Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida

Opinion filed November 18, 2020.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D19-2354 

Lower Tribunal No. 19-593

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Shane Kopp,

Appellant,

vs.

The State of Florida,

Appellee.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Jose L. 

Fernandez, Judge.

Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Shannon Hemmendinger, Assistant 

Public Defender, for appellant.

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and Kseniya Smychkouskaya, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Before EMAS, C.J., and HENDON and GORDO, JJ. 

GORDO, J.
2

Shane Kopp appeals his conviction and sentence following a jury trial. We 

have jurisdiction. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.140(b)(1)(A). Kopp argues the trial court 

abused its discretion in allowing identification testimony that the person depicted in 

video footage of the underlying crime was Kopp. The State argues the trial court 

properly admitted the testimony because the video was of poor quality and the 

witness was in a better position than the jury to identify Kopp. We agree and affirm.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On January 2, 2019, a vehicle was burglarized in Jackson Memorial Towers’

parking garage. A firearm, which was under the passenger seat of the vehicle, was 

taken. The incident was captured on Jackson’s surveillance cameras throughout the 

garage. The State subsequently charged Kopp by information with several offenses, 

including unlawful possession of a firearm or weapon by a violent career criminal.

Prior to trial, the defense moved to exclude any testimony or identification of 

Kopp by Nixon Reyes, a security guard at Jackson. The defense asserted that any 

testimony from Reyes “would be opinion testimony which invades the province of 

the jury.” The court denied the motion and the case proceeded to trial.

The State’s first witness was Reyes who testified he worked at Jackson and 

had seen Kopp on numerous occasions, both in person and on video. Reyes further 

testified that in 2016, he had a forty-minute, face-to-face conversation with Kopp at 
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a distance of about two to three feet. Reyes never identified himself as a security 

guard.

The State introduced the surveillance footage from several cameras during 

Reyes’s testimony. The footage shows a person wearing a white t-shirt, dark pants, 

and a red drawstring backpack approaching the vehicle at issue in this case. The 

identity of the person, however, is not ascertainable because of the poor quality of 

the footage. Reyes stated that he had reviewed the footage four or five times before 

trial and identified Kopp as the person depicted in the footage based on his prior 

interaction with Kopp. He also stated that Kopp appeared the same on the footage 

as he had during their conversation in 2016.

LEGAL ANALYSIS

The sole issue before us is whether Reyes’s opinion testimony identifying 

Kopp as the individual in the videos was properly admitted in evidence. “The trial 

court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence is reviewed under the abuse of 

discretion standard.” Mathieu v. State, 258 So. 3d 528, 532 (Fla. 3d DCA 2018) 

(citing Bearden v. State, 161 So. 3d 1257, 1263 (Fla. 2015)).

“In general, a witness may testify as to the identification of persons depicted 

in photographs or on video when the witness is in a better position than the jurors to 

make that identification.” Bentley v. State, 286 So. 3d 912, 914 (Fla. 2d DCA 2019) 

(citations omitted); see also Day v. State, 105 So. 3d 1284, 1286–87 (Fla. 2d DCA 
4

2013) (In a criminal prosecution, the State may present identification witnesses who 

are “capable of independently identifying the individual from photographs, tape 

recordings, or similar evidence . . . or simply to support other identification evidence 

when that might be subject to challenge.” (internal citations and quotations 

omitted)). This identification testimony is inadmissible and invades the province of 

the jury, however, when the witness is in no better position than the jurors to make 

the identification. See, e.g., Alvarez v. State, 147 So. 3d 537, 542–43 (Fla. 4th DCA 

2014).

 Prior to asking Reyes to identify Kopp on the surveillance footage, the State 

laid the foundation by eliciting testimony that Reyes had previously interacted with 

Kopp for a lengthy period of time in person, had seen Kopp on video, and had viewed 

the video footage at issue several times before trial. 

Further, the video footage at issue was of poor quality. “The State may 

introduce . . . identification testimony when a videotape does not provide clear 

images of the perpetrators . . . .” Day, 105 So. 3d at 1287 (citing Hardie v. State, 

513 So. 2d 791, 792 (Fla. 4th DCA 1987)). The face of the person in the video was 

not clearly visible and zooming in only worsened the quality of the image. Reyes’s 

testimony was permissible to assist the jury in its independent analysis of the video 
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footage and did not invade the province of the jury.

1

 We therefore find the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in admitting Reyes’s testimony to support the State’s 

other evidence on the issue of identity.

Affirmed.

1 We note this case is distinguishable from cases cited by Kopp that found 

identification testimony to be harmful and, therefore, improper. See, e.g., Bentley, 

286 So. 3d 912; Day, 105 So. 3d 1284; Hardie, 513 So. 2d 791. In those cases, the 

appellate court reversed because the identification testimony insinuated to the jury 

that the defendant had been involved in prior criminal conduct, which was harmful 

error. In this case, the jury never learned Reyes was a security guard at Jackson or 

that his interactions with Kopp occurred during his patrols as a security guard.