National Park Service Yosemite National Park U.S. Department of the Interior

The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan

Environmental Assessment

July 2011
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 

Environmental Assessment

Yosemite National Park

Lead Agency: National Park Service 

U.S. Department of the Interior • National Park Service

ABSTRACT 

Constructed in 1927, The Ahwahnee hotel in Yosemite National Park has operated almost continuously to 

the present day as a luxury hotel in Yosemite Valley. The Ahwahnee was listed on the National Register of 

Historic Places in 1977 and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1987. 

Architecturally, The Ahwahnee is a symbol of design excellence, 1920s architectural ideals, and Rustic style 

architecture on a previously unimagined scale. Historically, The Ahwahnee is significant for its role in the 

development of tourism, national parks, and the concessions industry and for American citizens’ thenemerging appreciation of the national park system and the great outdoors. The Ahwahnee is also 

historically significant for numerous associations with nationally renowned Americans who made great 

contributions in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, government, social history, and 

recreation.

Although The Ahwahnee generally complied with building standards in effect at the time of construction, 

after more than 80 years in service, the hotel and associated structures and landscape features require 

upgrades to meet current fire, seismic safety, health, and accessibility codes and requirements. Obsolete 

mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems also are in need of replacement or upgrading. Rehabilitation 

work is needed to maintain and protect the historic integrity of The Ahwahnee as well as the visitor 

experience at this National Historic Landmark for future generations. 

This document analyzes four alternatives for the comprehensive rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee for public 

review and comment, in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic 

Preservation Act. The No Action Alternative represents continuing the existing operation and management 

of The Ahwahnee. The three action alternatives represent a reasonable range of options to satisfy the 

purpose of and need for the project while also meeting all relevant legal requirements. 

Following the release of this environmental assessment, there will be a 30-day public comment period. 

Park staff will be available to answer questions, and written comments will be accepted, at a public meeting 

to be held within the comment period. Please refer to the project website for the review and comment 

period and Yosemite National Park open house dates, and to submit comments electronically: 

http://parkplanning.nps.gov/AhwahneeRehab.

Comments postmarked within the 30-day comment period can also be submitted to: 

Mail: Superintendent, Yosemite National Park

Attn: The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan

P.O. Box 577 

Yosemite National Park, CA 95389

Fax: (209) 379-1294

To request a printed copy or CD of this environmental assessment (available in limited number), please 

email: Yose_Planning@nps.gov.
National Park Service Yosemite National Park U.S. Department of the Interior

The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan

Environmental Assessment

July 2011
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment i

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1-1 

Background............................................................................................................................. 1-2 

Purpose of and Need for the Project........................................................................................ 1-3 

Policy and Planning Context .................................................................................................... 1-5 

Public Scoping Process........................................................................................................... 1-12

Chapter 2: Alternatives

Description of the Alternatives................................................................................................. 2-1 

Overview........................................................................................................................... 2-1 

The No Action Alternative ................................................................................................. 2-8 

Actions Common to All Action Alternatives .................................................................... 2-21

Alternative 1 ................................................................................................................... 2-30

Alternative 2 ................................................................................................................... 2-37

Alternative 3 (Preferred) .................................................................................................. 2-46

Actions Considered but Dismissed ......................................................................................... 2-64

Comparison of the Alternatives............................................................................................. 2-66

Identification of the Preferred Alternative .............................................................................. 2-73

Environmentally Preferable Alternative................................................................................... 2-75

Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences

Introduction............................................................................................................................. 3-1 

Organization of this Chapter............................................................................................. 3-1 

Resource Topics Considered in this Environmental Assessment.......................................... 3-1 

Resource Topics Dismissed From Detailed Analysis............................................................. 3-2 

Methods for Analyzing Environmental Consequences ....................................................... 3-3 

Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................................... 3-7 

Impairment ....................................................................................................................... 3-7 

Impact Mitigation Measures.............................................................................................. 3-7 

Natural Resources.................................................................................................................... 3-8 

Geologic Hazards.............................................................................................................. 3-8 

Soils................................................................................................................................ 3-15

Hydrology ....................................................................................................................... 3-21

Vegetation ...................................................................................................................... 3-25

Wildlife ........................................................................................................................... 3-29

Special Status Species ..................................................................................................... 3-33

Air Quality....................................................................................................................... 3-43

Soundscapes................................................................................................................... 3-47

Sociocultural Resources ......................................................................................................... 3-51

Visitor Experience and Services........................................................................................ 3-51

Facility Operations and Infrastructure .............................................................................. 3-61

Socioeconomics .............................................................................................................. 3-73

Energy Consumption and Climate Change...................................................................... 3-84

Historic Properties.................................................................................................................. 3-87

Historic Sites, Buildings, and Landscapes......................................................................... 3-87

Archeological Resources................................................................................................ 3-115

American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources............................................................. 3-122

Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination

Chapter 5: List of Preparers

Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms

Chapter 7: Bibliography
Table of Contents

ii The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Appendix A: Programmatic Agreement Regarding The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program

Appendix B: Selected Schematic Design Drawings of Major Actions

Appendix C: Significance Evaluation and Condition Assessment

Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives

Appendix F: Merced Wild and Scenic River Section 7 Determination

Appendix G: Impairment Determination

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Project vicinity .............................................................................................................. 1-1 

Figure 1-2 Photograph of The Ahwahnee hotel, September 1985................................................. 1-2 

Figure 2-1 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan project area................................... 2-3 

Figure 2-2 The Ahwahnee hotel ground floor plan........................................................................ 2-5 

Figure 2-3 The Ahwahnee hotel first floor (mezzanine) plan ......................................................... 2-5 

Figure 2-4 The Ahwahnee hotel second floor plan........................................................................ 2-6 

Figure 2-5 The Ahwahnee hotel third floor plan............................................................................ 2-6 

Figure 2-6 The Ahwahnee hotel upper floor plans ........................................................................ 2-7 

Figure 2-7 Site Actions Common to All Action Alternatives......................................................... 2-22

Figure B-1 East Wing egress, Alternatives 1 and 3......................................................................... B-3 

Figure B-2 Fire separation at dining room, all Action Alternatives.................................................. B-4 

Figure B-3 Bracing of dining room to the kitchen, Alternatives 1 and 3......................................... B-5 

Figure B-4 Limited use/limited access elevator, Alternatives 1 and 3 .............................................. B-6 

Figure B-5 Location of new accessible guestrooms, Alternatives 1 and 3....................................... B-7 

Figure B-6 Second means of egress from south mezzanine, Alternatives 2 and 3 .......................... B-8 

Figure B-7 East Wing egress, Alternative 2.................................................................................... B-9 

Figure B-8 Bracing of dining room to the kitchen, Alternative 2 .................................................. B-10

Figure B-9 Limited use/limited access elevator, Alternative 2........................................................ B-11

List of Tables

Table 2-1 Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives ................................. 2-53

Table 2-2 Alternative Options Considered but Dismissed for the Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan ..................................................................................................... 2-66

Table 2-3 Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives.............. 2-67

Table 2-4 NPS Objectives and Factors Used to Evaluate Project Alternatives ............................... 2-73

Table 3-1 Active Regional Faults .................................................................................................. 3-8 

Table 3-2 Native and Ornamental Vegetation in the Project Area............................................... 3-26

Table 3-3 Special Status Wildlife Species in Yosemite Valley ....................................................... 3-35

Table 3-4 Summary of Previous National Register Nominations for The Ahwahnee .................... 3-88

Table 3-5 Historic Significance Status of Archeological Sites in The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Project Area....................................................... 3-115
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Executive Summary 

Introduction 

The National Park Service (NPS) has prepared an environmental assessment identifying and 

evaluating four alternatives for the comprehensive rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee hotel and its 

associated structures. This document is intended to meet the requirements of section 102(2) (C) of 

the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act (NHPA). 

The Ahwahnee hotel is situated at the eastern end of Yosemite Valley, north of the Merced River 

and at the foot of the Royal Arches rock formation. Completed in 1927, the hotel was designed by 

architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood for the Yosemite Park and Curry Company. In 1928, a series 

of eight cottages designed by architect Eldridge (Ted) Spencer were built within an adjacent grove 

of pines to the east of the main building. Other features within The Ahwahnee developed area 

include a parking area and a reflecting pond to the north, an employee dormitory to the west, and 

landscaping designed by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr. 

The Ahwahnee was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and was designated a 

National Historic Landmark in 1987 for its architectural significance and relationship to 

prominent historical figures. It is considered one of the greatest national park lodges, and it was the 

last of the lodges to be built to such high levels of artistic significance and achievement. 

The Ahwahnee has operated as a luxury hotel almost continuously since it opened in 1927. 

Although The Ahwahnee generally complied with building standards in effect at the time of 

construction, after more than 80 years in service, facilities at The Ahwahnee are not fully compliant 

with current fire protection and building codes, recommended seismic safety practices, and 

accessibility codes and guidelines. Many of the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems are 

aging and need to be replaced or updated. In addition, some historic hotel finishes and landscape 

components have deteriorated or have been altered over the years, and are in need of 

rehabilitation to protect and preserve the historic integrity of this National Historic Landmark. 

Purpose and Need 

In order to achieve goals and directives set forth in federal law, policy, and guidelines, as well as the 

1980 Yosemite National Park General Management Plan, the purpose of this project is to develop a 

comprehensive plan for phased, long-term rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee hotel and its associated 

structures. Specifically, this comprehensive rehabilitation plan will identify actions to: 

 Improve visitor and employee safety by bringing The Ahwahnee into compliance with current 

building, fire protection, and seismic safety standards; 

 Preserve and protect the historic integrity and character-defining features of The Ahwahnee by 

rehabilitating aged or altered historic finishes; 

 Improve hotel energy and water-use efficiency and operations by repairing or replacing 

outdated or inefficient building systems and components; 

 Maintain the traditional level of visitor service and the visitor experience at The Ahwahnee 

through improved operational efficiency, increased accessibility, and rehabilitation of historic 

resources. 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment ES-1 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Executive Summary 

Several recent studies of facilities at The Ahwahnee have evaluated life-safety and seismic stability 

compliance and the conditions of structures and grounds. These condition assessments have 

identified the need for rehabilitation, repair, replacement, and/or improvement of multiple 

structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, circulation, and landscape components, as well as 

rehabilitation of deteriorated or incompatibly altered historic features and finishes. In addition, 

opportunities to improve accessibility and operational and energy efficiencies have been identified. 

A comprehensive rehabilitation program to address the identified code deficiencies, outdated 

equipment, and threats to historic integrity is needed. 

Relationship to Other Plans 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment is informed by the 

1980 General Management Plan. The goals for The Ahwahnee described in the General 

Management Plan, as amended by the 1992 Concession Services Plan, relate primarily to visitor use: 

retaining the traditional Ahwahnee character and level of service, but removing amenities for 

outdoor activities that are not directly related to enjoyment of the natural resources. 

Overview of the Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment describes and 

analyzes four alternatives. 

No Action Alternative 

The No Action Alternative is required by the National Environmental Policy Act and NPS 

Director’s Order 12: Conservation Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis and Decisionmaking, to provide the baseline against which to compare the other alternatives. This alternative 

assumes that existing conditions at The Ahwahnee would continue. Actions to address code 

compliance, protect resources, or enhance operations and visitor experience are included in the 

action alternatives, but are not considered part of the No Action Alternative for the purposes of 

this assessment. 

Alternative 1 

Alternative 1 would meet the fundamental objectives of the comprehensive rehabilitation program 

with minimally invasive measures. This alternative would rely on code waivers and operational 

management wherever possible to meet project goals. Alternative 1 would maintain current 

program spaces to the extent practicable, for both operational efficiency and to improve visitor 

experience, while meeting minimum safety code requirements. 

Alternative 1 also proposes historic rehabilitation of historic fabric and features throughout the 

hotel and cottages that are rated in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011) as being 

in “poor” condition, and historic fabric and features rated as being in “fair” condition in the 

“significant” and “very significant” spaces. The energy efficiency elements of this alternative would 

implement measures that affect the building and historic fabric only where other work is occurring 

or where there otherwise would be no impact on the historic resource. 

ES-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Executive Summary 

Alternative 2 

Alternative 2 would address fire and life-safety, seismic, structural, and accessibility code and 

standard deficiencies using more substantive code compliance, and would exceed the basic seismic 

safety requirements for federal buildings while providing a higher degree of historic rehabilitation 

and operational improvements than Alternative 1. Alternative 2 would also reorganize the space 

program in areas already affected by proposed actions to facilitate best operational practices. The 

visitor experience would be substantially improved as well with designs that are compatible with 

the historic character of the spaces affected. 

Like Alternative 1, Alternative 2 proposes historic rehabilitation of features throughout the hotel 

and cottages that are rated in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011) as being in 

“poor” condition, but in addition includes rehabilitation and preservation of historic fabric and 

features in “fair” condition in spaces that are considered historically “very significant” and 

“significant.” In addition, Alternative 2 includes implementation of non-maintenance treatment 

recommendations from The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011) in “contributing” 

and “historic utilitarian” spaces. 

An additional goal of Alternative 2 is to improve energy and water-use efficiency by using measures 

that would have minimal impact on the building and site. 

Alternative 3 (Preferred) 

Alternative 3, the NPS preferred alternative, comprises actions selected from either or both of 

Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, or developed separately. The overall goals of the alternative are to 

provide the most cost-efficient means of addressing fire, seismic, life-safety, health, and 

accessibility code and standard deficiencies; improving obsolete building systems and operational 

efficiency; and improving visitor experience while minimizing impacts on historic fabric and 

features to the maximum extent practicable. 

Like Alternative 1, Alternative 3 proposes historic rehabilitation of features throughout the hotel 

and cottages that are rated in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011) as being in 

“poor” condition, but in addition includes rehabilitation and preservation of historic fabric and 

features in “fair” condition in spaces that are considered historically “very significant” and 

“significant.” 

Environmental Analysis 

Chapter 3 of this document presents the Affected Environment and the Environmental 

Consequences for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment, 

which fulfills the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and the National Historic 

Preservation Act. The Affected Environment section under each resource topic discussed in 

Chapter 3 describes the existing conditions of the resource in areas that would be affected by the 

project. The Environmental Consequences section under each resource topic discussed in 

Chapter 3 analyzes the potential environmental effects associated with each of the alternatives 

described in Chapter 2. Table 2-1 in Chapter 2 presents a summary comparison of the 

Environmental Consequences of each alternative. 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment ES-3 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Executive Summary 

Environmentally Preferable Alternative 

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations implementing NEPA and the National 

Park Service NEPA guidelines require that “the alternative or alternatives which were considered 

to be environmentally preferable” be identified (CEQ Regulations, section 1505.2). 

Environmentally preferable is defined as “the alternative that will promote the national 

environmental policy as expressed in NEPA section 101. Ordinarily, this means the alternative that 

causes the least damage to the biological and physical environment; it also means the alternative 

that best protects, preserves, and enhances historic, cultural, and natural resources” (CEQ 1981). 

Upon full consideration of the elements of section 101 of NEPA, Alternative 3 represents the 

environmentally preferable alternative for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. This 

conclusion is analyzed in detail in Chapter 2. 

Consultation and Coordination Process 

Public scoping was initiated for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental 

Assessment on August 13, 2009. The National Park Service accepted public scoping comments 

through September 26, 2009. The park received eight comment letters from seven individuals and 

one organization during the public scoping period. These letters generated 21 individual concern 

statements that were incorporated into a Public Scoping Concerns Report, which was used to 

guide the development of project alternatives. The 2009 Public Scoping Concerns Report prepared 

for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan, as well as copies of the original comments, 

can be reviewed online at: http://www.nps.gov/yose/parkmgmt/ahwahnee_rehab.htm. 

Internal scoping and consultation with other government agencies and culturally associated 

American Indian tribes and groups informed the planning process. 

The public outreach called for in NHPA section 106 was integrated with the NEPA process 

described above, in accordance with the Programmatic Agreement Among the National Park Service 

at Yosemite, the California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the Advisory Council on Historic 

Preservation Regarding Planning, Design, Construction, Operations, and Maintenance, Yosemite 

National Park, California (1999 Programmatic Agreement) (NPS 1999) and the Programmatic 

Agreement Between the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park and the California State 

Historic Preservation Officer Regarding The Ahwahnee Hotel National Historic Landmark 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program, Mariposa County, California (2011 Programmatic 

Agreement) (NPS and SHPO 2011). In addition, the 2011 Programmatic Agreement was released 

for public review in January 2011. 

ES-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-1

Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

Introduction

The National Park Service has prepared an environmental assessment identifying and evaluating 

four alternatives for the comprehensive rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee hotel and its associated 

structures and grounds in Yosemite Valley within Yosemite National Park, California 

(Figure 1-1). After more than 80 years in service, the hotel is in need of rehabilitation and repair in 

order to assure the public health, safety, and welfare of visitors and employees, and to make 

certain that the facility remains open and operational for future overnight guests and day visitors 

to experience.

This environmental assessment is intended to meet the requirements of the National 

Environmental Policy Act and the implementing regulations promulgated by the Council on 

Environmental Quality, and also to meet the requirements of section 106 of the National Historic 

Preservation Act. 

Figure 1-1 Project vicinity
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Background

The Ahwahnee hotel was envisioned by Stephen T. Mather, the first Director of the National Park 

Service, as a grand hotel providing luxury accommodations to attract wealthy and influential 

visitors to Yosemite Valley. The hotel was designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood for 

the Yosemite Park and Curry Company, and construction was completed in 1927. In 1928, eight 

cottages designed by architect Eldridge (Ted) Spencer were built within an adjacent grove of 

pines to the east of the main building. Other features within The Ahwahnee developed area 

include a parking area to the north, an employee dormitory to the west, and landscaping designed 

by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr. 

The Ahwahnee is situated at the eastern end of Yosemite Valley with outstanding views of natural 

features, including Half Dome, Yosemite Falls, and Glacier Point. Its siting below the Royal 

Arches rock formation is integral to its design and expression (Figure 1-2). 

With the solid massing of a 

rock pile buttressed by flared 

stone piers, the seven-story 

structure was designed to 

reflect the surrounding natural 

conditions and the raw 

resources of the Sierra. Within 

the context of the development 

of the National Park Service 

Rustic architectural style, 

The Ahwahnee exemplifies the 

philosophy of melding the built 

environment into a natural 

setting on a grand scale, with 

deference to the landscape.

The Ahwahnee hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and was 

designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The Ahwahnee is a symbol of design 

excellence, 1920s architectural ideals, and Rustic style architecture on a previously unimagined 

scale. Historically, The Ahwahnee is significant for its role in the development of tourism, 

national parks, the concessions industry, and in the then-emerging appreciation of American 

citizens for the national park system and the great outdoors. The Ahwahnee is also historically 

important for numerous associations with nationally renowned Americans who made great 

contributions in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, government, social history,

and recreation. 

In its early years, The Ahwahnee was an exclusive destination that catered to distinguished and 

affluent guests. Over time, the hotel achieved international fame for its architecture and setting 

amidst the natural beauty of Yosemite National Park, and the hotel continued to host national 

and international dignitaries throughout much of the 20th century. During World War II, 

The Ahwahnee buildings and grounds were converted for use by the U.S. Navy as a convalescent 

hospital from 1943 to 1945. Rehabilitation and restoration of the hotel exterior and the interior 

finishes, and re-furnishing the hotel began after the Navy left in 1945. For the next 25 years, the 

property was maintained, some fire safety improvements were implemented, and amenities such 

as a swimming pool were added to meet changing guest expectations. 

Figure 1-2 Photograph of The Ahwahnee hotel, September 1985

NPS Photo
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-3

In 1977, a restoration and refurbishment program began that was “designed to assure the 

continued elegance, comfort, and historical accuracy of the Yosemite landmark for years to 

come,” (Yosemite Park and Curry Company 1979). Both interior and exterior issues were 

addressed under this program, including restoration of the building’s concrete rafters, balconies, 

and wooden outriggers. Other major undertakings to improve facilities, systems, roofing, and

guestrooms continued throughout the 1980s. In 1993, a change in contracting resulted in the 

federal government assuming ownership of concessioner-operated buildings in Yosemite 

National Park. Since 1993, there have been code upgrades and various building improvements, 

including re-roofing projects, remodeling of certain guestrooms for improved accessibility, 

mechanical upgrades, and the continued refurbishment of guestroom interiors in the cottages and 

throughout the hotel. 

Today, The Ahwahnee is a NPS-owned and concessioner-operated luxury hotel that provides 

year-round visitor accommodations, dining, special events, and retail sales. It remains one of the 

more regularly visited attractions by both day and overnight visitors to the park. 

However, after more than 80 years in service with periodic upgrades and repairs, facilities at 

The Ahwahnee are not fully compliant with current fire protection and building codes, 

recommended seismic safety practices, and accessibility codes and guidelines. Many of the 

electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems are aging and need to be replaced or updated. In 

addition, some historic hotel finishes and landscape components have deteriorated or been 

altered over the years, potentially affecting the historic integrity of this National Historic 

Landmark. A comprehensive rehabilitation program is needed to address numerous code 

deficiencies, outdated equipment, and conditions that may impact the historic integrity of the site. 

Purpose of and Need for the Project

In order to achieve goals and directives set forth in federal law, policy, and guidelines, as well as 

the 1980 

Purpose of the Project

General Management Plan and the 1992 Concession Services Plan

 Improve visitor and employee safety by bringing The Ahwahnee into compliance with current 

building, fire protection, and seismic safety standards;

, this project will 

develop a comprehensive plan for phased, long-term rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee hotel and 

its associated structures. Specifically, this comprehensive rehabilitation plan will identify actions 

to:

 Preserve and protect the historic integrity and character-defining features of The Ahwahnee by 

rehabilitating aged or altered historic finishes;

 Improve hotel energy and water-use efficiency and operations by repairing or replacing 

outdated or inefficient building systems and components;

 Maintain the traditional level of visitor service and the visitor experience at The Ahwahnee

through improved operational efficiency, increased accessibility, and rehabilitation of historic 

resources.

Although The Ahwahnee generally complied with building standards in effect at the time of 

construction, after more than 80 years in service, the hotel and associated structures and 

landscape features require upgrades to meet current fire, seismic safety, health, and accessibility 

Need for the Project
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

codes. Rehabilitation work is needed to maintain and protect the historic integrity of 

The Ahwahnee as well as the visitor experience at this National Historic Landmark for future 

generations. 

The National Park Service, in partnership with the current park concessioner, Delaware North 

Companies Parks & Resorts at Yosemite (DNC), has undertaken several studies of 

The Ahwahnee facilities in recent years to assess the overall code compliance and condition of 

structures and grounds. The most recent of these studies include:

 Operational Program for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan



(Hornberger+Worstell 2010c) 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation Alternatives



(Degenkolb Engineers 

2010)

The Ahwahnee Historic Rehabilitation Program



(Hornberger+Worstell 2011) 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 50% and 100% Conceptual Design 

Alternatives



(Hornberger+Worstell 2009, 2010a) 

The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report 



(Architectural Resources Group [ARG] 2011)

The Ahwahnee Cultural Landscape Report

These condition assessments and life-safety and seismic stability evaluations, have identified the 

need for rehabilitation, repair, replacement, and/or improvement of multiple structural, 

mechanical, electrical, plumbing, circulation, and landscape components, as well as deteriorated 

or altered historic features and finishes. In addition, opportunities to improve operational, 

energy, and water-use efficiencies have been identified. 

(AECOM and ARG 2011)

Specifically, the hotel, cottages, and dormitory are not fully compliant with current California 

Building Code (CBC) (adopted by Yosemite National Park as the governing code for 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan), National Fire Protection Association 

(NFPA) fire and life-safety consensus code, health code, and Interagency Committee on Seismic 

Safety and Construction (ICSSC) seismic safety recommended practices. Additionally, structural 

improvements are needed to ensure visitor and employee safety. Site and building improvements 

also are needed to improve accessibility for disabled persons to all hotel facilities, in accordance 

with Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines 

In addition, mechanical, plumbing, and electrical components in the hotel and cottages have 

exceeded their design lives, are inefficient, and/or are not fully code-compliant, and are in need of 

repair or replacement. Heating and air conditioning system upgrades are needed at the hotel, 

cottages, and dormitory, and upgraded utility connections between the hotel and cottages, and 

between the hotel and dormitory, are required. Kitchen and Ahwahnee Bar upgrades also are 

needed to improve operational efficiency and assure that the traditional level of service is 

maintained, as required by the park’s 1980 

requirements. 

General Management Plan. Lastly, many historic 

features and finishes, both exterior and interior, of the main hotel building and the cottages are 

deteriorating or have been altered, and need repair or rehabilitation to maintain the integrity of 

this significant cultural resource and to maintain the visitor experience. 
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-5

Policy and Planning Context

Several established policies and plans provide direction for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan.

National Park Service Organic Act (Title 16, United States Code [16 USC] sections 1 through 4)

Regulations and Policies

In 1916, the Organic Act established the National Park Service in order to “promote and regulate 

the use of parks...” The stated purpose of national parks is “to conserve the scenery and natural 

and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such 

manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future 

generations.” The Organic Act establishes the management responsibilities of the National Park 

Service. While Congress has given the National Park Service the management discretion to allow 

certain impacts within parks, that discretion is limited by the statutory requirement that park 

resources and values be left unimpaired. It ensures that park resources and values will continue to 

exist in a condition that allows future generations to enjoy them. NPS Management Policies 

provide additional guidance on impairment of park resources and values (NPS 2006a).

1970 National Park Service General Authorities Act (as amended by the 1978 Redwood 

amendment) (16 USC section 1a)

This act prohibits the National Park Service from allowing any activities that would cause 

derogation of the values and purposes for which the parks have been established (except as 

directly and specifically provided by Congress in the enabling legislation for the parks). Parks also 

adhere to other applicable federal laws and regulations, such as the Endangered Species Act, the 

National Historic Preservation Act, the Wilderness Act, and the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. To 

articulate its responsibilities under these laws and regulations, the National Park Service has

established management policies (NPS 2006a) for all units under its stewardship.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1969) (42 USC 4341 et seq.)

NEPA requires the identification and documentation of the environmental consequences of 

federal actions. Regulations implementing NEPA are set by the President’s Council on 

Environmental Quality (CEQ) (Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations [40 CFR] Parts 1500-1508). 

CEQ regulations establish the requirements and process for agencies to fulfill their obligations 

under the act. In compliance with NEPA, this environmental assessment will evaluate potential 

project impacts on the human environment. Compliance with the National Historic Preservation 

Act (see below) is integrated into the NEPA compliance process, using NHPA criteria for the 

analysis of impacts on cultural resources. The NEPA process is also used to coordinate 

compliance with other federal laws, regulations, and orders applicable to this environmental 

assessment, including but not limited to

 Clean Air Act (as amended) (42 USC 7401 et seq

 Endangered Species Act (16 USC 1531 

.)

et seq

 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (16 USC 1271)

.)

 Executive Order 11593: Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment

 Executive Order 13514: Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic 

Performance
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (1966 as amended) (16 USC 470) 

Section 106 of the NHPA directs federal agencies to take into account the effect of any 

undertaking (a federally funded or assisted project) on historic properties. A "historic property" 

is any district, building, structure, site, or object, including any resource considered by American 

Indians to have cultural and religious significance, that is eligible for listing in the National 

Register of Historic Places because the property is significant at the national, state, or local level in 

American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture. Section 106 also provides the 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) and the State Historic Preservation Officer 

(SHPO) an opportunity to comment on assessment of effects anticipated from the undertaking. 

For this project, Yosemite National Park’s section 106 review process is governed by the 

Programmatic Agreement Between the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park and the 

California State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding The Ahwahnee Hotel National Historic 

Landmark Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program, Mariposa County, California

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) (as amended) (42 USC 12101 et seq.) 

(2011 

Programmatic Agreement)(Appendix A) developed in consultation with the SHPO. In 

compliance with section 106 of the NHPA, this environmental assessment will evaluate potential 

project effects on historic properties.

ADA requires accessibility to places of public accommodation and to commercial facilities by 

individuals with disabilities. Compliance with ADA requirements is guided by The Americans with 

Disability Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG). While most historic buildings and landscapes 

were not designed to be readily accessible for people with disabilities, making these propertiesand the activities within them-more accessible to people with disabilities is a goal of the National 

Park Service, as detailed in Director’s Order 16A, Accessibility for Employees and Job Applicants

and Director’s Order 42, Accessibility for Park Visitors

Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 (ABA) (as amended) (42 USC 4151 et seq.)

. 

The ABA requires access to facilities designed, built, altered, or leased with federal funds. An 

Access Board develops and maintains accessibility guidelines under this law. These guidelines 

serve as the basis for the standards used to enforce the law. Federal agencies are responsible for 

ensuring compliance with the ABA standards when funding the design, construction, alteration, 

or leasing of facilities. Compliance with ABA guidelines also is an NPS goal, as detailed in 

Director’s Orders 16A and 42.

The Archeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 (ARPA) (16 USC 470aa- 470ll)

ARPA prohibits unauthorized excavation of archeological sites on federal land and other acts 

involving cultural resources, and implements a permitting process for excavation of archeological 

sites on federal or Indian lands (see regulations at 43 CFR 7). ARPA also provides civil and 

criminal penalties for removal of, or damage to, archeological and cultural resources. The analysis 

of historic properties included in Chapter 3 complies with ARPA.

The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA)

(25 USC 3001 et seq.)

NAGPRA provides for the protection and repatriation of Native American human remains and 

cultural items and requires notification of the relevant Native American tribe(s) upon accidental 

discovery of cultural items (see implementing regulations at 43 CFR 10). Resources covered by 

NAGPRA may be present within the project area; if they are encountered during project 
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-7

implementation, these resources would be managed in accordance with the 2011 Programmatic 

Agreement (Appendix A). 

The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 (AIRFA) (as amended) (42 USC 1996)

AIRFA preserves for American Indians and other indigenous groups the right to express 

traditional religious practices, including access to sites under federal jurisdiction. Access to 

American Indian traditional religious practice sites in the project area is provided for in the 2011 

Programmatic Agreement. 

Executive Order No. 13007: Indian Sacred Sites

Executive Order 13007 directs federal agencies with statutory or administrative responsibility for 

the management of federal lands, to the extent practicable, to accommodate access to and 

ceremonial use of Indian sacred sites by American Indian religious practitioners and to avoid 

adversely affecting the physical integrity of such sacred sites. For this project, the 2011 

Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A) would apply with respect to government-to-government 

consultation and the respect given to American Indian spiritual places and access for activities at 

The Ahwahnee. 

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties 

(Standards)

The Standards are prepared under the authority of NHPA sections 101(f) (g), and (h), and NHPA 

section 110. The Standards are intended to promote responsible preservation practices that help 

protect irreplaceable cultural resources. The Standards are not intended to make decisions about 

which features of a historic building should be saved and which can be changed. Rather, once a 

treatment is selected, the Standards provide guidance for consistency in the proposed work. 

The four treatment approaches are Preservation, Rehabilitation, Restoration, and 

Reconstruction. Preservation places a high premium on the retention of all historic fabric through 

conservation, maintenance, and repair. Rehabilitation emphasizes the retention and repair of 

historic materials, but more latitude is provided for replacement because it is assumed the 

property is more deteriorated prior to work. Restoration focuses on the retention of materials 

from the most significant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials 

from other periods. Reconstruction establishes limited opportunities to re-create a non-surviving 

site, landscape, building, structure, or object in all new materials. The proposed project is 

considered a rehabilitation effort (AECOM and ARG 2011, ARG 2011).

2006 National Park Service Management Policies

Management Policies 2006

The National Park Service will employ the most effective concepts, techniques, and 

equipment to protect cultural resources against theft, fire, vandalism, overuse, 

deterioration, environmental impacts, and other threats without compromising the 

integrity of the resources” (NPS 2006a, Chapter 5).

is the service-wide policy document of the National Park Service. The 

following excerpts from the Management Policies specifically pertain to The Ahwahnee

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. NPS Management Policies state:

The National Park Service will provide persons with disabilities the highest feasible 

level of physical access to historic properties that is reasonable, consistent with the 

preservation of each property’s significant historical features. Access modifications 
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-8 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

for persons with disabilities will be designed and installed to least affect the features 

of a property that contribute to its significance. (NPS 2006a, Chapter 5). 

The National Park Service will provide visitor and administrative facilities that are 

necessary, appropriate, and consistent with the conservation of park resources and 

values. Facilities will be harmonious with park resources, compatible with natural 

processes, esthetically pleasing, functional, energy and water efficient, cost-effective, 

universally designed, and as welcoming as possible to all segments of the population. 

NPS facilities and operations will demonstrate environmental leadership by 

incorporating sustainable practices to the maximum extent practicable in planning, 

design, siting, construction, and maintenance (NPS 2006a, Chapter 9). 

Through the use of concession contracts or commercial use authorizations, the 

National Park Service will provide commercial visitor services that are necessary 

and appropriate for public use and enjoyment. Concession operations will be 

consistent to the highest practicable degree with the preservation and conservation of 

resources and values of the park unit. Concession operations will demonstrate sound 

environmental management and stewardship (NPS 2006a, Chapter 10).

National Park Service Director’s Orders

The proposed action is consistent with, but not limited to, the following NPS Director’s Orders:

 Director’s Order 12: Conservation Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis and Decisionmaking

 Director’s Order 16A: Accessibility for Employees and Job Applicants

 Director’s Order 28: Cultural Resource Management

 Director’s Order 42: Accessibility for Visitors with Disabilities in National Park Service 

Programs and Services

 Director’s Order 50B: Occupational Safety and Health Program

 Director’s Order 58: Structural Fire Management

National Fire Protection Association Codes

Applicable Codes and Standards

Per NPS Director’s Order 58: Structural Fire Management 

2007 California Building Code (CBC) (Health and Safety Code of 18950, et seq.) and (Title 24, 

Part 2, California Code of Regulations)

(DO-58), the National Park Service has 

adopted the current version of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and 

standards as recommended practices for fire prevention, protection, and life-safety. Codes 

applicable to this project include NFPA 1-Fire Prevention, NFPA-101 Life Safety Code, and 

NFPA 914-Code for Fire Protection of Historic Structures. DO-58 recognizes that NPS-adopted 

standards may sometimes conflict with state or local codes; in these cases, the National Park 

Service will defer to the most stringent requirement. For this project, fire and life-safety 

provisions are generally per the applicable portions of NFPA 101. 

The California Building Code is based directly on the 2006 International Building Code (IBC), but 

the 2007 CBC adds special provisions for seismic design and accessibility to the 2006 IBC. For this 

project, the CBC is used for occupancy classification, determination of construction types and the 

related height and areas allowed by those building codes. Fire and life-safety provisions would 

generally be per the applicable portions of NFPA code (see above).
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-9

2007 California Historical Building Code (CHBC) (Health and Safety Code of 18950, et seq.) and 

(Title 24, Part 8, California Code of Regulations)

While the 2007 California Building Code (above) makes provisions for the special treatment of 

qualified historic buildings (CBC, section 3403.5), the 2007 California Historical Building Code

amplifies and codifies this protection. The CHBC governs all other statues or regulations as they 

may apply to qualified historic buildings; thus, it modifies the CBC. The CHBC endorses a caseby-case approach to find and adopt reasonable alternatives or reasonable levels of equivalency for 

situations where strict compliance with established statues or regulations would negatively affect 

a historic resource. For this project, application of the CHBC affected alternatives for meeting 

accessibility standards, seismic design, and design of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 

systems.

Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety and Construction Recommended Practice 6: 

Standard of Seismic Safety for Existing Federally Owned and Leased Buildings

(ICSSC RP6)

ICSSC RP6 was developed in conjunction with the National Institute of Standards and 

Technology in response to Public Law 101-614 and pursuant to Executive Order 12941. RP6 

identifies the triggers for when seismic rehabilitation of federal buildings is required and provides 

evaluation and mitigation requirements. Per section 2.1(b), because this project has the potential 

to “significantly extend the building's useful life through alterations or repairs which total more 

than 30% of the replacement value of the facility,” a seismic evaluation and rehabilitation 

following the provisions of RP6 are required. 

RP6 cites Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) standards 310 and 356, which have 

since been superseded by American Society of Civil Engineers (ACSE) 31-03: Seismic Evaluation of 

Existing Buildings and ASCE 41-06: Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings

For this project, a seismic evaluation of The Ahwahnee hotel, cottages, and dormitory 

(Degenkolb Engineers 2010) was used to develop alternative options for meeting seismic 

standards.

. The above are 

referenced from the 2007 CBC, and therefore may be modified by the CHBC. 

Accessibility Codes

The governing accessibility standards and codes for this project are: 

 Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines

 The 2007 CBC, Chapters 11A and 11B, as modified by:

, current version as incorporated into:

 The 2007 CHBC

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Codes

For this project, the California Mechanical Code (CMC) and the California Plumbing Code 

(CPC) are used in conjunction with the 2007 CBC, for systems design code standards. This 

includes the California Title 24 standards for energy use and conservation. This project also 

applies the 2007 California Electrical Code, which is based on the 2005 National Electric Code 

(NEC).
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-10 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

The purpose of and need for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan must be, to a 

large degree, consistent with existing park planning documents. Documents that pertain to this 

rehabilitation planning effort include the following:

Park Plans and Guidelines

1980 Yosemite National Park General Management Plan

The goals for The Ahwahnee area described in the General Management Plan all relate to visitor 

use: to retain the traditional Ahwahnee character and level of service, but remove outdoor 

activities that are not directly related to the natural resources. The General Management Plan

 Retain the 99 Ahwahnee hotel rooms and 22 (original) cabin rooms 

calls 

for the following specific actions related to The Ahwahnee: 

 Retain the dining room, gift shop, bar, and other services 

 Retain 132-car parking area 

 Remove the tennis courts 

 Remove the golf course

1992 Concessions Services Plan

The Concessions Services Plan/SEIS presented guidance for management of concession services in 

Yosemite National Park to meet General Management Plan goals. The Concession Services Plan

amended the General Management Plan. The Concession Services Plan is consistent with the 

General Management Plan

The number of rooms at The Ahwahnee would remain at the number available in 1991: 99 rooms 

in the hotel and 24 rooms in cottages (two cabin living rooms were converted to guestrooms in 

the time between the publication of the 1980 

regarding actions at The Ahwahnee, with the following additions:

General Management Plan and the 1992 Concessions 

Services Plan

2011 Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Programmatic Agreement

). 

Given the long-term nature of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan and the 

potential for adverse effect on the historic property from some of the needed code-driven actions, 

the National Park Service at Yosemite National Park and the California SHPO developed a 

programmatic agreement in accordance with 36 CFR Part 800.14(b). Culturally associated 

California Indian tribes and groups have been invited to participate in the programmatic 

agreement as concurring parties. The programmatic agreement, a standard, technical document 

under the National Historic Preservation Act, is used to clarify roles, responsibilities, and 

expectations of consulting parties engaged in large and complex federal projects that may have an 

impact on historic properties. The programmatic agreement documents the terms and conditions 

agreed upon during consultation to resolve the adverse effect.

The Programmatic Agreement Between the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park and the 

California State Historic Preservation Officer Regarding The Ahwahnee Hotel National Historic 

Landmark Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program, Mariposa County, California (2011 

Programmatic Agreement) was executed in January 2011, and is included as Appendix A of this 

environmental assessment.
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-11

Merced River Comprehensive Management Plan Settlement Agreement

The Merced River was designated a wild and scenic river in 1987. The Ahwahnee developed area, 

including the hotel, parking and service areas, the employee dormitory, guest cottages, and 

grounds are located within the Merced Wild and Scenic River corridor boundary. To meet its 

resource management obligations under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, the National Park 

Service initiated a comprehensive river management planning process for the Merced Wild and 

Scenic River corridor in 1999. The subsequent Merced River Plan (2000) and Revised Merced 

River Plan (2005) were legally challenged, and both were rescinded. An outstanding lawsuit 

against the National Park Service in response to these plans was settled, and a legally binding 

Settlement Agreement was executed between National Park Service and former plaintiffs in 

September 2009 (see http://www.nps.gov/yose/parkmgmt/upload/mrpsettlementagreement.pdf

The Settlement Agreement renewed efforts to complete a comprehensive management plan that 

will satisfy the requirements of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. Until such time a comprehensive 

management plan is completed and the Record of Decision for the plan is signed, the Settlement 

Agreement constrains actions that may be undertaken in much of Yosemite Valley, and therefore 

limits certain potential rehabilitation actions within The Ahwahnee developed area, particularly 

with respect to rehabilitation of features in the cultural landscape that are unrelated to the health 

and safety of visitors and employees, or accessibility. 

). 

For this reason, rehabilitation of the historic cultural landscape at The Ahwahnee is largely 

deferred to future site planning efforts, pending finalization of the comprehensive management 

plan for the Merced Wild and Scenic River. 

Per section E (pages 14-16) of the September 2009 Settlement Agreement, upon completion of the 

appropriate environmental review and compliance, within the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

corridor the National Park Service: 

...may conduct operations and maintenance activities, correct accessibility 

deficiencies, and carry out all other activities necessary to address the daily, routine, 

and intermittent operational requirements of Yosemite National Park, as long as 

such operations and activities will not influence or predetermine the NPS analysis of 

user capacity, including the types, levels, and location of uses, and are in full 

compliance with NEPA. 

The following stipulations as agreed to within section E of the Settlement Agreement particularly 

affected the scope of this planning effort:

The NPS will not construct new roads, parking spaces, or bridges; NPS will not 

increase the number of overnight lodging accommodations; and the NPS will not 

pave any parking areas or trails that are currently unpaved...Routine operations, 

maintenance projects, and emergency responses are intended to stabilize and protect 

park facilities, address visitor health and safety issues, and protect natural and 

cultural resources... NPS is aware that correcting certain accessibility deficiencies is 

required to ensure that park visitors with disabilities have access to the opportunities 

and experiences in Yosemite National Park. Examples of repair work required to 

correct accessibility deficiencies include: reconfiguring existing facility paths of travel 

in developed areas; modifications to restrooms and fixtures; providing accessible 

routes, signage and information; and installation of required hardware and 

equipment. 
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-12 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Public Scoping Process

Public scoping was initiated for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 

Environmental Assessment on August 13, 2009. A 45-day scoping period extended through 

September 26, 2009. The scoping period was subsequently extended through September 30, 2009, 

to accept comments that may have been submitted at the Yosemite National Park Public Open 

House held in September. Two public meetings were held for this project: a Park Public Open 

House at the East Auditorium in Yosemite Valley on August 26, 2009, and a public scoping 

meeting at The Ahwahnee on September 22, 2009. In addition, a public meeting was held at 

The Ahwahnee on September 8, 2009, and the project was featured at a Park Public Open House 

on September 30, 2009, at the East Auditorium in Yosemite Valley. Project materials were 

displayed and comments were accepted at each meeting.

Written public scoping comments were received at public scoping meetings, and by fax, email, 

U.S. mail, and online through the Planning, Environment, and Public Comment (PEPC) website 

(http://parkplanning.nps.gov). During the scoping period, eight comment letters were received, 

seven from individuals, and one from an organization. These letters generated 21 individual 

concern statements. The concern statements were categorized and considered for incorporation 

in the planning process. The Public Scoping Concerns Report prepared for The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan, as well as copies of the original comments, can be reviewed 

online at http://www.nps.gov/yose/parkmgmt/ahwahnee_rehab.htm. Internal scoping and 

consultation with the California SHPO and other government agencies and with California Indian 

communities also informed the planning process. See Chapter 4, Consultation and Coordination, 

for more information on consultation procedures.

The following issues were identified during the public scoping process: 

Issues and Concerns Addressed in this Document

 Maintain the historic integrity of the hotel

 Use native plants for landscape restoration 

 Address the relationship of this project to the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive 

Management Plan planning process

The following issues were identified during public scoping and are not addressed in this planning 

effort for the following reasons:

Issues and Concerns Not Addressed in this Document

 Remove the tennis courts



. This comprehensive rehabilitation plan does not include actions in 

the cultural landscape outside of code-driven emergency fire department access, utility 

upgrades, and ADA accessibility. Removal of the tennis courts is not addressed in this plan as it 

is unrelated to the purpose of and need for comprehensive rehabilitation at The Ahwahnee, as 

described above. 

Address parking issues at The Ahwahnee



. Per the 2009 Settlement Agreement (see above), 

this comprehensive rehabilitation plan does not address parking spaces at The Ahwahnee other 

than to evaluate alternatives for accessible parking as required by code. 

Remove trees to restore scenic views and vistas. This comprehensive rehabilitation plan does 

not include actions in the cultural landscape outside of code-driven emergency access, utility 

upgrades, and ADA accessibility. Clearing of vegetation to restore scenic vistas is guided by the 

parkwide Scenic Vista Management Plan, which was released to the public for review in the fall 
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 1-13

of 2010, and will provide a systematic program for documenting, protecting, and reestablishing 

Yosemite's important viewpoints and vistas. A decision document for the Scenic Vista 

Management Plan is expected in 2011.

In addition, four public scoping letters without substantive comments were submitted for 

consideration. These letters contain comments that did not provide enough information to be put 

in context, or were anecdotes about experiences related to The Ahwahnee. All comments 

received during the scoping period have been duly considered and are now part of the 

administrative record for this project.
Chapter 1: Purpose and Need

1-14 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-1

Chapter 2: Alternatives 

This chapter describes the No Action Alternative along with three action alternatives associated 

with The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan, Actions Common to All Action 

Alternatives, alternatives considered but dismissed, a summarized comparison of the 

environmental consequences of each alternative, and identification of the environmentally 

preferable alternative.

Description of the Alternatives

The National Park Service has developed a no-action and three action alternatives that address 

the project purpose and need as described in Chapter 1, using the results of internal and public 

scoping and agency consultation, and the findings and recommendations of studies conducted in 

support of this project, including:

Overview

 Critical items identified in the Operational Program for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan



 (Hornberger+Worstell 2010c) 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Seismic Evaluation and Rehabilitation Alternatives 



(Degenkolb Engineers 

2010)

The Ahwahnee Historic Rehabilitation Program



(Hornberger+Worstell 2011) 

The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report 



(Architectural Resources Group [ARG]2011) 

The Ahwahnee Cultural Landscape Report 



(AECOM and ARG 2011)

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 50% and 100% Conceptual Design 

Alternatives



(Hornberger+Worstell 2009, 2010a) 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 50% Schematic Design 

Alternatives

In addition, please see Chapter 1, ‘Applicable Codes and Standards’ (pages 1-8 and 1-9), for a list 

of codes and standards that were used to develop the needed actions included with each 

alternative.

(Hornberger+Worstell 2010b) 

To facilitate description of the no-action and action alternatives, the purpose and need objectives 

in Chapter 1 have been refined into seven (7) program categories, as follows:

 Fire /Life-Safety Compliance

 Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

 Accessibility Compliance

 Historic Rehabilitation

 Operational Efficiency

 Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

 Energy/Water-Use Efficiency and Sustainability

Each of the action alternatives addresses the seven program categories above with actions that 

respond to building and site code deficiencies and rehabilitates character-defining features and 

spaces of the historic structures. The action alternatives also improve operational and energy and 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

2-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

water-use efficiencies in order to provide a sustainable level of service into the future for both 

overnight and daytime visitors. Actions that are common to all of the action alternatives are 

presented in an ‘Actions Common to All Action Alternatives’ section, following the description of 

the No Action Alternative.

An overview of the comprehensive rehabilitation plan project area is provided as Figure 2-1. 

Reference drawings for each floor of The Ahwahnee hotel are provided as Figures 2-2 to 2-6.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-3

Figure 2-1 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan project area
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

2-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

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Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-5

Figure 2-2 The Ahwahnee hotel ground floor plan Figure 2-3 The Ahwahnee hotel first floor (mezzanine) plan 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

2-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Figure 2-4 The Ahwahnee hotel second floor plan Figure 2-5 The Ahwahnee hotel third floor plan
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Overview 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-7

Figure 2-6 The Ahwahnee hotel upper floor plans 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

2-8 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Overview

The No Action Alternative

The No Action Alternative is required by the National Environmental Policy Act and NPS 

Director’s Order 12 to provide the baseline against which to compare the other alternatives. This 

alternative assumes that existing conditions at The Ahwahnee would continue, including routine 

maintenance and repairs. Any additional management to address code compliance, protect 

resources, or enhance operations and visitor experience is addressed as part of the action 

alternatives, but is not considered part of the No Action Alternative for the purposes of this 

assessment.

The following is a summary of existing conditions at The Ahwahnee hotel and its associated 

structures in regard to the seven purpose and need elements listed above.

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

As noted under Chapter 1, fire and life-safety requirements are governed by the current version of 

the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) codes and standards as recommended practices 

for fire prevention, protection, and life-safety. 

There is a substantial ongoing maintenance and inspection program for fire and life-safety at 

The Ahwahnee. As part of this program, the National Park Service recently implemented the 

2010-2011 Fire/Life-Safety Project and the 5th and 6th Floor Egress Project at The Ahwahnee

hotel to address critical code compliance issues in the main hotel building. The improvements 

included the installation of a comprehensive fire and smoke detection and alarm system, smoke 

barriers, an expanded automatic fire suppression system throughout the building, and the 

addition of a secondary means of code-compliant egress from the 5th and 6th floors to the 

ground level. 

With the fire/life-safety improvements described above, the following fire/life-safety deficiencies 

would still exist under the No Action Alternative:

Egress

Fire code requires that at least two means of egress be provided from any balcony, mezzanine, 

story or portion thereof. Currently, the South Mezzanine meeting rooms (Tresidder Lounge, 

Colonial Room, and Tudor Room) have only one means of egress. The Yosemite National Park 

Fire Marshal has advised that, effective March 2011, these meeting rooms no longer may be used 

for public assembly without an acceptable secondary means of egress.

In the East Wing, the existing exterior spiral stair fire escape from first and second floor 

guestrooms to the ground floor does not comply with width or capacity requirements in current 

fire code.

Fire/Smoke Separation

The Dining Room does not conform to fire code requirements for occupancy and construction 

type separation. The Dining Room is an assembly occupancy and Type 4 construction (heavy 

timber, combustible). The remainder of the hotel building, with the exception of the Porte 

Cochere and walkway, is a hotel occupancy and Type 1B construction (steel and concrete, non-
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-9

combustible). No fire separation between the two areas would be provided under the No Action 

Alternative.

Elevators

The existing service elevator, passenger elevator, and the 

elevator shaft separation present the following fire/lifesafety hazards: the shafts are constructed of unreinforced 

gypsum block; the pocketed entrances compromise the shaft 

fire resistance; the wood service cab is not accessible or fireresistant; and the controls do not conform to current fire 

safety code.

Structural Fire Protection in Attic Spaces

Areas of the existing fire proofing applied to the exposed 

steel in the attic spaces (primarily above guestrooms) have 

delaminated, been damaged, or are discontinuous. These 

conditions would persist under the No Action Alternative. 

Shafts and Linen Facilities

The existing building shafts are not compliant with current code pertaining to fire rating, floor 

penetrations, and duct penetrations.

The linen chute shaft currently terminates without any enclosure in the soiled linen room and 

does not include any fire separation from the public space. A two-hour rating system is required 

to comply with fire code.

The toilet exhaust systems for the guestrooms do not comply with fire code, as the associated 

shafts are not properly sealed at the top and bottom and are open to each guestroom. 

Fire Department Access

Master Key System

The National Park Service recently re-keyed doors throughout The Ahwahnee hotel building as 

part of the 2010-2011 fire/life-safety project described above. Currently, emergency personnel

need several master keys to access different portions of the hotel.

Fire Department Access Roads 

The existing fire department access road at the south and east sides of the hotel and the existing 

fire department access road to the cottages do not comply with fire code. Specifically, fire code 

requires the following:

 Provide a fire department access road within 50 feet of at least one exterior door of each 

building that can be opened from the outside and that provides access to the interior of the 

building;

 Provide a fire department access road within 150 feet of any portion of a facility or any portion 

of an exterior wall of the first story of a building;

 Provide a minimum of 16 feet of road width, not including shoulders, walkways or drainage;

 Provide a road surface that can support a live load of 75,000 lbs but shall support no less than 

vehicles weighing 60,000 lbs, and that can be maintained year-round;

Deteriorated condition of fireproofing at 

column/beam in the hotel attic space. 

Hornberger + Worstell Photo
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

2-10 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

 Provide drainage crossings that are all-weather, where emergency vehicles are not subject to 

passing through water, ice, or soft roadbed;

 Provide and maintain at least 13.5-foot nominal vertical clearance over the full width of the 

access road;

 Provide a turnaround at the closed end of fire access roads with dead ends exceeding 300 feet.

The existing fire truck access to the hotel utilizes a combination of the parking area on the north 

side of the hotel, a hardened landscape area (covered with turf) surrounding the hotel to the west 

and south; and a reinforced section of the concrete terrace on the west side of the hotel (see 

Figure 2-7). This vehicle access on the west and south side of the hotel is not an approved route as 

it does not conform to required road widths or required distance from the structure for fire truck 

access. It also does not meet the load requirements for fire vehicle access throughout its full 

length. Lastly, there is no turnaround where the access terminates on the southeast side of the 

hotel.

The existing fire department access road from the parking area to the cottages varies in width 

from approximately 9 to 20 feet. Under the No Action Alternative, the majority of the cottages 

would remain more than 50 feet from a fire department access road, and several of the cottages 

would remain more than 150 feet from the existing fire department access road.

The existing fire access road terminates at the 

service entrance to the cottages (see 

Figure 2-7). From this point, an unmaintained 

service road is the only access provided on the 

southern side of the cottage area. This 

unmaintained service road is not compliant 

with fire code requirements for width, 

surfacing, drainage crossings, and 

turnarounds. Additionally, this unmaintained 

service road provides the only vehicle access to 

existing fire hydrants on the southern side of 

the cottages.

Fire Protection Systems

The National Park Service recently installed automatic fire sprinklers, fire/smoke detectors, and 

fire alarm systems throughout The Ahwahnee hotel building as part of the 2010-2011 fire/lifesafety project described above. That project did not include similar measures for The Ahwahnee

cottages or dormitory.

Ahwahnee Cottages

The current smoke alarms at the cottages are non-monitored, battery operated, single-station 

smoke alarms that do not comply with fire code. Under the No Action Alternative, these noncompliant alarms would remain.

Fire alarm systems are not specifically required by fire code for the cottages, as the guestrooms 

have ground-level exterior exits. However, based on issues encountered during code inspections, 

a fire alarm system is recommended by the Yosemite National Park fire marshal to provide a 

reliable means of notifying guests during a smoke condition. Under the No Action Alternative, no

fire alarm system would be installed.

Unmaintained service road south of Ahwahnee cottages. 

Existing fire hydrant at left. DNC Photo
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-11

There is currently no automatic sprinkler protection for the cottages. An automated sprinkler 

system is not required by fire code at the cottages; however, sprinklering the cottages would allow 

for additional distance between the fire access road and the cottages beyond the required code 

distances for fire road access as described above. Sprinklering also would add a measure of 

protection for historic materials in the event of fire. Under the No Action Alternative, no 

sprinklering system would be installed.

Ahwahnee Employee Dormitory

The current smoke alarms at the dormitory are non-monitored, battery-operated, single-station 

smoke alarms that do not comply with fire code. Under the No Action Alternative, these noncompliant alarms would remain. There is no sprinkler system in the dormitory. Under the No 

Action Alternative, no sprinklering system would be installed.

Electrical Systems

A number of code-compliance issues have been identified with the existing electrical system at 

The Ahwahnee hotel. These issues, which would persist under the No Action Alternative, include:

Distribution Panels

The electrical distribution panels are located in two rooms 

within the hotel. The room containing the main 

switchgear and generator, located at the rear (north end) 

of the Kitchen area, is 18 inches below grade. The room 

containing hotel operations distributions is located in the 

basement, one floor below grade. Extensive water damage 

is visible in both of these rooms due to flooding during 

spring runoff or after heavy rains. This creates a hazardous 

working environment for maintenance staff.

Grounding and Short-Circuit Protection

The existing electrical system is neither properly 

grounded nor does it provide proper short-circuit 

protection.

Wiring, Conduits, and Raceways

Much of the electrical distribution system consists of the original, cloth-wrapped wiring. The 

insulation is damaged and worn in many places, and does not meet current electrical code. 

Conduit has corroded in many places and does not meet safety standards. Exposed wiring, and in 

particular the exposure of electrical systems to water or moisture, poses a hazard to maintenance 

staff and to electrical systems at the hotel.

Emergency Generator

The existing emergency generator is undersized and beyond its useful life. The generator does not 

have the code-required standby systems or transfer switches that would allow targeted use of the 

generator during emergencies.

Electrical Service

Electrical service to the hotel is currently split, with both 208-volt and a 480-volt service provided. 

This results in redundancies of equipment, and operational inefficiencies.

The Ahwahnee hotel basement, springtime 

flooding. Hornberger + Worstell Photo
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2-12 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Transformers

The existing electrical transformers are inefficient and approaching the end of their useful lives.

Ventilation and Exhaust Systems

A number of issues have been identified with the existing ventilation and exhaust systems at 

The Ahwahnee. These issues, which would persist under the No Action Alternative, include:

Guestrooms

There is no mechanical ventilation at the guestrooms, ventilation is achieved through operable 

windows in each room, the original ventilation system included operable transoms above the 

corridor doors to facilitate air movement, these transoms have been sealed due to fire code 

restrictions, and the system does not function as it was originally intended. This natural 

ventilation has limitations during extreme temperatures, and can contribute to energy 

inefficiencies when windows are opened while heating or air conditioning units are operating.

Guestroom Corridors

The exhaust system for guestroom corridors is not compliant with fire code, as there is no fire or 

smoke protection between floors at the exhaust shaft (see also ‘Shafts and Linen Facilities’, 

above). In addition, the make-up air pathway does not meet building code for ventilation. 

Guest Bathrooms

The toilet exhaust systems for the guestrooms do not comply with fire code, as the associated 

shafts are not properly sealed at the top and bottom and are open to each guestroom (see also 

‘Shafts and Linen Facilities’, above).

Electrical Room, Boiler Room, and Elevator Penthouse

The electrical rooms and the elevator penthouse do not have code-compliant cooling or 

ventilation systems.

Kitchen

The existing hot-water propane boiler for heating the Kitchen make-up air does not comply with 

manufacturer’s installation recommendations.

Public and Employee Spaces

The hotel’s exhaust systems at public restrooms and the linen rooms and at the dormitory are 

currently non-compliant. 
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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-13

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

As noted in Chapter 1, seismic evaluation and structural strengthening requirements are governed 

by ICSSC RP6, Seismic Safety for Existing Federally Owned and Leased Buildings

 BSE-1 earthquake, which has a 500-year return period or an event with a 10% chance of being 

exceeded in 50 years. Buildings are required to meet the life-safety performance levels of a 

BSE-1 earthquake.

. RP6 requires that 

existing buildings meet life-safety performance objectives and the Basic Safety Objective. The 

Basic Safety Objective considers the building’s expected seismic performance in two different 

earthquake events:

 BSE-2 earthquake, which has a 2,500-year return period or a 2% chance of being exceeded in 

50 years. The building is only required to meet the collapse prevention performance level when 

the BSE-2 earthquake occurs.

Due to the continuous development of seismic design standards since the construction of 

The Ahwahnee hotel and cottages, there are some inherent qualities of the structures that may not 

meet the above objectives. Specific areas that may be affected by 500-year or 2,500-year 

earthquakes would include the following:

Dining Room

Due to the lack of a detailed lateral-force resisting system in the wood-framed Dining Room, 

considerable damage, both structural and nonstructural, may occur in this portion of the hotel 

when subjected to moderate ground shaking, resulting in a hazard to occupants from falling 

debris and potentially substantial damage to a Very Significant character-defining feature of the 

hotel. 

The roof of the Dining Room could separate from the adjoining Kitchen and main hotel building 

core with a gap of approximately 1 to 3 inches, depending on the severity of the event. Granite 

veneer columns at the west end of the Dining Room could rock independently of one another 

and the roof, potentially dislodging stones from the top of columns. Stones from the granite 

veneer on columns at the east end of the dining room also could be dislodged, and pose a falling 

hazard to occupants. The south window wall could distort, shattering glass windows. In addition, 

the Dining Room roof lacks sufficient capacity to meet Mariposa County snow loading 

requirements.

Kitchen Floor

The Kitchen floor slab is in poor condition. The 

concrete slab has deteriorated from water damage, 

and sections of the slab have spalled from heavily 

rusted steel reinforcing bars in the crawl space below. 

Stone Chimneys

The stone chimneys on the hotel are discontinuous 

below the roof structure, and the stone chimneys on 

the cottages are not adequately braced at the roof 

level. Hazards to visitors and employees from falling 

stone may occur when subjected to a 500- or 2,500-

The Ahwahnee hotel kitchen floor from below. year earthquake.

Hornberger + Worstell Photo
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2-14 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

South Wing

Two-story gypsum-block walls flanking the Great Lounge fireplaces may fail during a 500- or 

2,500-year earthquake due to building drift or accelerations, resulting in falling hazards or 

blocked egress. Lack of shear walls in the Great Lounge and Solarium may result in damage to 

floors, windows, and finishes at the intersection of the south wing, east wing, and gift shop, the 

historic storefront, and decorative stenciling. However, work is not required to meet current 

codes or standards.

The window walls in the Great Lounge and Solarium would likely be damaged, some glass 

including Very Significant stained glass windows may shatter, and door frames may become 

distorted.

Exterior Walls

The existing granite stone veneers may separate from their concrete backing during a 500- or 

2,500-year earthquake, resulting in a hazard to occupants from stone falling into egress paths and 

around the building.

Porte Cochere

The entry walkway and the Porte Cochere are susceptible to damage during a 500- or 2,500-year 

earthquake, but neither would collapse. Work is not required to meet current seismic standards.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

Unanchored or unbraced equipment, and rigid piping connections, may fail during both the 500- 

and 2,500-year earthquake, resulting in disrupted hotel operations and potential safety hazards. 

Work is not required to meet codes or standards.

Accessibility Compliance

As noted under Chapter 1, accessibility requirements are governed by the American with 

Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) and the Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 (ABA), as incorporated 

into the 2007 California Building Code and the 2007 California Historical Building Code. The 

ADA requires accessibility to places of public accommodation and commercial facilities by 

individuals with disabilities. The ABA requires access to facilities designed, built, altered, or leased 

with federal funds. Under the No Action Alternative, the following features would remain noncompliant with ADA-ABA standards:

Parking and Paths of Travel

There are currently six accessible parking spaces at the hotel. Seven spaces are needed to meet the 

required ratio of accessible parking spaces to guestrooms. In addition, the existing accessible 

parking is not in compliance with ADA-ABA requirements for configuration, signage, or 

markings.

The ADA-ABA also requires an accessible route within the site from accessible parking spaces and 

accessible passenger loading zones, as well as an accessible route through the building to all public 

spaces and accessible guestrooms. The pathways through public areas on the ground floor of the 

hotel are fully accessible, but the arrival path to the main building, the path to the wedding lawn, 

and the path to the accessible units in the cottages are not fully compliant. The passenger elevator 

in the core of the main building provides access to the upper floors of The Ahwahnee, with the 

exception of the meeting rooms at the South Mezzanine. These rooms are not currently 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-15

accessible, although similar meeting spaces are available on the fully accessible ground floor (see 

‘Mezzanine Meeting Rooms’, below).

Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

The South Mezzanine is comprised of three Very Significant historic rooms (Tresidder Room, 

Tudor Lounge, and Colonial Room) accessible only by a single stairway. As of March 2011, the 

Tresidder Room is completely closed to public and business use and cannot be used for any 

events, due to exceedances of code-mandated travel distance to the sole egress stair. The Tudor 

Lounge and Colonial Room are closed to public use and limited to business use by park or 

concessioner staff, for up to 30 people.

Main Entry and Ground Floor Entrances

The main doors at the entrance to the hotel do not have an electronic assist option. In addition, 

the existing hardware and thresholds at all other ground floor entrances/exits do not comply with 

ADA-ABA requirements.

Registration Lobby

The existing registration counter and the concierge desk do not comply with current ADA-ABA 

standards.

Restrooms

The existing public restrooms are located on two levels – the ground floor (men’s restroom) and 

the North Mezzanine (women’s restroom). One accessible toilet compartment is provided in each 

of the men’s and women’s restrooms. The unisex (family) restroom adjacent to the women’s 

room on the North Mezzanine is not fully accessible due to inadequate clearances.

Guestrooms

ADA-ABA guidelines specify the number of accessible guestrooms that must be provided at the 

hotel. The number required is related to the number of total guestrooms available. For hotels with 

a total number of guestrooms between 101 and 150, seven accessible guestrooms are required. 

The Ahwahnee has 99 guestrooms in the main hotel and 24 guestrooms in the cottages, for a total 

of 123 guestrooms. The main hotel has three accessible guestrooms, and two accessible 

guestrooms are provided at the cottages.

ADA-ABA also calls for the dispersion of various classes and choices of guestrooms provided with 

accessibility features. The elements of primary consideration for dispersion include room rate, 

balcony access, connection to an adjoining room, number of beds per room, and number of 

rooms per unit (e.g., a suite). The Ahwahnee currently has five accessible guestrooms at varying 

amenity levels between the hotel and cottages. None of the accessible guestrooms has a balcony 

or is a suite.

Employee Facilities

Some existing employee facilities and service areas do not comply with ADA-ABA standards. 

Employee locker rooms provided at the hotel are not accessible, as they are located on the second 

floor above the gift shop with no elevator access. The route to the breakroom located off the 

Kitchen is not accessible by all employees. The serving area in the Ahwahnee Bar and the service 

bar at the main Dining Room are not accessible.
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2-16 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

At the North Mezzanine exit stair (near the service elevator), the existing door configuration 

opens onto a stair, which creates a falling hazard and is not in compliance with ADA-ABA.

Historic Rehabilitation

The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report

Each feature and space was accordingly assigned a significance classification (defined in 

Appendix C): Very Significant, Significant, Contributing, Historic Utilitarian, or Non-Historic. 

Please see Figures 2-2 through 2-6 for an illustration of the significance classification on each 

floor of the hotel.

(HSR) (ARG 2011), developed in support of this 

comprehensive rehabilitation plan, includes an extensive evaluation of the condition and 

significance of The Ahwahnee’s exterior and interior spaces and features as related to the hotel’s 

overall historic context and character, and an evaluation of the historic integrity and a condition 

assessment for each space and feature. The results of these evaluations are included as 

Appendix C to this environmental assessment.

In addition, the historic integrity of spaces and features at The Ahwahnee was rated as follows:

 High. 



Most of the historic materials, function and design are extant and the area or feature 

portrays the same character and design as it did during the period of significance.

Medium. 



Many of the character-defining features, historic function, and design are extant, but 

modifications have reduced the ability of the area or space to convey its historical significance.

Low. 



Little of the historic materials, function, and design remain, but the area or feature still 

retains some ability to convey historic significance.

None. 

The condition of spaces or materials was defined as:

The space or feature has been so altered that it no longer conveys historic significance.

 Good. 



The space or element requires only routine maintenance and cleaning.

Fair. 



The space or element shows signs of wear and requires minor repairs in addition to 

routine maintenance and cleaning.

Poor. 

Under the No Action Alternative, the existing condition of spaces and features as detailed in 

Appendix C would persist with the exception of routine maintenance and cleaning. No 

preemptive historic rehabilitation work would be performed.

The space or element is extensively worn and needs major repairs or restoration.

Operational Efficiency

Kitchen Facilities

The existing Kitchen is inadequate to meet current hotel and dining needs in terms of operational 

layout, efficiency and storage. Work performed to meet seismic safety recommended practice, 

structural standards, and fire/life-safety code would require reinstallation of kitchen equipment 

to current building codes, health codes, and federal accessibility standards.

‘Back of House’ Facilities

The existing ‘back of house facilities’ (e.g., employee locker rooms, employee break rooms, 

offices, storage areas, laundry facilities, etc.) are currently not fully compliant with fire and 

occupational safety code, health code, and ADA-ABA requirements.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-17

Currently, the employee break room is in the Kitchen, which presents a potential for food 

contamination. In addition, employee locker rooms and the break room are not fully accessible to 

the mobility impaired.

Porte Cochere

The existing vehicle clearance at the existing Porte Cochere is 11.5 feet. The standard vehicle 

clearance for charter buses is 13.0 feet. Currently, charter buses load and unload passengers in an 

unsheltered area in the parking area.

Telecommunication and Electrical Systems

The existing main point of entry (MPOE) for the telecommunications services at the hotel is 

located on the ground floor in a closet of an administrative office. The location of the MPOE is 

inefficient for service and maintenance, and the closet where it is housed is not of sufficient size.

(see also ‘Fire /Life-Safety - Electrical Systems’, above)

Electrical systems at The Ahwahnee are obsolete and do not meet current building code. The 

hotel facilities are powered by a split service with 208-volt and 480-volt lines. Transformers are 

outdated, and the emergency generator is undersized and lacks required stand-by systems. The 

generator room’s floor is below grade, and subject to flooding from run-off from the service yard. 

An electrical distribution panel is located in a basement room that frequently floods during spring 

months, creating a worker safety hazard. Much of the hotel electrical distribution systems consist 

of obsolete cloth-wrapped wiring, and electrical panels lack proper grounding. The dormitory 

electrical system also is outdated and would require upgrading to meet fire code and electrical 

code as part of any future redesign. Power is currently fed from the main switchboard that 

services the hotel, but metering is not provided for the dormitory.

Mechanical and Plumbing Systems

The existing central mechanical/electrical/plumbing system has a pneumatic control system that 

does not provide sufficient feedback for troubleshooting or energy management control.

(see also ‘Fire /Life-Safety - Mechanical and Plumbing Systems’, 

above)

Distribution mains for the domestic hot and cold water piping at the hotel were upgraded in 1990 

from galvanized steel to copper, but a large portion of the remaining piping is still galvanized steel 

and is in poor condition. Pressure-reducing valves are in very poor condition and pressure gauges 

indicate that existing valves are not functioning.

Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling (HVAC) Systems

HVAC systems throughout the hotel have reached or exceeded their design lifespans and are not 

energy efficient. HVAC units installed at the cottages are inefficient, temporary units. In addition 

access for equipment maintenance is inadequate. The system does not allow for discrete areas in 

the hotel to be shut down independently, which complicates maintenance and repairs and 

inconveniences guests.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

2-18 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

The National Park Service and the park concessioner provide a high level of visitor service and a 

unique visitor experience at The Ahwahnee hotel. There are, however, elements of visitor service 

and related visitor experience that have deteriorated due to the age of the structure, modern uses, 

and altered historic finishes, among other issues. The following conditions would continue to 

impact visitor services and visitor experience:

Registration Lobby and Arrival Experience

The stained concrete and rubber tile floors in the Registration Lobby are Very Significant 

character-defining features of the hotel that are in need of rehabilitation. In addition, as noted 

above under ‘Accessibility Compliance’, the existing check-in counter and the concierge desk and 

entry doors do not comply with current ADA-ABA standards. The northern façade of the 

Ahwahnee Bar, a non-historic addition that is incompatible with the Very Significant exterior of 

the hotel, fronts onto the flagpole lawn, and is visually intrusive from the Porte Cochere and entry 

gallery. This addition impinges on the visitor’s sense of arrival.

Sweet Shop

The original Sweet Shop at The Ahwahnee was an ice cream and candy shop occupying three bays 

on the south side of the Registration Lobby; the existing Sweet Shop functions as a convenience 

shop within a reduced (single-bay) footprint. In addition, the original stained concrete floor has 

been covered with vinyl composition tile, and the wall and ceiling finishes have been altered.

Ahwahnee Bar

The Ahwahnee Bar is located in what was 

originally designed to be the Porte Cochere. 

Much of the space has been altered through 

renovations and additions; many elements are 

not original to the room or hotel. The bar is not

accessible for employees, does not comply with 

health code, and the area presents space and 

sanitation challenges for operations (e.g., lack of 

sinks, storage, and food preparation area). 

Dining Room

The service bar at the Dining Room, which was added in 1959, is not accessible by visitors or 

employees. The addition of the service bar also obscured original wainscoting and added nonoriginal detail.

Ground Floor Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

Public spaces at the ground floor (Ahwahnee Bar, Gift Shop, Sweet Shop, and Dining Room) and 

ground floor administrative offices are currently air conditioned by dedicated window units. 

However these spaces have no mechanical ventilation. They are naturally vented (e.g., through 

window and door openings), which presents visitor experience issues during extreme 

temperatures due to lack of ventilation when windows and doors are closed, and difficulty 

maintaining a comfortable temperature. In addition, the HVAC systems for these spaces do not 

meet current efficiency standards, and maintenance access is difficult.

The Ahwahnee Bar (non-historic feature on east wall). 

Hornberger + Worstell Photo
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-19

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Insulation

The existing building envelope, which is constructed primarily of steel, concrete, and stone, 

contains little to no thermal insulation, resulting in energy loss to the exterior.

Windows and Doors

Existing windows at the ground floor and windows at the sixth floor are in varying states of 

deterioration and their single-pane glazing is not energy efficient. Existing doors on the ground 

floor are also deteriorating, and air leakage at these locations further reduces the energy efficiency 

in public spaces.

Guestroom windows, which were replaced with single-pane, aluminum-framed windows in 1976, 

are neither compatible with historic character nor energy efficient.

Heating Systems

The heating system for the hotel consists of steam boilers, steam to hot water heat exchangers, 

and in some locations, steam distribution and radiators. Steam boilers also heat the domestic hot 

water system, provide heat for the pool, and provide heat for the dormitory. The hotel heating 

system was upgraded in 1990; however, the boilers have exceeded their design life and are 

deteriorating. In addition, steam piping lacks insulation and in some locations steam piping is 

leaking. 

Currently, the mechanical boiler room is not code compliant because there is no separation from 

the pool heating system and chemical storage. 

Domestic hot water equipment includes two 1,500-gallon storage tanks with integral steam heat

exchangers. Only one of these is in usable condition. These tanks have corroded over time, and 

leakage from the remaining tank in service necessitates frequent service.

The existing heating condensate loop is an open loop system, which is inefficient due to the loss 

of treated, preheated water that could be recaptured and reused. 

Cooling Systems

A chilled water system for air conditioning was added to the hotel in 1990 to provide cooling to 

guestrooms, the Dining Room, the Sweet Shop, and the Gift Shop. The cooling system uses a 

HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerant, the availability of which will be phased out by 

2020. Remaining spaces at the hotel are not air conditioned.

The chilled water system was originally designed to cool the cottages in addition to the hotel. 

However, the cottage and hotel systems have never been connected, and the chiller has never 

operated at full capacity. During the original installation, make-up air louvers in the cooling tower 

were not adequately sized per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Since the chiller has never 

operated at full capacity, the lack of louvers has not been presented any known problems. Cooling 

at cottages is provided via temporary exterior heat pumps with indoor fan coils.

The kitchen refrigerators currently use a once-through cooling system, which removes heat 

generated by the refrigerator. This system does not meet modern energy efficiency standards.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — The No Action Alternative 

2-20 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Electrical Systems

The electrical equipment in the hotel has reached its life limit. With the exception of the air 

conditioning distribution system and the rooftop snowmelt system, the electrical system is close 

to maximum capacity and is not particularly efficient due to numerous additions over the years. 

In addition, a number of code-compliance issues have been identified with the existing electrical 

system at the hotel; these are addressed under ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance’ above.

The majority of the building’s electrical load comes from a utility-owned transformer located in a 

room at the northwest corner of the Kitchen wing. This transformer feeds a main distribution 

board in the main electric room located adjacent to the transformer. The main distribution board 

feeds numerous other panelboard systems for building distribution. The room containing hotel 

operations distributions is located in the basement, one floor below grade. In addition, one 

utility-owned transformer is located in an in-ground vault adjacent to the northwest corner of the 

Kitchen wing. This service provides power to the Kitchen and the hotel’s mechanical air 

conditioning system.

In the event of an emergency power outage, a backup generator is connected to the main 

distribution panel through a distribution switch. The backup generator is undersized and can 

only partially service the hotel.

Lighting fixtures, both historic and non-historic, are nearing their life limits. Selected historic 

fixtures (e.g., the Dining Room chandeliers) have recently been refurbished, but others have 

unsafe wiring or inadequate anchoring. Light fixture bulbs/lamps have previously been upgraded, 

with some fixtures fitted with fluorescent lamps where applicable. The retrofit reduced energy 

use throughout the hotel, but limited additional energy use control options.

Plumbing Systems

In general the plumbing systems serving the main hotel consist of a number of systems and system 

types that have been maintained, modified and added to over the years. In addition to issues 

noted under the ‘Heating Systems’ and ‘Cooling Systems’ sections above, the following 

conditions continue to affect the sanitary and domestic water supply:

Sanitary Systems

The interior sanitary system was installed in 1927 during hotel construction. The sanitary piping 

system is well past its design life and is in very poor condition. The sanitary system currently 

handles a fraction of its intended design due to buildup in the piping. The sanitary piping above 

the Great Lounge has leaked and been repaired numerous times over the years; the leaks have 

contributed to substantial deterioration of the historic decorative stenciling on the ceiling beams 

of that Very Significant public space. Wastewater lines beneath the Kitchen were replaced in the 

early 1990s; however these pipes are in poor condition from corrosion and oxidation, and 

numerous leaks have been reported and repaired.

Fixtures

Some fixtures at the hotel, including most of the guestroom bathroom fixtures, have been 

upgraded during the last 15 years and are low-flow. These fixtures are in fair condition.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-21

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

Actions Common to All Action Alternatives

Fire/Smoke Separation

To comply with fire code, concealed overhead fire doors would be installed at the openings 

between the Dining Room and adjacent ground floor and mezzanine rooms, and at the opening 

between the Dining Room and the Kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-2). The overhead fire doors 

would be linked to the hotel alarm system installed as part of the 2010-2011 fire/life-safety project 

(see Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects).

Elevators

Modifications to the service elevator would be made to achieve fire and accessibility code 

conformance by retaining the existing cab, replacing the existing service side pocket door and 

cage, and maintaining the existing tilt-up gurney. The service side cab door would be replaced 

with an automatic door to meet accessibility standards, and penetrations into the shaft would be 

sealed. The existing guest side gate and hoistway door would remain manual. The non-historic 

interior of the passenger elevator would be rehabilitated with materials compatible with the 

historic character. 

The elevator shaft walls would be inspected for penetrations and discontinuities, and sealed 

where needed. Obsolete hoistway components and equipment that cannot be refurbished would 

be replaced. Elevator controls in both the service and passenger elevators would be upgraded to 

allow fire department recall to specific floors during an emergency.

Structural Fire Protection in Attic Spaces

Damaged fire proofing on the exposed steel in the attic spaces (primarily above guestrooms) 

would be replaced as necessary.

Vertical Shafts and Linen Facilities

Existing linen chute doors at guestroom floors would be retrofitted to comply with fire code.

Fire Department Access

The Ahwahnee Hotel

The existing fire department access surrounding the hotel would be upgraded to meet fire code 

specifications. Specifically, the existing turf-covered hardened base to the west and south of the 

hotel would be widened where necessary and lengthened on the east side of the hotel’s South 

Wing in order to meet fire code requirements listed under the No Action Alternative, and to avoid 

damaging the hotel’s historic concrete terraces (see Figure 2-7). No trees would be removed as 

part of this action.

The Ahwahnee Cottages

The existing unpaved fire department access road between the hotel parking area and the 

cottages, which currently varies from approximately 9 to 20 feet in width, would be modified to 

the code requirements listed in the No Action Alternative. The modification would include the 

access road and drainage crossings as described below.
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2-22 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Figure 2-7 Site Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-23

The existing fire access road (see Figure 2-7) would be graded, resurfaced with gravel, and 

widened where necessary to meet the code-required 16-foot road width. Several small cedars that 

abut the road may be removed to meet road width requirements. In addition, trees lining the road 

would be limbed to comply with vertical clearance requirements for fire truck access.

Access Road

To comply with fire code regarding the maximum distance between structures and fire access 

roads, the existing access road would be extended south of the cottages along the alignment of an 

existing, unmaintained service road. The unmaintained dirt service road provides the only access 

to the southern and western side of the cottage area and it is the only means to access existing fire 

hydrants in that area. However, this unmaintained service road is not compliant with fire code 

requirements for width, surfacing, drainage crossings, and turnarounds. Therefore, the service 

road would be graded, graveled, and widened to a compliant 16-foot width where necessary.

With the extension of the fire access road, the distance between the road and the cottages would 

still exceed the standard allowable distance between the structures and fire truck access; however, 

a related action to install sprinklers at the cottages (see ‘fire protection systems’, below) would 

allow for a code variance permitting additional distance between the road and structures. Because 

this fire department access road extension would dead-end more than 300 feet from the nearest 

vehicle turnaround, a new, gravel-surfaced turnaround would be constructed in a previously 

disturbed area. No trees would be removed as a result of these actions; however, some trees may 

be limbed to comply with vertical clearance requirements for fire truck access.

The existing access road utilizes five culverts at drainage crossings (see Figure 2-7); the National 

Park Service would investigate during design whether the existing culverts would need to be 

modified or replaced to meet fire code requirements for road width and load weight.

Drainage Crossings

The extension of the formal fire department access 

road to the south of the cottages would require a new 

drainage crossing on an unnamed seasonal tributary. 

Currently, the unmaintained service road crosses a 

braided segment of the seasonal tributary to the 

Merced River via a hardened earth low water 

crossing. Low water crossings are not compliant with 

fire code, as drainage crossings must be all weather, 

and emergency vehicles and firefighters may not be 

subject to passing through water, ice, or soft 

roadbeds. 

The National Park Service has determined a bridge is required to allow emergency vehicles and 

personnel to access the cottages in a code-compliant manner. The bridge would meet the width 

and load requirements for fire department access noted above. The span and abutment placement 

would be determined by hydrologists and engineers during design development, with the span 

and profile minimized to the extent feasible. The bridge would be designed to accommodate the 

braided flow channel on this tributary in order to minimize impacts to hydrologic function and 

free-flowing condition. The bridge abutments would be constructed outside of the ordinary high 

water mark and in accordance with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and California Regional Water 

Quality Control Board permit stipulations. Best Management Practices (Appendix E) would be 

used to ensure construction activities do not affect water turbidity, temperature, or nutrient 

Low water crossing at the unnamed seasonal 

tributary near The Ahwahnee cottages. DNC Photo
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives

2-24 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

availability. The bridge would also be designed to be compatible with the character of the cultural 

landscape.

Fire Protection Systems

Ahwahnee Cottages

As noted in the No Action Alternative, fire alarm and sprinkler systems are not specifically 

required by fire code for the cottages, as the guestrooms have exterior exit access directly to the 

ground floor. However, based on issues encountered during inspections, a fire alarm system is 

required by the fire marshal to provide a reliable means of notifying guests during a smoke 

condition. In addition, the battery powered smoke detectors at the cottages would be replaced

with hard-wired detectors and carbon monoxide detection units would be provided where gas 

flame appliances or burning of solid fuel (e.g., fireplaces, wood stoves) are present.

The requirement for installation of automatic sprinkler protection for the cottages is based on the 

inability to provide fire department access within the standard distances allowed. Sprinklering the 

cottages would allow for a code variance from the park fire marshal to allow additional distance 

between the fire department access road and the cottages. Therefore, fire sprinkler, detection and 

alarm systems would be provided at each cottage unit in accordance with fire marshal 

determinations.

Ahwahnee Dormitory

Fire sprinkler, detection, and alarm systems would be provided in accordance with fire code.

Electrical Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing electrical systems would be addressed by providing the 

following:

Grounding

The hotel electrical system would be grounded through installation of new electrical equipment 

in the switchgear and generator room. The new equipment would be bonded to grounding 

elements such as building steel, cold water piping, and grounding wires placed underground.

Short-circuit Protection

Protection would be achieved at the distribution board and panelboard level, by upgrading circuit 

breakers and the distribution system to isolate faults and avoid further damage to the entire 

electrical system.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

Dining Room

The Dining Room would be braced to existing concrete walls and the stone columns in the 

Dining Room would be interconnected through a system of concrete caps and tie beams at the 

tops of the columns. Safety glazing that meets seismic life-safety requirements would be installed 

on windows over 16 square feet in the Dining Room and Solarium without altering the original 

window frame profile. The Dining Room roof trusses would be strengthened at the existing 

historic steel splice plate connections, and new snowmelt and retention capability would be 

provided at the roof.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-25

Kitchen Floor

The existing kitchen equipment, kitchen floor finishes and drains, and deteriorated, structurally 

unsound sections of floor slab would be removed and a new raised reinforced slab installed. This 

action would be performed in conjunction with the seismic upgrades needed for the Dining 

Room. The existing floor would be replaced with waterproofing substrate, flooring, and a base 

that complies with health and safety codes. 

The kitchen equipment and electrical equipment would be moved to temporary storage during 

construction, and a temporary kitchen would be provided on the hotel grounds if construction 

occurred while the hotel remained open.

Stone Chimneys (Cottages)

Blocking and strapping would be installed in attic spaces to brace the stone chimneys at the 

cottages.

South Wing Interior Walls

Two-story walls at the two Great Lounge fireplaces would be braced to the building structure 

with strong backing at selected locations.

Accessibility Compliance

To address ADA-ABA code deficiencies, the following would be provided:

Employee Facilities

Due to the proposed structural strengthening actions to brace the Dining Room, new space 

would be available for service support programs at the new Kitchen south mezzanine. This space 

would be used in part to provide fully accessible employee locker rooms and offices.

As a result of this new service use at the Kitchen mezzanine level, an accessible path of travel to 

the service elevator would be required. Accordingly, the existing non-compliant door 

configuration at the North Mezzanine exit stair would be altered for ADA-ABA compliance.

Improvements to The Ahwahnee back bar and prep kitchen would include improved ADA 

accessibility to the workstation.

Parking and Paths of Travel

The number of existing accessible parking spaces at the hotel would be increased to seven within 

the existing paved area in order to meet ADA-ABA requirements. In addition, the path of travel 

between the parking area and the hotel would be improved and better delineated per ADA-ABA 

requirements.

The path of travel between the hotel and wedding lawn would be improved. The existing dirt path 

would be leveled and hardened with a permeable, resin surface to meet accessibility 

requirements. In addition, the existing paved path of travel to the all of the cottages would be 

rehabilitated and improved to meet ADA-ABA requirements (this action would be coordinated 

with the installation of utilities beneath the pathway; see ‘Operations’ below).
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives

2-26 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Historic Rehabilitation

Please see Appendix C for a description of significance, historic integrity, and condition 

classifications of features and spaces at The Ahwahnee. Based on the results of the evaluation 

presented in Appendix C, rehabilitation actions under all action alternatives would include the 

following:

 Rehabilitate or stabilize historic features with a ‘poor’ condition rating. This would include 

boiler and mechanical rooms in the hotel basement, concrete paving at the east and west 

terraces of the hotel, some hotel balconies, patios at the guest cottages, and maintenance 

building interiors; 

 Preserve or rehabilitate Very Significant and Significant spaces in fair condition, including hotel

windows, balconies, stained concrete walls and other exterior features; the hotel Registration 

Lobby finishes and registration desks; public use areas on the ground floor (e.g., Elevator 

Lobby, Solarium, Mural Room, Winter Club Room, Under Lounge, Great Lounge) and 

mezzanine level (i.e., Colonial Room, Tudor Lounge, Tresidder Room, Women’s Lounge); 

several hotel balconies; the sixth floor library and sun porch; and several interior and exterior 

features at the cottages;

 Perform rehabilitation work associated directly with actions that would affect the historic fabric 

or features in the hotel and cottages, such as restoring stenciling or restoring the original stained 

concrete floors.

Operational Efficiency

‘Back of House’ Facilities

As a result of the structural strengthening proposed to brace the Dining Room and the associated 

work in the Kitchen, there will be new square footage available for ‘back of house’ facilities at the 

new Kitchen mezzanine. New, accessible men’s and women’s locker rooms and an employee 

break room that meet ADA-ABA requirements would be provided on the new south mezzanine in 

the Kitchen.

As noted under ‘Accessibility’ above, an accessible path of travel to the service elevator is required 

at the mezzanine level to accommodate new employee facilities. Accordingly, the existing noncompliant door configuration at the North Mezzanine exit stair would be altered for ADA-ABA 

compliance.

Administrative Offices

To address accessibility and visitor experience issues with the public restrooms on the ground 

floor, administrative offices would be relocated to the Gift Shop mezzanine level to maintain 

adjacency to the front desk. New facilities at the new Kitchen mezzanine level would be four feet 

lower than the adjacent Gift Shop mezzanine level; the new employee facilities in this area would 

require a new wheelchair lift in order to comply with ADA-ABA accessibility requirements.

Utilities

A consolidated utility corridor from the hotel to the cottages would be installed following existing 

circulation paths to the extent possible (Figure 2-7), branching into separate conveyances in the 

cottage vicinity, with a separate utility corridor running to each cottage. Further design will 

dictate the exact route and distribution points. The route would require crossing Royal Arch 

Creek, a Merced River tributary. It is anticipated that utilities would be suspended from 

underneath the existing footbridge.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-27

Dining Room

The service bar and its non-historic detailing at the Dining Room would be removed and the 

historic wainscoting restored. The bar would be replaced with an accessible portable bar and an 

accessible back bar.

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

Sweet Shop

The vinyl composition tiles would be removed to expose and restore the original stained concrete 

floors. In addition, the wall and ceiling finishes would be restored. The existing Sweet Shop 

configuration would be retained.

Hotel Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

In addition to HVAC items addressed under fire/life-safety compliance, above, HVAC systems at 

the hotel would be upgraded and/or modified as follows: 

Ahwahnee Bar

The existing steam heating air handling unit would be replaced with a new hot water heating and 

chilled water cooling air handling unit. Ductwork, insulation, and grills would be replaced.

Gift Shop

The existing air handling unit would be replaced.

Sweet Shop

The existing fan coil unit would be replaced with a new fan coil unit in the basement; ductwork 

would be routed through an existing storage closet.

Registration Lobby

New fan coil units for air conditioning would be installed.

Kitchen

The existing in-window air conditioners would be replaced with new fan coil units for air 

conditioning.

Dining Room

The air handling unit serving the Dining Room would be replaced, and a new mechanical room 

with adequate space for access and maintenance would be provided.

Cottage HVAC Systems

The temporary HVAC systems at the cottages including concrete pads would be removed. A 

concealed split system of heat pumps and condensers would be provided for heating and cooling. 

Chilled water and hot water from the hotel central plant would be provided at concealed fourpipe fan coil units. Electrical bathroom heaters in guest bathrooms would be replaced with more 

efficient units, and toilet exhaust fans at the cottages would be replaced.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives

2-28 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Insulation

Rigid (foam) insulation would be attached to the underside of the roof assembly in attic spaces, 

where feasible. Waterproof insulation would be attached or adhered to the underside of the 

concrete slab in crawl spaces, where feasible. Additional insulation would be provided at 

refrigerator doors in the Kitchen.

The domestic hot water piping system would be insulated in locations where it is currently 

accessible or where it would be accessible during implementation of other proposed actions. 

Additionally, weather stripping would be provided at existing wall accessories and penetrations 

(e.g., outlets, fixtures) and around doors where it is currently deteriorated or missing.

Windows and Doors

The energy efficiency of windows and doors at the hotel would be improved as follows:

 Non-historic aluminum guestroom windows at the hotel would be replaced with historically 

compatible wood-framed casement windows with double-paned insulated, low-emissivity 

(low-e) glass.

 The condition of ground floor windows, frames, and doors would be surveyed, evaluated, and 

assessed. Caulking would be evaluated, and if necessary, carefully replaced at windows and 

trims.

 Where necessary, doors or door elements would be replaced in-kind.

Cooling Systems

The existing chiller and cooling tower at the hotel would be replaced with high efficiency 

equipment that uses a non-HCFC refrigerant. A new chiller room would be provided in a 

reconfigured area of the Kitchen. Guestrooms at the hotel would be provided with new fan coil 

units to replace older, less efficient units. The new unit would be sized to provide cooling to the 

hotel, cottages, and dormitory.

Electrical Systems

In addition to proposed actions under ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance – Electrical Systems,’ the 

electrical equipment at the hotel would be upgraded as follows:

 Existing transformers would be replaced with new high-efficiency transformers in their existing 

locations.

 The backup generator, main switchgear, and related automatic transfer switches would be 

replaced.

 Per electric code, new transfer switches would be provided in a reconfigured the emergency 

generator room (the location of which may vary by alternative); the switch will supply, 

distribute, and control power and illumination essential for safety to human life (e.g., egress 

pathways and exit signs. 

 Existing obsolete equipment (e.g., kitchen appliances) would be replaced with Energy Star/EPA 

Watersense equipment.

Plumbing Systems

New low-flow plumbing fixtures would be provided in all new installations, including the new 

employee locker rooms and new public restrooms. Guestroom fixtures would be replaced at the 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Common to All Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-29

hotel and cottages. Fixtures at the Kitchen, guest bathrooms, and dormitory bathrooms would be 

replaced with water conserving fixtures. Specifically:

 Guestroom showerheads would be replaced with low-flow showerheads.

 Guestroom and public faucet aerators would be replaced with low-flow aerators.

 Employee showerheads and faucets would be replaced with low-flow fixtures.

 Kitchen dishwashing equipment would be replaced with a combination of water efficient 

sprayers and a higher efficiency dishwasher.

In addition, the aged sanitary system piping would be removed and replaced with new PVC 

piping throughout the hotel. The condition of vent piping would be evaluated and replaced as 

needed.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

2-30 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Overview

Alternative 1

Alternative 1 comprises actions provided in the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives plus 

additional actions to meet the purpose and need objectives identified in Chapter 1 with minimally 

invasive measures. This alternative would rely on code waivers and operational management 

wherever possible to meet project goals. Alternative 1 would maintain current program spaces to 

the extent practicable, for both operational efficiency and to improve visitor experience, while 

meeting minimum safety code requirements.

Alternative 1 also proposes historic rehabilitation of historic fabric and features throughout the 

hotel and cottages that are rated in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report

For a summary of the work proposed under Alternative 1, please see Table 2-1. For the locations 

of actions within the hotel, please see Figures 2-1 through 2-6. A detailed depiction of proposed 

major work items is included as Appendix B.

 (ARG 2011) as being 

in “poor” condition, and historic fabric and features rated as being in “fair” condition in the 

Significant and Very Significant spaces. The energy efficiency elements of this alternative would 

implement measures that affect the building and historic fabric only where other work is 

occurring or where there otherwise would be no impact on the historic resource.

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 1 would implement the 

following to address fire/life-safety deficiencies: 

Egress

The existing single means of egress would remain at the South Mezzanine. The South Mezzanine 

meeting rooms (Tresidder Lounge, Colonial Room, and Tudor Room) would remain closed to 

public use. The Colonial Room and Tudor Lounge could be used for employee meetings with up 

to 30 park or concessioner staff. Due to travel distance exceedances, the Tresidder Room would 

remain closed to all uses.

The non-compliant spiral stairway egress from the second floor at the East Wing would be 

removed and a new interior stairway constructed from the second floor to the mezzanine level. A 

new code-compliant interior exterior stairway would be constructed from the mezzanine level to 

the ground floor (Appendix B, Figure B-1). Additional actions associated with this stairway would 

include reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee Bar, on the ground floor of the East Wing (see ‘Visitor 

Experience’, below), and the addition of two accessible guest suites, one of which would have an 

accessible balcony (see ‘Accessibility Compliance’, below). 

Vertical Shafts and Linen Facilities

Compliance with fire code at guestroom mechanical shafts would be addressed by properly 

sealing the bottom of shafts, providing a fire damper or ducted boot at each toilet exhaust grille at 

the main exhaust shaft, and repairing ductwork in the attic spaces.

A two-hour wall assembly surrounding the Linen Room and a new rated door to the Linen Room 

would be installed to meet fire separation requirements.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-31

Fire Department Access

Hotel locks would be re-keyed to a new master key system in order to provide more efficient 

access for emergency personnel.

Electrical Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing electrical systems would be addressed by providing the 

following:

 Distribution panels: The floor of the existing main switchboard and generator room would be 

raised above grade to avoid flooding damage during heavy spring runoff or during heavy rains. 

Waterproofing at the basement distribution room would be upgraded, and a new sump pump 

would be installed to prevent water from entering the room.

 Conduit Raceways: Corroded conduit feeders under the Kitchen would be replaced with 

material suitable for wet conditions.

Ventilation and Exhaust Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing ventilation and exhaust systems at The Ahwahnee

would be addressed by providing the following:

 Guestrooms: Natural ventilation, through operable windows, would remain.

 Guestroom Corridors: The existing ventilation system (fans, ductwork, etc.) would be 

refurbished. Code-compliant make-up air with fire smoke dampers would be provided at each 

level.

 Guest Bathrooms: Code-compliance issues with ventilation would be addressed by providing 

fire dampers or sub ducts at each toilet exhaust grille and repairing or refurbishing existing 

toilet exhaust fans.

 Electrical Room and Elevator Penthouse: Ventilation and cooling systems would be provided to 

the existing electrical rooms. A chilled-water fan coil unit would be provided for the elevator 

machine room.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 1 would provide the 

following to address seismic safety and/or structural strengthening issues:

Dining Room

The Dining Room would be braced in the north-south direction to a new minimally-sized 

mezzanine on the south side of the Kitchen. The mezzanine would include a deck that would 

meet cleanable ceiling code requirement over cooking areas, minimize the reconfiguration of the 

North Mezzanine area, and accommodate employee accessibility needs. This action would 

require new foundations in the Kitchen crawl space, a new partial floor slab, and an elevated slab 

above the Kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-3). 

Stone Chimneys

Stone chimneys at the hotel would be reinforced with an exterior collar strap and guy wires 

anchored to the roof structure.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

2-32 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

South Wing Interior Walls

Because it is not required for life-safety under recommended industry practice, no work would be 

performed to address the potential seismic damage from lack of shear walls at the Great Lounge.

Exterior Walls

Stainless steel pins would be inserted at the mortar joints to anchor the historic exterior granite 

veneer above egress paths.

Porte Cochere

No work would be done to stiffen the entry walkway and Porte Cochere to reduce the potential 

for damage during a ground shaking event.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

No work would be done to anchor or brace existing mechanical, electrical, or plumbing 

equipment.

Accessibility Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 1 would provide the 

following to address ADA-ABA code deficiencies:

Main Entry and Ground Floor Entrances

Per a previously approved code variance, the main entry to the hotel would not be provided with 

an electronic assist option. The existing hardware and thresholds at selected ground floor 

entrances/exits would be provided with reversible ramps and compliant hardware.

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

A limited use-limited access elevator would be installed in an existing storage closet area at the 

Solarium in order to provide access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms to comply with 

federal ADA-ABA standards. The beam and slab at the ground floor would be modified below the 

elevator to install a suspended pit structure, and the elevator would be concealed within the walls 

of the existing floor plan. The existing stair to the South Mezzanine would be re-configured, 

retaining the water feature at the Solarium (Appendix B, Figure B-4).

Registration Lobby

The existing hotel registration area would be modified to meet current ADA-ABA standards. 

Specifically, the existing drop-down counter at the historic registration desk would be modified 

to allow for accessible check-in. In addition, the non-historic concierge counter would be 

removed and replaced with furnishings and a desk for concierge service.

Restrooms

The public men’s restroom on the ground floor would remain as-is, and an accessible unisex 

restroom would be added on the ground floor. The women’s public restroom on the mezzanine 

level would be expanded to increase fixture count and maintain the current level of accessibility.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-33

Guestrooms

Alternative 1 would add two accessible guestrooms to the hotel as required per ADA-ABA code. 

In conjunction with replacing the East Wing spiral stair, East Wing guestrooms #106 and #107 

would be combined into one accessible suite with a new accessible terrace constructed over the 

new Ahwahnee Bar kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-5).

Similarly, East Wing guestrooms #206 and #207 also would be combined into one accessible suite 

on the second floor (Appendix B, Figure B-5).

Employee Facilities

Improvements to the service areas in the new Ahwahnee Bar kitchen would meet accessibility 

requirements.

Historic Rehabilitation

Historic rehabilitation actions under Alternative 1 would be the same as those in the ‘Actions 

Common to All Action Alternatives’ section.

Operational Efficiency

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 1 would provide the 

following to address operational efficiency:

Kitchen Facilities

The existing equipment at the Kitchen would be removed to implement the work proposed in the 

Kitchen area for compliance with fire/life-safety codes, seismic and structural standards, and 

accessibility requirements. The reinstallation of kitchen equipment would need to meet current 

mechanical, electric, and plumbing codes, health codes, and ADA-ABA accessibility standards. 

Under Alternative 1, a new more efficient layout with code-compliant features (e.g., health coderequired sanitary wall, floor and ceiling finishes) would be provided. Existing equipment in the 

north Kitchen area would be retained and reused when possible.

The electrical systems that support the Kitchen would be upgraded to a 480-volt system using 

electrical panels located in a dedicated room within the Kitchen wing.

The existing exhaust fans and the make-up, heating, and ventilation air handling units would be 

refurbished, modified, and reused as much as possible in the new Kitchen layout. The hot water 

propane boiler would be reused.

‘Back of House’ Facilities

In addition to the new ‘back of house’ facilities in the new Kitchen mezzanine in Actions 

Common to All Action Alternatives, new banquet/chef offices would be located in the new 

Kitchen mezzanine in approximately the same square footage as the existing facility. Laundry 

facilities would be reorganized in their current location, and mechanical rooms would remain in 

their existing locations.

Porte Cochere and Maintenance Shed

Under Alternative 1, no work would be done to the existing maintenance shed adjacent to the 

Porte Cochere and entry walkway. Vertical clearance at the Porte Cochere would remain 11.5 

feet.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

2-34 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Electrical Systems

The existing main point of entry (MPOE) for the telecommunications services at the hotel would 

be retained at its existing location.

New electrical equipment (e.g., outlets and lighting) at The Ahwahnee dormitory would be 

updated where rehabilitation work is proposed.

Mechanical and Plumbing Systems

The existing central mechanical/electrical/plumbing pneumatic control system would be replaced 

with an electronic (direct digital control, or DDC) system to monitor, control, and optimize 

operation of major heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, as well as critical operation 

of electrical and plumbing systems.

Deteriorated pressure-reducing valves would be replaced where feasible. An upgraded, recirculating domestic hot water system would be provided at guestrooms.

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

In addition to what is provided under the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, under 

Alternative 1 the following elements of visitor service and related visitor experience would be 

improved:

Registration Lobby and Arrival Experience

As noted under ‘Accessibility Compliance’ above, Alternative 1 would remove the non-historic 

concierge desk and a new, accessible and portable concierge desk would be provided at the 

Registration Lobby. An accessible check-in would be provided at the existing manager’s office 

across the hall from the concierge desk and lounge area.

The lounge area would be refurnished with furnishings compatible with the historic character of 

the hotel. In addition, the Very Significant stained concrete and rubber tile floors at the 

Registration Lobby would be rehabilitated.

Ahwahnee Bar

The non-historic addition at the east wall of the Ahwahnee Bar would be removed in conjunction 

with addressing egress from the East Wing (i.e., where the non-compliant spiral stairway egress 

from the second floor would be removed and a new interior stairway constructed from the 

second floor to the mezzanine level). The non-historic bar and food prep areas would be 

relocated and replaced with accessible facilities on the north end of the room. Glazing would be 

added at the east wall to bring in light.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 1 would provide the 

following energy efficiency and/or sustainability measures:

Heating Systems

The hotel heating system would be improved as follows:

 The existing steam boilers at the hotel would be replaced with new high-efficiency steam 

boilers at their current location. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-35

 All steam piping in the hotel would be replaced.

 Domestic hot water piping would be insulated.

 Existing steam radiators at the hotel would be reused, repaired, or refurbished as needed. 

 The existing heat exchangers for domestic hot water and pool heating hot water would be 

retained.

 An area would be provided for above grade pool chemical storage, separate from the boiler 

room. The number of outdoor air louvers at the boiler room would be increased for code 

compliance.

 The existing domestic hot water storage tanks would be replaced with new insulated hot water 

storage tanks.

 The existing heat condensate loop would be closed.

Cooling Systems

The once-through cooling at the kitchen refrigerators would be eliminated and replaced with 

more energy-efficient cooling (i.e., air cooling).

Electrical Systems

In addition to proposed actions under ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance – Electrical Systems,’ the 

electrical equipment at the hotel would be upgraded as follows:

 The 208-volt and 480-volt systems would remain separate. Electrical equipment would be 

located in a modified electrical room on the north side of the Kitchen.

 The basement electrical room would remain in its current location. New ventilation systems 

would be provided to the existing basement electrical room and the ground floor emergency 

generator room.

 Per electric code, a new transfer switch would be provided in the new generator room for 

legally required standby systems. The switch would supply, distribute, and control power and 

illumination to required facilities (e.g., elevators, air conditioning and hot water circulation 

pumps) for both illumination and power.

Lighting

Historic lighting fixtures in public ground floor spaces would be refurbished. Exterior lighting 

fixtures would be modified to incorporate LED technology in conjunction with guidance 

provided in Yosemite National Park Lighting Guidelines.

Plumbing Systems

Interior lighting would incorporate LED 

technology to minimize electric loads.

New low-flow plumbing fixtures would be provided in all new installations, including the new 

employee locker rooms and new public restrooms. Guestroom fixtures would be replaced at the 

hotel and cottages. Fixtures at the Kitchen, guest bathrooms, and dormitory bathrooms would be 

replaced with water conserving fixtures. Specifically:

 Guestroom toilets flush valves would be replaced with a low-flush model.

 Public restroom toilet flush valves would be replaced with a low-flush model. Urinals would be 

replaced with a low-flush model.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 1 

2-36 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

In addition, the aged sanitary system piping would be removed and replaced with new PVC 

piping throughout the hotel. The condition of vent piping would be evaluated and replaced as 

needed.

Estimated Cost and Construction Schedule

The net construction cost of Alternative 1, based on 50% schematic design (Hornberger+Worstell 

2010b), is approximately $45 million. However, actual costs of implementing projects within this 

plan would depend on funding availability. Prioritization criteria have been developed to inform 

the construction phasing strategy for long-term implementation of the Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan based on correcting urgent deficiencies, critical deficiencies, and necessary 

corrections and taking into consideration the interdependency of actions based on proximity, 

operational logistics, or related structural or functional actions.

The cost estimate is based on the assumption that The Ahwahnee would be closed for 

approximately 24 months to implement the proposed work. However, this assumption was made 

for costing purposes only. Ultimately, the time needed to implement this alternative may be up to 

20 years, depending on the availability of funding.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-37

Overview

Alternative 2

Alternative 2 would address fire and life-safety, seismic, structural, and accessibility code and 

standard deficiencies using more substantive code compliance, and would exceed the basic 

seismic safety requirements for federal buildings while providing a higher degree of historic 

rehabilitation and operational improvements than Alternative 1. Alternative 2 would also 

reorganize the space program in areas already affected by proposed actions to facilitate best 

operational practices. The visitor experience would be substantially improved as well with 

designs that are compatible with the historic character of the spaces affected.

Like Alternative 1, Alternative 2 proposes historic rehabilitation of features throughout the hotel 

and cottages that are rated in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011) as being in 

“poor” condition and rehabilitation of historic fabric and features in “fair” condition in 

historically Very Significant and Significant spaces. In addition, Alternative 2 includes 

implementation of non-maintenance treatment recommendations from The Ahwahnee Historic 

Structures Report

An additional goal of Alternative 2 is to improve energy and water-use efficiency by using 

measures that would have minimal impact on the building and site.

(ARG 2011) in “contributing” and “historic utilitarian” spaces.

For a summary of the work proposed under Alternative 2, please see Table 2-1. For the locations 

of actions, please see Figures 2-1 through 2-6. A detailed depiction of proposed major work items 

is included as Appendix B.

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 would implement the 

following to address fire/life-safety deficiencies: 

Egress

A new exterior exit would be constructed at the South Mezzanine in the Tresidder Room in order 

to meet fire code egress requirements. The path of egress would require constructing a new 

exterior door at the north side of the Tresidder Room to access an existing exterior stairway from 

the second floor to the ground floor on the south side of the hotel (Appendix B, Figure B-6).

At the East Wing, the non-compliant spiral stairway egress from the second floor would be 

modified to join a new landing on the mezzanine level. The non-compliant fire escape below the 

mezzanine level would be removed, and a new compliant exterior stairway constructed from the 

mezzanine landing to the ground floor (Appendix B, Figure B-7). Additional actions associated 

with this stairway include reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee Bar (see ‘Visitor Experience’, below)

and the addition of one accessible guest suite with an accessible balcony (see ‘Accessibility 

Compliance’, below).

Vertical Shafts and Linen Facilities

Compliance with fire code at the guestroom shafts would be addressed by providing a new metal 

fully ducted system, properly sealing the bottom of shafts, and installing wood-blocking or firesafing at all floor penetrations.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

2-38 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

The linen room would be expanded and its fire rating would be improved to code; the vertical 

chutes would have new intakes doors and improved fire resistance between floors and public 

areas.

Fire Department Access

Under Alternative 2, new electronic key card devices would provided in existing doors to simplify 

access for emergency personnel. The key card devices would be compatible with historic 

character.

Electrical Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing electrical system at the hotel would be addressed by 

providing the following:

 Distribution panels: The floor of the existing main switchboard and generator room would be 

raised above grade to avoid flooding damage during heavy spring runoff or during heavy rains. 

The basement distribution room would be relocated to a more central location on the first 

floor, on the north side of the reconfigured Kitchen (see ‘Kitchen’ under ‘Seismic Safety’, 

below). Waterproofing at the basement room would be upgraded and a new generator installed.

 Conduits/ Raceways: Corroded conduit feeders under the Kitchen would be replaced with 

material suitable for wet conditions. In addition, where it is accessible or in conjunction with 

other work performed under this plan, old cloth-wrapped wiring would be abandoned and 

replaced with code-compliant metal-clad cable.

Ventilation and Exhaust Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing ventilation and exhaust systems at The Ahwahnee

would be addressed by providing the following:

 Guestrooms: A new mechanical ventilation system, including shafts, ductwork, dampers, and 

outside air grille would be provided.

 Guestroom Corridors: A new corridor ventilation system would be provided.

 Guest Bathrooms: Fire dampers or sub ducts at each toilet exhaust grille and new toilet exhaust 

fans would be provided.

 Electrical Room and Elevator Penthouse: Ventilation and cooling systems would be provided to 

the existing and new electrical rooms. A permanent cooling system would be provided at the 

elevator penthouse with an exterior vent through an existing window opening.

 Public and Employee Spaces: New exhaust and make-up air systems would be provided at 

public restrooms, Ahwahnee dormitory restrooms, and linen rooms.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 would provide the 

following to address seismic safety and/or structural strengthening issues:

Dining Room

The Dining Room would be braced in the north-south direction to a brace frame in the Kitchen. 

The brace frame would have a diaphragm that would comprise a new partial mezzanine on the 

south side of the Kitchen with a deck that would meet cleanable ceiling code requirement over 

cooking areas and accommodate employee accessibility needs. This action would require new 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-39

foundations in the Kitchen crawl space, a new partial floor slab, and an elevated slab above the 

Kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-8) (see ‘Kitchen Floor’ below).

Stone Chimneys

Stone chimneys at the hotel would be reinforced with interior core steel bracing and a concrete 

collar in the attic, at the base of the stone veneer.

South Wing Interior Walls

Four concrete shear walls would be installed in the interstitial space of existing walls at the 

Elevator Lobby and Solarium to help mitigate damage to Very Significant historic features in the 

Great Lounge, Solarium, and Elevator Lobby in the event of a 2,500-year earthquake.

Exterior Walls

Stainless steel pins would be inserted through the mortar joints to anchor the exterior granite 

veneer throughout the building. This work would exceed code requirements.

Porte Cochere

The entry walkway and the Porte Cochere would be stiffened by tying them to an adjacent, 

reconstructed maintenance shed (see “Operational Efficiency, Maintenance Shed”, below).

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment would be anchored, braced, or strengthened, 

including: elevator equipment, boilers, electrical transformers, fire sprinkler piping, kitchen and 

food service equipment, emergency lighting and power systems, HVAC equipment, fuel tanks, 

and laundry equipment. This work would exceed seismic standard requirements.

Accessibility Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 would provide the 

following to address ADA-ABA code deficiencies:

Main Entry and Ground Floor Entrances

The main entry to the hotel would be provided with automatic door openers and compliant 

thresholds. The existing hardware and thresholds at other selected ground floor entrances/exits 

would be provided with reversible ramps and compliant door hardware.

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

A limited use-limited access elevator would be installed between the Solarium and the Under 

Lounge to provide access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms in order to comply with federal 

ADA-ABA standards. The beam and slab at the ground floor would be modified below the 

elevator to install a suspended pit structure. Portions of the existing walls and structure would be 

removed and the structure altered to accommodate the new elevator and elevator enclosure. This 

action would coincide with shear wall installation in the Elevator Lobby and Solarium 

(Appendix B, Figure B-9).
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

2-40 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Registration Lobby

The existing hotel registration area would be modified to meet current ADA-ABA standards. 

Specifically, the non-historic concierge counter would be removed and replaced with furnishings 

and a desk for accessible concierge service and accessible check-in.

Restrooms

The public men’s restroom on the ground floor would be provided with extra fixtures. The 

women’s public restroom on the mezzanine level would be retained, and a new accessible 

women’s public restroom would be provided on the ground floor.

Guestrooms

Alternative 2 would add two accessible guestrooms to the hotel as required per ADA-ABA code. 

In conjunction with replacing the East Wing spiral stair, East Wing guestrooms #106 and #107 

would be combined into one accessible suite with a new accessible terrace constructed over the 

new Ahwahnee Bar kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-5).

In addition, a standard guestroom on the fourth floor (#450) would be converted into an 

accessible standard guestroom.

Historic Rehabilitation

Please see Appendix C for a description of significance, historic integrity, and condition 

classifications of features and spaces at The Ahwahnee. Based on the results of the evaluation 

presented in Appendix C, in addition to Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 

would implement non-maintenance treatment recommendations at the hotel and cottages as 

detailed in The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report

Operational Efficiency

(ARG 2011) for features and/or fabric in 

Contributing and Historic Utilitarian spaces.

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 would provide the 

following to address operational efficiency: 

Kitchen Facilities

The existing equipment at the Kitchen would be removed to implement the work proposed in the 

Kitchen area for compliance with fire/life-safety codes, seismic and structural standards, and 

accessibility requirements. The reinstallation of kitchen equipment would meet current 

mechanical, electric, and plumbing codes, health codes, and ADA-ABA accessibility standards. 

Under Alternative 2, a new more efficient layout with code-compliant features (e.g., health-coderequired sanitary wall, floor and ceiling finishes) would be provided. Existing equipment would 

be replaced with Energy Star/EPA Watersense equipment. The existing north mezzanine would 

be removed and a new north mezzanine constructed. The existing historic cooler doors would be 

salvaged for installation on the new refrigerators.

The electrical systems that support the Kitchen would be upgraded to a 480-volt system using 

electrical panels located in a dedicated room within the Kitchen.

The existing kitchen exhaust fans and the make up, heating, and ventilation air handling units 

would be reused and relocated in the new Kitchen layout, if feasible. New ductwork and fans 

would be provided as necessary. In addition, new propane boilers would be provided.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-41

‘Back of House’ Facilities

As a result of the structural strengthening proposed to brace the Dining Room (see ‘Seismic Safety 

Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening’, above) and the associated work in the 

Kitchen, there will be new square footage available for ‘back of house’ facilities at the new

Kitchen mezzanine. New, accessible men’s and women’s locker rooms and an employee break 

room would be provided that meet current ADA-ABA requirements and health code.

In addition, expanded banquet/chef offices would be located in the new Kitchen mezzanine. 

Laundry facilities would be reorganized in their current location, and mechanical rooms would be 

relocated to improve access for maintenance staff.

Porte Cochere and Maintenance Shed

Under Alternative 2, the existing non-historic maintenance shed would be removed and a new 

maintenance shed structure would be constructed that ties into and stiffens the Porte Cochere

and entry walkway (see ‘Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening’, 

above). The historic entry walkway would be retained and preserved.

The new interior of the maintenance shed would include additional storage for the Gift Shop, a 

work area, enclosed garbage and recycling spaces, and an enlarged luggage and valet/bell desk. In 

addition, a unisex bathroom would be provided for public use off of the entry walkway.

The Porte Cochere would be raised to provide the 13.0-foot standard vehicle clearance needed 

for modern charter buses. In order to raise the vertical clearance, the Porte Cochere would be 

detached from the entry walkway and jacked from beneath the existing stone and wood columns 

to the new height, and new concrete bases would be installed under the existing columns. 

Accessible curb cuts would be provided as part of this action.

Electrical Systems

The existing main point of entry (MPOE) for the telecommunications services at the hotel would 

be relocated near the electrical service point within the footprint of the hotel in a location of 

sufficient size, consistent with the location of other utilities entering the building.

The electrical systems at The Ahwahnee dormitory would be fully upgraded to support the 

current load of the dormitory. Electrical equipment would remain in its existing locations. New 

or retrofitted equipment, including outlets, receptacles, and light switching would comply with 

current electric code and ADA-ABA requirements. In addition, new service from the hotel 

distribution system would be metered for maintenance and documentation purposes.

Mechanical and Plumbing Systems

The existing central mechanical/electrical/plumbing pneumatic control system would be replaced 

with an electronic direct digital control (DDC) system to monitor, control, and optimize 

operation of all heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and critical operation 

of electrical and plumbing systems. This would allow the shutdown of HVAC and lighting 

systems at sections of the building that are unoccupied.

Deteriorated pressure-reducing valves would be replaced where feasible, recirculating hot water 

would be provided at guestrooms, and all remaining galvanized steel piping would be replaced 

with Aquapex®. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

2-42 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

In addition to what is provided under the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, under 

Alternative 2 the following elements of visitor service and related visitor experience would be 

improved: 

Registration Lobby and Arrival Experience

As noted under ‘Accessibility Compliance’ above, Alternative 2 would remove the non-historic 

concierge desk and a new, accessible and portable concierge desk and check-in would be 

provided at the Registration Lobby.

The lounge area would be refurnished with furnishings compatible with the historic character of 

the hotel. In addition, the Very Significant stained concrete and rubber tile floor at the 

Registration Lobby would be rehabilitated.

Ahwahnee Bar

Non-historic additions at the Ahwahnee Bar would be removed. In conjunction with addressing 

egress from the East Wing (i.e., where the non-compliant spiral stairway egress from the second 

floor would be removed and a new exterior stairway constructed), the non-historic bar and 

kitchen prep areas would be relocated and replaced with accessible facilities on the east end of 

the room. On the north wall, wood-framed glass consistent with the historic character of the hotel 

would be installed to restore views, improve the sense of arrival at the Porte Cochere and entry 

gallery, and introduce more natural light into this space.

Hotel Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

In addition to HVAC items addressed under fire/life-safety compliance, above, HVAC systems at 

the hotel would be upgraded and/or modified as follows: 

 South Mezzanine



. Overhead fan coil units for air conditioning and heating would be provided 

at the Tudor Lounge, Tresidder Room, and the Colonial Room. Natural ventilation would 

continue to be provided via operable doors.

South Wing

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

. Existing steam radiators would be replaced with a radiant floor for heating at the 

Great Lounge, Under Lounge, Solarium, Mural Room, and Winter Club Room. The radiant 

heating system would be installed below the existing structural concrete slab in crawlspace 

below; where wood floors are installed the system would be installed between the concrete slab 

and wood floors.

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 2 would provide the 

following energy efficiency and/or sustainability measures:

Windows and Doors

The energy efficiency of windows and doors at the hotel would be improved as follows:

 The condition of ground floor windows, frames, and doors would be surveyed, evaluated, and 

assessed. Caulking would be evaluated, and if necessary, carefully replaced at windows and 

trims. In addition, glazing would be replaced with laminated glass with a low-e film ‘sandwich’ 

to fit in the original window frame/trim.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-43

Heating Systems

The hotel heating system would be improved as follows:

 The existing steam boilers at the hotel would be replaced with new high efficiency hydronic 

propane boilers at their current location with adequate ventilation.

 The Kitchen boiler would be eliminated and the hotel boiler capacity would be increased to 

service the Kitchen.

 All steam piping in the hotel would be replaced with hot water piping.

 Domestic hot water piping would be insulated.

 The existing steam to hot water exchangers and the existing domestic hot water storage tanks 

would be removed and replaced with two new propane domestic water heaters and three new 

storage tanks.

 A cogeneration electric and heat system would be provided to service the base building load 

and store energy for peak use.

 With the exception of the South Wing, where radiant heat would be installed, existing steam 

radiators at the hotel would be recommissioned for hot water heating. 

 A solar hot water system would be installed to supply energy for pool heating or to supplement 

the hotel domestic hot water system. Solar panels would be installed on the roof of the 

maintenance shed, and related equipment (water tank, pipes, pumps, etc.) would be provided. 

[note that this system would not be installed if a photovoltaic array is installed at the 

maintenance shed to supply power to the hotel electrical system; see ‘Electrical SystemsPhotovoltaics’ below.]

 An area would be provided for above-grade pool chemical storage, separate from the boiler 

room.

 A heat recovery system would be installed to recover heat from the dishwasher and potwater 

discharge pipes, with a recovery line tying back to the domestic hot water system.

Under Alternative 2, a geothermal system would be provided to supplement heating and cooling 

systems. This action would incorporate either 1) shallow geothermal tubes for preheating or 

cooling below the asphalt paths to the cottages or beneath the wooden entry walkway, or 2) 

geothermal directional bore holes in the ground.

Cooling Systems

The new chiller and cooling tower would be sized to accommodate cooling for all spaces at the 

hotel, as well as the cottages and dormitory. In order to provide cooling to the dormitory, the 

chilled water from the hotel chiller plant would be extended to a new air handling unit in the 

dormitory attic. In order to provide cooling to the cottages new pipes with chilled water would be 

extended to the cottages within a new utility corridor underneath the paved path to the cottages. 

Additional work on cooling systems in public and administrative spaces would be as described 

above under ‘Visitor Experience and Visitor Services – HVAC Systems.’ Existing systems at the 

hotel and cottages would be replaced, and additional air conditioning would be provided in 

priority common areas at the hotel. Radiant heating would be provided in the South Wing (Great 

Lounge, Under Lounge, Solarium, Mural Room, and Winter Club Room).

The once-through cooling at the kitchen refrigerators would be eliminated and replaced with 

more energy-efficient cooling (e.g., air cooling).
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

2-44 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Electrical Systems

In addition to proposed actions under ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance – Electrical Systems’, the 

electrical equipment at the hotel would be upgraded as follows:

 The 208-volt and 480-volt systems would be consolidated into one 480-volt service. Electrical 

equipment in the basement would be relocated to a modified electrical room on the north side 

of the Kitchen.

 The electrical distribution equipment would be replaced and moved to a new code-compliant 

electrical room at the new north Kitchen mezzanine.

 Per electric code, a new transfer switch would be provided in the new generator room for 

legally required standby systems. The switch would supply, distribute, and control power and 

illumination to required facilities (e.g., elevators, air conditioning and hot water circulation 

pumps) for both illumination and power. Under Alternative 2, the new transfer switch would 

also supply power from emergency generator to optional standby loads not required by code, 

such as domestic hot water.

 Two synchronous generators, generator switchgear, and metering would be provided as part of 

the proposed cogeneration system (see ‘Heating Systems’ above).

Lighting

Historic fixtures in public ground floor spaces would be refurbished to receive more efficient 

lamps. Light fixtures throughout the hotel would be retrofitted with additional dimming and 

automatic controls through a base building system to further reduce energy usage.

Exterior lighting fixtures would be modified to incorporate LED technology in conjunction with 

guidance provided in Yosemite National Park Lighting Guidelines.

Photovoltaics

Interior lighting would 

incorporate LED technology to minimize electric loads. Historic lighting fixtures would be 

refurbished at ground floor public spaces.

Photovoltaic arrays would be installed on the maintenance shed, located adjacent to the hotel 

entry walkway, to supplement electric loads. The system would be expected to generate 

approximately 1500 watts of power. [note that this system would not be installed if a solar hot 

water system is installed on the maintenance shed roof to supplement the heating system; see 

‘Heating Systems’ above.]

Plumbing Systems

New low-flow plumbing fixtures would be provided in all new installations, including the new 

employee locker rooms and new public restrooms. Guestroom water closets, lavatories, shower 

heads, and faucet aerators would be replaced at the hotel and cottages. Fixtures at the Kitchen, 

guest bathrooms, and dormitory bathrooms would be replaced with water conserving fixtures. 

Specifically:

 Guestroom toilets would be replaced with a low-flush model.

 Public restroom toilet would be replaced with a low-flush model. Urinals would be replaced 

with waterless urinals.

In addition, the aged sanitary system piping would be removed and replaced with new PVC 

piping throughout the hotel. The condition of vent piping would be evaluated and replaced as 

needed. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 2 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-45

Estimated Cost and Construction Schedule

The net construction cost of Alternative 2, based on 50% schematic design (Hornberger+Worstell 

2010b) is approximately $68 million. However, actual costs of implementing projects within this 

plan would depend on funding availability. Prioritization criteria have been developed to inform 

the construction phasing strategy for long-term implementation of the Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan based on correcting urgent deficiencies, critical deficiencies, and necessary 

corrections and taking into consideration the interdependency of actions based on proximity, 

operational logistics, or related structural or functional actions.

The cost estimate is based on the assumption that The Ahwahnee would be closed for 

approximately 30 months to implement the proposed work. However, this assumption was made 

for costing purposes only. Ultimately, the time needed to implement this alternative may be up to 

20 years, depending on the availability of funding. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

2-46 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Overview

Alternative 3 (Preferred)

Alternative 3, the NPS preferred alternative, comprises actions in the Actions Common to All 

Action Alternatives, actions selected from either or both of Alternative 1 and Alternative 2, or 

actions developed separately. The overall goals of this alternative are to provide the most costefficient means of addressing fire, seismic, life-safety, health, and accessibility code and standard 

deficiencies; improving obsolete building systems and operational efficiency; and improving

visitor experience while minimizing impacts on historic fabric and features to the maximum 

extent practicable. Alternative 3 proposes the same scope of historic rehabilitation as described 

for Alternative 1.

For a summary of the work proposed under Alternative 3, please see Table 2-1. For the locations 

of actions, please see Figures 2-1 through 2-6. A detailed depiction of proposed major work items 

is included as Appendix B.

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 3 would implement the 

following to address fire/life-safety deficiencies: 

Egress

As in Alternative 2, a new exterior exit would be constructed at the South Mezzanine in the 

Tresidder Room to meet fire code egress requirements. The path of egress would require 

constructing a new exterior door at the north side of the Tresidder Room to access an exterior 

stairway from the second floor to the ground floor (Appendix B, Figure B-6).

As in Alternative 1, the non-compliant spiral stairway egress from the second floor at the East 

Wing would be modified to join a new landing on the mezzanine level, and a new compliant 

interior stairway would be constructed from the mezzanine landing to the ground floor 

(Appendix B, Figure B-1). Additional actions associated with this stairway include reconfiguration 

of the Ahwahnee Bar (see ‘Visitor Experience’, below) and the addition of two accessible 

guestroom suites, one of which would have an accessible balcony (see ‘Accessibility Compliance’, 

below).

Vertical Shafts and Linen Facilities

As in Alternative 1, compliance with fire code at guestroom shafts would be addressed by 

properly sealing the bottom of shafts, providing a fire damper or ducted boot at each toilet 

exhaust grille at the main exhaust shaft, and repairing ductwork in the attic spaces.

As in Alternative 1, a two-hour wall assembly surrounding the Linen Room and a new rated door 

to the Linen Room would be installed to meet fire separation requirements.

Fire Department Access

Hotel locks would be re-keyed to a new master key system in order to provide more efficient 

access for emergency personnel.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-47

Electrical Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing electrical system at the hotel would be addressed by 

providing the following:

 Distribution panels: As in Alternative 1, the floor of the existing main switchboard and 

generator room would be raised above grade to avoid flooding damage during heavy spring 

runoff or during heavy rains. Waterproofing at the basement distribution room would be 

upgraded, and a new sump pump would be installed to prevent water from entering the room. 

 Conduits/Raceways: As in Alternative 2, corroded conduit feeders under the Kitchen would be 

replaced with material suitable for wet conditions. In addition, where it is accessible or in 

conjunction with other work performed under this plan, old cloth-wrapped wiring would be 

abandoned and replaced with code-compliant metal-clad cable. 

Ventilation and Exhaust Systems

Code compliance issues with the existing ventilation and exhaust systems at The Ahwahnee

would be addressed by providing the following:

 Guestrooms: As in Alternative 1, natural ventilation, through operable windows, would remain. 

 Guestroom Corridors: As in Alternative 2, a new corridor ventilation system would be 

provided.

 Guest Bathrooms: As in Alternative 2, fire dampers or sub ducts at each toilet exhaust grille and 

new toilet exhaust fans would be provided. 

 Electrical Room and Elevator Penthouse: As in Alternative 2, ventilation and cooling systems 

would be provided to the existing and new electrical rooms. A permanent cooling system 

would be provided with an exterior vent through an existing opening. 

 Public and Employee Spaces: As in Alternative 2, new exhaust and make-up air systems would 

be provided at public restrooms, Ahwahnee dormitory restrooms, and linen rooms. 

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 3 would provide the 

following to address seismic safety and/or structural strengthening issues: 

Dining Room

As in Alternative 1, the Dining Room would be braced in the north-south direction to a new 

minimally-sized mezzanine on the south side of the Kitchen. The mezzanine would include a deck 

that would meet cleanable ceiling code requirement over cooking areas, minimize the 

reconfiguration of the north mezzanine Kitchen areas, and accommodate employee accessibility 

needs. This action would require new foundations in the Kitchen crawl space, a new partial floor 

slab, and an elevated slab above the Kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-3). 

Stone Chimneys

As in Alternative 2, stone chimneys at the hotel would be reinforced with interior core steel 

bracing and a concrete collar in the attic, at the base of the stone veneer.

South Wing Interior Walls

As in Alternative 1, because it is not required for life-safety under recommended industry 

practice, no work would be performed to address the potential seismic damage from lack of shear 

walls at the Great Lounge and Solarium.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

2-48 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Exterior Walls

As in Alternative 1, stainless steel pins would be inserted through mortar joints to anchor the 

historic exterior granite veneers above hotel egress paths.

Porte Cochere

As in Alternative 2, the entry walkway and the Porte Cochere would be stiffened by tying them to 

an adjacent, reconstructed maintenance shed (see ‘Operational Efficiency - Maintenance Shed’ 

below).

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

As in Alternative 2, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment would be anchored, braced, 

or strengthened, including: elevator equipment, boilers, electrical transformers, fire sprinkler 

piping, kitchen and food service equipment, emergency lighting and power systems, HVAC 

equipment, fuel tanks, laundry equipment.

Accessibility Compliance

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 3 would provide the 

following to address ADA-ABA code deficiencies:

Main Entry and Ground Floor Entrances

As in Alternative 2, the main entry to the hotel would be provided with automatic door openers 

and compliant thresholds. As in Alternative 1, the existing hardware and thresholds at other 

selected ground floor entrances/exits would be provided with reversible ramps and compliant 

door hardware.

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

As in Alternative 1, a limited use-limited access elevator would be installed at the Solarium to 

provide access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms in order to comply with federal ADA-ABA 

standards. The beam and slab at the ground floor would be modified below the elevator to install 

a suspended pit structure. Portions of the existing walls and structure would be removed and the 

structure altered to accommodate the new elevator and elevator enclosure. This action would 

coincide with shear wall installation in the Elevator Lobby and Solarium (Appendix B, 

Figure B-9). 

Registration Lobby

As in Alternative 2, the existing hotel registration area would be modified to meet current ADAABA standards. Specifically, the non-historic concierge counter would be removed and replaced 

with furnishings and a desk for accessible concierge service and accessible check-in.

Restrooms

Under Alternative 3, the men’s public restroom on the ground floor would be expanded into the 

existing location of administrative offices. The women’s public restroom on the mezzanine level 

would be expanded to increase the fixture count and provide accessibility. A unisex restroom 

would be provided on the ground floor adjacent to the men’s public restroom. An additional, 

escorted-access-only accessible unisex restroom would be provided for public use within the 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-49

footprint of the maintenance building (see ‘Operational Efficiency – Porte Cochere and 

Maintenance Shed,’ below).

Guestrooms

Alternative 3 would add two accessible guestrooms to the hotel as required per ADA-ABA code. 

As in Alternatives 1 and 2, in conjunction with replacing the East Wing spiral stair, East Wing 

guestrooms #106 and #107 would be combined into one accessible suite with a new accessible 

terrace constructed over the new Ahwahnee Bar kitchen (Appendix B, Figure B-5).

As in Alternative 1, East Wing guestrooms #206 and #207 also would be combined into one 

accessible suite on the second floor. 

Historic Rehabilitation

Historic rehabilitation actions under Alternative 3 would be the same as those in the ‘Actions 

Common to All Action Alternatives’ section.

Operational Efficiency

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 3 would provide the 

following to address operational efficiency:

Kitchen Facilities

The existing equipment at the Kitchen would be removed to implement the work proposed in the 

Kitchen area for compliance with fire/life-safety codes, seismic and structural standards, and 

accessibility requirements. The reinstallation of kitchen equipment would meet current 

mechanical, electric, and plumbing codes, health codes, and ADA-ABA accessibility standards. As 

in Alternative 1, a new more efficient layout with code-compliant features (e.g., code-required 

sanitary wall, floor and ceiling finishes) would be provided. Existing equipment under the north 

mezzanine (refrigerators and coolers) would be retained and reused when possible.

The electrical systems that support the Kitchen would be upgraded to a 480-volt system using 

electrical panels located in a dedicated room within the Kitchen.

The existing exhaust fans and the make up heating and ventilation air handling units would be 

refurbished, modified, and reused as much as possible in the new Kitchen layout. The hot water 

propane boiler would be reused. 

‘Back of House’ Facilities

As in Alternative 1, new banquet/chef offices would be located in the new Kitchen mezzanine in 

approximately the same square footage as the existing facility. Laundry facilities would be 

reorganized in their current location, and mechanical rooms would remain in their existing 

locations.

Porte Cochere and Maintenance Shed

As in Alternative 2, the existing non-historic maintenance shed would be removed and a new 

maintenance shed structure would be constructed that ties into and stiffens the Porte Cochere

and entry walkway (see ‘Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening’, 

above). The historic entry walkway would be retained and preserved. Service parking would be 

retained on the east side of the building.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

2-50 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

The new interior of the maintenance shed would include additional storage for the Gift Shop, a 

work area, enclosed garbage and recycling spaces, and an enlarged luggage and valet/bell area. An 

additional, escorted-access-only unisex bathroom would be provided for public use within the 

footprint of the maintenance building. 

As in Alternative 1, vertical clearance at the Porte Cochere would remain at 11.5 feet.

Electrical Systems

As in Alternative 2, the existing main point of entry (MPOE) for the telecommunications services 

at the hotel would be relocated near the electrical service point within the footprint of the hotel. 

The area would be on the ground floor in the Kitchen.

As in Alternative 2, the electrical systems at The Ahwahnee dormitory would be fully upgraded to 

match the load of the dormitory. Electrical equipment would remain in their existing locations. 

New or retrofitted equipment, including outlets, receptacles, and light switching would comply 

with current electric code and ADA-ABA requirements. All dormitory lighting would be removed 

and upgraded. In addition, new dormitory electrical service from the hotel distribution system 

would be metered for maintenance and documentation purposes.

Mechanical and Plumbing Systems

As in Alternative 2, the existing central mechanical/electrical/plumbing pneumatic control system 

would be replaced with an electronic direct digital control (DDC) system to monitor, control, and

optimize operation of all heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and critical 

operation of electrical and plumbing systems. This would allow the shutdown of HVAC and 

lighting systems at sections of the building that are unoccupied.

As in Alternative 2, deteriorated pressure reducing valves would be replaced where feasible, 

recirculating hot water would be provided at guestrooms, and all remaining galvanized steel 

piping would be replaced with Aquapex®. 

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

In addition to what is provided under the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, under 

Alternative 3 the following elements of visitor service and related visitor experience would be 

improved: 

Registration Lobby and Arrival Experience

As in Alternative 2 and as noted under ‘Accessibility Compliance’ above, the non-historic 

concierge desk would be removed and a new, accessible and portable concierge desk and checkin would be provided at the Registration Lobby.

The lounge area would be refurnished with furnishings compatible with the historic character of 

the hotel. In addition, the Very Significant stained concrete and rubber tile floor at the 

Registration Lobby would be rehabilitated.

Ahwahnee Bar

Under Alternative 3, non-historic additions at the north and east walls of the Ahwahnee Bar 

would be removed. The non-historic bar and service areas would be relocated and remodeled 

with accessible facilities on the east side of the room. The remodel of service facilities would be 

coordinated with the action to provide a code-compliant exit stair from the second floor (see 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-51

‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance’, above) and two additional accessible guestrooms on the first and 

second floors (see ‘Accessibility Compliance’, above). On the north wall, wood framed glass 

consistent with the historic character of the hotel would be installed to restore views, improve the 

sense of arrival, and introduce more natural light into the space.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

In addition to the Actions Common to All Action Alternatives, Alternative 3 would provide the 

following energy efficiency and/or sustainability measures:

Windows and Doors

As in Alternative 1, the condition of ground floor windows, frames, and doors would be surveyed, 

evaluated, and assessed. Caulking would be evaluated, and if necessary, carefully replaced at 

windows and trims.

Heating Systems

As in Alternative 1, the hotel heating system would be improved as follows:

 The existing steam boilers at the hotel would be replaced with new high-efficiency steam 

boilers at their current location. 

 All steam piping in the hotel would be replaced.

 Domestic hot water piping would be insulated.

 Existing steam radiators at the hotel would be reused, repaired, or refurbished as needed. 

 The existing heat exchangers for domestic hot water and pool heating hot water would be 

retained.

 The number of outdoor air louvers at the boiler room would be increased for code compliance.

 The existing domestic hot water storage tanks would be replaced with new insulated hot water 

storage tanks.

 The existing heat condensate loop would be closed.

As in Alternative 2, a heat recovery system would be installed to recover heat from the dishwasher 

and potwater discharge pipes, with a recovery line tying back to the domestic hot water system.

Cooling Systems

The once-through cooling at the kitchen refrigerators would be eliminated and replaced with 

more energy-efficient cooling (e.g., air cooling).

Electrical Systems

In addition to proposed actions under ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance – Electrical Systems,’ above, 

the electrical equipment at the hotel would be upgraded as follows:

 As in Alternative 2, the 208-volt and 480-volt systems would be consolidated into one 480-volt 

service. Electrical equipment in the basement would be relocated to a modified electrical room 

on the north side of the Kitchen.

 As in Alternative 2, the electrical distribution equipment would be replaced and moved to a 

new code-compliant electrical room at the new north Kitchen mezzanine.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Alternative 3 (Preferred)

2-52 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

 As in Alternative 1, per electric code, new transfer switches would be provided in a 

reconfigured emergency generator room; the switch will supply, distribute, and control power 

and illumination essential for safety to human life (e.g., egress pathways and exit signs).

 As in Alternative 1, per electric code, a new transfer switch would be provided in the new 

generator room for legally required standby systems. The switch would supply, distribute, and 

control power and illumination to required facilities (e.g., elevators, air conditioning and hot 

water circulation pumps) for both illumination and power.

Lighting

As in Alternative 1, exterior lighting fixtures would be modified to incorporate LED technology in 

conjunction with guidance provided in Yosemite National Park Lighting Guidelines.

Plumbing Systems

 Interior 

lighting would incorporate LED technology to minimize electric loads. Historic lighting fixtures 

would be refurbished at ground floor public spaces.

New low-flow plumbing fixtures would be provided in all new installations, including the new 

employee locker rooms and new public restrooms. Guestroom water closets, lavatories, shower 

heads, and faucet aerators would be replaced at the hotel and cottages. Fixtures at the Kitchen, 

guest bathrooms, and dormitory bathrooms would be replaced with water conserving fixtures. 

Specifically:

 As in Alternative 1, guestroom toilet valves would be replaced with a low flush model where 

possible, and toilets that are not low-flow would be replaced.

 As in Alternative 1, public restroom toilet flush valves would be replaced with a low-flush 

model. Urinals would be replaced with a low-flush model.

Estimated Cost and Construction Schedule

The net construction cost of Alternative 3, based on 50% schematic design (Hornberger+Worstell 

2010b) is approximately $52 million. However, actual costs of implementing projects within this 

plan would depend on funding availability. Prioritization criteria have been developed to inform 

the construction phasing strategy for long-term implementation of the Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan based on correcting urgent deficiencies, critical deficiencies, and necessary 

corrections and taking into consideration the interdependency of actions based on proximity, 

operational logistics, or related structural or functional actions.

The cost estimate is based on the assumption that The Ahwahnee would be closed for 

approximately 24-30 months to implement the proposed work. However, this assumption was 

made for costing purposes only. Ultimately, the time needed to implement this alternative may be 

up to 20 years, depending on the availability of funding. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-53

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

FIRE/LIFE-SAFETY COMPLIANCE

Second means of egress from 

South Mezzanine meeting rooms 

No secondary egress; no allowed 

public use; employee use only in 

Colonial & Tudor Rooms, with 

maximum total of 30 or less. 

No secondary egress; no allowed 

public use; employee use only in 

Colonial & Tudor Rooms, with 

maximum total of 30 or less. 

Secondary egress constructed with 

new exterior exit from Tresidder 

Room to new south stair. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Code compliant egress at east 

spiral stair (second floor to ground 

floor)

Retain non-compliant spiral stair 

fire escape. 

Remove existing spiral stair. 

Construct new interior stair from 

second to first floor; reduces 

guestrooms by 2 rooms. Provide 

new exterior exit stair from first 

floor to ground floor. 

Remove existing spiral stair. 

Construct new exterior stair from 

second and first floors to ground; 

requires reconfiguration of 2 

guestrooms. 

Same as Alternative 1, however 

configuration of the egress would 

be combined with Alternative 2 

action to reconfigure Ahwahnee 

Bar (see Visitor Experience, below). 

Fire separation between Dining 

Room and hotel

No fire separation provided. Provide concealed overhead fire 

doors at openings at Dining Room 

entry, Kitchen door, and Diggins 

Suite. Confirm rating of existing 

walls. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Code condition of service elevator 

for fire separation, controls, 

gurney and accessibility 

Existing non-compliant service 

elevator and shaft to remain as-is. 

Retain existing elevator cab and 

replace existing service side pocket 

door and cage. Maintain tilt-up 

gurney on site to address gurney 

requirements in existing cab 

retrofit. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Fire protection of steel members in 

attic spaces

Retain current level of fire 

protection. 

Remove damaged material as 

necessary and reapply new fire 

protection at attics. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Non-rated vertical chase shafts; 

improve code compliance 

Retain non-compliant, non-rated 

shafts. 

Seal shafts at bottom and provide 

ducted boot at each toilet exhaust. 

Provide fully metal ducted system 

through shaft. Install wood 

blocking or fire-safing at all floor 

penetrations. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Linen chute and linen room Retain non-compliant linen room 

and laundry chute. 

Improve fire resistance of shaft per 

vertical shaft protection and 

improve first floor linen room. 

Improve fire resistance of shaft per 

vertical shaft protection; expand 

and improve first floor linen room. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Fire department access to hotel Retain non-compliant access to 

cottages.

Prevent vehicle access on historic 

concrete terraces and improve 

base of adjacent green areas to 

support truck load, codecompliant width, and coderequired turnaround.

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Fire department access to cottages Retain non-compliant access to 

cottages. 

Remove select trees, regrade 

existing road and improve surface 

(gravel/pervious paving). 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

2-54 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

FIRE/LIFE-SAFETY COMPLIANCE (CONTINUED) 

Master key system for emergency 

access to all hotel spaces

Retain multi-key system. Re-key hotel locks on new master 

key system. 

Provide new electronic key card 

devices in existing door compatible 

with historic character. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: water intrusion at 

distribution panels in basement

Maintain status quo conditions. Retain existing main electrical 

distribution room in current 

location; provide full 

waterproofing and new secondary 

sump pump. 

Relocate main electrical 

distribution room to new 

waterproof location. Provide new

waterproofing at basement. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: water intrusion at 

emergency generator room from 

lowered 18" slab 

Maintain status quo conditions. Raise floor slab inside generator 

room to be above grade. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: improper grounding for 

electrical system

Maintain non-grounded electrical 

system. 

Ground main electrical panels. Ground main electrical panels and 

provide new grounded systems 

and short-circuit protection with 

upgrade of electrical system where 

accessible. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Electrical: deteriorating cloth 

wiring and conduit 

Maintain current wiring. Replace corroded conduit runs in 

Kitchen w/ material suitable for 

wet conditions. 

Replace accessible cloth wiring 

with code compliant MC Cable. 

Replace corroded conduit runs in 

Kitchen with material suitable for 

the wet conditions. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Ventilation and Exhaust: 

guestroom corridor ventilation

Retain inoperable corridor 

ventilation system. 

Refurbish existing ventilation 

system and provide proper makeup air with fire smoke damper at 

each level. 

Provide new corridor ventilation 

system. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Ventilation and Exhaust: electrical 

room ventilation

Retain non-compliant ventilation. Provide ventilation and cooling to 

existing and new electrical rooms. 

Same as Alternative 1 Same as Alternative 1. 

Ventilation and Exhaust: elevator 

machine room ventilation

Retain non-compliant ventilation. Provide chiller water fan coil for 

AC the elevator machine room. 

Provide permanent AC unit with 

exterior vent through existing 

window opening. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Ventilation and Exhaust: 

Mechanical: hotel guest bathroom 

exhaust fans

Retain existing exhaust fans. Refurbish existing toilet exhaust 

fans and discharge locations. 

Provide fire dampers or sub-ducts 

for every toilet room. 

Provide new toilet exhaust fans. 

Provide fire dampers or sub-ducts 

for every toilet room.

Same as Alternative 2. 

Ventilation and Exhaust: hotel 

public and ‘back of house’ exhaust 

fans

Retain existing exhaust fans. Upgrade exhaust venting to public 

restrooms. 

Provide new exhaust and make-up 

air to public restrooms, dormitory 

restrooms, and laundry linen 

rooms. 

Same as Alternative 2. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-55

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

FIRE/LIFE-SAFETY COMPLIANCE (CONTINUED) 

Mechanical: natural air ventilation Retain existing natural ventilation. (No Work) Provide new mechanical 

ventilation AHU including shafts, 

ductwork, dampers, outside air 

grills. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Fire detection, alarms, and 

suppression systems at cottages

and dormitory 

Retain non-compliant fire 

detection, alarms, and suppression 

systems.

Extend new fire sprinkler, 

detection, and fire alarm systems 

to cottages and dormitory. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

SEISMIC SAFETY RECOMMENDED PRACTICE AND STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING 

Brace Dining Room from Kitchen 

Side

Do not stabilize Dining Room. Provide brace frame with 

minimally sized south Kitchen 

mezzanine with a deck that: meets 

cleanable ceiling code requirement 

over cooking areas, minimizes 

reconfiguration of north 

mezzanine Kitchen areas and 

accommodates employee 

accessibility needs. 

Provide brace frame with partial 

south Kitchen mezzanine and deck 

in Kitchen that meets cleanable 

ceiling code requirement over 

cooking areas and accommodates 

employee accessibility needs. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Dining Room columns and granite 

veneer

Do not stabilize columns or 

veneer. 

Cap columns at west side, brace 

Dining Room in east-west 

direction and pin stone veneer on 

columns at east side. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Dining Room / Solarium glazing Do not alter glazing. Install glazing that meets seismic 

life-safety requirements without 

altering the original window frame 

profile. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Dining Room roof static load Retain existing truss. Replace splice plate connections at 

truss and incorporate new

snowmelt/retention at roof. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Kitchen Floor Slab Retain deteriorating floor slab. Replace deteriorated sections of 

slab subject to failure and as 

needed for seismic upgrade; 

replace all flooring tiles.

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Stone chimneys (hotel) Do not stabilize chimneys. Provide exterior collar strap with 

guy wires

Provide internal core steel bracing 

with concrete ring in attic. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Stone chimneys (cottages) Do not stabilize chimneys. Provide 2x blocking, clips and 

straps in existing attic space. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Tall gypsum block walls in Great 

Lounge 

Do not brace gypsum block walls. Tie gypsum block wall at floor 

lines with internal steel frame. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

South Wing Shear Walls Do not add shear walls. (No Work) Provide four shear walls at 

Solarium and Elevator Lobby. 

Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

2-56 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

SEISMIC SAFETY RECOMMENDED PRACTICE AND STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING (CONTINUED) 

Exterior Granite Veneer Do not pin exterior granite. Provide stainless steel pins for 

exterior granite veneer above 

egress paths only. 

Provide stainless steel pins at all 

exterior granite veneer. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Seismic joint between Porte 

Cochere and entry canopy 

interface

Do not alter Porte Cochere. (No Work) Tie entry canopy and Porte 

Cochere together and stiffen using 

new connections to a new 

maintenance shed. Or create 

seismic slip joint / separation at 

Porte Cochere and entry walkway; 

do not raise Porte Cochere height. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Anchoring of Major Equipment Do not anchor equipment. (No Work) Brace MEP equipment and provide 

joints at utility lines. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

ACCESSIBILITY COMPLIANCE 

Accessibility to hotel main front 

doors 

Maintain current front entrance 

doors. 

(No Work) Provide automatic door operators 

and thresholds in a historically 

acceptable manner. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Accessibility to other public 

ground floor exterior entrances

Retain existing ground floor egress 

thresholds and doors. 

Provide reversible ramps and 

hardware at selected entrances. 

Repair / reconstruct door 

assemblies with compliant 

hardware and permanent 

thresholds/ramps at selected 

entrances. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Access to South Mezzanine 

meeting rooms 

Do not provide ADA-compliant 

access to South Mezzanine. 

Provide limited use-limited access 

(LULA) elevator in existing storage 

closet space and re-route 

Mezzanine stair. 

Provide LULA elevator in footprint 

at Under Lounge across from 

existing storage closet.

Same as Alternative 1. 

Number of accessible guestrooms Do not provide equal facilitation 

for ADA-compliant guestroom 

with balcony; do not replace 

former ADA-compliant suite at 

Room 607 (reconfigured to nonADA room during 2011 6th floor 

egress stair construction) 

Provide two additional accessible

guestroom suites in the East Wing, 

one with an accessible balcony 

over Ahwahnee Bar kitchen. 

Provide two additional accessible

guestrooms – a standard room on 

the fourth floor and a suite with 

accessible balcony. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Accessibility / equal facilitation to 

public restrooms 

Maintain current restrooms. Maintain men's restroom as-Is. 

Expand women's restroom on 

mezzanine to increase fixture 

count and maintain accessibility. 

Provide unisex restroom on 

ground floor.

Maintain existing women's room 

and provide supplemental 

accessible women's room on the 

ground floor. Reconfigure men's 

room to increase fixture count. 

Expand men's restroom into 

administrative offices (no Gift 

Shop Storage). Expand women's 

restroom on mezzanine to 

increase fixture count and 

maintain accessibility. Provide 

unisex restroom on the ground 

floor adjacent to the men's 

restroom.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-57

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

ACCESSIBILITY COMPLIANCE (CONTINUED) 

Accessibility at Front Desk / 

Concierge / Lobby 

Retain current lobby configuration 

and furnishings. 

Confirm/retrofit existing drop 

down counter at front desk 

reception to allow for accessible 

check-in. Replace non-historic 

concierge counter w/ 

furnishings/desk for concierge 

service.

Replace non-compatible concierge 

counter with furnishing desk for 

accessible check-in and concierge. 

Provide accessible check-in at 

concierge. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Accessible parking and path of 

travel and wayfinding

Retain current ADA parking 

spaces; existing signage to remain. 

Increase number of ADA spaces to 

7 and improve drainage/path of 

travel from parking to hotel 

entrance; Provide new signage 

throughout designated path of 

travel. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Accessibility of employee facilities: 

egress, lockers, changing, 

breakroom, etc.

Maintain current employee 

facilities. 

South Kitchen mezzanine would 

allow for new employee facilities 

above Kitchen. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Improve path of travel to major 

site features

Maintain current path of travel. Provide new accessible, historically 

compatible hardscape path over 

new utility corridor. Extend new 

accessible hardscape path to 

Wedding Lawn from Solarium 

Terrace. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

Kitchen layout and efficiency Retain current Kitchen layout. Reuse as much existing equipment 

as feasible in new efficient main 

Kitchen layout; maintain existing 

north Kitchen (refrigerators and 

mezzanine) as much as possible. 

Provide new efficient Kitchen 

layout with new Energy-Star 

equipment. Remove existing 

refrigerators and mezzanine to 

build new north Kitchen 

mezzanine. Salvage existing 

historic cooler doors and reinstall 

on new refrigerators.

Same as Alternative 1. 

‘Back of house’ facilities Retain current locker rooms. Provide locker room / employee 

breakroom on new partial south 

Kitchen mezzanine. 

Provide locker rooms, offices, 

breakroom, service elevator and 

mechanical/electrical room on new 

partial south and new partial north 

mezzanine 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Banquet/chef offices Retain current offices. Provide limited sized offices. Provide new offices. Same as Alternative 1. 

Laundry facilities Retain current laundry facilities. Reorganize laundry facilities in 

their existing location. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical rooms Retain current mechanical rooms. Retain mechanical rooms at their 

existing location. 

Provide a new mechanical room 

on the ground floor. 

Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

2-58 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY (CONTINUED) 

Kitchen mezzanine elevator and 

stairs

Retain current north Kitchen 

mezzanine stair. 

Provide new egress stair to the 

ground floor.

Provide new egress stair and 

elevator for accessibility. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

General Manager, managers, and 

business office locations 

Retain current office locations. Relocate hotel management office 

spaces to reconstructed Gift Shop 

mezzanine. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Maintenance shed, bag storage / 

valet service station / bell station

and maintenance storage and 

shops 

Retain existing maintenance shed, 

maintain current bell facilities, 

maintain current storage and work 

spaces. 

(No Work) Replace maintenance shed with 

new enclosure and expanded 

program; retain and preserve 

historic Entry Walkway façade; 

provide new bag storage and

valet/bell stations; provide new

storage/shop for current functions. 

Replace maintenance shed with 

new enclosure and expanded 

program; retain and preserve 

historic Entry Walkway façade. 

Maintain service vehicle parking; 

provide new bag storage & 

valet/bell stations; provide new

storage/shop for current functions 

plus service parking. 

Gift Shop / retail storage Gift Shop and retail storage 

remain on dock and mezzanine. 

(No Work) Provide new permanent storage 

for current Gift Shop needs. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Public toilets No additional public restroom. (No Work) Provide unisex restroom. Provide escorted-access-only 

unisex restroom.

Porte Cochere access for buses Tour buses would continue to 

drop off visitors in the parking lot. 

(No Work) Raise Porte Cochere to provide 

13'-0" clear bus access. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: electrical systems at 

dormitory

Maintain existing. Upgrade only areas where 

rehabilitation work is proposed. 

Provide full upgrade of dormitory 

electrical systems. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Electrical: Main Point of Entry 

(MPOE) room for 

telecommunications 

Maintain current MPOE. (No Work) Provide new MPOE room and 

connections in dedicated room. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Mechanical: Mechanical, Electrical, 

and Plumbing (MEP) equipment in 

Kitchen 

Retain existing MEP equipment in 

Kitchen. 

Re-use and relocate existing MEP 

equipment as much as possible. 

Upgrade as necessary in existing 

layout. 

Reuse and relocate Kitchen 

ductwork, fans as feasible per new 

Kitchen layout; provide new

propane boiler. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: central MEP control 

system (DDC System) 

Retain manual controls. Provide a microprocessor-based 

DDC system to monitor, control 

and optimize operation of major

HVAC systems and critical 

operation of electrical and 

plumbing systems. 

Provide a microprocessor-based 

DDC system to monitor, control 

and optimize operation to all 

HVAC, electrical and plumbing 

systems

Same as Alternative 2. 

Plumbing: domestic hot water 

piping grade

Maintain current hot water piping. Replace deteriorated pressure 

valves where feasible. Provide 

recirculating hot water at 

guestrooms. 

Replace valves, where feasible 

provide recirculating hot water at 

guestrooms, and replace all 

galvanized piping w/ Aquapex. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Basement waterproofing No upgrades to waterproofing. Provide new waterproofing 

throughout basement. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-59

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

HISTORIC REHABILITATION

Hotel and cottage preservation 

and rehabilitation

Maintain current condition of 

historic fabric and features. 

Rehabilitate / stabilize features of 

hotel in ‘poor’ condition. Preserve 

and rehabilitate features in Very 

Significant and Significant spaces 

in ‘fair’ condition. Rehabilitation

work associated directly with other 

actions affecting historic fabric or 

features in the hotel and cottages. 

Same as Alternative 1, plus 

implement non-maintenance HSR 

treatment recommendations for 

the hotel and cottages for features 

/fabric in Contributing and Historic 

Utilitarian spaces. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND VISITOR SERVICES 

Sweet Shop Retain current Sweet Shop. Maintain existing Sweet Shop and 

repair finishes in place. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Ahwahnee Bar Retain current Ahwahnee Bar. Move bar and bar kitchen to north 

end; restore finishes and add 

glazing at east wall. 

Remove non-historic additions / 

finishes; replace with new wood 

framed glass wall and remodel 

service areas. 

Remove non-historic additions / 

finishes; replace with new wood 

framed glass at north wall and 

remodel service areas with 

coordinated exit stair from second 

floor east wing. Provide 

compatible multi-use storage 

addition along east wall.

Dining Room: east end Maintain as is. Maintain spaces as-is; rehab 

historic finishes (i.e., wainscot and 

wall surfaces at wine bar / service 

bar). 

Remove non-historic service bar / 

reconstruct wine bar and space 

divider with free standing furniture 

pieces.

Same as Alternative 2. 

Reception area Maintain as is. (No Work) Optimize configuration. Same as Alternative 2. 

Service spaces / coat room Maintain as is. (No Work) Reconfigure for extra capacity. Same as Alternative 1. 

Wine bar area / wine storage Maintain as is. Remove non-historic grill above 

service bar, rehab wainscot and 

wall surfaces, restore/replace two 

ceiling lights. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Lobby and guest arrival experience Maintain as is. Remove built-in counter and 

provide moveable desk for 

concierge. 

Remove built-in concierge desk; 

provide removable accessible 

furniture for check-in and 

concierge near Sweet Shop. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Mechanical: HVAC capacity and 

ventilation to ground floor public 

spaces

Retain current HVAC system for 

public spaces. 

Replace existing fan coil units. 

Maintain existing capacity. 

Replace existing fan coil units. 

Increase capacity to service main 

public ground floor areas where 

other actions provide the 

opportunity. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: hotel guestroom air 

conditioning systems 

Retain current AC system for 

guestrooms. 

Replace AC system with new 4-

pipe fan coil units. 

Same as Alternative 1 Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: cottage guestroom: 

air conditioning systems

Retain current AC system for 

cottages. 

Replace w/ new 4-pipe fan coil 

units tied to the main building. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

2-60 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND VISITOR SERVICES (CONTINUED) 

Passenger elevator Retain passenger elevator as is. Rehabilitate non-historic cab 

interior and replace with design 

finishes and fixtures compatible 

with historic character. 

Same as Alternative 1, plus: 

replace hoistway components and 

equipment that cannot be 

refurbished. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY 

Existing steam system Continue current maintenance 

practices. 

Perform a thorough inspection of 

the fuel oil/steam system and 

eliminate leaks. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Insulation at building envelope, 

systems and equipment: attic and 

roof spaces, exterior walls

No new insulation. Install rigid Insulation under roof 

and attach/adhere (waterproof) 

insulation to underside of slab at 

crawl space. 

Same as Alternative 1, plus inject 

foam into perimeter guestroom 

walls.

Same as Alternative 1. 

Insulation at refrigerator boxes No new insulation. Add additional insulation at 

refrigerator boxes. Preserve 

historic freezer doors. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Provide new insulation at piping 

(domestic hot water/steam pipes)

No new insulation. Add pipe insulation at pipes in 

easy to access locations (i.e. 

crawlspace, riser shafts) and 

wherever piping is replaced. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Provide weather-stripping at 

existing wall accessories/ 

penetrations

No new insulation. Provide foam/sealant behind 

outlets, fixtures, pipe voids, etc. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Guestroom windows Retain existing windows. Remove existing aluminum 

guestroom windows and replace 

with historically compatible woodframed, double paned insulated, 

low-e casement windows. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Ground floor windows Maintain existing windows. Survey and carefully evaluate and 

replace caulking at windows and 

trims. 

Survey and carefully evaluate and 

replace caulking and existing 

glazing with laminated glass with 

low-e film “sandwich” to fit in 

same profile of existing

frame/trim.

Same as Alternative 1. 

Ground floor doors Maintain existing doors. Rehabilitate doors where possible 

to close leaks. Replace with 

historically compatible door when 

necessary. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-61

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY (CONTINUED) 

Mechanical: domestic hot water 

and space heating are tied into 

same boiler system

Retain current domestic hot water 

and space heating systems. 

Replace heat exchanger tanks with 

new hot water storage tanks in 

same location. 

Maintain separate heating sources 

for building space heating and 

domestic hot water. Use Co-Gen 

Electricity and heat system to 

service the base building load and 

store energy for peak use. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: space heating Retain inefficient steam boilers. Replace steam boilers with highefficiency condensate steam 

boilers and close condensate loop. 

Replace steam boilers with highefficiency clean propane boilers. 

Replace steam pipe with hot water 

pipe. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: chiller / cooling Tower 

equipment is inefficient and not 

installed per mfg's 

recommendations 

Retain inefficient and incorrectly 

installed chiller and cooling tower. 

Replace existing chiller and cooling 

tower with high efficiency 

equipment and non-HCFC 

refrigerant. Operate new chiller 

and cooling tower at higher water 

efficiency cycles. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: guestroom A/C Units Maintain inefficient guestroom AC 

units. 

Replace with new more efficient 

AC units. 

Replace with new smaller more 

efficient 4-pipe fan coil units. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Mechanical: public areas without 

cooling 

Maintain current public AC 

system. 

Replace existing system. Do not 

provide additional air conditioning. 

Provide additional AC in priority 

common areas (fan coils). Add 

radiant heating at ground floor 

South Wing rooms. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: Geothermal 

Technology 

Do not supplement heating 

systems. 

(No Work) Incorporate shallow geothermal 

tubes for preheating/cooling either 

below asphalt paths to cottages or 

below wooden walkway at entry 

gallery and Porte Cochere (doubles 

as snowmelt) or use geothermal 

directional bore holes in ground. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Mechanical: Radiant cooling Maintain current chiller 

operations. 

(No Work) Operate the cooling tower at night 

and store cold water. Install pipes 

under asphalt in parking lot or 

under cottage paths. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: transformers Retain inefficient transformers. Replace with new efficient 

transformers. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: 120/208-volt Service 

equipment 

Retain electrical equipment. Replace switchgear, distribution 

panels and related transfer 

switches. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: separate 208V and 480V 

Services

Retain split electrical service. (No Work) Consolidate electrical services into 

once service at 480V. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Electrical: emergency Retain current generator. Replace emergency generator in 

adjusted room layout and location. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

2-62 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY (CONTINUED) 

Electrical: power backup system Retain current transfer switches. Provide a transfer switch for 

emergency and legally required 

standby systems. 

Provide transfer switch to other 

optional standby loads. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: light fixtures Retain existing light fixtures. Refurbish historic fixtures in 

ground floor public areas. 

Provide additional 

dimming/switching and refurbish 

historic fixtures in ground floor

public areas to receive new 

effective and efficient lamps. 

Rehabilitate selected historic 

lighting fixtures that are seismically 

safe (seismically unsafe fixtures 

would be rehabilitated under 

separate project). 

Electrical: lighting control system Retain current lighting and 

controls. 

Use LED technology for interior 

lighting to minimize electrical load 

and support light quality effort; 

Provide LED site lighting. 

Same as Alternative 1, plus: 

provide central lighting control 

dimming and switching system for 

public spaces. Provide central 

lighting control system for the 

building exterior (outside). 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: off-site photovoltaic Maintain current service. (No Work) Purchase PV electricity produced in 

Yosemite National Park as part of 

the project (DNC Warehouse or El 

Portal NPS Warehouse). 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: on-site photovoltaic (PV)

system on building 

No PV provisions. (No Work) Provide a PV system on the roof of 

the new maintenance building. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: existing appliances and 

equipment 

Retain current concessioner 

equipment. 

Replace existing obsolete 

equipment with Energy Star/EPA 

Watersense equipment. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Electrical: operational plug-load 

management

Continue current management 

practices. 

Establish a management practice 

to unplug/turn down guestroom 

mini-fridges when rooms are 

unoccupied. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Plumbing: domestic solar hot 

water system 

No solar hot water heating. (No Work) Provide a domestic solar hot water 

system on the roof of the 

maintenance shed. 

Same as Alternative 1. 

Plumbing: public, guestroom, and 

employee toilets

Retain current fixtures. Replace flush valves with low-flush 

model. Replace employee urinals 

with 0.125 gpm urinals. 

Replace toilet with low-flush 

model; provide waterless urinals at 

employee toilets.

Same as Alternative 1, except 

guestroom toilets: replace valves 

where toilets can accommodate; 

replace toilets where current 

fixture is not already low-flow, as 

needed. 

Plumbing: public, guestroom, and 

employee faucets

Retain current fixtures. Provide low flow (0.5 gpm) 

aerators at existing faucets.

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Plumbing: guestroom and 

employee showerheads 

Retain current fixtures. Replace showerheads with lowflow fixtures (1.5-2 gpm). Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Summary of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-63

Table 2-1 

Summary Description of the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

Action Evaluated No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY (CONTINUED) 

Plumbing: kitchen fixtures Retain current fixtures. Provide water efficient sprayers. 

Replace existing dishwasher with 

high water-efficiency dishwasher. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 

Plumbing: heat recovery for 

domestic hot water system 

No heat recovery. (No Work) Recover heat from dishwasher 

discharge pipes to supplement 

domestic hot water. 

Same as Alternative 2. 

Plumbing: water conservation at 

heating systems 

Retain current plumbing systems. Close heating condensate loop. 

Eliminate once-through cooling in 

refrigerators.

Eliminate once-through cooling in 

refrigerators.

Same as Alternative 1. 

Plumbing: sanitary system Retain current sanitary sewer 

plumbing. 

Replace existing piping with new 

PVC piping throughout. 

Same as Alternative 1. Same as Alternative 1. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Considered but Dismissed

2-64 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Actions Considered but Dismissed

The National Park Service considered a range of actions when developing possible alternatives 

for The Ahwahnee Hotel Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. The following actions were 

analyzed, considered, and dismissed because they did not fully satisfy the objectives of this 

planning effort. These actions were dismissed for one of the following reasons:

 The action would not satisfy the project’s purpose and need.

 Less environmentally damaging options were available.

 The action would cause unacceptable environmental, cultural, or social impacts.

 The action would present unacceptable engineering risks or constraints with an associated 

increase in costs.

 The action would conflict with the guidance and direction provided in the General 

Management Plan. 

The proposed actions would involve the installation of a new foundation system that would offer 

greater protection to the structure in a 2,500 year seismic event. However, these seismic 

protection benefits would result in prohibitive project costs and undesirable impacts to historic 

fabric and archeological resources.

Install Micro Piles and Grade Beams or Provide Base Isolation 

of the Hotel Structure

During the alternatives development process, alternatives calling for a full mezzanine or a 

mezzanine with only a small side-oriented well open to the space below were rejected because 

they largely obscured the perception of the historic, character-defining two-story Kitchen 

volume. The National Park Service conferred with structural engineers developing the seismic 

stabilization actions to ensure that an alternative representing the smallest possible brace-frame 

and diaphragm (mezzanine) structure needed to stabilize the adjacent Dining Room was 

considered. As a result, the design alternative represented by Alternative 1 and chosen as the 

preferred alternative (Alternative 3) preserves an open area of two-story volume between the 

existing north mezzanine and the new brace-frame mezzanine to be constructed on the south side 

of the Kitchen. 

Install a Full Mezzanine Structure in the Kitchen

The National Park Service considered meeting fire code at the South Mezzanine without adding 

an additional means of egress by limiting public total occupancy of the meeting rooms. However, 

the result of rigorous code analysis by the park Fire Marshal/AHJ in conjunction with the Value 

Analysis process determined that limiting public use does not represent a code-compliant 

alternative. The results of this analysis indicated that the South Mezzanine does not meet the code 

definition of a full mezzanine, and egress distances to the foot of the existing interior stair from all 

points in the meeting rooms do not allow for continued use of the space for public assembly use 

unless a second, code-compliant means of egress is provided. To assure continued visitor access 

to and enjoyment of the South Mezzanine spaces and balconies, the Yosemite National Park 

Maintaining Public Use of the South Mezzanine Meeting 

Rooms without Adding Additional Means of Egress
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Considered but Dismissed 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-65

Leadership Team approved the preferred alternative to provide code compliant egress by means 

of a new door through the north wall of the Tresidder Room to the exterior fire escape. The 

proposed location of the point of egress was carefully considered, and the selected location 

represents the best overall solution to assure continued public access to these spaces while 

minimizing further visual effects on the building exterior in the vicinity of the non-historic fire 

escape.

Through a code review and design process, the National Park Service found that the option to 

sprinkler the Dining Room in lieu of providing fire separation would not meet fire code 

requirements, and that the only option to comply with fire code would be to install fire separation 

doors, as proposed. The overhead fire separation doors proposed would be completely concealed 

in non-original ceilings at the Diggins Suite and Dining Room.

Address Fire Separation between Dining Room and Hotel by 

Installing Sprinklers

The physical location of The Ahwahnee limits the risk associated with lightning. Installation of 

lightning protection would also result in unnecessary visible impacts on the Very Significant 

exterior of the National Historic Landmark.

Install Lightning Protection

Actions that would affect landscape features including the reflecting pond, parking lot, and tennis 

court have been deferred, pending the guidance of the upcoming Merced Wild and Scenic River 

Comprehensive Management Plan on the amounts and types of visitor use that would be 

appropriate in the wild and scenic river corridor. 

Preserve, Rehabilitate, or Remove Landscape Features

Reuse of existing hotel utility systems was carefully evaluated and elements were proposed for reuse in the action alternatives when feasible. However, some systems are or will soon be beyond 

their operational/design life. The existing steam boilers and distribution system are very old and 

inefficient; many air handling units are in need of replacement; fan coil units in guestrooms are 

too old to find replacement parts; the existing chiller and cooling tower use outdated refrigerants;

and the existing HVAC systems in the cottages are temporary. These utility systems could not be 

re-used and new replacement systems are proposed in the rehabilitation plan.

Reuse of Existing Hotel Utility Systems

In addition to the Actions Considered but Dismissed listed above, the options listed in Table 2-2 

were also considered during the planning process for actions that remain in the comprehensive 

rehabilitation plan.

Alternative Options Considered but Dismissed
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Actions Considered but Dismissed

2-66 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-2 

Alternative Options Considered but Dismissed for the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan

Option Considered Reason Dismissed 

SEISMIC SAFETY RECOMMENDED PRACTICE AND STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING 

Add shear walls and frames in the Dining Room The visual impact on this Very Significant area of the hotel 

would be unacceptable. 

Provide a brace frame in the Kitchen The structure would not function as intended in a seismic 

event. 

FIRE LIFE-SAFETY

Various emergency egress routes (e.g., interior vs. exterior, 

width, separation distance between routes) 

Impacts on historic fabric and features were considered for 

each egress option. Fire code requirements drove actions; 

however those proposals that caused unacceptable impacts 

on historic fabric or did not meet code requirements were 

removed from consideration. 

Provide localized waterproofing solutions to address water 

intrusion in the basement and below grade utility rooms 

(e.g., small repairs and patching to existing waterproofing) 

Minimal repairs would not be sufficient to resolve the 

infiltration of water and code compliance concerns. 

Replace of all the cloth wiring throughout the building Current conditions are acceptable with the California Historic 

Building Code; replacement of all wire was not a reasonable 

option due to impacts to historic fabric 

ACCESSIBILITY COMPLIANCE 

Reconfiguring the existing Front Desk/Concierge to meet 

accessibility requirements 

The existing area is not large enough to accommodate a 

redesigned accessible desk. 

OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY

Maintain existing pneumatic system for control of HVAC 

and manually controlled lighting 

Upgrades to MEP systems in Yosemite Valley are connected 

to a central system for improved tracking and maintenance. 

Reconfigure the Sweet Shop Reconfiguration was not a reasonable option given impacts 

to historic fabric/configuration of a Significant space of the 

hotel.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABILITY 

Install trickle vents to replicate original ventilation in the 

guestrooms 

Current fire code restrictions do not allow the use of these

systems, and they would be incompatible with the historic 

character of the guestrooms. 

Replace the large paned glass in the Dining Room and 

Solarium with double-glazed windows

The impact to historic fabric was too great with the number 

of proposed window retrofits. 

Alternative energy sources (e.g., CNG or propane fuel cell, 

photovoltaic power, using Royal Arches Creek as an 

alternative energy source)

Seasonal climate changes, scenic viewshed and wild and 

scenic river considerations, and the remote location of the 

park make these choices infeasible. 

Comparison of the Alternatives

The three alternatives presented in this document represent a reasonable range of options for 

rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee. Table 2-3 provides a summary comparison of the potential 

impacts associated with each of the alternatives, based on the environmental analysis provided in 

Chapter 3.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-67

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

GEOHAZARDS 

Under the No Action Alternative, the 

ongoing threats to life and property from 

geohazards would continue. While the hotel 

and cottages generally conform to RP6 

seismic standards, some areas of the hotel 

and cottages (Dining Room, stone 

chimneys, exterior granite veneers, and twostory gypsum-block walls in the Great 

Lounge) would not conform to the 

minimum life-safety standards of the BSE-1 

(500-year) earthquake, resulting in a local, 

long-term, moderate, adverse impact.

Seismic safety improvements proposed 

under Alternative 1 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance 

standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) 

earthquake and 2,500-year (BSE-2) 

earthquake. This would substantially 

decrease the threat to life and property at 

The Ahwahnee from seismic events, 

resulting in a local, long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact.

Seismic safety improvements proposed 

under Alternative 2 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance 

standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) 

earthquake and the 2,500-year (BSE-2) 

earthquake. In addition, recommended (but 

not required) measures for seismic stability 

and structural strengthening would be 

implemented. These actions would 

substantially decrease the threat to life and 

property at The Ahwahnee from seismic 

events, resulting in a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact.

Seismic safety improvements proposed 

under Alternative 3 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance 

standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) 

earthquake and 2500-year (BSE-2) 

earthquake. These actions would 

substantially decrease the threat to life and 

property at The Ahwahnee from seismic 

events, resulting in a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact.

SOILS

Impacts on soils under the No Action 

Alternative would occur in areas previously 

disturbed by the construction of the hotel 

complex and ongoing operations. Repeated 

disturbance to soils from maintenance of 

underground utilities would result in local, 

short-term, minor, adverse impacts and a 

local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on 

soils in the project area. Use of Best 

Management Practices (Appendix E) to 

minimize spills, soil compaction, and erosion 

during construction activities would 

continue. 

Continued use of the hardened earth low 

water crossing for fire department access 

south of the cottages, and continued use of 

the inadequately sized fire department 

access at the hotel, would result in minor to 

moderate impacts on soils from potential 

soil erosion and compaction. In addition, 

there would continue to be local, long-term, 

minor, adverse, indirect effects on soils from 

ongoing disruptions of natural groundwater 

flows and resultant effects on soil 

characteristics over time.

Impacts on soils under Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would occur in areas previously disturbed by the construction of the hotel complex and 

ongoing operations, though some excavations could exceed the vertical extent of previously disturbances. The proposed actions to meet fire 

and life-safety, seismic, and accessibility codes and standards would impact approximately 0.75 acre of ‘resilient’ soils and 0.67 acre of ‘other’ 

soils. Construction impacts on soils would be mitigated by ongoing implementation of Best Management Practices to minimize spills, soil 

compaction, and erosion. This would result in a local, short-term and long-term, minor, adverse impact on soils in the project area. In 

addition, there would continue to be local, long-term, minor, adverse, indirect effects on soils from ongoing disruptions of natural 

groundwater flows and resultant effects on soil characteristics over time. 

There would be a local, long-term, minor, beneficial impact on soils from the consolidation of underground utilities and the removal of a 

hardened earth low water crossing at the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

2-68 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

HYDROLOGY 

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be no new impacts on local natural 

hydrologic processes at The Ahwahnee. 

Seasonally high groundwater would 

continue to create hazardous conditions in 

the hotel basement and seasonal runoff 

would continue to enter the generator 

room. The presence of the hotel and related 

facilities, as well as associated landscaping 

activities, would continue to have a local, 

long-term, minor to moderate, adverse 

impact on local hydrologic conditions. 

Excavation and construction activities to replace culverts and install a bridge at seasonal tributaries could result in adverse impacts associated 

with the temporary disruption of the surface flow and the increased potential for soil erosion and sediment transport. In addition, the use of 

heavy equipment in these areas could result in accidental releases of hazardous substances that would impact water quality. Mitigation 

measures (Appendix E) would include scheduling construction activity during seasonal periods of low or no water, minimizing disturbance 

areas, salvaging excavated materials, restoring contours of stream banks, and implementing construction best management practices. These 

measures would be expected to reduce short-term, adverse impacts on hydrology to a minor to moderate level. 

Excavation beneath the hotel and the installation of a utility corridor would likely require dewatering activities, which would potentially result 

in short-term, adverse impacts on the adjacent meadow and Royal Arch Creek. Mitigation measures (Appendix E) would be implemented 

during construction activities to ensure that dewatering would not increase sediment loading at drainages or otherwise adversely affect the 

adjacent meadow. Implementation of these measures would reduce excavation impacts to local, short-term, minor, and adverse. 

In the long-term, there would be a minor to moderate beneficial impact on the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages from removal 

of a low water vehicle crossing. In addition, installation of site drainage at the hotel basement and back dock would have a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact on hydrology by redirecting drainage toward Ahwahnee Meadow. 

VEGETATION 

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be no change in vegetation or 

vegetation management activities. The No 

Action Alternative would not further reduce 

the size or disrupt the continuity and/or 

integrity of native plant communities in the 

project area. There would be no new 

impacts on vegetation resources. 

Native vegetation in the project area is already disturbed from previous construction, ornamental landscaping, and pedestrian and vehicular 

traffic. Under Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, construction activities would result in local, short-term, minor, adverse impacts on the size and 

continuity of native plant communities. Implementation of Best Management Practices during construction would minimize impacts on 

surrounding vegetation communities. The removal of select trees to meet fire code requirements along fire access roads and the hardening of 

select pathways to meet accessibility requirements would result in local, long-term, minor, adverse impacts on the size and continuity of 

native plant communities. 

WILDLIFE

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be no new impacts on wildlife 

habitat or populations. 

Habitat in the project area is already disturbed from previous alterations to native vegetation, construction of facilities, and normal hotel 

operations. With the implementation of mitigation measures for wildlife species (Appendix E), temporary habitat disturbance from 

construction activities would result in local, short-term, minor, adverse impacts. There would be a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on 

upland habitat from removal of select trees and some road widening for fire access road improvements. Implementation of mitigation 

measures with a focus upon avoidance, limiting construction activities during breeding seasons, and conducting surveys immediately before 

construction, would minimize impacts on wildlife habitat and populations. 

SPECIAL STATUS SPECIES 

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be no effect on special status wildlife 

habitat or populations. 

The project would occur in suitable habitat for special status bird and bat species. The implementation of mitigation measures in Appendix E 

with a focus upon avoidance, limiting tree removal, limiting construction activities to outside of breeding seasons, limiting construction 

activities to daytime hours, conducting detailed surveys immediately before construction, and limiting areas of disturbance, would minimize 

impacts on these species. Therefore, Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect special status species.

AIR QUALITY

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be no new short-term or long-term 

impacts on air quality. Existing equipment 

would remain in place and regular 

maintenance activities would continue. 

Implementation of Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would result in short-term, minor, adverse impacts on local air quality due to construction-related 

dust, equipment and vehicle emissions. Efficiency upgrades throughout the hotel and cottages for equipment and materials would result in a 

long-term, minor, beneficial impact on indoor, local, and regional air quality. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-69

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

SOUNDSCAPES 

Under the No Action Alternative, the project 

area would continue to be impacted by 

noise generated by regular operations and 

visitor use at The Ahwahnee. The No Action 

Alternative would result in no new impacts 

on soundscapes. 

Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would result in short-term elevated levels of noise in the project area due to construction activities. This would 

potentially affect guests, onsite staff, and nearby recreational users; however, the number of people impacted would be lower if construction 

was scheduled during periods of low occupancy, low visitation, or during a hotel closure. In addition, wildlife may be impacted by noise 

generated during construction. Impacts on wildlife would be mitigated by scheduling construction activities outside of breeding seasons. 

Overall, Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would result in a local, short-term, moderate, adverse impact on soundscapes. 

VISITOR EXPERIENCE AND SERVICES

Visitor experience, services, and safety 

would generally remain in their current 

condition. Emergency egress at the hotel 

would remain noncompliant with fire/lifesafety codes and standards. The meeting 

rooms at the South Mezzanine would 

remain closed to public use. The potential 

for injury to building occupants during a 

seismic event from falling hazards would 

remain.

Accessibility would remain difficult in some 

areas of the hotel, and some public areas of 

the hotel would remain inaccessible. The 

number of ADA-ABA-compliant guestrooms 

and parking spaces would remain 

inadequate. Bathroom fixture counts would 

remain insufficient for the facility. 

Guestroom air conditioning and ventilation 

would remain ineffective and uncomfortable 

during the summer. Historically 

incompatible aluminum windows would 

remain in guestrooms. Historic finishes and 

fabric would continue to deteriorate with no 

comprehensive plan for their rehabilitation. 

Overall, the No Action Alternative would 

result in a local, long-term, moderate, 

adverse effect on visitor experience resulting 

from safety hazards, limited accessibility, 

insufficient ventilation, and deterioration of 

historic finishes. 

Proposed fire/life-safety and seismic stability 

improvements under Alternative 1 would 

result in long-term beneficial impacts on 

visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of 

two standard guestrooms would slightly 

affect room availability. Accessibility 

improvements, rehabilitation of historic 

features, increased restroom fixture counts, 

and improved heating and cooling systems 

would enhance the visitor experience at the 

facility.

Reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee Bar would 

improve visitor services through operational 

upgrades, and the addition of glazing to the 

bar’s east wall would enhance the sense of 

arrival at the main entrance to the hotel. 

Upgrades to building systems would 

maintain the level of service for day visitors 

and overnight guests. Overall, improvements 

proposed with Alternative 1 would result in 

a local, long-term, minor to moderate, 

beneficial impact on visitor experience, 

services, and safety. 

Proposed fire/life-safety and seismic 

improvements under Alternative 2 would 

result in long-term, beneficial impacts on 

visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of 

one standard guestroom would have a 

negligible impact on room availability. Reestablished public access to the South 

Mezzanine, accessibility improvements, 

rehabilitation of historic features, increased 

fixture counts in the restrooms, and 

improved and expanded heating and cooling 

systems would enhance the visitor 

experience throughout the facility.

The remodeled Ahwahnee Bar would 

improve visitor services through operational 

upgrades behind the bar. The addition of 

wood-framed glass to the bar’s north wall 

would enhance the sense of arrival at the 

main entrance to the hotel. Overall, 

improvements proposed under Alternative 2 

would result in a local, long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact on visitor experience, 

services, and safety. 

Proposed fire life-safety and seismic 

improvements under Alternative 3 would 

result in long-term beneficial impacts on 

visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of 

two standard guestrooms would slightly 

affect room availability. Restored public 

access to the South Mezzanine, accessibility 

improvements, rehabilitation of historic 

features, increased restroom fixture counts, 

and improved heating and cooling systems 

would enhance the visitor experience at the 

facility.

The remodeled Ahwahnee Bar would 

improve visitor service through operational 

upgrades behind the bar. The addition of 

wood-framed glass to the bar’s north wall 

would enhance the sense of arrival at the 

main entrance to the hotel. Overall, 

improvements proposed in Alternative 3 

would result in a long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact on visitor experience, 

services and safety.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

2-70 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

FACILITY OPERATIONS AND INFRASTRUCTURE 

The No Action Alternative would continue 

noncompliance with fire/life-safety, 

accessibility, and health codes. Deterioration 

of portions of the facility, increasingly 

greater maintenance needs, and 

noncompliant employee work areas would 

persist. Therefore, the No Action 

Alternative would result in a local, longterm, moderate, adverse impact on 

operations, maintenance requirements, and 

facility infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Implementation of Alternative 1 would 

address fire/life-safety code issues 

throughout the building; upgrade critical 

mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 

systems; provide a code-compliant Kitchen 

and Ahwahnee Bar; provide a limited 

use/limited access elevator to the South 

Mezzanine, and provide accessible work and 

break areas for employees. Overall, 

implementation of Alternative 1 would result 

in a long-term, moderate, beneficial impact 

on operations, maintenance, requirements, 

and facility infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Implementation of Alternative 2 would 

include the same beneficial impacts on 

operations and facilities outlined in 

Alternative 1. In addition, Alternative 2 

would provide secondary emergency egress 

from the South Mezzanine; provide 

additional upgrades or replacement of 

mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 

systems; provide a new point of entry for 

telecommunications; maximize the use of a 

Kitchen mezzanine for employee facilities; 

provide an enlarged maintenance shed with 

an additional public restroom; and raise the 

Porte Cochere to accommodate buses. 

Overall, implementation of Alternative 2 

would result in a local, long term, moderate 

to major, beneficial impact on operations, 

maintenance requirements, and facility 

infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Implementation of Alternative 3 would 

include the same beneficial impacts on 

operations and facilities outlined in 

Alternative 1. In addition, Alternative 3 

would provide secondary egress from the 

South Mezzanine; additional upgrades or 

replacement of mechanical, electrical, and 

plumbing systems; a new point of entry for 

telecommunication systems; and an enlarged 

maintenance shed that would improve 

bellhop storage, provide an additional 

restroom, and increase maintenance storage 

capacity. Overall implementation of 

Alternative 3 would result in a local, longterm, moderate, beneficial impact on 

operations, maintenance requirements, and 

facility infrastructure. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-71

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

SOCIOECONOMICS

The No Action Alternative would not impact 

local or regional employment or wages. 

There would be no impact on Mariposa 

County tax revenues. 

Under Alternative 1, visitor populations are 

not likely to be impacted and visitor 

spending displaced from lodging or other 

services at The Ahwahnee is likely to be 

captured at other establishments in the 

region. Therefore, the impact on visitor 

spending in both the local and regional 

economy would be negligible. Concessioner 

and park revenues would be reduced to 

some extent during the closure of various 

facilities and services. The impacts on 

concessioner and park revenues could be 

negligible to moderate, depending on 

construction phasing. Short-term decreases 

in concessioner employment and/or wages 

would likely be more than offset by the 

short-term increases in construction 

employment and wages, resulting in a shortterm, beneficial impact on the local and 

regional economies. Impacts on Mariposa 

County could be minor to major and adverse 

in the short term, depending on the extent 

of guestroom closures (number of 

guestrooms and duration) over the 20-year 

implementation period. Long-term impacts 

on Mariposa County Transient Occupancy 

Taxes revenues would be negligible and 

adverse with the permanent loss of two 

standard guestrooms (the lost revenue 

would be offset by the conversion of four 

standard rooms to two accessible guestroom 

suites). 

Alternative 2 would have the same impact 

on visitor populations, visitor spending, and 

concessioner and park revenue, would be 

the same as Alternative 1. Short-term 

decreases in concessioner employment 

and/or wages would likely be more than 

offset by the short-term increases in 

construction employment and wages, 

resulting in a short-term, beneficial impact 

on the local and regional economies. 

Impacts on Mariposa County could be minor 

to moderate and adverse in the short term, 

depending on the extent of guestroom 

closures (number of guestrooms and 

duration) over the 20-year implementation 

period. Long-term impacts on Mariposa 

County Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues 

are anticipated to be negligible with the 

permanent loss of one standard guestroom 

(the lost revenue would be offset by the 

conversion of two standard rooms into one 

accessible guestroom suite). 

Alternative 2 would have the same impact 

on visitor populations, visitor spending, and 

concessioner and park revenue, would be 

the same as Alternative 1. Short-term 

decreases in concessioner employment 

and/or wages would likely be more than 

offset by the short-term increases in 

construction employment and wages, 

resulting in a short-term, beneficial impact 

on the local and regional economies. 

Impacts on Mariposa County could be minor 

to major and adverse in the short term, 

depending on the extent of guestroom 

closures (number of guestrooms and 

duration) over the 20-year implementation 

period. Long-term impacts on Mariposa 

County Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues 

would be negligible and adverse with the 

permanent loss of two standard guestrooms 

(the lostrevenue would be offset by the 

conversion of four standard rooms to two 

accessible guestroom suites). 

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 

Under the No Action Alternative, there 

would be little or no change to energy use 

and emissions, resulting in a local, longterm, negligible, adverse impact on energy 

consumption. 

Under Alternatives 1, 2, or 3, improved efficiency and reduced energy use would result in a local, long-term, minor to moderate, beneficial 

impact on overall energy consumption and resulting emissions at The Ahwahnee hotel and a regional, long-term, negligible, beneficial impact 

on energy consumption and climate change. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Comparison of the Alternatives

2-72 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 2-3 

Summary Comparison of Impacts for the No Action and Action Alternatives (continued)

No Action Alternative Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 (Preferred)

HISTORIC SITES, BUILDINGS, AND LANDSCAPES 

The No Action Alternative would have the 

potential to alter, directly or indirectly, 

characteristics of the historic site that 

qualified the property for inclusion in the 

NRHP in a manner that would diminish the 

integrity of the property’s location, design, 

setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or 

association. Therefore, the No Action 

Alternative would have an adverse effect on 

the historic property and on the Yosemite 

Valley Historic District. 

Although the majority of proposed actions 

would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion 

on the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a 

whole Alternative 1 would result in an 

adverse effect to the historic property. 

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A) would be implemented to 

resolve the adverse effect. In addition, NPS 

historical architects and the park historic 

preservation officer will continue to work 

with the project design team and SHPO to 

minimize the adverse effect on the historic 

property during and construction planning 

and implementation. 

Alternative 1 would result in no adverse 

effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Although the majority of proposed actions 

would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion 

on the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a 

whole Alternative 2 would result in an 

adverse effect to the historic property. 

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A) would be implemented to 

resolve the adverse effect. In addition, NPS 

historical architects and the park historic 

preservation officer will continue to work 

with the project design team and SHPO to 

minimize the adverse effect on the historic 

property during and construction planning 

and implementation. 

Alternative 2 would result in no adverse 

effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Although the majority of proposed actions 

would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion on 

the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a 

whole Alternative 3 would result in an 

adverse effect to the historic property. 

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A) would be implemented to 

resolve the adverse effect. In addition, NPS 

historical architects and the park historic 

preservation officer will continue to work 

with the project design team and SHPO to 

minimize the adverse effect on the historic 

property during and construction planning 

and implementation. 

Alternative 3 would result in no adverse 

effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCES

The No Action Alternative proposes no 

ground disturbance, resulting in no adverse 

effect on individual archeological resources 

or the Yosemite Valley Archeological District 

Under Alternative 1, actions that would 

cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to fire department access, 

accessibility, operational efficiency, and site 

drainage, would have the potential to result 

in an adverse effect on archeological sites 

CA-MRP-292/293/H and CA-MRP-291/751, 

as well as the Yosemite Valley Archeological 

District.

Potential adverse effects would be resolved 

through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation 

of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A), which stipulates application of 

the Archeological Synthesis and Research 

Design

Under Alternative 2, actions that would 

cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to egress, fire department 

access, seismic strengthening, accessibility, 

operational efficiency, site drainage, and 

energy efficiency, would have the potential 

to result in an adverse effect on 

archeological sites CA-MRP-52/H, CA-MRP292/293/H, and CA-MRP-291/751, as well as 

the Yosemite Valley Archeological District. 

 (Hull and Moratto 1999). In addition, 

an NPS archeologist and the park historic 

preservation officer would be consulted 

throughout project design and construction 

planning and implementation. 

Potential adverse effects would be resolved 

through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation 

of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A), which stipulates application of 

the Archeological Synthesis and Research 

Design

Under Alternative 3, actions that would 

cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to fire department access, 

seismic strengthening, accessibility, 

operational efficiency, and site drainage, 

would have the potential to result in an 

adverse effect on archeological sites CAMRP-292/293/H and CA-MRP-291/751, as 

well as the Yosemite Valley Archeological 

District.

 (Hull and Moratto 1999). In addition, 

an NPS archeologist and the park historic 

preservation officer would be consulted 

throughout project design and construction 

planning and implementation. 

Potential adverse effects would be resolved 

through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation 

of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement 

(Appendix A), which stipulates application of 

the Archeological Synthesis and Research 

Design

AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

 (Hull and Moratto 1999). In addition, 

an NPS archeologist and the park historic 

preservation officer would be consulted 

throughout project design and construction 

planning and implementation. 

There would be no new impacts on 

American Indian traditional resources and 

practices under the No Action Alternative 

Traditional cultural resources of value to American Indians might be affected by construction, removal of select native vegetation, and 

alteration of archeological constituents. The park would continue consultation with culturally associated tribes and groups during project 

planning and implementation, and would implement the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A) in order to protect resources to which 

American Indian tribes and groups attach cultural values 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Identification of the Preferred Alternative and the Environmentally Preferable Alternative

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-73

Identification of the Preferred Alternative

A Value Analysis and Choosing by Advantage workshop was conducted from September 27 

through September 29, 2010. The workshop team included National Park Service subject matter 

experts and managers, representatives of the park concessioner (Delaware North Companies 

Parks and Resorts at Yosemite, Inc.), and design and engineering contractors. The workshop was 

supplemented by several follow-up teleconferences. 

Two 50% schematic design alternatives, representing two different approaches to meeting the 

purpose and need of the plan, were evaluated. Alternative 1 was considered a minimum scheme 

that relied on code waivers and management options to the maximum extent possible, and 

adopted the least invasive means of meeting the fundamental objectives of the program. 

Alternative 2 provided substantive code compliance, exceeded basic seismic safety requirements, 

and provided a higher degree of historic rehabilitation and operational improvements. One of the 

primary objectives of the VA was to establish the value added by the increased scope of work 

represented by Alternative 2.

The Value Analysis focused on applying value analysis principles to identify which alternative 

components would provide the desired functions for the best value. The evaluation method was 

Choosing By Advantages, where the relative importance of the advantages f each alternative was 

weighed, and then the costs and benefits of each considered. The overall goal of the VA was to 

identify a preferred alternative using value-based decision-making. 

As the first task of the evaluation phase, the team developed and discussed the factors that would 

be used to evaluate the alternatives. NPS Objectives and Factors (Table 2-4) provided the priority 

setting process based on National Leadership Council guidance, and formed the framework for 

the evaluation.

Table 2-4 

NPS Objectives and Factors Used to Evaluate Project Alternatives

Factor 1: Prevent loss of resources 

Objective: Protect Cultural and Natural Resources 

Factor 2: Maintain and improve the condition of resources 

Factor 3: Provide visitor services and educational and recreational opportunities 

Objective: Provide for Visitor Enjoyment 

Factor 4: Protect public health, safety and welfare

Factor 5: Improve operational efficiency and sustainability 

Objective: Improve Efficiency of Park Operations 

Factor 6: Protect employee health, safety, and welfare

Factor 7: Provide other advantages to the national park system 

Objective: Provide Cost-Effective, Environmentally Responsible, and Otherwise Beneficial Development for the 

National Park System 

Using the NPS Factors above as a guideline, the team developed the following list of Evaluation 

Criteria:

 Minimize impact on natural resources

 Preserve historic fabric

 Preserve historic integrity

 Restore historic character

 Provide a comparable experience 

(qualitative)

 Maintain a traditional level of visitor 

service (access to services as expected)
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Identification of the Preferred Alternative and the Environmentally Preferable Alternative

2-74 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

 Provide adequate services (including 

ADA-ABA accessibility)

 Ensure safety and security of visitors

 Ensure a safe working environment

 Ensure food safety and sanitation

 Optimize maintenance and life cycle 

functionality

 Optimize efficiency of service (and staff)

 Preserve revenue / limit financial impact

 Maximize compliance with NPS 

Sustainability goals.

Because of the complexity of the overall project, the alternatives were broken down into 

components for evaluation using Choosing By Advantages methods. These components were 

selected for detailed analysis because they address two or more of the established purpose and 

need objectives. Several other single-variant plan components were evaluated using a simple 

cost/benefit process.

Components were grouped together into packages reflecting interlinked scopes (such as area of 

building, specific systems impacted, or specific goals addressed). These were:

 Egress from the 5th and 6th floors (no 

longer addressed in this plan)

 Egress from the 2nd floor

 Kitchen / Dining – Seismic bracing of the 

Dining hall, construction of the new 

mezzanine above the Kitchen, and 

Kitchen renovations. This package also 

included moving employee locker rooms 

and break room to the new mezzanine.

 Public restrooms

 Egress from the East Wing, and 

reconfiguring of the Ahwahnee Bar

 Accessibility / egress from the South 

Mezzanine

 Raising the Porte Cochere to 

accommodate taller buses

 Replacement of the maintenance building

 Seismic bracing in the Great Lounge

 Modifications to / addition of air 

conditioning in public spaces

 Modifications to the Service Bar in the 

Dining Room

 Seismic bracing of the stone veneer and 

chimneys

 Renovation of the elevators and shafts

 Protection and rehabilitation of the 

historic fabric

 Master keying options

 Improvements to the laundry room and 

chute

Based on the evaluation phase, the team selected the component from each category which 

scored the highest, established refinements to the alternatives, and an additional alternative was 

developed.

The Value Analysis-recommended Preferred Alternative is a blend of elements from 

Alternatives 1 and 2, and in some cases includes new options developed during the workshop. It 

was presented to and concurred on by the Yosemite National Park Leadership Team on October 

20, 2010. Concurrence on the park-approved Preferred Alternative was received in February 2011 

from the NPS Pacific West Regional Office and the Preferred Alternative is presented as 

Alternative 3 of this document.
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Identification of the Preferred Alternative and the Environmentally Preferable Alternative

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 2-75

Environmentally Preferable Alternative

The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations implementing NEPA and the National 

Park Service NEPA guidelines require that “the alternative or alternatives which were considered 

to be environmentally preferable” be identified (CEQ Regulations, section 1505.2). 

Environmentally preferable is defined as “the alternative that will promote the national 

environmental policy as expressed in NEPA’s section 101. Ordinarily, this means the alternative 

that causes the least damage to the biological and physical environment; it also means the 

alternative that best protects, preserves, and enhances historic, cultural, and natural resources” 

(CEQ 1981).

Section 101 of NEPA states that:

It is the continuing responsibility of the Federal Government to ... (1) fulfill the 

responsibilities of each generation as trustee of the environment for succeeding 

generations; (2) assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and 

aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings; (3) attain the widest range of 

beneficial uses of the environment without degradation, risk to health or safety, or 

other undesirable and unintended consequences; (4) preserve important historic, 

cultural, and natural aspects of our national heritage, and maintain, wherever 

possible, an environment which supports diversity, and variety of individual choice; 

(5) achieve a balance between population and resource use which will permit high 

standards of living and a wide sharing of life’s amenities; and (6) enhance the quality 

of renewable resources and approach the maximum attainable recycling of 

depletable resources.

Conformance: 

Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would all meet the above criteria, as they would each provide substantive 

compliance with current codes and standards, provide historic rehabilitation work that is needed 

to maintain and protect the historic integrity of The Ahwahnee, and provide increased 

operational and energy efficiencies. Alternative 1 would best meet criterion (4), as it proposes the 

minimal scheme to address code compliance issues, relying on code waivers and management 

options to the maximum extent possible, and adopts the least invasive means of meeting project 

objectives. Alternative 2 would best meet criterion (6) as it provides the most substantive code 

compliance with the highest degree of energy and water use efficiencies. However, Alternative 3 

would best meet criteria (1), (2), (3), and (5) because it incorporates many of the increased 

efficiencies and much of the substantive code compliance of Alternative 2 with minimally invasive 

options of Alternative 1. Alternative 3 provides the maximum feasible protection and preservation 

of the historic property while meeting plan objectives for public and employee safety, operational 

and energy efficiency, and visitor experience. Thus, the National Park Service has identified 

Alternative 3 as the environmentally preferred alternative. 

Under the No Action Alternative, further historic rehabilitation and stabilization 

would not occur as it would under the action alternatives. Thus this alternative would not best 

protect, preserve, or enhance cultural resources, nor would it provide for the safety and code 

improvements proposed under the action alternatives. 
Chapter 2: Alternatives — Identification of the Preferred Alternative and the Environmentally Preferable Alternative

2-76 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-1

Chapter 3: Affected Environment and 

Environmental Consequences 

Introduction

This chapter describes the environment that could be affected by the alternatives of 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan and analyzes the potential environmental 

impacts of the proposed actions in each alternative.

This chapter includes an introduction that provides a brief overview of the resource topics 

analyzed and the methods used for analysis. A rationale for excluding certain resource topics is 

also included. Following the introduction, this chapter is organized by resource topics relevant to 

the project. Descriptions of the current conditions of each resource topic, based on the most 

recent studies and analyses available at the time this environmental assessment was prepared, are 

described in the Affected Environment sections. The Affected Environment sections are followed 

by an analysis of the Environmental Consequences associated with each proposed alternative, 

including the No Action Alternative. These analyses provide the basis for comparing the effects of 

the alternatives.

Organization of this Chapter

Resource topics considered were selected based on federal law, regulations, executive orders, 

NPS management policies, NPS subject matter expertise, and concerns expressed by other 

agencies or members of the public during scoping and comment periods.

Resource Topics Considered in this Environmental 

Assessment

Natural Resources

Analysis was performed for the following natural and physical resource topics:

 Geohazards

 Soils

 Hydrology

 Vegetation

 Wildlife

 Special status species

 Air quality

 Soundscapes

Sociocultural Resources

Analysis was performed for the following sociocultural resource topics:

 Visitor experience and recreation

 Park operations and management
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

3-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

 Public health and safety

 Socioeconomics

 Energy consumption and global climate change

Historic Properties

For this project, analysis was performed for the following historic properties resource topics:

 Historic sites, buildings, and landscapes

 Archeological resources

 American Indian traditional cultural resources and practices

Resource Topics Dismissed From Detailed Analysis

Geology: There are no geologic resources that would be affected by any of the proposed actions. 

The results of geotechnical investigations at the site and the impact of seismic strengthening 

actions are addressed under the Geohazards section. Therefore, Geology was dismissed from 

further analysis as a distinct resource topic in this document.

Wetlands: A wetland delineation has not been conducted in the project area. However, 

evaluation of existing vegetation data in areas where work is proposed indicates that there are no 

wetland vegetation types in the project area. With the implementation of a Storm Water Pollution 

Prevention Plan and general construction Best Management Practices (see Appendix E, 

Mitigation Measures), the proposed action would not have impacts on downstream wetlands. 

Therefore, this resource topic has been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Floodplains:

The NPS Water Resource Division considers the 1997 flood extent to be the predicted 100-year 

floodplain despite being approximately a 90-year flood, as the 100-year event would not differ 

substantially in lateral extent from the 90-year event.

Yosemite Valley has a well-developed floodplain, with major roads and structures 

along or within both sides of the floodplain. The character of the floodplain varies in different 

locations due to local hydraulic controls. The Merced River watershed has had 11 winter floods 

since 1916. The January 1997 flood was the largest recorded within the park; it was estimated to 

have a recurrence interval of 90 years (NPS 1997a).

The Ahwahnee Hotel Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan project area was not inundated by the 

1997 flood and is not considered to be within the 100-year regulatory floodplain. Therefore, 

floodplains have been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Lightscapes: Exterior lighting, as well as interior lighting emanating out of windows at 

The Ahwahnee, does have a local impact on dark night skies in the project area. However, this 

project does not propose changes to lighting on the interior or exterior of the hotel that would 

appreciably increase or decrease the amount of light emitted at the hotel. Therefore, lightscapes 

has been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Scenic Resources: There would be no changes to scenic views from The Ahwahnee, and impacts

to historic scenic resources are addressed under the Historic Sites, Buildings and Cultural 

Landscapes section and the Visitor Experience section. Scenic vista clearing at The Ahwahnee is 

addressed under the parkwide Scenic Vista Management Plan. Therefore, this has been dismissed 

from further analysis as a separate resource topic in this document.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-3

Public Health and Safety: Public health and safety is a fundamental element of the purpose and 

need for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. As such, it is analyzed under the 

following topics, rather than as one separate topic: Geohazards (which evaluates the project 

alternatives in terms of risk to life and property), Visitor Experience (which considers visitor 

safety), and Facility Operations (which considers employee safety).

Wilderness Experience: The project area does not overlap with designated wilderness, and 

implementation of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan would not have any effect 

on the wilderness experience or wilderness access. Therefore, this resource topic has been 

dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Transportation: The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan does not propose to change 

existing vehicular or pedestrian circulation patterns, transportation corridors, or the 

configuration of The Ahwahnee parking lot. Therefore, this resource topic has been dismissed 

from further analysis in this document.

Orientation and Interpretation: Implementation of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan could have negligible to minor impacts on park orientation and 

interpretation. Proposed actions of this type are addressed under the Visitor Experience and 

Facility Operations and Management sections. Therefore, this topic has been dismissed from 

further analysis as a separate resource topic in this document.

Environmental Justice: The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan does not propose to 

change existing visitor access or levels of visitor service at The Ahwahnee, with the exception of 

improved accessibility. No aspect of this project would result in disproportionately high and 

adverse human health or environmental effects on minority or low-income populations; 

destruction or disruption of community cohesion and economic vitality; displacement of public 

and private facilities and services; increased traffic congestion; and/or exclusion or separation of 

minority or low-income populations from the broader community. Therefore, this resource topic 

has been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands: There are no agricultural lands in the project area and the 

proposed action would not have any indirect effects to downstream agricultural lands. Therefore, 

this resource topic has been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

Land Use: Land uses within Yosemite National Park are classified as “parklands,” regardless of 

the individual types of land uses within the park. Implementation of The Ahwahnee

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan would not affect land uses within the park. Therefore, this 

resource topic has been dismissed from further analysis in this document.

The National Environmental Policy Act requires that environmental documents disclose the 

environmental impacts of a proposed federal action, reasonable alternatives to that action, and 

any adverse environmental effects that cannot be avoided should the proposed action be 

implemented. The National Environmental Policy Act and NPS 

Methods for Analyzing Environmental Consequences

Director’s Order 12: Conservation 

Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis, and Decision-making 

Methods for assessing impacts to historic properties are required to meet the standards in the 

National Historic Preservation Act section 106 implementing regulations (36 CFR 800), described 

below.

(DO-12) require consideration of 

the context, duration, intensity, and type of impacts.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

3-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Both direct and indirect impacts of the action must be included in the analysis. Direct impacts are 

caused by, and occur at the same time and place as, the action, including such impacts as animal 

and plant mortality and damage to cultural resources. Indirect impacts are caused by the action, 

but occur later in time at another place or to another resource, including changes in species 

composition, vegetation structure, range of wildlife, offsite erosion, or changes in general 

economic conditions tied to park activities.

Impact Analysis for Natural and Sociocultural Resources

The environmental consequences for each natural and sociocultural impact topic were defined 

based on the following information regarding context, type of impact, duration of impact, 

intensity of impact and the cumulative context. Unless otherwise stated, impact analysis is based 

on a qualitative assessment of impacts. Context, duration, type and intensity of impact are 

characterized in more detail specific to each resource topic, when applicable, preceding the 

environmental consequences discussion in each resource section below.

Context of Impact

The context is the setting or area within which impacts are analyzed – such as the local project 

area, the region, or national area of influence.

 Local: 



Detectable only in the vicinity of the proposed action.

Regional: 



Detectable on a landscape scale (beyond the affected site).

National: 

Duration of Impact

Detectable on a national scale.

Duration is a measure of the time period over which the effects of an impact persist. The duration 

of impacts evaluated in this environmental assessment may be one of the following:

 Short-term: 



Generally, short-term impacts are temporary, transitional, and associated with 

construction and removal activities.

Long-term: 

Intensity of Impact

Long-term impacts are typically those effects that continue to occur after 

construction and last 10 years or more, and could be considered permanent.

The intensity of an impact considers whether the impact is judged negligible, minor, moderate, or 

major relative to existing conditions. Intensities of impact for historic properties are measured 

differently, and are described under a separate discussion, below.

 Negligible:



The measurable or anticipated degree of change would not be detectable or would 

be only slightly detectable, localized, or at the lowest level of detection.

Minor:



The measurable or anticipated degree of change would have a slight effect, causing a 

slightly noticeable change of approximately less than 20 percent compared to existing 

conditions, often localized.

Moderate:



 The measurable or anticipated degree of change is readily apparent and appreciable 

and would be noticed by most people, with a change likely to be between 21 and 50 percent 

compared to existing conditions; can be localized or widespread.

Major: The measurable or anticipated degree of change would be substantial, causing a highly 

noticeable change of approximately greater than 50 percent compared to existing conditions; 

often widespread.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-5

Type of Impact

A measure of whether the impact would improve or harm the resource and whether that harm 

occurs immediately or at some later point in time.

 Beneficial: 



Reduces or improves impact being discussed.

Adverse: 

Impact Analysis for Historic Properties

Increases or results in negative impact being discussed.

“Historic properties,” as defined by the implementing regulations of the National Historic 

Preservation Act, are any districts, buildings, structures, sites, or objects, including resources that 

are considered by American Indians to have cultural and religious significance, that are eligible for 

inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) because they are significant at the 

national, state, or local level in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or 

culture. The term “eligible for inclusion” includes both properties formally determined eligible 

and all other properties that meet NRHP listing criteria.

NPS management policies and cultural resource management guidelines call for the consideration 

of historic properties in planning proposals. To meet NPS obligations under the National Historic 

Preservation Act and the National Environmental Policy Act, among other regulations, methods 

for identifying historic properties and assessing impacts must meet the standards in NHPA 

section 106 implementing regulations (36 CFR 800).

NHPA Determinations of Effect

Conventional terms used by the National Park Service to measure the context, duration, intensity, 

and type of impact as part of NEPA analysis are not valid for assessing effects on historic 

properties under NHPA standards. Because the effect on a historic property is measured by the 

status of the historic property’s eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, the 

negligible, minor, moderate and major degrees do not apply: either a historic property maintains 

the characteristics making it eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or it 

does not.

The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP) has issued regulations for the 

implementation of section 106, entitled Protection of Historic Properties



(36 CFR 800). ACHP 

regulations discuss the following types of effect:

No Historic Properties Affected: When there are no historic properties present, or the action 

will have no effect on historic properties, the action is said to have no effect



on historic 

properties.

No Adverse Effect: 



Occurs when there will be an effect on a historic property, but the action 

will not alter characteristics that make the property eligible for inclusion in the National 

Register of Historic Places in a way that would diminish the integrity of the property.

Adverse Effect: Occurs when an action will alter, directly or indirectly, any of the 

characteristics of a historic property that qualify it for inclusion in the National Register of 

Historic Places, in a way that would diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, 

setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Adverse effects may include reasonably 

foreseeable effects caused by the action that may occur later in time, be farther removed in 

distance, or be cumulative.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

3-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Resolving Adverse Effects on Historic Properties

An adverse effect under section 106 of NHPA can be resolved with a good faith effort to consider 

whether and how to avoid, reduce, or mitigate the effect, which could be done by modifying the 

undertaking, imposing certain mitigation conditions, such as photographic documentation; 

treatment of historic buildings, structures, and landscapes in accordance with the Secretary of the 

Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (Standards

Because the National Park Service anticipated that a comprehensive rehabilitation program 

would have an adverse effect (as defined by ACHP regulations) on The Ahwahnee National 

Historic Landmark and would have the potential to affect archeological sites that contribute to 

the Yosemite Valley Archeological District, the National Park Service at Yosemite National Park 

and the California State Historic Preservation Officer have entered into a programmatic 

agreement, pursuant to 36 CFR 800.14(b) (see Appendix A). The seven culturally associated 

American Indian tribes and groups have been invited to participate in the programmatic 

agreement as concurring parties. The 2011 Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program 

Programmatic Agreement (2011 Programmatic Agreement)(Appendix A) includes 

documentation, interpretation, and National Register reevaluation as mitigation measures that 

will be implemented in the event of an adverse effect on historic properties.

); or other measures 

negotiated in consultation with the California State Historic Preservation Officer, culturally 

associated American Indian tribes and groups, and the public. These measures would be 

documented in a memorandum of agreement, a programmatic agreement, or a NEPA decision 

document.

Methodology

In accordance with ACHP regulations implementing NHPA section 106, effects on historic 

properties were identified and evaluated by:

 Determining the area of potential effect

 Identifying cultural resources present in the area of potential effect that were either listed in or 

eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places

 Applying the criteria of adverse effect to affected cultural resources listed in or eligible for 

listing in the National Register of Historic Places

 Considering ways to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects

Area of Potential Effect for this Project

As defined under NHPA section 106, the area of potential effect for this project is The Ahwahnee

hotel, its ancillary structures, and the area immediately surrounding these buildings (see 

Appendix A, Attachment A).

Properties Analyzed for this Project

Historic properties that could potentially be affected by this project include The Ahwahnee

National Historic Landmark, the Yosemite Valley Historic District, archeological resources, 

American Indian traditional cultural resources, and the Yosemite Valley Archeological District. 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-7

Cumulative impacts are the effects on the environment that would result from the incremental 

impacts of the action when added to other past, present and reasonably foreseeable future 

actions. Impacts would be considered cumulative regardless of what agency or group (federal or 

nonfederal) undertakes the action. The CEQ describes a cumulative impact as follows (Regulation 

1508.7):

Cumulative Impacts

....a “Cumulative impact” is the impact on the environment which results from the 

incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably 

foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (federal or non-federal) or 

person undertakes such other actions. Cumulative impacts can result from 

individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of 

time.

The cumulative impacts addressed in this analysis include past actions, present actions, as well as 

any planning or development activity currently being implemented or planned for 

implementation in the reasonably foreseeable future. Cumulative actions are evaluated in 

conjunction with the impacts of an alternative to determine if they would have additive effects on 

a particular resource. Because some of the cumulative projects are in the early planning stages, the 

evaluation of cumulative impacts was based on a general description of those projects. 

Appendix D contains a list of projects included in the cumulative impacts analysis. Cumulative 

impacts are addressed for each alternative in the Environmental Consequences section of each 

resource topic.

In addition to determining the environmental consequences of the alternatives, NPS

Impairment

Management 

Policies 2006 (NPS 2006a) and Director’s Order 12 require analysis of impacts to determine if 

actions would impair park resources and values. The evaluation of impairment is included with 

this environmental assessment as Appendix G. 

The National Park Service places a strong emphasis on avoidance, minimization, and mitigation 

of impacts, to help ensure that the activities associated with The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan would protect park resources and the quality of the visitor experience. 

Mitigation measures include the following types of actions:

Impact Mitigation Measures

 Avoid



conducting management activities that would adversely affect the resource.

Minimize



the type, duration, or intensity of the impact on an affected resource.

Repair



localized damage to the affected resource immediately after an adverse impact.

Rehabilitate



an affected resource with a combination of additional management activities.

Compensate

Specific mitigation measures that would occur prior to, during, and after construction under all 

action alternatives are described in Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to All Action 

Alternatives.

a major long-term adverse direct impact through additional strategies designed to 

improve an affected resource to the degree practicable.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

3-8 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Natural Resources

Geologic Hazards

Affected Environment

Overview

Yosemite National Park is a geologically active area where natural forces continue to shape the 

landscape. Geologic hazards, such as earthquakes and rockfall, present potentially harmful 

conditions for people and facilities in the park. Actions proposed under the action alternatives 

would not affect the incidence or effects of rockfall events at The Ahwahnee. Therefore, geologic 

hazards within the affected environment for this project would be limited to seismic events.

Earthquakes felt in Yosemite Valley usually have epicenters in western California or along the 

eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada. Historically, nine earthquakes (not including aftershocks) 

have been felt and reported in Yosemite Valley. (Wieczorek and Jaeger 1996). No active or 

potentially active earthquake faults have been identified in the mountain region of Yosemite 

National Park (Hart 1990).

The primary source of seismic shaking in the project area is anticipated to be the Owens Valley 

Fault Zone, located along the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada. The portions of the fault system 

closest to the project area include the Hilton Creek, Hartley Springs, and Round Valley faults in 

the Mammoth Mountain – Lake Crowley region (Kleinfelder 2009). Active or potentially active 

faults that may generate earthquakes affecting Yosemite Valley, and their distances from the 

project area, are summarized in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1 

Active Regional Faults

Fault Approximate Distance from 

Project Area (miles) Direction from Project Area 

Melones 21.0 Southwest

Hartley Springs 28.0 East

Mono Lake 28.5 East

Robinson Creek 35.0 Northeast

Hilton Creek 38.0 East

Round Valley 47.0 East

Source: Moore Twining and Associates 2010, Treadwell & Rollo 2009

Applicable Seismic Standards

Current seismic evaluation and rehabilitation requirements are governed by the Interagency 

Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction (ICSSC) Recommended Practice 6 (RP6) Standards 

of Seismic Safety for Existing Federally Owned and Leased Buildings (see Chapter 1, Applicable 

Codes and Standards). RP6 requires that existing buildings meet the Life Safety performance 

objective and the Basic Safety Objective. The Basic Safety Objective considers the building’s 

seismic performance in two different earthquake events.

The first event considered is the “expected” event that may likely occur once during the useful life 

of the building. It is referred to at the Base Safety Earthquake (BSE)-1 and has a 500-year return 

period, or an event with a 10% chance of being exceeded in 50 years. ICSSC standards require 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-9

buildings to meet the life-safety performance levels of a BSE-1 earthquake; meaning that people in 

and around the building are expected to be safe from serious injury and death.

The other is the “extreme” event that is considered to be the largest possible earthquake that 

could affect the site. It is referred to as the BSE-2 earthquake and it has a 2,500-year return period, 

or a 2% chance of being exceeded in 50 years. A building is required to meet the collapseprevention performance level when the BSE-2 earthquake occurs. Although damage to the 

structures and historic fabric could occur, The Ahwahnee hotel and cottages meet the BSE-2 

collapse-prevention standards. However, due to the continuous development of seismic design 

standards since the construction of The Ahwahnee hotel and cottages, there are some inherent 

qualities of the structures that may not meet the Basic Safety Objective. Locations that may create 

safety hazards during BSE-1 and BSE-2 earthquakes include (Degenkolb Engineers 2010):

Hotel Dining Room

Due to the lack of a lateral force resisting system in the wood-framed hotel Dining Room, 

considerable damage could occur in this portion of the hotel when subjected to a BSE-1 or BSE-2 

earthquake, resulting in hazards to occupant safety and potentially substantial damage to the 

structure. Specifically,

 The roof of the Dining Room could separate from the adjoining kitchen and hotel building 

with a gap of approximately 1 to 3 inches; 

 Stone columns at the west end of the Dining Room could rock independently of one another 

and the roof, potentially dislodging stones from the top of columns; 

 Glazing in the window walls at the south side of the Dining Room may shatter.

Hotel and Cottage Stone Chimneys

The stone chimneys on the hotel are discontinuous below the roof structure, and the stone 

chimneys on the cottages are not adequately braced at the roof level. When subjected to a BSE-1 

or BSE-2 earthquake, chimneys could topple and injure visitors or employees below.

Hotel South Wing Interior Walls

Two-story gypsum block walls flanking the Solarium and Great Lounge fireplaces may fail during 

a BSE-1 or a BSE-2 earthquake due to building drift or accelerations, resulting in falling hazards to 

building occupants or blocked egress.

In addition, the lack of shear walls in the Great Lounge and Solarium may result in damage to 

floors and finishes at the intersection of the south wing, east wing, and Gift Shop, including 

cracking or breakage of the very significant stained glass windows, the historic storefront, and 

decorative stenciling. However, work in this area is not required to meet current seismic lifesafety or collapse-prevention performance standards.

Hotel Exterior Walls

The existing granite stone veneers may separate from their concrete backing during either a 

BSE-1 or a BSE-2 earthquake, resulting in a safety hazard to occupants from stone falling into 

egress paths.

Hotel Porte Cochere

The wood-framed entry walkway and the Porte Cochere are susceptible to damage during either 

a BSE-1 or a BSE-2 earthquake. However, work is not required to meet current RP6 seismic 

performance standards.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

3-10 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Hotel Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Equipment

Unanchored or unbraced equipment may fail in either a BSE-1 or a BSE-2 earthquake, resulting in 

severely disrupted hotel operations. However, upgrades to existing equipment are not required to 

meet current RP6 seismic performance standards.

Environmental Consequences - Methodology

The National Park Service defines a geohazard as any geological or hydrological process that 

poses a threat of injury or death to people and/or damage to their property. This analysis focuses 

on the potential hazards to life and property in the project area due to geological events, 

specifically earthquakes. The potential threats to life and property as a result of earthquakes are 

considered in this analysis. 

Several assumptions were integrated into this assessment, as summarized below: 

 It is not possible to completely avoid all hazards due to natural processes such as earthquakes. 

Considering this, any type of use in the project area exposes visitors and employees to lifesafety geohazards;

 Large-impact, low-frequency geologic hazards that affect public safety are rarely predictable, 

and the extent to which they may affect people and/or property cannot be quantified. Analysis 

of such effects is therefore qualitative, and professional judgment is applied to reach reasonable 

conclusions as to the context, duration, and intensity of potential impacts;

 Threats to life and property from geohazards are most effectively mitigated by avoiding 

development in geohazard areas. 

Context: Potential for impacts related to geohazards would be local.

Duration: Potential for impacts related to geohazards would be long-term and permanent.

Intensity: The intensity of the impact would be negligible if the probability (risk) of impact from a 

geohazard on life and property is minimal. The intensity of the impact would be minor if there is a 

detectable risk of impact on life and property. The intensity of the impact would be moderate if 

there is a substantial risk of impact on life and property. The intensity of the impact would be 

major if there is a substantial increase or decrease in threats to life and property.

There will always be a potential for adverse impacts on life and property due to geologic hazards, 

especially in developed areas within seismically active zones. Therefore, management actions to 

avoid or restrict use or placement of facilities in areas susceptible to geologic hazards may 

decrease the risks, but would not necessarily reduce the intensity of the impact. 

Type: All earthquake events are potentially hazardous. The type of impact is related to risk (i.e., 

probability of impact), and it is difficult to estimate risk of impacts involving natural events. In 

general, reducing risk to life and property from geohazards is considered a beneficial impact. 

Maintaining facilities as-is or moving facilities into a zone of higher threat or exposing people to 

greater potential for geohazards would be considered adverse.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-11

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

The threats to life and property as a result of earthquakes would remain as described under 

‘Affected Environment’ above. Generally, the hotel and cottages conform to seismic standards for 

collapse prevention under a 2,500-year seismic event (BSE-2). Areas of the hotel that would not 

conform to the minimum RP6 life-safety performance standard of the BSE-1 (500-year) 

earthquake include: the Dining Room, large (greater than 16 square feet) plate glass windows in 

the Dining Room and Solarium, hotel and cottage chimneys, the two-story gypsum-block walls at 

the Great Room and Solarium, and egress areas beneath exterior stone veneers at the hotel. In 

addition, damage to the Porte Cochere and at the intersections of the south wing, east wing, and 

Gift Shop of the hotel could occur as a result of BSE-1 or BSE-2 earthquakes, but work is not 

required in these areas to meet seismic performance standards.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, the ongoing threats to life and property from 

geohazards would continue. While the hotel and cottages generally conform to RP6 seismic 

standards, some areas of the hotel and cottages (Dining Room, stone chimneys, exterior granite 

veneers, and two-story gypsum-block walls in the Great Lounge) would not conform to the 

minimum life-safety standards of the BSE-1 (500-year) earthquake, resulting in a local, long-term, 

moderate, adverse impact.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that contributed to adverse geohazard impacts on life and property within the 

project area included the original construction and expansion of The Ahwahnee into areas where 

damage from earthquakes could occur, although the structure conformed to seismic standards at 

the time it was built. The hotel and cottages meet the current RP6 BSE-2 collapse-prevention 

standard.

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to beneficial impacts (i.e., threat 

reduction) related to geohazards include the planned seismic strengthening of The Ahwahnee

dormitory, which does not meet the current BSE-1 safety performance standard. However, 

because the minimum life-safety requirements of current seismic standards would not be met 

under the No Action Alternative, there would continue to be an overall local, long-term, 

moderate, adverse impact on geohazard threats to life and property at The Ahwahnee. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

Analysis

The following seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 1 would address the 

minimum life-safety performance standards of the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and the 2,500-

year (BSE-2) earthquake:

Dining Room

 Bracing the Dining Room in the north-south and in the east-west direction would prevent the 

Dining Room from separating from the kitchen wing and the main hotel building core in a 

seismic event, resulting in a decreased potential for injury to occupants from associated falling 

hazards, and of significant damage to the structure;
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

3-12 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

 Capping and pinning of granite veneers at the western Dining Room columns would 

interconnect and reinforce these features, resulting in a decreased risk of injury to occupants 

from falling stones;

 Reinforcement of glazing on windows over 16 square feet in the Dining Room and Solarium 

would prevent the windows from shattering during a seismic event, reducing the likelihood of 

injury to occupants.

Stone Chimneys

 Reinforcement of the stone chimneys on the hotel roof with exterior collar straps and guy 

wires, and reinforcing the stone chimneys at the cottages, would reduce the likelihood of falling 

stones and injury to occupants on the ground.

South Wing Interior Walls

 Reinforcement of the non-structural, two-story gypsum-block walls at the Great Lounge with

an internal steel frame would reduce the likelihood of collapse and injury to occupants.

Exterior Walls

 Exterior granite veneer located above egress points would be pinned, resulting in a reduced 

likelihood of falling stones and injury to occupants exiting the building.

Conclusion: Seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 1 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and 2,500-

year (BSE-2) earthquake. This would substantially decrease the threat to life and property at 

The Ahwahnee from seismic events, resulting in a local, long-term, moderate, beneficial impact.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that contributed to adverse geohazard impacts on life and property within the 

project area included the original construction and expansion of The Ahwahnee into areas where 

damage from earthquakes could occur, although the structure conformed to seismic standards at 

the time it was built. The hotel and cottages meet the current RP6 BSE-2 collapse-prevention 

standard.

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to beneficial impacts (i.e., threat 

reduction) related to geohazards include the planned seismic strengthening of The Ahwahnee

dormitory, which does not meet the current BSE-1 safety performance standard. Cumulative 

actions in combination with Alternative 1 would result in a net local, long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact on geohazard threats to life and property at The Ahwahnee. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

Analysis

Seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 2 would address the minimum required 

life-safety performance standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and the 2,500-year (BSE-2) 

earthquake. Alternative 2 has many of the same actions called for in Alternative 1, with some 

additional structural strengthening actions. The required and recommended measures would 

result in the following:
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-13

Dining Room

 Bracing the Dining Room in the north-south and in the east-west direction would prevent the 

Dining Room from separating from the kitchen wing and the main hotel building core in a 

seismic event, resulting in a decreased potential for injury to occupants from associated falling 

hazards, and of significant damage to the structure;

 Capping and pinning of granite veneers at the western Dining Room columns would 

interconnect and reinforce theses features, resulting in a decreased risk of injury to occupants 

from falling stones;

 Reinforcement of glazing on windows over 16 square feet in the Dining Room and Solarium 

would prevent the windows from shattering during a seismic event, reducing the likelihood of 

injury to occupants.

Stone Chimneys

 Reinforcement of the stone chimneys on the hotel roof with internal core steel bracing and a 

concrete ring in the attic, and reinforcing stone chimneys at the cottages, would reduce the 

likelihood of falling stones and injury to occupants on the ground.

South Wing Interior Walls

 Reinforcement of the non-structural two-story gypsum block walls at the Great Lounge with an 

internal steel frame would reduce the likelihood of collapse and injury to occupants; providing 

of four shear walls at the Solarium and at the Elevator Lobby would add strength and stability 

to these parts of the building.

Exterior Walls

 Reinforcement of the exterior granite veneer with stainless steel pins throughout the exterior of 

the hotel on all floors would reduce the likelihood of falling objects and injury to occupants 

exiting the building.

Porte Cochere

 The entry canopy and Porte Cochere would be tied together by either using connections to a 

new maintenance shed or a slip joint created to reduce the damage to these structures.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

 Bracing major MEP equipment would reduce the likelihood of injury to occupants from 

moving equipment;

 Providing joints at the utility lines would reduce the likelihood of utility lines breaking, spilling 

contents, and causing additional damage or injury to occupants and the building.

Conclusion: Seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 2 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and the 

2,500-year (BSE-2) earthquake. In addition, recommended (but not required) measures for 

seismic stability and structural strengthening would be implemented. These actions would 

substantially decrease the threat to life and property at The Ahwahnee from seismic events, 

resulting in a local, long-term, moderate, beneficial impact.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that contributed to adverse geohazard impacts on life and property within the 

project area included the original construction and expansion of The Ahwahnee in areas where 

damage from earthquakes could occur; although the structure did conform to seismic standards 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Geologic Hazards 

3-14 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

at the time it was built. The hotel and cottages meet the current RP6 BSE-2 collapse-prevention 

standard. Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to beneficial impacts 

(i.e., threat reduction) related to geohazards include the planned seismic strengthening of 

The Ahwahnee dormitory, which does not meet the current BSE-1 safety performance standard. 

Cumulative actions in combination with Alternative 2 would result in a net local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact by reducing threats to life-safety and property at The Ahwahnee. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 

Analysis

Seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 3 would meet the RP6 life-safety 

performance standards for the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and the 2,500-year (BSE-2) 

earthquake. Alternative 3 proposes many of the same measures as Alternatives 1 and 2, with some 

modifications that would meet required compliance and recommended goals with consideration 

of cost and feasibility. The required and recommended measures would result in the following:

Dining Room

 Bracing the Dining Room in the north-south and in the east-west direction would prevent the 

Dining Room from separating from the kitchen wing and the main hotel building core in a 

seismic event, resulting in a decreased potential for injury to occupants from associated falling 

hazards, and of significant damage to the structure;

 Capping and pinning of granite veneers at the western Dining Room columns would 

interconnect and reinforce theses features, resulting in a decreased risk of injury to occupants 

from falling stones;

 Reinforcement of glazing on windows over 16 square feet in the Dining Room and Solarium 

would prevent the windows from shattering during a seismic event, reducing the likelihood of 

injury to occupants.

Stone Chimneys

 Reinforcement of the stone chimneys on the hotel roof with internal core steel bracing and a 

concrete ring, and reinforcing the stone chimneys at the cottages, in the attic would reduce the 

likelihood of falling stones and injury to occupants on the ground.

South Wing Interior Walls

 Reinforcement of the non-structural two-story gypsum block walls at the Great Lounge with an 

internal steel frame would reduce the likelihood of collapse and injury to occupants.

Exterior Walls

 Exterior granite veneer located above egress points would be pinned, resulting in a reduced 

likelihood of falling stones and injury to occupants exiting the building.

Porte Cochere

 The entry canopy and Porte Cochere would be tied together by using connections to a new 

maintenance shed to reduce the damage to these structures.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-15

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Equipment

 Bracing major MEP equipment would reduce the likelihood of injury to occupants from 

moving equipment;

 Providing flexible joints at the utility lines would reduce the likelihood of utility lines breaking, 

leaking, and causing additional damage or injury to occupants and the building.

Conclusion: Seismic safety improvements proposed under Alternative 3 would meet the 

minimum RP6 life-safety performance standard for the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and 2500-

year (BSE-2) earthquake. These actions would substantially decrease the threat to life and 

property at The Ahwahnee from seismic events, resulting in a local, long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that contributed to adverse geohazard impacts on life and property within the 

project area included the original construction and expansion of The Ahwahnee in areas where 

damage from earthquakes could occur; although the structure did conform to seismic standards 

at the time it was built. The hotel and cottages meet the current RP6 BSE-2 collapse-prevention 

standard.

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to beneficial impacts (i.e., threat 

reduction) related to geohazards include the planned seismic strengthening of The Ahwahnee

dormitory, which does not meet the current BSE-1 safety performance standard. Cumulative 

actions in combination with Alternative 3 would result in a net local, long-term, moderate, 

beneficial impact on geohazard threats to life and property at The Ahwahnee. 

Soils

Soil composition in Yosemite Valley varies from fine silt and sand to fine gravel. Most soils have a 

relatively undeveloped profile, indicating their relatively recent deposition and young geologic 

age. 

The National Park Service groups soil types into three general categories: sensitive soils, resilient

soils, and other soils. Sensitive soils support, or have the potential to support, highly valued 

vegetation communities such as meadows and wetlands. Sensitive soils have an aggregate 

structure and chemistry that are easily affected by disturbance. Resilient soils are those capable of 

withstanding alteration and heavier use without permanent deformation, or that recover more 

easily from alteration and disturbance. Resilient soils are typically well-drained, upland sandy 

soils. Other soils are not considered highly valued or resilient and are generally more abundant. 

These soils are not likely to support plant communities that are rare or notably diverse.

As defined in a 1991 study of soils in Yosemite Valley (SCS 1991), soils in the project area consist 

of resilient soils (Miwok complex) and other soils (Mollic xerofluvents).

In 2009, a total of 11 soil boring and two hand-auger samples were taken within or near the 

project area. Samples from a series of seven soil borings at varying depths were taken in May 2009, 

as part of an ongoing utilities upgrade in Yosemite Valley. These borings ranged in depth between 

21.5 and 36.5 feet, with soils types generally consisting of silty sands, medium dense to dense 

poorly graded sands, and decomposed granite with small cobbles (Kleinfelder 2009). In August 

2009, samples from one soil boring reaching a depth of 31.5 feet and two hand augers reaching a 

depth of 4.5 feet each were taken as part of a foundation investigation for The Ahwahnee
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

3-16 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

dormitory. Soils consisted of primarily silty sands, medium to fine sands, and gravels. Some 

organic matter was observed in the near-surface soils in the hand-auger samples (Moore Twining 

Associates, Inc. 2009).

The results from three soil borings taken in August 2009, in the immediate vicinity of 

The Ahwahnee hotel, indicate that subsurface soils consist primarily of alluvial deposits of sand, 

silty sand, and sand with gravel deposits ranging in consistency from loose to very dense. In 

general, the sand layers were loose to medium dense in the upper 10 to 15 feet and became denser 

with depth. However in one boring, loose sand deposits were encountered at depths of 

approximately 33 and 40 feet and between 44 and 58 feet, and in another boring at depths 

between approximately 33 and 48 feet. The gravel layers encountered ranged in thickness from

4.5 to 11 feet and were dense to very dense (Treadwell & Rollo 2009).

Environmental Consequences Methodology

Soils analysis was based on a qualitative assessment of generalized soil types and typical effects of 

the type of impact described.

Types of soil impacts evaluated include soil removal, soil profile mixing, soil compaction, soil 

erosion, and soil contamination. Proposed activities that may result in soil impacts include the 

construction of site drainage, utility corridors, foundation footings, and alterations to existing 

road and trail corridors.

 Soil Removal



. Grading the soil surface can result in changes to basic soil properties, such as 

overall texture, chemistry, and permeability. Excavation and removal of surficial soil in 

previously undisturbed areas would result in a long-term impact because the basic soil 

properties of the area, which have taken thousands of years to develop, would be altered. 

Paving or impermeable hardening the surface reduces water movement and alters the normal 

physical and chemical soil processes.

Soil Profile Mixing



. Soil excavation, backfilling, and redistribution in previously undisturbed 

areas result in removal or mixing of the native soil profile and disrupt soil structural 

characteristics, interrupting or altering the chemical, physical, and biological processes that 

naturally occur in the soil. The degree of impact is dependent upon the depth and extent of the 

disruption. It may take many years to redevelop the soil profile.

Soil Compaction



. Soil compaction may occur as a result of construction activities in areas of 

intensive use such as trails, campgrounds, and picnic areas. Soil compaction reduces infiltration 

rates, thereby increasing surface runoff and the potential for erosion. Deep compaction of soils 

may impede water table recharge or shallow groundwater flow. In turn, these effects could alter 

processes such as nutrient transfer, biological processes such as root development and 

microbial patterns, and physical processes such as soil structure. Vegetation growth on 

compacted soils is often limited due to low infiltration and poor root penetration.

Soil Erosion. 



Removal of vegetation through grading activities or pedestrian use and soil 

compaction may result in accelerated erosion of surface soils. Soils on steep slopes and along 

watercourses are especially susceptible to erosion.

Soil Contamination. The release of chemical constituents into the soils as a result of pavement 

installation, untreated runoff from paved surfaces, or from incidental spills, may contaminate 

downgradient water bodies or groundwater, and may alter micro- or macro-organism 

populations, diversity, and dynamics. Machinery involved with construction activities may 

release small amounts of natural and synthetic petrohydrocarbons into soils through 

equipment failure or normal operations.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-17

Context: With Best Management Practices in place, the impact would be detectable only within 

the vicinity of the proposed action. Thus, the setting or area within which impacts are analyzed 

would be local.

Duration: Duration of soils impacts would be characterized as short-term or long-term. Shortterm impacts could be restored when project construction is completed and would last 20 years 

or less. Long-term impacts would last over 20 years.

Intensity: The evaluation of the intensity of impacts on soils focuses on resilient and other soils, 

as these are the soil types found in the project area. Impact intensity was characterized as 

negligible, minor, moderate, or major. Negligible impacts would be small in scale in previously 

disturbed soils or not detectable. Minor impacts would be small scale (1 to 5 acres) and would 

include mostly short-term impacts. Moderate impacts would be greater in extent (>5-10 acres), 

measureable, and potentially long-term. Major impacts would have of substantial extent (> 10 

acres) and with primarily long-term effects.

Type: Impacts are considered adverse if implementation of an alternative would result in removal 

of native soils, soil profile mixing, and/or soil compaction, erosion, or contamination. Impacts are 

considered beneficial if implementation of an alternative would restore native soils, reduce soil 

erosion, decompact soils, or reduce existing soil contamination.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative 

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no ground disturbing activities at the hotel. 

Ongoing routine maintenance and repair of existing and, in some cases, aging underground 

utilities would continue in the project area, resulting in soil removal and soil profile mixing during 

excavation activities. Construction impacts would be minimized by limiting the area of 

disturbance, salvaging existing soils for use as backfill, and implementing the park’s Best 

Management Practices (see Appendix E) that would reduce the potential for soil erosion and 

transport, and minimize contamination from construction equipment.

Continued use of the existing low water crossing on the unnamed seasonal tributary near the 

cottages could result in soil erosion and soil compaction, particularly during wet periods. 

Continued use of the existing hardened fire access around the hotel could result in soil 

compaction where emergency vehicles may travel outside of the existing access corridor to 

navigate the exterior of the hotel.

Conclusion: Impacts on soils under the No Action Alternative would occur in areas previously 

disturbed by the construction of the hotel complex and ongoing operations. Repeated 

disturbance to soils from maintenance of underground utilities would result in local, short-term, 

minor, adverse impacts and a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on soils in the project area. 

Use of Best Management Practices (Appendix E) to minimize spills, soil compaction, and erosion 

during construction activities would continue.

Continued use of the hardened earth low water crossing for fire department access south of the 

cottages, and continued use of the inadequately sized fire department access at the hotel, would 

result in minor to moderate impacts on soils from potential soil erosion and compaction. In 

addition, there would continue to be local, long-term, minor, adverse, indirect effects on soils 

from ongoing disruptions of natural groundwater flows and resultant effects on soil 

characteristics over time.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

3-18 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Cumulative Impacts

Localized short-term, adverse impacts on surface and sub-surface soils could result from 

construction activities associated with some of the past, current, and reasonably foreseeable 

actions planned or approved within the park. Most soils in the project area have been previously 

disturbed by historic construction pre-dating the construction of The Ahwahnee, construction of 

The Ahwahnee and associated structures (1927-1928), construction activities during the Navy 

hospital period (1943-1945), landscaping activities, and installation and maintenance of utility 

lines, roads, and paths. Recently completed projects which might have contributed to adverse 

impacts on soils within the project area include the Replace Ahwahnee Dormitory Steam Line

project. 

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to impacts on soils include the 

Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, Parkwide Invasive Plant 

Management Plan Update, Scenic Vista Management Plan, East Yosemite Valley Utilities 

Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project, The Ahwahnee

Dormitory Foundation Rehabilitation Project, and The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere 

Access Walkways and Fence project. Implementation of these current and/or reasonably 

foreseeable future actions would likely have short-term adverse impacts due to construction 

activities. Specific impacts would depend upon the nature, location, and design of the action. 

Overall, the cumulative actions in combination with the No Action Alternative would result in a 

net local long-term, minor, adverse impact on soils.

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

The majority of actions proposed for the comprehensive rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee would 

occur within structures and would not affect soils. Therefore, only those actions that would affect 

soils are analyzed below.

The proposed actions that may impact soils are the same for all action alternatives, with only 

minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together. 

Analysis

Soil disturbance would primarily occur in areas with ‘resilient’ or ‘other’ soils that have been 

previously disturbed; however the depth of the previous disturbance is not known. Ongoing 

disruptions of natural subsurface flows that have impacts on soil characteristics are likely, due to 

the presence of the hotel, adjacent structures, paved and unpaved transportation/pedestrian 

corridors, and utilities. Fill material is likely present in the project area, but the locations and 

volumes are not known.

The following restoration and construction activities would result in the disturbance of surface 

and near-surface soil in the area immediately adjacent to or beneath the hotel, cottages, 

dormitory, and pavement; along existing service road corridors; and along existing pathways for 

all action alternatives.

Fire and Life Safety

Code-required improvements to fire truck access around the exterior of the hotel would require 

widening and extending the length of the existing turf-covered hardened base at the western and 

southern portions of the hotel. Soils along a segment of the proposed alignment have previously 

Fire Department Access Road
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-19

been compacted and hardened to accommodate the existing fire access alignment built in the 

1970s. New compaction and hardening would occur primarily in areas where the existing 

alignment would be altered and where the existing access route would be extended to the south 

and east of the hotel’s south and east wings. Soil removal and soil profile mixing during 

excavation and grading activities, as well as soil compaction (to provide the improved, or in some 

areas new, ‘hardened base’) would disturb approximately 0.45 acre of what the 1991 soil survey 

mapped as ‘resilient’ soils. However, it is likely that a substantial proportion of the disturbed area 

is structural fill or imported soil (‘other’ soil), as it directly abuts the hotel/terrace footprint and 

the maintained turf lawn.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access to the cottages would require widening and 

leveling the existing service road and an unmaintained service road south of the cottages, 

replacing or installing gravel, and constructing a new turnaround area. This would result in shortterm and long-term adverse impacts on 0.04 acre of ‘resilient’ soils and 0.58 acre of ‘other’ soils 

due to soil removal and soil profile mixing during excavation and grading activities.

In addition, short-term adverse impacts on approximately 0.02 acre of ‘resilient’ soils would result 

from the replacement of five existing culverts at drainage crossings in order to meet the width and 

load bearing requirements for a fire access road. The removal and profile mixing of soils during 

excavation would result in adverse impacts on soils. In areas of close proximity to drainage 

crossings, this would result in an increased risk for soil erosion and transport.

Similarly, short-term, adverse impacts on approximately 0.01 acre of ‘other’ soils would result 

from excavation activities during installation of a code-required bridge over an unnamed seasonal 

tributary east of the cottages. There would be an increased potential for soil erosion and transport 

due to the close proximity of a tributary. However, bridge installation may result in beneficial 

impacts on soils by removing the need for vehicles to drive through the seasonal tributary. This 

would reduce the potential for soil compaction, soil erosion, and promote improved surface 

water flow in an otherwise disturbed area.

Code-required waterproofing improvements at the hotel basement would require the installation 

of a trench drain at the basement entry. This would result in short-term disturbance of less than 

0.01 acre of ‘resilient,’ previously disturbed soils during excavation.

Waterproofing

Seismic Strengthening

Bracing the Dining Room would require the installation of new footings to support new brace 

frame structures in the crawlspace below the kitchen. Excavation and installation of the footings 

would cause short-term and long-term disturbance to approximately 0.01 acre of ‘resilient’ soils 

from soil removal and soil profile mixing.

Accessibility

ADA-ABA compliant access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would be provided by 

installing a limited use-limited access elevator. This would require excavation to modify footings 

under the hotel, resulting in short-term and long-term impacts on less than 0.01 acre of ‘resilient’ 

soils.

Accessibility improvements to the wedding lawn access path would require minor grading and 

hardening of previously disturbed soils, resulting in short-term impacts on 0.04 acre of ‘resilient’ 

soils.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soils

3-20 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Operational Efficiency

The extension of a utility corridor underneath existing pathways to the cottage area would 

require the excavation and construction of a new, 4-foot deep trench. This would result in shortterm and long-term impacts on 0.18 acre of ‘resilient’ and 0.07 acre of ‘other’ soils. However, 

consolidating utilities into the corridor would reduce the possibility of soil disturbance from 

repairs and maintenance on the existing, dispersed underground utilities.

Mitigation

Construction impacts would be minimized by limiting the area of disturbance, salvaging existing 

soils for use as backfill, and implementing best management practices (see Appendix E) that 

would reduce the potential for soil erosion and transport, and minimize contamination from 

construction equipment.

Conclusion: Impacts on soils under Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would occur in areas previously 

disturbed by the construction of the hotel complex and ongoing operations, though some 

excavations could exceed the vertical extent of previously disturbances. The proposed actions to 

meet fire and life-safety, seismic, and accessibility codes and standards would impact 

approximately 0.75 acre of ‘resilient’ soils and 0.67 acre of ‘other’ soils. Construction impacts on 

soils would be mitigated by ongoing implementation of Best Management Practices to minimize

spills, soil compaction, and erosion. This would result in a local, short-term and long-term, minor,

adverse impact on soils in the project area. In addition, there would continue to be local, longterm, minor, adverse, indirect effects on soils from ongoing disruptions of natural groundwater 

flows and resultant effects on soil characteristics over time.

There would be a local, long-term, minor, beneficial impact on soils from the consolidation of 

underground utilities and the removal of a hardened earth low water crossing at the unnamed 

seasonal tributary east of the cottages.

Cumulative Impacts

Localized short-term, adverse impacts on surface and sub-surface soils could result from 

construction activities associated with some of the past, current, and reasonably foreseeable 

actions planned or approved within the park. Most soils in the project area have been previously 

disturbed by historic construction pre-dating the construction of The Ahwahnee, construction of 

The Ahwahnee and associated structures (1927-1928), construction activities during the Navy 

hospital period (1943-1945), landscaping activities, and installation and maintenance of utility 

lines, roads, and paths. Recently completed projects which might have contributed to adverse 

impacts on soils within the project area include the Replace Ahwahnee Dormitory Steam Line

project. 

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could contribute to impacts on soils include the 

Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, Parkwide Invasive Plant 

Management Plan Update, Scenic Vista Management Plan, East Yosemite Valley Utilities 

Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project, The Ahwahnee

Dormitory Foundation Rehabilitation Project, and The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere 

Access Walkways and Fence project. Implementation of these current and/or reasonably 

foreseeable future actions would likely have short-term adverse impacts due to construction 

activities. Specific impacts would depend upon the nature, location, and design of the action. 

Overall, the cumulative actions in combination with Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would result in a net 

local long-term, minor, adverse impact and a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on soils.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Hydrology 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-21

Hydrology

Affected Environment

Surface Water

The Merced Wild and Scenic River flows along the southeastern boundary of the project area, 

flowing east and then south as it passes The Ahwahnee cottages. Royal Arch Creek, a small 

seasonal tributary to the Merced River, flows north to south between the hotel and the cottages. 

There is also a north-south unnamed seasonal Merced River tributary to the east of Royal Arch 

Creek and the cottages. Both of the seasonal tributaries flow primarily in winter, spring, and early 

summer, and are fed by a combination of groundwater, rainwater, and snowmelt from the cliffs to 

the north of the project area. There is little or no flow in these tributaries the rest of the year.

Five culverts direct surface water under the service road between the hotel and cottages area: a 

twin culvert at Royal Arch Creek, and a single pipe culvert and a twin pipe culvert at the unnamed 

seasonal tributary. These culverts are considered to be in good condition. However, the road to 

the cottages narrows to as little as 9 feet wide over these culverts; to comply with fire code, all 

existing culverts may need to be improved or replaced to support road widening to a codecompliant width. In addition, it is not known if the existing culverts comply with fire code loadbearing requirements.

There is a low-water crossing on the unmaintained service road that crosses a braided segment of 

the unnamed seasonal tributary. Low-water crossings are not compliant with current fire code 

requirements for all weather emergency access, and emergency vehicles and firefighters may not 

be subject to passing through water, ice, or soft roadbeds.

Groundwater

In general, groundwater elevations fluctuate based on seasonal precipitation, irrigation, land use, 

and climatic conditions. Groundwater elevations within the project area vary seasonally, being 

higher in the spring and early summer than during the remaining portions of the year. During 

spring, groundwater levels may be at or near the surface in some areas (e.g., the hotel and 

dormitory crawl spaces), and sump pumps are used to dewater basement areas and subgrade 

vaults on the property. Based on soil boring data collected in May 2009 (see ‘Soils’ section, 

above), free water was encountered between 2 and 5 feet below ground surface (bgs) in the 

immediate vicinity of The Ahwahnee hotel and across the meadow. In August 2009, free water 

was observed in a soil boring next to The Ahwahnee dormitory at 6 feet bgs (Moore Twining 

Associates Inc. 2009) and between 10.5 and 13 feet bgs in three soil borings next to the hotel 

(Treadwell & Rollo 2009).

Hydrologic Processes

In general, hydrologic processes within the project area between The Ahwahnee and the Merced 

River have been substantially altered by construction of the hotel, cottages, dormitory, parking 

areas, roads, utilities, and pathways. In addition, ongoing landscaping activities at The Ahwahnee, 

such as irrigation, affect local hydrology.

Seasonally high groundwater levels are impacting the hotel through seepage at existing 

foundation walls and the slab floor in the basement. The hotel’s main electrical distribution 

panels are located in the basement; water intrusion results in hazardous conditions for 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Hydrology 

3-22 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

maintenance staff. Surface runoff also enters the generator room, which has a below-grade floor, 

from the service yard. Sump pumps are routinely used to dewater the hotel basement and 

crawlspaces, as well as utility vaults, during wet periods. Water ponding also occurs near the 

dormitory and in parts of the parking lot during seasonal runoff and precipitation events, and 

contributes to icy conditions and related pedestrian safety hazards in the winter. The pedestrian 

safety hazards are being addressed through a separate project (see Appendix D: Cumulative Plans 

and Projects and ‘Cumulative Impacts,’ below.)

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

The impact analysis for hydrologic resources was based on a qualitative assessment of the 

duration, intensity, type and context of the impact, as described below.

Context: Localized impacts would occur in the immediate vicinity of an action or in a nearby area 

that would be indirectly affected by an action.

Duration: Short-term impacts would occur during project implementation (e.g., construction) 

and would be less than 2 years in duration after construction is complete. Long-term impacts 

would remain after the alternative has been implemented and would be longer than 2 years in 

duration.

Intensity: Negligible impacts would not be detectable and would have no discernable effect on 

hydrology. Minor impacts would be slightly detectable, but would not be expected to have an 

impact on overall hydrology of the area. Moderate impacts would be clearly detectable and would 

have an appreciable impact on hydrology. Major impacts would be substantial, with a highly 

noticeable influence on hydrology.

Type: Adverse impacts would alter natural hydrologic conditions (e.g., impede flow, cause 

unnatural erosion, alter the water table, etc.) or degrade water quality. Beneficial impacts would 

restore natural hydrologic conditions or improve water quality.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new impacts on hydrology. The ongoing 

impacts of the hotel and related facilities (e.g., impacts on surface and groundwater flow from 

existing infrastructure) and activities (e.g., irrigation) on local natural hydrologic processes would 

continue.

Seasonally high groundwater levels would continue to cause seepage into crawlspaces, vaults, and 

the basement. Where electrical equipment, such as the hotel’s main electrical distribution panels 

and the emergency generator, is located, wet conditions could contribute to hazardous conditions 

for maintenance staff. Groundwater and surface water infiltration would also continue to 

contribute to deterioration of historic fabric and increase maintenance requirements.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new impacts on local natural 

hydrologic processes at The Ahwahnee. Seasonally high groundwater would continue to create 

hazardous conditions in the hotel basement and seasonal runoff would continue to enter the 

generator room. The presence of the hotel and related facilities, as well as associated landscaping 

activities, would continue to have a local, long-term, minor to moderate, adverse impact on local 

hydrologic conditions.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Hydrology 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-23

Cumulative Impacts

Construction activities that modified local hydrology in the project area began as early as 1869, 

and continued through the construction of The Ahwahnee in 1927 and subsequent expansion 

and modification of infrastructure in the area. The 2011 Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways 

and Fence, Phase 1, corrected some of the ponding and ice-damming problems near the hotel 

entrance.

Current or foreseeable approved plans that could impact hydrology in the project area would 

include the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan and the East Yosemite 

Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, both of which could result in short-term adverse impacts on 

hydrology from construction or restoration activities, but would likely result in long-term 

beneficial impacts from needed upgrades to aging water/wastewater infrastructure and guidance 

for protection of river values (including free flow and water quality) in Yosemite Valley. Phase 2 

of the Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence project would further correct ponding 

and icy conditions along the entry board walk west of the bellman station by regarding, adding 

drains, and conveying surface runoff to the existing storm drain system.

Overall, the cumulative actions in combination with the No Action Alternative would result in 

localized short-term, minor, adverse impacts from construction activities, and local, long-term, 

minor, beneficial impacts on hydrology in Yosemite Valley. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

The proposed actions that may impact hydrology are the same for all action alternatives, with 

only minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together. 

Analysis

Fire Department Access Road

The existing fire access road terminates at the service entrance to the cottages. In order to meet 

fire code access requirements, the existing access road would be extended to include the

unmaintained service road on the south side of the cottage area. As part of this action, a bridge 

would be constructed over the unnamed seasonal tributary to provide code-compliant emergency 

vehicles and personnel access to the cottages. Excavation and construction of the bridge 

abutments could result in short-term, adverse impacts on surface flow and water quality 

associated with the temporary disruption of the stream channel and the increased potential for 

soil erosion and sediment transport. The use of heavy equipment at the banks of the tributary 

could result in accidental releases of fuels or other hazardous substances that could impact water 

quality. The development of a stormwater pollution prevention plan and a spill 

prevention/response plan (see Appendix E: Mitigation Measures) would help avoid or minimize 

potential impacts from hazardous materials during construction.

Construction impacts would be further minimized by scheduling construction activities during 

seasonal periods of low or no water, as this small seasonal tributary is usually dry by late summer. 

Additional mitigation measures would include constructing abutments above the ordinary high 

water mark, minimizing the disturbance area at the banks of the tributary, salvaging excavated 

materials for replacement after construction, returning the banks of the tributary to their preexisting contours, and implementing Best Management Practices (Appendix E) during 

construction. These measures would be expected to reduce short-term adverse impacts to a 

minor to moderate level.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Hydrology 

3-24 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

In the long-term there would be a minor to moderate, beneficial impact from removing the 

existing low water crossing on the seasonal tributary. Although travel on this road is only 

occasional, replacing the low water crossing with a bridge would decrease the potential for 

erosion and sediment transport caused by vehicles driving over banks and through the stream 

bed. In the long-term, the bridge itself would be expected to have a negligible adverse impact on 

hydrologic processes, due to bridge placement outside of the ordinary high water mark, and 

bridge design to accommodate braided stream flow to the extent feasible.

Improvement or replacement of culverts on the existing service road to meet road width and 

load-bearing code requirements would result in short-term impacts during construction and 

excavation similar to those noted above for bridge construction, but within a smaller area. 

Mitigation proposed would likewise be similar to those noted above for the bridge. However, 

culvert work would occur within the bed and banks of the tributaries and work would occur 

within the ordinary high water mark.

Installation of a consolidated subsurface utility corridor from the hotel to the cottages would 

require crossing Royal Arch Creek. Future design will dictate the exact configuration and 

dimensions of the utility corridor; however, it is anticipated that utilities would be suspended 

beneath the existing footbridge over Royal Arch Creek, resulting in no impacts on the free flow of 

the tributary.

Seismic Strengthening, Accessibility Compliance, and Operational Efficiency

Groundwater levels may vary during the construction phase and design life of the project; 

however, based on the results of geotechnical investigations in the project area, it is anticipated 

that groundwater could be encountered at any time during excavation. Excavation necessary for 

new footings below the hotel (for seismic strengthening and installation of an ADA-compliant 

elevator) and trenching for the proposed utility corridor to the cottages would likely require 

dewatering activities. For unsupported excavation sidewalls, the dewatering would have to be 

effective to a depth sufficient to prevent interstitial seepage. Depending on the location of 

discharge, dewatering activities associated with these actions would present short-term adverse 

impacts on the adjacent meadow and/or Royal Arch Creek. In addition, the use of heavy 

equipment would present a potential for accidental releases of fuels or other hazardous 

substances that could impact local surface water or groundwater quality. Implementation of Best 

Management Practices (Appendix E) would mitigate these potential impacts to a minor to 

moderate intensity.

In order to minimize long-term impacts on subsurface facilities, all trench backfill would be 

properly placed and adequately compacted to provide a stable subgrade. In addition, during the 

final design phase for the utility corridor, adequate drainage should be provided to prevent 

surface water or subsurface seepage from saturating the utility corridor.

The proposed site drainage improvements at the basement and back dock would be expected to 

have a long-term, beneficial impact on local hydrology by redirecting subsurface flow from the 

basement toward Ahwahnee Meadow. In addition, waterproofing the hotel basement would have 

a long-term, beneficial impact on the structure and would reduce risks to maintenance staff 

working with electrical equipment.

Conclusion: Excavation and construction activities to replace culverts and install a bridge at 

seasonal tributaries could result in adverse impacts associated with the temporary disruption of 

the surface flow and the increased potential for soil erosion and sediment transport. In addition, 

the use of heavy equipment in these areas could result in accidental releases of hazardous 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Vegetation

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-25

substances that would impact water quality. Mitigation measures (Appendix E) would include 

scheduling construction activity during seasonal periods of low or no water, minimizing 

disturbance areas, salvaging excavated materials, restoring contours of stream banks, and 

implementing construction best management practices. These measures would be expected to 

reduce short-term, adverse impacts on hydrology to a minor to moderate level.

Excavation beneath the hotel and the installation of a utility corridor would likely require 

dewatering activities, which would potentially result in short-term, adverse impacts on the 

adjacent meadow and Royal Arch Creek. Mitigation measures (Appendix E) would be 

implemented during construction activities to ensure that dewatering would not increase 

sediment loading at drainages or otherwise adversely affect the adjacent meadow. 

Implementation of these measures would reduce excavation impacts to local, short-term, minor, 

and adverse.

In the long-term, there would be a minor to moderate beneficial impact on the unnamed seasonal 

tributary east of the cottages from removal of a low water vehicle crossing. In addition, 

installation of site drainage at the hotel basement and back dock would have a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact on hydrology by redirecting drainage toward Ahwahnee Meadow.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects, current approved actions, or foreseeable actions would be the same as under the No 

Action Alternative. The cumulative actions in conjunction with Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would result 

in a net local, short-term, minor to moderate, adverse impact on hydrology and a long-term, 

minor, beneficial impact on hydrology. The potential impacts of this project on tributaries to the 

Merced Wild and Scenic River are evaluated in accordance with section 7 of the Wild and Scenic 

Rivers Act in Appendix F.

Vegetation

Affected Environment

Yosemite Valley, including the area surrounding The Ahwahnee, is in the lower montane forest, a 

mixed conifer vegetation zone ranging from 3,000 to 6,000 feet in elevation. Dominant trees in 

this zone are incense-cedar, black oak, ponderosa pine, white fir, and sugar pine. This midelevation zone is the lowest zone that regularly receives a majority of its precipitation in the form 

of snow. The climate makes this zone predominantly a forest type, with intermittent riparian areas 

and meadows.

Vegetation in the project area consists of a mix of native and ornamental species, much of which 

has been manicured to emphasize the hotel as the visual focal point. Landscaping activities 

immediately surrounding the hotel and associated buildings include pruning, raking, removal of 

invasive non-native species, fertilizing, irrigating, and transplanting or seeding with native plants. 

Areas that are fertilized and irrigated include the main Ahwahnee lawn, the hotel entrance 

(flagpole area), the wedding lawn, The Ahwahnee cottage area, the Royal Arch Creek area 

between the swimming pool and the foot path over the creek, the ‘wildflower meadow,’ and the 

Dining Room terrace. Irrigation water is drawn from both domestic sources and the Merced 

River between March and October. Selective clearing and trimming of vegetation has also 

occurred for hazard tree management, routine maintenance along roads and utility corridors, and 

scenic vista management.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Vegetation

3-26 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 3-2 presents the native and ornamental species have been documented within the project 

area (AECOM and ARG 2011): 

Table 3-2 

Native and Ornamental Vegetation in the Project Area

DECIDUOUS TREES EVERGREEN TREES 

 vine maple (Acer circinatum

 big-leaf maple (

) 

Acer macrophyllum

 red maple (

) 

Acer rubrum

 Western redbud (

) 

Cercis occidentalis

 Pacific dogwood (

) 

Cornus nuttallii

 quaking aspen (

) 

Populus tremuloides

 black cottonwood (

) 

Populus trichocarpa

 California black oak (

) 

Quercus kelloggii

 black oak (

) 

Quercus velutina

 red willow (

) 

Salix 

 apple (

sp.) 

Malus 

 white fir (

sp.) 

Abies concolor

 incense cedar (

) 

Calocedrus decurrens

 knobcone pine (

) 

Pinus attenuata

 Jeffrey pine (

) 

Pinus jeffreyi

 ponderosa pine (

) 

Pinus ponderosa

 Western white pine (

) 

Pinus monticola

 lodgepole pine (

) 

Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana

 douglas fir r (

) 

Pseudotsuga menziesii

 giant sequoia (

) 

Sequoiadendron giganteum

 California laurel (bay) (

) 

Umbellularia californica

 canyon live oak (

) 

Quercus chrysolepis

SHRUBS 

) 

HERBACEOUS PLANTS 

 white alder (Alnus rhombifolia

 common manzanita (

) 

Arctostaphylos viscida

 California allspice (

) 

Calycanthus occidentalis

 elderberry (

) 

Sambucus cerulea

 English holly (

) 

Llex aquifolium

 juniper (

) 

Juniperus spp.

 Western chokecherry (

) 

Prunus virginiana var. demissa

 Sierra coffeeberry (

) 

Rhamnus rubra

 Pacific rhododendron (

) 

Rhododendron macrophyllum

 Western azalea (

) 

Rhododendron occidentale

 Sierra currant (

) 

Ribes nevadense

 Western raspberry (

) 

Rubus leucodermis

 purple milkweed (

) 

Asclepias cordifolia

 scouring rush horsetail (

) 

Equisetum hyemale

 field horsetail (

) 

Equisetum arvense

 cinquefoil (

) 

Potentilla 

 bracken fern (

sp.) 

Pteridium aquilinum

 Northern goldenrod (

) 

Solidago multiradiata

 bleeding heart (

) 

Dicentra 

 trillium (

sp.) 

Trillium angustipetalum

 Western columbine (

) 

Aquilegia formosa

 large periwinkle (

) 

Vinca major

 California wild grape (

) 

Vitis californica

 perennial pea (

) 

Lathyrus latifolius

 meadow grasses and lawn grasses

) 

 ferns

Environmental Consequences - Methodology

Vegetation analysis was based on a qualitative assessment of project area vegetation and the 

anticipated impacts of construction activities in the project area.

Natural processes, such as fluctuations in precipitation and groundwater availability, sustain 

many plant communities. This impact analysis considered whether changes would occur that 

affect opportunities for natural processes to take place.

Non-native species can alter soil chemical and physical properties, hamper native species 

establishment, and ultimately alter native plant community structure and function. This impact 

analysis considered whether the proposed actions would favor the establishment of non-native 

species, as well as the ability to contain and reverse non-native plant infestation.

Context: For the purposes of this analysis, all impacts on vegetation communities are considered 

to be local.

Intensity: The intensity of an impact on vegetation is a measure of perceptible changes in native 

plant community size, continuity, or integrity. Impact intensity is characterized as negligible, 

minor, moderate, or major. Negligible impacts are those that would have no measurable or 

perceptible changes in native plant community size, continuity, or integrity. Minor impacts would 

be measurable or perceptible, but would be localized within an isolated area, and the overall 

viability of the native plant community would not be affected. Moderate impacts would cause a 

measurable and perceptible change in the native plant community (e.g., size, continuity, or 

integrity); however, the impact would remain localized and could be reversed. Major impacts 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Vegetation

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-27

would be substantial and highly noticeable and could be permanent in their effects on native plant 

community size, diversity, continuity, or integrity.

Duration: The duration of an impact is the time required for native plant communities to recover 

from the implementation of an alternative. The duration of impact is characterized as short-term 

or long-term. A short-term impact would have an immediate effect on the size, continuity, or 

integrity of native plant communities and is usually associated with transitional types of activities, 

such as facility construction. In general, short-term impacts on vegetation are those that would 

last up to 20 years following implementation of an alternative. Long-term impacts would lead to a 

loss in the size, continuity, or integrity of native plant communities. In general, long-term impacts 

would last longer than 20 years after implementation of an alternative.

Type: Impacts are considered adverse if implementation of an alternative would reduce the size, 

continuity, or integrity of a native plant community. Impacts are considered beneficial if 

implementation of an alternative would increase the size, continuity, or integrity of a native plant 

community.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new impacts on native vegetation. 

Vegetation within the project area would continue to be a mixture of native and ornamental 

species, the project area would continue to be actively landscaped, and selective clearing and 

trimming of vegetation would continue to occur under the guidance of parkwide management for 

hazard tree removal, scenic vista clearing, and routine maintenance activities.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no change in vegetation and 

vegetation management activities. The No Action Alternative would not further reduce the size or 

disrupt the continuity and/or integrity of native plant communities in the project area. There 

would be no new impacts on vegetation resources.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects which contributed to impacts on vegetation within the project area include: the 

construction and expansion of facilities in the project area beginning in the late 1800s; 

construction of The Ahwahnee hotel and associated structures; landscaping activities that were 

designed to accentuate the hotel as well as scenic vistas to and from the hotel; installation of 

recreational features such as a golf course at The Ahwahnee grounds; installation of utilities; and 

installation of roads and parking areas. These actions resulted in highly disturbed native 

vegetation within the project area and in the project vicinity.

Current or foreseeable approved actions under the park’s Invasive Plant Management Plan 

Update, 2009 Fire Management Plan, and Scenic Vista Management Plan could result in the 

removal of vegetation within the project area. Removal of native vegetation would be considered 

an adverse impact, while the removal of non-native invasive vegetation would be considered a 

beneficial impact. Reasonably foreseeable future actions with the potential to affect vegetation 

include the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, which may include 

short-term disturbance as well as long-term restoration activities. In conjunction with the past, 

present, and reasonably foreseeable future projects, the No Action Alternative would have a 

localized, long-term, negligible, adverse impact on native vegetation.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Vegetation

3-28 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

The proposed actions that may impact vegetation are the same for all action alternatives, with 

only minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together. 

Analysis

Under Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, short-term impacts on vegetation would occur from construction 

activities during the upgrading of the fire department access roads, installation of utilities, and the 

provision of ADA-compliant pathways. The affected area is already highly disturbed by previous 

construction, ornamental landscaping, and pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Minor short-term 

impacts would include temporary removal and trampling of vegetation, as well as soil 

disturbance. Long-term impacts on native vegetation would occur where existing roads and paths 

would be widened and graveled.

Fire Department Access Roads

The existing fire access route on the western and southern side of the hotel is a turf-covered 

corridor with a hardened aggregate base that was constructed in the 1970s. This corridor would 

be realigned, reinforced, widened where needed, and extended to the eastern side of the south 

wing of the hotel to improve compliance with current fire code requirements. This action would 

impact a manicured area that contains a mixture of native and ornamental species. No trees 

would be removed as part of the action. Therefore the impact on native vegetation would be 

negligible to minor, and short-term.

Vegetation would be impacted in areas immediately adjacent to the existing gravel service road 

from the hotel to the cottages and the existing hardened earth service road south of the cottages, 

where the road would be widened to 16-feet to meet code requirements, and a new hardened 

turnaround area would be added near the end of the extended road. Code-required 

improvements to these roads would include the removal of select incense cedars that are 

immediately adjacent to the road corridor. In addition, some trees may be limbed to meet vertical 

clearance requirements for emergency vehicle access. Construction of the turnaround to the 

south of the cottages would occur in an area of disturbed vegetation; no tree removal would be 

expected.

Pathways

Herbaceous vegetation may be removed during installation of a utility corridor under the existing 

path from the hotel to the cottages and between the cottages. In the long-term, hardening this 

pathway to the cottages to meet ADA requirements would result in negligible impacts on 

vegetation.

The existing hardened earth path from the hotel to the wedding lawn would be further improved 

by minor leveling and hardening with a permeable resin surface. Because the path is already 

hardened and free of vegetation, the addition of a resin surface would result in negligible impacts 

on adjacent vegetation.

No wetland vegetation would be impacted as part of the proposed actions. The installation of 

Best Management Practices (Appendix E) as part of construction activities would reduce 

potentially sediment-laden and/or contaminated water runoff from impermeable surfaces from 

affecting nearby vegetation in riparian and wet meadow communities in the vicinity of the project 

area.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Wildlife

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-29

Conclusion: Under Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, construction activities would result in local, shortterm, minor, adverse impacts on the size and continuity of native plant communities. 

Implementation of Best Management Practices during construction would minimize impacts on 

surrounding vegetation communities. The removal of select trees to meet fire code requirements 

along fire access roads and the hardening of select pathways to meet accessibility requirements 

would result in local, long-term, minor, adverse impacts on the size and continuity of native plant 

communities.

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past projects, current approved actions, or foreseeable actions that may have a 

cumulative impact on the project area would be the same as provided under the No Action 

Alternative. In conjunction with these, Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would have a localized, long-term, 

minor, adverse impact on vegetation.

Wildlife

Affected Environment

Wildlife in the Vicinity of The Ahwahnee

Non-special status wildlife species identified as likely present within the proposed Ahwahnee 

project area include deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), western gray squirrels (Sciurus griseus), 

broad-footed moles (Scapanus latimanus), Botta’s pocket gophers (Thomomys botti), black bears

(Ursus americanus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), coyotes (Canis latrans lestes), 

ringtail (Bassariscus astutus raptor), and raccoons (Procyon lotor psora). There are also several 

species of bat likely to occur in or near the project area, including special status species ( further 

described below, under ‘Special Status Species.’)

Wildlife Habitat in the Project Area

The constant presence of people in the project area results in a reduced habitat value compared to 

those areas in which people are not present. Wildlife habitat in the project area consists of mixed 

conifer and California black oak communities (upland) and other (urban) vegetation associated 

with ornamental landscaping at the hotel grounds. There are wet meadow communities adjacent 

to the project area.

Upland Habitat

Variability in canopy cover and understory vegetation make the conifer habitat suitable for a wide 

variety of wildlife species, such as black bears, acorn woodpeckers (Melanerpes formicivorus), and 

band-tailed pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata). Denser stands of montane hardwood conifer are a 

favored habitat of California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis); mast crops produced by 

trees are an important source of food to wildlife in this habitat and mature forests provide cavities 

for nesting birds.

Acorns provided by California black oak in Yosemite Valley are an important source of food to a 

variety of wildlife. Mule deer and black bears forage extensively in this habitat in years of good 

acorn production. Acorn woodpeckers, as their name suggests, are highly dependent on this food 

source. Gray squirrels, ground squirrels (Spermophilus spp.), deer mice, and band-tailed pigeons 

also feed heavily on acorns. The large, mature California black oaks also provide cover and 

nesting habitat for species such as great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus). Pallid bats (Antrozous 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Wildlife

3-30 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

pallidus) favor mature oaks as roost sites. Many small birds such as ruby-crowned kinglets

(Regulus calendula), yellow-rumped warblers (Dendroica coronata auduboni), and western 

bluebirds (Sialia Mexicana) glean the foliage for insects or hawk them in the understory.

Other Habitat

The urban habitat type found in the project area is composed primarily of stands of native and 

ornamental vegetation interspersed with development. Vegetation can be similar in complexity to 

less-disturbed habitats, with California black oak, ponderosa pine, and incense-cedar as canopy 

species, and a shrub understory. The quality of these habitats for wildlife is limited by their small 

sizes and their proximity to human activity. Structures in developed areas can, however, provide 

nesting or roosting habitat for species such as cliff swallows (Hirundo pyrrhonota) and several 

species of bats.

Meadow Habitat

The project area contains no meadow habitat, however there is a meadow southwest of the 

building that abuts the project area and Ahwahnee Meadow is south of the project area. While 

shrubs and trees are usually absent or sparse in meadows, they can be an important habitat 

component in the wet meadow and around its edge. Within the herbaceous plant community, 

habitat layers are often present on a smaller scale, with different plant species growing to different 

heights. Wet meadows are generally too wet for small mammals during periods of high water, but 

they are an important source of green vegetation in summer for herbivores such as mule deer. 

Birds such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) nest 

in wet meadows, where the water and tall vegetation can be barriers to predators. Amphibians 

may breed in the shallow waters found in this habitat.

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

Wildlife analysis was based on a qualitative assessment of wildlife either known to occur or that 

could occur in the project area and the effects anticipated as a result of construction activities. 

Context: Due to the limited and localized nature of the proposed actions that could affect 

wildlife, impacts would be detectable only locally, within the vicinity of the proposed action. No 

regional impacts would be expected.

Duration: Short-term impacts are those that would have an immediate effect on native habitat, 

diversity, and native wildlife populations, but would not cause long-term declines in populations 

or diversity. Long-term impacts are those that would lead to a loss of native habitat, diversity, and 

species populations as exhibited by a decline in species abundance, viability, and/or survival. 

Intensity: The intensity of the impact considers effects of an action on the size and integrity of 

native habitats, diversity, and species population. Negligible impacts would induce no measurable 

or perceptible changes on wildlife habitat or populations. Minor impacts would be localized 

within a relatively small area, and the impacts on the integrity of animal populations would not be 

expected to have an overall effect on natural community structure. Without further impacts, 

negative effects may be reversed, and habitat quality would recover. Moderate impacts would be 

those clearly detectable on wildlife habitat and populations and would be sufficient to cause a 

change in the abundance, distribution, quantity, or integrity of species; community ecology (e.g., 

the number of different kinds of species present); or natural processes (e.g., hydrology). Major 

impacts would be substantial and highly noticeable, with the potential for permanent landscape-
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Wildlife

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-31

scale changes in the distribution, quantity, or integrity of species; community ecology; or natural 

processes.

Type: The type of impact considers whether the impact would be beneficial or adverse. Impacts 

are considered beneficial if an action causes no detrimental effect and results in an increase in the 

size or integrity of species populations or habitat components, native ecosystem processes, native 

species richness/diversity, or native habitat quantity and quality. Impacts are considered adverse 

if they degrade the size, integrity, or diversity of native habitat quantity and quality.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Ongoing habitat disturbance from human activities at The Ahwahnee include noise, human 

presence, vehicle traffic, and artificial light. Current levels of human use and vehicular 

disturbance would continue. Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new impacts on 

wildlife. 

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new impacts on wildlife habitat 

or populations.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that have contributed to habitat disturbance within the project area include the 

construction and expansion of facilities in the project area beginning in the late 1800s. Recent 

projects that have contributed to adverse impacts on wildlife within the project area include

construction repairs conducted under the 2009 Interim Rockfall Parking Plan and the 

rehabilitation or replacement of braking pads and asphalt roads under the Yosemite Valley Shuttle 

Bus Stop Improvements project. These actions would have resulted in minor, adverse, impacts on 

wildlife habitat within the project area due to short-term disturbance associated with 

construction, including noise, increased human presence, and use of heavy equipment. 

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could result in adverse impacts on wildlife include 

the 2009 Fire Management Plan, which could result in short-term, minor adverse impacts from 

vegetation removal. In the long term, fire management would have a beneficial impact on wildlife 

by improving habitat and reducing the chances of catastrophic fire in the vicinity. Beneficial 

impacts on wildlife may also result from the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Plan 

and the Invasive Plant Management Plan Update, as they would address resource protection and 

habitat restoration issues and removal of nonnative species.

Improvement projects that may adversely impact wildlife within the project area include, the 

Scenic Vista Management Plan, which could include mechanical thinning, and trimming of 

vegetation to restore views, and the East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, which may 

result in habitat removal and disturbance, and short-term visual and noise disturbance associated 

with construction. These projects could result in negligible to minor, short-term and long-term, 

adverse impacts.

Overall, the cumulative actions in combination with the No Action Alternative could result in 

local, short-term and long-term, negligible to minor, adverse impacts, and local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impacts on wildlife habitat and populations.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Wildlife

3-32 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

The proposed actions that may impact wildlife are generally the same for all action alternatives, 

with only minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together.

Analysis

Short-term adverse impacts on wildlife habitat and populations resulting from construction 

activity would include increased noise disturbance, increased human presence, heavy equipment 

use, and increased vehicle traffic. In addition to ongoing impacts resulting from normal hotel 

operations and visitor use, the impacts of construction activity are expected to be minor.

Habitat disturbance during project implementation would occur in primarily in upland and 

‘other’ habitat, in the manicured landscape surrounding the hotel and cottages. There is no 

meadow habitat in the project area, however there is meadow habitat adjacent to the project area. 

Wildlife species that use the meadow for foraging or nesting may be impacted by construction 

activities.

Impacts on wildlife habitat and populations, including wildlife that may be resident in the 

structures (e.g., bats), would be minimized or avoided with the implementation of mitigation 

measures described in the wildlife section of Appendix E. These measures would include 

preconstruction surveys and limiting construction activities during critical breeding and nesting 

times for bird and bat species, in particular. 

In the long term, there would be minor, adverse impacts from disturbance to upland and other 

habitat from improvements made to the fire department access road to the cottages, including 

widening of the road, removal of select incense cedars closest to the access road, and tree limbing 

to meet vertical clearance requirements. These impacts would be mitigated through 

preconstruction surveys, limiting construction periods, and consultation with the park wildlife 

biologist (see Appendix E).

Conclusion: Habitat in the project area is already disturbed from previous alterations to native 

vegetation, construction of facilities, and normal hotel operations. With the implementation of 

mitigation measures for wildlife species (Appendix E), temporary habitat disturbance from 

construction activities would result in local, short-term, minor, adverse impacts. There would be 

a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on upland habitat from removal of select trees and some 

road widening for fire access road improvements. Implementation of mitigation measures with a 

focus upon avoidance, limiting construction activities during breeding seasons, and conducting 

surveys immediately before construction, would minimize impacts on wildlife habitat and 

populations. 

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past projects, current approved actions, or reasonably foreseeable actions that may 

have a cumulative impact on the project area would be the same as provided under the No Action 

Alternative. In conjunction with these, Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would have a local, short-term, 

negligible to minor, adverse impacts, and local, long-term, moderate, beneficial impacts on 

wildlife habitat and populations. 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-33

Special Status Species

Overview

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the State of California Department of Fish and 

Game (CDFG) classify threatened, endangered, or rare species of plants and animals as those that 

have undergone serious national, state, or local declines, and which may be threatened with 

extinction if not otherwise protected. Species that are being monitored because they are 

undergoing noticeable declines or are threatened by significant loss of habitat, but are not 

protected by law, may be categorized by the state as rare or sensitive.

Federal and state regulations, including section 7 of the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA), 

Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations, as well as NPS Management Policies 2006

(NPS 2006a), require all federal agencies to conduct an impacts analysis and consult with the 

USFWS to ensure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by the agency does not 

jeopardize the continued existence of listed species or their designated critical habitat.

In addition, CEQ regulations for implementing NEPA (section 1508.27) also require considering 

whether the proposed action may violate federal, state, or local law or requirements imposed for 

the protection of the environment. For this reason, species listed under the California 

Endangered Species Act or accorded special status by the California Department of Fish and 

Game (i.e., species considered rare or sensitive and monitored by the California Natural Diversity 

Database) are included in this analysis.

Special Status Species Considered

Special Status Wildlife Species

For the purposes of this assessment, “special status species” are defined as those that are: listed by 

the USFWS as endangered, threatened, proposed, or candidate; or, listed by the State of 

California as endangered, threatened, candidate, species of special concern, fully protected, or 

bird species of special concern. Based on species lists obtained from the USFWS and the CDFG, 

reported observations, scientific research, and professional judgment on the part of NPS staff, a 

list of 23 special status wildlife species that have the potential to occur in Yosemite Valley was 

developed (Table 3-3). From this list, NPS staff determined that 19 special status wildlife species 

are known or have the potential to occur in the project vicinity of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan, and are discussed in more detail below.

Special Status Plant Species

The National Park Service has determined that no special status plant species occur, or are likely 

to occur, or would be affected by the proposed action.

Federal Special Status Species

There are no federally listed threatened, endangered, proposed, or candidate species that are 

known to occur or have the potential to occur in the project vicinity. The National Park Service 

will consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to obtain an updated list of federally 

endangered or threatened species prior to project implementation.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

3-34 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Federally Designated Critical Habitat

No critical habitat has been designated for any federally listed species within the project area.

State of California Special Status Species

Of the 19 species that are known or have the potential to occur in the project area, 3 bird species 

are listed as endangered, 3 bird species are listed as a fully protected, and 9 bird species are listed 

as species of special concern by the state of California. In addition 5 bat species are listed as 

California species of special concern.

Special Status Species Categories

The various federal and state categories for special status species considered for this analysis are 

defined below:

Federal threatened: Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the 

foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its national range.

Federal candidate: Candidate species are plants and animals for which the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service has sufficient information on their biological status and threats to propose them as 

endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act, but for which development of a 

proposed listing regulation is precluded by other higher priority listing activities. Federal 

Candidate Species are also known as “warranted but precluded.”

California endangered: Any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant 

portion of its range in the state.

California threatened: Any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the 

foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its state range.

California species of special concern: Any species that may become vulnerable to extinction on 

a state level from declining population trends, limited range, and/or continuing threats; could 

become threatened or endangered.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-35

Table 3-3 

Special Status Wildlife Species in Yosemite Valley

Species Federal 

ESA

State 

CESA 1 2 Habitat Type Potential Occurrence in 

Project Area 

Selected 

for Further 

Analysis 

AMPHIBIANS 

Mount Lyell 

salamander 

(Hydromantes 

platycephalus)

CSC High elevation, 2100 to 3700 m 

(6,890 to 12,139 ft), snowmelt 

seep and waterfall habitat 

throughout the Sierra Nevada. 

Several populations of Mount Lyell 

salamanders at lower elevation in 

the spray zones of waterfalls in 

Yosemite Valley (1200 to 1300 m 

(3,937 to 4,265 ft) and in riparian 

areas at lower elevation, 1400 to 

2000 m (4,593 to 6,562 ft). 

Not likely. Believed 

restricted in range; known 

from several locations in 

Yosemite Valley, but 

habitat is not likely in 

project area. Dismissed

BIRDS

harlequin duck 

(Histrionicus 

histrionicus)

CSC, 

BSSC

Breeding range includes Sierra 

Nevada. Breed along clear, 

fast‐flowing rivers and streams 

with substantial streamside 

vegetation.

Low. Habitat may be 

adjacent to project area.

Yes

northern goshawk 

(Accipiter gentilis)

CSC, 

BSSC

Moderately dense coniferous 

forests between 1500 and 2700 

meters (4920 and 8860 ft). Hunt in 

a variety of vegetative cover, 

including meadow edges. 

Medium. Most 

observations in Merced 

River corridor are from 

Yosemite Valley.

Yes

northern harrier 

(Circus cyaneus)

CSC, 

BSSC

Nest on the ground. Favor open 

areas such as grasslands, meadows, 

wetlands, and agricultural 

clearings. Rarely seen migrant in 

Yosemite.

Medium. Majority of 

observations in the park 

are from meadows in 

Yosemite Valley.

Yes

golden eagle 

(Aquila chrysaetos) 

CFP Favor grasslands and areas of 

shrubs or saplings, and opencanopied woodlands of blue oaks. 

Can range above tree-line in 

summer. Hunt in meadows, 

clearings, rock outcroppings, 

granite shelves, fell fields, talus, 

and other open or openly wooded 

habitats.

Medium. Majority of 

observations from Merced 

River corridor are from 

Yosemite Valley.

Yes

bald eagle 

(Haliaeetus 

leucocephalus) 

CE, CFP Favor lakes and rivers with 

abundant prey (mostly fish) and 

large trees in which to nest.

Medium. Suitable habitat 

is present. Yes

peregrine falcon 

(Falco peregrinus)

CFP Nests are often scrapes on ledges 

or cliffs, a habit observed in 

Yosemite Valley. hunt in a wide 

variety of habitats including 

meadows, woodlands, marshes, 

and mudflats.

High. Currently known to 

occur in Yosemite Valley. 

Suitable foraging habitat 

is present. Yes

long-eared owl 

(Asio otus)

CSC, 

BSSC

Found from blue oak savannah up 

to ponderosa pine and black oak 

habitats, usually in association with 

riparian habitats. In Yosemite, they 

are known to nest in riparian 

forests and oak-conifer woodlands. 

Low. Only three records 

from Yosemite Valley.

Yes
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

3-36 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Table 3-3 

Special Status Wildlife Species in Yosemite Valley (continued)

Species Federal 

ESA

State 

CESA 1 2 Habitat Type Potential Occurrence in 

Project Area 

Selected 

for Further 

Analysis 

BIRDS (CONTINUED) 

great gray owl 

(Strix nebulosa)

CE Require extensive, densely 

vegetated wet or moist meadows 

margined by old‐growth

coniferous forest from the mixed 

conifer through the red fir to the 

lower lodgepole pine zones 

between 750 to 2,700 meters. 

Breed in conifer stands with large 

snags and high canopy closure in 

the immediate vicinity of a 

montane meadow. 

Low to Medium. An 

estimated 100‐200 pairs 

of great gray owls occur 

in California with a limited 

geographic distribution 

centered in Yosemite 

National Park and 

adjacent National Forest 

lands. Only five 

observations in Yosemite 

Valley.

Yes

California

spotted owl 

(Strix occidentalis 

occidentalis)

CSC, 

BSSC

Areas of mature and old forest 

with thick canopy that contains 

many dense, old, live and dead 

trees and fallen logs. Nest in large, 

broken‐topped conifer snags, 

particularly red fir, white fir, or in 

black oak in lower elevations.

Medium. Population 

density in Yosemite is 

higher than elsewhere in 

the Sierra Nevada. 

However, sightings have 

been sporadic in Yosemite 

Valley. 

Yes

Vaux’s swift 

(Chaetura vauxi)

CSC, 

BSSC

Older trees and hollow snags for 

nesting and roosting habitat. 

Low. Habitat 

requirements include 

large-diameter trees in old 

growth areas.

Yes

black swift 

(Cyseloides niger)

CSC, 

BSSC

In Yosemite, nest near or behind 

waterfalls. 

Low. Project area does 

not contain habitat, 

however there are known 

populations in Yosemite 

Valley.

Yes

olive-sided 

flycatcher 

(Contopus cooperi)

CSC, 

BSSC

Forage in unobstructed canopies 

with high perches. 

Medium. Observed in 

Yosemite Valley and is a 

fairly common summer 

resident in the park.

Yes

willow flycatcher 

(Empidonax trailii)

CE Frequent the willows found along 

languid streams and, to a lesser 

degree, within moist meadows. 

Deciduous trees and shrubs 

interspersed with open areas 

enhance the quality of foraging 

habitat.

Low. Once commonly 

observed in Yosemite 

Valley, last record in 

Yosemite Valley was in 

1974. 

Yes

yellow warbler 

(Dendroica 

petechia)

CSC, 

BSSC

Breed primarily in riparian 

woodlands, up to 2,400 m in the 

Sierra Nevada. Other breeding 

habitat includes montane 

chaparral, ponderosa pine, and 

mixed conifer where substantial 

amounts of brush occur. 

High. Recent confirmed 

observations in Yosemite 

Valley, including 

confirmed breeding. Yes

MAMMALS

pallid bat 

(Antrozous 

pallidus) 

CSC Low to mid elevations, versatile in 

selection of roosting sites, including 

rock crevices, caves, and 

anthropogenic structures. 

High. Recorded roosting 

at The Ahwahnee hotel. Yes

Townsend’s 

big-eared bat 

(Corynorhinus 

townsendii) 

CSC Low to mid elevations, 

concentrated in areas with mines 

or caves. Forage at edge habitats 

along streams, adjacent to or 

within wooded areas. 

High. Suitable foraging 

habitat is present or 

adjacent to the project 

area.

Yes

spotted bat 

(Euderma 

maculatum) 

CSC Roost in crevices in high cliff faces. 

Forages over meadows, along 

forest edges, or in open coniferous 

woodland. 

High. Suitable foraging 

habitat is present or 

adjacent to the project 

area.

Yes
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-37

Table 3-3 

Special Status Wildlife Species in Yosemite Valley (continued)

Species Federal 

ESA

State 

CESA 1 2 Habitat Type Potential Occurrence in 

Project Area 

Selected 

for Further 

Analysis 

MAMMALS (CONTINUED)

Western red bat 

(Lasiurus 

blossevillii)

CSC Roost on the underside of 

overhanging leaves. Forage at 

canopy height or low over the 

ground. 

Medium. Suitable 

foraging habitat is present 

or adjacent to the project 

area.

Yes

Western 

mastiff bat 

(Eumops perotis) 

CSC Presence is determined by the 

availability of significant rock 

features offering suitable roosting 

habitat. Foraging habitats include 

Dry desert washes, floodplains, 

chaparral, oak woodland, open 

ponderosa pine forest, grassland, 

agricultural areas, and high 

elevation meadows surrounded by 

mixed conifer forests. 

High. Yosemite Valley has 

the highest population of 

the greater western 

mastiff bat of any locality 

surveyed in California. Yes

Sierra Nevada 

mountain beaver 

(Aplodontia rufa 

californica)

CSC Well-vegetated, moist, cool 

environments. Require abundant 

riparian plants for harvesting and 

large amounts of small diameter 

woody debris or uprooted stumps. 

Not likely. No confirmed 

observations in the 

Merced River corridor. Dismissed

Sierra Nevada

red fox 

(Vulpes vulpes 

necator)

CT High elevation barren, conifer and 

shrub habitats, montane meadows, 

talus slopes, subalpine woodlands, 

and fell-fields. Possible den sites 

include natural cavities in talus 

slopes or rockslides, earthen dens, 

boulder piles, or even the space 

beneath vacant cabins.

Not likely. No confirmed 

observations in Yosemite 

Valley (but several 

unconfirmed sightings in 

or near Yosemite Valley 

since 1977). 

Dismissed

Pacific fisher FC 

(Martes pennanti)

Generally found in stands with high 

canopy closure, large trees and 

snags, large woody debris, large 

hardwoods, and multiple canopy 

layers. Avoid entering open areas 

that have no overstory or shrub 

cover. 

Not likely. Believed to 

have limited potential for 

occurrence in Yosemite 

Valley. Habitat is present 

in the Valley; however, no 

recent records support 

their occurrence. 

Dismissed

Footnotes: 

1

ESA = Endangered Species Act administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

2

FT = Federal Threatened

CESA = California Endangered Species Act administered by the California Department of Fish and Game.

FC = Federal Candidate

CE = California Endangered

CT = California Threatened

CFP = California Fully Protected Species

CSC = California Species of Concern

BSSC = California Bird Species of Special Concern

Source: Yosemite National Park Resources Management and Science Division, May 2011

Special Status Wildlife Species Selected for Further Analysis

Bird Species

Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus)

As of 2011, there are 43 records of harlequin ducks in Yosemite’s Wildlife Observation Database. 

Of these records, 39 observations are from the Merced River corridor. From 1977 to 1985, 

harlequins were observed with some regularity in the Merced River. After a 15-year absence, 

harlequins were documented repeatedly in the Merced River between 2000-2007 (NPS 

2011b).Harlequin ducks have disappeared from most of their historic breeding range in the Sierra 

Nevada (Beedy 2008), possibly due to hunting pressure from fishermen early in the 20th century 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

3-38 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

(Grinnell 1918, Brown 1998). In the Merced River corridor, harlequin ducks are susceptible to 

disturbance by hikers, rafters, and fisherman at suitable nesting sites. Such disturbances may 

discourage harlequin ducks from re-colonizing previously used streams and can reduce nesting 

success where breeding does occur (Beedy 2008).

Northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis)

Northern goshawk observations have been recorded on 160 occasions in Yosemite National Park. 

Of these records, 54 observations were in the Merced River corridor, the majority were from 

Yosemite Valley. The greatest threats to northern goshawk populations are habitat loss and 

degradation due to the alteration of forests through timber harvest and changes in fire regimes 

(Keane 1999). Although timber harvest is not a concern within the park, changes in fire frequency 

could impact on park populations (Steel et al. 2011).

Northern harrier (Circus cyaneus)

Northern harriers observations have been recorded on 47 occasions in Yosemite National Park. 

Of these observations, 19 records are from the Merced River corridor (NPS 2011b). The majority 

of the records are from meadows in Yosemite Valley during the fall. Beginning in 1977, there are 

records of several northern harriers per decade in Yosemite Valley through 2006 (NPS 2011b). 

Meadow loss through conifer encroachment could reduce northern harrier habitat in Yosemite. 

Human disturbance and recreation activities near nest sites have also been linked to harrier 

decline (Burridge 1995, Unitt 2004).

Golden eagle (Aquilachrysaetos)

Golden eagle observations have been recorded on 273 occasions in Yosemite National Park. Of 

these observations, there are 74 records from the Merced River corridor. The majority of these 

observations are from locations in Yosemite Valley. The greatest outside threat to golden eagle 

populations stems from interactions with humans and human-built structures (Steel et al. 2011). 

In particular, collisions with structures and electrocution by power lines cause the majority of 

non-natural golden eagle deaths (Steel et al. 2011). Such interactions could have detrimental 

effects to golden eagle populations in Yosemite. Overall, the relatively intact habitats in Yosemite 

are beneficial to golden eagles.

Bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

Bald eagle observations have been recorded on 123 occasions in Yosemite National Park. Of 

those observations, 25 records are from the Merced River corridor (NPS 2011b). Roughly half of 

the bald eagle observations in the Merced River corridor are from areas downstream of Yosemite 

Valley. From the late 1970s to 1992 bald eagles were documented in the Merced River corridor at 

a rate of one every few years. Bald eagles may abandon territories in cases of recreational 

development or human disturbance near nests (Thelander 1973). Also of concern is mortality due 

to interactions with vehicles and human infrastructure (Steel et al. 2011).

Peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus)

Peregrine falcon observations have been recorded on 118 occasions in Yosemite National Park. 

Of those observations, 65 records are from the Merced River corridor (NPS 2011b). By the early 

1970s, peregrine falcons had all but disappeared in Yosemite National Park.

In 1978, nesting peregrine falcons were found in Yosemite Valley, the first time they had been 

recorded in the park for over 35 years. Since 1978, peregrine falcons have continued to recover in 

the park. Breeding surveys conducted in 2010 revealed eight active nests in Yosemite, the most 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-39

ever documented in one season. Primary threats to peregrine falcons include predation on young 

by golden eagles and great horned owls and competition with ravens for nest sites. Other threats 

include disturbances posed by helicopters during search and rescue flights or medical evacuations 

and conflicts between nesting falcons and rock climbers.

Long-eared owl (Asio otus)

The long-eared owl has been recorded on 22 different occasions in Yosemite National Park, of 

which only three records are from Yosemite Valley (NPS 2011b). Long-eared owls are only 

known to have nested in Yosemite Valley on one occasion, in 1915. Two records in Yosemite 

Valley from 1987 are from the same date and general location (Yosemite School and Leidig 

Meadow).During one year of meadow surveys for great gray owls, long-eared owls were detected 

at five out of 15 meadows (Keane et al. 2011); none of these meadows were within the Merced 

River corridor. Known factors in the decline of long-eared owls in California are destruction and 

fragmentation of riparian woodlands, live oak habitats, and isolated tree groves, but other factors 

may also be present.

Great gray owl (Strix nebulosa)

Great gray owl observations have been recorded on 204 occasions in Yosemite National Park. Of 

these observations, 21 records are from the Merced River corridor. Five of these observations 

were inYosemite Valley (NPS 2011b). Human development and activities, including noise and 

light, and automobile traffic, may impact great gray owl presence, foraging success, and 

reproductive success both inside and outside Yosemite (Wildman 1992, Maurer 1999). 

Twenty-six cases of great gray owl mortality due to collisions with vehicles along major highways 

in the Yosemite region were documented between 1955-2005 (Maurer 2006, J. Maurer, S. Stock, 

unpubl. data). Disturbance to great gray owls from recreational activities has also been identified 

as a potential negative factor (Wildman 1992).

California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis)

California spotted owl observations have been recorded on 72 occasions in Yosemite National 

Park. Of these observations, 14 records are from the Merced River corridor. Sightings of 

California spotted owls are sporadic in Yosemite Valley. The California spotted owl is primarily 

threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. Alterations of the natural fire regime in Yosemite 

and elsewhere have led to frequent stand replacing wildfires that destroy or reduce the quality of 

California spotted owl habitat (Weatherspoon et al. 1992).

Vaux’s swift (Chaetura vauxi)

Vaux’s swift observations have been recorded on 24 different occasions in Yosemite National 

Park. Of these observations, five records are from the Merced River corridor (NPS 2011b). 

According to Breeding Bird Survey data from the Sierra Nevada, Vaux’s swift is significantly and 

rapidly declining in the Sierra Nevada region (Sauer et al. 2008). Loss of roosting trees is the single 

greatest threat to Vaux’s swifts (Shuford and Gardali 2008).

Black swift (Cyseloides niger)

Black swifts have been observed on 32 occasions in Yosemite National Park. The vast majority of 

black swift observations in the park are in or near the main stem of the Merced River (NPS 

2011b). Grinnell and Miller (1944) indicate Yosemite Valley and other locations in Mariposa 

County as nesting sites. Bridalveil Fall is suspected to be one of only three sites in California 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

3-40 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

where nesting populations of black swifts exceed 10 pairs (Roberson and Collins 2008). Habitat 

for black swifts within Yosemite is largely intact and protected as designated wilderness.

Olive-sided flycatcher (Contopus cooperi)

Olive-sided flycatcher observations have been recorded on 81 occasions in Yosemite National 

Park. Of these observations, 15 records are from the Merced River corridor, including several 

observations in Yosemite Valley in the 1920s and 1970s. The most significant threat to the 

olive-sided flycatcher is habitat degradation and loss on both breeding and wintering grounds 

(Widdowson 2008). In the southern Sierra Nevada, where habitat remains essentially unchanged, 

declines probably have resulted from destruction of forests on wintering grounds in Central 

America (Marshall 1988).

Willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailii)

Once a commonly-observed bird in Yosemite Valley, willow flycatchers are now exceedingly rare 

in Yosemite National Park as a whole. Gaines (1992) indicates that they had stopped breeding in 

Yosemite Valley by 1966. One observation from 1974 in Yosemite Valley is the most recent 

sightings of willow flycatchers in the Valley, though they are still seen on rare occasions elsewhere 

in the park. Within the Sierra Nevada, habitat degradation due to historic and/or ongoing grazing 

of riparian and meadow habitats appears to be associated with population declines (Siegel et al. 

2008). Willow flycatcher are particularly vulnerable to brood parasitism by brown-headed 

cowbirds (Molothrus ater), which are frequently observed in Yosemite taking advantage of 

unnatural food sources at pack stations, stables, campgrounds, and in park residential areas.

Yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia)

In 2010, bird surveys detected 49 individual yellow warblers in Yosemite Valley and confirmed 

breeding based on two specific observations: (1) an adult carrying food for young and (2) recently 

fledged young. Human population growth and resulting habitat degradation threaten yellow 

warbler populations given their sensitivity to decreases in deciduous habitat, riparian habitat 

heterogeneity, and riparian corridor width (Saab 1999). In Yosemite, the Monitoring Avian 

Productivity and Survivorship Program documented a significant decline in yellow warbler 

captures between 1993 and 2006 (Siegel et al. 2006).

Bat Species

Special status bat species that have the potential to occur within the project area are pallid bat 

(Antrozous pallidus), Townsend’s big-eared bat (Corynorhinus townsendii), spotted bat (Euderma 

maculatum), Western red bat (Lasiurus blossevillii), and the greater Western mastiff bat (Eumops 

perotis californicus). The majority of these bat species are somewhat specialized in their habitat 

requirements, preferring large trees, hollow trees, dense foliage, meadows, or snags for roosting 

or foraging habitat. There is suitable habitat for all 5 bat species in the project area.

A bat survey in July 1993 (Pierson and Rainey 1993) identified several pallid bat roost sites under 

the overhanging eaves on the east and west sides of the hotel. Night roosting sites for pallid bats 

were seen at “various sites around the periphery of the hotel,” and at the second story balcony on 

the south side of the hotel.

In 2002 bats were informally identified roosting at The Ahwahnee as evidenced by guano stains 

on the building. Specialists were hired to exclude bats from one area of the building, and building 

modifications were made to prevent further roosting. In 2009, more guano was observed at 

The Ahwahnee on the 5th and 6th floor balconies. Specialists determined that bats were using the 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-41

building for “rests” during night time foraging but no evidence suggested a bat colony was 

roosting in that location (WBS 2009).

In 2010 acoustic surveys for special status bat species were performed at two locations in 

Yosemite Valley, at Yosemite Creek and at North Pines Campground. None of the 5 special status 

bat species listed above were detected in the 2010 Yosemite Valley survey (NPS 2011a).

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

Federal agencies must consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to ensure their actions 

would not jeopardize the continued existence of any federally listed or proposed threatened or 

endangered species, or adversely modify designated or proposed critical habitat (Endangered 

Species Act section 7 (a) (2)). If listed species or critical habitat are present, the federal agency 

must determine if the action could affect those species or their habitat.

The National Park Service makes the determination of effect for the alternatives following 

guidance outlined in the 1998 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine Fisheries 

Service Endangered Species Act Consultation Handbook: Procedures for Conducting Section 7 

Consultations and Conference Activities. Although special status species include state listed and 

sensitive species, park sensitive species, and species with other federal (i.e., Bureau of Land 

Management or Forest Service sensitive), state, or local special status, in addition to species 

protected under the Endangered Species Act, impacts are determined following the same 

guidance. Potential effect determinations are as follows:

 No Effect: 



The project (or action) is located outside suitable habitat and there would be no 

disturbance or other direct, indirect, or cumulative impacts on the species. The action would 

not affect the listed species or its designated critical habitat (USFWS 1998).

May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect: 



The project (or action) occurs in suitable habitat 

or results in indirect impacts on the species, but the effect on the species is likely to be entirely 

beneficial, discountable, or insignificant. The action may pose effects on listed species or 

designated critical habitat but given circumstances or mitigation conditions, the effects may be 

discounted, insignificant, or completely beneficial. Insignificant effects would not result in take. 

Discountable effects are those extremely unlikely to occur. Based on best judgment, a person 

would not (1) be able to meaningfully measure, detect, or evaluate insignificant effects or (2) 

expect discountable effects to occur (USFWS 1998).

May Adversely Affect: 

The impact evaluation for special status wildlife species was based on the following: (1) the 

known or likely occurrence of a species or its preferred habitat in the vicinity of the project area; 

(2) the direct physical loss or gain, or modification of habitat; (3) the effective loss of habitat 

(through avoidance or abandonment) due to construction activity or noise, or the species’ 

sensitivity to human disturbance.

The project (or action) would have an adverse effect on a listed species 

as a direct, indirect, or cumulative result of the proposed action or its interrelated or 

interdependent actions and the effect is not discountable, insignificant, or beneficial (USFWS 

1998).

As noted in the affected environment section above, there are no special status plants evaluated 

for this project.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Special Status Species

3-42 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Current habitat disturbance from human activities at The Ahwahnee include noise, human 

presence, vehicle traffic, and artificial light. Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no 

new impacts on special status wildlife. Current levels of human use and vehicular disturbance 

would continue. Existing wildlife management activities to protect special status wildlife habitat 

and populations would continue.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no effect on special status wildlife 

habitat or populations.

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects which contributed to habitat disturbance within the project area include the 

construction, expansion, and continuous use of facilities in the project area beginning in the late 

1800s.

Other recent projects that have impacted special status wildlife within the project area include 

construction repairs conducted under the 2009 Interim Rockfall Parking Plan, and the 

rehabilitation or replacement of braking pads and asphalt roads under the Yosemite Valley Shuttle 

Bus Stop Improvements project. These actions would have resulted in negligible, adverse, impacts 

on special status wildlife due to short-term disturbance associated with construction, including 

noise, increased human presence, and use of heavy equipment. The area impacted may include 

foraging habitat for bird species.

Current or reasonably foreseeable projects that could beneficially impact special status species 

within the project area include the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Plan, the Invasive 

Plant Management Plan Update and the 2009 Fire Management Plan. These plans may have longterm, moderate, beneficial impacts by addressing resource protection and restoration issues, 

including; development (and/or removal) of facilities, management of user capacities, removal of 

nonnative vegetation, protection from catastrophic fire, and other specific management measures 

that may improve habitat quality.

Improvement projects that may adversely impact special status species within the project area 

include the Scenic Vista Management Plan which could include mechanical thinning and trimming 

of vegetation to restore views, the East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, the Ahwahnee 

Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Walkways and Fence project, and the Ahwahnee Dormitory 

Foundation Rehabilitation project, which may result in short-term disturbance associated with 

construction. These projects would result in negligible, short-term adverse impacts on special 

status wildlife. Overall, the cumulative actions in combination with the No Action 

Alternative could result in local, short-term to long-term, negligible adverse impacts and local, 

long-term, moderate beneficial impacts on special status species.

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

Analysis

Short-term adverse impacts on wildlife habitat and populations resulting from construction 

activity would include increased noise, increased human presence, heavy equipment use, and 

increased vehicle traffic. In addition to ongoing impacts resulting from normal hotel operations 

and visitor use, the impacts of construction activity would be expected to be minor.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Air Quality

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-43

Impacts on bat species, particularly from actions that would involve physical alterations to 

structures, would be minimized or avoided with the implementation of mitigation measures 

described in the wildlife section of Appendix E. These measures would include preconstruction 

surveys and limits on construction activities during critical breeding and nesting times. To avoid 

adverse impacts on maternal or hibernating bat colonies, construction would occur between the 

end of August and the end of October. If work must occur outside this time frame, the hotel, 

cottages, and dormitory would be checked for bat occupancy just prior to construction and the 

park wildlife biologist would be consulted.

In addition, the vicinity of The Ahwahnee includes foraging habitat for the special status bird and 

bat species. The impact of project implementation on these species would be from disturbance 

associated with increased human presence, construction equipment use, and increased vehicle 

traffic. Construction may occur over several seasons as actions under this plan would be 

conducted through phased implementation as funding becomes available. Tree removal resulting 

from improvements to the fire department access road to the cottages would occur outside of the 

nesting season (after August and before April) in order to avoid impacts on special status bird 

species.

In addition, implementation of standard wildlife mitigation measures in Appendix E, including 

presence/absence surveys before and during the breeding season, limiting construction activities 

to before dusk and after dawn, and standard construction mitigation measures to protect habitat, 

potential impacts on these species would be minimized or avoided.

Conclusion: The project would occur in suitable habitat for special status bird and bat species. 

The implementation of mitigation measures in Appendix E with a focus upon avoidance, limiting 

tree removal, limiting construction activities to outside of breeding seasons, limiting construction 

activities to daytime hours, conducting detailed surveys immediately before construction, and 

limiting areas of disturbance, would minimize impacts on these species. Therefore, Alternatives 1, 

2, and 3 may affect, but are not likely to adversely affect special status species.

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past projects, current approved actions, or reasonably foreseeable actions that may 

have a cumulative impact on the project area would be the same as provided under the No Action 

Alternative. In conjunction with these, Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 may affect, but are not likely to 

adversely affect special status species.

Air Quality

Affected Environment

Yosemite National Park is classified as a mandatory Class I area under the 1970 Clean Air Act, as 

amended (42 USC 7401 et seq.). This air quality classification was enacted to protect national 

parks and wilderness areas from air quality degradation. Class I designation gives federal land 

managers the responsibility for protecting air quality related values in Class I areas from the 

adverse effects of new or modified sources of emissions. Vegetation, visibility, water quality, 

wildlife, historic and prehistoric structures and objects, cultural landscapes, and most other 

elements of a park environment are sensitive to air pollution and are considered by the National 

Park Service to be air quality-related values.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Air Quality

3-44 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

The 1970 Clean Air Act also requires the EPA to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards 

and periodically reassess whether these standards are adequate to protect public health and the 

national welfare, including those resources and values associated with national parks and 

wilderness areas. The EPA has set national standards for six pollutants: ozone, carbon monoxide, 

nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and particulate matter larger than 2.5 and smaller than 10 

microns in diameter (PM-2.5 and PM-10). Under the 1988 California Clean Air Act, the California 

Air Resources Board (CARB) applied additional standards for air pollution control beyond those 

established by national standards. In general, the California ambient standards are more stringent, 

particularly for ozone and PM-10, than federal standards. 

The state of California is divided into air basins that are routinely monitored using both federal 

and state air quality standards. The Ahwahnee Hotel is located in Mariposa County, near the 

southern end of the Mountain Counties Air Basin. Currently, all of Mariposa County is a 

nonattainment area for the national and state 8-hour ozone standards and is in attainment or 

unclassified (meaning there are insufficient data to make determination) for other federal and 

state criteria pollutants (EPA 2010; CARB 2010). Activities that affect air quality in Mariposa 

County are regulated by the Mariposa County Air Pollution Control District, which is responsible 

for developing a state implementation plan for federal and state nonattainment pollutants.

Current county regulations for maximum discharges of fossil fuel steam generator facilities (new 

or expanded) are: 200 lbs/hour of sulfur dioxide (SO2), 140 lbs/hour of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 

and 10 lbs/hour of combustion contaminants (i.e., particulate matter).

Air pollutants can affect both human health and ecosystem health, but human exposure is most 

aggressively protected by federal and state law. From a human health perspective, air quality 

throughout Yosemite is generally good, with the exception of: 1) spatially localized nighttime 

smoke accumulation due to prescribed fires, wildland fires, and camp fires; and 2) regionally high 

ozone in the front-country during hot stagnant summer days when upslope winds bring ozone 

precursors (i.e., nitrogen oxides [NOx] and volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) into the park 

from urban sources west of the park. Asthmatics, people with cardiovascular problems, the 

elderly, children, and actively exercising individuals are the most vulnerable to these pollutants.

Less is known about ecological impacts of air pollutants in Yosemite, but damage to Jeffrey pine 

(Pinus jeffreyi), generally at elevations below 6,000 to 7,000 feet on the western slopes of the park, 

has been well documented for several decades.

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

A qualitative analysis of air quality was used to describe air emission impacts associated with 

demolition and removal activities. Pollutants resulting from the implementation of an alternative 

can impact air quality; however, air quality is a regional issue that is influenced by factors outside 

the immediate project area. This project is not expected to increase the number of nonconstruction vehicles in the project area. Therefore, non-construction vehicular emissions are not 

addressed in this analysis. 

Context: For the purposes of this analysis, local impacts would be those that occur within 

Yosemite National Park, and in particular Yosemite Valley. Regional impacts would be those 

related to the Mountain Counties Air Basin.

Duration: A short-term impact would be temporary in duration and would be associated with 

construction activity. A long-term impact would have an impact that would be detected after 

project implementation, such as changes in overall emissions from the project area.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Air Quality

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-45

Intensity: A negligible impact would have no measurable effect, a minor impact would have a 

slightly measurable effect, moderate impacts would be clearly detectable and appreciable effects, 

and major impacts would have highly measureable and substantial effects on existing air quality 

conditions. Both moderate and major impacts would be particularly measureable and noticeable 

to sensitive receptors.

Type: Beneficial air quality impacts would reduce emissions or lower air pollutant concentrations, 

while adverse impacts would increase emissions or raise pollutant concentrations.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Short-term impacts

There would be no construction-related impacts on air quality under this alternative.

Long-term impacts

The heating system at the hotel was upgraded in 1990, but has since exceeded its design life and is 

deteriorating. Estimates based upon the age of the heating system predict that the unit continues 

to meet current county emissions codes, although precise measurements would be required to 

confirm this.

A chilled water system air conditioning unit was added to the hotel in 1990 to provide cooling to 

guestrooms, the Dining Room, the Sweet Shop, and the Gift Shop. The cooling system uses a 

HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerant that is scheduled to be phased out by 2020.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no new short-term or long-term 

impacts on air quality. Existing equipment would remain in place and regular maintenance 

activities would continue.

Cumulative Impacts

Short-term adverse impacts on air quality could result from construction activities associated 

with some of the current and reasonably foreseeable actions planned or approved within the 

park. Particulate matter conditions in Yosemite Valley would be determined by both regional 

sources and local sources and could be beneficial or adverse.

Past actions in the project vicinity that may have impacted air quality include the Yosemite Valley 

Shuttle Stop Improvements, which may have included short-term, adverse impacts from 

construction activities and asphalt paving.

Current or reasonably foreseeable actions that may impact air quality in the project area include: 

the planned Parkwide Rehabilitation of Concessioner Operated Fireplaces, the Merced Wild and 

Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, the East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan,

the 2009 Fire Management Plan, and the Ahwahnee Dormitory Foundation Rehabilitation Project. 

Adverse impacts of construction activities associated with the seismic upgrades at the dormitory 

and utility upgrades would be localized and short-term in nature. Wildland and prescribed fires in 

the park, managed in accordance with the 2009 Fire Management Plan, could adversely impact 

local and regional air quality in the short-term. 

Long-term beneficial impacts on air quality would result from the rehabilitation of concessioneroperated fireplaces (from a reduction in particulate emissions) and the implementation of the 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Air Quality

3-46 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, which would include measures to 

guide the future protection and restoration of natural resources in the Valley.

In conjunction with adverse impacts associated with regional air quality influences, the No Action 

Alternative, in combination with cumulative projects would result in long-term, minor, beneficial

impacts on local and regional air quality. The local, short-term, adverse effects associated with 

construction activities would not offset the long-term beneficial impacts of cumulative projects.

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

Proposed actions that may impact air quality are generally the same for all action alternatives, 

with only minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together. 

Analysis

Short-term impacts. Air quality effects associated with construction activities would include

temporary engine and dust emissions from a variety of sources. These activities could generate 

substantial amounts of dust, including PM-10. Dust emissions would vary from day to day, 

depending on the level and type of activity and weather conditions. Emissions generated from 

construction activities would also include tailpipe emissions from heavy-duty equipment, worker 

commute trips, and truck trips to haul construction equipment and materials to and from the site. 

Both mobile and stationary equipment would generate emissions of ozone precursors, carbon 

monoxide, PM-2.5 (all criteria air pollutants) and toxic air contaminants from use of dieselpowered equipment. Toxic air contaminants are less pervasive in the atmosphere than criteria air 

pollutants, but they are linked to short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic or carcinogenic) 

adverse human health effects. Toxic air contaminants do not have corresponding ambient air 

quality standards.

Construction activities would occur at times when recreational users would be present in the 

area. Depending on the availability of funding, implementation of any of the action alternatives

would be expected to require several seasons of construction. The construction period could 

extend year-round; however, limiting the construction activities to periods of lower use (winter 

and early spring) would limit the exposure of sensitive receptors, such as children and the elderly, 

to tailpipe emissions and diesel particulates.

Long-term impacts. Under all action alternatives, the replacement of heating and cooling 

equipment with high-efficiency equipment that uses a non-HCFC refrigerant would be a 

beneficial impact on air quality. Improvements would be made to the ventilation systems 

throughout the hotel and cottages. New boilers would require county permits, and would not 

exceed the current regulations for emissions. Where feasible, new finish materials would include 

low VOC-content materials, which would improve the indoor air quality of the facility.

Overall emissions from hotel operations equipment are expected to be lower than existing 

conditions. If the diesel-fired boilers were replaced with propane-fired boilers, as proposed under 

Alternative 2, expected emissions may be lowered further. However, the lower BTU value of 

propane may require additional fuel and more frequent trips by tanker trucks to fill onsite tanks.

Conclusion: Implementation of Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would result in short-term, minor, adverse 

impacts on local air quality due to construction-related dust, equipment and vehicle emissions. 

Efficiency upgrades throughout the hotel and cottages for equipment and materials would result 

in a long-term, minor, beneficial impact on indoor, local, and regional air quality.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soundscapes 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-47

Cumulative Impacts

Short-term adverse impacts on air quality could result from construction activities associated 

with some of the current and reasonably foreseeable actions planned or approved within the 

park. With respect to particulate matter, conditions in Yosemite Valley would be determined by 

both regional sources and local sources and could be beneficial or adverse.

Past actions in the project vicinity that may have impacted air quality include the Yosemite Valley 

Shuttle Stop Improvements, which may have included short-term adverse impacts from 

construction activities and asphalt paving.

Current or reasonably foreseeable actions that may impact air quality in the project area include: 

population growth, the planned Parkwide Rehabilitation of Concessioner Operated Fireplaces, the 

Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, the East Yosemite Valley Utilities 

Improvement Plan, the 2009 Fire Management Plan, and the Ahwahnee Dormitory Foundation 

Rehabilitation Project. Adverse effects of construction activities associated with the seismic 

upgrades at the dormitory and utility upgrades would be localized and short-term in nature.

Wildland and prescribed fires in the park, managed in accordance with the 2009 Fire Management 

Plan, could adversely impact local and regional air quality in the short-term. 

Long-term beneficial impacts on air quality would result from the rehabilitation of concessioneroperated fireplaces (from a reduction in particulate emissions) and the implementation of the 

Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, which would include measures to 

guide the future protection and restoration of natural resources in the Valley.

Although cumulative growth in the region would tend to adversely affect air quality, 

implementation of ongoing state and federal mobile-source control programs would ameliorate 

this effect to a degree. In conjunction with adverse impacts associated with regional air quality 

influences, Alternatives 1, 2, and 3, in combination with cumulative projects would result in longterm, minor, beneficial impacts on local and regional air quality. The local, short-term, adverse 

effects associated with construction activities would not offset the long-term beneficial impacts of 

cumulative projects.

Soundscapes

Affected Environment

A soundscape refers to the total acoustic environment of an area. Both ambient and human 

generated sounds may be desirable and appropriate in a soundscape. By definition, “noise” is 

human-caused sound that is considered unpleasant and unwanted. Whether a sound is 

considered unpleasant depends on the individual listening to the sound and what the individual is 

doing when the sound is heard (e.g., working, playing, resting, or sleeping).

Protecting natural sounds is important both to the visitor experience and the ecological integrity 

of natural resources in Yosemite National Park. National parks provide visitors refuge from noise, 

where they can instead become attuned to the historic and natural character of the area. Natural 

soundscapes are also important to wildlife: birds use sound to define territories, attract mates, and 

even navigate dense forest canopies, while other animal species use sound to keep track of 

offspring, predators, and prey.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soundscapes 

3-48 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

National Park Service Standards and Regulations

NPS Management Policies 2006 directs parks to “preserve, to the greatest extent possible, the 

natural soundscapes of parks.” This includes restoring soundscapes to natural conditions if they 

have become degraded by unnatural sound (noise) and protecting natural soundscapes from 

unacceptable impacts. It is up to park managers to decide what constitutes acceptable impacts on 

natural soundscapes, recognizing that “frequencies, magnitudes, and durations of acceptable 

levels of unnatural sound will vary throughout a park, being generally greater in developed areas” 

(NPS 2006a).

The current interpretation of these soundscape policies is that the National Park Service must 

protect natural sound environments, but also address what might be appropriate levels of humangenerated sound in light of a why a park was established. For instance, some human sounds may 

be entirely appropriate for the purposes of interpretation and increased understanding of park 

resources. Examples include interpretive talks or American Indian traditional cultural use (NPS 

2010e).

Existing Sources of Sound

Natural sounds at The Ahwahnee result from sources such as birds, animals, the rush of water in 

creeks, the Merced River, waterfalls (particularly in spring and early summer), and wind in the 

trees. The frequency and intensity of human-caused sound in the project area varies with the 

season, and generally includes human voices, such as talking and yelling. Background noises 

include mechanical sources such as motor vehicles, transit buses, maintenance equipment, 

mechanical devices associated with building operations and grounds maintenance, and aircraft 

flying overhead. Motor vehicle and aircraft noise are present year-round.

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

The soundscapes impact assessment involves the identification and qualitative description of the 

types, characteristics, and sources of actions proposed under each alternative that could affect the 

ambient acoustic environment. For most sound sources, such characteristics would include the 

location and movement of the source, its operational features that produce sound, and how the 

sound would be distributed over time. The analysis of impacts on soundscapes is qualitative, with 

professional judgment applied to reach reasonable conclusions as to the context, duration, type, 

and intensity of impact, as discussed below.

Sound and noise levels are measured in units known as decibels (dB). For the purpose of this 

analysis, sound and noise levels are expressed in decibels on the “A” weighted scale (dBA). This 

scale most closely approximates the response characteristics of the human ear to low-level sound. 

Human hearing ranges from the threshold of hearing (0 dBA) to the threshold of pain (140 dBA). 

As a point of reference, a conversation between two people would typically measure about 60 

dBA. A noise level above 80 dBA can cause hearing loss if prolonged.

Context: The impact would be detectable only within the vicinity of the proposed action. Thus, 

the setting or area within which impacts are analyzed would be local.

Duration: The duration of the impact considers whether the impact would occur in the shortterm or the long-term. A short-term impact would be temporary in duration or transitory in 

effect, such as construction noise or noise from passing vehicles. A long-term impact would have 

a permanent impact on the ambient environment.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soundscapes 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-49

Intensity: A negligible impact indicates the change in sound levels would not be perceptible. A 

minor impact indicates the change in sound levels would be perceptible, but not likely to have a 

substantial annoyance effect on visitors or residents in the area. A moderate impact indicates the 

change in sound levels would be easily perceptible and likely to result in annoyance to some park 

visitors and residents. A major impact indicates the change in sound levels would be very 

perceptible and likely to annoy most park visitors and residents who experience it.

Type: Adverse impacts are those impacts that result in more noise and beneficial impacts are those 

impacts that result in less noise.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Noise generated by activities associated with regular operations at The Ahwahnee would 

continue to affect ambient sound in the vicinity of the project area. These noises include human 

voices primarily associated with overnight guests and visitors at The Ahwahnee hotel and 

grounds, as well as vehicle noise and noise from building operations and grounds maintenance. 

There would be greater amounts of noise affecting the project area in summer, when visitation to 

Yosemite Valley is at its highest, guest accommodations at The Ahwahnee are typically full, and 

the hotel is fully staffed. 

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, the project area would continue to be impacted by 

noise generated by regular operations and visitor use at The Ahwahnee. The No Action 

Alternative would result in no new impacts on soundscapes.

Cumulative Impacts

Short-term, adverse impacts on soundscapes could result from construction activities associated 

with some of the current and reasonably foreseeable actions planned or approved within the 

park. Nearby work that could contribute to noise includes work associated with the East Yosemite 

Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, the Ahwahnee Dormitory Foundation Rehabilitation Project, and 

potential future actions associated with the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive 

Management Plan. Vegetation management in accordance with the Invasive Plant Management 

Plan, the Scenic Vista Management Plan, and the 2009 Fire Management Plan could adversely 

impact the ambient noise environment. The adverse impacts of these activities would be localized 

and short-term in nature. In conjunction with the No Action Alternative, these projects would 

have a local, short-term, minor, adverse impact on soundscapes.

Past projects at and in the vicinity of The Ahwahnee would not have a cumulative impact project 

alternatives, because their impacts on soundscapes were temporary in nature and have ended.

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

Proposed actions that may impact soundscapes are generally the same for all action alternatives, 

with only minor exceptions. Therefore, the action alternatives are analyzed together.

Analysis

Impacts on soundscapes under all action alternatives would be limited to short-term impacts 

from construction activities. Because the proposed actions would not result in changes to levels of 

visitation at the park, a substantial change in the number of accommodations, employee staffing, 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Soundscapes 

3-50 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

or changes to the basic operations of the hotel, there would be no long-term impact on 

soundscapes resulting from implementation of any of the action alternatives. 

Depending on funding availability, construction periods could last for several seasons. The type 

of noise generated during each construction period would include the operation of heavy 

equipment, voices of workers, handheld manual and power tools (e.g., hammers, drills, and saws), 

noise associated with material haul vehicles, and noise associated with equipment used for 

excavation. Typical noise levels for equipment likely to be used during construction activities 

would range from 74 to 89 dBA at a distance of 50 feet. These noise levels are expected to be 

substantially higher than the existing ambient noise at The Ahwahnee, with some equipment 

potentially doubling the noise levels.

Heavy equipment use during excavation activities could generate substantial amounts of noise 

that would affect wildlife, onsite staff, guests, and nearby recreational users, particularly if 

construction takes place while The Ahwahnee is occupied and open for day use. Noise impacts 

outside of the hotel would vary depending upon a number of factors including the number and 

types of equipment in operation on a given day, usage rates, the level of background noise in the 

area, and the distance between receptors and construction activities. Disturbance of visitors and 

employees could be mitigated to some degree by scheduling high activity during periods of low 

use (e.g., late fall or late winter) and restricting construction hours to daytime periods when 

guests are least likely to be sleeping. In addition, scheduling construction activities outside of 

breeding seasons would reduce potential impacts on wildlife species (see Appendix E: Mitigation 

Measures).

Conclusion: Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would result in short-term elevated levels of noise in the 

project area due to construction activities. This would potentially affect guests, onsite staff, and 

nearby recreational users; however, the number of people impacted would be lower if 

construction was scheduled during periods of low occupancy, low visitation, or during a hotel 

closure. In addition, wildlife may be impacted by noise generated during construction. Impacts on 

wildlife would be mitigated by scheduling construction activities outside of breeding seasons. 

Overall, Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 would result in a local, short-term, moderate, adverse impact on 

soundscapes.

Cumulative Impacts

Short-term, adverse impacts on soundscapes could result from construction activities associated 

with some of the current and reasonably foreseeable actions planned or approved within the 

park. Nearby work that could contribute to noise includes work associated with the East Yosemite 

Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, the Ahwahnee Dormitory Foundation Rehabilitation Project, and 

potential future actions associated with the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive 

Management Plan. Vegetation management in accordance with the Invasive Plant Management 

Plan, the Scenic Vista Management Plan, and the 2009 Fire Management Plan could adversely 

impact the ambient noise environment. The adverse impacts of these activities would be localized 

and short-term in nature. In conjunction with Alternatives 1, 2, or 3, these projects would have a 

local, short-term, moderate, adverse impact on soundscapes.

Past projects at and in the vicinity of The Ahwahnee would not have a cumulative impact project 

alternatives, because their impacts on soundscapes were temporary in nature and have ended.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Visitor Experience and Services

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-51

Sociocultural Resources

Visitor Experience and Services

Affected Environment

National Park Service stewardship of a National Historic Landmark requires the consideration of 

two integrated purposes: (1) preserving a unique cultural resource and (2) continuing to make this 

resource available to visitors for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.

Overnight Accommodations at The Ahwahnee Hotel

The Ahwahnee hotel includes 99 guestrooms at varying levels of amenities. Each guestroom is 

accented with original designs; guests are assigned traditional keys for room access. Throughout 

the upper floors of the hotel there are 12 “featured” suites, most with private balconies; these 

rooms include the Presidential Suite, the Third Floor Suite, the El Dorado Diggins Suite, the Mary 

Curry Tresidder Suite, the Underwood/Tressider Suite, and a Sunroom Suite. There are also 12 

“classic” rooms located throughout the hotel. These rooms include slightly fewer amenities than 

the suites, but are still finely furnished and decorated and include sweeping views of the hotel 

grounds and spectacular scenery. There are 75 “standard” rooms with views of Half Dome, 

Yosemite Falls, or Glacier Point. Four rooms include a sitting room (parlor) that adjoins the hotel 

room. Each of these Ahwahnee parlors has its own unique décor.

The Ahwahnee cottages offer 24 rooms available to overnight guests. The buildings are singlestory, wood-framed structures located on the southeastern edge of the hotel grounds. The 

cottages are accessible by pathways providing a connection to the hotel. Pedestrian paths include 

both asphalt paths and unpaved paths. The main asphalt path provides access to the cottages; 

there are two “spine” paths that link to individual cottages; and smaller asphalt paths connect to 

the cottage terraces.

Day Use Opportunities at The Ahwahnee Hotel

The Ahwahnee hotel was originally designed to attract overnight guests. However, today many 

visitors to Yosemite National Park make The Ahwahnee hotel a day use destination. Much of the 

hotel is open to the public, including the main floor lounges and Solarium. The expansive public 

rooms have outstanding displays of artwork, stencils, murals, tapestries and rugs, furniture, and 

fixtures for visitors to enjoy.

Upon arriving at the hotel, visitors and guests pass through the protected Porte Cochere and 

along an open, timber-framed entry gallery to the Registration Lobby. Guests arriving by bus are 

dropped off outside the Porte Cochere because modern buses are too tall to fit under the 

structure. Passenger luggage is unloaded and buses back out of the dropoff area and continue 

elsewhere to find parking. There are six accessible parking spaces set aside for guests visiting the 

hotel. The ADA-ABA spaces are located near the Porte Cochere, east of the reflecting pond 

(Figure 2-1).

Entering the building, the Registration Lobby provides comfortable seating areas. The 

Registration Lobby is typically very busy, with a steady stream of guests and visitors flowing 

through the area or registering for rooms. The Ahwahnee Bar is located off of the Registration 
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3-52 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Lobby to the east, and provides a relaxed setting for drinks or a light meal. There are two retail 

stores located off the lobby, the Sweet Shop and the Gift Shop.

The Elevator Lobby is at the center of the first floor and is therefore the primary circulation 

space. The main area is rectangular with two hallways extending to the Great Lounge and a 

hallway connecting to the Dining Room. A large fireplace is centered on the south wall; a seating 

area is located in the center of the lobby. Stencils, textiles, and artwork add composure to the 

ambiance of this busy area.

Off of the Elevator Lobby, the Great Lounge is the largest space in the South Wing. This room is 

vast, with proportions of 80 feet long by 50 feet wide and 30 feet tall. Everything in the room is 

oversized; huge iron chandeliers hang from the ceilings, and several enormous tables and large 

pieces of furniture anchor the space. The floor is wood and partially covered by rugs. A large 

stone fireplace is centered on the north side of the room. Comfortable, well-lit seating areas are 

located throughout the room for visitors and guests to relax and enjoy views out the near full 

height windows. The windows are topped with original, hand-stained glass panels. The ceiling 

beams are covered with decorative stenciling, which add to the warmth and comfortable 

ambiance of the room. Multiple sets of large, multipane double doors swinging to outside patios 

are on either side of the Great Lounge.

The Under Lounge (or South Lounge) is the single-story area at the south end of the Great 

Lounge that is dominated by a large stone fireplace on its south wall. The Winter Club Room, 

Mural Room, and Solarium are located off of this area on the ground floor. The Winter Club 

Room is a comfortable sitting room with floor to ceiling display cases, a winter sports theme, 

vintage photographs, and large windows. The Mural Room has a spectacular mural of Yosemite ́s 

flora and fauna on the north wall. A copper-hooded fireplace and French doors looking out on 

the landscaped grounds make it a quiet place to read, write, or entertain a small group. The 

Solarium offers natural light from windows on three sides and a view of Glacier Point. Access to 

the wedding lawn from this area is by an uneven flagstone and unpaved path.

The Dining Room is off of the Elevator Lobby on the ground floor. This cavernous room is two 

stories high with open-sloped ceilings exposing the log wood truss structure. Each end of the 

room is supported by four large granite-faced columns. Another pair of columns supports the 

roof of the alcove off the west end of the Dining Room. The south wall is filled with large picture 

windows with doors on either side of each window. Walls and ceiling have decorative stencils. 

The concrete floor is stained in an elaborate pattern with red, green, tan, and brown stains. The 

Dining Room offers service for breakfast, lunch, Sunday brunch, and dinner.

There are three public restrooms available to visitors at The Ahwahnee hotel. The men’s room is 

on the ground floor, the women’s room is on the first floor, and a unisex family room is located 

on the first floor. Fixture counts in the women’s restroom include four toilets and four sinks. The 

men’s room has four toilets, three urinals, and three sinks. An accessible toilet compartment is 

provided in each of the women’s and the men’s restrooms. A unisex restroom is provided 

adjacent to the women’s restroom.

Fire and Life-Safety

Fire suppression sprinklers, detectors, alarms, smoke curtains, new fire department connections, 

and secondary egress from the fifth and sixth floors of the hotel were installed in 2010-2011. Even 

with these upgrades to the sprinkler, detection, and alarm systems, The Ahwahnee hotel and 

associated buildings are not fully compliant with current fire and life-safety systems codes. In 

particular, emergency egress from floors above ground level, interior emergency signage, fire wall 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Visitor Experience and Services

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-53

separations, open shafts and laundry chutes between floors, expedient firefighter and emergency 

access to rooms, detectors and alarms at the cottages and dormitory, and fire engine access 

around the exterior of the building and to the cottages are insufficient.

At the second floor of the East Wing, the noncompliant egress stair to the first floor is narrow, 

steep, and unenclosed, and the exterior stair to ground level has open risers. The third and fourth 

floors also use this route for egress. This path of egress is not well marked, potentially causing 

confusion for those exiting the building.

Due to inadequate means of egress, public use of the South Mezzanine meeting rooms was 

recently revoked in accordance with the recommendation of the Yosemite National Park Fire 

Marshal. Nonpublic, business-only occupancy of two of the South Mezzanine meeting rooms 

(Tudor Lounge and Colonial Room) is now limited to 30. All use of the Tresidder Room has been 

suspended.

There currently are no code-required interior fire separations in the hotel between the Dining 

Room and Kitchen; between the Dining Room and North Mezzanine and Elevator Lobby; or in 

the elevator, laundry, and mechanical shafts. Without these separations, smoke and flames could 

spread between floors and throughout the hotel in the event of a fire.

The current door lock system for guest and supply rooms in the hotel was recently upgraded, but 

is still not a uniform, integrated system. Supply closets and mechanical rooms are separately 

keyed. In an emergency, firefighters would have difficultly accessing all rooms in a timely manner 

to ensure evacuated rooms and access spaces.

Seismic and Structural Stability

Based on a seismic evaluation of The Ahwahnee (Degenkolb Engineers 2010), there are some 

inherent qualities of the hotel and cottages that might present safety hazards to visitors and 

employees in the event of a BSE-1 (500-year) or BSE-2 (2,500-year) earthquake (see the

‘Geohazards’ analysis, above). Potential safety hazards would include falling stones from the 

granite veneer above the entrance to the Dining Room and from stone columns at the west end of 

the Dining Room, and shattering of the large bay windows in the Dining Room and Solarium. 

Other hazards to visitor and employee safety in a 500-year event would include chimneys toppling 

from the main hotel or the cottages, stones detaching from the exterior granite veneer and 

potentially falling onto egress paths, and failure of the two-story gypsum block walls in the Great 

Lounge.

Accessibility

As noted above under ‘Fire and Life-Safety,’ the South Mezzanine meeting rooms can only be 

accessed by a single stairway. Use of the three meeting rooms at the South Mezzanine is limited to 

nonpublic, business-only occupancy of up to 30 employees in the Tudor Lounge and Colonial 

Room. Employee access to these meeting rooms does not comply with ADA-ABA requirements.

There are currently three accessible guestrooms in the hotel and two accessible guestrooms at the 

cottages. These rooms do not have the clearances available in a modern facility; however, they 

meet the spirit and intent of the law and have been approved by the authorities having 

jurisdiction. The accessible guestroom count is two fewer than required under ADA-ABA 

guidelines. In addition, the hotel does not currently have an accessible suite or room with a 

balcony available.
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3-54 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

The main front door to the hotel is heavy and does not have an automatic door opener. Exit doors 

from the Great Lounge have tall jambs, and the concrete paths leading from the doors are 

cracked, impeding their use by the mobility-impaired.

The public restrooms available at The Ahwahnee hotel were originally designed to support guests 

staying at the hotel. Over the years, day use of the facility has become very popular, and fixture 

counts are low by today’s standards. Accessible facilities are available, although not at the number 

that would be available in a modern facility. An accessible toilet compartment is provided in the 

men’s room on the ground floor and in the women’s room on the North Mezzanine. A unisex 

restroom with accessible fixtures is provided adjacent to the women’s restroom, although 

clearances do not fully meet ADA-ABA standards for wheelchairs.

The existing Registration Lobby area is not set up to provide ADA-ABA-compliant low areas for 

registration transactions. Concierge and registration personnel meet guests with disabilities in the 

main area. Wheelchair access through the ground floor thresholds is difficult.

Parking lot configuration, number and size of parking spaces, and path of travel to the hotel from 

the parking area are not currently sufficient to meet ADA-ABA requirements. A 2009 rockfall 

resulted in the removal of 41 parking spaces from service due to safety concerns; several of these 

spaces were ADA-ABA accessible. Their removal has resulted in an overall shortfall in ADA-ABAaccessible parking for The Ahwahnee hotel.

The main path of travel to the cottages is paved and accessible; other paths in the cottage area are 

uneven. The path of travel to the wedding lawn from the hotel is an uneven flagstone surface that 

is not accessible.

Heating/Cooling

Guestrooms in the hotel are heated and cooled with a four-pipe system carrying hot and/or cold 

water. Guestroom ventilation in its current configuration does not function in the manner it was 

designed to perform. Originally, the hotel guestrooms had operable transom windows above the 

interior guest doors and operable outside windows. Fans exhausted the guestroom corridors and 

helped draw air through the rooms, thus providing natural ventilation. The original interior 

transom windows have been permanently closed for fire safety precautions, leaving guestrooms 

with only outside windows and no cross ventilation to assist in summer cooling.

The cottages have temporary air conditioning units installed and are minimally heated with small 

electric resistance heaters.

Environmental Consequences – Methodology

This analysis evaluates the quality of visitor experiences in terms of how they might be altered as a 

result of the action alternatives. Professional judgment was applied to reach reasonable 

conclusions as to the context, intensity, and duration of potential impacts.

The analysis of the type of impact was based on whether there would be a complete loss or change 

in access to or availability of a recreation opportunity, a change in the type or amount of visitor 

services available, a change in code compliance that would affect visitor experience, a change in 

the quality of visitor experience or recreational opportunities, or a change in safety.

Context: For the purposes of this analysis, only local impacts are considered. This includes 

impacts specific to visitor experience in The Ahwahnee hotel area.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Visitor Experience and Services

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-55

Duration: In terms of duration, short-term impacts on the visitor experience would be those 

impacts that occur during implementation (i.e., construction). Long-term impacts would have a 

permanent effect on the visitor experience. 

Intensity: In terms of intensity, impacts are defined as negligible, minor, moderate, and major. 

Negligible impacts are effects considered not detectable and would result in little noticeable 

change in visitor experience. Minor impacts would result in changes in desired experiences, but 

without appreciably limiting or enhancing the overall effect. Moderate impacts would be clearly 

detectable and could change the desired experience appreciably. Major impacts would eliminate 

or greatly enhance characteristics, thereby creating a substantial, highly noticeable influence. 

Type: In terms of type, impacts were evaluated in terms of whether they would be beneficial or 

adverse on visitor participation, quality of visitor experience, or service level.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

The Ahwahnee hotel and associated structures would remain in their existing conditions with no 

comprehensive plan for future facility rehabilitation. Periodic maintenance of the public areas 

and guestrooms would continue, finishes in public areas would continue to deteriorate over time, 

and nonhistoric additions and windows would remain.

In the event of an emergency evacuation, egress routes would remain inadequate and access to all 

hotel spaces by emergency personnel during an evacuation would remain difficult due to varied 

key systems. Unsealed ventilation and mechanical shafts and laundry chutes would contribute to 

the potential spread of smoke and fire throughout the building in the event of fire. Threats to 

visitor safety in a seismic event from building elements such as stone veneers, unbraced walls, 

chimneys, and large bay windows on the ground floor would remain. Ventilation at hotel 

guestrooms would remain inadequate during the summer, and temporary air conditioning would 

remain at the cottages.

Accessibility would remain difficult in some areas of the hotel, and some public areas would 

remain inaccessible. The single means of egress from the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would 

remain noncompliant with ADA-ABA requirements. The ground floor exterior door thresholds 

would remain difficult to negotiate. The concierge and registration desks would remain in an 

inaccessible configuration. The number of accessible rooms and room types would remain 

noncompliant with ADA-ABA requirements. Accessible parking would remain inadequate, and 

the path to the wedding lawn from the hotel would remain noncompliant with ADA-ABA 

requirements.

Public restroom fixture counts would remain inadequate, particularly for women, and hotel 

visitation would continue to result in restroom queues at the dining hours. The distance to public 

restrooms from the main hotel entrance would continue to pose challenges for some visitors.

Conclusion: Visitor experience, services, and safety would generally remain in their current 

condition. Emergency egress at the hotel would remain noncompliant with fire/life-safety codes 

and standards. The meeting rooms at the South Mezzanine would remain closed to public use. 

The potential for injury to building occupants during a seismic event from falling hazards would 

remain. Accessibility would remain difficult in some areas of the hotel, and some public areas of 

the hotel would remain inaccessible. The number of ADA-ABA-compliant guestrooms and 

parking spaces would remain inadequate. Bathroom fixture counts would remain insufficient for 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Visitor Experience and Services

3-56 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

the facility. Guestroom air conditioning and ventilation would remain ineffective and 

uncomfortable during the summer. Historically incompatible aluminum windows would remain 

in guestrooms. Historic finishes and fabric would continue to deteriorate with no comprehensive 

plan for their rehabilitation.

Overall, the No Action Alternative would result in a local, long-term, moderate, adverse effect on 

visitor experience resulting from safety hazards, limited accessibility, insufficient ventilation, and 

deterioration of historic finishes.

Cumulative Impacts

Recently completed projects improved visitor experience and services through repairs and 

rehabilitation to existing facilities. Projects evaluated in conjunction with the No Action 

Alternative include the following: The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project,

Provide Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board 

Installation Project, The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel 

Interior Decoration Projects, The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and 

Fence Project, and Recondition Pool Project. 

Current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions, projects, and plans that would have a 

cumulative impact on visitor experience at The Ahwahnee hotel include the East Yosemite Valley 

Utilities Improvement Plan, which provides for utility needs of the aging, inadequate, and 

inaccessible utility infrastructure within the park, and the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

Comprehensive Management Plan, which addresses development (and/or removal) of facilities, 

user capacities, and specific management measures to protect and enhance the river's 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with the No Action Alternative, 

would result in a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on visitor experience, services, and 

safety at The Ahwahnee. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

Analysis

Proposed egress improvements at the East Wing would increase the likelihood that building 

occupants would be able to safely evacuate in the event of an emergency. Four standard 

guestrooms would be lost on the mezzanine level due to emergency egress improvements at the 

East Wing. Two guestrooms would be permanently lost; the remaining space would be redefined 

as two accessible suites, thus reducing the total room count to 121. The South Mezzanine would 

remain closed to all public use; visitors would not be able to explore the area and view the 

Solarium and Great Lounge from above or use the space for private meetings and events.

Fire/ life-safety improvements to the ventilation systems, linen chutes, and exhaust shafts would 

slow the spread of smoke and fire in an emergency. Automatic sprinkler protection, a fire alarm 

system, and carbon monoxide detection system in the cottages would provide a reliable means of 

notifying guests during a smoke or carbon monoxide condition. Improvements to the master key 

system would facilitate evacuation in an emergency. The proposed seismic improvements would 

decrease the potential for injury to occupants from falling hazards.

In addition to seismic improvements proposed in all action alternatives, implementation of 

Alternative 1 would include bracing the Dining Room in the north-south direction, reinforcing 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Visitor Experience and Services

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-57

stone chimneys at the hotel, and pinning the exterior granite veneer above egress points. The 

proposed seismic improvements would decrease the potential for injury to occupants from falling 

hazards. 

Proposed accessibility improvements at ground floor entrances/exits, the service elevator, the 

Registration Lobby, the event and facility manager offices, and along exterior pathways to the 

wedding lawn and cottages would bring the hotel further into compliance with ADA-ABA 

requirements. Two new accessible guestroom suites, one with an accessible balcony, would be 

added at the mezzanine level in the East Wing, increasing the total number of accessible rooms to 

seven. Increasing the total number of accessible parking spaces to seven and providing accessible 

paths of travel from the parking lot to the hotel would also be compliant with ADA-ABA 

requirements.

New bathroom facilities on the ground floor would include a unisex restroom, and on the 

mezzanine the women's restroom would be expanded to increase the fixture count. 

The Ahwahnee Bar would be reconfigured. The Ahwahnee Bar back bar and food preparation 

area would be moved to the north end of the space, and glazing would be added to the east wall, 

replacing incompatible, nonhistoric additions. These actions would enhance the visitor’s sense of 

arrival at the main entrance to the hotel. Operational improvements at the Ahwahnee Bar would 

improve visitor service. 

Throughout the building, historic features with ‘poor’ condition ratings (see Appendix C) would 

be rehabilitated or stabilized; historic features of Very Significant and Significant spaces in ‘fair’ 

condition would be rehabilitated or preserved. The proposed work would help preserve the 

National Historic Landmark for present visitors and future generations. 

The heating system and cooling systems at the hotel and cottages would be replaced. The 

emergency generator would be replaced, and critical electrical upgrades completed. Aluminum 

guestroom windows at the hotel would be replaced with historically compatible wood-framed, 

double-paned casement windows with insulated, low-emissivity (low-e) glass. These actions 

would make indoor spaces, including guestrooms, more comfortable in temperature extremes 

and during power outages.

Conclusion: Proposed fire/life-safety and seismic stability improvements under Alternative 1 

would result in long-term beneficial impacts on visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of two 

standard guestrooms would slightly affect room availability. Accessibility improvements, 

rehabilitation of historic features, increased restroom fixture counts, and improved heating and 

cooling systems would enhance the visitor experience at the facility. Reconfiguration of the 

Ahwahnee Bar would improve visitor services through operational upgrades. The addition of 

glazing to the bar’s east wall would enhance the sense of arrival at the main entrance to the hotel. 

Upgrades to building systems would maintain the level of service for day visitors and overnight 

guests. Overall, improvements proposed with Alternative 1 would result in a local, long-term, 

minor to moderate, beneficial impact on visitor experience, services, and safety.

Cumulative Impacts

Recently completed projects improved visitor experience, safety, and services through repairs, 

conformance with fire/life-safety codes, and rehabilitation to existing facilities. These projects 

included The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project, the Provide Secondary Egress 

from 5th and 6th Floors Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project, 

The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decoration 
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3-58 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Projects, The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence Project, and the

Recondition Pool Project. 

Current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions, projects, and plans that would have a 

cumulative effect on visitor experience at The Ahwahnee hotel include the East Yosemite Valley 

Utilities Improvement Plan, which provides for utility needs of the aging, inadequate, and 

inaccessible utility infrastructure within the park, and the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

Comprehensive Management Plan, which addresses development (and/or removal) of facilities, 

user capacities, and specific management measures to protect and enhance the river's 

outstandingly remarkable values.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with the Alternative 1, would 

result in a local, long-term, moderate, beneficial impact on visitor experience, services, and safety.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

Analysis

Proposed egress improvements at the East Wing and South Mezzanine with Alternative 2 would 

increase the likelihood that building occupants would be able to safely evacuate in the event of an 

emergency. One standard guestroom would be lost and one standard guestroom would be 

converted to an accessible suite due to the egress improvements at the East Wing, thus reducing 

the total room count to 122. The new exterior egress at the Tresidder Room would allow full 

public use of the South Mezzanine to resume.

Fire/life-safety improvements to the ventilation systems, linen chutes, and exhaust shafts would 

slow the spread of smoke and fire in an emergency. Improvements to the master key system 

would facilitate evacuation in an emergency. Automatic sprinkler protection, a fire alarm system, 

and carbon monoxide detection system in the cottages would provide a reliable means of 

notifying guests during a smoke or carbon monoxide condition.

In addition to seismic improvements proposed in all action alternatives, implementation of 

Alternative 2 would include pinning of all exterior granite veneers; reinforcing walls in the 

Solarium and Elevator Lounge; bracing all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing equipment; and 

providing structural bracing improvements to the Porte Cochere and Entry Gallery. The 

proposed seismic improvements would decrease the potential for injury to occupants from falling 

hazards.

Proposed accessibility improvements at ground floor entrances/exits, the service elevator, at the 

check-in and concierge desk, and at the event and facility manager offices, along exterior 

pathways to the wedding lawn and cottages, and the addition of a limited use/limited access 

elevator to access the South Mezzanine would bring the hotel further into compliance with ADAABA requirements. The addition of two new accessible guestrooms, including a guestroom suite 

with an accessible balcony on the mezzanine level of the East Wing and a standard guestroom on 

the fourth floor, would increase the number of accessible guestrooms to seven.

Bathroom facilities on the ground floor would include a new accessible women’s restroom and a 

reconfigured men’s restroom to increase fixture count. The Ahwahnee Bar would be remodeled, 

and incompatible, nonhistoric additions on the north and east side would be replaced with more 

sensitive design solutions, including a new wood-framed glass wall. These improvements would 

enhance the visitor’s sense of arrival at the main entrance to the hotel, and would also enhance 

visitor service through operational improvements behind the bar. 
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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-59

Throughout the building, features with ‘poor’ condition ratings would be rehabilitated or 

stabilized; Very Significant and Significant spaces in ‘fair’ condition would be rehabilitated or 

preserved. All non-maintenance treatment recommendations for historic fabric and features, as 

specified in the Historic Structures Report (ARG 2011), would be implemented in Contributing 

and Historic Utilitarian spaces (see Appendix C). The proposed work would help preserve the 

National Historic Landmark for present visitors and future generations.

With implementation of Alternative 2, the heating system and cooling systems at the hotel and 

cottages would be replaced; additional air conditioning would be provided in public indoor 

spaces, including the South Wing; and guestroom ventilation would be improved. The emergency 

generator would be replaced, and critical electrical upgrades completed. Aluminum guestroom 

windows at the hotel would be replaced with historically compatible wood-framed, doublepaned casement windows that have insulated, low-emissivity (low-e) glass. These actions would 

make indoor spaces, including guestrooms, more comfortable in temperature extremes and 

during power outages.

Conclusion: Proposed fire/life-safety and seismic improvements under Alternative 2 would result 

in long-term, beneficial impacts on visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of one standard 

guestroom would have a negligible impact on room availability. Re-established public access to 

the South Mezzanine, accessibility improvements, rehabilitation of historic features, increased 

fixture counts in the restrooms, and improved and expanded heating and cooling systems would 

enhance the visitor experience throughout the facility. The remodeled Ahwahnee Bar would 

improve visitor services through operational upgrades behind the bar. The addition of woodframed glass at the north wall would enhance the visitor’s sense of arrive at the main entrance to 

the hotel. Overall, improvements proposed under Alternative 2 would result in a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact on visitor experience, services, and safety.

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impact of Alternative 2 would be the same as under Alternative 1.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 

Analysis

Proposed egress improvements at the East Wing under Alternative 3 would increase the 

likelihood that building occupants would be able to safely evacuate in the event of an emergency. 

Four standard guestrooms would be lost on the mezzanine level due to emergency egress 

improvements at the East Wing. Two guestrooms would be permanently lost; the remaining space 

would be redefined as two accessible suites, thereby reducing the total room count to 121. The 

new exterior exit at the Tresidder Room would allow public use of the South Mezzanine to 

resume.

Fire /life-safety improvements to the ventilation systems, linen chutes, and exhaust shafts would 

slow the spread of smoke and fire in an emergency. Improvements to the master key system 

would facilitate evacuation in an emergency. Automatic sprinkler protection, a fire alarm system, 

and carbon monoxide detection system in the cottages would provide a reliable means of 

notifying guests during a smoke or carbon monoxide condition.

In addition to seismic improvements proposed in all action alternatives, implementation of 

Alternative 3 would include providing structural bracing improvements to the Porte Cochere and 
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3-60 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Entry Gallery. The proposed seismic improvements would decrease the potential for injury to 

occupants from falling hazards.

Proposed accessibility improvements at ground floor entrances/exits, the service elevator, the 

check-in and concierge desk, the event and facility manager offices, and the addition of a limited 

use/limited access elevator to access the South Mezzanine would bring the hotel further into 

compliance with ADA-ABA requirements. Two new accessible guestroom suites, one with an 

accessible balcony, would be added at the mezzanine level in the East Wing, thus increasing the 

total number of accessible rooms to seven.

The men’s public restroom on the ground floor and the women’s public restroom on the 

mezzanine level would be expanded, and the numbers of fixtures would be increased. These 

additional fixtures would reduce lines for the facilities, particularly during dining hours. A new, 

escorted-access-only, unisex accessible restroom would be provided within the footprint of the 

maintenance building.

The Ahwahnee Bar would be remodeled, and incompatible, nonhistoric additions on the north 

and east sides would be replaced with more sensitive design solutions, including a new woodframed glass wall. The improvements would enhance the visitor’s sense of arrival at the main 

entrance to the hotel, and also would enhance visitor service through operational improvements 

behind the bar.

Throughout the building, historic features with ‘poor’ condition ratings would be rehabilitated or 

stabilized. Historic fabric and features in Very Significant and Significant spaces in ‘fair’ condition 

would be rehabilitated or preserved, and rehabilitation work associated with the proposed 

actions would help preserve the integrity of the National Historic Landmark and continue to 

make the facility available to visitors of today and future generations.

The heating system and cooling systems at the hotel and cottages would be replaced, but no 

additional air conditioning would be provided. The emergency generator would be replaced and 

critical electrical upgrades completed. Aluminum guestroom windows at the hotel would be 

replaced with historically compatible wood-framed, double-paned, insulated, low-emissivity 

(low-e) glass casement windows. These actions would make indoor spaces more comfortable in 

temperature extremes and during power outages.

Conclusion: Proposed fire life-safety and seismic improvements under Alternative 3 would result 

in long-term beneficial impacts on visitor safety at The Ahwahnee. The loss of two standard 

guestrooms would slightly affect room availability. Restored public access to the South 

Mezzanine, accessibility improvements, rehabilitation of historic features, increased restroom 

fixture counts, and improved heating and cooling systems would enhance the visitor experience 

at the facility. The remodeled Ahwahnee Bar would improve visitor service through operational 

upgrades behind the bar. The addition of wood-framed glass would enhance the sense of arrival 

at the main entrance to the hotel. Overall, improvements proposed in Alternative 3 would result 

in a long-term, moderate, beneficial impact on visitor experience, services and safety.

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impact of Alternative 3 would be the same as under Alternative 1.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-61

Facility Operations and Infrastructure

Affected Environment

The Ahwahnee hotel is a year-round, concessioner-operated, luxury hotel and day-use 

destination in Yosemite Valley. The facility provides services for overnight guests and day-use 

visitors that include dining, meeting facilities, retail outlets, private rooms, special events, and 

areas to relax or congregate. Operations at The Ahwahnee hotel can be categorized as either NPS 

or concessioner functions.

National Park Service

In general, the National Park Service is responsible for maintaining the infrastructure outside the 

building (i.e., water lines, wastewater disposal, storm water management, electrical service, and 

roads), and providing visitor interpretation, protection, and emergency services. The National 

Park Service does not maintain a physical or operational presence at The Ahwahnee hotel. NPS 

operations are based from either outside the park in El Portal or elsewhere in Yosemite Valley.

Concessioner

The concessioner is responsible for operating the facility as both a luxury hotel for guests and a 

day use destination for park visitors. The concessioner operates the hotel as an AAA®-rated, fourdiamond hotel with dining, seasonal special events, wedding facilities, overnight 

accommodations, interpretive services, and retail outlets. The concessioner is responsible for 

maintaining the exterior and interior of the building, including seasonal repairs to roofing, 

balconies, and the exterior of the building. The concessioner is also responsible for maintaining 

entrance roads, parking areas, walkways, and grounds. Interior upkeep of all spaces, including 

painting and the maintenance and repair of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems, are 

ongoing.

Fire and Life-Safety

Recent fire and life-safety upgrades at the hotel include secondary egress from the 5th and 6th 

floors and installation of fire sprinklers, detectors, and alarm systems throughout the hotel, as 

well as smoke curtains and fire department connections. Fire alarm and sprinkler systems are 

regularly tested and maintained by the concessioner. Several unresolved fire and life-safety issues 

remain.

At the recommendation of the Yosemite National Park fire marshal, the South Mezzanine 

meeting rooms were closed to public use in March 2011 due to inadequate emergency egress. 

Currently, business use by either concessioner or park staff only (up to a maximum occupancy of 

30 people in the Colonial Room and Tudor Room) is allowed. All uses of the Tresidder Room 

have been suspended by the fire marshal. Hotel staff carry food, beverages, and meeting 

equipment up and down the single staircase to service these rooms.

The existing East Wing secondary egress from the second floor to the first floor (mezzanine) is via 

a narrow, non-compliant, exterior spiral staircase. At the mezzanine level this egress route 

connects to an exterior stair to ground level at the east and south side of the Ahwahnee Bar.

Fire code-compliant fire separation does not exist between the wood-framed Dining Room and 

the concrete and steel main hotel and Kitchen wing. In addition, the linen chutes and 
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3-62 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

ventilation/mechanical shafts throughout the hotel are not sealed at the top, bottom, or between 

floors at openings, and the elevator shafts have several unsealed penetrations.

The current master key system for guestrooms and supply rooms in the hotel is not a uniform, 

integrated system. In an emergency, firefighters would have difficultly accessing rooms in a timely 

manner to ensure guests and employees evacuate rooms and access spaces.

Site access around the hotel and to the cottages for emergency vehicles is not adequate. The 

driving surface around the perimeter of the building is narrow, not maintained to fire code, and 

lacks the ability to safely support the weight of a fully equipped fire engine. In addition, the 

hardened access does not extend fully around the South Wing of the hotel. Access by emergency 

vehicles to the cottages is not compliant with current fire code; the existing road is narrow and 

lacks adequate drainage crossing structures and areas to turn emergency vehicles around. The 

majority of the cottages are more than 50 feet from a fire department access road and several of 

the cottages are more than 150 feet from the existing fire department access road. Neither the 

cottages nor the employee dormitory have fire sprinklers, and smoke detectors and alarm systems 

are not fully code compliant.

Accessibility Compliance

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

The South Mezzanine is accessible only by a single, open, interior stairway. The three very 

significant historic rooms (Tressider Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) and the two 

flanking balconies are not accessible to the mobility-impaired.

Locker Room and Employee Breakroom

There are about 200 employee lockers with men’s and women’s changing and shower facilities 

located above the Gift Shop, and these lockers are accessed from the loading dock area. The 

employee breakroom is located off the Kitchen; employees using the existing breakroom must 

cross through the Kitchen to access the area. Access or equal facilitation for disabled employees 

to these main facilities is not provided.

Administrative Offices

Administrative offices are located in three general locations: 

 behind the front desk for the Assistant Manager and General Manager, with space for other 

staff;

 on the first floor (mezzanine level); 

 at the Business Center located on the North Mezzanine.

Office space is limited and insufficient; none of the offices is accessible by mobility impaired 

guests or employees.

At the North Mezzanine exit stair (near the service elevator), the existing door configuration 

opens onto a stair, which creates a falling hazard and is not in compliance with ADA-ABA

requirements. 

Ahwahnee Bar

The Ahwahnee Bar is located in what was originally designed to be the Porte Cochere. The food 

preparation area and the bar are not accessible for employees. 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-63

Operational Efficiency

Kitchen

Kitchen facilities are located on the ground floor of The Ahwahnee hotel in a separate wing 

adjacent to the Dining Room. All food preparation is done on site in the Kitchen. On-site 

coolers/freezers and food storage are insufficient in size; additional temporary facilities are set up 

for special events during the winter season.

The overall layout of the Kitchen is problematic, with safety concerns caused by the placement of 

hot cooking stations and food pick up areas. The Kitchen also lacks a dedicated plating area for 

banquets. Hotel employees must cross through the Kitchen to access the breakroom in the back 

of the Kitchen.

Additional health and operational issues include the following: 

 The walls and doors of the Kitchen are not completely sealed, thus allowing rodents and insects 

to access the area.

 The Kitchen ceiling height is very high and the material is impossible to sanitize.

 In the main Kitchen area, some areas lack individual hand washing stations.

 Food prep sinks are old and difficult to clean in the main Kitchen.

 The dishwasher area lacks a three compartment sink.

Ahwahnee Bar

Food ordered in the Ahwahnee Bar is served from the main Kitchen, and the bar service station 

lacks hand sinks and required clearances for employees with disabilities.

Storage Shed / Bellhop Area

The existing storage shed / bellhop area is undersized.

Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Systems

Mechanical

Over the years, the mechanical systems serving the main hotel, cottages, and dormitory building 

have consisted of a number of systems and system types that have been maintained, modified, and 

improved. Maintenance requirements and emergency repairs increase as the systems age.

Heating Systems

When the hotel was completed in 1927, the heating system consisted of two low-pressure steam 

boilers located in the basement and steam radiators located throughout the building, including 

the guestrooms. The original boilers were replaced in 1956 and again in 1984. The original steam 

radiators and piping system in the public spaces and a few “back of house” spaces are still in 

operation.

In 1990, the hotel heating system was upgraded. The majority of the steam distribution piping and 

radiators were replaced with the current system that uses steam to hot water heat exchangers. The 

hot water piping system was extended at this time, and new air handling units were installed to 

heat public spaces, including the Dining Room, Gift Shop, Sweet Shop, and the women’s 

restroom. A new hot water distribution system for heating was installed to distribute hot (and 

chilled) water to individual four-pipe fan coils units located in each guestroom. This system relies 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

3-64 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

on electrical power for distribution. Access to the mechanical fan coils in rooms to service this 

system is very limited, and the fan coil units are reaching the end of their design life.

The steam boilers also heat the domestic hot water system via heat exchangers, provide heat for 

the pool through equipment located in the boiler room, and heat the dormitory building. The 

steam is distributed from the hotel to the dormitory building through piping that was recently 

replaced. The boiler room lacks proper ventilation.

In 2005 new heating, cooling, and exhaust systems were installed for the Kitchen area. The 

propane-fired, hot water boiler system used for heating is located on the Kitchen mezzanine.

Until recently, each cottage was heated by two electrical heaters. In 2009, split-system heat pumps 

were installed and one of the electrical heaters in each cottage was replaced with an indoor fan 

coil. The second electrical heater located in the bathroom remains and is integral to the toilet 

exhaust system.

Cooling Systems

A chilled water system for air conditioning was added to the hotel in 1990. The chilled water and 

hot water system together create the four-pipe system that provides cooling (and heating) to the 

guestrooms, the Dining Room, the Sweet Shop, and the Gift Shop. The remaining spaces in the 

hotel are not air conditioned.

The water system capacity was originally designed to heat and cool the cottages in addition to the 

hotel. The systems were never connected, and the chiller has never operated at full capacity. 

During the original installation, louvers in the cooling tower were not adequately sized according 

to the manufacturer’s recommendations. However, since the chiller has never operated at full 

capacity, the lack of louvers has not been detrimental. The chilled water system uses R-22 (a 

HCFC) refrigerant, which will be phased out in 2020. The chiller room lacks ventilation.

The dormitory is generally not air conditioned; some through-the-wall individual electric air 

conditioners have been installed in the building.

At the cottages, temporary exterior heat pumps with indoor fan coils for air conditioning were 

installed in 2009.

Guestroom Ventilation

Ventilation, in its current configuration, does not function in the manner it was designed to 

perform. Originally, The Ahwahnee hotel guestrooms had operable transom windows above the 

interior guest doors and operable outside windows. Fans exhausted the guestroom corridors and 

helped draw air through the rooms and provided natural ventilation. The original interior 

transom windows have been permanently closed for fire safety precautions, thus leaving 

guestrooms with only outside windows and no cross ventilation to assist in cooling during the 

summer.

Electrical Systems

Electrical service is provided to the hotel by two separate services. One utility-owned transformer 

is located in an in-ground vault just outside the cooling tower shed, adjacent to the northwest 

corner of the Kitchen wing. This service provides power to the Kitchen, the supplementary 

Kitchen equipment in the mezzanine, and the hotel’s mechanical air conditioning system. 

The majority of the building’s electrical load comes from a utility-owned transformer that resides 

in a room within The Ahwahnee hotel footprint at the northwest corner of the Kitchen wing. This 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-65

transformer feeds a main distribution panel in the main electric room located adjacent to the 

transformer. The main distribution panel feeds numerous other panelboard systems for building 

distribution. The system is in poor condition, with multiple code violations and equipment 

installed in hazardous locations. The hotel’s main electrical distribution panels are located in the 

basement; water intrusion from seasonally high groundwater results in hazardous conditions for 

maintenance staff.

The original cloth-wrapped wiring is found throughout the hotel. The wiring for Kitchen 

equipment consists of conduit and wire. Wiring underneath the Kitchen floor is in poor shape, 

and some wiring is exposed and corroded.

In a power outage, the emergency generator is connected to the main distribution panel through a 

transfer switch in the boiler room. The backup generator can only partially service the hotel due 

to the two-volt systems that exist in the hotel. 

Plumbing

In general, the plumbing systems serving the main hotel consist of a number of systems and 

system types that have been maintained, repaired, modified, and added to over the years. 

Maintenance requirements increase with aging systems and leaks and emergency repairs are 

common.

Sanitary System

The interior sanitary system for The Ahwahnee hotel was installed in 1927 during the hotel 

construction. For the guestrooms, sanitary waste risers for toilets, lavatories, and bathtubs are 

located in plumbing chases between each pair of guestrooms. These risers discharge into 

horizontal mains that run in the ceiling spaces of the floors below. The horizontal mains discharge 

to vertical risers in various locations throughout the Great Lounge and Solarium, and then into 

the building drain located in the crawl space. The main vertical riser in the north tower chase 

(through the Great Lounge) has no supports. This has caused it to tilt and bend through the years.

In its current state, the sanitary system handles a fraction of its intended design due to buildup in 

the pipe system. Cleanouts were not installed on the upper floors, which causes difficulties in 

clearing drains when blockages occur. Due to the design life of the piping, the current system is in 

very poor condition throughout the hotel. The fittings and horizontal sanitary piping in the 

ceiling and crawl spaces are in very poor condition and are a constant source of leaks needing 

repair. Leaks above the Great Lounge have caused substantial damage to historic stenciling on the 

ceiling beams in that very significant public space. The main waste risers in the hotel crawlspace 

serve bathrooms on the South and East Wing floors above the crawlspace. 

Waste lines beneath the kitchen were replaced in the early 1990s. Due to minerals in the water, 

these pipes are in poor condition from corrosion and oxidation. One of the dishwasher lines 

drains high-temperature hot water directly into the grease interceptor disposal line; this does not 

allow the grease trap to work properly.

Domestic Water System

The hotel’s domestic water system was installed in the early 1990s and begins with a 6-inch line 

entering the south end of the crawlspace under the hotel. The domestic water passes through a 

hydraulically operated pressure-reducing station. The station is in poor condition, shows signs of 

corrosion, and is not functioning. Code-compliant water pressure following this valve should be 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure

3-66 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

80 pounds per square inch (psi) or less, but pressure readings upstream and downstream of the 

device are approximately 114 psi.

The domestic hot water system is heated by the hotel’s hot water heating system and stored in two 

1,500-gallon tanks located in the basement. One of these tanks has been abandoned; the second 

storage tank is currently being used but is in extremely poor condition and requires patch work to 

maintain its operation. Most of the current domestic water supply plumbing system was upgraded 

to copper from galvanized piping in the 1990s. Fixtures are low-flow when possible and are 

generally in good working order.

Hazardous Materials

Early coats of paint on The Ahwahnee hotel, cottages, and the dormitory building likely contain 

lead. Asbestos has been identified in steam pipe insulation and a few other materials. Asbestos 

abatement has been performed at the hotel during previous projects; however, some asbestos 

could still be present in the facility.

Environmental Consequences Methodology

This analysis evaluates how operation and infrastructure might be altered as a result of the No 

Action and action alternatives. Analysis was based on whether there was a loss, gain, or change in 

the efficiency of operations or infrastructure or a change in public and employee safety. The 

proposed action alternatives in this comprehensive rehabilitation plan environmental assessment 

were evaluated in terms of the context, intensity, and duration of impacts on concessioner or NPS 

operations and facilities, and whether the impacts would be considered beneficial or adverse. 

Professional judgment was applied to reach reasonable conclusions as to the intensity and type of 

potential impacts.

Context: For the purposes of this analysis, only local impacts are considered. This includes 

impacts specific to operation and facilities within The Ahwahnee hotel, grounds, and cottages.

Duration: The duration of the impact considers whether the impact would occur in the short 

term or long term. A short-term impact would be temporary in duration and e associated with 

construction-related activities. A long-term impact would have a permanent effect on operations 

and facilities. 

Intensity: The intensity of the impact considers whether the impact would be negligible, minor, 

moderate, or major on operations and facilities. Negligible impacts are effects considered not 

detectable and would have no discernible effect. Minor impacts on operations and facilities 

would be slightly detectable but not expected to have an overall effect. Moderate impacts would 

be clearly detectable and could have an appreciable effect. Major impacts would have a 

substantial, highly noticeable influence on operations and facilities and include those impacts that 

would reduce the ability to provide adequate services and facilities to visitors and staff. 

Type: Impacts were evaluated in terms of whether they would be beneficial or adverse to 

operations or facilities. Beneficial impacts would improve operations, maintainability, and/or 

facilities. Adverse impacts would negatively affect operations, maintainability, and/or facilities or 

could impede the ability to provide adequate services and facilities. 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-67

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

The No Action Alternative would be a continuation of the current condition and management as 

described in Chapter 2 and in the “Affected Environment” section above.

Impacts on facility operations and infrastructure, fire and life-safety concerns, and code 

violations would continue to result from the following conditions: 

 Fire truck access around the hotel and to the cottages would remain limited.

 Route of egress in the hotel exiting the mid-level floors would remain unclear and difficult to 

follow.

 Non-compliant vertical chutes and shafts could act as conductors for smoke and flame in a fire 

emergency.

 The hotel key system would remain difficult to manipulate in an emergency.

 Electrical panels and systems would remain in the basement location, an area that periodically 

floods.

 Elevator shafts and controls would not meet current fire code.

The Ahwahnee Bar would remain in its current configuration and employee accessibility and 

health code concerns would persist. Food service would rely on the main Kitchen. The work area 

would not be accessible to all employees. The Kitchen area would remain in poor condition with 

an inefficient layout, and health code violations (e.g., a lack of dedicated sinks, a cleanable ceiling, 

and a clear separation of kitchen functions). The Kitchen would continue to lack sufficient 

storage for banquet events. Employees would continue to access the common breakroom located 

in the back of the Kitchen.

Office space for managers would remain limited and insufficient. The maintenance storage shed 

and bellhop area would remain undersized.

Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems throughout The Ahwahnee hotel would remain 

obsolete, with critical elements of most major systems having exceeded their expected service 

lifetimes. Regular, ongoing maintenance, as well as emergency repairs and piecemeal component 

replacements would be expected to increase with the age of the systems. Access to mechanical 

systems would remain challenging. Seasonally high groundwater would continue to create 

hazardous conditions for maintenance staff servicing electrical systems in the hotel basement. 

Sanitary plumbing systems would continue to require frequent emergency repairs and spill 

cleanup.

Conclusion: The No Action Alternative would continue noncompliance with fire/life-safety, 

accessibility, and health codes. Deterioration of portions of the facility, increasingly greater 

maintenance needs, and noncompliant employee work areas would persist. Therefore, the No 

Action Alternative would result in a local, long-term, moderate, adverse impact on operations, 

maintenance requirements, and facility infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that have been evaluated in conjunction with the impacts of proposed action 

alternatives include Install ADA Compliant Elevator Controls, Yosemite Valley Shuttle Bus Stop 

Improvements, The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

3-68 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Interior Decoration Projects, Interim Rockfall Parking Plan for The Ahwahnee, The Ahwahnee Fire 

and Life Safety Improvements Project, Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors Project, 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project, The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic 

Light Fixtures Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decoration Projects, The Ahwahnee Hotel 

Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence Project, and Recondition Pool Project. These 

past projects have improved existing facilities and reduced ongoing maintenance requirements.

Current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions, projects, and plans that would have a 

cumulative effect on The Ahwahnee hotel facility and operations include the East Yosemite Valley 

Utilities Improvement Plan, which would provide for utility needs of the aging, inadequate, and 

inaccessible utility infrastructure within the park, and the Correct Grease Trap Design Deficiencies 

Project. 

Cumulatively, these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with the No Action Alternative, 

would result in a local, long-term, moderate, adverse impact on operations and facility 

infrastructure at The Ahwahnee hotel.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

Analysis

Actions to improve conformance with fire and life-safety codes at The Ahwahnee hotel and 

cottages would include the following: 

 Improving fire truck access around the hotel building and to the cottages;

 Adding compliant egress at the East Wing;

 Continuing closure of South Mezzanine meeting rooms (Tresidder Lounge, Colonial Room, 

and Tudor Lounge) to public use, although per fire code the Colonial Room and Tudor Lounge 

could remain available for employee meetings with up to 30 park or concessioner staff;

 Upgrading vertical shafts, chutes, venting systems, and fire separation throughout the building 

to provide protection to inhibit the uncontrolled spread of fire or smoke;

 Re-keying hotel locks for ease of fire department access in the event of an emergency;

 Installing a central fire alarm system, carbon monoxide detection system, and sprinkler system 

at the cottages and dormitory that would improve emergency personnel response and allow for 

more expedient evacuation of the buildings;

 Addressing hazardous conditions in the basement by waterproofing and installing proper 

grounding at electrical distribution panels.

Kitchen health code compliance and operational improvements would be accomplished as part of 

the construction of the new Kitchen mezzanine designed to brace the Dining Room in a seismic 

event. The new Kitchen layout would increase efficiency and address the health code compliance 

issues; however, refrigerated space would remain inadequate during special events. 

Reconfiguration of the main Kitchen would improve defined areas for food preparation, cooking, 

plating, and service by separating work stations. Employee safety would be improved by moving 

hot surfaces from busy areas and creating a more functional layout. Upgrades to Kitchen 

infrastructure would improve food preparation and service conditions for employees and 

contribute to a more efficient Kitchen.

Relocating the employee locker/changing facilities to the new Kitchen mezzanine area would 

reroute the path of travel out of the main Kitchen, thereby improving the overall function of the 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-69

Kitchen. The locker rooms would be increased in size and made ADA-ABA accessible. 

Reconfiguration of existing administrative office spaces and the addition of new offices on the 

new Kitchen mezzanine would provide sufficient, accessible space for managers. Improvements 

to the Ahwahnee Bar and prep kitchen would include improved ADA accessibility to the 

workstation, expanded storage capacity, and expanded health-code-compliant facilities at the 

bar. The limited use/limited access elevator installed for the South Mezzanine would provide 

accessible spaces for NPS or concessioner employee meetings.

Improvements to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems throughout the facility would 

reduce regular maintenance requirements and the frequency of emergency repairs. 

Waterproofing the hotel basement would reduce risks to maintenance staff working with 

electrical equipment. New heating and cooling systems would be easier to access and replacement 

parts would be more readily available.

Conclusion: Implementation of Alternative 1 would address fire/life-safety code issues 

throughout the building; upgrade critical mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems; provide a 

code-compliant Kitchen and Ahwahnee Bar; provide a limited use/limited access elevator to the 

South Mezzanine, and provide accessible work and break areas for employees. Overall, 

implementation of Alternative 1 would result in a long-term, moderate, beneficial impact on 

operations, maintenance, requirements, and facility infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Cumulative Impacts

Past projects that have been evaluated in conjunction with the impacts of proposed action 

alternatives include Install ADA Compliant Elevator Controls, Yosemite Valley Shuttle Bus Stop 

Improvements, The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel 

Interior Decoration Projects, Interim Rockfall Parking Plan for The Ahwahnee, The Ahwahnee Fire 

and Life Safety Improvements Project, Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors Project, 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project, The Ahwahnee Stabilize Kitchen Floor 

Project, The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior 

Decoration Projects, The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence 

Project, and Recondition Pool Project. These past projects have improved existing facilities and 

reduced ongoing maintenance requirements.

Current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions, projects, and plans that would have a 

cumulative effect on The Ahwahnee hotel facility and operations include the East Yosemite Valley 

Utilities Improvement Plan, which would provide for utility needs of the aging, inadequate, and 

inaccessible utility infrastructure within the park, and the Correct Grease Trap Design Deficiencies 

Project. 

Cumulatively, these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with Alternative 1 (i.e., address 

fire/life-safety code issues throughout the building; upgrade critical mechanical, electrical, and 

plumbing systems; improve operational efficiencies in the Kitchen and Ahwahnee Bar; and 

provide code-compliant, accessible work and break areas for employees), would result in a local, 

long-term, moderate, beneficial impact on operations, maintainability, and the facility.
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3-70 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

Conformance with fire/life-safety codes at The Ahwahnee hotel and cottages would include the 

following:

 Improving fire truck access around the hotel building and to the cottages.

 Adding compliant egress at the South Mezzanine and East Wing.

 Upgrading vertical shafts, chutes, venting systems and fire separation throughout the building 

to provide protection to inhibit the uncontrolled spread of fire or smoke.

 Replacing exhaust shafts in the guestroom bathrooms with a new metal fully ducted system; 

sealing the bottom of shafts, and installing wood-blocking or fire-proofing at all floor 

penetrations, improving fire resistance between floors.

 Providing an electronic card reader system for hotel locks that would allow use of one master 

key for emergency access;

 Installing a central fire alarm system, carbon monoxide detection system, and sprinkler system 

at the cottages and dormitory that would improve emergency personnel response and allow for 

more expedient evacuation of the buildings.

 Addressing hazardous conditions in the basement by waterproofing and installing proper 

grounding at electrical distribution panels.

The new mezzanine area above the Kitchen would be larger than the structure proposed in 

Alternatives 1 and 3 and would provide the maximum area for additional offices and meeting 

facilities. Kitchen code compliance would be accomplished as part of the construction of the new 

Kitchen mezzanine designed to brace the Dining Room in a seismic event. The new Kitchen 

layout would increase efficiency and address the health code compliance issues. Refrigerated 

space would be increased, thereby allowing for sufficient storage during special events.

The new mezzanine also would provide a cleanable ceiling over the food preparation areas. 

Reconfiguration of the main Kitchen would improve defined areas for food preparation, cooking, 

plating, and service by separating work stations. Employee safety would be improved by moving 

hot surfaces from busy areas and creating a more functional layout. Upgrades to Kitchen 

infrastructure would improve food preparation and service conditions for employees and 

contribute to a more efficient Kitchen.

Relocating the employee locker/changing facilities to the new Kitchen mezzanine area would 

reroute the path of travel out of the main kitchen, improving the overall function of the kitchen. 

The locker rooms would be increased in size and made ADA-ABA-accessible. Reconfiguration of 

existing administrative office spaces and the addition of new offices on the new Kitchen 

mezzanine would provide sufficient, accessible space for managers.

Improvements to the Ahwahnee Bar back bar and prep kitchen would include improved ADA 

accessibility to the workstation, health-code compliance upgrades in the form of a handwashing 

sink and a food preparation sink, expanded storage capacity, and expanded facilities at the bar. 

Installation of a limited use/limited access elevator for the South Mezzanine would provide 

accessible spaces for public or NPS or concessioner employee meetings, and would provide a 

mechanized system to assist in transferring food and service items.

Vertical clearance at the Porte Cochere would be increased to provide clearance for tour buses. 

Bellhops would unload buses in the protected entry area. Buses would not need to back out of the 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-71

parking lot as they currently do but could continue through the Porte Cochere parking area to 

exit.

The new maintenance shed proposed with Alternative 2 would provide operational 

improvements, including additional storage for the Gift Shop, enclosed garbage and recycling 

spaces, an enlarged luggage and valet/bellhop area, and an escorted-access-only unisex bathroom. 

The footprint of the new maintenance building would restrict service vehicle parking and access 

at the loading dock.

Improvements to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems throughout the facility would 

reduce regular maintenance requirements and the regularity of emergency repairs to operations. 

Waterproofing the hotel basement would reduce risks to maintenance staff working with 

electrical equipment. New heating and cooling systems would be easier to access, and 

replacement parts would be more readily available. Additional upgrades to plumbing and wiring; 

bracing all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing, and kitchen equipment for stability in a seismic 

event; and providing a new main point of entry for telecommunications, are additional safety 

upgrades that would be provided under Alternative 2.

Conclusion: Implementation of Alternative 2 would include the same beneficial impacts on 

operations and facilities outlined in Alternative 1. In addition, Alternative 2 would provide 

secondary emergency egress from the South Mezzanine; provide additional upgrades or 

replacement of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems; provide a new point of entry for 

telecommunications; maximize the use of a kitchen mezzanine for employee facilities; provide an 

enlarged maintenance shed with an additional public restroom; and raise the Porte Cochere to 

accommodate buses. Overall, implementation of Alternative 2 would result in a local, long term, 

moderate to major, beneficial impact on operations, maintenance requirements, and facility 

infrastructure at The Ahwahnee. 

Cumulative Impacts

The actions, projects, and plans that would have a cumulative impact on operations at 

The Ahwahnee would be the same as those identified under Alternative 1. In combination with 

Alternative 2, the cumulative actions, project, and plans would result in a local, long-term, 

moderate to major, beneficial impact on park operations. 

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 

Conformance with fire and life-safety codes at The Ahwahnee hotel and cottages under 

Alternative 3 would include the following:

 Improving fire truck access around the hotel building and to the cottages.

 Adding compliant egress at the South Mezzanine and East Wing.

 Upgrading vertical shafts, chutes, venting systems and fire separation throughout the building 

to provide protection to inhibit the uncontrolled spread of fire or smoke.

 Rekeying hotel locks for ease of evacuation in the event of an emergency.

 Installing a central fire alarm system, carbon monoxide detection system, and sprinkler system 

at the cottages and dormitory that would improve emergency personnel response and allow for 

more expedient evacuation of the buildings.

 Addressing hazardous conditions in the basement by waterproofing and installing proper 

grounding at electrical distribution panels.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Facility Operations and Infrastructure

3-72 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Kitchen code compliance would be accomplished as part of the construction of the new Kitchen 

mezzanine designed to brace the Dining Room in a seismic event. The new Kitchen layout would 

increase efficiency and address existing health code compliance issues. Refrigerated storage space 

would remain insufficient during special events.

Reconfiguration of the main Kitchen would improve defined areas for food preparation, cooking, 

plating, and service by separating work stations. Employee safety would be improved by moving 

hot surfaces from busy areas and creating a more functional layout. Upgrades to Kitchen 

infrastructure would improve food preparation and service conditions for employees and 

contribute to a more efficient Kitchen.

Relocating the employee locker/changing facilities to the new Kitchen mezzanine area would 

reroute the path of travel out of the main kitchen and improve the overall function of the Kitchen. 

The locker room would be increased in size and made ADA-accessible. Reconfiguration of 

existing administrative office spaces and the addition of new offices on the new kitchen 

mezzanine would provide sufficient, accessible space for managers. Improvements to the 

Ahwahnee Bar back bar and prep kitchen would include improved ADA accessibility to the 

workstation, expanded storage capacity, and expanded facilities at the bar. The limiteduse/limited access elevator installed for the South Mezzanine would provide accessible spaces for 

NPS or concessioner employee meetings.

The new maintenance shed proposed with Alternative 3 would provide operational 

improvements, including additional storage for the Gift Shop, an enlarged luggage and 

valet/bellhop area, and an escorted-access-only unisex bathroom. The service area on the east 

side of the building would keep the area functional for deliveries.

Improvements to mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems throughout the facility would 

reduce regular maintenance requirements and the regularity of emergency repairs to operations. 

Waterproofing the hotel basement would reduce risks to maintenance staff working with 

electrical equipment. New heating and cooling systems would be easier to access, and 

replacement parts would be more readily available. Additional upgrades to plumbing and wiring; 

bracing all mechanical, electrical, and plumbing, and kitchen equipment for stability in a seismic 

event; and providing a new main point of entry for telecommunications are additional safety 

upgrades provided under Alternative 3.

Conclusion: Implementation of Alternative 3 would include the same beneficial impacts on 

operations and facilities outlined in Alternative 1. In addition, Alternative 3 would provide 

secondary egress from the South Mezzanine; additional upgrades or replacement of mechanical, 

electrical, and plumbing systems; a new point of entry for telecommunication systems; and an 

enlarged maintenance shed that would improve bellhop storage, provide an additional restroom 

and increase maintenance storage capacity. Overall implementation of Alternative 3 would result 

in a local, long-term, moderate, beneficial impact on operations, maintenance requirements, and 

facility infrastructure. 

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impacts of Alternative 3 would be the same as under Alternative 1.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-73

Socioeconomics

Affected Environment

This section presents information on the social and economic environment in the area that is

anticipated to be most affected by decisions made in The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation 

Plan. The Ahwahnee hotel is located in Mariposa County and has a direct fiscal impact on that 

county. Therefore, this section discusses Mariposa County and the community of Mariposa.

Mariposa County

Population

Mariposa County is located in the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada. The eastern portion of 

Mariposa County contains a large part of Yosemite National Park, including Yosemite Valley and 

the administrative headquarters in El Portal. According to the census (U.S. Census Bureau 2010a) 

population estimates, Mariposa is one of the smallest counties in the state in terms of population 

(52nd of 58). Population increased slightly less than 4% from 2000 to 2009 to 17,792. With a land 

area of 1,451 square miles, the population density is just over 12 persons/square mile (U.S. Census 

Bureau 2009). The population of Mariposa County increased at a faster rate than the state from 

1990 to 1997, but has lagged the state since then (CDOF 2007; 2010c). Recent state statistics show 

that the rate of population increase in Mariposa County from 2009 to 2010 was one of the lowest 

in the state (CDOF 2010a). State Department of Finance population projections for Mariposa 

County for 2010 are 18,243, an increase of less than 1% from the 2009 population estimate 

(CDOF 2010b). The county has no incorporated cities. There are three census designated places, 

including the town of Mariposa and Yosemite Valley, and 13 other small unincorporated 

communities, such as El Portal, which serves as a major residential area for park employees and 

contains park warehouse and administrative facilities. Mariposa serves as the county seat.

Employment

The labor force in Mariposa was 564 in 2000, an increase of 63% over 1990 (U.S. Census Bureau 

1990c, 2000b). The leisure service industry sector accounted for the most employment at over 

21%. Construction was the second-most important sector, accounting for 16% of employment. 

Government employment accounted for almost 14%, reflecting Mariposa’s role as the county 

seat. Compared to 1990, the retail trade and financial sectors were less important in 2000. 

Government employment was consistently one of the most important employment sectors over 

the decade.

Between 1999 and 2009 the labor force in Mariposa County increased almost 43% from 6,650 to 

9,500 (CEDD 2010a). The total wage and salary employment labor force in the county was 5,360 

in 2009 (CEDD 2010a). County employment is dominated by the leisure and hospitality sector, 

which accounted for 39-40% of employment between 2000 and 2009. Government employment 

also plays a major role, making up 39% of total county employment in 2009. These industries are 

becoming even more significant in the county over time. Employment in goods-producing 

industries has been decreasing. In 1990, goods-producing industries (agriculture, mining, logging 

construction, and manufacturing) made up about 10% of total employment, compared to just 

over 5% in 2009. An estimated 4,090 jobs were supported by travel spending in 2008; this is a 

decrease from the estimated 4,300 jobs supported by visitors in 2004 (Dean Runyan Associates 

2010).
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3-74 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Over the last decade, the annual average unemployment rate in the county decreased slightly but 

then increased, from 7.2% in 1999 to 10.6% in 2009 (CEDD 2010b). This is lower than the state’s 

2009 rate of 11.4%. The county’s unemployment rate has historically been close to, and often 

higher than the state’s unemployment rate. The gap between the county and the state 

unemployment rates has stayed fairly steady over the last decade, with the difference remaining 

less than 1%.

Fiscal Status

County revenues in 2009-2010 were $70 million (Mariposa County 2010). Approximately 28% of 

the revenues were generated by taxes. Transient Occupancy Taxes accounted for over 53% of 

total taxes, or almost 15% of total county revenues. Public assistance expenses accounted for 31% 

of total county expenditures, and another 27% of expenditures were related to public protection 

services (Mariposa County 2010).

The total property tax base for the county in 2009-2010 was $2.1 billion dollars, an increase of 

almost 2% from the previous year (CBOE 2009a).

Total taxable sales for Mariposa County were $171 million in 2008, an increase of 2.3% from 2007 

(CBOE 2009b). Retail store sales accounted for 36% of total taxable sales. Of retail sales, food 

stores accounted for 20% of total sales and eating and drinking places accounted for 19% of sales 

(CBOE 2009c).

Visitor-generated tax receipts were estimated at over 90% of county receipts from local sales 

taxes and Transient Occupancy Taxes in 2008 (Dean Runyan Associates 2010). Travel spending in 

Mariposa County has increased 69% from $184.4 million in 1992 to $311.6 million in 2008. 

Almost 37% of visitor spending was related to accommodations and another 29% was related to 

food and beverage services. Another 16% was spent on arts, entertainment, and recreation and 

13% on retail sales. The remainder was spent on transportation and food stores. Transient 

Occupancy Taxes receipts for Mariposa County increased from $6 million in 1999 to $9.7 million 

in 2009, an increase of 62%.

Visitor Levels/Spending

A study of travel spending impacts was completed for California in 2009 (Dean Runyan Associates 

2010). The study evaluated travel expenditures at the point of sale, employment, and earnings 

associated with travel expenditures and local and state traveler-related tax receipts. The study 

documents $87.7 billion of direct travel spending in California in 2009, which was a decrease of 

10% from 2008 in current dollars. Travel spending is estimated to have supported 881,000 jobs 

with earnings of $30 billion. Approximately 57% of those jobs were in accommodations and food 

service; another 25% were in arts, entertainment, and recreation. Travel spending generated $10.3 

billion in tax receipts in 2009, including $1.9 billion of local tax revenues.

Visitor spending generated over $24 million in local sales tax receipts in the region in 2008. Travel 

spending was greatest in Mono and Mariposa Counties. Travel spending is estimated to have 

supported 13,580 jobs in the region in 2008. The employment generated by travel spending 

accounts for 76% of total wage and salary employment in Mariposa County.

The National Park Service recently issued a study on the impact of Yosemite National Park visitor 

spending on the economy within 50 miles of the park (Stynes 2007). The study found that park 

visitors spent a total of $255 million in 2005. Over 65% of this, or $147 million, was spent outside 

the park but within a 50-mile radius of the park. Over 50% of visitor spending was on 

accommodations; another 22% was spent in restaurants and bars. Park visitor spending in the 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-75

region supported 5,281 jobs and resulted in $124.6 million in personal income, when direct and 

indirect economic impacts are considered. Although most park visitors indicated that visiting the 

park was their primary objective for visiting the area, some visitors indicated that they would have 

visited the area in any event. Thus, the study estimates that only 90% of the impact from visitor 

spending should be considered to have been generated due to the park.

Spending by visitor parties varies significantly between day-use visitors and overnight visitors, 

primarily due to the significance of lodging costs for overnight visitors. The average visitor 

spending by day use parties in 2005 was $71 compared to an average of $394 for all visitor parties 

(Stynes 2007). Day use visitor parties spent 55% of this total within the park and 45% in the 

communities outside the park but within 50 miles. Overnight visitors who stayed in the park spent 

12-22% in the communities outside the park, while overnight visitors who stayed outside the park 

spent 68-89% in these communities.

National Park Service Spending

Yosemite National Park employed 710 people in 2005 and had a total payroll of $35.2 million 

(Stynes 2007). A 2007 study estimates that the 2005 park employment and payroll supported an 

additional 1,000 jobs in the region. Park employment also increased personal income by $42 

million in the region.

The Ahwahnee Operations

The park concessioner operates visitor services in the park, including The Ahwahnee hotel and 

associated facilities. The Ahwahnee includes 99 hotel rooms and 24 guest cottages. The 

occupancy rate is high year-round, with peak park visitation in the summer and for special events 

(such the Bracebridge dinners, Chef’s Holiday, and Vintners Holiday) in the fall, winter, and 

spring. These special events have a high rate of return visitors each year and contribute a 

substantial portion of the overall revenues for The Ahwahnee. In addition to serving overnight 

guests, meals and retail services are provided to a high number of day visitors throughout the year. 

The hotel also hosts other events, such as weddings and conferences. The Ahwahnee is staffed 24 

hours per day, but the day shift has more employees than the overnight shift. Most employees 

work year-round but work fewer hours in the off-peak season, typically February and March. 

Many of the concessioner employees at The Ahwahnee are long-term employees who have been 

employed there for over 10 years. Some concessioner employee housing is provided in Yosemite 

Valley, but many employees live outside Yosemite Valley and commute to work.

Although specific revenues generated by The Ahwahnee are confidential, revenues from 

The Ahwahnee operations are known to make up a significant income source for the park. In 

addition, Transient Occupancy Taxes and sales taxes generated at The Ahwahnee make up a 

significant portion of total Transient Occupancy Taxes and sales taxes for the county, which 

depends heavily on these revenue sources for general government funding.

Environmental Consequences Methodology

The socioeconomics section evaluates potential effects on the social environment, visitor 

populations, the local economy, and the park and its primary concessioner. Social and economic 

environments are primarily affected by changes in visitor levels, visitor spending, park and 

concessioner employment, and park and concessioner spending in the economy. The action 

alternatives were reviewed to determine how they would affect these factors. Construction 

activities related to the improvements included in each alternative would likely require shortterm disruption of visitor services, including lodging, temporary reductions in the numbers of 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

3-76 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

rooms available, and temporary closures of other services (gift shops, restaurants, and bars) that

could reduce visitation to the park and/or visitor spending in the park. Due to the uncertainties 

related to the timing of project implementation, the analysis of effects was qualitative, and 

professional judgment was applied to reach reasonable conclusions as to the context, intensity, 

and duration of potential impacts.

Visitor Population and Spending

This analysis identifies potential changes in park visitor levels and visitor spending that could 

result from implementation of the alternatives. This section describes possible changes in the 

number of rooms and other visitor services and how that might result in potential changes in 

visitor spending.

Concessioner and Park Revenues

This analysis identifies potential changes in revenues to the concessioner, and related changes in 

revenues to the park from the concessioner, resulting from the implementation of the various 

alternatives. Changes in revenues are addressed qualitatively, based on changes in the level of 

visitor services provided as well as possible disruptions of sales and services based on 

construction activities.

Concessioner Employment and Spending

This analysis identifies potential changes in concessioner employment and spending for 

operations at The Ahwahnee. Concessioner information on employment and spending is 

addressed qualitatively due to confidentiality requirements related to the concession contract.

Local and Regional Economy

The analysis identifies how potential changes to the hotel under each alternative would affect the 

potential for increased or decreased employment and wages. This section also addresses potential

changes in employment and wages associated with the construction expenditures associated with 

each alternative. Those local economies most dependent on concessioner employment and wages 

and visitor spending are identified where relevant.

Mariposa County Tax Revenues

This analysis identifies potential changes in tax revenues to Mariposa County from 

implementation of the proposed alternatives. Changes in revenues are addressed qualitatively, 

based on changes in the amount of lodging available and changes in other visitor services 

provided at The Ahwahnee hotel.

Impact Assessment

Proposed actions under each alternative are evaluated in terms of the context, intensity, and 

duration of the socioeconomic impacts, and whether the impacts are considered to be beneficial 

or adverse to the socioeconomic environment.

Context: The context of the impact considers whether the impact would be local or regional. For 

the purposes of this analysis, local impacts would be those that occur within Yosemite National 

Park and Mariposa County. Regional impacts are not expected. 

Intensity: The intensity of the impact considers whether the impact would be negligible, minor, 

moderate, or major. Negligible impacts are effects that are considered not detectable or to affect 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-77

spending, employment, or wages by less than one percent. Minor impacts are effects on the 

socioeconomic environment that would be detectable but would not be expected to have a 

substantive overall effect, or would affect spending, employment, or wages by less than 5 percent. 

Moderate impacts would be clearly detectable and could have an appreciable effect, or would 

affect spending, employment or wages by between 5 and 10 percent. Major impacts would have a 

substantial, highly noticeable, and lasting influence on the socioeconomic environment, or would 

affect spending, employment or wages by more than 10 percent.

Duration: The duration of the impact considers whether the impact would occur in the short 

term or the long term. A short-term impact would be temporary in duration and associated with 

transitional types of activities. A long-term impact would have a permanent effect on the 

socioeconomic environment.

Type: Impacts are evaluated in terms of whether the impact would be beneficial or adverse to the 

socioeconomic environment. Beneficial socioeconomic impacts would improve the social or 

economic conditions in the park or in the affected region. These would typically be associated 

with an increase in revenues, employment, and/or wages. Adverse socioeconomic impacts would

negatively alter social or economic conditions in the park or in the affected region, or would 

affect low-income populations. Adverse effects would typically be associated with decreases in 

revenues, employment, and/or wages. 

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

The No Action Alternative would not result in any short-term or long-term changes in the 

availability of visitor services or lodging and therefore would not impact visitor spending or 

concessioner revenues. Revenues to the park and Mariposa County would not be impacted.

Conclusion: The No Action Alternative would not impact local or regional employment or wages. 

There would be no impact on Mariposa County tax revenues. 

Cumulative Impacts

Many of the recent and current remediation actions in and around The Ahwahnee (such as the 

East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements 

Project, The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence Project, 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Replace Crawl Space Utilities Project, Parkwide Rehabilitate Concessioner 

Operated Fireplaces Project, and The Ahwahnee- Stabilize Kitchen Floor Project) have had a

moderate beneficial impact on the local economy through construction spending and 

employment. The actions required temporary closures of some facilities offsetting the beneficial 

cumulative impacts and resulting in short-term moderate adverse impacts on spending in the park 

while the facilities were closed.

The Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan is under development and its 

impacts are difficult to anticipate. If the plan were to reduce park visitor capacity this could have a 

long-term major impact on spending within the park and the region because it would reduce the 

number of visitors to the park. This would in turn impact local and regional employment, which 

would have secondary output impacts throughout the region.

The overall impact of the cumulative projects is anticipated to be negligible to minor and 

beneficial to the local and regional economy and negligible to the social environment. This 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

3-78 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

cumulative analysis assumes that the Merced River Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive 

Management Plan would not result in a substantive reduction in park visitor capacity.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

Visitor Population and Spending

Implementation of Alternative 1 would require the short-term closure of some guestrooms to 

complete some of the proposed improvements, such as the replacement of windows and toilets. 

Phasing of these improvements has not been finalized at this time, but it is assumed that the 

number of rooms closed for improvements would be limited to the minimum required at any one 

time and that the duration of the closures would be minimized. The reduction in available 

guestrooms would be expected to reduce visitor spending in the short-term while the rooms are 

closed. Similarly, other improvements in the Dining Room, Ahwahnee Bar, and Gift Shop might

result in some temporary closures during certain construction activities and reduce visitor 

spending on these services.

Although the National Park Service does not expect the short-term closure of some guestrooms 

and other visitor services to result in a detectable change in overall park visitation, it might result 

in a negligible to minor decrease in visitor spending in the park as visitors substitute other less 

expensive lodging and services for those normally obtained at The Ahwahnee hotel. The loss of 

two guestrooms would result in a minor decrease in visitor spending because any guests displaced 

from these rooms are likely to spend less on lodging at other facilities in the area.

Concessioner and Park Revenues

Revenues to the concessioner would be reduced in the short-term based on the temporary 

reduction in lodging and other visitor services being provided, as described above. Since 

concessioner payments to the park are related to concessioner revenues, this would result in a 

reduction in concessioner revenues to the park. The long-term loss of two standard guestrooms 

would not be expected to result in a long-term decrease in concessioner and park revenues

because the proposed conversion of four standard rooms to two guestroom suites would result in 

approximately the same revenue to the concessioner. 

Concessioner Employment and Wages

The vast majority of the changes in visitor services provided are expected to be short-term in 

nature. Given that the facility improvements would be implemented in a phased manner over a 

period of up to 20 years, the disruption of facilities and services is expected to be minimized to the 

greatest extent possible. Therefore, changes in the level of concessioner employment and wages 

are expected to be minimal and short-term in nature. In the long-term, only two standard 

guestrooms would be permanently lost, which would have a negligible effect on local and regional 

employment and wages. No long-term impacts on employment or wages are anticipated related 

to food and beverage or retail services.

Local and Regional Economy

Impacts to regional employment and wages in both the short term and long term would be 

negligible. The Ahwahnee hotel is located in Mariposa County, and a majority of the concessioner 

employees live in the county. Mariposa County is also highly dependent on the visitor industry 

for employment and tax revenues. Therefore, it is likely that any economic effects from 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-79

implementation of the alternative (changes in employment and wages) would be felt most 

strongly by Mariposa County.

Alternative 1 is expected to result in construction spending of $45 million over a period of about 

20 years, or an average of approximately $2.25 million per year. These construction expenditures 

are anticipated to result in approximately 20 direct full-time equivalent jobs each year and 12 

indirect jobs (SRRI 2009). The impact on the state economy from the injection of $2.25 million in 

construction spending each year is anticipated to result in an increase of $5.2 million in the total 

output of the state economy and an increase of $1.7 million in total earnings in the state (U.S. 

Bureau of Economic Analysis 2002). Because the multipliers used to generate these numbers is for 

the state of California as a whole, the economic impacts on the region in terms of employment 

and spending would likely be less because many construction workers might come from outside 

of the region and spend their earnings in other areas of the state. If half of the employment 

generated in the state were generated in Mariposa County, the economic area most closely 

affected by employment in the park, then it would still account for less than 1 percent of the 

county’s employment.

The temporary closure of guestrooms during various construction activities would reduce 

Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues to the county during periods when guestrooms are 

temporarily closed. The extent of this impact would depend on the number of rooms closed, the 

duration of the closure, and to some degree, the timing of the closure. It is assumed that 

guestroom closures would be scheduled during the off-season, when vacancy rates are somewhat 

lower. It is also assumed that only a small number of rooms would be closed at any one time and 

that they would be closed for a short period of time. Therefore, the short-term effects on 

Mariposa County tax revenues over the implementation period would be mitigated to the extent 

possible. The permanent loss of two guestrooms would have a long-term, negligible adverse 

impact on county Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues because the lost revenue from two 

standard rooms would be offset by the addition of two ADA-compliant guestroom suites. 

Conclusion: Under Alternative 1, visitor populations are not likely to be impacted and visitor 

spending displaced from lodging or other services at The Ahwahnee is likely to be captured at 

other establishments in the region. Therefore, the impact on visitor spending in both the local and 

regional economy would be negligible. Concessioner and park revenues would be reduced to 

some extent during the closure of various facilities and services. The impacts on concessioner and 

park revenues could be negligible to moderate, depending on construction phasing. Short-term 

decreases in concessioner employment and/or wages would likely be more than offset by the 

short-term increases in construction employment and wages, resulting in a short-term, beneficial 

impact on the local and regional economies. Impacts on Mariposa County could be minor to 

major and adverse in the short term, depending on the extent of guestroom closures (number of 

guestrooms and duration) over the 20-year implementation period. Long-term impacts on 

Mariposa County Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues would be negligible and adverse with the 

permanent loss of two standard guestrooms (the lost revenue would be offset by the conversion 

of four standard rooms to two accessible guestroom suites).

Cumulative Impacts

The list of cumulative plans and projects evaluated under Alternative 1 are the same as listed 

under the No Action Alternative. The moderate beneficial impacts of the cumulative projects in 

the regional economy would be somewhat offset by the temporary lodging and facility closures. It 

is anticipated that many visitors might choose to simply move their business to a different facility, 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

3-80 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

with the region still benefiting from their spending. Therefore, cumulative actions in combination 

with Alternative 1 would likely result in local and regional, short-term, negligible to minor, 

beneficial impacts on the economy. Long-term, local impacts are expected to be negligible to 

minor and adverse due to the loss of two guestrooms. This cumulative analysis assumes that the 

upcoming Merced River Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan would not result 

in a substantive reduction in park visitor capacity.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

Visitor Population and Spending

Implementation of Alternative 2 would require the short-term closure of some guestrooms to 

complete some of the proposed improvements, such as the replacement of windows and toilets. 

Phasing of these improvements has not been finalized at this time, but it is assumed that the 

number of rooms closed for improvements would be limited to the minimum required at any one 

time, and that the duration of the closures would be minimized. The reduction in available 

guestrooms would reduce visitor spending in the short-term while the rooms are closed. 

Similarly, other improvements in the Dining Room, Ahwahnee Bar, and Gift Shop would result in 

some temporary closures during certain construction activities and reduce visitor spending on 

these services.

Although the National Park Service does not anticipate that the short-term closure of some 

guestrooms and other visitor services would result in a detectable change in overall park 

visitation, it might result in a negligible to minor decrease in visitor spending in the park as visitors 

substitute other, less expensive lodging and services for those normally obtained at 

The Ahwahnee hotel. No long-term impacts on visitor population or spending would occur 

related to the room or facility closures.

Concessioner and Park Revenues

Revenues to the concessioner would be reduced in the short-term, based on the temporary 

reduction in lodging and other visitor services being provided, as described above. Since 

concessioner payments to the park are related to concessioner revenues, this would result in a 

reduction in concessioner revenues to the park. The long-term loss of one standard guestroom

would not be expected to result in a long-term decrease in concessioner and park revenues

because the proposed conversion of two standard rooms to a guestroom suite would result in 

approximately the same revenue to the concessioner. 

Concessioner Employment and Wages

The vast majority of the changes in visitor services provided would be short term in nature. Given 

that the facility improvements would be implemented in a phased manner over a period of up to 

20 years, the disruption of facilities and services is expected to be minimized to the greatest extent 

possible. Therefore, changes in the level of concessioner employment and wages are expected to 

be minimal and short term in nature. In the long-term, only one standard guestroom would be 

permanently lost, which would have a negligible impact on local and regional employment and 

wages. No long-term impacts on employment or wages would be anticipated related to food and 

beverage or retail services.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-81

Local and Regional Economy

Impacts on regional employment and wages in both the short term and long term would be 

negligible. The Ahwahnee hotel is located in Mariposa County and a majority of the concessioner 

employees live in the county. Mariposa County is also highly dependent on the visitor industry 

for employment and tax revenues. Therefore, it is likely that any economic impacts from 

implementation of the alternative (changes in employment and wages) would be felt most 

strongly by Mariposa County.

Alternative 2 is expected to result in construction spending of $68 million over a period of 20 

years or an average of approximately $3.40 million per year. These construction expenditures 

would result in an average of 30 direct jobs each year and 18 indirect jobs (SRRI 2009). The 

impact on the state economy from the injection of $3.40 million in construction spending each 

year would result in a $7.8 million increase in total state output and a $2.6 million increase in total 

earnings in the state (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 2002). Again, the economic impacts to the 

region in terms of employment and spending would likely be less because many construction 

workers might come from outside of the region and spend their earnings in other areas of the 

state. If half of the employment generated in the state were generated in Mariposa County, the 

economic area most closely affected by employment in the park, it would still account for less 

than 1 percent of the county’s employment.

The temporary closure of guestrooms during various construction activities would reduce 

Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues to the county during periods when guestrooms are 

temporarily closed. The extent of this impact would depend on the number of rooms closed, the 

duration of the closure, and to some degree, the timing of the closure. It is assumed that 

guestroom closures would be scheduled during the off-season, when vacancy rates are somewhat 

lower. It is also assumed that only a small number of rooms would be closed at any one time and 

that they would be closed for a short period of time. Therefore, the short-term impacts on 

Mariposa County tax revenues over the implementation period would be mitigated to the extent 

possible. The permanent loss of one guestroom would have a long-term, negligible, adverse 

impact on county Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues because the lost revenue from the 

standard room would be offset by the addition of one ADA-compliant guestroom suite. 

Conclusion: Under Alternative 2, visitor populations are not likely to be impacted, and visitor 

spending displaced from lodging or other services at The Ahwahnee is likely to be captured at 

other establishments in the region. Therefore, the impact on visitor spending in both the local and 

regional economy would be negligible. Concessioner and park revenues would be reduced to 

some extent during the closure of various facilities and services. The impacts on concessioner and 

park revenues could be negligible to moderate, depending on construction phasing. Short-term 

decreases in concessioner employment and/or wages would likely be more than offset by the 

short-term increases in construction employment and wages, resulting in a short-term, beneficial 

impact on the local and regional economies. Impacts on Mariposa County could be minor to 

moderate and adverse in the short term, depending on the extent of guestroom closures (number 

of guestrooms and duration) over the 20-year implementation period. Long-term impacts on 

Mariposa County Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues are anticipated to be negligible with the 

permanent loss of one standard guestroom (the loss would be offset by the conversion of two 

standard rooms into one accessible guestroom suite).
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

3-82 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Cumulative Impacts

The moderate, beneficial impacts of the cumulative projects in the regional economy would likely 

be somewhat offset by the temporary lodging and facility closures. It is anticipated that many 

visitors might choose to simply move their business to a different facility, with the region still 

benefiting from their spending. Therefore, cumulative actions with Alternative 2 would likely 

result in local and regional, short-term, negligible to minor, beneficial impacts on the economy. 

Long-term, local impacts are expected to be negligible to both the regional and local economy. 

This cumulative analysis assumes that the Merced River Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive 

Management Plan would not result in a substantive reduction in park visitor capacity.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 

Visitor Population and Spending

Implementation of Alternative 3 would require the short-term closure of some guestrooms to 

complete some of the proposed improvements, as described previously. Phasing of these 

improvements has not been finalized at this time, but it is assumed that the number of rooms 

closed for improvements would be limited to the minimum required at any one time, and that the 

duration of the closures would be minimized. The reduction in available guestrooms would 

reduce visitor spending in the short-term while the rooms are closed. Similarly, other 

improvements in the Dining Room, Ahwahnee Bar, and Gift Shop might result in some temporary 

closures during certain construction activities and reduce visitor spending on these services. 

Egress improvements between the ground and first floor would result in the permanent loss of 

two standard guestrooms. Although the short-term closure of some guestrooms and other visitor 

services would not result in a detectable change in overall park visitation, it might result in a 

negligible to minor decrease in visitor spending in the park as visitors substitute other, less 

expensive lodging and services for those normally obtained at The Ahwahnee hotel. The longterm closure of two guestrooms would result in a minor decrease in visitor spending because any 

guests displaced from these rooms are likely to spend less on lodging at other facilities in the area.

Concessioner and Park Revenues

Revenues to the concessioner would be reduced in the short-term based on the temporary 

reduction in lodging and other visitor services being provided, as described above. Since 

concessioner payments to the park are related to concessioner revenues, this would result in a 

reduction in concessioner revenues to the park. Similarly, the long-term loss of two guestrooms 

would result in a long-term decrease in concessioner and park revenues. This impact of this 

would be minor.

Concessioner Employment and Wages

The vast majority of the changes in visitor services provided are expected to be short term in 

nature. Given that facility improvements would be implemented in a phased manner over a 

period of up to 20 years, the disruption of facilities and services would be minimized to the 

greatest extent possible. Therefore, changes in the level of concessioner employment and wages 

would be minimal and short term in nature. In the long term, only two guestrooms would be 

permanently lost, which would have a negligible impact on local and regional employment and 

wages. No long-term impacts on employment or wages would be anticipated related to food and 

beverage or retail services.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Socioeconomics 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-83

Local and Regional Economy

Impacts on regional employment and wages in both the short term and long term would be 

negligible. The Ahwahnee hotel is located in Mariposa County, and a majority of the concessioner 

employees live in the county. Mariposa County is also highly dependent on the visitor industry 

for employment and tax revenues. Therefore, it is likely that any economic impacts from 

implementation of the alternative (changes in employment and wages) would be felt most 

strongly by Mariposa County.

Alternative 3 is expected to result in construction spending of $52 million over a period of about 

20 years, or an average of approximately $2.6 million per year. These construction expenditures 

would result in approximately 23 direct full-time equivalent jobs each year and 14 indirect jobs 

(SRRI 2009). The impact on the state economy is estimated at an increase of $6 million in total 

state output and an increase of $2 million in total earnings (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis 

2002). Again, the economic impacts on the region in terms of employment and spending would 

likely be less than the impact on the state overall. If half of the employment generated in the state 

were generated in Mariposa County, the economic area most closely affected by employment in 

the park, it would still account for less than 1 percent of the county’s employment.

The temporary closure of guestrooms during various construction activities would reduce 

Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues to the county during periods when guestrooms are 

temporarily closed. The extent of this impact would depend on the number of rooms closed, the 

duration of the closure, and to some degree, the timing of the closure. It is assumed that 

guestroom closures would be scheduled during the off-season, when vacancy rates are somewhat 

lower. It is also assumed that only a small number of rooms would be closed at any one time and 

that they would be closed for a short period of time. Therefore, the short-term impacts on 

Mariposa County tax revenues over the implementation period would be mitigated to the extent 

possible. The permanent loss of two guestrooms would have a long-term, minor, negligible

impact on county Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues.

Conclusion: Under Alternative 3, visitor populations are not likely to be impacted, and visitor 

spending displaced from lodging or other services at The Ahwahnee is likely to be captured at 

other establishments in the region. Therefore, the impact on visitor spending in both the local and 

regional economy would be negligible. Concessioner and park revenues would be reduced to 

some extent during the closure of various facilities and services. The impacts on concessioner and 

park revenues could be negligible to moderate, depending on construction phasing. Short-term 

decreases in concessioner employment and/or wages would likely be more than offset by the 

short-term increases in construction employment and wages, resulting in a short-term, beneficial 

impact on the local and regional economies. Impacts on Mariposa County could be minor to 

major and adverse in the short term, depending on the extent of guestroom closures (number of 

guestrooms and duration) over the 20-year implementation period. Long-term impacts on 

Mariposa County Transient Occupancy Taxes revenues would be negligible and adverse with the 

permanent loss of two standard guestrooms (the loss would be offset by the conversion of four 

standard rooms to two accessible guestroom suites).

Cumulative Impacts

The moderate beneficial impacts of the cumulative projects in the regional economy would likely 

be somewhat offset by the temporary lodging and facility closures. It is anticipated that many 

visitors might choose to simply move their business to a different facility, with the region still 

benefiting from their spending. Therefore, cumulative actions with Alternative 3 would likely 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Energy Consumption and Climate Change 

3-84 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

result in local and regional, short-term, negligible to minor, beneficial impacts on the economy. 

Long-term, local impacts would be negligible to minor and adverse due to the loss of two

guestrooms. This cumulative analysis assumes that the Merced River Wild and Scenic River 

Comprehensive Management Plan would not result in a substantive reduction in park visitor 

capacity.

Energy Consumption and Climate Change

Affected Environment

Regulations, Policies, and Planning Objectives

There are a great number of federal, park, and state policies that address the need to design and 

operate facilities in a manner that minimizes energy consumption and carbon emissions and 

maximizes the use of renewable energy sources. In particular, Executive Order 13123 calls on 

federal agencies to take the lead in implementing energy conservation, maximizing the use of 

renewable resources, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by setting goals for reduced energy 

consumption by federal agencies. The National Park Service has incorporated requirements for 

energy efficiency into its management policies for design, construction, and operation of park 

facilities.

In recent years, the National Park Service has hosted or participated in a series of regional and 

interagency workshops to explore climate change impacts and coping strategies. The National 

Park Service initiated the Climate Friendly Parks Program in 2004 to promote sustainable 

operations in parks and create climate action plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; almost 60 

parks now participate. The National Park Service has also formed a system-wide Climate Change 

Response Steering Committee to foster communications, provide recommendations, and serve as 

an advisory body to National Park Service leadership on this issue.

Yosemite National Park Climate Action Plan

Yosemite National Park participates in the Climate Friendly Parks Program and has been 

designated a “Climate Friendly Park.” To obtain this designation, Yosemite has conducted a 

baseline greenhouse gas emissions inventory; developed a Climate Action Plan; and committed to 

educating park staff, visitors, and community members about climate change. The objective of the 

Climate Action Plan is to identify actions that Yosemite can undertake to reduce greenhouse gas 

emissions and thus address climate change. The plan recommends three strategies: reducing fuel 

use and greenhouse gas emissions, increasing climate change outreach and education efforts and 

performing subsequent emission inventories to evaluate progress, and developing future emission 

mitigation actions.

Energy Consumption

Energy consumption at The Ahwahnee hotel occurs year-round. The hotel has a central plant for 

generating chilled water, steam, and space-heating hot water. The chilled water system was 

installed in approximately1990; the refrigerant used is R-22. Steam is generated in The Ahwahnee

basement by two oil-fired boilers installed in the mid-1980s. The steam feeds heat exchangers that 

generate space-heating hot water, domestic hot water, and direct steam-fired radiators in 

The Ahwahnee public spaces. Hot water is distributed to the guestrooms, the Dining Room, Gift 

Shop, Sweet Shop, and bathrooms. The cottages have electric wall heaters, and the dormitory has 

a forced air heating system.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Energy Consumption and Climate Change 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-85

The energy consumption numbers listed below include operations at The Ahwahnee hotel and 

associated concessioner operated buildings. The average annual energy consumption by the 

concessioner from 2003 to 2007 includes the following: 

 Electricity - 1,717,715 kWh. The facility is currently fed from the medium-voltage Yosemite 

Valley feeder system to two service transformers in the Kitchen and the basement at 

The Ahwahnee hotel.

 Propane - 40,950 gallons. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) tanks are located approximately 

halfway between the northwest corner of The Ahwahnee and the Employee Dormitory. These 

tanks feed the Kitchen of The Ahwahnee and the Employee Dormitory.

 Heating fuel - 185,523 gallons. A large underground oil tank in the service yard feeds 

The Ahwahnee boilers.

 Water - 26,427,344 gallons. Water is supplied to the facility by the National Park Service.

 Sewer - 26,392,487 gallons. The sanitary sewer system connects to the sewer main that extends 

to a waste water treatment plant located in El Portal and operated by the National Park Service.

Environmental Consequences - Methodology

There is no clear consensus in the scientific community regarding the sources or causes of climate 

change, and there is limited guidance available on how to properly analyze the impact of local 

development projects on climate change. This is particularly true where the project is unlikely to 

result in large changes in local or regional emissions. This evaluation includes an assessment of 

changes in energy consumed and related levels of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions.

Context: The context of the impact considers whether the impact would be local, regional, 

national, or global. For the purposes of this analysis, local impacts would pertain to energy 

consumption within Yosemite National Park or specific to The Ahwahnee hotel.

Intensity: The intensity of the impact considers whether the impact would be negligible, minor, 

moderate, or major. Negligible impacts are impacts considered not detectable and that would 

have no discernible impact on the amount of energy consumed or the amount of emissions. 

Minor impacts are impacts that would be slightly detectable but would not be expected to have an 

overall impact on those conditions. Moderate impacts would be clearly detectable and could have 

an appreciable impact on energy use or emissions. Major impacts would have a substantial, highly 

noticeable influence on and could permanently alter those conditions.

Duration: The duration of the impact considers whether the impact would occur in the short 

term or long term. A short-term impact would be temporary in duration and be associated with 

transitional types of activities, such as construction. A long-term impact would have a protracted 

or permanent impact on energy use or emissions.

Type: Impacts were evaluated in terms of whether they would be beneficial or adverse in terms of 

energy consumption and climate change. Beneficial impacts would reduce energy consumption 

or reduce emissions. Adverse impacts would increase energy consumption or increase emissions.

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, existing hotel facilities would remain in operation as described 

in Chapter 2. No upgrades would occur to outdated heating and cooling systems. Inefficient 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Energy Consumption and Climate Change 

3-86 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

windows, inadequate insulation, and unsealed doors would remain. Energy use and emissions 

would stay at or near current levels.

Conclusion: Under the No Action Alternative, there would be little or no change to energy use 

and emissions, resulting in a local, long-term, negligible, adverse impact on energy consumption.

Cumulative Impacts

Many of the current actions taking place in and around The Ahwahnee hotel might result in 

short-term increases in fuel and emissions during construction. These include the East Yosemite 

Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements project, and 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence. The Merced Wild and 

Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan is under development and its impacts on energy 

consumption are therefore difficult to anticipate.

Although the impacts of the No Action Alternative would remain locally adverse, the level of 

emissions overall in this area would be negligible in a regional or larger perspective. The National 

Park Service will continue to work toward overall reductions in energy consumption and 

greenhouse gas emissions to reduce park impacts on global climate change.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1, 2, and 3

The difference among the action alternatives with regard to impacts on energy consumption and 

climate change would be negligible; minor exceptions are noted. Therefore, the action 

alternatives are analyzed together.

Analysis

One of the National Park Service management objectives for park operations is to upgrade 

facilities and utility systems to conserve energy. Accordingly, design techniques and the 

application of new technology to reduce energy and water consumption have been incorporated 

into The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. The facility upgrades proposed under all 

action alternatives would reduce the overall use of energy by replacing inefficient windows, 

upgrading plumbing throughout the facility with low-flow fixtures, adding insulation, and 

completely replacing outdated heating and cooling systems to optimize operation of all heating, 

ventilation, and air conditioning systems.

Alternatives 1 and 3 would use high-efficiency, oil-fired boilers for steam heating. Kitchen 

equipment would be refurbished and reused whenever possible. Alternative 2 would offer 

additional reductions in emissions with the use of alternative energy to supplement highefficiency propane boilers for hot water heating. Proposed dimming switches would allow the 

shutdown of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems at sections of 

the building that are unoccupied when the hotel is not full. All kitchen equipment would also be 

replaced with more efficient models under Alternative 2.

Short-term increases in fuel and emissions would occur during construction of any of the action 

alternatives.

Conclusion: Under Alternatives 1, 2, or 3, improved efficiency and reduced energy use would 

result in a local, long-term, minor to moderate, beneficial impact on overall energy consumption 

and resulting emissions at The Ahwahnee hotel and a regional, long-term, negligible, beneficial 

impact on energy consumption and climate change.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Historic Sites, Buildings, and Landscapes 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-87

Cumulative Impacts

Many of the recent actions in and around The Ahwahnee hotel resulted in short-term increases in 

fuel and emissions during construction. These include the East Yosemite Valley Utilities 

Improvement Plan and The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements, The Ahwahnee Hotel 

Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence projects and others. The Merced Wild and 

Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan is under development and its impacts on energy 

consumption are therefore difficult to anticipate.

The impacts of the proposed rehabilitation project under Alternatives 1, 2, or 3 would be locally 

beneficial; however, the level of emissions overall from this facility would be negligible in a 

regional or larger perspective. The National Park Service will continue to work toward overall 

reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions to reduce park impacts on 

global climate change.

Historic Properties

Historic Sites, Buildings, and Landscapes

Affected Environment

The Ahwahnee is located on a 35-acre site near the east end of Yosemite Valley at the base of the 

Royal Arches formation, north of the Merced River. The Ahwahnee historic site includes the 

main hotel building, eight guest cottages, a maintenance building, an employee dormitory, and a 

relatively recent mechanical building. The historic site boundary encompasses all of the 

historically significant features within The Ahwahnee area. As defined under section 106 of the 

National Historic Preservation Act, the area of potential affect (APE) for this project comprises 

The Ahwahnee hotel, its ancillary structures, and the area immediately surrounding these 

buildings (see Appendix A, Attachment A).

Significance of The Ahwahnee

The Ahwahnee was originally listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1977 

and was designated a National Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1987 for its significance in 

architecture.

National Register of Historic Places Eligibility Criteria

The criteria of the National Register of Historic Places provide the basis under which a structure, 

site, building, district, or object can be considered significant for listing on the National Register. 

A potential resource needs to meet only one of the four criteria to achieve significance. The 

criteria include resources that:

(A) are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns 

of history; or

(B) are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or

(C) embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that 

represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a 

significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinction; 

or

(D) have yielded or may likely yield information important in prehistory or history. 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Historic Sites, Buildings, and Landscapes 

3-88 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Previous Evaluations of Significance

The Ahwahnee’s significance was originally documented in a 1977 NRHP nomination form and 

was updated in a 1987 NHL nomination form. The Ahwahnee was also included as part of the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District NRHP nomination form in 2006. A summary of previous 

National Register nominations is provided as Table 3-4. 

Table 3-4 

Summary of Previous National Register Nominations for The Ahwahnee

Nomination Date of 

Listing 

Significance 

Level 

Significance 

Criteria 

Period of 

Significance 

Contributing Resources 

Documented in Nomination

National Register 

of Historic Places 1977 National C 1925-1927 The Ahwahnee hotel, exterior, interior, and ancillary buildings

National Historic 

Landmark 1987 National and Regional C 1925-present

The Ahwahnee hotel exterior, hotel 

interior, meadow, stone gate house, 

parking lots, pond, and walkways 

north of Porte Cochere

Yosemite Valley 

Historic District (as 

The Ahwahnee 

Developed Area)

2006 National A,C 

1855-1942 

(entire district)

The Ahwahnee hotel, guest cottages, 

linen building, entry road, gate lodge 

and post, west parking area, pond, 

paths to guest cottages, footbridge 

to guest cottages, footbridge near 

Merced River, bridle trail ford, 

drainage ways, tennis courts, terrace 

Yosemite Valley 

Archeological 

District

1978 D Not disclosed 

Source: Architectural Resources Group 2010

Current Statement of Significance

The following statements are excerpted from The Ahwahnee Historic Structures Report (HSR) 

(ARG 2011), which provides the current statement of significance for The Ahwahnee. 

Built in 1927 and designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, The Ahwahnee is one of the 

nation’s most acclaimed buildings and a National Historic Landmark. The Ahwahnee achieves 

high levels of significance under National Register criteria. Primarily significant for architectural 

merit, under National Register criterion C, The Ahwahnee is considered one of the greatest of the 

national park lodges. Architecturally, it is a symbol of design excellence, 1920s architectural 

ideals, and Rustic style architecture on a previously unimagined scale.

Historically, The Ahwahnee is significant for its role in the development of tourism, national 

parks, and the concessions industry and for American citizens’ then-emerging appreciation of the 

National Park System and the great outdoors. The Ahwahnee is significant for its stature among 

the great lodges of the West and as a representation of the developing resorts that attracted 

wealthy visitors in the country’s new National Park System.

Potential Significance of The Ahwahnee under Criterion A

Although not designated for significance under Criterion B, The Ahwahnee is associated with 

numerous nationally renowned Americans who made great contributions in their fields; 

landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.; Steven T. Mather, first director of the National 

Park Service; and Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service.

Potential Significance of The Ahwahnee under Criterion B 

Primarily significant for architectural merit, under National Register Criterion C, The Ahwahnee

is considered one of the greatest of the national park lodges. Previous designations, specifically 

Significance of The Ahwahnee under Criterion C 
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the National Historic Landmark nomination, note the Rustic monumentality of The Ahwahnee’s 

architecture. Exhibiting indigenous materials and tenets of the Rustic style, but on a grand scale, 

The Ahwahnee is significant for its site, setting, materials, highest-quality design and artistic 

values, and craftsmanship.

The Ahwahnee hotel facilities and associated built environment are not significant under 

Criterion D. However, important archeological features and sites are present in the vicinity of 

The Ahwahnee, and these resources are significant under Criterion D, as documented in the 

Yosemite Valley Archeological District nomination (1978).

Importance of The Ahwahnee Property under Criterion D 

Period of Significance

A building’s period of significance is defined as the span of time in which a property attains the 

significance for which it meets the National Register criteria. The years 1925 to 1942 mark the 

period of significance of The Ahwahnee. The year 1925 corresponds to the initiation of the hotel’s 

design and planning phase in addition to site selection. The end date of 1942 marks the year 

The Ahwahnee ceased to operate as a hotel and the beginning of the wartime use as a naval 

hospital.

By 1942, the design and construction of the hotel and grounds, which continued to be refined 

after the hotel’s inauguration in 1927, were complete, representing the building’s apex in terms of 

original design concept and integrity. Its site orientation and setting are crucial to 

The Ahwahnee’s significance to the present time.

Contributing and Non-Contributing Structures in the Project Area

Information regarding contributing and non-contributing structures of The Ahwahnee has been 

extracted from the HSR (ARG 2011) and The Ahwahnee Cultural Landscape Report (AECOM and 

ARG 2011). See Appendix C for a complete list of the significance, historic integrity, and 

condition assessment classifications for features and spaces at The Ahwahnee. 

Contributing Structures

The dominant building in the project area is The Ahwahnee hotel. The hotel was constructed 

with a steel frame, reinforced concrete, and granite masonry. Three building wings form a Y 

shape—where the wings meet, the building is seven stories high. The central core of the building 

rises above the other wings and creates a tower of the fifth and sixth floors and the elevator 

penthouse.

The Ahwahnee Hotel

The architect of The Ahwahnee, Gilbert Stanley Underwood, designed the exterior in what he 

called the "environmental" style. This style is now known as Rustic, Park Rustic, or Park Service 

Rustic. Because of the grand scale of The Ahwahnee, it is often described as "Monumental 

Rustic," meaning that it uses Rustic elements on a massive scale. Rustic architecture incorporated 

local natural materials, most notably stone and wood, and attempted to create buildings that 

blended with their natural setting and environment. Underwood specified that granite was to be 

placed with the weathered side to the exterior of the wall, so that the weathered walls would 

blend with the weathered granite cliffs surrounding the building.

Because of the history of hotels burning down in Yosemite, Stephen T. Mather insisted that 

The Ahwahnee be fireproof. In accordance, the exterior walls, rafter ends, and posts which look 

like wood were actually formed and stained concrete. The Dining Room, Porte Cochere, and 
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entrance walkway were the exception with their peeled log columns and trusses: a classic Rustic 

design element.

The large windows on the first floor provide views to the walls of Yosemite Valley. Balconies 

extend from each floor of the building to take advantage of the views. Concrete terraces, stamped 

to resemble flagstone, surround the hotel’s east, south, and west sides; they are used as large, open 

sitting areas. Attached to the terraces on the east side of the hotel is an irregularly shaped concrete 

pool deck with a faceted scored pattern.

Across Royal Arch Creek from the hotel are eight single-story cottage buildings, divided into a 

total of twenty-four units, and one storage building. Designed by Eldridge T. Spencer, 

construction on the cottages was completed in 1928. The cottages are sited east of the hotel and

are sheltered in a wooded enclave. The cabins are set apart from the main hotel building as they 

were historically. The apparently haphazard arrangement of the cottages may be a result of an 

attempt to maintain the privacy for each, as well as to situate the cottages within the existing grove 

of trees.

Guest Cottages

The cottages were designed in a contrasting style to the main hotel building. Although they 

incorporate a few Rustic elements, like the stone chimneys, they are not Rustic-style buildings. 

They are a style uniquely their own, which cannot be easily categorized into other known styles. 

Each cottage is a single-story, wood-framed structure on a concrete foundation. Although the 

plans and roof forms are simple, great care was taken in detailing the buildings, as is appropriate 

for a luxury hotel. Some of the key details include: the vertical and horizontal wood siding, the 

projecting windows, the wide stenciled door frames, refined exterior wood-molded trim at the 

projecting windows, decorative wood vents at the gables, wood signs at gables, and notched rafter 

tails. The details of each cottage vary slightly from the others: the notching at the rafter tails, the 

stencils at the doors, and the signs at the gables. The cottage interiors were simple, but elegant, 

with furniture, Persian rugs, and other furnishings similar to those used in the main building. The 

wood floors and walls tied them to their forest setting. The stencils in the cottages are abstracts of 

birds, insects, and flowers in contrast to the basket-inspired stencils in the main building.

Stretching south of the hotel are several bridges crossing Royal Arch Creek. The bridges are 

constructed with abutments of stone or concrete. The design of the bridges, with their log 

construction, echoes the Rustic style of the hotel, though no one bridge is exactly like another.

Bridges

Other circulation features in the project area include sidewalks, flagstone paths, and unpaved 

paths. One path leaves the terraces from the eastern corner near the pool; this path is 

approximately 6 feet wide and paved with asphalt, and connects the hotel terrace to a bridge and 

the cottages beyond. A flagstone path set in earth connects the terrace south of the hotel to the 

meadow. A smaller flagstone path connects these two along the west bank of Royal Arch Creek.

Circulation

Non-Contributing Structures

Originally built by the Navy in 1943 as the Cooks and Supply Building, the building was moved to 

its current location and converted to employee housing in 1946 under the direction of Eldridge T. 

Spencer. The long, narrow, wood-framed, wood-sided structure is simple and utilitarian, which is 

a great contrast to the refined detailing of The Ahwahnee main building and cottages.

Employee Dormitory
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The wood-framed structure, located west of the hotel, is supported on concrete pier footings. A 

long corridor, extending almost the entire length of the building, divides the building in half. 

Employee rooms flank both sides of the corridor.

The dormitory exterior is horizontal wood siding, painted grey with an asphalt shingle roof. 

There are two doors on the north walls and one on the west wall. Each door opens onto a small 

wood deck and stairs. The main door has a ramp built over the stair. When the building was 

converted, it was designed to be a women’s dorm, but it now houses some couples. Therefore, a 

small men’s toilet room and a men’s shower room have been added.

Character-Defining Features

A character-defining feature is an aspect of a building’s design, construction, or detail that is 

representative of the building’s function, type, or architectural style. Character-defining elements 

include the overall shape of the building, its materials, craftsmanship, decorative details, interior 

spaces and features, as well as the various aspects of its site and environment (NPS 1988). 

Generally, character-defining features date to a property’s period of significance. For a historic 

resource to retain its significance, its character-defining features must be retained to the greatest 

extent possible.

The Ahwahnee hotel site includes character-defining features that contribute to the property’s 

ability to convey its significant associations, as well as to all seven aspects of its integrity: location, 

design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association (see ‘Integrity,’ below). These 

characteristics include buildings and structures as well as spatial organization, land use, 

circulation related to the buildings and their interrelationships, topography, vegetation, and views 

and vistas. The overall spatial organization and land use patterns are defined by walkway(s) 

between the buildings and remain unchanged since the period of significance. Views of the 

dramatic architecture of The Ahwahnee and the beauty of the natural surroundings contribute to 

the site’s historic setting.

With The Ahwahnee's significant spaces there may exist non-contributing individual elements 

(e.g., the Dining Room). Conversely, within altered and modified spaces there remain elements of 

historic importance (e.g., the Ahwahnee Bar). This is especially true in the public spaces on the 

ground floor. On the upper floors, guestrooms retain their original configuration with fairly 

uniform treatment of character-defining features throughout.

Integrity

Integrity is a key component of the overall building evaluation. For the National Register of 

Historic Places, integrity is the authenticity of an historical resource’s physical identity, evidenced 

by the survival of characteristics that existed during the resource’s period of significance. Integrity 

involves several aspects, including location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling and 

association. These aspects closely relate to the resource’s significance and should be primarily 

intact for designation. This discussion of integrity concentrates equally on the building’s exterior 

envelope and interior. While the exterior has been subjected to many modifications over the 

years, the original exterior architectural expression remains intact. On the interior, original 

circulation patterns remain, though some room configurations have been modified.

The Ahwahnee hotel historic site includes a substantial amount of intact and significant features 

and characteristics from its period of significance. Despite growth and site maintenance, the site 

continues its original use and its landscape features have undergone few physical changes. 

Alterations that have occurred to The Ahwahnee hotel and its ancillary buildings and surrounding 
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3-92 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

landscape have not compromised the overall design and materials of the site. The site as a whole 

possesses integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, 

and therefore retains sufficient integrity to convey its significance for the entire period of 

significance from 1925 to 1942.

Location

Location is the place where the historic property was constructed or the place where the historic 

event occurred. The main building, cottages and maintenance building are all in their original 

locations. The dormitory has been moved a short distance from the area of the parking lot, south 

to its current location. Although it has been moved, its close proximity to the original location has 

minimal impact on the integrity of the property. Therefore, The Ahwahnee has a high level 

integrity of location.

Design

Design is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a 

property. The exterior of The Ahwahnee retains a high degree of the original design elements. In 

contrast to the Rustic style of the main hotel, the cottages are residential in design. Like the main 

hotel they retain a high degree of design integrity. The dormitory is a simple utilitarian building 

and also retains a high degree of design integrity. The greatest impact of the design integrity of all 

three types of structures is the replacement of the original wood windows with aluminum 

windows.

Setting

Setting is the physical environment of an historic property, constituting topographic features, 

vegetation, manmade features, and relationships between buildings or open space. The setting of 

The Ahwahnee at the west end of Yosemite Valley, under the Royal Arches formation, remains 

largely unchanged. Although there have been changes to the immediate site around the buildings, 

the integrity with regard to setting remains high.

Materials

Materials are the physical elements that were combined or deposited during a particular period of 

time and in a particular pattern or configuration to form an historic property. At the time of 

construction, a great deal of care was used to select high quality materials and finishes for 

The Ahwahnee. The integrity of exterior materials has been reduced by the replacement of 

windows, roofs, balcony paving, rafter ends and lamp beams. The materials of the Porte Cochere

and entrance walkway have been entirely replaced and therefore have no integrity with regard to 

materials.

The material integrity of the interiors have been reduced by the replacement of carpets, removal 

of much of the original furniture and some of the furnishings, replacement of plumbing fixtures, 

painting over of a substantial amount of original stenciled artwork, and replacement of other 

finishes. The overall integrity of materials is moderate. The cottage exterior materials have been 

altered by the replacement of the windows, the roofs, the patio paving and the replacement of the 

exterior doors. The interior materials have been altered with entirely new finishes in the 

bathrooms, replacement of the lighting fixtures, the removal of all original furnishings and the 

partial removal of the stencils. The cottages have a moderate integrity of materials. The dormitory 

exterior materials have been altered by the replacement of windows, doors and roofing. The 

dormitory interior materials have been slightly altered by the replacement of lighting and flooring. 

The overall material integrity of the dormitory is moderate.
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Workmanship

Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture, people, or artisan 

during any given period in history or pre-history. Because of the reduction in the material 

integrity, the integrity of workmanship is also reduced. The covering over of about half of the 

original stenciled artwork in the public areas and guestrooms has reduced the integrity of the 

artist workmanship. However, the overall integrity of the workmanship still remains high.

Feeling

Feeling is a property’s expression of the aesthetic or historical sense of a particular period of time. 

The feeling of The Ahwahnee has been slightly impacted by the deterioration and replacement of 

finishes and materials and by the reduced maintenance of the grounds, but despite this still retains 

much of its original feeling. The feeling of the cottages has been largely retained in the wooded 

site. The feeling of the dormitory is also largely retained. Overall, The Ahwahnee has a high level 

of integrity of feeling.

Association

Association is the direct link between an important historic event or person and an historic 

property. Because The Ahwahnee retains its original use and design, the building retains its 

historical association with the development of national park concessions, Yosemite National 

Park, and the National Park Service. The association with Dr. Donald B. Tresidder and Mary 

Curry Tresidder (who were originally responsible for management of the hotel) has been 

somewhat reduced by the remodeling of the sixth floor. The cottages retain their association with 

their designer Eldridge T. Spencer because they retain the design. The dormitory retains its 

association with the Navy use. Therefore, The Ahwahnee as a whole retains a high level of 

integrity of association.

In summary, other than the Navy use during World War II, the main building and cottages have 

continued to be used for their original purpose as a grand hotel. The majority of the changes to 

the building were in response to trends in the hospitality industry and the replacement of 

deteriorated and worn materials. In terms of volume, massing, materials and original design 

intent, the building is intact. While some aspects of integrity have been diminished over time, 

The Ahwahnee retains sufficient integrity to convey its significance.

Landscape Characteristics

The extraordinary natural features in The Ahwahnee project area were key factors in the siting 

and orientation of the hotel. The design of the site was informed by the Rustic style that was being 

established at this time by "landscape engineers" Charles Punchard, Daniel Hull, and Thomas 

Vint, and practiced by firms such as the Olmsted Brothers, and landscape gardeners such as Carl 

Purdy.

The following landscape characteristics include features that contribute to The Ahwahnee project 

area’s cultural landscape and therefore historic significance:

 Buildings and Structures (as they relate to the surrounding environment)

 Circulation

 Views and Vistas

 Vegetation

 Natural Systems and Features
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 Topography

 Land Use

 Spatial Organization

 Small-scale Features

Buildings and Structures

The central organizing element of the landscape is The Ahwahnee main building, designed to 

recall the cliff face, which is its backdrop. Other buildings within The Ahwahnee project area 

include the cottages and the dormitory, although these were sited to be obscured or unobtrusive 

from the main building. Additional structures within the project area include stone culverts, 

bridges, and service buildings.

Circulation

The cottages are accessible by means of pedestrian pathways and vehicle traffic (only for service 

and fire access). Pedestrian paths include asphalt paths and unpaved paths, providing a 

connection from the hotel to the cottages via two pedestrian bridges crossing Royal Arch Creek. 

The main asphalt path provides access to the cottages; there are two “spine” paths which link to 

individual cottages with smaller asphalt paths connecting to the cottage terraces (which are 

discussed below in ‘Buildings and Structures.’) The larger asphalt path continues east from the 

pedestrian bridge and leads towards the service and storage area east of the cottages. As this path 

crosses a small culvert, its asphalt paving disappears, and it is unpaved for the rest of its length. 

This unpaved path connects to the unpaved access roads which circle the cottages to the south, 

and becomes the valet parking area to the north and west.

Just east of the cottages, on the other side of an unnamed seasonal tributary, is a large, fragmented 

concrete pad, approximately 165 by 45 feet, used for equipment storage.

Views and Vistas

Scenic views and vistas are available from many areas of The Ahwahnee. Particularly notable are 

the views of Royal Arches, Yosemite Falls, Half Dome, and the views towards Royal Arches 

Cascade and Glacier Point (especially the former Fire Fall location). From the meadow, there are 

views back to the hotel. Many of these designed views have been compromised by the growth of 

vegetation over the years.

Vegetation

The vegetation at The Ahwahnee evokes the hotel’s natural surroundings. The mature evergreens, 

black oaks, and smaller understory shrubs and herbaceous plants define spaces within the 

grounds, screen views, and create garden spaces. The tall pines, firs, and sequoias dominate many 

areas of the landscape, and provide a thick ring of vegetation around the project area.

Natural Systems and Features

The Merced River runs along the southeastern boundary of the project area. Royal Arch Creek, a 

tributary of the Merced River, creates a physical separation between the hotel and the cottages. 

This seasonal creek flows during the winter, spring, and early summer, when it is fed by 

groundwater and snow melt, and it runs dry by the later summer. Lined with boulders, trees, and 

shrubs, the creek bed is quite deep. There is an unnamed seasonal tributary along the eastern edge 

of the cottages area that flows during rainfall and in the winter when groundwater levels are high, 

running dry in the summer. Its channel is composed mainly of stones and sandy soil.
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Topography

Yosemite Valley is relatively flat and bounded by enormous cliffs. The Ahwahnee area includes a 

slope down to the Merced River, the curvilinear channel of Royal Arch Creek, the shallow 

depression of the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages, and the constructed drainage 

channel north of the dormitory. The major topographic modifications at The Ahwahnee include 

the raised plinth on which the hotel was constructed, which is evident on its western side.

Land Use

The primary land use in the project area is lodging. This use has provided the basis for the design 

of the hotel and its grounds, including the cluster of cottages. Other secondary land uses include 

recreation. The dormitory supports the residential use of the grounds. Service and storage are 

supported in the service yard of the hotel, a storage building near the cottages, and the storage 

and service area east of the cottages.

Spatial Organization

The entire project area is enclosed by the cliffs to the north, the river and thick band of woods 

and bicycle trail to the south, and dense evergreen woods to the east and west. The area 

immediately surrounding the hotel building contains the Porte Cochere and designed planted 

spaces.

The terraces are included in this area, as is the lawn and swimming pool. East of the hotel is the 

cottages area—a densely wooded area with an asymmetrical organization of the plantings and 

buildings.

Environmental Consequences Methodology

In accordance with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation’s (ACHP) regulations 

implementing NHPA section 106, effects to cultural resources were identified and evaluated by:

 Determining the Area of Potential Effect (APE)

 Identifying cultural resources present in the APE that are either listed in or eligible for listing in 

the NRHP (Historic Properties)

 Applying the criteria of adverse effect to affected historic properties

 Considering ways to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse effects

Under ACHP regulations, a determination of no historic properties affected, no adverse effect, or 

adverse effect must be made for affected National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligible 

cultural resources. A determination of no historic properties affected occurs when there are no 

historic properties present, or the action will have no effect on historic properties. A 

determination of no adverse effect means that there is an effect, but the effect would not diminish, 

in any way, characteristics of a cultural resource that would qualify it for inclusion in the NRHP. 

An adverse effect occurs whenever an impact alters, directly or indirectly, any characteristic of a 

cultural resource which qualifies it for inclusion on the NRHP, by diminishing the integrity of the 

resource's location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Adverse 

effects also include reasonably foreseeable effects caused by the alternatives that would occur at a 

later time or that would be cumulative over the course of time.

In accordance with 36 CFR 800 criteria of effect, The Ahwahnee historic site was analyzed 

qualitatively, based on modifications that would be made to character-defining features (features 

that qualified the property for inclusion in the NRHP and in 1987 as a NHL).
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Alternatives and action items were considered individually and in relation to each other, to ensure 

that the analysis fully considers what elements of each action and/or linked actions would result 

in an adverse effect.

Environmental Consequences of No Action Alternative

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, code compliance recommendations would not be followed, 

including actions to bring the NHL structure into compliance with current seismic, building, 

plumbing, and electric codes and standards. Non-compliant or deteriorating mechanical, 

electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems would not be replaced, upgraded, and/or refurbished. 

Recommended improvements to energy, water use, and operational efficiencies would not occur.

The existing condition of historic spaces and features as detailed in Appendix C would persist.

Current maintenance and upkeep at The Ahwahnee would continue to provide interim repairs to 

aging MEP systems. However, due to the deteriorating condition of some of these systems, 

routine maintenance would not be sufficient to prevent system failure, which could lead to the 

catastrophic loss of historic features (e.g., failure of plumbing systems causing extensive water 

damage).

In addition, current maintenance and upkeep does not include repair or restoration of historic 

features. Historic spaces or features that are worn or in need of repairs and/or restoration would 

not be treated and no preemptive historic rehabilitation work would be performed to prevent 

further deterioration.

Therefore, the No Action Alternative would have the potential to diminish the integrity of 

The Ahwahnee, its contributing structures and features, and the ability for the property to 

represent its significant associations.

Conclusion: The No Action Alternative would have the potential to alter, directly or indirectly, 

characteristics of the historic site that qualified the property for inclusion in the NRHP in a 

manner that would diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, setting, materials, 

workmanship, feeling, or association. Therefore, the No Action Alternative would have an 

adverse effect on the historic property and on the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Cumulative Impacts

In general, past development, operation, and maintenance of facilities throughout Yosemite 

National Park have protected and preserved the integrity of historic properties. Past projects that 

have been evaluated in conjunction with the impacts of proposed action alternatives include the 

installation of ADA-compliant elevator controls within The Ahwahnee, the Interim Rockfall 

Parking Plan for The Ahwahnee, and the Yosemite Valley Shuttle Bus Stop Improvements project. 

These projects contribute to beneficial cumulative impacts, particularly the ADA compliance 

actions and related improvements that enabled visitors to access the historic property without 

impacts on historic integrity, contributing spaces, and character-defining features. Additional past 

projects evaluated include the Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project; Provide Secondary Egress 

from 5th and 6th Floors Project; The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen Install FRP Board project; The 

Ahwahnee Stabilize Kitchen Floor project; The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures

project; and The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decorations Projects 2010-11. 
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The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project installed fire sprinklers, detectors, and 

alarm systems throughout the NHL, affecting every room of the building and involving varying 

levels of disruption to historic finishes. These actions enabled the NHL to be protected into the 

future and provided substantial life safety that otherwise was absent within the structure.

The Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors Project addressed inadequate life-safety egress 

issues. The action altered public spaces and related character-defining features and materials. The 

project was determined to have an adverse effect on the NHL. The 2011 Programmatic 

Agreement (Appendix A), developed through consultation between the National Park Service 

and the California State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) (Appendix A), was implemented to 

resolve the adverse effect.

The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen FRP Board Installation Project installed fiberglass on the vertical walls 

of the Kitchen for cleanliness and moisture abatement. All work was fully removable and 

reversible and sensitive to the historic walls of the Kitchen. 

The Ahwahnee Hotel Stabilize Kitchen Floor project structurally strengthened and stabilized 

portions of the kitchen floor at the hotel. This project addressed the immediate concern of 

stabilization prior to implementing a more comprehensive kitchen rehabilitation.

The Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures Project addressed immediate safety concerns 

related to original fixtures which are character-defining features of the NHL.

The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decoration Projects enhanced the historic character of the NHL by 

restoring finishes appropriately to the period of significance of the building (1927-1942), and 

appropriately decorating spaces in the buildings to reflect or be compatible with that significance.

Current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions, projects, and plans that would have a 

cumulative effect on the historic property include:

The Scenic Vista Management Plan creates a program for the park to comprehensively prioritize 

viewpoints for management. Historic viewpoints from the Dining Room, Great Lounge, front 

lawn, Winter Club Room, and Solarium have become overgrown and resulted in altered views 

that would be addressed as part of the plan.

East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan would provide for utility needs of the aging, 

inadequate, and inaccessible utility infrastructure within the park, leading to a potential benefit 

for the historic property and especially The Ahwahnee hotel.

The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence Project would provide a 

more appropriate sense of arrival to the NHL, replacing rotted wood components along the 

wood-plank walkway and the service yard fence, allow better foundation for each component of 

the Porte Cochere, walkways, and fence, and address some drainage issues. These actions would 

benefit the entrance and its character-defining features to ensure the entire entrance does not 

further degrade from wood rot and water issues, and that the entrance to the NHL is not 

obstructed or uneven, rendering it not able to be used by visitors to the historic property. 

Previous alterations to the Porte Cochere supports and other wooden members render the 

proposed actions less impactful to historic design and fabric.

The Ground Floor Extended Door Replication Test would replace one set of exterior ground floor 

doors to serve as a design for replacement of the most severely damaged ground floor doors.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with the No Action Alternative, 

would result in an adverse effect to the NHL. Although the historic property would be 
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maintained, existing threats to the property and its systems from a lack of more substantial 

rehabilitation would continue.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

East Wing Egress

The existing East Wing egress from the second floor to the ground is via a narrow, non-compliant 

spiral stairway at the second floor balcony. Alternative 1 would remove the non-compliant spiral 

stairway and provide a new interior stairway from the second floor to the mezzanine level. 

Additional actions associated with the new stairway include reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee Bar 

and the addition of an accessible room with a balcony (see ‘Other Accessibility Actions,’ below).

Improved and compliant access would allow the historic property to be code-compliant and to 

better meet the needs of its original and on-going historic use. These alterations would be to nonhistoric additions and previously altered spaces.

Other Fire/Life-Safety Upgrades

All of the action alternatives include the addition of a fire separation between the Dining Room 

and the hotel, with concealed overhead fire doors at the openings at the Dining Room entry, 

Kitchen door, and the Diggins Suite.

The Diggins Suite has been modified several times since the period of significance. The proposed 

roll-down doors at the Diggins Suite (mezzanine level) would be concealed in the ceiling except in 

the event of fire, at which time they would be deployed. The dropped ceiling location allows 

sufficient space to fully conceal the roll-down door from public view when it is not deployed.

In addition, Alternative 1 would provide code-required upgrades to electrical and ventilation 

systems. These actions are all considered necessary for the continued protection and preservation 

of the NHL and would not impact the integrity of the NHL or its contributing spaces and 

character-defining features.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

Kitchen Modifications

Alternative 1 would brace the Dining Room from the Kitchen side with a minimally sized 

mezzanine. This would alter a character-defining volume of the Kitchen space, but structural 

stabilization of the wood-framed Dining Room is necessary to meet current seismic standards.

The existing floor, substrate, walls, and finishes in the Kitchen area would be altered and/or 

removed as necessary for structural work. This alternative would reuse as much existing 

equipment as feasible in the new, efficient, main kitchen layout. The existing north end of the 

Kitchen (with refrigerators and mezzanine) would be retained as much as possible. Partitions, 

doors, windows, slab, and finishes would be altered and/or removed along the south elevation, 

where necessary, to accommodate the seismic improvements.

Alternative 1 would include a partial mezzanine at the south and north of the Kitchen space. It 

would leave a portion of the original mezzanine space and a small area of the original double 

height of the Kitchen to convey its original design and configuration. These actions would retain 

and protect the character-defining features and materials of the Kitchen. The smaller mezzanine, 
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which addresses seismic engineering concerns while maintaining the character-defining volume 

of the space, allows Alternative 1 to less aggressively address the need for seismic strengthening of 

the Dining Room and improvements to operations within the Kitchen spaces than Alternative 2. 

Alternative 1 would minimize modification of the Kitchen's spatial configuration and original 

design. 

The Kitchen is an important Contributing space due to its utilitarian function and design. The 

space reflects the original and continued function of the historic property and represents how 

such utilitarian spaces were designed and used. Under Alternative 1, a substantial amount of 

original volume within the space would be retained, as would a substantial amount of original 

partition walls. Original features and materials would be preserved to the extent feasible within 

the requirements of the rehabilitation process, and in particular the seismic stabilization effort. 

Alternative 1 would preserve an open area of two-story volume between the existing north 

mezzanine and the new brace-frame mezzanine on the south side of the Kitchen. The integrity of 

the historic spaces would be retained during rehabilitation actions, including the integrity of 

workmanship, materials, and feeling.

Other Seismic Safety Actions

Other seismic safety actions with the potential to affect the historic property under Alternative 1 

would include the following:

 Columns at the west side of the Dining Room would be capped. The Dining Room would be 

braced in the east/west direction and the stone veneer on columns at the east side would be 

pinned. The proposed glazing would meet seismic life-safety requirements and would be 

installed without altering the original window frame profile.

 The exterior granite veneer at the hotel would be pinned with stainless steel pins at egress 

paths.

 Stone chimneys would be stabilized at five locations with an exterior collar strap and external 

guy wires. The alteration proposed for the stone chimneys stabilization would impact historic 

fabric and be visible on the exterior. 

 Two-story walls at the Solarium and Great Room fireplaces would be braced to the building 

structure with strong backing at selected locations.

 Stone chimneys at the cottages would be reinforced with 2x blocking, clips, and straps in the 

attic space.

 Splice plate connections at the truss would be replaced and a snowmelt/retention system would 

be replaced at the roof. These actions would provide stabilization and strengthening.

These seismic strengthening actions are considered necessary to protect the structure and its 

character-defining spaces, features, and materials are protected and continue to be preserved into 

the future.

Accessibility Compliance

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

The South Mezzanine above the Solarium space is isolated and can be accessed only by a stairway 

in the Solarium. The Solarium as well as the three historic meeting rooms in the South Mezzanine 

(Tresidder Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) are identified as Very Significant in the 

HSR (see Appendix C). Under Alternative 1, the Tudor Lounge and Colonial Room would remain 
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closed to public use, but available for employee meetings of up to 30 people. The Tresidder Room 

would remain closed to all use.

In order to provide ADA-compliant employee accessibility to the Tudor Lounge and Colonial 

Room, Alternative 1 would provide a limited use/limited access elevator in an existing storage 

closet space to the northeast of the Solarium and would also re-route the existing mezzanine 

stairway leading from the northwest end of the Solarium to the meeting rooms.

Installation of a limited use/limited access elevator would require modifying the beam and slab at 

the ground floor and installing a new structure. The proposed elevator would be concealed within 

the walls of an existing storage closet space. Entry doors would be installed with a compatible 

wood-plank design, consistent with the original historic wood closet door. Adjacent plaster 

finishes would be restored. The action would also rebuild the centrally located stairway along the 

north elevation of the Solarium within the original rise + run ratio, as permitted, and include a 

handrail and signage improvements.

Actions that would impact historic fabric under Alternative 1 would include installing new doors 

and elevator controls to plaster wall elevations in Very Significant areas, altering the existing 

stairway above the landing over the fountain, removing the guardrail at the mezzanine, raising the 

light fixture over the stair, and installing new railings and handrails.

The proposed location of the elevator under Alternative 1 would result in a modification with less 

of a visual effect and less impact to the original configuration of the space than options such as in 

Alternative 2, which would require removal of partitions and altering of the Solarium area. The 

intent of the area would not be affected and the features representative of the area's original 

purpose, including existing spatial relationships and extant architectural features and materials 

(such as the dramatic fenestration along the south elevation), would be retained.

Restrooms

Alternative 1 would maintain the existing men's restroom in its current condition on the ground 

floor, while expanding the existing women's restroom on the mezzanine level to increase the 

fixture count and maintain accessibility. A unisex restroom would be added to the ground floor.

The existing women's restroom is a non-historic space that is identified in the HSR as 

Contributing with low integrity (see Appendix C). The existing women's restroom space has 

undergone previous modifications. Due to the modifications this area has already sustained, 

Alternative 1 is considered less impactful than relocating the women’s restroom (Alternative 2), as 

it retains the original configuration of the space and does not introduce additional restrooms on 

the ground floor (other than a unisex restroom to be installed near the men's restroom). 

Maintaining the original and historic separation of the women's and men's restrooms, and 

refraining from significant change to the spatial sequence of ground floor spaces, would meet the 

goal of providing more restrooms. In addition, introducing a single unisex restroom would not 

have an impact on the ground floor, because one additional restroom fixture would not lead to a 

significant change in function or aesthetic of the ground floor public spaces.

In summary, maintaining the men's restroom as-is, expanding the women's restroom on the 

mezzanine, and adding a unisex restroom on the ground floor would not significantly alter the 

original function, configuration, or design of character-defining spaces and features.
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Other Accessibility Actions

Other accessibility issues addressed under Alternative 1 include providing reversible ramps and 

hardware at selected ground floor exterior entrances, improving accessibility to the hotel's main 

front doors and improving accessibility at the front desk, concierge, and lobby spaces. 

Improvements would include changes to the existing counter to allow for accessible check-in, 

replacing the non-historic concierge counter with furnishings and a desk for service, and 

providing two additional ADA guestroom suites. 

Under Alternative 1, the Ahwahnee Bar would be reconfigured to improve service and 

accessibility by removing the existing service bar and kitchen on the east side of the bar, removing 

non-historic additions at the east and north ends of the bar, and constructing a new kitchen and 

bar in a new projecting addition at the north end of the bar space. The roof of the projection 

would provide an accessible balcony for a new guestroom suite on the mezzanine level. 

The above ADA compliance actions would provide improved and compliant access for visitors 

throughout the NHL, allowing the historic property to be code-compliant and to better meet the 

needs of its original and on-going historic use.

Historic Rehabilitation

Under all action alternatives, historic rehabilitation actions would rehabilitate and stabilize 

features of the hotel in “poor” condition (see Appendix C). Features in “fair” condition in Very 

Significant and Significant spaces would be preserved and rehabilitated following the Secretary of 

the Interior's Standards for Rehabilitation (the Standards)(USDI 2005). Rehabilitation work also 

includes work directly associated with other actions that would affect historic fabric or features in 

the hotel and cottages.

Proposed historic rehabilitation actions allow for the continued protection and preservation of 

the NHL and its contributing spaces and character-defining features at each level of condition.

Operational Efficiency

See ‘Seismic Strengthening,’ above, for the impacts of proposed changes to the Kitchen.

Locker Room Modifications

Alternative 1 would provide a south Kitchen mezzanine that allows for new employee facilities 

(e.g., ingress, lockers, changing, breakroom, etc.) above the Kitchen.

Locker room modifications are linked to proposed actions within the Kitchen space. The locker 

room space is not architecturally articulated, although it is identified as a Contributing Historic 

Utilitarian space in the HSR (see Appendix C). The locker room modifications would occur in 

spaces that are essentially unmodified. The modifications would remove original partitions to 

accommodate a significant differential of nearly three feet along the floor where a proposed 

wheelchair lift would be added. The differential is between the area of the lift and the opposite 

(south) end, and there is a stairway at the wall where the differential occurs.

In summary, by modifying the Kitchen to include a partial mezzanine and correcting the 

differential along the floor, improved accessibility would be accommodated and operational goals 

can be met. In total, the configuration of the Kitchen and locker room spaces would not be 

substantially modified under Alternative 1. 
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Other Operational Efficiency Actions

Action items related to improving operational efficiency within The Ahwahnee include 

improvements to maintenance facilities and storage spaces as well as upgrades to electrical and 

mechanical systems. More extensive operational efficiency tasks include reconfiguration of the 

existing Gift Shop/Retail Storage space. Alternative 1 would also waterproof the basement, which 

would allow for fire safety and improved conditions in the historic structure.

The operational efficiency actions related to improving maintenance facilities and storage spaces, 

as well as upgrades to electrical and mechanical systems would have no impact on the integrity of 

the NHL or its contributing spaces and character-defining features.

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

Visitor experience and/or visitor service actions involving features related to historic fabric, or 

actions located near historic spaces and features, would include: removal of non-historic 

additions and finishes, rehabilitation of historic finishes at the Dining Room service bar, and 

reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee Bar. In addition, the lobby and guest arrival experience would 

be altered with the removal of the built-in counter and a provision of a moveable desk for the 

concierge near the Sweet Shop. Mechanical changes would be made to maintain capacity and 

improve heating and cooling in guestrooms. The non-historic passenger elevator would also be 

rehabilitated with design finishes and replacement fixtures of compatible historic character.

These actions would alter non-historic spaces, features, and materials. Rehabilitation of historic 

finishes at the wine bar and service bar would have a beneficial effect on the Dining Room.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency actions involving features related to historic fabric, or actions located near 

historic spaces and features, would include: removal of existing aluminum guestroom windows 

and replacement with historically compatible wood-framed, double-paned, insulated, low-e 

casement windows, and refurbishing historic fixtures in ground floor public areas.

In addition, HVAC units in guestrooms would be replaced. The majority of existing HVAC units 

are located in existing guestroom soffits, with some installed in adjacent storage rooms. New 

HVAC units would be installed in the same locations and would not be visible to guests. The 

majority of the existing walls adjacent to the HVAC units were previously altered to metal stud 

and gypsum board construction during installation of the existing HVAC units. Any remaining 

historic fabric would be preserved to the greatest extent possible. Historic registers and register 

openings would be reused wherever feasible.

Landscape Actions

The proposed actions in the landscape outside of the hotel would allow the property to be code 

compliant for fire safety and also bring the property further into compliance with ADA-ABA 

requirements. None of the actions proposed would impact the integrity of the NHL or impact its 

contributing spaces and character-defining features.

Conclusion: Although the majority of proposed actions would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion on the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a whole 

Alternative 1 would result in an adverse effect to the historic property.

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A) would be implemented to resolve the adverse 

effect. In addition, NPS historical architects and the park historic preservation officer will 
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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-103

continue to work with the project design team and SHPO to minimize the adverse effect on the 

historic property during and construction planning and implementation.

Alternative 1 would result in no adverse effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions that may affect the NHL and/or the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District is the same as under the No Action Alternative.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with Alternative 1 would result 

in an adverse effect on the historic property, but would not result in an adverse effect on the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District to which it contributes.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

East Wing Egress

The existing East Wing egress from the second floor to the ground is via a narrow, non-compliant 

spiral stairway at the second floor balcony. Alternative 2 would remove the non-compliant spiral 

stairway and provide a new code-compliant exterior stairway from the second floor to the ground 

floor. Additional actions associated with this stairway include reconfiguration of the Ahwahnee 

Bar and the addition of an accessible room with a balcony (see ‘Other Accessibility Actions’ 

below).

Improved and compliant access would allow the historic property to be code-compliant and to 

better meet the needs of its original and on-going historic use. These alterations would be to nonhistoric additions and previously altered spaces.

South Mezzanine Egress

A second, code-compliant means of egress is required at the South Mezzanine in order to allow 

public use of this space. The three Very Significant meeting rooms at the South Mezzanine 

(Tresidder Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) are distinctive, and the attached east 

and west balconies (off of the Colonial and Tresidder Rooms, respectively) provide unique firstlevel views to the surrounding hotel grounds, meadow, and iconic geologic formations.

To re-establish visitor access and enjoyment of the South Mezzanine spaces and balconies, 

Alternative 2 would provide code-compliant egress with a new door through the north wall of the 

Tresidder Room to an exterior fire escape. The proposed new door would further alter the space 

and the historic property. However, the proposed location represents the best overall solution to 

assure continued public access to these spaces while minimizing further visual effects on the 

building exterior in the vicinity of the non-historic fire escape. The interior door opening would 

be designed to be compatible with the character and finishes of the Tresidder Room. The exterior 

door opening would be situated in an existing niche behind a pilaster column projection at the 

mezzanine elevation of the existing non-historic fire escape, thereby minimizing visual effects on 

the significant exterior of the hotel building.

Other Fire/Life-Safety Upgrades

All of the action alternatives include the addition of a fire separation between the Dining Room 

and the hotel, with concealed overhead fire doors at the openings at the Dining Room entry, 
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3-104 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Kitchen door, and Diggins Suite. As noted under Alternative 1, the Diggins Suite has been 

modified several times since the period of significance and the proposed roll-down doors would 

be concealed in the ceiling, where they would be fully concealed from public view when not 

deployed.

In addition, Alternative 2 would replace the elevator service side pocket door and cage, provide a 

fully metal ducted shaft system, install wood blocking or fire-safing at all floor penetrations, and 

improve the fire resistance in the vicinity of the first floor linen room. Alternative 2 would provide 

a new corridor ventilation system for guestroom corridors and would upgrade ventilation in the 

Elevator Machine Room by providing a permanent air conditioning unit with an exterior vent 

through an existing window opening.

The proposed ventilation system for the Elevator Machine Room would involve removing the 

abandoned exhaust fan unit on the north-facing side of the penthouse and installing a new louver 

within the same, already-modified window. The venting for the preferred cooling system would 

affect only previously altered openings from the penthouse; no remaining historic fabric would be 

altered by the new ventilation system.

These actions are all considered necessary for the continued protection and preservation of the 

NHL.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

Kitchen Modifications

Alternative 2 would brace the Dining Room to the Kitchen side with a partial south mezzanine at 

the Kitchen that would alter a character-defining volume of the Kitchen space. Alternative 2 

would also provide a new, efficient Kitchen layout and would remove existing refrigerators and 

the mezzanine to build a new north Kitchen mezzanine.

Alternative 2 would have an extensive impact on the existing partitions, doors, windows, slab, and 

finishes in the Kitchen. The existing floor, substrate, walls, and finishes in the Kitchen area would 

be removed for structural work. All appliances and major equipment would also be removed and 

the historic refrigerator doors salvaged for reuse. Partitions, doors, windows, slab, and finishes 

would also be removed in the Kitchen along the south elevation. Under Alternative 2, the Kitchen 

space would be completely void of original partitions.

Kitchen spaces and ancillary spaces (along the north end) that include the freezers and 

refrigerators would be, for the most part, removed. A new elevator would be accommodated 

through the removal of original walls, slab, beam, and finishes; shoring of existing structure would 

be done as required. A new exterior opening would be cut out of a concrete wall with selective 

removal of stone veneer as necessary. Historic doors would be removed and salvaged for reuse 

where partitions at freezers/refrigerators would be removed.

The Kitchen is an important Contributing space due to its utilitarian function and design. The 

space reflects the original and continued function of the historic property and represents how 

such utilitarian spaces were designed and used. Alternative 2 would remove features and materials 

from the Kitchen that are paramount to understanding the original construction and 

configuration of this utilitarian space and its representation of the utilitarian spaces within 

The Ahwahnee. 
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Other Seismic Safety Actions

Other seismic safety actions with the potential to affect the historic property under Alternative 2 

would include the following:

 Columns at the west side of the Dining Room would be capped. The Dining Room would be 

braced in the east/west direction and the stone veneer on columns at the east side would be 

pinned. The proposed glazing would meet seismic life-safety requirements and would be 

installed without altering the original window frame profile.

 The exterior granite veneer at the hotel would be pinned with stainless steel pins throughout

the exterior of the hotel.

 Stone chimneys at the hotel would be stabilized at five locations using non-visible internal 

reinforcing rods with a concrete ring in the attic.

 Two-story walls at the Solarium and Great Room fireplaces would be braced to the building 

structure with strong backing at selected locations.

 Stone chimneys at the cottages would be reinforced with 2x blocking, clips and straps in the 

attic space.

 Splice plate connections at the truss would be replaced and a snowmelt/retention system would 

be replaced at the roof.

These seismic strengthening actions are considered necessary to protect the structure and its 

character-defining spaces, features, and materials are protected and continue to be preserved into 

the future.

Accessibility Compliance

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

The South Mezzanine above the Solarium space is isolated and can be accessed only by a stairway 

in the Solarium. The Solarium as well as the three historic meeting rooms in the South Mezzanine 

(Tresidder Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) are identified as Very Significant in the 

HSR (see Appendix C). Under Alternative 2, the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would be reopened to public use (see ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance, South Mezzanine Egress,’ above).

In order to provide ADA-compliant access to the South Mezzanine, Alternative 2 would provide a 

limited use/limited access elevator at the Solarium. Installation of the limited use/limited access 

elevator would require modifying the beam and slab at the ground floor to install the new 

structure. The location of the new elevator under Alternative 2 would require the removal of 

partitions of existing walls and would further alter the Solarium and the South Wing of the hotel. 

Shear wall installation at the east and west ends of the Solarium would coincide with the work 

proposed, with new walls to match existing adjacent walls.

The impact on historic fabric from the proposed action would include installing new doors and 

elevator controls to plaster wall elevations in Very Significant areas, altering the existing stairway

above the landing over the fountain, removing the guardrail at the mezzanine, raising the light 

fixture over the stair, and installing new railings and handrails. The new elevator would create an 

entirely new access to the Solarium from the existing condition, which would change the current 

and original symmetry of the space.

Reconfiguring the stairway so that it no longer follows its original spatial configuration and 

direction would also have an impact. The new stairway would change the original configuration 

and direction of travel providing access to the mezzanine spaces. The stairway materials were 
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3-106 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

added during a modification to the original stairway after the period of significance, and yet the 

configuration is character-defining and reflects the original configuration of the stairway built 

during the construction of the historic property.

The intent of the area would not be impacted and the features representative of the area's original 

purpose, including existing spatial relationships and extant architectural features and materials 

(such as the dramatic fenestration along the south elevation), would be retained.

Restrooms

Alternative 2 would reconfigure the men's restroom on the ground floor to increase its fixture 

count, maintain the existing women's restroom on the mezzanine, and provide a supplemental 

accessible women's restroom on the ground floor to increase the overall fixture count on the 

ground floor.

While office spaces on the ground floor have been modified over the years, introducing a 

women's restroom on the ground floor, in addition to the existing men's restroom, would alter 

the original use and configuration of these spaces and of the ground floor in general. Expanding 

the ground floor restroom spaces with a substantial number of additional fixtures would impact

the overall configuration, function, and visitor experience associated with the ground floor and its 

many Significant and Very Significant spaces.

Adding a women's restroom to the ground floor would significantly impact the integrity and 

character of the ground floor and would specifically impact the feeling and design of the spaces. 

While the existing spatial relationships and extant architectural character of the public spaces 

would be retained, the intent of the ground floor areas would not be maintained or protected.

Other Accessibility Actions

Other accessibility issues addressed under Alternative 2 include: outfitting the main doors to the 

hotel with an automatic door operator and thresholds in a historically compatible and acceptable 

manner that would be Standards-compliant; providing reversible ramps and hardware at selected 

ground floor exterior entrances; and improving accessibility at the front desk, concierge, and 

lobby spaces by converting the existing counter to allow for accessible check-in and replacing the 

non-historic concierge counter with furnishings and a desk for service. In addition, two

additional ADA-compliant guestrooms, one a suite with a balcony, would be provided.

Alternative 2 would reconfigure the Ahwahnee Bar to improve service and provide accessibility 

by removing the existing service bar and kitchen on the east side of the space, removing nonhistoric additions at the east and north ends of the bar, constructing a new kitchen and bar in a 

new projection on the east wall, and installing glazing in the north wall to restore a sense of 

openness similar to the original design intent for this space.

The above ADA compliance actions would provide improved and compliant access for visitors 

throughout the NHL, allowing the historic property to be code-compliant and to better meet the 

needs of its original and on-going historic use.

Historic Rehabilitation

Under all action alternatives, historic rehabilitation actions would rehabilitate and stabilize 

features of the hotel in “poor” condition (see Appendix C). Features in “fair” condition in Very 

Significant and Significant spaces would be preserved and rehabilitated. Rehabilitation work also 

includes work associated directly with other actions that would affect historic fabric or features in 

the hotel and cottages. All rehabilitation efforts would be Standards-compliant. In addition, 
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Alternative 2 would implement non-maintenance treatment recommendations (ARG 2011) for 

the hotel and cottages for features/fabric in Contributing and Historic Utilitarian spaces.

Proposed historic rehabilitation actions would allow for the continued protection and 

preservation of the NHL and its contributing spaces and character-defining features at each level 

of condition.

Operational Efficiency

See ‘Seismic Strengthening,’ above, for the impacts of proposed changes to the Kitchen.

Locker Room Modifications

Alternative 2 would provide accessible employee facilities including locker rooms, offices, a 

breakroom, service elevator, and a mechanical/electrical room on the new partial south 

mezzanine.

Locker room modifications are linked to proposed actions within the Kitchen space, which 

would be required to allow the locker rooms to become accessible for ADA purposes and 

improved for operational efficiency. The locker room space is not architecturally articulated, 

though it is identified in the 2011 HSR as a Contributing Historic Utilitarian space (see 

Appendix C). 

The locker room modifications would occur in spaces that are essentially unmodified. The action 

would remove original partitions to accommodate a significant differential of nearly three feet 

along the floor where a proposed wheelchair lift would be added. The differential is between the 

area of the lift and the opposite (south) end, and there is a stairway at the wall where the 

differential occurs.

By modifying the Kitchen to include a full mezzanine, and correcting the differential along the 

floor, improved accessibility would be accommodated and extensive operational goals can be 

met. The configuration of the Kitchen and locker room spaces would be substantially modified. 

Other Operational Efficiency Actions

Action items related to improving operational efficiency within The Ahwahnee include 

improvements to maintenance facilities and storage spaces as well as upgrades to electrical and 

mechanical systems. More extensive operational efficiency tasks include raising the height of the 

Porte Cochere to accommodate modern buses and a reconfiguration of the Gift Shop/Retail 

Storage space. Like Alternative 1, Alternative 2 would also waterproof the basement, which would 

allow for fire safety and improved conditions in the historic structure.

The operational efficiency actions related to improving maintenance facilities and storage spaces 

as well as upgrades to electrical and mechanical systems would have no impact on the integrity of 

the NHL or its contributing spaces and character-defining features.

Modification of the height of the Porte Cochere would impact the relationship of the Porte with 

its base, the adjacent walls, and the entry canopy.

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

Visitor experience and/or visitor service actions involving features related to historic fabric or 

actions located near historic spaces and features would include: removal of non-historic additions 

and finishes, and rehabilitation of historic finishes at the Dining Room service bar, and 

remodeling at the Ahwahnee Bar. In addition, the lobby and guest arrival experience would be 
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3-108 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

modified with the removal of the built-in counter and a moveable desk for the concierge near the 

Sweet Shop. Mechanical changes would be made to maintain capacity and allow for air 

conditioning in ground floor public spaces and to the hotel and cottage guestrooms. The nonhistoric passenger elevator would also be rehabilitated with design finishes and replacement 

fixtures of compatible historic character.

These actions would alter non-historic spaces, features, and materials. Rehabilitation of historic 

finishes at the wine bar and service bar would have a beneficial effect on the Dining Room.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency actions involving features related to historic fabric or actions located near 

historic spaces and features would include: removal of existing aluminum guestroom windows 

and replacement with historically compatible wood-framed, double-paned, insulated, low-e 

casement windows, and refurbishing historic fixtures in ground floor public areas. 

In addition, HVAC units in guestrooms would be replaced. The majority of existing HVAC units 

are located in existing guestroom soffits, with some installed in adjacent storage rooms. New 

HVAC units would be installed in the same locations and would not be visible to guests. The 

majority of the existing walls adjacent to the HVAC units were previously altered to metal stud 

and gypsum board construction during installation of the existing HVAC units. Any remaining 

historic fabric would be preserved to the greatest extent possible. Historic registers and register 

openings would be reused wherever feasible.

These actions would further protect and preserve the NHL and its contributing spaces and 

character-defining features.

Landscape Actions

The proposed actions in the landscape outside of the hotel would allow the property to be code 

compliant for fire safety and also bring the property further into compliance with ADA-ABA 

requirements. None of the actions proposed would impact the integrity of the NHL or impact its 

contributing spaces and character-defining features.

Conclusion: Although the majority of proposed actions would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion on the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a whole 

Alternative 2 would result in an adverse effect to the historic property.

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A) would be implemented to resolve the adverse 

effect. In addition, NPS historical architects and the park historic preservation officer will 

continue to work with the project design team and SHPO to minimize the adverse effect on the 

historic property during and construction planning and implementation.

Alternative 2 would result in no adverse effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions that may affect the NHL and/or the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District is the same as under the No Action Alternative.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with Alternative 2 would result 

in an adverse effect on the historic property, but would not result in an adverse effect on the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District to which it contributes.
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Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 

Fire/Life-Safety Compliance

East Wing Egress

The existing East Wing egress from the second floor to the ground is via a narrow, non-compliant 

spiral stairway at the second floor balcony. As under Alternative 1, Alternative 3 would remove

the non-compliant spiral stairway and provide a new interior stairway from the second floor to 

the mezzanine level. Additional actions associated with the new stairway include reconfiguration 

of the Ahwahnee Bar and the addition of an accessible room with a balcony (see ‘Other 

Accessibility Actions,’ below).

Improved and compliant access would allow the historic property to be code-compliant and to 

better meet the needs of its original and on-going historic use. These alterations would be to nonhistoric additions and previously altered spaces.

South Mezzanine Egress

A second, code-compliant means of egress is required at the South Mezzanine in order to allow 

continued use of this public space by visitors. The three Very Significant South Mezzanine 

meeting rooms (Tresidder Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) are distinctive, and the 

attached east and west balconies (off of the Colonial and Tresidder Rooms, respectively) provide 

unique first-level views to the surrounding hotel grounds, meadow, and iconic geologic 

formations.

As in Alternative 2, Alternative 3 would provide code-compliant egress at the South Mezzanine 

with a new door through the north wall of the Tresidder Room to the exterior fire escape. The 

proposed new door would further alter and impact the space and the historic property. However, 

the proposed location represents the best overall solution to assure continued public access to 

these spaces while minimizing further visual effects on the building exterior in the vicinity of the 

non-historic fire escape. The interior door opening would be designed to be compatible with the 

character and finishes of the Tresidder Room. The exterior door opening would be situated in an 

existing niche behind a pilaster column projection at the mezzanine elevation of the existing nonhistoric fire escape, thereby minimizing visual effects on the significant exterior of the hotel 

building.

Other Fire/Life-Safety Upgrades

All of the action alternatives include the addition of a fire separation between the Dining Room 

and the hotel, with concealed overhead fire doors at the openings at the Dining Room entry, 

Kitchen door, and Diggins Suite.

As in Alternative 1, Alternative 3 would replace the elevator service side pocket door and cage, 

install wood blocking or fire-safing at all floor penetrations, improve fire resistance of shaft per 

vertical shaft protection, and improve the first floor linen room. As in Alternative 2, Alternative 3 

would provide a new corridor ventilation system for guestroom corridors and would upgrade 

ventilation in the Elevator Machine Room by providing a permanent air conditioning unit with an 

exterior vent through an existing window opening.

As in Alternative 2, the proposed ventilation system for the Elevator Machine Room would 

involve removing the abandoned exhaust fan unit on the north-facing side of the penthouse and 

installing a new louver within the same, already-modified window. The venting for the preferred 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Historic Sites, Buildings, and Landscapes 

3-110 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

cooling system would affect only previously altered openings from the penthouse; no remaining 

historic fabric would be altered by the new ventilation system

These actions are all considered necessary for the continued protection and preservation of the 

NHL.

Seismic Safety Recommended Practice and Structural Strengthening

Kitchen Modifications

As in Alternative 1, Alternative 3 would brace the Dining Room from the Kitchen side with a 

minimally sized mezzanine. This action would alter a character-defining volume of the Kitchen 

space, but structural stabilization of the wood-framed Dining Room is necessary to meet current 

seismic standards.

The existing floor, substrate, walls, and finishes in the Kitchen area would be altered and/or 

removed as necessary for structural work. The alternative would reuse as much existing 

equipment as feasible in the new efficient main kitchen layout, and the existing north end of the 

kitchen (with refrigerators and mezzanine) would be retained as much as possible. Partitions, 

doors, windows, slab, and finishes would be altered and/or removed in the Kitchen along the 

south elevation, where necessary, to accommodate the seismic activities associated with the 

Dining Room.

Like Alternative 1, Alternative 3 would include a partial mezzanine at the south and north of the 

space, and it would leave a portion of the original mezzanine space and a small area of the original 

double height of the Kitchen to convey its original design and configuration. These actions would 

retain and protect the character-defining features and materials of the Kitchen. The smaller 

mezzanine, that addresses seismic engineering concerns while maintaining the perception of the 

character-defining volume of the space, allows Alternative 3 to less aggressively respond to the 

need for seismic strengthening of the Dining Room and improvements to operations within the 

Kitchen spaces. The actions would not lead to a total modification of the Kitchen's spatial 

configuration and original design.

The Kitchen is an important Contributing space due to its utilitarian function and design. The 

space reflects the original and continued function of the historic property and represents how 

such utilitarian spaces were designed and used. Under Alternative 3 (as under Alternative 1) a 

substantial amount of original volume within the space would be retained, as would a substantial 

amount of original partition walls. Original features and materials would be preserved to the 

extent feasible within the requirements of the rehabilitation process, and in particular the seismic 

stabilization effort. An open area of two-story volume between the existing north mezzanine and 

the new brace-frame mezzanine on the south side of the Kitchen would be preserved. The 

integrity of the historic spaces would be retained during rehabilitation actions, including the 

integrity of workmanship, materials, and feeling.

Other Seismic Safety Actions

Other seismic safety actions with the potential to affect the historic property under Alternative 3 

would include the following:

 Columns at the west side of the Dining Room would be capped. The Dining Room would be 

braced in the east/west direction and the stone veneer on columns at the east side would be 

pinned. The proposed glazing would meet seismic life-safety requirements and would be 

installed without altering the original window frame profile.
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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-111

 The exterior granite veneer at the hotel would be pinned with stainless steel pins above egress 

points only at the exterior of the hotel.

 Stone chimneys at the hotel would be stabilized at five locations using non-visible internal 

reinforcing rods with a concrete ring in the attic.

 Two-story walls at the Solarium and Great Room fireplaces would be braced to the building 

structure with strong backing at selected locations.

 Stone chimneys at the cottages would be reinforced with 2x blocking, clips and straps in the 

attic space.

 Splice plate connections at the truss would be replaced and a snowmelt/retention system would 

be replaced at the roof.

These seismic strengthening actions are considered necessary to protect the structure and its 

character-defining spaces, features, and materials are protected and continue to be preserved into 

the future.

Accessibility Compliance

South Mezzanine Meeting Rooms

The South Mezzanine above the Solarium space is isolated and can be accessed only by a stairway 

in the Solarium. The Solarium as well as the three historic meeting rooms in the South Mezzanine 

(Tresidder Room, Tudor Lounge, and the Colonial Room) are identified as Very Significant in the 

HSR (see Appendix C). Under Alternatives 2 and 3, the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would 

be re-opened to public use (see ‘Fire/Life-Safety Compliance, South Mezzanine Egress,’ above).

All action alternatives would provide a limited use/limited access elevator to access the South 

Mezzanine from the Solarium in order to provide ADA-compliant access to the South Mezzanine 

meeting rooms. Under Alternative 3 (as under Alternative 1), the elevator would be located at an 

existing storage closet space to the northeast of the Solarium and would also re-route the existing 

mezzanine stairway leading from the northwest end of the Solarium to the meeting rooms.

Installation of a limited use/limited access elevator would require modifying the beam and slab at 

the ground floor and installing a new structure. The proposed elevator would be concealed within 

the walls of the existing storage closet space. Entry doors would be installed with a compatible 

wood-plank design, consistent with the original historic wood closet door. Adjacent plaster 

finishes would be restored. The action would also rebuild the centrally located stairway along the 

north elevation of the Solarium within the original rise + run ratio, as permitted, and include a 

handrail and signage improvements. The proposed location of the elevator under Alternative 3 

would result in a modification with less of a visual effect and less impact to the original 

configuration of the space than Alternative 2. 

Actions that would impact historic fabric under Alternative 3 (and Alternative 1) would include 

installing new doors and elevator controls to plaster wall elevations in Very Significant areas, 

altering the existing stair above the landing over the fountain, removing the guardrail at the 

mezzanine, raising the light fixture over the stair, and installing new railings and handrails.

The intent of the area would not be impacted and the features representative of the area's original 

purpose, including existing spatial relationships and extant architectural features and materials 

(such as the dramatic fenestration along the south elevation), would be retained. However, the 

integrity of workmanship and design of the Solarium would be impacted.
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3-112 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Restrooms

Alternative 3 would expand the men's restroom on the ground floor into administrative offices 

(Gift Shop Storage) and would expand the women's restroom on the mezzanine to increase 

fixture count and maintain accessibility. A unisex restroom would be provided on the ground 

floor adjacent to the men's restroom. The alternative is a hybrid of work proposed in 

Alternative 1 and new work proposed under Alternative 3, providing the most substantial 

accessibility and equal facilitation to public restrooms for the hotel.

The existing women's restroom is a non-historic space that is identified in the HSR as 

Contributing with low integrity (see Appendix C). The existing women's restroom space has 

undergone previous modifications. Due to the modifications this area has already sustained, 

Alternative 3 is considered less impactful than relocating the women’s restroom (Alternative 2), as 

it retains the women's restroom use on the first floor of the original configuration of the hotel.

Maintaining the original and historic separation of the women's and men's restrooms, and 

refraining from significant change to the spatial sequence of ground floor spaces, would allow the 

goal of providing more restrooms to be met. In addition, introducing a single unisex restroom 

would not lead to a significant change in function or aesthetic of the ground floor public spaces.

Other Accessibility Actions

Other accessibility issues addressed under Alternative 3 include: providing two more ADA 

guestrooms with a balcony at the first floor (similar to the location of the Alternative 1, but over 

the east Ahwahnee Bar extension rather than the north), providing automatic door operators and 

thresholds in a historically compatible manner at the main doors to the hotel, providing reversible 

ramps and hardware at selected entrances, and replacing non-compatible concierge counter with 

furnishing desk for accessible check-in and concierge.

The Ahwahnee Bar is not accessible for staff, and the current configuration includes non-historic 

additions that obscure the original design intent for use of this space as an open Porte Cochere. 

Alternative 3 is consistent with the Alternative 2 Ahwahnee Bar reconfiguration scheme, and 

would remove the existing service bar and kitchen on the east side of the bar space, construct a 

new kitchen and bar in a new projection on the east wall, and install glazing in the north wall to 

restore a sense of openness similar to the original design intent for this space.

The above ADA compliance actions would provide improved and compliant access for visitors 

throughout the NHL, allowing the historic property to be code-compliant and to better meet the 

needs of its original and on-going historic use.

Historic Rehabilitation

As in all action alternatives, historic rehabilitation actions would rehabilitate and stabilize features 

of the hotel in “poor” condition (see Appendix C). Features in “fair” condition in Very Significant 

and Significant spaces would be preserved and rehabilitated. Rehabilitation work also includes 

work associated directly with other actions that would affect historic fabric or features in the 

hotel and cottages. All rehabilitation efforts would be Standards-compliant.

Proposed historic rehabilitation actions allow for the continued protection and preservation of 

the NHL and its contributing spaces and character-defining features at each level of condition.

Operational Efficiency

See ‘Seismic Strengthening,’ above, for the impacts of proposed changes to the Kitchen.
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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-113

Locker Room Modifications

Alternative 3, like Alternative 1, would provide a south Kitchen mezzanine that allows for new 

employee facilities (e.g., lockers, changing, breakroom, etc.) above the Kitchen.

Locker room modifications are linked to proposed actions within the Kitchen space. The locker 

room space is not architecturally articulated, although it is identified as a Contributing Historic 

Utilitarian space. The locker room modifications would occur in spaces that are essentially 

unmodified. This action would remove original partitions to accommodate a significant 

differential of nearly three feet along the floor where a proposed wheelchair lift would be added. 

The differential is between the area of the lift and the opposite (south) end, and there is a stair at 

the wall where the differential occurs.

By modifying the Kitchen to include a partial mezzanine, and correcting the differential along the 

floor, improved accessibility would be accommodated and operational goals can be met. In total, 

the configuration of the Kitchen and locker room spaces would not be substantially modified 

under Alternative 3.

Other Operational Efficiency Actions

Action items related to improving operational efficiency within The Ahwahnee include 

improvements to maintenance facilities and storage spaces as well as upgrades to electrical and 

mechanical systems. More extensive operational efficiency tasks include reconfiguration of the 

Gift Shop/Retail Storage space. Alternative 3 would also waterproof the basement, which would 

allow for fire safety and improved conditions in the historic structure.

Visitor Experience and Visitor Services

Visitor experience and/or visitor service actions involving features related to historic fabric or 

actions located near historic spaces and features would include: removal of non-historic additions 

and finishes, rehabilitation of historic finishes at the Dining Room service bar, and remodeling at 

the Ahwahnee Bar. In addition, the lobby and guest arrival experience would be altered with the 

removal of the built-in counter and a provision of a moveable desk for the concierge near the 

Sweet Shop. Mechanical changes would be made to maintain capacity and improve heating and 

cooling in guestrooms. The non-historic passenger elevator would also be rehabilitated with 

design finishes and replacement fixtures of compatible historic character.

These actions would alter non-historic spaces, features, and materials. Rehabilitation of historic 

finishes at the wine bar and service bar would have a beneficial effect on the Dining Room.

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency actions involving features related to historic fabric or actions located near 

historic spaces and features would include: removal of existing aluminum guestroom windows 

and replacement with historically compatible, wood-framed, double-paned, insulated, low-e 

casement windows and refurbishing historic fixtures in ground floor public areas.

In addition, HVAC units in guestrooms would be replaced. The majority of existing HVAC units 

are located in existing guestroom soffits, with some installed in adjacent storage rooms. New 

HVAC units would be installed in the same locations and would not be visible to guests. The 

majority of the existing walls adjacent to the HVAC units were previously altered to metal stud 

and gypsum board construction during installation of the existing HVAC units. Any remaining 

historic fabric would be preserved to the greatest extent possible. Historic registers and register 

openings would be reused wherever feasible.
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3-114 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Landscape Actions

The proposed actions in the landscape outside of the hotel would allow the property to be code 

compliant for fire safety and also bring the property further into compliance with ADA-ABA 

requirements. None of the actions proposed would impact the integrity of the NHL or impact its 

contributing spaces and character-defining features.

Conclusion: Although the majority of proposed actions would not impact the characteristics that 

make The Ahwahnee eligible for inclusion on the NRHP, or diminish its integrity, as a whole 

Alternative 3 would result in an adverse effect to the historic property.

The 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A) would be implemented to resolve the adverse 

effect. In addition, NPS historical architects and the park historic preservation officer will 

continue to work with the project design team and SHPO to minimize the adverse effect on the 

historic property during and construction planning and implementation.

Alternative 3 would result in no adverse effect to the Yosemite Valley Historic District.

Cumulative Impacts

The list of past, present, and reasonably foreseeable actions that may affect the NHL and/or the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District is the same as under the No Action Alternative.

Cumulatively these actions, projects, and plans, when combined with Alternative 3 would result 

in an adverse effect on the historic property, but would not result in an adverse effect on the 

Yosemite Valley Historic District to which it contributes.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Archeological Resources

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-115

Archeological Resources

Affected Environment

Archeological sites located within the area of potential effect include CA-MRP-52/H, 

CA-MRP-291/751, and CA-MRP-292/293/H. The current significance assessment of 

archeological sites is provided in Table 3-5. 

Table 3-5 

Historic Significance Status of Archeological Sites in The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation 

Plan Project Area 

Trinomial Primary 

Number

National Register of 

Historic Places 

National Historic 

Landmark

Yosemite Valley 

Historic District 

The Ahwahnee

Cultural 

Landscape 

CA-MRP-52/H P-22-000380 Contributor to the 

Yosemite Valley 

Archeological District 

Unevaluated Unevaluated Unevaluated

CA- MRP291/751 P-22-000605 Contributor to the 

Yosemite Valley 

Archeological District 

Unevaluated Unevaluated Unevaluated

CA-MRP292/293/H P-22-000606 Contributor to the 

Yosemite Valley 

Archeological District 

Unevaluated Unevaluated Unevaluated

Significance—CA-MRP-52/H

CA-MRP-52/H is a multicomponent archeological site that consists of a bedrock milling station, a 

light scatter of lithics, and a can dump. It was first recorded by California State University, 

Stanislaus (Napton and Greathouse 1974), was updated by NPS archeologists in 1986, and was 

reported in Kathleen Hull and Michael S. Kelly in 1995. According to the Cultural Sites Inventory 

Form (CSI) Field Data Sheet filled out for this site in 1995, it was recommended that the site be 

evaluated and that a literature search be conducted. Site data potential were recommended as 

moderate and extensive surface disturbances were noted. As a result, this site is considered to be 

potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and is considered a 

contributor to the Yosemite Valley Archeological District until it has been formally evaluated.

Significance—CA-MRP-291/751

CA-MRP-291/751 is a prehistoric site consisting of bedrock milling stations and a lithic scatter. 

The site was first recorded by California State University, Stanislaus (Napton and Greathouse 

1974) and was later updated by NPS archeologists during the Valley Electric Line monitoring 

project in 1986 (NPS 1986a). In 1992, the National Park Service updated the site documentation 

during the Valley Electric Rehabilitation project (NPS 1992a). Additional documentation 

provided by Hull et al. 1995 notes that the site should be evaluated; that it had an estimated high 

data potential; and that during the 1992 visit the condition of the site was fair, based on surface 

evidence only. According to site reports filled out in 2007, the site has been evaluated and is listed 

on the national register as a contributor to the Yosemite Valley Archeological District. 

Significance—CA-MRP-292/293/H

CA-MRP-292/293/H is a multicomponent site consisting of bedrock milling stations, a midden, 

lithics, rock art, and subsurface historic features. The site was first recorded by California State 

University, Stanislaus (Napton and Greathouse 1974) and was later updated by NPS archeologists 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Archeological Resources

3-116 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

during the Valley Electric Line monitoring project (NPS 1986b). In 1992, the National Park 

Service updated the site documentation during the Valley Electric Rehabilitation project (NPS 

1992b). The 1992 site record indicates that previous test excavations were performed at this site 

by Baldrica in 1988. In 2001, the record was again updated to include an additional feature. 

Additional documentation provided by Hull et al. 1995 documents the 1988 archeological testing 

and indicates that prehistoric components of the site were evaluated for inclusion in the national 

register. Historic components of the site were evaluated by Nilsson, Bevill, and Button in 2009 

and are listed on the national register as a contributor to the Yosemite Valley Archeological 

District. 

Environmental Consequences - Methodology

Prehistoric and historic archeological sites and districts are considered eligible for inclusion in the 

National Register of Historic Places when they are associated with events that have made a 

significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history (criterion A); when they are 

associated with the lives of persons significant in our past (criterion B); when they embody the 

distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction (criterion C); or when they 

have contributed or have the potential to contribute information about the past (criterion D). 

Prehistoric sites are usually evaluated for the national register under this latter criterion D 

because it is the information value contained in the spatial and temporal relationships of the 

artifacts, soils, features, and other constituents that is unique. Impacts on archeological resources 

occur when irreparable alteration of features or patterns, including destruction, diminishes the 

overall integrity of the data values or other resource values.

Archeological deposits might also have significance to associated American Indian peoples under 

other criteria; these possible aspects of significance have not been explored or evaluated. Any site 

treatment would involve consultation with tribal governments and representatives to ensure these 

other values are addressed, as stipulated in the programmatic agreement for this plan (see below).

This impact assessment assesses whether a proposed action affects the characteristics that might 

make a resource eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, along with other laws and 

regulations. The focus of this impact assessment is on the potential for new impacts on 

archeological resources as a result of the proposed actions. The types of actions that might affect 

archeological sites are ground-disturbing activities such as grading to level roads or trails, 

excavation for foundation work, or the addition of site drainage features. It is not possible to 

improve the condition of (have a beneficial impact on) an archeological resource.

If specific actions proposed might affect a given site’s national register eligibility, especially under 

criterion D, then the protocols developed in the Programmatic Agreement Between the National 

Park Service, Yosemite National Park, and the California State Historic Preservation Officer 

Regarding The Ahwahnee Hotel National Historic Landmark Comprehensive Rehabilitation 

Program (2011 Programmatic Agreement) would be implemented.

Assessment of Adverse Effect

Please see page 3-5 for a discussion of how impacts on historic properties, including archeological 

resources, are evaluated under National Historic Preservation Act section 106 implementing 

regulations (36 CFR 800). In keeping with these regulations, the following criteria of adverse 

effect are applied to affected historic properties that are listed in or are eligible for listing in the 

National Register of Historic Places:
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Archeological Resources

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-117

 No Historic Properties Affected: 



When there are no historic properties present, or the action 

will have no effect on historic properties, the action is said to have no effect on historic 

properties.

No Adverse Effect: 



Occurs when there will be an effect on a historic property, but the action 

will not alter characteristics that make the property eligible for inclusion in the National 

Register of Historic Places in a way that would diminish the integrity of the property.

Adverse Effect: 

Environmental Consequences of No Action Alternative

Occurs when an action will alter, directly or indirectly, any of the 

characteristics of a historic property that qualify it for inclusion in the National Register of 

Historic Places, in a way that would diminish the integrity of the property’s location, design, 

setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, or association. Adverse effects may include reasonably 

foreseeable effects caused by the action that may occur later in time, be farther removed in 

distance, or be cumulative.

Analysis

Under the No Action Alternative, there would be no actions to bring The Ahwahnee further into 

compliance with current fire and life-safety code, seismic standards, and accessibility standards; 

no work to address operational or energy efficiencies; no work to address visitor experience 

issues; and none of the recommended historic rehabilitation actions would be pursued. Regular 

monitoring of archeological resources would continue to follow NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines.

Conclusion: The No Action Alternative proposes no ground disturbance, resulting in no adverse 

effect on individual archeological resources or the Yosemite Valley Archeological District.

Cumulative Impacts

In general, past development, operation, and maintenance of facilities throughout Yosemite 

National Park has protected and preserved the integrity of individual archeological sites and 

archeological districts. Current actions in the area that have been reviewed for the potential to 

contribute to impacts on the archeological sites and the Yosemite Valley Archeological District 

include the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, Parkwide Invasive 

Plant Management Plan Update, Scenic Vista Management Plan, East Yosemite Valley Utilities 

Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire and Life-Safety Improvements Project, and The Ahwahnee

Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access Walkways and Fence Project. 

Implementation of these current and/or reasonably foreseeable future actions would have a 

potential adverse effect on individual archeological sites in the project area and the Yosemite 

Valley Archeological District. Specific impacts depend upon the nature, location, and design of 

the action. Application of current site-specific avoidance, minimization, and mitigation measures 

would avoid the potential for adverse effects on the individual archeological sites and the 

Yosemite Valley Archeological District. Potential adverse effects for cumulative plans and 

projects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource management guidelines, 

implementation of the park’s 1999 Programmatic Agreement and/or the 2011 Programmatic 

Agreement for actions within The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan, which 

stipulates application of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 1999).
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3-118 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 1 

The majority of actions proposed under Alternative 1 would occur inside of The Ahwahnee hotel, 

cottages, and dormitory; would not entail ground disturbance; and would therefore not impact 

archeological resources. The following analysis addresses proposed actions that would have the 

potential for an adverse effect due to ground-disturbing activities. 

Adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource management 

guidelines and implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), which 

stipulates application of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 1999). 

In addition, an NPS archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be consulted 

throughout project design and construction planning and implementation.

Analysis

Fire and Life-Safety

Code-required improvements to fire truck access around the exterior of the building would 

require moving the access off the concrete terrace of the hotel and ground disturbance to widen 

and lengthen the existing hardened area (currently covered by turf) to support fire truck loads. 

These activities would require excavation and grading within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access to the cottages would require widening (in 

places), leveling, and graveling an existing gravel service road and unmaintained service road 

south of the cottages; replacement of culverts at drainage crossings; construction of a new 

crossing over the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages; and construction of a new 

truck turnaround. These activities, which would require grading and excavation in previously 

disturbed areas, would occur within archeological site CA-MRP-291/751.

Code-required improvements to waterproofing at the hotel basement would include installation 

of a trench drain at the basement entry. Ground disturbance would occur within archeological 

site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Accessibility

ADA-compliant access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would be provided by installing a 

limited-use/limited-access elevator. This action would require excavation to modify footings. 

Ground disturbance associated with this action would occur within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Improvements on the path of travel to the wedding lawn would require minor grading to level the 

pathway within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Operational Efficiency

The extension of consolidated utilities to the cottage area would require the excavation and 

construction of a new, approximately 4- to 5-foot-deep trench for a utility corridor underneath 

existing pathways within archeological sites CA-MRP-291/751 and CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Conclusion: Under Alternative 1, actions that would cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to fire department access, accessibility, operational efficiency, and site drainage, 

would have the potential to result in an adverse effect on archeological sites CA-MRP-292/293/H 

and CA-MRP-291/751, as well as the Yosemite Valley Archeological District.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Archeological Resources

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-119

Potential adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), 

which stipulates application of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 

1999). In addition, an NPS archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be 

consulted throughout project design and construction planning and implementation.

Cumulative Impacts

Cumulative projects with the potential to cause an adverse effect on archeological sites in the 

project area would be the same under Alternative 1 as under the No Action Alternative. In 

conjunction with Alternative 1, there would be a cumulative potential adverse effect on 

archeological resources in the project area and the Yosemite Valley Archeological District.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 2 

The majority of actions proposed under Alternative 2 would occur inside of the hotel, cottages, 

and dormitory; would not entail ground disturbance; and would therefore not impact 

archeological resources. The following analysis addresses proposed actions that would have the 

potential for an adverse effect resulting from ground-disturbing activities. 

Adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource management 

guidelines, implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), and application 

of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 1999). In addition, an NPS 

archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be consulted throughout project 

construction planning and implementation.

Analysis

Fire and Life-Safety

In order to maintain public access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms, a code-required 

second means of egress would be provided by adding an exterior exit from the Tresidder Room. 

Ground disturbance within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H would be required for 

installation of the exit.

Provision of a code-compliant means of egress at the east spiral stair would be accomplished by 

removing the existing stair and constructing an exterior staircase from the second floor to the 

ground level. Ground disturbance within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H would be 

required for installation of the new staircase.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access around the exterior of the building would 

require moving the access off the concrete terrace of the hotel and ground disturbance to widen 

and lengthen the existing hardened area (currently covered by turf) to support fire truck loads. 

These activities would require excavation and grading within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access to the cottages would require widening (in 

places), leveling, and graveling an existing gravel service road and unmaintained service road 

south of the cottages; replacement of culverts at drainage crossings; construction of a new bridge 

over the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages; and construction of a new truck 

turnaround. These activities, which would require extensive grading and excavation in previously 

disturbed areas, would occur within archeological site CA-MRP-291/751.
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3-120 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Code-required improvements to waterproofing at the hotel basement would include installation 

of a trench drain at the basement entry. Ground disturbance would occur within archeological 

site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Seismic Strengthening

Reinforcement of the South Wing would require new footings installed below grade to support 

the proposed shear walls. Installation of shear walls would cause ground disturbance within

archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Bracing the Dining Room from the Kitchen side would involve installing new footings to support 

columns in the crawlspace below the Kitchen. Excavation and installation of the footings would 

cause ground disturbance within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Accessibility

ADA-compliant access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would be provided by installing a 

limited-use/limited-access elevator. This action would require excavation to modify footings. The 

ground disturbance associated with this action would occur within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Improvements on the path of travel to the wedding lawn would require minor grading to level the 

pathway, which would occur within archaeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Operational Efficiency

The extension of consolidated utilities to the cottage area would require the excavation and 

construction of a new, approximately 4- to 5-foot-deep trench for a utility corridor underneath 

existing pathways. These activities would occur within archeological sites CA-MRP-291/751 and 

CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Energy Efficiency

Alternative 2 proposes two different options for using geothermal technology to help supplement 

heating and cooling. In the first option, shallow geothermal tubes for preheating/cooling would 

be installed either below asphalt paths to cottages or below wooden walkways at the Entry 

Gallery and Porte Cochere. The tubing would be placed within existing utility corridors, thus 

installation of shallow geothermal tubes are not expected to impact archeological resources.

The other option under this action would be to use geothermal directional bore holes in the 

ground. The bore holes would be 6 to 8 inches in diameter and extend to a depth of greater than 

40 feet. The locations of the holes would be determined pending further study. Depending on the 

location of the bore holes, the project could occur within archeological site(s) CA-MRP-52/H, 

CA-MRP-291/751, and/or CA-MRP-292/293/H. 

Conclusion: Under Alternative 2, actions that would cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to egress, fire department access, seismic strengthening, accessibility, operational 

efficiency, site drainage, and energy efficiency, would have the potential to result in an adverse 

effect on archeological sites CA-MRP-52/H, CA-MRP-292/293/H, and CA-MRP-291/751, as well 

as the Yosemite Valley Archeological District.

Potential adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), 

which stipulates application of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — Archeological Resources

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-121

1999). In addition, an NPS archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be

consulted throughout project design and construction planning and implementation.

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impact of Alternative 2 would be the same as under Alternative 1.

Environmental Consequences of Alternative 3 (Preferred Alternative)

The majority of actions proposed under Alternative 3 would occur inside of the hotel, cottages, 

and dormitory; would not entail ground disturbance; and would therefore not affect 

archeological resources. The following analysis addresses proposed actions that would have the 

potential for an adverse effect due to ground-disturbing activities. 

Adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource management 

guidelines, implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), and application 

of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 1999). In addition, an NPS 

archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be consulted throughout project 

construction planning and implementation.

Analysis

Fire and Life-Safety

In order to maintain public access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms, a code-required 

second means of egress would be provided by adding an exterior exit from the Tresidder Room. 

Ground disturbance within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H would be required for 

installation of the exit.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access around the exterior of the building would 

require moving the access off the concrete terrace of the hotel and ground disturbance to widen 

and lengthen the existing hardened area (currently covered by turf) to support fire truck loads. 

These activities would require excavation and grading within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Code-required improvements to fire truck access to the cottages would require widening (in 

places), leveling, and graveling an existing gravel service road and unmaintained service road 

south of the cottages; replacement of culverts at drainage crossings; construction of a new 

crossing over the unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages; and construction of a new 

truck turnaround. These activities, which would require grading and excavation in previously 

disturbed areas, would occur within archeological site CA-MRP-291/751.

Code-required improvements to waterproofing at the hotel basement would include installation 

of a trench drain at the basement entry. Ground disturbance would occur within archeological 

site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Seismic Strengthening

Reinforcement of the South Wing would require new footings installed below grade to support 

the proposed shear walls. Installation of shear walls would occur within archeological site CAMRP-292/293/H.

Bracing the Dining Room from the Kitchen side would involve installing new footings to support 

columns in the crawlspace below the Kitchen. Excavation and installation of the footings would 

cause ground disturbance within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources 

3-122 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Accessibility

ADA-compliant access to the South Mezzanine meeting rooms would be provided by installing a 

limited-use/limited-access elevator. This action would require excavation to modify footings. The 

ground disturbance associated with this action would occur within archeological site CA-MRP292/293/H.

Improvements on the path of travel to the wedding lawn would require minor grading to level the 

pathway, within archeological site CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Operational Efficiency

The extension of consolidated utilities to the cottage area would require the excavation and 

construction of a new, approximately 4- to 5-foot-deep trench for a utility corridor underneath 

existing pathways. These activities would occur within archeological sites CA-MRP-291/751 and 

CA-MRP-292/293/H.

Conclusion: Under Alternative 3, actions that would cause ground disturbance, including 

improvements to fire department access, seismic strengthening, accessibility, operational 

efficiency, and site drainage, would have the potential to result in an adverse effect on 

archeological sites CA-MRP-292/293/H and CA-MRP-291/751, as well as the Yosemite Valley 

Archeological District.

Potential adverse effects would be resolved through adherence to NPS cultural resource 

management guidelines and implementation of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), 

which stipulates application of the Archeological Synthesis and Research Design (Hull and Moratto 

1999). In addition, an NPS archeologist and the park historic preservation officer would be 

consulted throughout project design and construction planning and implementation.

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impact of Alternative 3 would be the same as under Alternative 1.

American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources

Affected Environment

The project area contains resources of prehistoric, historic, and contemporary significance to 

American Indian tribes and groups. The ancient American Indian village of Wis-kah-lah, first 

documented by Stephen Powers in the 1870s (Powers, published 1977), was located at the base of 

Royal Arches. The former village site is thought to lie partially within the area of potential effect 

for this project. At the time, it was the farthest east settlement in Yosemite Valley. Later, the 

village was recorded as a large summer camp a little west of the Royal Arches, partially overlain in 

its western portion by the stables complex known as Kenneyville (Merriam 1917).

As noted above under ‘Archeological Resources’ and in Table 3-5, three American Indian 

archeological sites on The Ahwahnee grounds have been recorded in the area of potential effect: 

CA-MRP-52/H, CA-MRP-292/293/H, and CA-MRP-291/751. These sites most likely include the 

surviving remains of the village of Wis-kah-lah. Various archeological studies have been 

conducted that indicate use of the site for approximately 7,000 years, with intensive use in late 

prehistory (the period of time just prior to Euro-American contact in Yosemite) (Nilsson et al. 

2009). There is evidence that Wis-kah-lah was occupied until the mid-nineteenth century

(Bunnell published 1990).
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-123

Historic-era construction at the site of Wis-kah-lah included Kenneyville, a stables complex of 17 

wood-frame structures, in 1886 (Pavlik 1986). Prior to the construction of Kenneyville, James C. 

Lamon’s homestead (1869-1875) and the Royal Arch farm and the Harris Campground (1876-

1888) occupied the site (Greene 1987). Kenneyville was displaced by The Ahwahnee hotel in 

1926.

Ethnographer John Hudson was told by American Indian informants that there was a great battle 

at the base of Royal Arches, and he recorded in his field journal that “the Yosemites” were nearly 

exterminated by the eastern people, the Paiute (Hudson 1901). The date of the battle is not 

known, but the battle took place within living memory of Hudson’s informants.

Vegetation in the project area is a landscaped mixture of native and ornamental species. A 

number of native plants were brought to the site as ornamental plantings (e.g., sequoias and

California black oaks), and some non-native plants (e.g., European grasses) have been added to 

the grounds close to the structure. Himalayan blackberry, one of the most threatening invasive 

plants in Yosemite (NPS 2008b), has begun to encroach on some of the land, and native 

ponderosa pines appear to be encroaching as well.

American Indians gather native plants throughout Yosemite Valley; boundaries for gathering may 

change from year to year, depending upon the plant species, the weather, or other factors (Deur 

2006). Gathering is not likely to occur at the landscaped grounds immediately adjacent to 

The Ahwahnee hotel. Examples of native species that may be gathered near the project area 

include basket grass (Muhlenbergia rigens), which is tended and gathered at Ahwahnee Meadow 

(Deur 2006). California black oak acorns (Quercus kelloggii) are the preferred and prized food 

nuts of American Indians who continue to gather acorns where they are available (Ortiz 1996). 

There are California black oaks in the project area. Medicinal plants and fungi may also be 

gathered in the vicinity when available (Bibby 1994). The specific species and locations of 

medicinal plants and fungi gathered are not normally disclosed by American Indians.

Consultation with American Indian Tribes and Groups

It is part of the National Park Service mission to facilitate the preservation and continuation of 

traditional cultural practices in Yosemite; park managers work to accommodate traditional 

cultural practices in accordance with the NPS mission and management policies. Consultation is a 

key component of the National Park Service’s strategy to preserve and protect culturally 

significant resources that are central to traditional cultural practices.

The park consults with seven culturally associated American Indian tribes and groups on a regular 

basis. These are the American Indian Council of Mariposa County (also known as the Southern 

Sierra Miwuk Nation), Bishop Paiute Tribe, Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony, Mono Lake 

Kutzadikaa Tribe, North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians, Picayune Rancheria of the 

Chukchansi Indians, and the Tuolumne Band of Me Wuk Indians. For more information on 

American Indian consultation for this project, please see Chapter 4, Consultation and 

Coordination.

Environmental Consequences - Methodology

Potential impacts on traditional resources in the project area were analyzed qualitatively, based 

on current understanding of values and significant elements, and proposed modifications that 

could potentially alter character-defining features. Actions proposed were also assessed for the 

potential effect they might have on American Indian values at archeological sites.
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources 

3-124 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Like other cultural resources, American Indian traditional resources might be eligible for the 

National Register of Historic Places when they are associated with significant events that have 

made a contribution to their history (criterion A); when they are associated with the lives of 

persons significant in the past, who may include important people in stories (criterion B); when 

they embody distinctive design characteristics (criterion C); or when they have contributed or 

have the potential to contribute information about the past (criterion D). Adverse impacts on 

American Indian traditional resources may include damage, alteration, destruction, isolation, 

neglect, deterioration, and other factors that might adversely affect the site’s ability to convey the 

characteristics for which it was determined eligible to the national register. Traditional resources 

and practices might also be affected if the ability to access or use a particular place affects the way 

in which culturally associated American Indians connect to the resource. Such effects can include 

visual and aural intrusions as well as physical alterations.

Some of the places important to American Indians at The Ahwahnee are also prehistoric 

archeological sites, which are more fully described under ‘Archeological Resources’ above. The 

values ascribed to these resources by American Indian people might extend beyond scientific 

value (criterion D). American Indian connections to geographic locations may be strengthened by 

the presence of archeological remains left by their ancestors.

The National Park Service will facilitate the preservation and continuation of American Indian 

traditional resources and practices in consultation with culturally associated tribes and groups, 

and would implement measures in the 2011 Programmatic Agreement prepared for this project

(Appendix A).

Environmental Consequences of the No Action Alternative

Analysis

The No Action Alternative would not result in any additional impacts on traditional cultural 

resources or practices.

Conclusion: There would be no new impacts on American Indian traditional resources and 

practices under the No Action Alternative.

Cumulative Impacts

There are a number of past projects and activities that have contributed to impacts on traditional 

resources important to American Indians and the continuation of traditional cultural practices. 

Historic-era activities, such as construction of the Lamon homestead and the stables at 

Kenneyville, included ground-disturbing actions and other effects on the American Indian village 

of Wis-kah-lah, including the displacement of the American Indian people themselves. The 

construction of The Ahwahnee hotel further impacted the footprint of the American Indian 

village. Subsequent projects related to infrastructure (e.g. roads, water, and sewer), use of the 

hotel and grounds by the U.S. Navy during World War II, employee housing, landscaping, and 

more actions have resulted in additional ground disturbance at the site.

The current and/or foreseeable actions listed in Appendix D would have the potential to affect 

the village site and the values held by American Indians for this ancestral place. Some of the 

undertakings, such as the Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, are in 

process and it is not currently clear what, if any, effect they would have on the traditional cultural 

resources or practices at The Ahwahnee. There is the potential for ground disturbance of 

archeological deposits and removal of native vegetation, resulting in a potential adverse effect on 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 3-125

American Indian traditional resources and practices, as part of the Scenic Vista Management Plan, 

2009 Fire Management Plan, East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan, The Ahwahnee Fire 

and Life-Safety Improvements Project, and The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochere Access 

Walkways and Fence Project. 

Beneficial impacts on native plant communities of value to American Indians might result from 

the implementation of Parkwide Invasive Plant Management Plan Update.

It is anticipated that adverse impacts resulting from cumulative projects would be resolved 

through adherence to NPS cultural resource management guidelines and application of the 2011 

Programmatic Agreement regarding rehabilitation projects at The Ahwahnee or the parkwide 

1999 Programmatic Agreement for projects that are not part of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan (e.g., the Scenic Vista Management Plan).

Environmental Consequences of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3

The majority of actions proposed for the comprehensive rehabilitation of The Ahwahnee would 

occur within building footprints and would not affect American Indian traditional cultural 

resources. The proposed actions in the landscape at The Ahwahnee (outside of the hotel, 

cottages, and dormitory buildings) that might affect American Indian values would be the same 

with all action alternatives. Therefore, they are analyzed together.

Analysis

Removal of select native vegetation (incense cedars and herbaceous plants) as part of fire access 

road improvements and construction of a utility corridor might affect native plants of value to

American Indians.

Impacts on values that make the archeological sites in the project area important to American 

Indians (including the remains of Wis-kah-lah and possibly the Royal Arches battle site) could 

include ground-disturbing activities for the code-required improvements to the fire department

access road, including installation of new drainage crossings; installation of a new utility corridor 

beneath the pathways to the cottages; and excavation to place new footings for seismic 

strengthening at the hotel. There are three archeological sites within the project area of potential 

effect that are recorded as separate sites. It is possible that subsurface investigations might reveal a 

continuous archeological deposit that may extend between and beyond the currently 

documented site boundaries. Furthermore, the archeological site boundaries are not always 

synonymous with the extent of an American Indian traditional cultural resource. Ongoing 

consultation and cultural monitoring, as provided for in the 2011 Programmatic Agreement for 

actions covered in this planning effort, would identify the potential for additional impacts and 

address mitigation of their effects.

In accordance with the 2011 Programmatic Agreement (Appendix A), American Indian 

representatives from culturally associated tribes and groups would be provided an opportunity to 

participate in activities, including archeological investigations and construction monitoring, for 

the protection of resources to which they attach cultural, spiritual, and traditional significance 

that might be affected by project implementation.

Conclusion: Traditional cultural resources of value to American Indians might be affected by 

construction, removal of select native vegetation, and alteration of archeological constituents. 

The park would continue consultation with culturally associated tribes and groups during project 
Chapter 3: Affected Environment and Environmental Consequences — American Indian Traditional Cultural Resources 

3-126 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

planning and implementation, and would implement the 2011 Programmatic Agreement in order 

to protect resources to which American Indian tribes and groups attach cultural values.

Cumulative Impacts

The cumulative impacts of Alternatives 1, 2, and 3 in conjunction with the past, present, and/or 

reasonably foreseeable projects (listed under the No Action Alternative) might result in an 

adverse effect on resources of value to American Indians. It is anticipated that adverse effects 

would be resolved by application of the 2011 Programmatic Agreement regarding rehabilitation 

projects at The Ahwahnee hotel or the parkwide 1999 Programmatic Agreement for projects that 

are not part of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan (e.g., the Scenic Vista 

Management Plan).
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 4-1

Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination

This chapter presents a review of all consultation and coordination efforts undertaken for 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment.

Project Scoping History

A 45-day public scoping period for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan 

Environmental Assessment was initiated on August 13, 2009 and was subsequently extended 

through September 30, 2009. Two public meetings with a focus on this planning effort were held 

during the public scoping period: a Park Public Open House at the East Auditorium in Yosemite 

Valley on August 26, 2009, and a public scoping meeting at The Ahwahnee on September 22, 2009. 

The purpose of these meetings was to inform interested parties about the proposed project and 

solicit comments from members of the public in order to understand the spectrum of concerns, 

interests, and issues that should be considered in the planning process. In addition, information 

about the project was also displayed and public comments were accepted at an informal public 

meeting at The Ahwahnee on September 8, 2009 and at the Park Public Open House on 

September 30, 2009 at the East Auditorium in Yosemite Valley.

Comments were invited for submission by mail, fax, email, through the web-based Planning, 

Environment, and Public Comment (PEPC) system, and on comment forms that were made 

available during public scoping meetings. During the scoping period, the National Park Service 

received eight letters from seven individuals and one organization. An analysis of these letters 

identified 21 discrete comments, from which 18 general concern statements were generated.

Based on internal and public scoping comments and applicable federal law, regulations, and 

executive orders, the National Park Service determined that an environmental assessment would 

be the appropriate level of compliance for The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan. 

Public scoping comments and issues raised by National Park Service staff were used in the 

alternatives development process and the analysis presented in this environmental assessment.

In addition, the National Park Service conducted targeted scoping for this planning effort in 

January 2010 to California museums, historical societies, and preservation groups, soliciting their 

input on the comprehensive planning process. No comments were received.

Agency Consultation

The Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (16 USC 1531 et seq.) requires all federal 

agencies to consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to ensure that any action authorized, 

funded, or carried out by the agency does not jeopardize the continued existence of listed species 

or critical habitat. The National Park Service obtained a list of federally listed endangered and 

threatened species that may be present in The Ahwahnee area in November 2009 from the U.S. 

Fish and Wildlife Service. This list was used as the basis for the special status species analysis in 

this environmental assessment. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will receive a copy of this 

environmental assessment and consultation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service will continue, 

as defined by section 7 of the Endangered Species Act, as environmental compliance for 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan is finalized.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination 

4-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

During the initial phases of project planning in 2009, the National Park Service determined that 

the proposed rehabilitation project would have the potential to affect The Ahwahnee National 

Historic Landmark and the Yosemite Valley Historic District, as defined in 36 CFR part 800.16(i). 

Accordingly, the park initiated consultation with the California State Historic Preservation 

Officer (SHPO), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), and the National Trust 

for Historic Preservation (NTHP) in September 2009.

Historic Preservation Agencies

During the development of the comprehensive rehabilitation plan, the National Park Service 

consulted with the SHPO and the ACHP pursuant to the 1999 Programmatic Agreement Among 

the National Park Service at Yosemite, The California State Historic Preservation Officer, and the 

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Regarding Planning, Design, Construction, Operations, 

and Maintenance, Yosemite National Park, California 

California State Historic Preservation Officer

(1999 Programmatic Agreement) and 

regulations at 36 CFR 800 for implementing section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act 

of 1966, as amended (16 USC 470f).

The National Park Service initiated consultation with the SHPO in September 2009. In August 

2010, the National Park Service submitted 100% conceptual drawings and 50% schematic 

drawings of the comprehensive rehabilitation plan alternatives for SHPO consideration and 

review. Following this submittal, the SHPO conducted a site visit to review project alternatives 

and consult with the National Park Service regarding the identification of the preferred 

alternative in October 2010. In December 2010, the SHPO submitted a letter outlining concerns 

with specific items included in the preferred alternative of the comprehensive rehabilitation 

program. These concerns were resolved by the National Park Service and SHPO verbally, by 

phone, on December 29, 2010, and were further documented in a written response from the 

National Park Service to the SHPO in January 12, 2011.

Because the comprehensive rehabilitation program will have an adverse effect on The Ahwahnee

National Historic Landmark and has the potential to affect archeological sites that contribute to 

the Yosemite Valley Archeological District, the National Park Service and the SHPO have entered 

into a programmatic agreement, pursuant to 36 CFR 800.14(b) (see Appendix A). The 

programmatic agreement was released for public review on January 4, 2011 and a targeted letter 

was sent to California museums, historical societies, and preservation groups providing 

notification of the development of the agreement and requesting comment. No comments were 

received. The programmatic agreement was signed by the National Park Service and SHPO on 

January 24, 2011. The National Park Service will continue to consult with SHPO per the 2011 

programmatic agreement.

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

The National Park Service initiated consultation with the ACHP in September 2009. The ACHP 

subsequently acknowledged receipt of NPS communication and requested that the National Park 

Service notify the ACHP of a determination of adverse effect and provide adequate 

documentation for review. Accordingly, the National Park Service provided notification and 

supporting documentation regarding the development of a programmatic agreement for this 

planning effort pursuant to 36 CFR 800.14(b) on November 23, 2010. Based upon the information 

provided, the ACHP concluded that Appendix A, Criteria for Council Involvement in Reviewing 

Individual Section 106 Cases, of ACHP regulations, “Protection of Historic Properties” (36 CFR 
Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 4-3

Part 800), does not apply to this planning effort and the ACHP therefore declined to participate in 

the development of the programmatic agreement on December 15, 2010.

Pursuant to 36 CFR 800.6(b)(1)(iv), the National Park Service has filed the final programmatic 

agreement and related documentation with the ACHP.

National Trust for Historic Preservation

The National Park Service initiated consultation with the NTHP in September 2009. In addition, 

the National Park Service provided notification and supporting documentation regarding the 

development of a programmatic agreement for this planning effort pursuant to 36 CFR 800.14(b), 

on November 23, 2010. The NTHP verbally acknowledged the NPS communication and declined 

to participate in the development of a programmatic agreement on December 6, 2010.

Yosemite National Park is consulting with American Indian tribes and groups having cultural 

association with The Ahwahnee area, including the Mono Lake Kutzadika’a Tribe, the North 

Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians, the Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony, the Picayune Rancheria 

of Chukchansi Indians, the Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians, the Bishop Paiute Tribe, and the 

American Indian Council of Mariposa County, Inc. (Southern Sierra Miwuk Nation), on 

proposed actions under The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan.

American Indian Tribes and Groups

Consultation with these tribes and groups regarding this planning effort was initiated in 

September 2009 through written correspondence. The National Park Service discussed 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan during government-to-government 

consultations with the tribes and groups at yearly, quarterly, and monthly tribal meetings in late 

2009 and early 2010. Consultation continues during the planning process as described below.

Each of the tribes and groups above were provided with a letter dated January 5, 2011 inviting 

their participation as a concurring party to the programmatic agreement for this project, with an 

attached copy of the draft programmatic agreement for their consideration. On February 23, 

2011, a consultation meeting was held as requested with the Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians 

to discuss the programmatic agreement. On February 24, 2011, the North Fork Rancheria of 

Mono Indians signed the programmatic agreement as a concurring party.

In addition, a copy of the administrative review draft of this environmental assessment was 

provided to the American Indian tribes and groups for review and comment in February 2011. 

Comments were received from The Bishop Paiute Tribe and the North Fork Rancheria of Mono 

Indians of California and were considered during the preparation of this assessment for public 

review.

The American Indian tribes and groups will also receive copies of this environmental assessment 

for review and comment. Consultation and partnering will continue with the American Indian 

tribes and groups throughout the planning and implementation of The Ahwahnee

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan.
Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination 

4-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Future Information

Updated information about various aspects of The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation 

Plan will be periodically distributed via electronic newsletters, mailings, the project website 

(http://www.nps.gov/yose/parkmgmt/ahwahnee_rehab.htm

There will be a 30-day public comment period on this environmental assessment. Please refer to 

the project web page for the exact comment review close and end dates.

), and regional and local news media.

Readers are encouraged to submit comments electronically through the NPS Planning, 

Environment and Public Comment (PEPC) system. A link to PEPC can be found on the project 

website, above, or directly at 

Written comments regarding this document should be postmarked by the end of the review 

period and directed to:

http://parkplanning.nps.gov/AhwahneeRehab.

Superintendent, Yosemite National Park

ATTN: The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan

P.O. Box 577

Yosemite, California 95389

Fax: 209-379-1294

To request a printed copy or CD of this environmental assessment (available in limited quantity), 

please email: Yose_Planning@nps.gov.
Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 4-5

List of Agencies, Organizations, and Businesses 

that Received The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

American Indian Council of Mariposa 

County, Inc. (Southern Sierra Miwuk 

Nation)

Atwater Historical Society

Bassett Memorial Library

Bishop Paiute Tribe

Bodie State Historical Park

Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony

California Preservation Foundation

Castle Air Museum

Central Sierra Historical Society

Clovis-Big Dry Creek Historical Society

Coarsegold Historical Society

Columbia State Historic Park

Delaware North Companies Parks and 

Resorts at Yosemite

El Portal Public Library

Forestiere Underground Gardens

Fresno Art Museum

Fresno City & County Historical Society

Gustine Museum

Madera County Historical Society

Mariposa County Public Library

Mariposa County Visitors Bureau/Board of 

Supervisors

Mariposa Museum and History Center

Merced County Historical Society

Meux Home Museum

Milliken Museum

Mono Lake Kutzadika’a Tribe

National Park Service, Pacific West Region

National Park Service, Yosemite National 

Park Archives

National Park Service, Yosemite National 

Park Research Library

National Trust for Historic Preservation

North Fork Rancheria of Mono Indians of 

California 

Northern Mariposa County History

Oakhurst Public Library

Picayune Rancheria of Chukchansi Indians

Railtown 1897 State Historic Park

Reedley Historical Society/Museum

Sierra Mono Museum

Society for California Archaeology

Society of Architectural Historians

The California Historical Society

The Discovery Center

Tuolumne County Historical Society

Tuolumne Band of Me-Wuk Indians

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Yosemite Committee Tehipite Chapter of 

the Sierra Club
Chapter 4: Consultation and Coordination 

4-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 5-1

Chapter 5: List of Preparers

The following persons were primarily responsible for preparing and reviewing this environmental 

assessment.

Name Responsibility Education Years 

Experience 

YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK TECHNICAL EXPERTS AND CONTRIBUTORS 

Jonathan Bayless Museum Curator M.S. Evolutionary Biology 

B.S. Biology 

30 NPS 

Tony Brochini Division Liaison, Facilities 

Management

2 yrs. undergraduate studies 33 NPS 

Sueann Brown Former Historical Architect, History, 

Architecture and Landscapes; 

Resources Management and 

Science Division 

M.S. Historic Preservation 

B.A. Architecture 

24 NPS 

Larry Carter Capital Improvement Fund Project 

Coordinator, Business and Revenue 

Management Division

B.A. Administration 1 NPS 

25 other 

Don Coffman Fire Marshal Fire Science, Emergency Management 17 NPS 

13 Other

Jim Donovan Planning Division Liaison M.A. Urban & Regional Planning 

B.A. Fine Arts 

11 NPS 

15 other 

Randy Fong Branch Chief, Design; Project 

Management Division

B.A. Architecture 

M. Architecture 

32 NPS 

1 other 

Gabrielle Harlan Historical Architect PhD Candidate History of Art and Architecture 

M.A. Architectural History 

B.Arch. Architecture 

2 NPS 

12 other 

Jennifer Hardin Park Cultural Anthropologist and 

American Indian Liaison 

M.S. Applied Anthropology 

M.A. Cultural Anthropology 

2 NPS 

13 other 

Dave Humphrey Branch Chief, History, Architecture, 

and Landscapes; Resources 

Management and Science Division

B.S. Landscape Architecture 21 NPS, 

9 other 

Laura Kirn Branch Chief: Anthropology; 

Resources Management and 

Science Division 

Graduate studies in Historic Preservation 

B.S. Anthropology 

27 NPS 

Elexis Mayer Branch Chief, Environmental 

Planning and Compliance; Project 

Management Division

B.S. Natural Resources Planning 7 public 

2 other 

Kevin McCardle Historical Landscape Architect M.L.A. 

M.S. Microbiology 

B.S. Science Education

1 NPS 

11 other 

Sonny Montague Project Archeologist M.A. Anthropology 

B.S. Anthropology 

20 NPS 

4 other 

Jim Roche Park Hydrologist M.S. Geology 

B.S. Chemistry 

8 NPS 

3 other 

Madelyn Ruffner Compliance Specialist M.P.P. Public Policy 6 NPS 

5 Other 

Bill Rust Civil Engineer, Business and 

Revenue Management Division

M.S. Civil Engineering 

B.S. Civil Engineering 

27 NPS 

10 Private

Jeannette Simons Former Park Historic Preservation 

Officer and American Indian Liaison 

M.A. Anthropology 

B.A. Anthropology 

14 Public 

14 Private

Steve Thompson Branch Chief: Wildlife 

Management; Resources 

Management and Science Division 

M.S. Ecology – Wildlife 

B.S. Biology 

21 NPS 

5 other 
Chapter 5: List of Preparers

5-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Name Responsibility Education Years 

Experience 

DELAWARE NORTH COMPANIES PARKS AND RESORTS AT YOSEMITE 

Daniel R. Jensen President Masters Degree in Business Administration 41 Private

Dave Armon, CPA Vice President - Finance B.A. Accounting 14 Private

Chance Jorgensen Ahwahnee Hotel Manager

Steve Ullmann Director of Facility Services 39 Private

Brian Fulce Capital Improvement Fund Project 

Manager

B.S. Civil Engineering 15 Private

Don Evans Project Manager

Vicki McMichael Manager of Compliance and Client 

Relations 

B.A. Recreation Administration 15 Private

Devon Rothell Environmental Compliance 

Manager

B.A. Cultural Anthropology 7 Private

URS CORPORATION

Kinzie Gordon NPS Project Manager B.A. Anthropology 2 NPS (as 

contractor) 

36 Private

NEWFIELDS, LLC - PRIME CONTRACTOR

Gary Hayward Project Director M.S. Marine Science 

B.A. Geology 

28 Private

Ali Baird Project Manager M.A. Geography 

B.S. Conservation Biology 

6 Public 

10 Private

Adam Hamburg Compliance Specialist B.S. Environmental Sciences 5 Private

Andrea Schmid Compliance Specialist M.S. Natural Resource Ecology/Journalism and 

Communications 

B.S.Horticulture 

6 Private

Wendy Vittands Senior Compliance Specialist B.S. Environmental Science 10 Public 

2 Private

DOWL HKM

Michela Spitz Public Involvement Coordinator B.A. Social Policy & Journalism 8 Private

Maryellen Tuttell Socioeconomics M.S. Food & Resource Economics 

B.S. Food & Resource Economics 

8 Public 

15 Private

HRA AND ASSOCIATES 

Lynn Compas Associate Archeologist M.A. Cultural Resource Management 

B.S. Anthropology Minor Geology 

20 Public 

and Private

Erica Kachmarsky Senior Project Architectural 

Historian

M.A. Preservation Studies 

B.A. Anthropology/Archeology 

10 Private

HORNBERGER + WORSTELL 

Stephen Li Architect B.A. Architecture 8 Private

INDIVIDUAL SUBCONTRACTORS

Shelly Davis-King, 

Davis-King and Assoc. 

American Indian Traditional 

Cultural Resources and Practices 

B.A. Anthropology 

M.A. Anthropology 

Additional graduate studies in Archeology 

42 Private

Robert Wurgler, 

Cardno ENTRIX

Document Layout and

Production Coordinator 

B.A. Graphic Design 19 Private

Erin Adams,

Cardno ENTRIX

Production Assistant B.S. Environmental Science w/Applied Ecology 3 Private
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 6-1

Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms

Glossary of Terms

Affected environment: Existing natural, cultural, and social conditions of an area that are subject 

to change, both directly and indirectly, as a result of a proposed human action.

Alternatives: Sets of management elements that represent a range of options for how, or whether 

to proceed with a proposed project. An environmental assessment analyzes the potential 

environmental and social impacts of the range of alternatives presented, as required under the 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).

Archeological resources: Historic and prehistoric deposits, sites, features, structure ruins, and 

anything of a cultural nature found within, or removed from, an archeological site.

Area of potential effect: The geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly 

or indirectly cause changes in the character or use of historic properties, if such properties exist. 

The area of potential effect is influenced by the scale and nature of the undertaking and may be 

different for different kinds of effects caused by the undertaking.

Best management practices: Effective, feasible (including technological, economic, and 

institutional considerations) conservation practices and land- and water-management measures 

that avoid or minimize adverse impacts to natural and cultural resources. Best management 

practices may include schedules for activities, prohibitions, maintenance guidelines, and other 

management practices.

CEQ Regulations: The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) was established by the 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and given the responsibility for developing federal 

environmental policy and overseeing the implementation of NEPA by federal agencies.

Cultural landscape: “A geographic area, including both cultural and natural resources and the 

wildlife or domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or person or 

exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values.” There are four general types of cultural landscapes, 

not mutually exclusive: historic sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular landscapes, 

and ethnographic landscapes. (Preservation Brief 36)

Cultural Landscapes Inventory: The Cultural Landscapes Inventory (CLI) is a database 

containing information on the historically significant landscapes within the National Park System. 

This evaluated inventory identifies and documents each landscape’s location, size, physical 

development, condition, landscape characteristics, character-defining features, as well as other 

valuable information useful to park management.

Cultural Landscape Report: A Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) is the primary report that 

documents the history, significance and treatment of a cultural landscape. A Cultural Landscape 

Report evaluates the history and integrity of the landscape including any changes to its 

geographical context, features, materials, and use. Cultural Landscape Reports are often prepared 

with a change to a landscape is proposed. In such instances, a Cultural Landscape Report can be a 

useful tool to protect the landscape’s character-defining features from undue wear, alteration or 

loss, and can provide managers, curators, and others with information needed to make 

management decisions. (Preservation Brief 36)

Decibel: A unit of measure of sound intensity.
Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms 

6-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Ecosystem: An ecosystem can be defined as a geographically identifiable area that encompasses 

unique physical and biological characteristics. It is the sum of the plant community, animal 

community, and environment in a particular region or habitat.

Environmental assessment: A public document required under the National Environmental 

Policy Act (NEPA) that identifies and analyzes activities that might affect the human and natural 

environment. An environmental assessment is a concise public document which provides 

sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an Environmental Impact 

Statement (EIS), aids an agency’s compliance with NEPA when no EIS is necessary, and it 

facilitates preparation of an EIS when one is necessary. 

Environmental consequences: This section of an environmental assessment describes the 

impacts a proposed action will have on resources. Direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts, both 

beneficial and adverse, are analyzed. The context, duration, and intensity of impacts are defined 

and quantified as much as possible.

Environmentally preferable alternative: The environmentally preferable alternative is the 

alternative within the range of alternatives presented in an environmental assessment that best 

promotes the goals of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). In general, this is the 

alternative causes the least damage to the environment and best protects natural and cultural 

resources. In practice, one alternative may be more preferable for some environmental resources 

while another alternative may be preferable for other resources.

Facilities: Buildings and the associated supporting infrastructure such as roads, trails, and 

utilities. 

Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI): The public document describing the decision made 

on selecting the “preferred alternative” in an environmental assessment. See “environmental 

assessment.” 

Floodplain: A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a river or stream and is subject to flooding 

unless protected artificially.

Geologic Hazard (Geohazard): Geohazards are any geological or hydrological process that 

poses a threat to people and/or their property.

Historic building: For the purposes of the National Register of Historic Places, a building can be 

a house, barn, church, hotel, or similar construction, created principally to shelter human activity. 

“Building” may also refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse and 

jail or a house and barn.

Historic district: A historic district is an area which possesses a significant concentration, 

linkage, or continuity of sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically 

by plan or physical development. To be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places, a 

district must be significant, as well as being an identifiable entity. It must be important for 

historical, architectural, archeological, engineering, or cultural values.

Historic property: A historic property is any prehistoric or historic building, site, district, 

structure, or object that is included in, or eligible for inclusion in, the National Register of 

Historic Places. Types of historic properties can include archeological sites, historic cultural 

landscapes, and traditional cultural properties (listed as sites, buildings, or districts).

Historic site: A historic site is the location of significant event which can be prehistoric or 

historic in nature. It can represent activities or buildings (standing, ruined, or vanished). It is the 
Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 6-3

location itself which is of historical interest in a historic site, and it possesses cultural or 

archeological value regardless of the value of any structures that currently exist on the location. 

Examples of sites include shipwrecks, battlefields, campsites, natural features, and rock shelters.

Historic structure: For the purposes of the National Register of Historic Places, the term 

“structure” is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usually for 

purposes other than creating human shelter. Examples of structures include bridges, gazebos, and

highways. 

Implementation plan: Implementation plans, which tier off of programmatic plans (like the 

General Management Plan) and focus on how to implement an activity or project needed to 

achieve a long-term goal. Implementation plans may direct specific projects as well as ongoing 

management activities or programs. They provide a more extensive level of detail and analysis 

than do general management plans. Implementation plans are required to undergo NEPA review.

Mitigation: Activity that will avoid, reduce the severity of, or eliminate an adverse environmental 

impact.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA): The federal act that requires the development of 

an Environmental Impact Statement for federal actions that might have substantial 

environmental, social, or other impacts.

National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA): The federal action that requires federal agencies 

to take into account the effect of any undertaking on historic properties (see ‘Historic Property,’ 

above).

National Park Service Management Policies: A policy is a guiding principle or procedure that 

sets the framework and provides direction for management decisions. NPS policies are guided by 

and consistent with the Constitution, public laws, Executive proclamations and orders, and 

regulations and directives from higher authorities. Policies translate these sources of guidance 

into cohesive directions. Policy direction may be general or specific. It may prescribe the process 

by which decisions are made, how an action is to be accomplished, or the results are to be 

achieved. The primary source of NPS policy is the publication Management Policies 2006. The 

policies contained therein are applicable Service-wide. They reflect National Park Service 

management philosophy. Director's Orders supplement and may amend the Management Policies. 

Unwritten or informal “policy” and people’s various understandings of National Park Service 

traditional practices are never relied on as official policy.

Natural processes: All processes such as hydrologic, geologic and ecosystemic, which are not the 

result of human manipulation. 

No Action Alternative: The alternative in a plan that proposes to continue current management 

direction. “No action” means the proposed activity would not take place, and the environmental 

effects resulting from taking no action would be compared with the effects of permitting the 

proposed activity or an alternative activity to go forward.

Nonattainment Area: A geographical area identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency and/or the California Air Resources Board as not meeting national and/or California 

ambient air quality standards (NAAQS / CAAQS) for a given pollutant. 

Non-native species: Species of plants or wildlife that are not native to a particular area and often 

interfere with natural biological systems.
Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms 

6-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Organic Act: In 1916, the National Park Service Organic Act established the National Park 

Service in order to “promote and regulate use of parks...” and defined the purpose of the national 

parks as “to conserve the scenery and natural and historic objects and wild life therein and to 

provide for the enjoyment of the same in a manner and by such means as will leave them 

unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” This law provides overall guidance for the 

management of Yosemite National Park.

Planning: An interdisciplinary process for developing short-term and long-term goals for visitor 

experience, resource conditions, and facility placement.

Preferred alternative: The preferred alternative is the alternative within the range of alternatives 

presented in an environmental assessment that the agency believes would best fulfill the purpose 

and need of the proposed action. While the preferred alternative is a different concept from the 

environmentally preferable alternative, they may also be one and the same for some 

environmental assessments.

Programmatic plan: Programmatic plans establish broad management direction for Yosemite 

National Park. The 1980 General Management Plan it a programmatic plan with a purpose to set a 

“clearly defined direction for resource preservation and visitor use” and provide general 

directions and policies to guide planning and management in the park. Programmatic plans are 

required to undergo NEPA review.

Public comment process: The public comment process is a formalized process required by the 

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in which the National Park Service must publish a 

Notice Of Availability in the Federal Register which provides public notice that a draft 

environmental assessment and associated information, including scoping comments and 

supporting documentation, is available for public review and input pursuant to the Freedom Of 

Information Act.

Rehabilitation: The act or process of making possible a compatible use for a property through 

repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey its 

historical or cultural values.

Riparian area: The land area and associated vegetation bordering a stream or river.

Rockfall: Newly detached bedrock falling rapidly from a cliff or other steep surface.

Special status species: Species of plants or wildlife that receive special protection under state 

and/or federal laws (also referred to as “listed species” or “endangered species”), and state, local, 

and park sensitive species that may not be protected by law.

Traditional cultural resource: Any site, structure, object, landscape, or natural resource feature 

assigned traditional, legendary, religious, subsistence, or other significance in the cultural system 

of a group traditionally associated with it.

Traditional cultural property: Traditional cultural resource that is eligible for or listed on the 

National Register of Historic Places as a historic property

Treatment: Work carried out to achieve a historic preservation goal. The four primary 

treatments are preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, and reconstruction (as stated in the 

Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties).

Visitor experience: The perceptions, feelings, and reactions a park visitor has in relationship 

with the surrounding environment. 
Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 6-5

Visitor use: Refers to the types of recreation activities visitors participate in, numbers of people in 

an area, their behavior, the timing of use, and distribution of use within a given area. 

Wetland: Wetlands are defined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CFR, section 328.3[b], 

1986) as those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and 

duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of 

vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands are defined by the 

USFWS as transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems, where the water table is 

usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water.
Chapter 6: Glossary and Acronyms 

6-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Acronyms

ACHP Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

ABA Architectural Barriers Act

ADA Americans with Disabilities Act

AIRFA American Indian Religious Freedom Act

ARPA Archaeological Resources Protection Act

BSE Base Safety Earthquake

CARB California Environmental Protection Agency, Air Resources Board

CBC California Building Code

CDFG California Department of Fish and Game

CEQ Council on Environmental Quality

CFR Code of Federal Regulations

CHBC California Historic Building Code

CIF Capital Improvement Fund

CLI Cultural Landscape Inventory

CLR Cultural Landscape Report

CMC California Mechanical Code

CPC California Plumbing Code

dB Decibel

dBA Decibel (on the “A-weighted” scale)

DNC Delaware North Companies Parks and Resorts at Yosemite, Inc.

DO Director’s Order

EA Environmental Assessment

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

EO Executive Order

EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency

FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact 

HSR Historic Structures Report

IBC International Building Code

ICSSC International Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction

MEP Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing

NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

NEC National Electric Code

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NHL National Historic Landmark

NHPA National Historic Preservation Act

NPS National Park Service

NRCS National Resources Conservation Service

NRHP National Register of Historic Places

NPS National Park Service

PEPC Planning, Environment, and Public Comment

PM Particulate Matter

SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer

TOT Transit Occupancy Taxes

UFAS Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards

USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service

USGS United States Geological Survey
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 7-1

Chapter 7: Bibliography

AECOM and Architectural Resources Group (ARG)

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1993

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2005

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Degenkolb Engineers

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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment A-1

Appendix A: Programmatic Agreement Between 

the National Park Service, Yosemite National 

Park and the California State Historic 

Preservation Officer Regarding The Ahwahnee 

Hotel National Historic Landmark 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program, 

Mariposa County, California
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Appendix B: Selected Schematic Design 

Drawings of Major Actions
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Figure B-1 East Wing egress, Alternatives 1 and 3
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Figure B-2 Fire separation at dining room, all Action Alternatives
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Figure B-3 Bracing of dining room to the kitchen, Alternatives 1 and 3 
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Figure B-4 Limited use/limited access elevator, Alternatives 1 and 3
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Figure B-5 Location of new accessible guestrooms, Alternatives 1 and 3
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Figure B-6 Second means of egress from south mezzanine, Alternatives 2 and 3 
Appendix B: Selected Schematic Design Drawings of Major Actions 

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Figure B-7 East Wing egress, Alternative 2
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Figure B-8 Bracing of dining room to the kitchen, Alternative 2 
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Figure B-9 Limited use/limited access elevator, Alternative 2
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Appendix C: Significance Evaluation and 

Condition Assessment

(Excerpted from Architectural Resources Group 2011) 
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SIGNIFICANCE EVALUATION OF THE 

HOTEL BY AREA 

This section explains the significance ratings for The Ahwahnee's 

exterior and interior spaces and features as related to the hotel's 

overall historic context and character. For a historic resource to 

retain its significance, its character-defining features and spaces 

must be kept to the greatest extent possible. An understanding of a 

building's character-defining features is a crucial step in developing a 

rehabilitation plan that incorporates appropriate levels of restoration, 

rehabilitation, maintenance, and protection. Management and 

treatment approaches may vary based on the relative level of 

importance of spaces. This section defines significance ratings and 

contains color-coded floor plans identifying areas by hierarchical 

importance. 

Methodology in Determining Significance 

Ratings 

Defining and assigning significance ratings to the interior and 

exterior requires consideration of multiple factors: amount of original 

historic fabric, quality of materials and finishes, extent of prior 

modification, levels of integrity, and expression of original design 

intent. 

Intrinsic to the hotel building type is the separation of grand public 

areas, private guest rooms, and back-of-house or guest support 

spaces. The interior layout of The Ahwahnee and its circulation is 

complex. Public, private, and back-of-house spaces, existing side 

by side on every floor, were designed to control circulation and to 

limit or direct guest access. The original design concept separated 

The Ahwahnee's spaces based on function and resulted in varying 

quality of materials and finishes depending on the public's access to 

a particular space. In spaces that were off limits to guests, materials 

and finishes may have been less focused on architectural or artistic 

expression, but they were carefully selected for their durability or 

efficiency in utilitarian areas. 

The Ahwahnee's nearly continuous use as a hotel has meant that most 

spaces retain their original functions. Levels of both material integrity 

and original design intent are high. Spaces and character-defining 

features continue to convey the hotel's historic contexts to varying 

degrees. The Ahwahnee's significance ratings fall into the following 

five categories: Very Significant, Significant, Contributing, Historic 

Utilitarian, and Non-Historic. 

Very Significant areas, spaces, elements, and features are the major 

components of interior areas or the exterior that exemplify the 

essence of the building's design and the reason for its significance. 

They are essential to establishing the character of The Ahwahnee. 

Considered the hotel's most historically or architecturally important 

elements, these features must be retained. Examples of Very 

Significant areas include the principal public rooms, such as the Great 

Lounge and Dining Room, and all main building exteriors. 

Significant areas enhance the understanding of the overall character 

and importance of the hotel, its original design and historic contexts, 

yet they may be ancillary or support Very Significant spaces. 

Significant areas may also include spaces that otherwise would be 

categorized as Very Significant but their modification over time has 

diminished their integrity. The Sweet Shop is one example of such a 

space. Alteration within these spaces may be necessary in the future 

to accommodate programmatic or building system requirements; 

however, change to these areas should be minimized. Other examples 

of Significant areas include the East and West Loggias, the Gift Shop, 

the upper floor corridors, and all Cottage exteriors. 

Contributing areas add to the overall understanding of the 

building. Original spaces and features that have been modified, to 

a greater extent than Significant spaces yet retain their character, 

are Contributing. Spaces altered after the period of significance, but 

of historic or architectural importance, could also be considered 

Contributing. The Ahwahnee Bar is one space to which the 

designation of "Contributing" is assigned. This category would also 

include spaces of lower importance relative to the understanding 

of the hotel's historic context, particularly those not necessarily 

designed for guest access, strictly utilitarian spaces. Alteration or 

removal of these features, if necessary, may be considered in an effort 

to meet future programmatic or building system requirements, but 

such changes could impact the integrity of the building. Proposed 

changes should be minimized to reduce their effect on historic 

spatial relationships and materials. Removal should be minimized if 

possible. Other examples of Contributing areas include the Kitchen 

and typical guest rooms which have been minimally altered. 

Historic Utilitarian areas are of historic importance and contribute 

to the hotel's character in a different manner than the hotel's grand 

public spaces. Historic Utilitarian areas may provide context 

associated with behind-the-scenes operation of the hotel, staff use, 

or guest support. They include utilitarian, back-of-house areas such 

as the Basement, attics, storage spaces, offices and other work areas. 

These areas may contain original historic materials and finishes. 

Because of limited public exposure, these areas may be more 

appropriate for accommodating some level of change than public 

spaces of the hotel. However, modification in these areas should 

preserve historic materials and existing spatial relationships to the 

maximum extent possible. 

Non-Historic areas include spaces extensively altered after the 

period of significance or later additions that do not contribute to the 

historic character of the hotel. Generally, these areas can be modified. 

In many cases, the overall character of the hotel may be improved 

through alteration, redesign, or removal of non-historic areas or 

features. Alteration of these areas should be undertaken when the 

goal is to protect or enhance the overall historic character of the 

building. Examples of Non-Historic areas include the Diggins Suite, 

the passenger elevator, the south and east wing exit stairs, and the 

Maintenance Shops. 
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Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

This appendix presents a summarized list and subsequent detailed descriptions of past, current, 

and reasonably foreseeable plans and projects that have been evaluated in conjunction with the 

impacts of an alternative to determine if they have any additive effects on a particular resource. 

The cumulative impacts analysis is presented in Chapter 3 of this environmental assessment. 

Summary

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Install ADA Compliant Elevator Controls

Past Actions

 The Ahwahnee Interim Rockfall Parking Plan

 Replace Ahwahnee Dormitory Steam Line

 Comprehensive Roof Replacement Project

 Yosemite Valley Shuttle Bus Stop Improvements

 The Ahwahnee Fire and Life Safety Improvements Project

 Provide Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen, Install FRP Board

 Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decoration Projects 2010-11

 The Ahwahnee Hotel ADA Restroom Improvements

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Stabilize Kitchen Floor

 Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan

Current Actions

 Parkwide Invasive Plant Management Plan Update

 Scenic Vista Management Plan

 2009 Fire Management Plan

 East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochère Access Walkways and Fence

 Concessioner Parking Lot Restoration Project

Reasonably Foreseeable Actions

 Parkwide Rehabilitation of Concessioner Operated Fireplaces

 Correct Grease Trap Design Deficiencies

 The Ahwahnee Dormitory Seismic Upgrades

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Recondition Pool

 The Ahwahnee Hotel Ground Floor Exterior Door Replication Test
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

D-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Past Actions

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee, Install ADA Compliant Elevator Controls

Description:

This project was completed in 2008.

The purpose of this project was to correct ADA deficiencies at The Ahwahnee hotel 

passenger elevator. The following items were corrected to meet those standards: The current call 

buttons (interior and exterior) were recessed, too high from the floor and their identification not 

Braille embossed. The emergency phone was not an auto-dial / visual notification system. The 

door on emergency phone cabinet required pinching and/or grasping. The elevator did not have 

audible annunciation and no permanent Braille identification for floors or permanent rooms. The 

self-leveling mechanism between the elevator floor and hoistway did not work. The transition 

between the elevator floor and the hoistway had an abrupt rise of more than 1⁄2" on the sixth floor. 

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee, Interim Rockfall Parking Plan

Description: In August 2009, a rock fall occurred on the Rhombus wall high above The Ahwahnee

hotel causing rock debris to scatter on certain portions of the parking lot. In response, the NPS 

closed 29 public parking spaces and 12 valet spaces (41 total). This project restored 41 parking 

spaces in a previously disturbed area near The Ahwahnee. A 40' wide by 155' long existing 

concrete pad (previously used for years to stage equipment and store materials) located north east 

of the cottages and vehicle access on an existing gravel road is now used for employee parking. The 

access road connects the main parking area to the valet parking, with a steel gate controlling entry.

The public parking spaces affected by rock fall are now blocked with free-standing buck-and-rail 

fence preventing visitor parking in closed areas. Temporary lighting has been provided along a preexisting foot path to the concrete pad. A slatted buck-and-rail fencing has been constructed along 

the edges of the concrete pad to provide screening to prevent vehicular lights from intruding on 

visitors staying overnight in the nearby cottages.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Replace Ahwahnee Dormitory Steam Line

Description: The purpose of this project was to replace the existing steam line from 

The Ahwahnee hotel to The Ahwahnee dormitory for consistent and cost effective heating, for 

energy efficient operations, and to eliminate conflicts with the hotel chiller. Steam from the hotel is 

piped from the hotel to the dormitory to provide for hot water and heating. Frequent steam line 

failures were causing excessive and costly repairs that only last two or three years. The loss of 

steam caused the boilers to run continuously causing excessive use of fuel and energy. In addition, 

since the ruptured steam line ran under the chiller building, excess heat entered the chiller 

building, which defeated the purpose of the chiller. Further, the steam from ruptured pipes was 

damaging trees, shrubs, and grasses in the pathway of the line. In 2005, an engineering firm 
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment D-3

investigated and developed a plan to install a new line alongside the existing line. The plan allowed 

for the replacement in the same location with little or no additional disturbance, thereby 

minimizing resource impacts.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Comprehensive Roof Replacement Project

Description: Two areas of The Ahwahnee hotel’s slate roof were deficient: one area located on the 

roof of The Ahwahnee Kitchen, and a lower level roof that slopes both west and east from the 

gable. Both sections sustain heavy snow loads that shed from the upper Dining Room roof above. 

The slate of the lower kitchen roof was broken in these areas. Additionally, the snow accumulation 

on the lower kitchen roof was causing a “water dam” and snow melt run-off pooled against the 

roof seam, leaking into The Ahwahnee Kitchen and Dining Room.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Yosemite Valley Shuttle Bus Stop Improvements

Description: This project consisted of the preparation of preliminary design plans, environmental 

compliance documents, and construction drawings; the construction of six, 10-foot by 80-foot 

concrete braking pads, and the rehabilitation or replacement of 94,000 square feet of asphalt road 

approaches and the construction of bus stop shelters. The shuttle bus stop at the Ahwahnee was 

improved with this project.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee Fire and Life-Safety Improvements Project

Description: The Fire and Life-Safety Improvements Project for The Ahwahnee involved the 

installation of automatic fire sprinklers, fire/smoke detectors, and fire alarm systems throughout 

the National Historic Landmark building. The installation of the fire and life-safety equipment 

affected every room of the building and involved varying amounts of disruption to the historic 

finishes. Once the installation was completed, all disrupted finishes were restored with in-kind 

repairs and finishes. Improvements to fire-safe the 2nd floor corridor and to widen the existing 

exterior south stair from the 2nd floor to ground level were completed to meet code.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Provide Secondary Egress from 5th and 6th Floors

Description: This project provided a second means of fire egress from the fifth and sixth floors of 

The Ahwahnee hotel. The majority of work occurred during the full closure for The Ahwahnee 

hotel for fire sprinkler and alarm system installation in February and March 2011 to minimize 

impact to visitors and operations.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

D-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

The project provided a second means of fire egress from the 5th and 6th floor to the existing 4th 

floor South Wing stair of The Ahwahnee, and improved the south egress from the 4th floor to the 

ground level of the hotel. The design for the 5th and 6th floor egress called for construction of a 

new, open interior stair from the 6th to 5th floor by modifying a guestroom on each of these two 

floors (607 and 502), and an existing storage closet on the 5th floor. In addition, an exit corridor 

through the 5th floor attic and a new enclosed stair from this attic corridor were constructed to 

link the new egress from the upper two floors to the existing south stair well on the 4th floor.

Guestroom 439, on the 4th floor, was slightly modified.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee Hotel Kitchen, Install FRP Board

Description

The FRP installation is designed to be fully removable and reversible if deemed necessary in the 

future. Additionally, the FRP has the potential to protect the historic plaster walls from damage 

caused by grease, dirt, water and steam.

: This project installed Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) on the interior vertical walls 

of the kitchen of The Ahwahnee. The installation of FRP on many of the interior walls brought the 

kitchen to current standards for cleanable surfaces in commercial kitchens, and protects the 

historic walls from potential damage.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Ahwahnee Rehabilitate Historic Light Fixtures

Description

The condition assessment assigned numeric safety ratings to each fixture (1 being the least safety 

risk and 5 being the highest safety risk). The fixtures that received a rating of 5 (24 fixtures) were

not anchored to meet seismic safety codes. Fixtures that received a rating of 4 (111 fixtures) had

some electrical concerns that require urgent action. Ratings of 3, 2, and 1 are minor and will be 

addressed in later stages of implementation of this project.

: This project addressed the immediate safety concerns related to the original light 

fixtures in The Ahwahnee hotel. A recent condition assessment of the original light fixtures 

concluded that there were seismic and electrical safety issues that should be immediately 

addressed. The original light fixtures at The Ahwahnee are character defining features of the 

National Historic Landmark. Ensuring that these fixtures are in good condition is essential to the 

protection of the historic integrity of the facility, and to the safety of guests and employees of 

The Ahwahnee. 

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee Hotel Interior Decoration Projects 2010-11

Description: This project enhanced the historic character of the National Historic Landmark

building by restoring historic furnishings appropriately to the period of significance of the building 

(1927-1942), and appropriately decorating spaces in these buildings to either reflect or be 
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment D-5

compatible with the period of significance. Interior decorating and furnishing projects included 

soft good purchasing, interior paint, wall and window coverings, carpeting, guest room furniture 

purchase and placement, public space furnishings, reupholstering of reserve property and historic 

furnishings, and bathroom fixture replacement. All projects were interior to these structures. This 

project did not include any modifications to historic buildings and structures. All furnishing 

projects were limited to refurbishment and compatibility with the period of significance, and any 

additional furnishings that were required for operational and modern use, were designed to be 

compatible to the historic structure's period of significance.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee Hotel ADA Restroom Improvements

Description: The Women's and Men's public restrooms were improved during the planned closure 

of the Ahwahnee in February/March 2011. Existing non-historic fixtures, partitions, and finishes 

were replaced with historically compatible fixtures, partitions, and finishes. In the Women's 

restroom, the existing layout was reconfigured to allow for new ADA compliance elements. Two 

existing stalls were removed and a new ADA-compliant stall was placed in the northwest corner. A 

regular stall was placed in the northeast corner to and one sink was made ADA-compliant.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee – Stabilize Kitchen Floor

Description: This project structurally strengthened and stabilized portions of the kitchen floor at 

The Ahwahnee National Historic Landmark. Significant portions of the kitchen floor were failing 

and required stabilization from below. The tile floor in the kitchen was buckled and uneven and 

could not support the traffic or equipment required for kitchen and food and beverage operations.

This project addressed the immediate concern of stabilization prior to implementing a more 

comprehensive kitchen rehabilitation. This project was designed to provide a structurally sound 

kitchen floor and substructure for approximately ten years.

Current Actions or Plans

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan

Description:

In the new Merced Wild and Scenic River Comprehensive Management Plan, the agency will 

address resource protection and restoration; development (and/or removal) of lands and facilities; 

user capacities; and specific management measures that will be used to protect and enhance the 

The National Park Service is currently preparing a new comprehensive river 

management plan and environmental impact statement for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

within Yosemite National Park. Public scoping was reopened for the new plan in 2009. The public 

scoping and comment period ended in February 2010.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

D-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

river's outstandingly remarkable values. The Merced River Plan/EIS will address the quantity and 

mixture of recreation and other public uses that may be permitted without adverse impact to the 

river's outstandingly remarkable values, including a discussion of the maximum number of people 

that may be received in the river corridor.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Parkwide Invasive Plant Management Plan Update

Description: The purpose of this plan is to provide park resource managers with the necessary 

planning tools and procedures for effectively and efficiently managing non-native invasive plants in 

Yosemite National Park, including the project area. The primary goal is to create a plan that is 

adaptive, that allows managers to adapt to changing conditions and needs. A methodology will also 

be created for assessing the efficacy and impacts of new herbicides, and assessing various 

management guidelines and tools. Public comment for this environmental assessment document 

occurred in December 2010, preparation of a decision document is underway.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Scenic Vista Management Plan

Description:

Public comment for this document occurred in July 2010, and preparation of a decision document 

is underway.

The Scenic Vista Management Plan will create a program with a comprehensive 

strategy to prioritize viewpoints for management, identify which methods of vegetation clearing 

area appropriate at what times and in which places, and describe what trees and brush may need to 

be removed to restore the view at high priority vistas, including portions of Yosemite Valley near 

the project area and views from the Ahwahnee Lounge, the front lawn, Dining Room, Winter Club 

Room and Solarium. Proposed vista management methods could include fire, mechanical 

thinning, and trimming.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: 2009 Yosemite Fire Management Plan

Description: The 2001 Federal Fire Policy specifically mandates public land agencies to reduce the 

amount of forest and shrubland fuels around areas with homes and buildings, and to restore 

ecosystems to a more natural, fire-tolerant balance. In response, the National Park Service has 

issued new fire management guidelines that require updated fire management plans. Yosemite 

National Park’s 2009 Fire Management Plan serves to utilize the new fire management guidelines 

in outlining procedures for managing fire in Yosemite National Park; for restoration and 

maintenance of ecosystems, for reduction of hazard fuels, for protection of natural and cultural 

resources, and for protection of wildland urban interface communities.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment D-7

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: East Yosemite Valley Utilities Improvement Plan

Description: The existing utility infrastructure serving Yosemite Valley was identified as a potential 

problem due to its age, condition inadequate capacity, inaccessibility to future facilities and 

inappropriate location in environmentally sensitive areas. The National Park Service completed an 

Environmental Assessment and a Finding of No Significant Impact for the Utilities Master Plan 

was signed in October 2003 to allow efficient relocation and upgrading of utility systems to provide 

for utility needs while reducing long-term environmental impacts from utility repair and 

maintenance activities. Construction of phase 1 of the improvement began in 2005 and has been 

ongoing with implementation of the utility improvements occurring in three phases over 10 years.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Ahwahnee Hotel Improve Porte Cochère Access Walkways and Fence

Description: The porte cochère and entry gallery are classic features of The Ahwahnee hotel

providing a sense of arrival for visitors to this National Historic Landmark located in Yosemite 

National Park. The purpose of this project is to replace rotted wooden components along 1) the 

uncovered wood-plank walkway that runs along the service yard fence to the porte cochère, 2) the 

service yard fence and, 3) the wood-plank boardwalk in the main entry gallery. In addition to 

replacement of wood members, the foundation of each component identified will be addressed 

and improved to meet load requirements and to provide appropriate drainage away from the wood 

members to prevent wood rot. These existing structures have been impacted by extensive wood 

rot causing structural degradation, uneven walking surfaces and instability in the rails and posts 

supporting the fence. This project will also address some of the drainage issues under the wooden 

walkways.

Reasonably Foreseeable Actions

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Concessioner Parking Lot Restoration Project

Description

As part of this project, paved areas will be evaluated individually for proper drainage, elevations, 

curbing, striping, and improved efficiency. The existing parking area foot prints will be retained as 

designated in the concessions contract for concessioner land assignments. This project will not 

expand any parking areas, nor will it add any parking spaces.

: Concessioner-assigned paved parking areas would be replaced to a maintainable 

condition and to provide safe access for visitors and staff. Currently, paved parking areas have 

significant deterioration from age, construction activities, tree root lift, rodent activity, and 

extreme weather. Numerous potholes, annual patching, and excessive cracks exist causing safety 

and concerns related to American with Disabilities and Architectural Barriers Act requirements.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

D-8 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Parkwide Rehabilitate Concessioner Operated Fireplaces

Description: The fireplaces throughout the concessioner operations are in need of varying degrees 

of major to minor repairs due to their age, frequency of use, seismic activity, foundation 

settlement, and code requirements. The purpose of this project is to replace fireplace components, 

12 fireplaces at The Ahwahnee hotel are schedule for rehabilitation. Work may include: demolition 

of existing materials, replacement with in-kind fabric while retaining historic design, fire box 

repair, masonry improvements, and miscellaneous upgrades.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Correct Grease Trap Design Deficiencies

Description: An update to the park's Grease Management Plan was completed in 2008. The grease 

interceptor at the Ahwahnee was included in the study. This project would include design and 

construction to address recommendations regarding water temperature, grease build-up, and 

plumbing under the kitchen and to the underground interceptor.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee Dormitory Seismic Upgrades

Description: The existing wood foundation at The Ahwahnee dormitory inadequately supports the 

building on unstable soil requiring ongoing stabilization repairs. This project will replace the 

foundation with a permanent foundation to provide long-term structural stabilization of the 

dormitory building. The project will also include an evaluation of the existing utilities and 

components located under the building floor, the building floor structure, structural elements of 

the building, and soil erosion and drainage issues to determine if these elements should be 

replaced or rehabilitated as part of the project. The design of a permanent foundation at the 

dormitory will also include seismic safety upgrades to the building, such as shear walls, as 

recommended by the seismic study done to support the Ahwahnee Rehabilitation Plan. This 

project is currently in the design stage and construction is tentatively scheduled for 2012.

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: The Ahwahnee – Recondition Pool

Description:

This project will begin in the fall of 2011.

The proposed project will include removing tile along the water line of the pool, 

installing a pre-cast coping and new tile at water line, repair of plaster to affected areas of tile 

replacement, prepping and painting the pool basin, installing an ADA-compliant gate handle, and 

either relocating the chlorination system or replacing the chlorine system with an acceptable 

alternative.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment D-9

Agency Name: National Park Service, Yosemite National Park

Project Name: Ahwahnee Hotel, Ground Floor Exterior Door Replication Test

Description:

This project will begin in the winter of 2011.

The purpose of this project is to replace one set of exterior ground floor doors at 

The Ahwahnee to serve as a design for replacement of the most severely deteriorated ground floor 

doors. The scope included design services and replacement of one set of exterior doors located in 

the Great Lounge.
Appendix D: Cumulative Plans and Projects

D-10 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

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The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment E-1 

Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to 

all Action Alternatives

The National Park Service places a strong emphasis on avoidance, minimization, and mitigation of 

impacts. Mitigation measures have been developed to help ensure that field activities associated 

with The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan protect natural, cultural, and social 

resources and the quality of the visitor experience. The following section discusses mitigation 

measures that would occur prior to, during, and after construction of the proposed improvements.

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

CONSTRUCTION MITIGATION MEASURES 

Prior to entry into the park, steam-clean heavy equipment to prevent 

importation of non-native plant species, tighten hydraulic fittings, ensure 

hydraulic hoses are in good condition and replace if damaged, and repair all 

petroleum leaks.

Yosemite National

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Inspect the project to ensure that impacts stay within the parameters of the 

project area and do not escalate beyond the scope of the environmental 

assessment, as well as to ensure that the project conforms with all applicable 

permits or project conditions. Store all construction equipment within the 

delineated work limits. Confine work areas within creek channels to the 

smallest area necessary.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Implement compliance monitoring to ensure that the project remains within 

the parameters of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and National 

Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) compliance documents. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Concurrent with project 

activities

Provide a project orientation for all construction workers to increase their 

understanding and sensitivity to the challenges of the special environment in 

which they will be working. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

If deemed necessary, demolition/construction work on weekends or federal 

government holidays may be authorized, with prior written approval of the 

Superintendent.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Remove all tools, equipment, barricades, signs, surplus materials, and rubbish 

from the project work limits upon project completion. Repair any asphalt 

surfaces that are damaged due to work on the project to original condition. 

Remove all debris from the project site, including all visible concrete, timber, 

and metal pieces.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Upon completion of 

project activities

The Construction Contractor shall prepare a Health and Safety Plan to 

address all aspects of Contractor health and safety issues compliant with 

OSHA standards and other relevant regulations. The Plan shall be submitted 

for park review and approval prior to construction. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

A Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) shall be prepared by the 

Construction Contractor and implemented for construction activities on The 

Ahwahnee grounds to control surface run-off, reduce erosion, and prevent 

sedimentation from entering water bodies during construction. The SWPPP 

shall be submitted for park review and approval prior to construction. The 

plan will include measures such as: 

 Take measures to control erosion, sedimentation, and compaction, and 

thereby reduce water pollution and adverse water quality effects. Use silt 

fences, sedimentation basins, etc. in construction areas to reduce erosion, 

surface scouring, and discharge to water bodies 

 To the extent possible, schedule the use of mechanical equipment during 

periods of low precipitation to reduce risk of accidental hydrocarbon leaks 

or spills. When mechanical equipment is necessary outside of low 

precipitation periods, use NPS– approved methods to protect soil and 

water from contaminants 

 Dispose of volatile wastes and oils in approved containers for removal from 

construction sites to avoid contamination of soils, and drainages. Inspect 

equipment for hydraulic and oil leaks prior to use on construction sites, 

and implement inspection schedules to prevent contamination of soil and 

water Keep absorbent pads, booms, and other materials on site during 

projects that use heavy equipment to contain oil, hydraulic fluid, solvents, 

and hazardous material spills

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 
Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives 

E-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

CONSTRUCTION MITIGATION MEASURES (CONTINUED) 

Develop and implement a comprehensive Spill Prevention/Response Plan that 

complies with federal and state regulations and addresses all aspects of spill 

prevention, notification, emergency spill response strategies for spills 

occurring on land and water, reporting requirements, monitoring 

requirements, personnel responsibilities, response equipment type and 

location, and drills and training requirements. The spill prevention/response 

plan will be submitted to the park for review/approval prior to 

commencement of construction activities.

Contractor Prior to project activities

A construction work schedule shall be prepared by the Construction 

Contractor for the project that minimizes effects on wildlife in adjacent 

habitats and peaks in visitation. The work schedule shall be submitted for 

park review and approval prior to construction. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Supervisory construction personnel shall attend an Environmental Protection 

briefing provided by the park prior to working on site. This briefing is 

designed to familiarize workers with statutory and contractual environmental 

requirements and the recognition of and protection measures for 

archeological sites, sensitive habitats, water resources, and wildlife habitats. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities

The park shall develop a Communications Strategy Plan to alert necessary 

park and concessioner employees, residents and visitors to pertinent 

elements of the construction work schedule. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Identify locations of existing utilities prior to removal activity to prevent 

damage to utilities. The NPS maintenance staff will be informed 10 working 

days prior to any ground disturbance. The Underground Services Alert will be 

informed 72 hours prior to any ground disturbance. Construction-related 

activities will not proceed until the process of locating existing utilities is 

completed (water, wastewater, electric, communications, and telephone 

lines). An emergency response plan will be required of the contractor.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Promptly reconnect utility services that are interrupted because of 

construction activities and provide advance notification if utility service will be 

disrupted. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Concurrent with and 

following project 

activities

Provide proper and timely maintenance for vehicles and equipment used 

during construction to reduce the potential for mechanical breakdowns.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY 

All disturbed soil and fill slopes shall be stabilized in an appropriate manner. Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities

Store equipment and materials away from all waterways. Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Concurrent with project 

activities

Wastewater contaminated with silt, grout, or other by-products from 

construction activities shall be contained in a holding or settling tank to 

prevent contaminated material from entering watercourses or wetlands.

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Waters shall be free of changes in turbidity that cause a nuisance or adversely 

affect beneficial uses. Increases in turbidity attributable to controllable water 

quality factors shall not exceed the following limits, as described in The 

Water Quality Control Plan for the Central Valley Regional Water Quality 

Control Board (CVRWQCB 2009). In determining compliance with the limits 

below, appropriate averaging periods may be applied, provided that 

beneficial uses will be fully protected 

 Where natural turbidity is between 0 and 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units 

(NTUs), increases shall not exceed 1 NTU.

 Where natural turbidity is between 5 and 50 NTUs, increases shall not 

exceed 20%. 

 Where natural turbidity is between 50 and 100 NTUs, increases shall not 

exceed 10 NTUs. 

 Where natural turbidity is greater than 100 NTUs, increases shall not 

exceed 10%. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Remove hazardous waste materials generated during implementation of the 

project from the project site immediately. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities
Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment E-3

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY (CONTINUED) 

Incorporate trench plugs into new and abandoned utility corridors through 

wetland areas where required to prevent formation or continuation of 

groundwater conduits. 

Yosemite National 

Park; Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Concurrent with project 

activities

Surface drainage facilities shall be designed to transport runoff in a nonerosive manner.Yosemite National 

Park; Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Material from construction work will be collected by the contractor and 

covered, and shall not be deposited where it could be eroded and carried to 

the stream by surface runoff or high stream flows. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Schedule construction activities at drainages for seasonal periods of low or 

no water. On the unnamed seasonal tributary, place bridge abutments above 

the ordinary high water mark. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Minimize disturbance area at the banks of drainages. Salvage excavated 

materials for replacement after construction. The banks of drainages will be 

restored to their pre-existing contours. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

At utility corridors, all trench backfill should be properly placed and 

adequately compacted to provide a stable subgrade. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

At utility corridors, adequate drainage should be provided to prevent surface 

water or subsurface seepage from saturating the subgrade utility corridor. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

VEGETATION 

Contractor will develop a Revegetation Plan in conjunction with the park’s 

Resources Management and Science Division, to be approved prior to 

construction activities. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to project activities

Avoid fastening ropes, cables, or fences to trees. Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

A Park Botanist will oversee placement of construction fencing to avoid 

impacts to sensitive plants and wetlands. Although no special status plant 

species are currently known to occur in the proposed construction areas, If 

special status plant species are identified within the construction disturbance 

zone, the project manager will work with the Park Botanist to avoid impacts 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

WILDLIFE (INCLUDING SPECIAL STATUS WILDLIFE)

Provide information to the contractor regarding wildlife concerns at the 

project briefings, and provide contractor specifications and Best Management 

Practices to avoid activities that are destructive to wildlife and habitats.

Project Manager will consult with the park biologist to schedule construction 

activities with seasonal consideration of wildlife lifecycles to minimize impacts 

during sensitive periods (i.e., after bird nesting seasons, when bats are 

neither hibernating nor have young, etc) 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager 

Concurrent with and 

following project 

activities 

In corporate wildlife exclusion during design development for pathway, 

roadway, and improvements at the hotel terrace in consultation with NPS 

subject-matter experts.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Limit the effects of light and noise on adjacent habitat through controls on 

construction equipment. No outdoor construction activities are to occur 

between dusk and dawn to eliminate the need for outdoor construction 

lighting, and to avoid disruption of mating, nesting, or foraging owls. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Prior to tree trimming or removal, a park wildlife biologist will first survey 

(within 4 days prior to any such work) to determine whether there are any 

nests present, and advise as to whether the activity must be delayed to 

ensure that sensitive species such as nesting migratory birds are protected 

and not disrupted. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager working 

with the park 

wildlife biologist

Prior to project 

construction activities 

Tree removal resulting from improvements to the fire department access road 

to the cottages would occur outside of the nesting season (after August and 

before April) in order to avoid impacts on special status bird species. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager working 

with the park 

wildlife biologist

Concurrent with project 

activities
Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives 

E-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

WILDLIFE (INCLUDING SPECIAL STATUS WILDLIFE) (CONTINUED) 

Beginning in early spring, a park wildlife biologist will conduct bird surveys 

and review current owl reports to determine whether special status species 

are present and may be mating, nesting, or foraging in the project vicinity. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to project 

construction activities 

If nesting birds are observed (e.g., discovered by workers) that are not special 

status species, the project manager will notify the park wildlife biologist who 

will recommend steps to avoid undesirable impacts to the nest or young. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to project 

construction activities

A park biologist will conduct bat surveys in the vicinity of the hotel in early 

summer (May-July for maternity colonies) and in fall (August-November) to 

locate potentially roosting/hibernating bats, and will provide specific 

directions for avoiding their disturbance if they are found. If bats are 

detected, the specific area will be protected and work on that particular area 

will be delayed until the bats vacate or can be excluded from the area in a 

manner that does not adversely affect their survival or that of their young.

Yosemite National 

Park, Contractor 

Prior to project activities

If bats are detected during reproduction or hibernation periods, disturbance 

of potential habitat will be delayed until the bats can be excluded from the 

area in a manner that does not adversely affect their survival or that of their 

young. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager, 

Contractor 

Concurrent with project 

activities

If surveys conducted immediately prior to construction do not reveal any bat 

species present within the project area, then the action will begin within 

three days to prevent the destruction of any bats that could move into the 

area after the survey.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

FEDERAL AND STATE PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

The NPS will apply for and comply with all federal and state permits required 

for construction-related activities, including the California Regional Water 

Quality Control Board and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to project activities

AMERICAN INDIAN TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RESOURCES AND PRACTICES 

For the fire department access road improvements, a traditional cultural 

resource mitigation plan will be developed in consultation with the park’s 

vegetation subject-matter experts and input from tribal consultation and 

monitoring. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager, 

Contractor 

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Culturally associated tribes will be given notice prior to ground disturbing 

activities at the project site and may be present at the project site to monitor 

ground disturbance during construction, as stipulated in the 2011 PA. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Continue to consult with culturally associated American Indian tribes 

throughout the project to avoid or mitigate damage to American Indian 

traditional resources, as stipulated in the 2011 PA. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to, concurrent with 

and following project 

activities

HISTORIC PROPERTIES 

The Park will adhere to the Programmatic Agreement Between the National 

Park Service, Yosemite National Park and the California State Historic 

Preservation Officer Regarding The Ahwahnee Hotel National Historic 

Landmark Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program, Mariposa County, 

California (2011 PA) to resolve adverse effects.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Mitigation measures to resolve adverse effects, as defined in the 2011 PA, 

include documentation, interpretation, and reevaluation of National Register 

status (updating National Register Nomination form). 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

DUST ABATEMENT MEASURES

Cover and/or seal truck beds and stockpiles to minimize blowing dust or loss 

of debris. 

Contractor Concurrent to project 

activities

Limit truck and related construction equipment speeds in active construction 

areas to a maximum of 15 miles per hour and strictly adhere to park 

regulations and posted speed limits in other areas while inside park 

boundaries. 

Contractor Concurrent to project 

activities

Maintain adequate dust suppression equipment and use clean water to 

control excess airborne particulates at staging areas, active construction 

zones, and unpaved roads leading to/from active construction areas.

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities
Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment E-5

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION MEASURES 

Develop an emergency notification plan that complies with park, federal, and 

state requirements and allows contractors to properly notify park, federal, 

and/or state personnel in the event of an emergency during construction 

activities. This plan will address notification requirements related to fire, 

personnel, and/or visitor injury, releases of spilled material, evacuation 

processes, etc. The emergency notification plan will be submitted to the park 

for review/approval prior to commencement of construction activities. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Prior to project activities

EROSION CONTROL MEASURES

Conserve and salvage topsoil for reuse. Materials will be reused to the 

maximum extent possible. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

HAZARDOUS MATERIALS MEASURES 

An Oil and Hazardous Materials Spill Prevention, Control, and 

Countermeasure Plan shall be prepared by the Construction Contractor for 

the project to address hazardous materials storage, spill prevention and 

response. The Plan shall be submitted for park review and approval prior to 

construction. 

Contractor Prior to and concurrent 

with project activities 

Store and use all hazardous materials in compliance with federal regulations. 

All applicable Materials Safety Data Sheets will be kept on site for inspection. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Hazardous or flammable chemicals shall be prohibited from storage in the 

staging area, except for those substances identified in the Oil and Hazardous 

Materials Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure Plan. Hazardous 

waste materials shall be immediately removed from project site in approved 

containers.

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Comply with all applicable regulations and policies during the removal and 

remediation of asbestos, lead paint, and polychlorinated biphenyls. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

SOUNDSCAPES 

Ensure that all construction equipment has functional exhaust/muffler 

systems.

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Submit a construction work plan/schedule that minimizes constructionrelated noise in noise-sensitive areas to the park for review/approval prior to 

commencement of construction activities.

Contractor Prior to project activities

Use hydraulically or electrically powered construction equipment, when 

feasible.

 Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Locate stationary noise sources as far from sensitive receptors as possible. Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Limit the idling of motors except as necessary (e.g., concrete mixing trucks). Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

To the extent possible, perform all on-site noisy work above 76 A-weighted 

decibels (dBA) (such as the operation of heavy equipment) between the 

hours of 9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., or as directed by hotel management, to 

minimize disruption to hotel guests. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

SCENIC RESOURCES PROTECTION MEASURES 

Fence construction staging areas and construction activity areas to visually 

screen construction activity and materials. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

Consolidate construction equipment and materials to the staging areas at the 

end of each work day to limit the visual intrusion of construction equipment 

during nonwork hours 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

TRAFFIC CONTROL AND VISITOR PROTECTION MEASURES 

Provide protective fencing enclosures around construction areas, including 

utility trenches, to protect public health and safety. 

Contractor Concurrent with project 

activities

TRANSPORTATION MEASURES

Install appropriate traffic signs and barriers. Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Concurrent with and 

following project 

activities

NIGHT SKY MEASURES 

All new exterior lighting installed as part of this rehabilitation project will be 

historically compatible and conform to the Yosemite National Park Outdoor 

Lighting Guidelines. 

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Concurrent with and 

following project 

activities
Appendix E: Mitigation Measures Common to all Action Alternatives 

E-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

Mitigation Measure Responsibility Critical Milestones 

WASTE MANAGEMENT MEASURES 

Require construction personnel to adhere to park regulations concerning 

food storage and refuse management.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager; 

Contractor 

Concurrent with project 

activities

Properly secure trash during the workday and remove all trash from site at 

the end of each workday.

Yosemite National 

Park, Project 

Manager

Concurrent with and 

following project 

activities

Develop and implement a comprehensive waste management plan that 

complies with federal and state regulations and addresses all aspects related 

to the transportation, storage, and handling of construction-related 

hazardous and nonhazardous liquid and solid wastes and submit the plan to 

the park for review/approval prior to the commencement of construction 

activities.

Contractor project activities
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment F-1

Appendix F: Merced Wild and Scenic River 

Section 7 Determination

Introduction

Purpose of this Determination

In 1987, the United States Congress designated the Merced Wild and Scenic River to protect the 

river’s free-flowing condition and to protect and enhance its unique values for the benefit and 

enjoyment of present and future generations (16 USC 1271). This designation gives the Merced 

River special protection under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act.

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan includes three actions that would be located 

on stream tributaries to the Merced Wild and Scenic River and therefore require additional 

consideration under section 7(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The purpose of this 

determination is to evaluate the potential of these actions to either invade or diminish the scenic, 

recreational, fish, or wildlife values of the wild and scenic river. 

Authority

The authority for this determination is found in section 7(a) of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 

(Public Law 90-542, as amended, 16 United States Code [USC] 271-1278). Section 7 states:

...no department or agency of the United States shall assist by loan, grant, license or 

otherwise in the construction of any water resources project1

 that would have a direct 

and adverse effect on the values for which such river was established, as determined 

by the Secretary charged with its administration. Nothing contained in the foregoing 

sentence, however, shall preclude licensing of , or assistance to , developments below 

or above a wild, scenic or recreational river area or on any stream tributary thereto 

which will not invade the area or unreasonable diminish the scenic, recreation, and 

fish and wildlife values present in the area of the date of designation of a river as a 

component of the national wild and scenic rivers system. 

While the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act does not prohibit development along a river corridor, it does 

prohibit activities that would interfere with the free-flowing condition of the river or degrade the 

values for which it was designated wild and scenic. The Act specifies guidelines for the 

determination of appropriate actions in the bed and banks of the river and either below, above, or 

on a tributary to a wild and scenic river.

As the designated river manager for the Merced River segments located within the boundaries of 

Yosemite National Park, the National Park Service must carry out a determination of effects on all 

proposed water resources projects1

 

1 A water resources project is any dam, water conduit, powerhouse, transmission line, or other works project under the 

Federal Power Act, or other developments, that would affect the free-flowing character of a wild and scenic or 

congressionally authorized study river. In addition to projects licensed by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 

water resources project may include: dams, water diversions, fisheries habitat and watershed restoration, bridges and 

other roadway construction/reconstruction projects, bank stabilization projects, channelization projects, levee 

construction, boat ramps, fishing piers, and activities that require a Section 404 permit from the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers (Interagency Wild and Scenic Rivers Coordinating Council 2004.)

in accordance with section 7(a) of the Act. 
Appendix F: Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

F-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Methodology

While the Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan does not propose actions within the bed 

and banks of the Merced Wild and Scenic River, actions are proposed on two upstream tributaries. 

Section 7(a) of the Act provides a specific standard for review of developments below or above or 

on a stream tributary to a designated river. Such developments may occur as long as the project 

“will not invade the area or unreasonably diminish the scenic, recreational, and fish and wildlife 

values present in the area as of the date of designation....” The section 7 evaluation for three

actions associated with The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan is based on guidance 

provided in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act: Section 7 Technical Report, Appendix D: Evaluation 

Procedure under “Invade the Area or Unreasonably Diminish” (Interagency Wild and Scenic 

Rivers Coordinating Council 2004) . 

The initial question to be addressed is whether or not the proposed project invades the designated 

river. The term “invade” is defined as “encroachment or intrusion upon.” 

If the proposed project does not invade the designated river, the next question to be answered, 

relative to the standard in section 7(a), is whether or not the proposed project will “unreasonably 

diminish” any of the specified values. Given that the standard implies that some diminution of 

values may be determined reasonable, there are two questions to consider:

1. Does the proposed project cause diminution of the scenic, recreation, and fish and wildlife 

values of the designated river as present at the date of designation?

2. If there is diminution, is it unreasonable? This would suggest an evaluation of the magnitude of 

the loss. Factors to be considered include:

a. Whether the value contributed to the designation of the river (i.e., an outstandingly 

remarkable value); and,

b. The current condition and trends of the resource. (If diminution is determined 

unreasonable, measures may be recommended to reduce adverse effects to within 

acceptable levels). 

Merced Wild and Scenic River Outstandingly Remarkable Values

Outstandingly remarkable values are the river-related values that make the river unique and worthy 

of special protection. They form the basis for the river’s designation as wild and scenic. The 

current version of the outstandingly remarkable values for the Merced River (January 2011) for the 

Yosemite Valley segment are outlined below.

Biological

The Merced River and the South Fork Merced River support a suite of riparian and meadow 

ecosystems within Yosemite National Park, from alpine and subalpine meadows along the river 

stretches above Yosemite Valley and Wawona, to the Yosemite Valley meadows, to low elevation 

riparian and wetland habitat. Dependent on these habitats are a variety of native, endemic, and/or 

rare plant and animal species. Sustained by periodic flooding and/or high water tables, these 

habitats are river related crossroads of life in a landscape already vibrant with productive habitats.

The large, moist meadows and associated riparian communities comprise one of the largest midelevation meadow complexes in the Sierra Nevada, supporting an exceptional diversity of plant 

and animal species.
Appendix F: Draft Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment F-3 

Recreational

Yosemite is a nationally and internationally renowned destination. One of America’s first national 

parks and a World Heritage Site, the valley was originally set aside for “public use, resort, and 

recreation.” Today, the Merced River and the South Fork Merced River provide for exceptional 

outdoor river-related recreational experiences. The dramatic and picturesque setting (also 

described in the scenic value, below) is central to these experiences. Settings range from the 

undeveloped wilderness of the Upper Merced and South Fork Merced River, to Yosemite Valley’s 

views of high granite cliffs, where the roar and vibration of the river becomes especially apparent 

during spring runoff. Many first time visitors are awed and inspired by the rivers’ natural wonders, 

forming for some a first connection to wild nature. Others are called back year after year, building 

long-lasting relationships and attachments to the rivers and their environs. For all visitors, the 

Merced River and the South Fork Merced River are places to experience a wild and scenic river in 

one of America’s first and most revered national parks.

Geologic/Hydrologic

The Merced River contains geologic and hydrologic processes that continue to shape the 

landscape. Glacial pathways, which the river partly determined and continues to follow, resulted in 

the rivers’ variable gradients, featuring dramatic changes in river speed and volume. The rivers flow 

through classic glacially carved canyons, over sheer cliffs and steep cascades exemplifying stair 

step river morphology and hanging valleys, through an alluvial landscape in Yosemite Valley, past a 

well-preserved recessional moraine, and past an exemplary boulder bar in El Portal.

Scenic

Throughout its length, the Merced River flows through a scenic landscape that has few parallels. 

Whether these are views from the river or its banks, and whether the views include El Capitan, 

Half Dome, Triple Divide Peak, or any of the other landmarks along the river, the Merced River 

provides a natural complement to Yosemite’s world-renowned scenery. Depending on the stretch 

of river, the Merced provides a foreground of a flat valley, a rushing and boulder-strewn river, tall 

waterfalls, or serene lakes.

Rationale for Determination

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment provides the basis 

for this section 7 determination. The comprehensive rehabilitation plan is in compliance with 

established policies and plans providing direction for Yosemite National Park. The document also 

fulfills the requirements of section 102(2) C of the National Environmental Policy Act and 

section 106 the National Historic Preservation Act. The Affected Environment and Environmental 

Consequences section of the document (Chapter 3) describes the existing condition of resources 

in the project vicinity and analyzes the potential environmental impacts associated with 

implementation of each of the proposed alternatives. 

Project Description

The comprehensive rehabilitation plan provides for phased, long-term rehabilitation of 

The Ahwahnee hotel and its associated structures in Yosemite Valley. The Ahwahnee is a NPSowned and concessioner-operated luxury hotel that provides year-round visitor accommodations, 

dining, special events, and retail sales. It remains one of the more regularly visited attractions by 
Appendix F: Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

F-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

both day and overnight visitors to the park. The Ahwahnee hotel was listed on the National 

Register of Historic Places in 1977 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.

After more than 80 years in service, facilities at The Ahwahnee are not fully compliant with current

fire protection and building codes, recommended seismic safety practices, and accessibility codes

and guidelines. Many of the electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems are aging and need to be 

replaced or updated. In addition, some historic hotel finishes and landscape components have 

deteriorated or been altered over the years, potentially affecting the historic integrity of this 

National Historic Landmark. 

Action 1: Code-Required Emergency Access Road - Bridge

The existing fire department access road from The Ahwahnee hotel parking area to the cottages 

terminates at the service entrance to the cottages. Termination of the existing fire access road at 

this location is not in compliance with fire code requirements for maximum allowable distance 

between access roads and structures, as several cottages are too far from the service road for 

emergency vehicle access. (The majority of the cottages are more than 50 feet from a fire 

department access road, and several of the cottages are more than 150 feet from a fire department 

access road.) In order to meet fire code requirements for allowable distance, the existing access 

road would be extended south of the cottages along the alignment of an existing, unmaintained 

service road. 

This unmaintained service road was selected for fire department access because it provides the 

only existing access to southern and western side of the cottage area and it is the only means to 

access existing fire hydrants in that area. However, this unmaintained service road is not currently 

compliant with fire code requirements for width, surfacing, drainage crossings, and turnarounds. 

In order to extend the fire department access along this alignment, this project would improve the 

unmaintained service road to comply with fire code specifications.

Currently, the unmaintained service road crosses an unnamed seasonal tributary to the Merced 

River via a hardened earth low water crossing. Low water crossings are not compliant with fire 

code because drainage crossings must be “all-weather,” where emergency vehicles are not subject 

to passing through water, ice, or soft roadbeds. Therefore, the National Park Service has 

determined that a bridge is required at the drainage crossing to allow emergency vehicles and 

personnel to access the cottages in a code-compliant manner. 

Action 2: Code-Required Emergency Access Road - Culverts

The existing fire department access road to the cottages includes five culverts at drainage crossings

on tributaries to the Merced River: a twin pipe culvert at Royal Arch Creek, and a single pipe 

culvert and a twin pipe culvert at the unnamed seasonal tributary. The road to the cottages 

narrows to as little as 9 feet wide over these culverts; to comply with fire code, all existing culverts 

may need to be improved or replaced to support road widening to a code-compliant width. In 

addition, it is not known if the existing culverts comply with fire code load-bearing requirements.

The existing culverts would need to be modified or replaced to meet fire code requirements for 

road width and load weight. 
Appendix F: Draft Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment F-5 

Action 3: Consolidated Utility Corridor

The third action involves installing a consolidated utility corridor from the hotel to the cottages

following existing circulation paths to the extent possible. Further design will dictate the exact 

route and distribution points the utility corridor will follow, however, the route would require 

crossing Royal Arch Creek, a tributary to the Merced River. It is anticipated that utilities would be 

suspended from underneath the existing footbridge over Royal Arch Creek. 

Analysis

Considerations

Does the proposed project invade the designated Merced River?

The proposed actions would be located within the Merced Wild and Scenic River corridor, in the 

east end of the Yosemite Valley segment, within The Ahwahnee hotel cultural landscape. The 

proposed actions would occur on two tributaries to the Merced River, but would not be located 

within the 100-year floodplain. Culvert work would occur within the bed and banks of the 

tributaries and construction work could occur within the ordinary high water mark.

Potential construction impacts from these three actions would be minimized by scheduling 

construction activities during seasonal periods of low or no water. Additional mitigation measures 

would include minimizing the disturbance area at the banks of the tributaries, salvaging excavated 

materials for replacement after construction, returning the banks to their pre-existing contours, 

and implementing Best Management Practices (see Appendix E of the environmental assessment) 

during construction to ensure that construction activities would not affect water turbidity, 

temperature, or nutrient availability. 

The span and abutment placement for the bridge and the final culvert dimensions would be 

determined by hydrologists and engineers during the design phase of the project. The bridge 

design and culverts would accommodate braided flow channels in order to minimize impacts to 

hydrologic function and free-flowing condition. In addition, the bridge abutments would be 

constructed outside of the ordinary high water mark and in accordance with U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers and California Regional Water Quality Control Board permit stipulations. The bridge 

would also be designed to be low-profile and compatible with the character of the cultural 

landscape. In combination with the mitigation proposed above for construction activities, the 

bridge and culverts would not impede the free-flowing condition of the Merced River and 

hydrologic processes would be protected during low and high water periods.

Final design of the utility corridor would not impede hydrologic processes associated with Royal 

Arch Creek, as utilities would be suspended underneath an existing footbridge. The suspended 

utilities would not be visible from the foot path. 

Therefore, the proposed actions will not encroach or intrude upon the hydrologic function of the 

Merced River and will not invade the wild and scenic river. 
Appendix F: Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

F-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

Does the proposed project unreasonably diminish the scenic, recreational, 

and fish and wildlife values present in the area as of the date of 

designation?

1986 Sierra 

National Forest 

Draft Forest and

Resource 

Management Plan 

Merced Wild and Scenic River, Yosemite Valley Segment 

2011 Draft Outstandingly Remarkable Values 

The Ahwahnee 

Comprehensive Rehabilitation 

Plan 

Proposed Tributary Crossings

Scenic 

One of the most 

spectacularly scenic 

canyons in the world, 

waterfalls

Crashing over Nevada and Vernal Falls and then meandering 

quietly under 2,000 foot cliffs, the Merced forms a placid 

foreground to some of the world’s most iconic scenery. The river 

enters Yosemite Valley at Nevada Fall, flowing through Emerald 

Pool and then over Vernal Fall. Once in the flat valley, the 

Merced provides the foreground to many of Yosemite’s most 

famous landmarks. From the river and its banks, views consist 

of Yosemite Falls, Bridalveil Fall, El Capitan, Half Dome, and 

other named and unnamed parts of the cliffs rimming the 

valley. Meandering through a sequence of compound oxbows, 

wetlands, and meadows, the river and its related features 

provide broadened panoramas. Throughout the valley, views 

from the river and its banks encompass the lower montane 

forest as it rises up to sheer rock faces of granite cliffs and talus 

slopes, with a flat valley bottom serving as a contrasting 

foreground. The juxtaposition of granite domes and waterfalls 

is unique, as is the concentration of river-related views found in 

Yosemite Valley.

Scenic and visual landscape 

elements would not be affected 

by the proposed actions. 

The final bridge design and 

culverts for code-compliant fire 

department access would be low 

profile, compatible with the 

surrounding cultural landscape, 

and would not be visible from 

the Merced River upon project 

completion. 

The utility crossing at Royal Arch 

Creek would not be visible upon 

project completion. 

Short-term visual impacts during 

installation of the bridge, culverts 

and utility crossing would be 

visible from the banks of the 

Merced River.

Recreational 

Premier outdoor 

recreation area in the 

world, picnicking, 

fishing, swimming, 

and river rafting 

The valley’s incredible setting, with striking cliffs and waterfalls 

towering above a meandering river and extensive moist 

meadows, provides the setting for a variety of active, creative, 

educational and interpretive, social, and reflective experiences. 

Every year millions of visitors from around the world come to 

Yosemite Valley to recreate in and along the Merced River. Well 

known and iconic features such as El Capitan, Yosemite Falls, 

and Half Dome provide a dramatic backdrop shaping the 

experience of first-time and return visitors alike. Visitors realize 

these experiences through a wide variety of activities occurring 

in and along the river. They include active pursuits such as 

hiking, biking, swimming, floating and water play, climbing, 

camping, or fishing; creative pursuits such as writing, painting, 

photography and other arts; and educational and interpretive 

pursuits. Social elements such as group camping and picnicking 

are integral to many activities, while others offer opportunities 

for solitude and reflection. Overall, the Yosemite Valley segment 

offers a variety of outstanding opportunities for frontcountry 

river recreation for people of all ages and abilities. The Merced 

in this segment allows people to immerse themselves in their 

surroundings, taking in the sights, sounds, and feel of the river 

and its dramatic backdrop. These experiences in turn relieve 

stress and promote connection to the natural world. 

Recreational opportunities would 

not be diminished in the project 

area. The proposed plan would 

not change access to river 

resources, or the level of 

development, or visitor services in 

this river segment. 

Fish and Wildlife 

Vegetation: 

state-listed rare 

species

Wildlife: 

peregrine falcon 

The large, moist, mid-elevation meadows and the associated 

riparian vegetation communities of Yosemite Valley owe their 

existence to the river processes, the high water table the river 

sustains, and its annual flooding. These mid-elevation 

meadows, most greater than 30 acres in size, and their 

associated riparian habitats and wildlife species are rare and 

unusual at a regional and national scale. The meadows and 

riparian habitats sustain harlequin ducks, bald eagles, black 

swifts, willow flycatchers, yellow warblers, western red bats, 

and Sierra Nevada mountain beaver, along with an exceptional 

diversity of both bat and sedge species. This biological diversity 

is a function of the variety of niches made possible by the 

meadows and presence of year-round water. 

The project will not have a longterm impact on vegetation or 

wildlife communities, habitat, 

diversity, or the river process that 

species depend on. Project 

specific mitigation measures (see 

Appendix E, Mitigation Measures) 

would be implemented to 

minimize any impacts to wildlife 

or associated habitat during 

construction. There would be no 

impacts on fish. 
Appendix F: Draft Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment F-7 

Section 7 Determination

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan includes three actions that are located on 

stream tributaries to the Merced River. Two of the proposed actions are associated with coderequired fire department access to the cottages: a new vehicle rated bridge on an unnamed 

seasonal tributary and the upgrade or replacement of culverts on an unnamed seasonal tributary 

and Royal Arch Creek. The third action is the installation of a new utility corridor along an existing 

path from The Ahwahnee hotel to The Ahwahnee cottages that crosses Royal Arch Creek. 

Using The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment as the basis 

for the section 7 determination and implementing specific mitigation measures (e.g. performing 

construction at periods of low or no water, application of Best Management Practices, and 

seasonal species-specific restrictions for construction activities) outlined in Appendix E of the 

environmental assessment, the National Park Service has determined that the proposed projects 

will not invade the Wild and Scenic Merced River or unreasonably diminish the scenic, 

recreational, and fish and wildlife values present in the area as of the date of designation. 

Recommended by Don L. Neubacher, Superintendent Date

Approved by Chris Lehnertz, Regional Director Date
Appendix F: Section 7 Determination for the Merced Wild and Scenic River 

F-8 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment

THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 
The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment G-1

Appendix G: Impairment Determination

Definition of Impairment

Management Policies 2006, section 1.4.5, What Constitutes Impairment of Park Resources and Values, 

and section 1.4.6, What Constitutes Park Resources and Values provides the following explanation of 

impairment:

Impairment is an impact that, in the professional judgment of the responsible NPS 

manager, would harm the integrity of park resources or values, including the 

opportunities that otherwise would be present for the enjoyment of those resources or 

values. The need to analyze and disclose impairment impacts originates from the 

National Park Service Organic Act. The Organic Act established the National Park 

Service with a mandate “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects 

and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner 

and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future 

generations.”

An impact would be less likely to constitute impairment if it is an unavoidable result

of an action necessary to preserve or restore the integrity of park resources or values, 

and it cannot be further mitigated. An impact would be more likely to constitute 

impairment to the extent that it affects a resource or value whose conservation is: 

 Necessary to fulfill specific purposes identified in the establishing legislation or 

proclamation of the park; 

 Key to the natural or cultural integrity of the park or to opportunities for 

enjoyment of the park;

 Identified in the park’s General Management Plan or other relevant NPS 

planning documents as being of significance.

Per NPS Management Policies 2006, section 1.4.6, park resources and values that may be impaired 

include:

 The park’s scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife, and the processes and conditions 

that sustain them, including, to the extent present in the park: the ecological, biological and 

physical processes that created the park and continue to act upon it; scenic features; natural 

visibility, both in daytime and at night; natural landscapes; natural soundscapes and smells; 

water and air resources; soils, geological resources; paleontological resources; archeological 

resources; cultural landscapes; ethnographic resources; historic and prehistoric sites, 

structures, and objects; museum collections; and native plants and animals;

 Appropriate opportunities to experience enjoyment of the above resources, to the extent that 

can be done without impairing them;

 The parks’ role in contributing to the national dignity, the high public value and integrity, and 

the superlative environmental quality of the national park system, and the benefit and 

inspiration provided to the American people by the national park system; and

 Any additional attributes encompassed by the specific values and purposes for which the park 

was established.
Appendix G: Impairment Determination

G-2 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

According to guidance provided by the National Park Service Associate Director for National 

Resource Stewardship and Science in July 2010, impairment findings are not necessary for the 

following impact topics: visitor experience, socioeconomics, public health and safety, 

environmental justice, land use, park operations, etc., because they are generally not considered to 

be park resources or values according to the Organic Act. In addition, impairment is only evaluated 

for the preferred alternative.

Impairment Determination

The evaluation of impairment of park resources and values below was based on the type and 

intensity of impacts and the types of resources affected. Overall, beneficial impacts would not 

constitute impairment. With respect to the intensity of impacts, negligible and minor adverse 

impacts are not of sufficient magnitude to constitute impairment. Moderate and major adverse 

impacts may constitute impairment but do not automatically do so. Rather, these impacts must be 

analyzed with respect to the bulleted criteria above.

The following resources were evaluated for impairment on park resources and values resulting 

from implementation of the preferred alternative from The Ahwahnee Comprehensive 

Rehabilitation Plan: 

 Geologic hazards

 Soils

 Hydrology

 Vegetation

 Wildlife

 Special status species

 Air quality

 Soundscapes

 Historic sites, buildings, and landscapes

 Archeological resources

Geologic Hazards

The project area is located in a geologically active area where natural forces continue to shape the 

landscape. Geologic hazards, such as earthquakes and rockfall, present potentially harmful 

conditions for people and facilities in the park. Rockfall would continue to pose a risk to the 

project area, as it does in many areas of Yosemite Valley. Seismic safety improvements proposed 

under the preferred alternative would address the minimum code required life-safety requirements 

of the 500-year (BSE-1) earthquake and 2500-year (BSE-2) earthquake. These actions would 

substantially decrease the risk to life and property at The Ahwahnee, resulting in a local, long-term, 

moderate, beneficial impact.

Implementation of the preferred alternative would not physically affect or result in changes that 

would impair geologic features. The parks geology would remain protected and available for 

enjoyment by park visitors.
Appendix G: Impairment Determination

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment G-3

Soils

Soils in the project area are classified as ‘resilient’ or ‘other’. Resilient soils are those capable of 

withstanding alteration and heavier use without permanent deformation, or that recover relatively

easily from alteration and disturbance. Other soils are not considered highly valued or resilient, are 

generally more abundant, and are not likely to support plant communities that are rare or notably 

diverse. Soils in the project area have been previously disturbed through the construction of the 

hotel complex and ongoing operations. These soils would neither be considered key to the natural 

and cultural integrity of the park or opportunity for enjoyment of the park, nor have they been 

identified as a significant resource in the park. Implementation of the preferred alternative would 

not result in impairment to soils, because new disturbance to surface and near-surface soils would

result in minor, adverse impacts.

Hydrology

The Merced Wild and Scenic River flows along the southeastern boundary of the project area, 

flowing east and then south as it passes The Ahwahnee cottages. Royal Arch Creek, a small 

seasonal tributary to the Merced River, flows north to south between the hotel and the cottages. In 

winter, spring, and early summer, the creek is fed by a combination of groundwater and snowmelt 

from the cliffs to the north of the project area. By late summer, Royal Arch Creek is dry. There is 

also a north-south unnamed seasonal tributary to the east of Royal Arch Creek that is fed by 

groundwater and snowmelt in winter, spring, and early summer, with little or no flow the rest of 

the year.

Excavation and construction activities to replace culverts and install a bridge at seasonal tributaries 

outside of the 100-year floodplain for the Merced River would result in adverse impacts associated 

with the temporary disruption of the surface flow and the increased potential soil erosion and 

sediment transport. In the long-term, there would be a minor to moderate beneficial impact on the 

unnamed seasonal tributary east of the cottages from removal of a low water vehicle crossing from 

the bed of the tributary. 

Hydrologic features are one of the key natural resources for which the park was established. 

Because these resources, including floodplains, would not be affected beyond the current 

condition and there would be no change to the natural integrity of the park; the preferred 

alternative would not result in impairment to park hydrology.

Vegetation

Vegetation in the project area consists of native and ornamental species that have been manicured 

to emphasize the hotel as the visual focal point. Landscaping activities immediately surrounding 

the hotel and associated buildings include pruning, raking, removal of invasive non-native species, 

fertilizing, irrigating, and transplanting or seeding with native plants. Areas that are fertilized and 

irrigated include the main Ahwahnee lawn, the hotel entrance (flagpole area), the wedding lawn, 

The Ahwahnee cottage area, the Royal Arch Creek area between the swimming pool and the 

driveway over the creek, the ‘wildflower meadow’, and the dining room terrace.

Under the preferred alternative construction activities would result in local, short-term, minor, 

adverse impacts on the size and continuity of native plant communities. Implementation of best 

management practices during construction would minimize impacts on surrounding vegetation 

communities. The removal of select trees to meet fire code requirements along fire access roads 
Appendix G: Impairment Determination

G-4 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

and the hardening of select pathways to meet accessibility requirements would result in local, longterm, minor, adverse impacts on the size and continuity of native plant communities in the project 

area. 

Vegetation is a natural resource that contributes to the park purpose. Vegetation would not be 

affected beyond that current condition under the preferred alternative; there would be no change 

to the natural integrity of the park, or discernable effects that would impair park vegetation or 

opportunities for visitors to experience. The preferred alternative would not result in impairment 

of vegetation resources.

Wildlife

The park supports a diverse and abundant assemblage of wildlife. The project area is already highly 

disturbed from previous alterations to native habitat and normal hotel operations. With the 

implementation of mitigation measures for wildlife species (Appendix E), temporary noise and 

visual disturbance from construction activities would result in local, short-term, minor, adverse 

impacts. There would be a local, long-term, minor, adverse impact on upland habitat from removal 

of trees and some road widening for fire access road improvements. Implementation of mitigation 

measures with a focus upon avoidance, limiting construction activities during breeding seasons, or 

conducting detailed surveys immediately before construction, would minimize impacts on wildlife 

habitat and populations.

Wildlife is a natural resource that contributes to the park purpose. With implementation of the 

preferred alternative, wildlife in the project area would not be affected beyond the current 

condition; there would be no change to the natural integrity of the park, or discernable effect that 

would impair the park’s wildlife for opportunities for visitors to experience it. The preferred 

alternative would not result in impairment of wildlife resources.

Special Status Species

Thirty-eight wildlife species currently have special status under either California or federal 

endangered species legislation, two of which are believed extirpated from the park. Many plants 

endemic to the Sierra Nevada are considered rare within the park and are given special protection. 

These species would be considered key to the natural integrity of the park and are considered 

significant by their rare nature. 

The project would occur in suitable habitat and foraging areas for special status bird and bat 

species. The implementation of mitigation measures (Appendix E) with a focus upon avoidance, 

limiting construction activities during breeding seasons, limiting construction activities to daytime 

hours, conducting detailed surveys immediately before construction, and limiting areas of 

disturbance, would minimize impacts on these species. With mitigation, implementation of the 

preferred alternative would not impair special status species.

Air Quality

There are many sources of air pollutants in the park that affect the project area, including sources 

outside of the park (primarily from the Central Valley) and in-park sources, such as vehicle 

emissions and campfires.

There are currently no known sources of emissions from the project area; the preferred alternative 

would result in very localized, short-term, negligible to minor, increases in pollutants from dust 
Appendix G: Impairment Determination

The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment G-5

and vehicle emissions. Due to the short-term and minor nature of these impacts, implementation 

of the preferred alternative would not impair air quality. 

Implementation of the preferred alternative would result in short-term, minor, adverse impacts on 

local air quality due to construction-related dust, equipment and vehicle emissions. Existing 

heating and cooling systems would be upgraded or replaced with more efficient models, 

mechanical ventilation would be provided throughout the hotel and cottages, and low-emission 

finish materials would be used where possible. This would result in a long-term, minor, beneficial 

impact on indoor, local, and regional air quality.

Because this resource, which contribute to the park’s purpose, would not be affected beyond the 

current condition and there would not be any change in the natural of cultural integrity of the 

park, the preferred alternative would not impair park air quality or opportunities for visitors to 

experience it.

Soundscapes

Protecting natural sounds is important both to the visitor experience and the ecological integrity of 

natural resources in the park. Natural sounds, such as wildlife, wind in the trees, and running 

water, are all present in the project area. Activities associated with regular operations at The 

Ahwahnee site also affect ambient sound in the vicinity of the project area. These noises include 

human voices and vehicle noise. The type of noise generated during implementation of the 

preferred alternative would include the operation of heavy equipment, voices of workers, 

handheld manual and power tools (e.g., hammers, drills, and saws), and noise associated with 

heavy vehicles. The increased noise levels would be short-term; no long-term increase in noise 

would result from the preferred alternative. Due to the short-term and minor nature of these 

impacts, implementation of the preferred alternative would not result in impairment of natural

soundscapes.

Historic Sites, Buildings, and Cultural Landscapes

The Ahwahnee is located on a 35-acre site near the east end of Yosemite Valley at the base of the 

Royal Arches formation, north of the Merced River. The Ahwahnee was originally listed on the 

National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1977 and was designated a National Historic 

Landmark in 1987. It was also listed as a Developed Area within the Yosemite Valley Historic 

District in 2006.

Completed in 1927 and designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood, The Ahwahnee is still 

considered the greatest of the national park lodges. Architecturally, it is a symbol of design 

excellence, 1920s architectural ideals, and Rustic style architecture on a previously unimagined 

scale. Historically, The Ahwahnee is significant for its role in the development of tourism, national 

parks, and the concessions industry and for American citizens’ then-emerging appreciation of the 

National Park System and the great outdoors.

Facilities at The Ahwahnee are not fully compliant with current fire protection and building codes, 

recommended seismic safety practices, and accessibility codes and guidelines. Many of the 

electrical, plumbing, and mechanical systems are aging and need to be replaced and updated. In 

addition, some historic hotel finishes and landscape components have deteriorated or been altered 

over the years, potentially affecting the historic integrity of this National Historic Landmark.
Appendix G: Impairment Determination

G-6 The Ahwahnee Comprehensive Rehabilitation Plan Environmental Assessment 

The preferred alternative provides for fire/life-safety, seismic, accessibility, and building code 

compliance; maximizes space efficiency; and enhances visitor experience and the quality of life for 

employees by using minimally invasive techniques. The preferred alternative also provides for 

historic preservation measures and rehabilitation actions for a variety of historic spaces and 

features of the historic property.

Alternative 3 would result in an adverse effect on the National Historic Landmark from actions 

that would bring the hotel into compliance with current fire/life-safety, accessibility, and seismic 

codes and standards. In recognition of the potential for adverse effects to the historic property, the 

National Park Service and the California State Historic Preservation Officer developed a 

Programmatic Agreement in January 2011 in accordance with 36 CFR Part 800.14(b). The 2011 

Programmatic Agreement documents the terms and conditions agreed upon during consultation 

to resolve the adverse effects of the proposed action. 

With implementation of the 2011Programmatic Agreement to resolve adverse effects, there would 

not be any change in the overall cultural integrity of the park. Therefore, the preferred alternative 

would not impair park historic buildings, sites, or landscapes, or opportunities for visitors to 

experience them.

Archeological Resources

Archeological resources are considered key to the cultural integrity of Yosemite National Park. 

Yosemite Valley includes over 100 archeological sites that evidence thousands of years of human 

occupation. Ground disturbing activities under the preferred alternative would have the potential 

to affect these sites, but with mitigation stipulated in the 2011 Programmatic Agreement, including 

fencing off the site, briefing of project personnel, and the presence of an American Indian monitor, 

would resolve the potential adverse effect to archeological sites. Therefore, implementation of the 

preferred alternative would not impair archeological resources.
As the nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department 

of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally 

owned public land and natural resources. This includes 

fostering sound use of out land and water resources; 

protecting our fish, wildlife, and biological diversity; preserving 

the environmental and cultural values of our national parks 

and historical places; and providing for the enjoyment of life 

through outdoor recreation. The department assesses our 

energy and mineral resources and works to ensure that their 

development is on the best interests of all our people by 

encouraging stewardship and citizen participation in their care. 

The department also has a major responsibility for American 

Indian reservation communities and for people who live in 

island territories under U.S. administration.

J u l y 2 0 1 1 Printed on recycled paper

Yosemite National Park

P.O. Box 577

Yosemite, CA 95389

www.nps.gov/yose/

E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A