriate for 

containing the waste material. 

b. Material should not cut through or penetrate the containment. If necessary, 

sharp edges should be taped or otherwise wrapped. 

c. After each addition, the container should be closed. After final insertion of 

material, the container should be sealed. 

6.2.2. Wet or Damp Wastes 

a. Place wet or damp material in a labeled plastic bag or container that is 

appropriate for containing the waste material. 

b. Material that emits fumes or odors should be evaluated by the authorized safety 

individual regarding the need to control vapors, as some vapors may cause 

explosions of the container. 

6.3. Liquids 

6.3.1. Liquids should be segregated based on material (e.g., water should be contained with 

water, oils with oils, etc.). Wastes should be evaluated by the authorized safety 

individual for compatibility to ensure that hazards are not produced from mixing. 

6.3.2. Liquid wastes that emit fumes or odors should be examined for possible vapor control 

problems as some vapors may cause explosions of the container. 

6.4. Segregation 

6.4.1. As waste material is produced and collected, segregation must be used to prevent and 

control additional contamination and radiation exposure levels. 

6.4.2. Radiation and radioactivity levels in the materials used for decontamination will 

normally be insignificant. 

6.4.3. Storing samples in a single location may result in radiation levels that could potentially 

affect background radiation levels, or result in personnel exposure. Care should be 

taken to monitor radiation levels according to applicable regulatory or radiation 

protection requirements. If necessary, move or shield the samples. If radiation levels 

from unshielded samples exceed applicable limits, the samples should be placed in 

shielded containers. If radiation levels in an area where samples are being stored 

exceed manageable levels, refer to the appropriate radiation protection guidelines. 

a. The potential for decontamination materials to spread contamination is often 

higher than the potential of contamination from the actual samples taken. 

Materials used for decontamination should be handled in a manner such that its 

accumulation and movement will not result in the potential for release. 

b. Waste containers can release loose material, vapors, or liquids if the containers 

are breached. 

6.5. Disposal 
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6.5.1. Prior to creation of any waste, the procedures or mechanism for control or disposal of 

the waste must be determined. 

a. The Field Team Leader is to instruct the sampling team regarding the actions to 

take to control or remove the waste generated. 

b. Waste compiled for disposal is to be documented. Appendix B4 (Example 

Waste Control Form) presents a typical format for documenting wastes for 

disposal. 

6.5.2. A sample of each waste stream may be required to be packaged and shipped to a 

laboratory for characterization. 

6.5.3. Wastes may be required to be left on site for disposal during the remediation process. 

7.0 Sample Packaging and Transport 

WARNING: Samples should be considered contaminated, and the appropriate PPE worn, during the 

sample packaging and loading process. All samples being shipped for radiochemical analysis 

are to be properly packaged and labeled before transport off site or within the site. U.S. DOT 

shipping regulations must be consulted and are summarized in Sections 7.1 through 7.5 below. 

The primary concerns are incidents that can occur during sample transport (e.g., bumping, 

jarring, stacking, wetting, and falling) and can result in the breakage of the sample containers 

or increase the possibility of spills and leaks. In addition to resulting in loss of samples and 

cross contamination, the possible release of hazardous material poses a threat to the safety of 

persons handling and transporting the package and to laboratory personnel opening the 

package. 

NOTE: Ice chests, constructed of metal or hard plastic, make excellent packaging for low-level 

radioactive environmental samples. Drums (30- or 55-gallon) meeting the requirements of 

Type A packaging (identified by markings on the drum) are required for samples meeting U.S. 

DOT placard requirements for Radioactive White I, Radioactive Yellow II, or Radioactive 

Yellow III. 

7.1. Regulations and Requirements

7.1.1. Various agencies have controls over the transport and shipment of radioactive material, 

including the DOT and the NRC. 

7.1.2. All requirements for transport and shipment included in this document reflect the 

requirements of these agencies. 

7.1.3. Definitions of terms pertinent to transportation of materials are stated in 49 CFR Parts 

171 through 173. 

a. Class – Class refers to the hazard classification of the material for transport 

purposes. Radioactive material is defined as Class 7. 

b. Labels – Indication and signs on a packaging or on material contained in a 

packaging that designate a hazard or hazardous condition or handling 

requirements inherent to the packaging or package. 

c. Markings – Indication signs pertaining to design or specifications of a package, 

irrespective of its use. 

d. Overpack – An enclosure that is used by a single consignor (the site) to provide 

protection or convenience in handling of a package or to consolidate two or 

more packages for shipping purposes. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 25

e. Package – The packaging with its radioactive contents as presented for 

transport. For example, a sample cooler used to transport a single sample or 

multiple samples. 

f. Packaging – The assembly of components necessary to enclose completely the 

radioactive contents. It may, in particular, consist of one or more sample 

containers, absorbent materials, spacing structures, radiation shielding, service 

equipment for filling, emptying, and venting and pressure relief devices integral 

to the package. The packaging may be a box, drum, or similar receptacle or 

may also be a freight container consistent with the required performance 

standards for transport. 

g. Transport index (TI) -The dimensionless number (rounded to the next tenth) 

placed on the label of the radiation level measured in mSv/hour times 100 or 

the level in mrem/hour at 1 m (3.3 feet). 

7.1.4. The NRC provides regulations governing packaging, preparation, and shipment of 

licensed and special nuclear materials at 10 CFR Part 71. 

a. Samples containing low levels of radioactivity are exempted as set forth in 10 

CFR Part 71.10. 

b. Low Specific Activity (LSA) material is defined and discussed in 10 CFR Parts 

71.4 and 71.88. 

c. Samples classified as LSA need to meet the requirements of the NRC and the 

requirements of the DOT. 

7.1.5. DOT provides regulations governing the transport of hazardous materials at 49 CFR 

Parts 170 through 189. 

a. Requirements of Marking and Labeling Packages and Placarding Transport 

Vehicles for Shipment requirements are detailed in 49 CFR Part 172. 

b. Accident Reporting is discussed in 49 CFR Part 171. 

c. Packaging definitions and requirements are in 49 CFR Part 173. 

d. Requirements for training shippers; what is to be included in the shipping 

papers; and what emergency information is necessary for the shipment are 

detailed in 49 CFR Part 172. 

7.2. Transport Materials 

7.2.1. Alert and Hazard Labels 

a. Color-coded alert labels can be used to assist in processing a sample by 

identifying a sample emitting elevated radiation levels and/or designating 

sample analysis priority in order to facilitate compliance with samplesegregation requirements specified in the Manual for the Certification of 

Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water (EPA 815-R-05-004). 

• Red denotes radiation levels are equal to or greater than 0.005 mSv/hour (0.5 

mrem/hour) and the highest analysis priority. 

• Yellow denotes radiation five times above background but below 0.005 

mSv/hour (0.5 mrem/hour) secondary analysis priority. 

• Blue denotes the lowest analysis priority. 
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• Labels are typically circular with a diameter of 2.5 cm (1 inch). 

b. Hazard labels are required by DOT for shipment and transport purposes. They 

are specified as to appearance, wording, dimensions, and coloring to be 

recognizable to handlers during their transport from the site to the analytical 

laboratory. These labels include: 

• Radioactive Material 

• Surface Contaminated Object (SCO) – SCO-I and SCO-II 

• LSA (Low Specific Activity) – LSA-I, LSA-II, and LSA III 

• Radioactive White I, Radioactive Yellow II, and Radioactive Yellow III 

• Special Nuclear Material (SNM) 

• Corrosive 

• Red or black arrows (“This Way Up”) indicating either direction the package 

is to be maintained to prevent damage or spillage. 

c. All shipments of radioactive material, with the exception of those containing 

excepted quantities (typical in the Final Status Phase of sampling), are to bear 

two identifying hazard labels affixed to opposite sides of the outer package. 

d. A single hazard or alert label, or a combination of these labels, may be required 

to be placed on a sample container or package based on the hazards identified 

or considered to be contained in the sample container or package. 

e. DOT regulations at 49 CFR Parts 171 - 173 should be consulted for specific 

packaging and labeling requirements. Several vendors and government 

agencies, including DOT, offer specific training on these regulations. 

7.2.2. Strong tight containers (packaging) should be used to transport samples. 

a. Packages are to meet DOT design requirements; Type IP-I, II, or III, Type A, or 

Type B. 

b. Packages should survive incidents that can occur during transport, without a 

release of the contents. 

c. Packages should be easy to handle and properly secured. 

d. Each lifting attachment, if contained on the packaging, should have a minimum 

safety factor of triple (3x) strength and provide non-structural damage if failure 

occurs. 

e. The external surface of the container should be smooth, free of unnecessary 

protrusions, dents, or gouges, and easy to clean. 

f. All construction materials should be compatible and able to withstand radiation. 

g. Any valve on the container should be protected against leakage or inadvertent 

opening. 

7.2.3. Absorbent Material 

a. The transport container must contain triple (3x) the amount of absorbent 

material required to absorb the entire amount of liquid being shipped. 
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December 2006 I – 27

b. Absorbent material should not degrade when exposed to the liquid being 

absorbed or from conditions incident to transport. 

7.2.4. Cushioning Material 

a. The material must be able to absorb impact placed on samples during transport. 

b. It must be sufficient to prevent damage from occurring to samples. 

c. Absorbent material may also be used as a cushioning material. 

7.2.5. Shielding 

a. Shielding materials range from plywood to tin or lead sheets. Shielding also 

may be accomplished by placing low-level samples around high-level samples. 

However, combined shipment of samples containing disparate levels of 

contamination should be avoided, or extra precautions should be taken to 

prevent cross-contamination. 

b. Amount of shielding used is dependent on radiation levels, packaging strength, 

and weight limits of the package. 

7.3. Preparing Samples for Transport 

7.3.1. Field and Sample Data Compilation 

a. Original Field Sample Logbooks and Field Sample Tracking Forms are to be 

maintained in a secure location. 

b. Copies of the appropriate pages of the Field Sample Logbooks and Field 

Sample Tracking Forms are to be sent to the laboratory with the samples. 

Appropriate pages include information regarding sample volume or weight, 

screening results, and potential hazards. 

c. Ensure Sample Identification Code labels are on each sample container. 

7.3.2. Wipe individual sample containers with a damp cloth or paper towel to remove any 

exterior contamination. 

a. If the original sample container has been placed in a bag, it is recommended 

that the bagged sample container be placed in a second, clean bag. The practice 

of double bagging is more efficient than wiping containers with absorbent 

material, and is a more effective method for preventing the spread of 

contamination and the generation of additional waste. 

b. If the sample container was not wiped off and checked for contamination, it is 

to be noted in the Field Sampling Logbook and on the COC. 

7.3.3. Ensure contamination and radiation levels of the outer container are measured. 

NOTE: Sample radiation and contamination readings are performed by Radiation Protection 

Personnel. The following information is provided as guidance for steps to be performed prior 

to sample transport. 

a. Perform a surface gamma exposure rate measurement and a surface alpha and 

beta contamination survey of sample containers. Record the results on the 

Field Sample Tracking Form. 

• If surface contamination exceeds allowed limits, decontaminate the container 

and repeat the survey. 
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• If surface gamma exposure is greater than background levels, record the 

reading on the sample container and the Field Tracking Form. 

• Place Alert labels on containers that exceed 5x background radiation levels. 

NOTE: When determining loading of packaging (i.e., arrangement, weight, and stabilization), allow 

for the addition of packing materials. 

b. Based on gamma levels and types of samples, pre-stage samples for loading 

into the sample transport packaging. Samples with higher radiation levels are 

to be in the center of the packaging. 

c. The final package cannot exceed: 

• 2 mSv/hour (200 mrem/hour) at any point on the outside of the package 

• A TI of 10 

• 0.4 Bq/cm2

 (22 dpm/cm2) beta – gamma loose surface activity 

• 0.04 Bq/cm2

 (2.2 dpm/cm2) alpha loose surface activity 

d. Once the samples have been screened and selected for transport, create a list of 

the samples and SICs that will be placed in the packaging container and record 

the order of their arrangement in the packaging. 

7.4. Packing the Transport Packaging 

7.4.1. Avoid cross contamination of samples and sample containers during packing. 

7.4.2. Ensure the sample containers are controlled and sealed to prevent spillage during 

shipment. 

a. Double bagging of sample containers is required prior to packing the samples. 

Heavy plastic bags, with or without zip-lock seals, can be used. 

b. Heavy plastic lawn bags can be used to contain vegetation samples. 

c. Bags should be large enough to allow the upper ends to be twisted to seal the 

top closed. Tape is applied to the area of the twist, and the top is folded over 

and sealed with tape. One continuous piece of tape can be used, tabbing the 

end to allow for removal. 

d. Caps on containers holding liquid samples should be secured with tape, placed 

into plastic bags containing sufficient liquid absorbing material (i.e., must be 

able to absorb 3x the volume of the sample), and the bags sealed. 

7.4.3. Pack the samples in the sample transport packaging. 

NOTE: DOT has design specifications for each type of packaging; however, the construction of the 

packaging, as certified by the manufacturer, limits the total weight of the package and the 

capability to retain shielding. The shipping transporter will also have limitations as to the 

maximum weight of any one package that they will transport. These considerations will be 

pre-determined prior to sample shipment, but the sampling team needs to be aware of any 

restrictions that apply.

a. Use the packing list and pre-determined packing order (see Step 7.3.3.d) as 

guidance in loading the packaging, noting that changes may be required based 

upon actual radiation levels and weight considerations. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

December 2006 I – 29

b. If necessary, add shielding to the outer sides of the inside of the packaging. 

c. Place shock absorbing material (bubble wrap, packing peanuts, vermiculite) or 

liquid absorbing material (e.g., vermiculite) around the samples, as appropriate, 

including the bottom of the transport packaging and the area above the samples. 

Samples should be in contact with the shock or absorbent materials, and should 

not be in contact with each other. 

d. Ensure that heavier materials are placed on or near the bottom of the packaging. 

e. DO NOT jam or overload packaging. 

f. DO NOT pack the packaging to an overweight condition. 

7.4.4. Assign the package an identification number. Record the package number, samples 

contained within, and conditions of the contents in the Field Sample Logbook. Record 

the sample package number on the package. 

7.4.5. Obtain results of a surface contamination and radiation survey of the exterior of the 

filled transport package from the site Radiation Protection Personnel. 

a. If surface contamination exceeds allowed limits, decontaminate the package 

and repeat the survey. Record the results of the survey in the Field Sample 

Logbook. 

b. Record the highest and lowest gamma readings on contact, the highest reading 

at 1 m (3.3 feet), and the location where the reading was noted on the Field 

Sample Tracking Form. 

7.4.6. Complete the COC form with all necessary information, per Section 4.6, and place a 

copy of the COC in a zip-lock bag taped to the top of the inside lid of the packaging. 

7.4.7. Close and seal the transport package. 

a. Apply a security seal in such a manner that it will be torn (broken) if the 

package if opened. The tape should include the signature of the sender, and the 

date and time the seal was applied, so that it cannot be removed and replaced. 

b. Place a completed custody seal on the package. 

c. The container is to be secured with a locking mechanism or a method of 

securing closure. 

• If a White I, Yellow II, or Yellow III label is required, the package is to have 

a locking mechanism and a security seal. 

• Industrial Type I packaging, such as a cooler, may be secured with clear 

packing tape or duct tape. 

d. Write the following information on the outside of the package. 

• Weight of the package 

• Sender’s name and address 

e. Attach “This Way Up” labels and any other required labels, 180° apart from 

each other (opposite sides) on the package. 

7.5. Transfer of Custody to an Authorized Carrier 

7.5.1. Samples, by federal law, may be transported only by authorized carriers. 
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a. Authorized carriers must be identified prior to sample shipment. Authorized 

carriers of hazardous materials must be certified by DOT and, as of September 

2005, these carriers must also be certified by the U.S. Department of Homeland 

Security (DHS) according to DOT’s Hazardous Materials Regulation Unit. 

b. Transport by an individual or sample collector is not authorized by federal 

regulations. 

c. The U.S. Postal Service will not ship radiological samples. 

d. Government-specified carriers may be used. FedEx and United Parcel Service 

are typical authorized carriers. There are other carriers that specifically 

transport high level radioactive materials. 

e. Shipment of high-level radioactivity samples should be coordinated in advance 

to avoid delays that could impact response. 

7.5.2. Transfer custody of the samples to the carrier, obtaining a signature from the authorized 

agent on the COC form. 

a. It is the responsibility of the carrier and the shipper to ensure packages are 

properly loaded for transport prior to departure from the site. 

b. Packages loaded into a vehicle are to be secured from movement during 

transport. 

c. Packages of varying contamination levels are segregated. Packages containing 

samples that are above background (∃ 5x background) are stored in a shielded 

area of transport vehicles as far away from transport personnel and meters (e.g., 

dosimeters) as possible. 

d. A loading plan may be required to be determined prior to loading samples into 

transport vehicles. 

e. The vehicle is surveyed prior to transport to ensure that the limits for radiation 

levels outside the vehicle are met. 

• Not to exceed 2 mSv/hour (200 mrem/hour) on the external surface of the 

vehicle 

• Not to exceed 0.1 mSv/hour (10 mrem/hour) at any point 2 m (6.6 feet) from 

the outer lateral surfaces of the transport vehicle 

• Not to exceed 0.02 mSv/hour (2 mrem/hour) in any normally occupied space 

on the transport vehicle 

f. The vehicle should remain locked at all times during transport. 

7.5.3. The original COC form (after custody transfer signature), copies of corresponding Field 

Sample Logbook entries and Field Sample Tracking Form(s), and a copy of the 

shipment paperwork should be sealed in a plastic bag and sent overnight to the 

analytical laboratory. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module I

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Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 1

MODULE II - SAMPLING PROCEDURES – SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND 

REMEDIATION PHASES 

1.0 Collection of Samples 

1.1. Overview 

1.1.1. This module outlines procedures, equipment, and other considerations specific to the 

collection of representative environmental samples for the measurement of radiological 

contaminants during the Characterization and Remediation Phases of a contamination 

incident. 

1.1.2. The intent of any sampling event is to maintain sample integrity by preserving physical 

form and chemical composition to as great an extent as possible. Samplers should rely 

on training, experience, and supervisory guidance to ensure the sampling event provides 

the best samples possible to determine the extent and nature of the hazards encountered. 

1.1.3. Materials exposed to a release of radioactive contamination can contain three types of 

contamination: (1) loose surface contamination from the deposition (fallout) of airborne 

material, (2) fixed surface contamination from deposited material that has been 

absorbed or physically impregnated into a surface, (3) contamination that is being 

transported by a liquid or solvent, and (4) activated material. The latter is a result of the 

release of neutron radiation, which transforms the material from non-radioactive 

radionuclides into radioactive radionuclides. Generally, activated materials generally 

will be found only at ground zero of a nuclear detonation. 

1.1.4. The following issues should be considered by the sample collection team and the Field 

Team Leader during implementation of the procedures described in this document and 

the requirements of the Sample Collection Plan (SCP). 

NOTE: Surveys of the ground surface are performed by the Radiation Protection Personnel. The 

sampling team is required to review survey results for contamination and radiation prior to 

taking a sample.

a. In general, large volumes or numerous samples are more representative than 

small volumes. In addition, large sample volumes provide sufficient sample to 

ensure that required detection limits can be achieved across a broad array of 

radionuclides, and that sample reanalysis can be performed if there is a 

problem. The amount of sample collected may be larger, but should never be 

less than the required volume or mass. 

b. During the Remediation Phase, the sample volume may increase, decrease, or 

both. The variations will be dependent on the results found during 

Characterization Phase sampling, specifically the radionuclides and 

activities/concentrations found. 

c. Large samples may cause problems with shipping, storage, and disposal, as 

larger volumes can contain higher radiation levels and require shielding or more 

numerous smaller sample shipments. 

1.1.5. During the Characterization Phase of sample collection, measurement quality objectives 

(MQOs) corresponding to the specific event are based on unknown contaminants or onsite assessment and screening. The MQOs set during the Remediation Phase will be 

based on the knowledge obtained from samples taken during the Characterization 

Phase. 
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1.1.6. The following volumes have been determined to be necessary to meet MQOs in the 

Characterization and Remediation Phases of sampling and are to be the volumes/masses 

taken unless otherwise specified by the SCP. 

NOTE: The sample volumes and masses in this document are provided as guidance with 

respect to typical laboratory requirements for current analytical methods. Sample 

volumes/masses will be site- or event-specific, and sample collectors should consult 

the SCP regarding requirements for the number and volume/mass of samples to collect. These 

sample volumes/masses should be considered to be minimum sample sizes; additional sample 

volume/mass may be necessary to satisfy laboratory quality control (QC) sample requirements.

a. The required volume for soil and sediment samples is 1 L (0.26 gallons) or 

approximately 1.6 kg (3.5 pounds). Because 1 L of dry, debris-free sample is 

required for analysis, it is recommended that at least 1.5 L (0.4 gallons) of 

sample be collected. 

• Collect samples that are free of debris, vegetation, rocks, stones, etc., to the 

greatest extent practical. 

• Collect samples that do not contain a significant amount of liquid. 

• Consult with the SCP regarding area and depth dimensions needed for 

collection of an appropriate sample amount. 

b. The volume for water is 4 L (1.1 gallons). 

• Samples are to be relatively free of sediment or debris. 

• Samples are to be free of oil and sludge. 

c. Air sample volumes are highly dependent on the sample collection device and 

site-specific MQOs. Sample collectors should consult the SCP for 

requirements regarding the air sample collection device to use, collection flow 

rate, duration, and sample amounts needed. 

d. The area required to be covered by swipe samples is dependent on the surface 

sampled and is to be reported in cm2

. 

• Smaller surfaces should be at least 100 cm2

 (16 inches2) per swipe 

• Larger surfaces should be 300 cm2

 (48 inches2) per swipe 

• Large surfaces (greater than 300 cm2

) should be swiped in various, random 

locations using multiple swipes to cover approximately 1% of the surface 

area. 

e. The required amount for samples of vegetation is 1 kg (2.2 pounds) or 

approximately 6.5 L (1.7 gallons) of solid packed, low density (0.6 m/v) 

vegetation (leafy material such as grass). 

f. All other material volumes are dependent on the material sampled and ability to 

obtain the sample, and are to be reported in kilograms or liters. 

1.2. Precautions and Limitations 

1.2.1. General Precautions and Limitations 

a. ALL Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is to be donned, worn, and properly 

disposed of during the sampling event. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 3

• Improper use of the PPE can result in contamination of or injury to the 

individual. 

• Improper use of the PPE may result in the spread of contamination beyond 

the incident sampling site. 

b. To collect a representative sample, collect from a relatively open area. If 

possible, and unless otherwise instructed in the SCP, samples should not be 

taken from areas located under trees or in areas containing numerous rocks, or 

large growths of vegetation. These features can prevent surface deposition, and 

can act as absorbers of deposited material. 

c. Avoid contacting equipment and materials with any contaminated or potentially 

contaminated surface. Use a plastic bag to cover the surface and place 

materials onto the plastic bag or sheeting. This reduces carryover, 

contamination, and exposure. 

d. Note road locations and landmarks in the Field Sample Logbook. Any 

information that can be used to clearly ascertain the position of a sample 

location is important. Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates are used to 

specify an exact sampling point. 

e. Always refer to the instructions provided in the SCP or by the Field Team 

Leader prior to taking any samples. 

1.2.2. Collection of Soil Samples 

a. Soil samples require minimal field preparation and are not preserved. 

Homogenization is of greater importance, except in cases when samples of true 

surface contamination are requested. 

b. Simple field techniques, such as coning and quartering, are used to homogenize 

soil or sediment samples. If required, homogenized samples are divided for the 

creation of replicate samples. 

c. During Site Characterization, if a sample contains significant amounts of 

residual water (e.g., forms clumps of soil or has standing water), 

homogenization and separation into sample aliquots must be performed in a 

laboratory. This will minimize the contamination of personnel and equipment. 

The sample should be examined to determine the potential volume of liquid and 

to ensure sufficient soil or sediment sample is collected for all required 

analyses. 

d. During Site Characterization, the SCP must be reviewed for specific 

instructions for retaining or shipping excess materials such as rocks, stones, and 

vegetation. If required, these materials are separated and placed into separate 

bags containing the same Sample Identification Code (SIC) of the sample. This 

is especially true for surface soil samples. Refer to the SCP for the proper 

disposition of these materials (i.e., sent to the laboratory, retained on site in 

storage, or disposed). 

e. During Site Remediation, rocks, stones, and vegetation are typically segregated 

and left at the sampling site. 

1.2.3. Collection of Sediment Samples 

a. When sampling sediment, a wide variety of materials may be encountered. 

The matrix may include fine-grained material, a mixture of coarse and fine-
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 4 December 2006

grained material, and dead vegetative material (leaves, sticks, etc.) or peat 

moss. 

b. Bulk sediment samples can be collected by grab sample, dredge, or core 

sampler. The equipment used to collect discrete samples will depend upon 

the type of material encountered. Therefore, various sampling tools should 

be available to ensure the collection of representative samples. Refer to 

Module I, Section 2.0 (Equipment and Materials) and Appendix A1 

(Sampling Equipment). 

c. One of the problems encountered when sampling sediments is the amount of 

water in the sample. A high level of water content will increase the 

analytical detection limits of the sample, as the concentration calculation is 

determined on a dry weight basis. 

1.2.4. Collection of Water Samples 

a. Water samples must be representative of the body of water from which the 

samples are collected. If the sampling event is conducted in heavy rain, rain 

water and sediments might be present in the sample, causing bias. 

b. If possible, samples should be collected from a point of lesser turbidity and 

limited vegetation. 

c. During Site Characterization, sample volumes should be consistent over the 

sampling events. 

d. During the Characterization Phase, all material collected during the sampling 

event should be included in the sample. Unless sample filtration is required and 

performed in the field (see Appendix C), any sediment present in the sample is 

required to be shipped with the sample and not separated. If the sample 

contains significant amounts of residue or sediment, the sample is allowed to sit 

until the majority of the sediment has settled, and the volume of water is 

evaluated to ensure that sample volume requirements are met. 

e. During the Remediation Phase of sample collection, specific volumes or 

weights may be requested. The SCP should specify whether a water sample is 

to be taken based on the sample volume or weight. 

f. During Site Remediation, samples containing significant amounts of residue or 

sediment should be allowed to settle and the liquid decanted. The body of 

water is resampled to ensure the proper volume is obtained, and the sediment is 

discarded at the site. 

g. Replicate samples are collected by pouring aliquots of a bulk sample into 

separate containers. Each container should include the required sample 

volume. 

h. Further water sample preparation and handling requirements, including 

preservation, are to be performed as required by the SCP, and should be 

performed in a controlled area outside of the sampling zone. Procedures for 

filtration and preservation of samples in the field are provided in Appendix C as 

guidance in cases when an SCP requires that these procedures are to be 

performed in the field. In these cases, samples to be analyzed for dissolved 

constituents must be filtered prior to preservation. 

1.2.5. Collection of Air Particulate, Vapors, and Gas Samples 
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December 2006 II – 5

a. Weather conditions such as heavy snow, rain, dust and wind, can have a major 

impact on whether an air sample is representative of the actual environmental 

contamination levels. Air filters can become completely clogged with snow, 

dust, ice, or particulates. If fires are in the area, particulate loading of filters 

can become as significant problem. 

• After reviewing the direction of the wind to determine the spread of the 

plume, air samples should be taken at a location that is downwind of 

locations at which high depositions are expected. The direction of the 

prevalent wind also must be used to determine where long term air samplers 

should be located. 

• If the weather is inclement, a covering or housing should be placed either 

underneath or inside of a covering or housing to minimize debris, rain, or 

snow from being impinged on the sample filter or cartridge. 

• If air samples are taken in the vicinity of an automotive vehicle, the sampler 

should be positioned upwind of the vehicle’s exhaust. 

b. Power supplies are required to take particulate and vapor air samples. 

• When using a generator, place the generator downwind and far enough away 

to reduce exhaust capture. 

• When using power from a vehicle, such as a power inverter plugged into the 

cigarette lighter outlet, place the sampler on the hood of the vehicle to reduce 

exhaust capture. 

• Make sure to have fire suppression equipment readily available. 

c. Gas samples are often taken using vacuum flasks, collection vessels, or 

bubblers. Care must be taken to ensure the valves on the vacuum flasks and 

sample collection vessels are prevented from being inadvertently opened prior 

to and after sampling. 

d. Sampler units (filter and cartridge units) can be assembled outside the plume 

zone, but should be sealed in plastic bags until the sampler is positioned and 

placed in a plastic bag upon retrieval. 

e. Air filter, gas, and cartridge samples are to be taken with care to minimize the 

collection of liquid, water, or water vapor. Air cartridges, particularly those 

using triethylenediamine (TEDA) impregnated charcoal, have a life expectancy 

of approximately 1 week at low volumes in high humidity. 

f. When retrieving a filter, it is imperative to collect notes on the condition of the 

filter, the flow rate of the sampler, and the general environmental conditions. 

g. During Site Remediation, air samples are taken as determined by the SCP and, 

at a minimum, weekly around the site perimeter, daily at job locations, and per 

task on workers assigned in the field. The actual locations of perimeter 

samplers and the number of worker lapel samplers should be dictated in the 

SCP. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 6 December 2006

1.2.6. Collection of Surface Swipes 

a. Swipes are to be collected with care to minimize damage to the swipe material 

or introduction of airborne contamination during the sampling event. 

b. Collection of a swipe sample involves a physical motion that, in areas of highlevel surface activity, can cause the material to become airborne. The extent of 

the airborne problem will be local, but may influence the activity found in other 

areas as the material falls out from the air. Also, an increase in airborne activity 

may add a respiratory concern to the sampler. 

c. Wet swipes are used for collection of samples from non-porous surfaces or 

when the surface contains large amounts of particles that are considered to be 

part of the sample. 

d. Dry swipes are used when the sample surface is porous and moisture could 

“push” the contamination deeper into the material. 

2.0 Equipment and Materials 

The equipment and materials used for sample collection are dependent on the sampling activity. 

Refer to Module I, Section 2.0 and Appendices A1 through A6. 

NOTE: All PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and sampling equipment is to be pre-staged and 

available prior to entering a sampling area. The sampling team is to set up a STOP (Step Off 

Pad) at the entrance to the survey point, and to don appropriate PPE prior to entering the area. 

Personnel outside of the area may hand material over to, and retrieve material from, personnel 

in the area using appropriate contamination control techniques. All steps that will reduce the 

time in the area, such as pre-writing of labels or sample containers, are to be used to minimize 

exposure. 

3.0 Collection of Soil Samples 

NOTE: Removal of large stones, rocks, twigs, vegetation and other debris may result in a less than 

required volume of soil. It is recommended that at least 1.5 L (0.4 gallons) is collected to 

support analytical method requirements for a 1 L dry sample that is free of debris. 

3.1. Ground Deposition 

3.1.1. Record the location, time, date and other pertinent observation information on the Field 

Sample Tracking Form. 

3.1.2. Sample the soil as instructed using either Method A (Maintaining a True Surface 

Sample) or Method B (Shallow Surface Sample). 

NOTE: Care should be taken to minimize contact of gloves with portions of the sample. 

NOTE: Do not disturb the sample collection area around a sample point. Stake out and put up 

boundary lines around the sample point as necessary to ensure that the area is not disturbed. 

3.1.3. Method A – Maintaining a True Surface Sample 

a. Using a trowel, mark the edges around the sample collection area specified in 

the SCP. 

b. Dig a cut line around the edges of the sampling point as wide as the trowel and 

to the depth specified in the SCP. 
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December 2006 II – 7

c. Wipe the trowel with a clean paper towel, removing all visible signs of dirt. 

d. Slide the trowel or a flat spatula under the sample point to cut away at the 15 

deep point. This will likely require a series of cuts. 

e. Using the trowel or spatula, pick up the sample. 

f. Slowly place the material into a large zip lock bag. If elevated levels of 

radioactivity are suspected, use of a plastic container is recommended to 

prevent cross-contamination that could occur if a bag becomes damaged. 

g. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). DO NOT homogenize the 

sample. 

3.1.4. Method B – Collecting a shallow surface sample 

a. Using a trowel, mark the edges of the sample collection area specified in the 

SCP. 

b. Cut down to the depth specified in the SCP, picking up the sample, and slowly 

place the material into a clean stainless steel bowl large enough to hold more 

than the required sample volume. 

c. Prior to homogenization, remove twigs, roots, leaves, rocks and 

miscellaneous debris (glass, bricks, etc.) from the sample using a clean 

stainless steel spoon or spatula and return the removed material to the sample 

location. Consult the SCP for specific instructions for retaining or shipping 

excess materials such as rocks, stones, and vegetation. If required, these 

materials are separated and placed into separate bags containing the same 

Sample Identification Code (SIC) of the sample. 

d. If the volume collected does not meet the sample volume requirements, cut 

additional material from the outer edges of the hole as needed. Record the 

amount of additional material in the Field Sample Logbook and Field Sample 

Tracking Form. 

e. Wipe the trowel with a clean paper towel to decontaminate it, removing all 

visible signs of soil. 

f. Proceed to Step 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.2. Wet Soil 

WARNING: Sample collection activities performed in wet soil or standing water are to be reviewed 

and approved by Radiation Protection Personnel and the designated Site Safety individual. 

These conditions can pose a personnel hazard. Individuals may sink into the surface resulting 

in twisted ankles or knees, or broken limbs. The sampling of severely soaked soils is to be 

evaluated for personnel safety prior to the sampling event. As necessary, and under the 

direction of the Site Safety individual, the soil may be stabilized using a platform, such as 3⁄4-

inch plywood or 1⁄2-inch plank boards. Additional concern is required for the penetration or 

wicking of radioactive materials through non-waterproof clothing. In these conditions, 

Radiation Protection Personnel shall assess the need for upgraded PPE. 

3.2.1. If rain and water saturation make the collection area impossible to dig, attempt to 

remove the surface layer of the collection area with a scoop or sample cup on a reach 

rod. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 8 December 2006

3.2.2. If snow has fallen or is present, gently remove as much snow as practical prior to 

collecting the sample. The SCP or the Field Team Leader should be consulted to 

determine if and how snow samples should be collected as a sample. 

3.2.3. Record information on the wet soil in the Field Sample Logbook and Field Sample 

Tracking Form. 

3.2.4. Proceed to Step 3.10.4 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.3. Dry and Sandy Soil or Sampling a Mixture of Fines and Gravel 

NOTE: Samples of unconsolidated or sandy soil, that is extremely dry and falling apart, should be 

sampled carefully. Material from the area surrounding the sample point should be left as 

undisturbed as possible. If needed, use a retaining form to prevent side-wall debris from 

entering the area sampled.

NOTE: Sampling of poorly sorted material consisting of large aggregate and fines may not allow a 

core sampler to be used. 

3.3.1. Using a core sampler, split spoon, thief, or grain sampling tool, make a straight 

plunge into the soil. The SCP or the Field Team Leader should be consulted 

regarding the depth the sample. 

3.3.2. Give the sampling tool a twist to create a coring action. 

3.3.3. Remove the sampling tool carefully from the soil. 

3.3.4. Empty the sample into a clean stainless steel bowl. 

a. With a thief, twist the sample handle to open the sampler and lightly shake the 

sampler. 

b. With a corer or split spoon, place the sampling tool over a clean stainless steel 

bowl and carefully disassemble the sampler. 

NOTE: Separation of coarse and fine-grained material will be inherent to the process, and may bias 

the data due to non-representation of all particle sizes present. As a result, data generated 

from samples of this matrix must be used with caution. As much as possible, samples that 

are collected should be representative of the particle size distribution present in the 

material being sampled. 

3.3.5. Transfer the sample to the sample container. A small funnel can be used to channel 

the sample into the container, provided the funnel does not restrict the passage of 

the larger pieces of sample aggregate. 

3.3.6. Proceed with Step 3.10.4. 

3.4. Subsurface Soil 

NOTE: At-depth samples are not normally collected during Site Characterization. At-depth samples 

are generally required if the ground transport mechanisms (water, soil conditions, ground 

faults) transport the contamination after the contamination incident. The duration of time from 

incident to cleanup will determine the extent of transport and the need to sample at depth. 

3.4.1. Consult the SCP to determine depth of sample collection. If the depth is not noted in 

the SCP, consult the Field Team Leader for instruction. 
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December 2006 II – 9

3.4.2. Record the depth, time, date, sample collector, and other information on the Field 

Sample Logbook and Field Sample Tracking Form. 

3.4.3. For samples less than 2 m (6.6 feet) deep, advance the hole to the desired sampling 

depth with a hand auger or a hand operated hammer. An extension rod with a split 

spoon may also be used. 

3.4.4. For samples greater than 2 m (6.6 feet) deep, advance the hole to the desired sampling 

depth with a back hoe bucket, power auger or other drilling rig. 

3.4.5. Cover a designated spot next to the sample location but sufficiently clear to allow 

work (within 1 m or 3.3 feet) with a plastic sheet large enough to retain the soil 

excavated. 

NOTE: A 2 x 2 m (6.6 x 6.6 feet) sheet of plastic is typically sufficient for a shallow dig. For a deep 

dig, the size will be dependent on the depth of the hole and the tool used to excavate the 

sample point. 

NOTE: Plastic sheeting may be placed after the majority of the digging is completed, prior to 

excavation of the sample volume. 

3.4.6. Using the sampling tool, deposit the excavated soil onto the designated spot. 

3.4.7. Upon reaching the prescribed depth (see Section 3.4.1), collect the sample and move the 

auger or split spoon to a clean designated area of the plastic sheeting. DO NOT mix 

sample with excavated soil. 

3.4.8. Obtain the sample directly from the auger or split spoon, or place the contents onto the 

designated plastic sheeting and collect the sample from the plastic. 

3.4.9. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.5. Soil with Vegetation 

3.5.1. When necessary to collect a sample from an area that is covered with grass, weeds or 

other organic material, clip the organic material closely to the sample area surface and 

treat the clippings as a vegetation sample following procedures described in Section 6.0 

(Collection of Vegetation Samples). 

3.5.2. If the vegetation has stalks greater than 0.6 cm (0.25 inch) in diameter, note the 

presence of the stalk and take the sample by digging around the stalk. If the stalks are 

numerous, dig up the stalks and remove the soil from around the roots. DO NOT shake 

soil free. Hold the stalks over a clean stainless steel bowl, and lightly tap or scrape the 

roots with the trowel or scoop. 

3.5.3. Bag any vegetation taken separately from the soil. Label the bags with the SIC for the 

soil samples. 

3.5.4. Record the sample location; the type(s) of vegetation encountered and removed; the 

area (dimensions) of vegetation sampled; time and date of sample collection; name of 

the sample collector; and other information in the Field Sample Logbook and on the 

Field Sample Tracking Form. 

3.5.5. Collect a soil sample as described in Section 3.1. 

3.5.6. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 10 December 2006

3.6. Waste Piles (Excavated piled material) 

NOTE: Waste piles are best sampled as they are made (i.e., as the material is dumped). Radiation 

Protection Personnel can perform a walkover of the pile with a survey instrument to aid in 

determining the potential activity in the pile and allowing samples to be taken that are 

representative of pile activity. 

3.6.1. Using a trowel, spoon, or scoop, collect a full scoop from each individual dumping 

and place it into a stainless steel bowl. 

3.6.2. Cut through the sample to remove rocks, stones, foreign material, and vegetation. Save 

this material in a separate sample container for possible evaluation. 

3.6.3. After ten samples have been collected, record the location, time, date and other 

information on the Field Sample Logbook and Field Sample Tracking Form. 

3.6.4. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.7. Sediment 

3.7.1. Drag a cup, dredge, or scoop through the sediment at the bottom of the body of water to 

collect the sample. If possible, the sampler should not exceed a depth of 6 cm (2.4 

inches) when removing a sediment sample. 

3.7.2. Retrieve the sediment sampling device and lower it into a stainless steel bowl large 

enough to retain the contents. 

3.7.3. Deposit the sediment into the bowl. 

a. Allow the water to rise and sediment to settle. 

b. Decant the water carefully into a sample container using a funnel. Consult the 

SCP or Field Team Leader regarding disposal of decanted water. 

3.7.4. Using a scoop or spoon, remove the sediment and place it into the sample container. 

3.7.5. Repeat the procedure as necessary to collect the required amount of sample. 

3.7.6. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.8. Sediment – Deep Water Body Grab Samples 

NOTE: Grab samplers used to collect sediment from deep water bodies (lakes, reservoir, rivers, marine 

basin) normally increase in weight based upon the depth and type of water body and the 

volume of sample they extract. Many grab samplers are gravity activated and use their weight 

to penetrate the sediment. Mechanical winches may be required for retrieval. The size and 

weight of the sampler and the need for a winch will dictate the type of boat or barge that is 

needed. 

3.8.1. Drop a sediment grab sampler down into the body of water until the sampler hits the 

sediment. Allow or trigger the sampler to scoop a sample. 

3.8.2. Retrieve the grab sampler, using the winch, if required. 

3.8.3. Inspect the sample retrieved. 

NOTE: DO NOT discard any unused sample into the body of water during the sampling event. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 11

a. If the sample does not meet the criteria set in the SCP for filling the grab 

sampler bucket, drop the sample into a separate container, decontaminate the 

sampler if required, or replace the bucket sleeving and take another sample. 

Potential reasons for rejection include: 

• Sampler jaws not closed and major portion of sample lost 

• Sample appears to be washed out of bucket 

• Sample leveled at a slope in the bucket (higher at one side than the other) 

b. If the sample meets the criteria set in the SCP, continue to the next step. 

3.8.4. Subsample the sediment as required by the SCP. 

3.8.5. Decontaminate or re-sleeve the grab sampler as required. 

3.8.6. Place the sediment sample or subsample into a stainless steel bowl large enough to 

retain the contents. 

a. Allow the sediment to settle. 

b. Decant the water carefully into a sample container using a funnel. DO NOT 

collect more than 4 L (1.1 gallon) of water. 

c. Mix the sediment sample or subsample to create a homogenous composite 

sample. 

3.8.7. Using a scoop or spoon, remove the sediment and place it into the sample container. 

3.8.8. Upon completion of the sampling event, discard the unused sample material back into 

the body of water unless instructed otherwise by the SCP. 

3.8.9. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling). 

3.9. Sediment – Core Samples 

NOTE: Core sediment samplers normally increase in weight based upon the depth and type of water 

body and the volume of sample they extract. Many core samplers are gravity activated and use 

their weight to penetrate the sediment. Mechanical winches may be required for retrieval. The 

size and weight of the corer, the type of penetration device used (hand operated, weights, 

mechanical vibration, or gas piston driven) and the need for a winch will dictate the type of 

boat or barge that is needed, as well as the number of people required to safely perform the 

operation. 

3.9.1. Drop a sediment core sampler into the body of water until it reaches the sediment layer. 

3.9.2. Push the manual core sampler into the sediment, or start the core vibration or 

mechanical penetration device to push the core sampler into the sediment. 

3.9.3. Stop the vibration or mechanical penetration device after the prescribed time frame 

identified in the SCP. 

3.9.4. Retrieve the core sampler, using the winch, if required. 

3.9.5. Remove the corer sleeve and open the core sample. 

NOTE: DO NOT discard any unused sample into the body of water during the sampling event. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 12 December 2006

3.9.6. Inspect the sample retrieved. 

a. If the sample does not meet the criteria set in the SCP for filling of the grab 

sampler bucket, drop the sample into a separate container on board, 

decontaminate the sampler if required, or replace the bucket sleeving and take 

another sample. 

b. Potential reasons for rejection include: 

• Core not filled 

• Core catcher or water valve failed to close 

• Sample leveled at a slope in the core (higher at one side than the other) 

c. If the sample meets the criteria set in the SCP continue to the next step. 

3.9.7. Subsample the sediment as required by the SCP. 

3.9.8. Place the sediment sample or subsample into a stainless steel bowl large enough to 

retain the contents. 

a. Allow the water to rise and sediment to settle. 

b. Decant the water carefully into a sample container using a funnel. DO NOT 

collect more than 4 L (1.1 gallon) of water. 

c. Mix the sample or subsample to create a homogenous composite sample. 

3.9.9. Using a scoop or spoon, remove the sediment and place it into the sample container. 

3.9.10. Upon completion of the sampling event, discard the unused sample material back into 

the body of water unless instructed otherwise by the SCP. 

3.9.11. Proceed to Section 3.10 (Soil Sample Handling).

3.10. Soil Sample Handling 

NOTE: Homogenization of the soil includes a series of mixing and quartering steps. It is 

important that mixing of soil be as thorough as possible, while taking necessary 

precautions to avoid exposure to radioactive materials. 

3.10.1. Using the trowel, homogenize or mix the soil. 

a. Use a mixing technique dependent on the physical characteristics of the soil 

(including observed moisture content, particle size, and particle size 

distribution) to achieve a consistent physical appearance over the entire soil 

sample. 

b. Soil should be scraped from the sides, corners and bottom, rolled into the 

middle of a clean stainless steel bowl or tray (or in situ hole) and mixed. 

c. Quarter (i.e., divide into 4) the soil and move it to the sides of the bowl or 

hole. 

d. Mix each quarter individually, and then roll them to the center of the bowl. 

e. Mix the quarters together as an entire sample again. 

3.10.2. Repeat the quartering and remixing at least three times to ensure homogenization. 

3.10.3. Once a consistent physical appearance over the homogenized sample has been 

obtained, transfer the sample into an appropriate sample container using a clean 

stainless steel spoon or spatula. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 13

NOTE: A 1-L HPDE or HDPP wide mouth bottle is the preferred container for soil samples, as it 

requires less disturbance of the sample transferred into the bottle and reduces the risk of 

cross-contamination. A zip lock bag may be used, but requires double bagging to ensure 

retention of contents during shipment. 

NOTE: The presence of soil particles can compromise a container’s seal and may result in a loss 

of soil moisture, cross contamination, or sample spillage during transport. Always make 

sure the container lid is firmly secure. 

3.10.4. Once the sample containers are full, use a clean paper towel to remove any sample 

particles from the threads or sealing surface of the sample container. 

3.10.5. Place a sample label on the container. 

3.10.6. Weigh the sample, or determine the volume based on the container size. 

3.10.7. Sample containers should be placed in separate zip-lock bags to protect other 

containers in case of spillage during transport. 

3.10.8. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample label(s). The following information is to be included at a 

minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sampled 

• Sample location 

• Depth and area of sample collection 

• Type of sample 

• Sample volume or weight collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

3.10.9. Decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it into a bag for decontamination 

outside of the sampling area per the requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 

(Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

3.10.10. After sample collection, place the container into a transport container in a secure 

position for transport out of the sampling area. 

3.10.11. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 

3.10.12. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

3.10.13. Once outside of the area, prepare the sample(s) for transportation per the requirements 

of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and Transport). 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 14 December 2006

4.0 Collection of Air Samples 

4.1. Air Sample Pre-Staging Requirements 

4.1.1. An appropriate air filter or cartridge must be selected based on requirements included in 

SCP, target analytes, laboratory capabilities, and potential interferences with the 

analytical methods that will be performed. 

4.1.2. Sample collection equipment must be assembled outside the contamination zone, prior 

to sample collection. 

4.1.3. Install the particulate filter (membrane) into the sampler head. 

a. Remove the particulate filter retaining ring. 

b. Use disposable examination gloves to handle a new filter for each sample 

collection. 

c. Center the filter into the ring. 

d. Reinstall the ring and tighten to finger tightness. 

4.1.4. If collecting a vapor sample, install a vapor cartridge (silver zeolite or charcoal) into the 

sampler head. 

NOTE: When cartridges are used in sampling, ONLY low volume samplers are to be used due to 

the retention factors of gaseous vapors on the charcoal or silver zeolite bed. 

a. Remove the retaining ring. 

b. Use disposable examination gloves to handle a new cartridge for each sample 

collection. 

c. Note the flow direction of the cartridge and align it with the sampler flow 

direction. 

d. Reinstall the ring and tighten to finger tightness. 

4.1.5. If collecting a gas sample with a vacuum flask or collection vessel, ensure the flask or 

collection vessel is vacuumed and the valves are shut. 

4.1.6. Place a Sample Label on the sampler unit head, flask, or collection vessel. 

4.1.7. Place the sampler unit into a clean plastic bag for transport into the area. 

4.2. Collection of Particulate and Vapor Samples 

4.2.1. Make sure the pump is on the OFF position. 

4.2.2. Secure the air sampler to a tripod, table, platform, vehicle hood or tailgate, or other 

sturdy non-moving surface. 

a. Position the sampling unit with the air intake facing the source of the suspected 

contamination, making sure the face of the sampler is in the breathing zone, 

approximately 1.25 to 2 m (4 to 6 feet) above the ground surface. 

b. Position the sampling unit to avoid interferences from structures, by placing the 

unit at a distance twice as far as the height of the tallest immediate building. 

c. Care should be taken to control exhaust gases that can damage, overwhelm, or 

block the filter when using a gasoline generator or battery to power air 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 15

samplers. If air samples are taken in the vicinity of an automotive vehicle, the 

sampler should be positioned upwind of the vehicle’s exhaust. 

4.2.3. Attach the correct sampling head to the pump. 

4.2.4. Record the required sample information onto the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample 

Tracking Form, and sample label on the sampler unit head. The following information 

is to be included at a minimum: 

• Sampler unit ID 

• Sampler unit location (GPS coordinates or description) 

• Date and time started 

• Sampler’s initials 

4.2.5. Turn on the unit and observe the flow rate, adjusting as necessary to reach the required 

flow rate per the SCP. Record the flow rate (m3

/minute or feet3/minute) onto the Field 

Sample Logbook and the label on the sampler unit head. 

4.2.6. Routinely monitor the sampler throughout the sample collection as specified by the 

SCP. 

a. Samplers are typically checked once every 2 hours during an 8-hour shift. 

b. Samplers that are located in work zones may require more frequent monitoring 

due to the potential for increased particulates resulting from associated work 

activities. 

4.2.7. If any of the following conditions exist, turn off the sampler, and remove the sample 

head. Record if and why sampling heads were prematurely removed, along with the 

time or flow volume. Reasons may include: 

• Unit air flow has significantly decreased (greater than 50%) 

• Filter is clogged 

• Filter is wet or covered with snow 

• Filter is torn or otherwise compromised 

4.2.8. If the filter unit was turned off prematurely, replace the sampler head unit with a new 

unit and re-start the sampler. 

• Record the time and date or approximate time the unit was turned off. 

• Record the time and date of the installation of the new unit or head and the 

restart time and date. 

4.2.9. At the end of the sampling period, turn off the unit power. If the sample head is 

replaced or the sample unit fails, treat the filter and/or cartridge as a sample and proceed 

with the following steps. 

4.2.10. Record the sample information onto the Field Sampling Logbook and the label on the 

sampler unit head. 

Flow rate (m3

/minute or ft3 • /minute) 

• Total flow volume (if volume totalizer is attached) 

• Date and time initiated and stopped 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 16 December 2006

• Sampler’s initials 

4.2.11. Remove the sampler unit head. 

4.2.12. Place the sampler unit head into a plastic bag and seal the bag. 

CAUTION: Air samplers will be warm, and may be hot, after a sampling event. Used units should be 

placed into a plastic bag or other containment to control contamination. A hot air sampler 

must be allowed to cool prior to placing it into a plastic bag, and bags should remain loosely 

closed around any warm air sampler until cooling is complete.

4.2.13. Recover all wastes, and place them in appropriate waste containers for transport 

out of the sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 

6.0 (Waste Control). 

4.2.14. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

4.2.15. After sample collection, immediately place the bag containing the sample head into 

a sample transport container in a secure position. 

4.2.16. Disassemble the sampler head unit in an appropriately controlled area. 

a. Open the filter ring. 

b. Using forceps or tweezers, remove the filter. If necessary for large filters (200 

x 250 mm or 8 x 10 inches), fold the filter in quarters with collection side 

inward. DO NOT CUT or TEAR THE FILTER. See Note in Module I, 

Section 2.2.8(c), regarding concerns associated with the use of large air sample 

collection filters. 

c. Place the filter into a Petri dish or directly into a plastic bag and seal the Petri 

dish or bag. 

d. Open the cartridge ring. 

e. Remove the cartridge and place the cartridge into a plastic bag. 

f. Place the filter and cartridge bags together into a second plastic bag. 

4.2.17. Perform an equipment radiation survey or swipe and, when necessary, decontaminate 

the sampling equipment per the requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 

(Decontamination). 

4.2.18. Prepare the sample(s) for transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 

(Sample Packaging and Transport). 

4.3. Vacuum Flasks and Gas Collection Vessel Samples 

4.3.1. At the sample point, open the valve of the evacuated flask or collection vessel at the 

breathing zone. 

4.3.2. Shut the valve once the flask reaches atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the absence 

of the sound of the flow of air into the container. 

4.3.3. After sample collection, immediately place the sample container into a sample 

transport container in a secure position. 

4.3.4. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 17

4.3.5. Record the sample information onto the Field Sampling Logbook and the label on the 

sampler flask or collection vessel. 

• Date and time sampled 

• Location sampled 

• Flask or collection vessel volume 

• Sampler’s initials 

4.3.6. Obtain results of an equipment radiation survey or swipe from the site Radiation 

Protection Personnel. If necessary, decontaminate the sampling equipment per the 

requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

4.3.7. Place gas collection vessels or vacuum flasks into an appropriate container to protect 

the valves. 

4.3.8. Prepare the sample(s) for transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 

(Sample Packaging and Transport). 

4.4. Lapel Samples 

4.4.1. Lapel samplers are set up and prepared according to manufacturer’s instructions. 

a. Flow rates are required to be verified. 

b. Sampler heads are assembled per manufacturer’s requirements. 

4.4.2. Samplers are worn with the sample pump strapped to the waist under PPE and the unit 

head in the breathing zone. 

4.4.3. Upon exit from the contaminated area of concern, record the sample information onto 

the Field Sampling Logbook and sample label. 

• Flow rate at the start and stop (m3

/minute or ft3/minute) 

• Total flow volume (if volume totalizer is attached) 

• Date and time started and stopped 

• Individual wearing the sampler 

• Sampler’s initials 

4.4.4. Place the filter and cartridge into a plastic bag. Place a sample label on the bag. 

4.4.5. Obtain results of an equipment radiation survey or swipe from the site Radiation 

Protection Personnel. If necessary, decontaminate the sampling equipment per the 

requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

4.4.6. Prepare the sample(s) for transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 

(Sample Packaging and Transport). 

4.5. Bubbler Samples 

4.5.1. Bubbler samplers are set up and prepared according to manufacturer’s instructions. 

a. Flow rates are required to be verified. 

b. Sampler bottles are filled and assembled per manufacturer’s requirements. 

4.5.2. Samplers are set at specified locations and operated for the time frame required by the 

SCP. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 18 December 2006

4.5.3. Upon exit from the contaminated area of concern, record the sample information onto 

the Field Sampling Logbook and sample label. 

Flow rate at the start and stop (m3 3 • /minute or ft /minute) 

• Total flow volume (if volume totalizer is attached) 

• Date and time started and stopped 

• Sampler’s initials 

4.5.4. Remove the sample bottle. Cap the bottle and place the sample label on the bottle. 

4.5.5. Obtain results of an equipment radiation survey or swipe from site Radiation Protection 

Personnel. If necessary, decontaminate the sampling equipment per the requirements of 

Module I, Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

4.5.6. Prepare the sample(s) for transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 

(Sample Packaging and Transport). 

5.0 Collection of Water Samples

NOTE: Water samples should generally be discreet (i.e., not composited) and sample locations should 

be located as necessary to detect contamination from the suspected sources under investigation 

(e.g., point source discharges, non-point/sheet flow runoff, discharge of contaminated ground 

water to surface water body, landfill leaches, etc.). Unless otherwise specified in the SCP, 

surface water samples should be collected directly above sediments, near banks/other 

depositional areas where water currents are slower and there is greater retention time for the 

surface water to accumulate contaminants.

5.1. Surface Water 

CAUTION: Collection of samples from streams and rivers can pose a safety hazard. Samplers should 

not wade into deep water or fast moving currents, or enter water systems where the bottom 

surface is not clearly visible.

5.1.1. Choose an area that is not sheltered by trees or biased by land runoff. 

5.1.2. Take a sample midstream, at least 0.5 to 1 m (20 inches to 3.3 feet) from the shoreline 

of the body of water (if possible) or most representative of the entire water body. 

5.1.3. Dip a sampling cup or bottle at the surface of flow. 

5.1.4. Avoid stirring up sediment. 

5.1.5. Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

5.2. Subsurface Water at Shorelines 

5.2.1. Choose an area that is not sheltered by trees or biased by land runoff. 

5.2.2. Stand as close as practical to the body of water without causing shoreline material from 

entering into the water resulting in turbidity. 

5.2.3. Dip a sample cup between 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) below the surface and at least 

0.5 to 1 m (20 inches to 3.3 feet) from the shoreline of the body of water. 

5.2.4. Raise the bottle above the waterline and return the sample to the shore. 

5.2.5. Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 19

5.3. Stream or River Water 

5.3.1. Wearing boots and other protective gear, wade into the water, facing upstream or 

against the current. 

5.3.2. Avoid stirring up sediment. If needed, wait for any turbidity to subside prior to 

sampling. 

5.3.3. Take a sample at least 50 cm to 1 m (20 inches to 3.3 feet) from the shoreline (if 

possible) or most representative of the entire water body. 

5.3.4. Dip a bottle with a pull stopper or a sample collection vessel between 10 to 25 cm (4 to 

10 inches) below the surface. 

5.3.5. Remove the stopper from the bottle and allow the bottle to fill. 

5.3.6. Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

5.4. Shallow Well Water or Public Drinking Water 

NOTE: Sampling points from public water supplies should be identified in the SCP and will be based 

on areas of concern within the distribution system.

5.4.1. Locate the tap nearest to the discharge pump or the tap identified in the SCP. 

5.4.2. Turn on the pump and/or open the tap. Allow the water to purge for 1 minute (40-foot 

well) or longer to allow for a representative sample collection. EPA requires a 3x 

displacement for purging. 

5.4.3. Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling) to take the sample. 

5.4.4. Upon completion of taking the sample, close the tap and turn off the pump. 

5.5. Storage Tanks, Cisterns, Wells, and Underground Storm Drains or Sewer Lines 

CAUTION: There are several safety concerns associated with collection of samples from 

underground storage tanks (USTs), wells, storm drains, or sewer lines. At least two sample 

collectors are needed and appropriate procedures for confined space entry must be in place to 

ensure safe conditions. Hatches or manholes are not to be left open or unmanned when 

sampling is not in progress unless Site Safety personnel are in control of the access point. 

Materials lowered into a tank, cistern or well are to be secured to retrieval lines to prevent loss 

inside of the tank. NEVER place loose materials around the opening of the tank.

5.5.1. Clearly identify any accessible area around the hatch, manhole or opening with a 

warning barrier line or tape. These warnings are typically used for side entrances, and 

are not applied to above ground tanks with access points at the top of the tank. 

5.5.2. Open the access. 

5.5.3. Use the sampling method identified in the SCP to collect the sample. 

a. Method A: Dip cup on reach rod [not applicable to underground storage tanks 

(USTs) or wells] 

• Extend a dip cup to the required depth below the surface. 

• Allow the cup to fill, and retrieve the cup. 

• Drain the cup contents into an appropriate sample container. 

• Repeat as necessary to fill the sample container with the required volume. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 20 December 2006

• Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

b. Method B: Stopper bottle on reach rod 

• Extend the stopper bottle to the required depth below the surface. 

• Pull the rod to remove the stopper from the bottle and allow the bottle to fill. 

• Push the rod to close the bottle after a few minutes. The bottle is potentially 

full after the last bubble reaches the surface. 

• Retrieve the sample bottle. 

• Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

c. Method C: Kemmerer sampler on a line 

• Open up the Kemmerer sampler and set it for taking a sample. 

• Drop the sampler to the desired depth. 

• Send the messenger to close the sampler. 

• Hold the centerline, and retrieve the sampler. 

• Grasp the lower stopper and the body of the sampler in one hand. 

• Carefully open the top stopper, and pour the required volume of sample into 

a sample container. 

• Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

d. Method D: External and submersible pumps 

• A level probe may be required when collecting samples from a well casing to 

prevent drawdown of the well, which can result in biased sample results. If 

required, lower a level probe into the sample point and determine the level by 

stable reading of the probe. 

• Lower the pump suction head (external pump) or a submersible pump to the 

desired depth. If using a submersible pump, ensure the pump is properly 

assembled with a suction line that extends upward at least 30 to 45 cm (12 to 

18 inches) from the bottom of the pump. 

NOTE: Submersible pumps are often needed when collecting samples from USTs, cisterns, 

wells or other bodies of contained water that have a limited depth of 10 m (33 feet).

• Secure the sample suction line to prevent it from moving during sample 

collection. 

• Sampling pumps may require priming using water brought to the site or 

taken from the sampling location. Prime the pump per manufacturer’s 

instructions. 

• Limit the flow rate of the pump to prevent aeration or disruption of sediment. 

• Throttle down the flow to 50 – 500 mL per minute as required in the SCP. 

• Flush the sample line by pumping approximately 5 to 7 volumes through the 

line. Depending on the diameter and length of tubing, piping, or hose, the 

volume capacity of the pumping system will vary. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 21

• Note any problems associated with pumping, such as (but not limited to) 

sputtering, excessive air bubbles, bursts of sediment. 

• Once the line has been flushed, proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample 

Handling) to collect the required sample volume into a sample container. 

• Upon completion of sample collection, stop the pump. Remove the suction 

head from the sampling point, and secure the sampling site. 

• Decontaminate equipment and materials as appropriate, using procedures 

described in Module I, Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

5.6. Lagoon, Pond, and Lake Water 

CAUTION: Collection of samples from Lagoons, Ponds, and Lakes can constitute a safety 

hazard. Samplers are required to wear a life preserver at all times after leaving the shoreline, 

and should not be placed into a situation that requires leaning over the water or outside the 

safety of the boat or skiff that might result in falling into the water or unbalancing the boat or 

skiff. Samples collected from locations on top of a water body require at least two 

individuals. 

5.6.1. Paddle or troll the boat or skiff out to the determined location, and use procedures from 

on of the following methods to collect water samples. 

5.6.2. Method A – Stopper bottle on reach rod 

a. Drop a bottle to the required depth below the surface. 

b. Pull the rod to remove the stopper from the bottle and allow the bottle to fill. 

c. Wait a few minutes, and push the rod to stop up the bottle. 

d. Retrieve the sample bottle. 

e. Proceed to Section 5.7 (Water Sample Handling). 

5.6.3. Method B - Kemmerer sampler on a line 

a. Open up the Kemmerer sampler and set it for taking a sample. 

b. Drop the sampler to the desired depth. 

c. Send the messenger down to the sampler. 

d. Hold the centerline and retrieve the sampler. 

e. Grasp the lower stopper and the body of the sampler in one hand. 

f. Open the top stopper to pour the contents into a sample container following the 

procedures in Section 5.7. 

5.7. Water Sample Handling 

5.7.1. Using a funnel, if necessary, add a small amount of sample water to the container and 

rinse the container. 

5.7.2. Discard the rinse water by pouring into a labeled waste bottle and wipe the outside of 

the container dry. 

5.7.3. Fill the sample container to within 2 cm (0.75 inch) of the cap and close the container. 

5.7.4. Wipe the outside of the sample container with a dry paper towel. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 22 December 2006

5.7.5. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample container label(s). The following information is to be included at 

a minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date of sampled 

• Sample location 

• Sample volume collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

5.7.6. Place a sample label on the container. 

5.7.7. Obtain results of an equipment radiation survey or swipe from site Radiation Protection 

Personnel. If necessary, decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it into a bag 

for decontamination outside of the sampling area per the requirements of Module I, 

Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

5.7.8. After sample collection, place the sample container into a sample transport container in 

a secure position for transport out of the sampling area. 

5.7.9. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 

5.7.10. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

5.7.11. Once outside the area and back at an appropriate location, prepare the sample(s) for 

transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and 

Transport). 

6.0 Collection of Vegetation Samples

NOTE: The required amount for samples of vegetation is 1 kg (2.2 pounds) or approximately 6.5 L 

(1.7 gal) of solid packed, low density (0.6 m/v) vegetation (leafy material such as grass). A 1 

m

2

 area should be staked out from which a sample of vegetation is collected. If a greater area 

is required to obtain the specified weight or volume of sample, the specific area is to be 

documented. 

6.1. General Considerations 

6.1.1. During Site Characterization, samples collected from bushes, small trees, tall grasses, 

grass or other vegetation should focus on the upper or outer surfaces of exposed 

vegetation. DO NOT sample plants that are found under large trees or the covering of 

buildings unless directed to do so. 

6.1.2. Using care to minimize physical disturbance of the vegetation, carefully cut the upper 

exposed surfaces (any area not covered by the plant) of the vegetation away. 

• Small Bushes – the outer leaves 

• Tall Grasses – the upper tips 

• Small Trees – the upper or outer leaves of branches 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 23

• Branches – Limited to those that are less than 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) in 

diameter. 

CAUTION: Branches and other woody materials can pierce plastic bags. Bags may require double 

bagging or placement in a separate harder plastic container. 

6.1.3. Gather leaves off a tree or bush if possible. If leaves are collected from the ground, 

collect leaves that are not covered. 

6.1.4. Vegetative material should be cut to approximately 2.5 to 25.5 cm (1 to 10 inches) in 

length. 

6.2. Vegetation Sample Collection

6.2.1. Roll over the opening of a plastic bag (sample container). 

NOTE: Rolling over the top of the bag will provide a hand-hold for the bag (by allowing the bag to be 

grasped from under the rolled area), prevent the possible spread of contamination, and ease 

cleanup during final sample container closing. 

6.2.2. Use scissors or cutters to cut the material making sample pieces no longer than 

approximately 25 cm (10 inches). 

6.2.3. DO NOT cut by using exertion or “gnawing” away at the stalk. 

6.2.4. Place the retrieved sample in the plastic bag. 

6.2.5. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample container label(s). The following information is to be included at 

a minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sampled 

• Sample location 

• Area sampled 

• Sample volume collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

6.2.6. Affix the sample label(s) to the container(s). 

6.2.7. Obtain results of an equipment radiation survey or swipe from the site Radiation 

Protection Personnel. If necessary, decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it 

into a bag for decontamination outside of the sampling area per the requirements of 

Module I, Section 5.0 (Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

6.2.8. After sample collection, place the sample container to a sample transport container in a 

secure position for transport out of the sampling area. 

6.2.9. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 

6.2.10. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 24 December 2006

6.2.11. Once outside of the area and back at an appropriate location, prepare the sample(s) for 

transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and 

Transport). 

7.0 Collection of Surface Area Samples Using Swipes

NOTE: Appropriate swipe materials and sizes to be used for the collection of surface area samples, 

along with the number of swipes that should be taken, are selected based on requirements 

included in the SCP. 

7.1. Dry Swipes 

7.1.1. Measure or determine by observation the total surface area to be sampled and record the 

area on the Field Sample Logbook. 

7.1.2. Using a large area swipe [e.g., at most 300 cm2

 (48 inches2)], wipe the surface area in 

parallel strokes. Place the swipe into a glassine envelope or bag, and place a sample 

label on the envelope or bag. 

7.1.3. Using a small area swipe [e.g., 25 cm2

 (4 inches2) disc or square], wipe the surface in 

one continuous stroke of approximately 40 cm in length (16 inches), or a 10 x 10 cm (4 

x 4 inches) square area, so that an area of approximately 100 cm2

 is sampled. An “S” 

pattern, or moving from one edge to the other without overlap, is the preferred method. 

Place the swipe into a glassine envelope or bag, and place a sample label on the 

envelope or bag. 

7.1.4. Proceed with 7.4 (Swipe Handling). 

7.2. Wet Swipes 

7.2.1. Measure or determine by observation the total surface area to be sampled, and record 

the area on the Field Sample Logbook. 

7.2.2. Dampen either a large area or small area swipe with the solvent fluid prescribed by the 

SCP. DO NOT soak the swipe. If necessary, allow the swipe to dry slightly before use. 

7.2.3. If a volatile solvent is used, proceed with speed to prevent evaporation of the solvent. 

7.2.4. Wipe the area per the procedures described in Section 7.1 (Dry Swipes) for either large 

area or small area swipes. 

7.2.5. Proceed with 7.4 (Swipe Handling). 

7.3. Tape Swipes 

NOTE: Tape swipes are typically collected for field screening and are not intended for transport to and 

analysis in the laboratory. When analyzed for radioactivity, the glue side of the tape must face 

the detector, because the paper backing of the tape will attenuate any alpha particles. 

7.3.1. Measure or determine by observation the total surface area to be sampled, and record 

the area on the Field Sample Logbook. 

7.3.2. Create a tape swipe by laying successive strips of 5 cm (2inches) duct tape sufficient to 

collect an area of 100 cm2

 (16 inches2) or less. The edges of the tape should be folded 

over or covered with tape to prevent them from sticking to the surface of the object. 

This will create a “picture frame” around the actual sample. 

7.3.3. Lay the tape swipe onto the surface to be sampled and press down over the sample area. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module II

December 2006 II – 25

7.3.4. Carefully remove the tape and cover the exposed area with a piece of plain paper. 

7.3.5. Place the swipe in a plastic bag or envelope. A sample label is to be placed on the bag 

or envelope. 

7.3.6. Proceed with Section 7.4 (Swipe Handling). 

7.4. Swipe Handling 

7.4.1. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

7.4.2. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample label(s). The following information is to be included at a 

minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sample collected 

• Sample location 

• Sample area collected 

• Percent of total area (calculated from surface area recorded in the Field 

Sample Logbook) 

• Sampler’s initials 

7.4.3. Place a sample label on the container. 

7.4.4. Once outside of the area and back at an appropriate location, process the sample for 

direct reading by Radiation Protection Personnel or, if required in the SCP, for transport 

per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and Transport).
Module II Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

II – 26 December 2006
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module III

December 2006 III – 1

MODULE III - SAMPLING PROCEDURES – FINAL STATUS PHASE 

1.0 Collection of Samples 

1.1. Overview 

1.1.1. This module outlines procedures, equipment, and other considerations specific to the 

collection of representative environmental samples during the Final Status Phase of 

sample collection following a radiological contamination incident. This Final Status 

Phase involves collecting samples to support the Final Status Survey (FSS) in 

determining site release. 

1.1.2. Samples collected during the Final Status Phase can be assumed to contain zero to 

slightly above background levels of radioactive material. For this reason, specific 

precautions are needed during Final Status Phase sampling to ensure samples are not 

compromised or contaminated. 

1.1.3. During the Final Status Phase, methods for collection of soil samples vary slightly from 

those used during site Characterization and Remediation. Air, water, and swipe 

samples are collected using the same procedures described in Module II, Sampling 

Procedures (Characterization and Remediation Phases). The measurement quality 

objectives (MQOs) are modified for all sample matrices. 

1.1.4. An FSS is performed to demonstrate that residual radioactivity in each survey unit 

satisfies the predetermined criteria for site release. The survey provides data to 

demonstrate that radiological parameters do not exceed the established Derived 

Concentration Guidance Levels (DCGLs). For the FSS, survey units represent the 

fundamental elements for compliance demonstration. 

1.1.5. Site surveys of the sampling units dictate the samples required. 

a. A scale drawing of each survey unit is prepared and included in the Sample 

Collection Plan (SCP), along with the overlying planar reference coordinate 

system or grid system (normally the Global Positioning System (GPS) 

coordinates). 

• Any location within the survey unit is identified by a unique set of 

coordinates. 

• The maximum length (X) and width (Y) dimensions of each survey unit are 

determined and included in the SCP. 

b. Identifying and documenting a specific location for each field measurement 

performed and each sample collected is an important part of an FSS to ensure 

that measurements can be reproduced if necessary. 

• Part of this identification is the measurement of radiation levels by hand-held 

survey instruments, which involves a “walk down” or “walk over” survey of 

the area, including surfaces of buildings or other structures. 

• Any vegetation that was deemed contaminated, or for which concern was 

raised over potential contamination, should have been removed as part of 

remediation. 

1.1.6. The following sample weights, volumes, and requirements have been determined to be 

necessary to meet the MQOs in the Final Status Phase of sampling and are to be the 

volumes/masses taken unless otherwise specified in the SCP. 

a. Soil and sediment samples are to meet the following requirements: 
Module III Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

III – 2 December 2006

• 0.6 L (~1 kg) of soil is to be collected for gamma scans. 

• 60 mL (~100 g) of soil is to be collected for radiochemistry methods. 

• Discussions with the analytical laboratory will determine if separate 

additional sample volumes are needed, or if only one sample is required. 

b. Soil samples are collected only in the top 15 cm of soil. 

c. Subsurface samples are generally not taken unless ground water transport has 

been an issue. 

• Subsurface samples are taken in areas where excavation has not occurred. 

• Derived Concentration Guidance Levels (DCGLs) will drive the decision to 

take subsurface samples. 

d. Based on known soil density, the area of sample collection will vary and must 

be noted for each sample location or area in the SCP. 

e. Water samples are to meet the following volume requirements. 

• 4 L of water, or the volume, unless otherwise specified in the SCP 

• Sediments are to be filtered from the sample prior to shipment. 

f. Air sample volumes are highly dependent on the sample collection device and 

site-specific MQOs. Sample collectors should consult the SCP for 

requirements regarding the air sample collection device to use, collection flow 

rate, duration, and sample amounts needed. 

g. The area required to be covered by swipe samples is dependent on the size of 

the object to be checked for contamination, and is to be reported in cm2

. 

• Small surfaces can be sampled to cover up to 100 cm2

 (16 inches2) per swipe 

• Large surfaces can be sampled to cover up to 300 cm2

 (48 inches2) per swipe, 

• Surface areas should be swiped in various random locations using multiple 

swipes to cover at least 1% of the total surface area 

1.2. Precautions and Limitations 

1.2.1. All sample collection activities during Final Status Phase sampling are to be observed 

for quality control purposes by an independent observer from the start of collection 

through sample container labeling. 

1.2.2. Although FSS samples could be considered clean and radiation and contamination 

levels should be at background levels, personnel are to use radiation protection 

precautions. All equipment and materials, as well as areas where samples are handled, 

are to be surveyed by Radiation Protection Personnel for contamination and released 

prior to unrestricted use. 

1.2.3. If, during a sampling event, levels of radiation and contamination are measured above 

levels that or allowed or expected in the SCP, STOP the sampling event and notify the 

Field Team Leader prior to continuing sample collection activities. 

1.2.4. Survey points are located within a grid, and should be marked using flags, stakes, or 

paint markings. These markings are not to be disturbed during sample collection. 

1.2.5. Soil samples 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module III

December 2006 III – 3

a. Special cutting tools (e.g., bulb cutter) or simple hand held tools, such as a 

shovel or trowel, should be used for Final Status Phase soil sample collection. 

b. If the soil below a paved surface is to be sampled, the pavement should be 

cored out, extracting the soil below the pavement, rather than excavating the 

pavement and potentially losing soil in the process. 

c. Grass, rocks, and foreign debris are removed from soils to the extent possible. 

d. Subsurface samples (below 15 cm, or 6 inches) are to be taken by coring 

equipment only. 

• The core should be retained intact for monitoring and subsequent analysis. 

• Unless otherwise directed, core samples should be taken (separated) in 1-

meter (3.3-feet) intervals, as measured from the surface. 

• Gamma logging of boreholes is to be performed immediately after core 

samples are taken. 

• If ground water is evident in holes remaining after core samples have been 

secured, ground water samples are to be taken using portable pumps. 

2.0 Equipment and Materials 

The equipment and materials used for sample collection are dependent on the sampling activity. 

Refer to Module I, Section 2.0 and Appendices A1 through A6. 

NOTE: All PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and sampling equipment are to be pre-staged and 

available prior to entering a sampling area. The sampling team is to set up a STOP (Step Off 

Pad) at the entrance to the survey point, and to don appropriate PPE prior to entering the area. 

Personnel outside of the area may hand material over to, and retrieve material from, personnel 

in the area using appropriate contamination control techniques. All steps that will reduce the 

time in the area, such as pre-writing of labels or sample containers, are to be used to minimize 

exposure. 

3.0 Collection of Soil Samples 

NOTE: Refer to Module III, Section 1.2.5, for precautions and limitations regarding collection of soil 

samples. 

3.1. Surface Soil Pre-staging Requirements 

3.1.1. Create sample frames for the sampling locations. 

a. Each sampling event will require one sampling frame for each sample location. 

b. Each frame should contain an opening equivalent to the determined sample area 

as described in the SCP for that area. 

3.1.2. Ensure that sample collection equipment is clean or sufficiently decontaminated prior to 

initiation of sample collection activities. 

a. Each sampling event will require one clean stainless steel bowl and trowel or 

spoon for each sample for homogenization. 

b. All sampling equipment is to be wrapped in clean aluminum foil with the shiny 

side of the foil facing the equipment. 
Module III Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

III – 4 December 2006

c. Extra materials (approximately 15% more) should be prepared for use as 

potentially needed. 

3.1.3. Ensure a copy of the sample collection procedure is provided to the QC observer. 

3.2. Surface Soil Collection

NOTE: Surveys of the ground surface are performed by the Radiation Protection Personnel. However, 

the sampling team will be required to: (1) locate the sample location by GPS coordinates and 

posted sample point flags, (2) verify readings of the area prior to taking a sample, and (3) take 

a radiation reading of the subsurface at the sample point after the sample is taken. 

 If variations are noted from reported survey / sampling points, they are to be noted on the Field 

Sampling Log. If there is a significant difference over reported levels and the levels at the 

time of sampling or if the sampling point appears to be in error (e.g., radiation levels are 

actually noted at a point adjacent to the sampling point but not at the sampling point), contact 

the Field Team Leader for instructions.

3.2.1. Note the location of the sample point flag. 

3.2.2. Survey, by scanning, the area around the flag using an appropriate survey meter. 

a. Radiation readings should be taken at 2.5 cm (1 inch) above the ground. 

b. The location of the sample point is to be clearly identified by GPS or other 

coordinate system, and the coordinates recorded in the Field Sample Logbook 

and Field Sampling Tracking Form. 

NOTE: While surveying and sampling, do not disturb the sample collection area within a sample point. 

Stake out and put up boundary lines around the sample point as necessary to ensure that the 

area is not disturbed. 

3.2.3. Collect the Soil Sample. 

a. Place the sampling frame over the sample point. 

b. Using a trowel, mark edges into the soil around the sample point per the 

sampling frame dimensions. 

c. Cut to a depth specified in the SCP and pick up the sample. Slowly place the 

material into a decontaminated stainless steel bowl large enough to hold more 

than the required sample volume. 

d. Prior to homogenization, remove twigs, roots, leaves, rocks and 

miscellaneous debris (glass, bricks, etc.) from the sample using a 

decontaminated stainless steel spoon or spatula. Return the debris to the 

sample location. 

NOTE: Removal of large stones, rocks, twigs, vegetation and other debris may result in a less than 

required volume of soil. It is recommended that at least 1.5 L (0.4 gallons) is collected to 

support analytical method requirements for a 1 L dry sample that is free of debris. 

3.2.4. If the amount of material collected does not appear to meet the amount required, cut 

additional material from the outer edges of the hole as needed. Record the approximate 

amount of additional material collected in the Field Sample Logbook and Field Sample 

Tracking Form.
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module III

December 2006 III – 5

3.2.5. Using a clean trowel, homogenize or mix the soil. 

a. Use a mixing technique dependent on the observed physical characteristics 

of the soil (including moisture content, particle size distribution) to achieve 

a consistent physical appearance over the entire soil sample. 

b. Soil should be scraped from the sides, corners and bottom, rolled into the 

middle of a clean stainless steel bowl and mixed. 

c. Quarter (divide into 4) the soil and move it to the sides of the 

bowl/tray/hole. 

d. Mix each quarter individually and then roll them to the center of the bowl. 

e. Mix the quarters together as an entire sample again. 

3.2.6. Repeat the steps of quartering and remixing several times to ensure homogenization. 

3.2.7. Once a consistent physical appearance over the homogenized soil has been obtained, 

transfer the soil into the appropriate sample container using a clean stainless steel 

spoon or spatula. 

NOTE: A 1-L HPDE or HDPP wide mouth bottle is the preferred container for soil samples, as it 

requires less disturbance of the sample transferred into the bottle. A zip-lock bag may be 

used, but requires double bagging to ensure retention of contents during shipment. 

NOTE: Once the sample containers are full, use a clean paper towel to remove any particles from 

the threads or sealing surface of the sample container. The presence of soil particles can 

compromise the container’s seal and may result in loss of soil moisture, cross 

contamination, or the lid opening in transit. Always make sure the container lid is firmly 

secure. 

3.2.8. Label the sample container. 

3.2.9. Weigh the sample(s) or determine the volume based on the container size. 

3.2.10. Sample containers should be placed in separate zip-lock bags to protect other 

containers in case of spillage during transport. 

3.2.11. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample label(s). The following information is to be included at a 

minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sampled 

• Sample location 

• Area sampled 

• Sample volume or weight collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

NOTE: Homogenization of soil includes a series of mixing and quartering steps. It is important that 

mixing be as thorough as possible. 
Module III Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

III – 6 December 2006

3.2.12. Decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it into a bag for decontamination 

outside of the sampling area per the requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 

(Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

3.2.13. After sample collection, place the sample container securely into a transport container 

for transport out of the sampling area. 

3.2.14. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 

3.2.15. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

3.2.16. Once outside of the area and back at an appropriate location, prepare the sample(s) for 

transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and 

Transport). 

3.3. Subsurface Soil Pre-staging Requirements 

3.3.1. Ensure the coring rig is not located at the edge of an excavated area. 

3.3.2. Obtain polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing at a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of 

the core interior diameter and cut lengths of tubing of 32 cm (12.8 inches). One length 

is used for each sample collected. 

3.3.3. Obtain end caps for the PVC tubing. One round (or pointed) end and one flat end are 

needed for each cut tube. 

a. The pointed or rounded cap will be placed on the upper or shallow end of the 

cut. 

b. The flat cap will be placed on the lower or deeper end of the cut. 

3.3.4. If sample cores are NOT to be opened in the field, designate an area that is free of 

contamination and preferably out of the elements prior to sampling operations. 

3.4. Subsurface Soil Collection 

3.4.1. Determine the depth to be sampled as noted in the Sample Collection Plan. 

3.4.2. Record the depth, diameter of the core, time, date and other information on the Field 

Sample Logbook and Field Sample Tracking Form. 

3.4.3. Take the sample, with core boring equipment, by boring to 50 cm (20 inches) below the 

desired depth.

3.4.4. Lay down a clean plastic sheet for the retention of the required sample. 

NOTE: A 2 m2 (21.8 feet2) sheet is typically sufficient for a shallow dig. For a deep dig, the plastic 

size will be dependent on the depth of the hole and the tool used to excavate. The clean sheet 

may be placed after the majority of the digging is done, prior to excavation of the sample 

volume. 

3.4.5. Upon reaching the prescribed depth, move the core to a clean designated area of the 

plastic sheet. 

3.4.6. Obtain results of a gamma logging core hole radiation survey from Radiation Protection 

Personnel. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module III

December 2006 III – 7

a. Note radiation readings at 15-cm (6-inch) intervals and at the point of the 

sample. 

b. Record the results on the Field Sample Logbook and Field Sample Tracking 

Form. 

3.4.7. Per requirement of the SCP, either open the core in situ or wrap the core in plastic, 

taping the plastic closed, and transport the core to a designated area. 

3.4.8. Upon opening the core, record observations as to the makeup of the core. 

a. Measure the core length compared with the depth of the coring. Note any voids 

in the Field Sample Logbook. 

b. Allow Radiation Personnel to take radiation readings of the cores. 

c. Note the depth of the highest reading and the reading at the point from which 

the sample will be collected. 

3.4.9. Measure the core to the sample point determined by the Field Sample Coordinator. 

Measure a point 15 cm (6 inches) above the initial sample point and a point 15 cm (6 

inches) below the initial sample point for a total sample depth of 30 cm (12 inches). 

Mark these two locations above and below the target core sample as the points at which 

the core is to be cut. Cut the core at the locations indicated. 

3.4.10. Remove the sample material with minimal disturbance to the core. 

3.4.11. Wrap the sample in plastic wrap and tape to seal. 

3.4.12. Place the sample in a piece of PVC tubing and cap the ends, sealing the caps with duct 

tape and a custody seal if required. 

3.4.13. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample label(s). The following information is to be included at a 

minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sampled 

• Sample location 

• Core area 

• Sample volume or weight collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

3.4.14. Place a sample label on the tubing. 

3.4.15. Decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it into a bag for decontamination 

outside of the sampling area per the requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 

(Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

3.4.16. After sample collection, place the sample tube into a sample transport container in a 

secure position for transport out of the sampling area. 

3.4.17. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 
Module III Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

III – 8 December 2006

3.4.18. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

3.4.19. Once outside of the area and back at an appropriate location, prepare the sample(s) for 

transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and 

Transport). 

3.5. Sediment 

3.5.1. Drag a cup, dredge, or scoop to collect the sample of sediment from the bottom of the 

body of water. 

3.5.2. Retrieve the sediment sampling device and lower it into a clean stainless steel bowl 

large enough to retain the contents of the sampling device. 

3.5.3. Deposit the sediment into the bowl. 

a. Allow the water to rise and sediment to settle. 

b. Decant the water carefully into a container using a funnel. 

3.5.4. Using a scoop or spoon, remove the sediment and place it into the sample container. 

3.5.5. Repeat the procedure as necessary to collect the required sample volume. 

3.5.6. Discard the water into the sampled area. 

3.5.7. Sample containers should be placed in separate zip-lock bags to protect other 

containers in case of spillage during transport. 

3.5.8. Record the required information on the Field Sample Logbook, Field Sample Tracking 

Form, and the sample label(s). The following information is to be included at a 

minimum: 

• SIC 

• Time and date sampled 

• Sample location 

• Sample volume or weight collected 

• Sampler’s initials 

3.5.9. Decontaminate the sampling equipment or place it into a bag for decontamination 

outside of the sampling area per the requirements of Module I, Section 5.0 

(Personnel/Equipment Decontamination). 

3.5.10. After sample collection, place the container to a sample transport container in a secure 

position for transport out of the sampling area. 

3.5.11. Recover all wastes, placing them in appropriate waste containers for transport out of the 

sampling area. Handle wastes per the requirements of Module I, Section 6.0 (Waste 

Control). 

3.5.12. Exit the sampling area using proper techniques to minimize the spread of 

contamination. 

3.5.13. Once outside of the area and back at an appropriate location, prepare the sample(s) for 

transportation per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0 (Sample Packaging and 

Transport). 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Module III

December 2006 III – 9

4.0 Collection of Water Samples 

4.1. Water Sampling Pre-staging Requirements 

Ensure that sample collection equipment is clean or sufficiently decontaminated prior to initiation 

of sample collection activities. 

• Each sampling event will require one funnel for each sample collected. 

• Extra sampling materials (approximately 15% additional materials), including equipment 

and tools, should be prepared for use as potentially needed. 

NOTE: Water sampling is dependent on the body of water to be sampled. 

4.2. Water Sample Collection Procedures 

a. Perform the sampling steps per the requirements of Module II, Section 5.0 (Collection of 

Water Samples) for the body of water to be sampled. 

NOTE: Instructions regarding filtration and preservation of samples in the field are included in 

Appendix C. 

b. Water that is not included in the sample volume is to be returned to the sampled body of 

water unless otherwise stipulated in the SCP. 

5.0 Collection of Swipe Samples 

Swipe sample collection is performed per the requirements of Module II, Section 7.0 (Collection 

of Surface Area Samples Using Swipes). 

6.0 Collection of Air Samples 

Air sample collection is performed per the requirements of Module II, Section 4.0 (Collection of 

Air Samples). 
APPENDIX A 

List of Sampling Equipment and Materials 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A1

December 2006 A – 1

APPENDIX – A1 Sampling Equipment

Sample Matrix Sampling Tools

Trowel/Scoop/Spoon

Waste Pile Sampler

Powdered or Granular Solids Thief

Trier Sampler

Funnels

Soil Auger

Trowel/Scoop/Spoon/Spatula

Posthole Digger/Shovel/Pickax/Spade Soil, Dirt, Waste Pile Split Spoon Sampler

Sampling Trier

Dipper

Glass ,Tube, and Drum Pipettes

Open Tube (thief)

Bailer

Coliwasa Sampler

Dip Cup or Dip Bottle Sampler w/Reach Rod

Liquids, Slurries Pump (Manual or Powered)

Weighted Bottle Sampler

Bottle Sampler w/Reach Rod

Bacon Collection Vessel

Kemmerer Sampler

Funnels

Open Tube and Pipe

Thin Wall Corer

Gravity Corer Sludges, Sediments Ponar Dredge

Trier Sampler

Funnels

Dip Sampler/Dipper

Weighted Bottle Sampler

Dip Cup or Dip Bottle Sampler w/Reach Rod

Bailer

Dredge

Ponds, Lagoons Manual Pump

Powered Pump

Bottle Sampler w/Reach Rod

Bacon Collection Vessel

Kemmerer Sampler

Funnels

ASTM Oil Sampler

Bacon Collection Vessel

Oily Materials, Other Liquids Dipper

Thief

Funnels

Vacuum Collection Vessel

Bubbler w/ air pump

Air Samples Filters

Gas or Vapor Cartridge

Air pump
Appendix A2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 2 December 2006

APPENDIX – A2 Sampling Equipment Application Advantages and Disadvantages

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Soil Sampling Equipment

Auger, Screw Type Soil •

•

Good for cohesive soils

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

•

•

•

Will not retain dry,

loose, or granular

material

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

ASTM

ASTM

D1452-80

D4700-91

• Not applicable for

consolidated formations

Auger, Dutch Soil •

•

Good for wet clayey,

fibrous, or rooted soils

(marshes)

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

•

•

•

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

Not applicable for

consolidated formations

-

Auger, Eijkelcamp Soil •

•

Good for stony soil or

asphalt

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

•

•

•

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

Not applicable for

consolidated formations

-

Auger, Planar Soil • Cleans out and flattens

bottom of pre-drilled

holes

•

•

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

-

• Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

• Not applicable for

consolidated formations

Auger, Iwan (Post

Hole Digger)

Soil •

•

Good for cohesive, soft,

or hard soils

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

•

•

•

Will not retain dry,

loose, or granular

material

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

-

• Not applicable for

consolidated formations

Auger, Spiral Soil •

•

Good for removal of rock

from auger holes

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

•

•

•

Hand manipulated

Accurate soil profiling is

difficult

Not applicable for

consolidated formations

-

Auger , Tip

Mud Tip

Type – Soil •

•

Good for removal of

heavy, wet soil and clay

samples

Bit tips are farther apart

than typical soil augers

- -

Auger, Tip

Sand Head

Type – Soil •

•

Good for extremely dry

or sandy soils

Bit tips are closer

together to retain loose or

sandy samples

- -
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A2

December 2006 A – 3

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Bulb Planter Soil • Good for use in

extremely dry or sandy

soils

•

•

Limited depth capability

Can be difficult to

decontaminate

-

•

•

•

Near surface sampling to

depths up to 0-15 cm

Easy to use

Uniform diameter and

•

sample volume

Preserves soil core

Core Borer Soil • Rotating core allows for

the penetration of heavy

consolidated soils

• Expensive ASTM D6169

• Maximum depth

dependent on number of

sections and size of

drilling rig

Probe, soil Soil • Better than augers for

retention of volatiles

• Good

soils,

for

and

cohesive,

silts

soft ASTM D4700-91

• Near surface sampling to

depths up to 15 feet with

extensions

Scoops

Spoons

and Soil •

•

•

•

Hand held

Easily manipulated

Low cost

Near surface sampling

depths up to 25 cm (10

in.)

to

•

•

•

Limited to surface

sampling

Hand manipulated

Limited durability, easily

broken or bent in

cohesive or hard packed

soils

ASTM

ASTM

D5633-94

4700-91

Spoon, split Soil •

•

Good for cohesive soils

Solid barrels for use in

• Not for use on

consolidated formations

ASTM

ASTM

D1586-84

D3550-84

•

•

•

sands, silts, and clays

Can be power driven by

weight through 30 in. to

penetrate harder soil

compositions

Provides core type

sample for assessment

Can be used up to a

maximum of 25 ft.

•

•

Less effective in noncohesive sands

Questionable recovery if

used to extract material

below water table

ASTM

ASTM

D4700-91

D6169

beyond an existing

access hole

Shovels Soil • Hand held • Limited to surface ASTM D5633-94

•

•

•

Easily manipulated

Low cost

Near surface sampling

depths up to 2 m (7 ft.)

to

•

sampling

Hand manipulated

ASTM 4700-91

Trier Soil • Good for collection of • Difficult to use in stone -

•

•

undisturbed core samples

in cohesive soils, moist

sands, and silts

Inexpensive

Easy to use and

decontaminate

•

or dry soil

If sample is overly moist

or sticky, difficulty may

be encountered retrieving

sampler
Appendix A2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 4 December 2006

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Trowel Soil • Good for collection of • Not for use on -

surface soils consolidated formations

• Can be used up to

maximum of 25 cm (10

in.) beyond an existing

access hole

• Painted surface trowels

should be avoided

Tube, Shelby Soil •

•

•

Excellent depth range

May be used in

conjunction with drill rig

for obtaining deep cores

Preserves soil core

- -

• Tube may be used for

shipping core to lab

Tube, Thin wall Soil • Good for collection of • Not for use below water ASTM D1587-94

Open

•

undisturbed core samples

in cohesive soils, sands,

and silts

Can be used up to

maximum of 25 ft.

•

•

table

Might not be strong

enough to penetrate

compact soil sediments

Ineffective in nonASTM

ASTM

D4700-91

D6169

beyond an existing

access hole

cohesive sands or stony

material

Water Sampling Equipment

Bailer Water • Use check valves, balls,

or mechanically operated

valves to open and close

tube

•

•

Sample coats exterior

bailer

Bailer and line can be

difficult to

of -

•

•

Can be lowered prior to

opening to collect an atdepth sample

Maximum recommended

decontaminate

•

depth 60.6 m (200 ft.)

Inexpensive

Bottle (jar), swing Water •

•

Easy to use

Adaptable to jars

bottles of various

or

sizes

• Cannot collect

discrete depths

samples at -

Pump, Bladder Water,

Groundwater

•

•

•

•

Good for use on

collecting samples from

single well

Good for sample

containing trace

inorganics

Maximum depth 100 ft.

Up to 3 gallons per

minute

a

•

•

•

•

Deep sampling requires

large volumes of

compressed gas and

longer cycles

Water with high

suspended solids affect

operations

Requires compressed gas

for operation

Difficult to

ASTM D4448-85a

decontaminate

Pump, Gear Water •

•

•

Gear set drives fluid

resulting in positive

displacement

Maximum depth 100

Up to 1.5 gallons per

minute

ft.

•

•

•

•

Requires electricity

Flow rates cannot be

controlled

Sampling of water with

suspended solids will

clog gears

Pumping may stall at low

flow rates

-
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A2

December 2006 A – 5

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Pump, Helical Water •

•

•

Helical (worm gears)

drive fluid resulting in

positive displacement

Maximum depth 100 ft.

Up to 1.5 gallons per

minute

•

•

•

•

Requires electricity

Flow rates cannot be

controlled

Sampling of water with

suspended solids will

clog gears

Pumping may alter

chemistry due to sample

turbulence introduced by

pumping mechanism

-

Pump, Piston Water •

•

•

Pump piston drives fluid,

resulting in positive

displacement with

pulsing flow

Maximum depth 100 ft.

Up to 1.5 gallons per

minute

•

•

•

Requires electricity

Requires filtration to

prevent damage to piston

and valve mechanism

Expensive

ASTM D4448-85a

Pump, Peristaltic Water •

•

Good for shallow water

Lift action of pump

creates a suction

•

•

Requires electricity

Small diameter lines

-

•

•

resulting in a positive

displacement

Maximum depth 25 ft.

Up to 8 gallons per

minute variable

Pump, Centrifugal Water •

•

•

•

Good for shallow water

sampling

Lift action of pump

requires constant volume

of water to prevent loss

of flow (cavitation)

Maximum depth 25 ft.

Up to 60 gallons per

minute variable

•

•

•

•

Requires electricity

Small diameter lines

Loss of flow occurs

frequently when ever air

enters sampling line

Does not handle viscous

water easily

-

• May be purchased in

submersible form

Sampler, Bacon

Collection Vessel

Water • Mechanically operated

by tug line to close

valves

•

•

Sampler remains open

until at depth

Can be difficult to

-

•

•

Can be lowered prior to

opening to collect an atdepth sample

Maximum recommended

•

decontaminate

Tends to aerate sample

•

depth 200 ft.

Sample volume ranges

from 0.12 L (4 oz.) to 1 L

( 32 oz.)

Samplers, Cup,

bottle, or jar swing

sampler

Water •

•

•

Easy to use

Adaptable to jars or

bottles of various sizes

Good for taking samples

up to 6 ft. below surface

•

•

Cannot collect samples

discrete depths

Easy to spill sample

at -
Appendix A2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 6 December 2006

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Samplers, Coliwasa,

Kemmerer,

Van Dorn

Water •

•

•

Coliwasa sampler is

controlled by a rod that

opens and closes the

sampler

Kemmerer and Van Dorn

samplers use a line to

trigger the sampler to

collect the sample at

depth

Kemmerer and Van Dorn

samplers good up to

maximum depth 70 m

(200 ft)

•

•

•

•

•

•

Sample coats exterior of

sampler

Sampler can be difficult

to decontaminate

Difficult to ensure proper

operation at depth

Coliwasa sampler limited

to depths of 1.5 m (5 ft.)

Waterborne solids may

prevent closures from

sealing

Sample may be lost due

to improper sealing

ASTM D5495-94

• •

Sediment Sampling Equipment

Birge – Ekman

Sampler

Sediment,

Grab

•

•

•

•

•

Used on shallow lakes

and basins

Adequate on soft

sediments, silts, and sand

Handles easily without a

winch

Allows subsampling

Sample depth up to 30

cm with volume up to

12L

•

•

Restricted to low currents

due to its light weight

Top flaps may not close

completely resulting in

sample loss

-

Corer – tube,

hand operated

Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Used for shallow,

wadable or easily

accessible water,

Can be made of stainless

steel or plastic

Can have plastic or glass

liners

Preserves layering of

sediments

Minimal risk of

contamination

Handles aids in

penetration of sediment

Sample depth up to 10

cm with volume up to

0.5L

•

•

•

•

Small sample size

Requires careful

handling to prevent

spillage

If liners are used,

requires removal of liners

prior to next sample

Glass liners may break

-

Corer – tube,

gravity:

Benthos

Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

•

Used on soft grained

sediments

Core valve in liner

retains complete sample

in tube

Fins permit vertical

penetration of substrate

Sample depth up to 3 m

with volume up to 10 L

•

•

Requires weights for

penetration, resulting in

need of winch with 1000

kg lifting capacity

Compacts sediments

-
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A2

December 2006 A – 7

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Corer – tube,

Gravity:

Kajak – Brinkhurst

Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

Used for deep lakes and

rivers

Collects greater volume

than other samplers

Sample depth up to 70

cm with volume up to

1.25 L

•

•

Requires careful

handling to avoid loss

sample

Requires removal of

liners prior to next

sample

of

-

Corer – tube,

Gravity:

Alpine

Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

Used for soft fine grain

semi-consolidated

sediments

Allows different

penetration depths due to

interchangeable steel

barrel

Sample depth up to 2 m

with volume up to 2 L

•

•

•

•

•

Lacks stabilizing fins for

vertical penetration

May penetrate nonvertically and

incompletely

Requires a lifting

capability of 200 kg

Disturbs sediment strata

and integrity

Compacts sediment

-

Corer – tube,

Gravity:

Phlenger cover

Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

Used for deep lakes and

rivers

Good on semiconsolidated substrates

Sample depth up to 50

cm with volume up to

0.5L

•

•

•

Requires careful

handling to avoid loss

sample

Requires removal of

liners prior to next

sample

Small sample volume

of

-

Corer – box: Sediment, • Used on shallow wadable • Difficult to handle -

gravity Core

•

•

•

water, but depth of

sediment must be

approximately 1 m

Collects large,

undisturbed sample

Optimal for collecting

intact subsamples

Sample depth up to 70

cm with volume up to

30L

• Relatively heavy,

requiring a winch

Corer

piston

– tube Sediment,

Core

•

•

•

•

Used on large deep lakes

Applicable for most

substrates

Typically recovers an

undisturbed sample

Sample depth up to 20 m

with volume up to 40 L

•

•

•

Requires lifting capacity

of 200 kg

Piston and piston

positioning at penetration

may fail

Disturbs surface layer (0

to 0.5 m)

-

Sampler, Petersen Sediment,

Grab

•

•

Used on deep lake,

rivers, and estuaries

Adequate on most

substrates

•

•

May not close

completely, resulting in

sample loss

Shock wave from descent

-

• Sample depth up to 30

cm with volume up to

9.5L •

may disturb upper fine

grain layer of sediment

Restricted to low current

conditions

•

•

Metal frame may

contaminate sample

May exceed target

penetration depth
Appendix A2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 8 December 2006

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Sampler, Shipek Sediment,

Grab

•

•

•

•

Used on basins, large

inland lakes, and

reservoirs

Allows subsampling

Retains fine grain

sediments effectively

Sample depth up to 10

cm with volume up to 3L

•

•

•

•

Not useful on compacted

soils, silts, or clay

May not close

completely, resulting in

sample loss

Shock wave from descent

may disturb upper fine

grain layer of sediment

Restricted to low current

-

conditions

•

•

Metal frame may

contaminate sample

May exceed target

penetration depth

Sampler, Van Veen Sediment,

Grab

•

•

•

•

Used on deep lakes,

rivers, and estuaries

Good for use on sandy,

silted or clay sediment

Adequate on most noncompacted substrates

Available in stainless

steel or can be lined with

•

•

•

•

May not close

completely, resulting in

sample loss

May close prematurely in

rough water

May require winch

Relatively expensive

-

•

•

•

plastic

Large sample maintained

intact for subsampling

Screened bucket covering

prevents “wave” effects

from removing or

altering sample

Sample depth up to 30

cm with volume up to

75L

Air Sampling Equipment

Air pump,

operated

battery Air •

•

Portable

Small units can be used

to take breathing zone air

samples

•

•

•

•

Battery power declines

with use, resulting in

slower speeds as time

passes

Low velocity

Failure during operation

very probable, due to

unknown battery life

Low pump head limits

length of air line from

filter or sample rig

-
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A2

December 2006 A – 9

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Air pump,

operated

electric Air •

•

•

•

Continuous air flow at

preset levels

Used for taking large

volume air samples

Cannot be used for

personnel safety

monitoring

Can have longer lines

attached to filter or

•

•

•

Require power source

Can overheat if air drawn

through filter or canister

compromises air flow

Pumps tend to be noisy

-

•

sample rig

Flow rates variable to

low flow and high flow

Cartridge, Charcoal Air • Good for the majority

radionuclides

of - -

• Particularly good for

iodine

• Retains noble gases

Cartridge, Zeolite Air •

•

Good for the majority

radionuclides

Retains noble gases

(though fewer than

charcoal cartridges)

of • Relatively

compared

expensive

with charcoal

-

Bubbler Air • Entrains gas in water or

another liquid for later

analysis

• Limit solubility

in water

of gases -

Filters, single Air • Capture particulate

matter down to 0.1

particle size

μm

•

•

•

Easily clogged

No differentiation in

particle size

Excessive loading can

attenuate results

-

• No method of

•

determining time frame

of deposition

Material chosen may

have inherent

radioactivity from

naturally occurring

isotopes

Filter,

type

chart spool Air •

•

Capture particulate

matter down to 0.1 μm

particle size

Allows method of

determining time frame

of deposition

•

•

•

•

Easily clogged

No differentiation in

particle size

Excessive loading can

attenuate results

Material chosen may

have inherent

-

radioactivity from

naturally occurring

isotopes
Appendix A2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 10 December 2006

TOOL MATRIX ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE STANDARDS

Vacuum bulb Air • Grabs a volume of the • Vacuum can easily be -

ambient air for analysis lost

• Provides a reasonably • Loss of vacuum results in

large sample volume (up contaminated sample

to 4 L) • No clear indication of

state of vacuum or

integrity of bulb valves
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A3

December 2006 A – 11

APPENDIX – A3 Sampling Containers

Sample Matrix Containers

Bottles – wide and small mouth

500 mL Water, Liquids 1 L

4 L (1 gal.) Cubitainers®

Bottles – wide mouth

500 mL

1 L

Plastic Jars – wide mouth w/ PTFE (Teflon) lids

500 mL

1 L Soils Plastic Bags (Zip Lock - Sealable)

Note: durability must be considered to prevent

punctures from solid materials – normally used to

contain sample bottles or jars

1 quart

2 quart

Bottles – wide mouth

500 mL

1 L

Plastic Jars – wide mouth w/ PTFE (Teflon) lids

500 mL

1 L Solids Plastic Bags (Zip Lock - Sealable)

Note: durability must be considered to prevent

punctures from solid materials – normally used to

contain sample bottles or jars

1 quart

2 quart

Envelopes – Paper

2.5 in. x 5 in.

3 in. x 5 in. Air Samples 9 in. x 12 in.

Plastic Bags (Zip Lock - Sealable)

1 quart

Plastic Bags (Zip Lock - Sealable)

1 quart

2 quart

Plastic Bags (Non-sealable)

15 gallon Vegetation 30 gallon

55 gallon

Plastic Jars – wide mouth w/ PTFE (Teflon) lids

500 mL

1 L
Appendix A4 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 12 December 2006

APPENDIX – A4 Shipping Materials and Packaging

Type Potential Materials

Styrofoam Peanuts and Pieces

Cushioning and Packing Bubble Wrap

Vermiculite

Vermiculite

Absorbents

Chem-sorb

Fiberboard Box or Drum

Plywood or Natural Wood Box or Drum

Industrial Package Type 1

Plastic Drum or Jerrican

Plastic Cooler

Steel Box or Drum

Aluminum Box or Drum Industrial Package Type 2 Any Industrial Package Type 2, Type A, or Type B

container

Type A Steel Box or Drum

Type B (U) or (M) Specific Steel Container
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A5

December 2006 A – 13

APPENDIX – A5 Additional Equipment to Consider for Sampling Operations

ADDITIONAL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT

Item Item Description

AC Generator Gasoline powered – 1500 W

Bottle 16-oz. squeeze bottle with nozzle

Bowls Stainless steel mixing – approximately 18-in. diameter, 6-in. depth

(approximately 2 gal.)

Bucket Plastic w/handle – 5 gal. For carrying tools and materials; can be used for 

carrying samples or for equipment decontamination

Chisel ––––––––

Drill 3/8 in.

Drum Hand Truck Transport 30- and 55-gal. drums

First Aid Kit ––––––––

Filter Paper Quantitative-grade paper with greater than 8 μm particle retention;

e.g., Whatman 40® 12.5 cm (5 in.) and 18.5 cm (7.4 in.), or equivalent

Flashlight ––––––––

Forceps 6 in.

Funnels 240 mL; 960 mL; plastic

Gas Cartridges for Silver Zeolite; Activated Carbon; Others as needed based on site 

air samplers conditions and target radionuclides

Gasoline containers 5 gal. with spark arrest and safety cap closure

GPS Unit Hand held; Preferably able to tie into the radiation detection equipment for

logging sample radiation readings at location

Hammer 12 oz., 20 oz., and small sledge

Labels Labels and markings for required shipping and samples

Ladder 6 ft. and 10 ft.

Mixing paddle Attachable to drill with extension 2–3 ft.

Pens and Markers Indelible; Water proof; Black and Red

Petri Dishes 30 mm and 50 mm

Plastic Bags (Non-sealable) 15, 30, and 55 gal. for general wastes

(Non-sealable) 15, 30, and 55 gal. for contaminated wastes

Plastic Sheeting Preferably in a large roll (20 ft. x 33.3 ft.)

Rope – Nylon White – 3/8 in. and 1/2 in.; nylon or weatherproof cotton

Rope – Nylon Yellow and Magenta; 3/8 in.

Salvage and Over ––––––––

Pack Drums

Saw Electric Circular, Manual Hand, and Hack Saws

Screw drivers Flat and Philips head; small and large

Shielding material Sheet steel, plywood, lead blankets and bricks

Sieves ATM stainless steel No. 4 (100 mm mesh)

Signs Yellow and Magenta for radiation work
Appendix A5 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

A – 14 December 2006

ADDITIONAL SAMPLING EQUIPMENT

Item Item Description

Signs Red, White, and Black for safety concerns

Sign Blue and White for entry and other instruction

Soap and Cleansers ––––––––

Spill Kit ––––––––

Stakes Wooden construction

Stakes w/ flag Wire with flag for marking

Step Off Pads Yellow and Magenta for radiation work

(STOPs)

Tape Yellow and Magenta for radiation work

Tape Duct tape; Packing Tape; 2 in. and 3 in. wide

Tape measure 50–200 ft. preferably with metric scale as well

Tripod For mounting air samplers

Tripod For retrieving material from pits or excavations

Utility Carts ––––––––

Weigh scale Hanging pull type; kg with gram divisions capable of weighing up to 5 kg
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix A5

December 2006 A – 15

APPENDIX – A6 Personal Protective Equipment

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Item Description

Boot / Shoe Covers Plastic

Boots Rubber 

Coveralls Paper - Tyvek®

Coveralls - Cotton ––––––––

Coveralls – Water-resistant/proof ––––––––

Ear Protection ––––––––

Eyewear May require sunshades for outdoor work in bright conditions

Face Shields ––––––––

Gloves – Exam Latex or Nitrile; Powder Free

Gloves – Work Heavy cotton

Hard Hats ––––––––

Respirators Full Face Air Purifying

Full Face Powered Air

Airline Full Face

Self Contained Air Supplied

Monitoring Devices Radiation Dosimeter

Lapel Sampler
APPENDIX B 

Forms 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix B1

December 2006 B – 1

APPENDIX – B1 Field Sample Logbook Entry

This logbook entry format is provided to demonstrate the minimum information to be recorded in a bound 

logbook. Illustrations or pictures of the site also should be included with annotations, and should 

accompany or be referenced in the entry. Pagination (Page X of Y) should correspond to each sample 

event. The logbook should also contain pagination to demonstrate logbook maintenance. 

Site Name Page X of Y .

Number Matrix Date Time : Sample Collection: Taken

Samplers Observed

Print Names By Initials

Location of Sample Collection:

Landmark Description

Compass Point

Contact Sample Identification GPS Coordinates Gamma Remarks Code (SIC) mR/hr

1 -

2 -

3 -

4 -

5 -

6 -

7 -

8 -

9 -

10 -

11 -

12 -

13 -

14 -

15 -

16 -

17 -

18 -

19 -

20 -

Comments: Note sample number and describe problem or information. Add pictures or illustrations on

separate page.
Appendix B2 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

B – 2 December 2006

APPENDIX – B2 Field Sample Tracking Form

Field Sample Tracking Form

Site Name Date Page X of Y

No. Sample Identification

Code

1 Matrix Sample Location / 2 Description

Volume

Mass

(mL)

(g)

/ Area Sampled 2 (cm )Depth

(m/ft.)

Sample

3 Type

Number of

Containers

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Remarks:

Notes: 1 – Matrix codes: SO – Soil; GW – Water; AF – Air Filter; GV – Gas/Vapor: SD – Solid; SW –Swipe

2 – Describe the sample location by compass point relative to landmark or GPS coordinates.

3 – Sample Type Code – REG – Regular; DUP – Duplicate; RIN – Sample Rinsate; BLK – Field Blank;

Background

BKG -

Reviewed By Initials Date
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix B3

December 2006 B – 3

APPENDIX – B3 Chain of Custody

Case No.:

EPA USEPA

Radionuclide Analysis Traffic Report & Chain of Custody Record

DAS No.:

SDG No.:

Page _______ of ________

Date Shipped Chain of Custody Record: Sample Signature: For Lab Use Only

Carrier Name Relinquished By: (Date/Time) Received By: (Date / Time) Lab Contract No.:

Airbill: 1) Unit Price:

Shipped To: 2) Transfer To:

3) Lab Contract No.:

4) Unit Price:

Sample Sampler Matrix / Type Volume / Mass Analysis Sampling Date Laboratory FOR LAB USE

Identification Code Required Location /Time Sample No. ONLY

/ Sample Depth Sample Condition

on Receipt

1

2

3

4

5

6

Additional Sampler Signature(s): Sample(s)

laboratory

to be

QC?

used for Cooler

temperat

ure Upon

Receipt:

Chain of Custody Seal Number:

Shipment

Iced?

(Yes/No)

Custody

(Yes/No)

Seal Intact?

Analysis

Key:

Type: Comp, Core, Grab Analysis Required:

Specific Isotopes or

Gross Alpha, Gross Beta,

Radionuclides, Other

Alpha Scan, Gamma Scan,

Matrix: AF- Air Filter; GV – Gas or Vapor; DW – Drinking Water; GW – Groundwater; SD – Sediment; SO – Soil; S – Solid; SW – Swipe
Appendix B4 Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

B – 4 December 2006

APPENDIX – B4 Air Sample Tracking Form

Site Name Sample Date

Page _____ of ______

Air Sampler Air Sampler Total Sample Cartridge Time Tech Time Tech Location Sampled Identification Flow Rate Volume Type Type Started Initials Stopped Initials Number (mL/min) (mL)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Key Sample Type: BZ – breathing zone, G - grab, WA – work area, VAC - vacuum, BLR – bubbler, Other (must be described in Comments)

Cartridge Type: PT – particulate, CC – charcoal, SZ – Silver Zeolite cartridge (NOTE: If combination is used add both codes)

Comments:

Reviewed By Initials Date
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix B5

December 2006 B – 5

APPENDIX – B5 Example Waste Control Form

All material sent for disposal will need to be manifested with approved FULL analytical documentation. 

A full listing of all contaminants is required for Disposal Approval Codes. 

Waste Control Form

Site Name:

Waste ID Number:

Date Opened: Signature:

Instructions: Cross out unused items with “X”. If the term “Other” is used, indicate by name in blank space an item

description appropriate for shipping information. Mixed wastes (i.e., radioactive material and chemical wastes),

explosives, and gases are NOT allowed, unless specific permission is granted in writing. All material shall be

made as inert as practical (e.g., liquids solidified, acids or bases neutralized) for shipment.

Waste Container:

Industrial Package 1 Industrial Package 2 Industrial Package 3

Type A Type B (U) Type B (M)

Markings found on approved containers: UN Code:

Volume: Cu. Ft. / gal. / L Container to have less than 5% void space after filling.

Waste Type

UN ID No. Soil Aqueous Liquid Flammable

Solids Non-Aqueous Liquid Other (identify below)

PPE Hazardous Material

Hazard Level

(state known internal levels or assumptions/calculated values)

Chemical % or ppm Radioactive Material dpm / 2 100cm

Chemical % or ppm LSA-1 / LS-II / LSA-III A1 / A2

External Radiation and Contamination Levels

Surface dpm / 2 100cm Attach Copy of Survey Map

Radiation on Contact mR / hr At 1 meter (3.3 ft.) mR / hr

(Package Orientation is

Container Labels Required:

mandatory for any package capable of being hand carried or trucked)

Toxic Substance Gas – Flammable Radioactive LSA-I Radioactive I

Corrosive Gas – Non-Flammable Radioactive LSA-II Radioactive II

Solid – Flammable Gas –Toxic Radioactive LSA-II Radioactive III

Liquid – Flammable SCO-I SCO-II Fissile

Date Closed: Signature:

Disposal Approval Code: Overpacking Required/Completed

Transportation Company: Name, Contact Name and information

Disposal Company: Name, Contact Name and information

Date Disposed: Date Disposal Certificate Received:
APPENDIX C 

Sample Filtration and Preservation
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix C

December 2006 C – 1

APPENDIX – C Sample Filtration and Preservation

1 General 

1.1 It is recommended that aqueous samples containing larger amounts of sediment, or that will be 

analyzed for dissolved constituents, be filtered in the laboratory. If field filtration is required, the 

samples must be filtered in a controlled area. If these samples require preservation, the samples 

must be filtered prior to the addition of preservative. 

1.2 Samples requiring filtration and/or preservation are identified in the Sample Collection Plan. 

1.2.1 Section 2 of this Appendix describes procedures for sample filtration. Filtration of samples to be 

analyzed for dissolved constituents requires that the sample is passed through a 0.45 μm filter. 

The filter, filtrate, and the filtered sample are sent to the laboratory for analysis. 

1.2.2 Section 3 of this Appendix describes procedures for sample preservation. Samples are preserved 

by the addition of acid to reduce the sample pH to less than or equal to 2.0. 

2 Sample Filtration 

NOTE: According to EPA’s Manual for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water 

(EPA 815-R-05-004), drinking water samples are measured for total activity, which represents 

the maximum potential exposure. For this reason, drinking water samples collected for 

measurement of radionuclides are not filtered. 

2.1 Samples containing a large amount of settleable materials should be allowed to settle, and the 

water decanted from the settled materials prior to filtration. If, after decanting, the sample 

appears to contain suspended materials, it may require filtration to remove the suspended 

materials. 

2.2 Only samples that are to be analyzed for dissolved constituents should be filtered through a 0.45 

μm filter. 

2.3 To prevent filter clogging and potential loss of target contaminants, allow all samples requiring 

filtration to settle as much as possible prior to filtration. 

2.4 Set up a filtration funnel or filtration rig (see Figure C1). 

NOTE: In cases when a sufficient volume of sample cannot be obtained using gravity filtration alone, 

it may be necessary to use a vacuum filtration assembly. If this is necessary, precautions 

should be taken to ensure that sample does not overflow into the vacuum system during 

filtration. 

2.5 With a squeeze bottle of demineralized water (ASTM grade Type I or II), rinse the filter. 

2.6 Slowly filter the sample until a sufficient amount of sample volume has been collected. 

2.7 If the filter becomes clogged, carefully pour any sample remaining in the filter funnel back into 

the sample bottle, and allow the sample to settle further. Collect the filter as described in Section 

2.18. Install and rinse a new filter, and continue sample filtration. 

CAUTION: DO NOT add more sample than that to take the level in the rig to three quarters full. 

2.8 When the remaining sample volume is near the level of any settled sediment in the sample bottle, 

stop and allow the filter to drain. 

2.9 If practical attempt to decant additional water from the sample, without clogging the filter with 

sediment. 
Appendix C Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

C – 2 December 2006

2.10 Cap the sample container containing the remaining sediment and refer to the Sample Collection 

Plan to determine whether it will be sent to the laboratory. 

2.11 Remove the sealing film from the beaker and rinse the filter with half of the volume of the filtered 

sample. 

2.12 Allow the filter to drain and then add the remaining portion to rinse the filter rig. 

2.13 Allow the filter to drain. 

2.14 Using tweezers, carefully remove the filter from the filter rig. Place the filter on a drying plate in 

a covered area and allow the filter to air dry. Place the dried filter in a Petri dish or other suitable 

container and seal with tape to prevent opening. Place a sample label on the Petri dish and ensure 

the label has the following information: 

• Sample Identification Number 

• Date and Time of Sampling 

• Sample Location 

• Initials of Sampler 

• Date and Time of Filtration 

• Initials of Technician performing filtration 

2.15 Place a sample label on the filtered sample bottle and ensure the label has the following 

information: 

• Sample Identification Number 

• Date and Time of Sampling 

• Sample Location 

• Initials of Sampler 

• Date and Time of Filtration 

• Preservation Status of the sample at time of filtration (Preserved Yes/No) 

• Initials of Technician performing filtration 

3 Sample Preservation

3.1 If a sample requires preservation, perform these steps in a controlled designated area. 

CAUTION: Refer to the Sample Collection Plan for determination of the type of acid that 

should be used for sample preservation. There are several limitations to the type of acid 

used based upon the isotope of interest. Table C.1 lists acids that should be used for 

preservation of isotopes that are included in EPA’s Standardized Analytical Methods for Use 

During Homeland Security Events, Revision 2.0.

WARNING: Concentrated and dilute acid solutions must be handled with caution. Nitric acid should 

not be allowed to dry on paper towel or absorbent materials at full strength. A fire may result. 

Ensure that any spills are properly cleaned up and that any spill area on absorbent materials is 

properly processed prior to disposal. Refer to the Site Safety Personnel for proper disposal 

requirements. 
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix C

December 2006 C – 3

Table C.1: Acids for Preservation of Samples Collected for Measurement of Radioisotopes included in 

EPA’s Standardized Methods for Use During Homeland Security Events, Revision 2.0 

(Note: Preservation requirements taken from EPA’s Manual for the Certification of

Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water (EPA 815-R-05-004).

Analyte Preservative

Americium-241 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Californium-252 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Cesium-137 Conc. HCl to pH <2

Cobalt-60 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Europium-154 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Iridium-192 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Plutonium-238 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Radium-226 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Ruthenium-103 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Ruthenium-106 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Strontium-90 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Uranium-238 Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Gross Alpha Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

Gross Beta Conc. HCl or HNO3 to pH <2

3.1.1 Ensure the area is set-up for the addition of acid by performing the following: 

3.1.1.1 Clear the work area. 

3.1.1.2 Place a sufficient amount of absorbent material to cover the area, and secure it from moving with 

duct tape. 

3.1.1.3 Ensure another person knows you are working with acid. 

3.1.2 Open the sample container and the acid bottle. 

3.1.3 Using a pipette or dropper, transfer approximately 1 mL or 1 drop of concentrated acid to the 

sample. 

3.1.4 Place the pipette or dropper in a secure location to prevent dripping, and close the acid and 

sample bottles. 

3.1.5 Carefully agitate the sample, remove the lid, and check the pH with pH paper or a pH probe. Add 

additional acid as necessary to reach a sample pH of less than or equal to 2. 

3.1.5.1 DO NOT add more than 5 additional mL of concentrated acid. 

3.1.5.2 If the sample pH can not be lowered sufficiently after the addition of an extra 5 mL of acid, close 

the sample container and record the information in the Field Sample Logbook and on the Sample 

Label. 
Appendix C Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices

C – 4 December 2006

3.1.6 Once the sample pH is less than or equal to 2.0, close the sample container and note the following 

in the Field Sample Collection Logbook and on the Sample Label. 

• Acid added – Type, concentration, and volume 

• pH of the sample 

• Date and time of preservation 

• Initials of the person who added the acid 

3.1.7 Package the sample per the requirements of Module I, Section 7.0. 

3.1.8 Clean the area of materials, ensuring any drips or spills of acid are contained and processed per 

the requirements of Site Safety. 

Figure C1: Filter Rig Assembly 

APPENDIX D 

References
Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices Appendix D

December 2006 D – 1

APPENDIX – D References

1. FRMAC Monitoring and Analysis Manual Volumes 1 and 2 – Radiation Monitoring and Sampling, 

DOE/NV/11718-181, U.S. Department of Energy, September 2002 

2. Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual, NUREG-1575, EPA 402-R-97-016, 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Department of Defense, 

and U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, December 1997 

3. Multi-Agency Radiological Laboratory Protocols Manual Volumes 1, 2, and 3, NUREG-1576, EPA 

402-B-04-001, NTIS PB2004-105421, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of 

Energy, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Nuclear 

Regulatory Commission, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Geological Survey, and National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2004 

4. Superfund Representative Sampling Guidance, Volume 1: Soil EPA 540 R-95 141, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, December 1995 

5. Compendium of ERT Soil Sampling and Surface Geophysics Procedures, EPA 540 P-91-006, U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, January 1991

6. EML Procedures Manual, HASL-300, 28th Edition, Volume 1, Chapter 2, Sampling, U.S. Department 

of Energy, February 1997 

7. Compendium of ERT Groundwater Sampling Procedures, EPA 540 P-91-007, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, January 1991

8. Requirements for the Development of Sampling and Analysis Plans, E200-1-3, U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, February 2001 

9. Chemical Quality Assurance for Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste (HTRW) Projects, EM 

200-1-6, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, October 1997 

10. USACE Kansas City And St. Louis District Radionuclide Data Quality Evaluation Guidance for 

Alpha And Gamma Spectroscopy, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, June 2001

11. Standard Practice for Sampling Surface Soils for Radionuclides, C 998-90 (Reapproved 2000), 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2000

12. Standard Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring Wells, D4448-01, ASTM-International Vol. 

11.04-Environmental Assessment; Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responses; Waste 

Management; Environmental Risk Assessment, 2001 

13. Standard Practice for Sampling with a Scoop, D5633-04, ASTM-International, 2004 

14. Ground Water Sampling Procedure Low Stress (Low Flow) Purging and Sampling, U.S. EPA Region 

II; http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/cat/monitor.htm. 

15. Manual for the Certification of Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water, EPA 815-R-05-004, U.S. 

EPA, January 2005 
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