I:\MEPC\57\2-5.doc 

For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are 

kindly asked to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies.

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

57th session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 57/2/5

 7 September 2007

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER 

Application for Final Approval of a ballast water management system 

using Active Substances 

Submitted by Germany 

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains an application for Final Approval of a ballast 

water management system under the Procedure for approval of ballast 

water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9) 

adopted by resolution MEPC.126(53) 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24/Add.1; MEPC 54/21; BLG 11/4/11, 

BLG 11/4/15, and BWM.2/Circ.10 

1 Regulation D-3.2 of the International Convention for the Control and Management of 

Shipsí Ballast Water and Sediments stipulates that ballast water management systems that make 

use of Active Substances to comply with the Convention shall be approved by the Organization. 

2 Germany herewith submits an application for Final Approval according to the Procedure 

for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9). 

This Procedure stipulates the required information (MEPC 53/24/Add.1, annex 4, paragraph 4.2.1) 

which, according to section 6, should be evaluated by the Organization. In accordance 

with BWM.2/Circ.10, the document at the annex, contains the non-confidential part of the 

manufacturerís application dossier including: 

- general report with summaries of studies carried out with PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

and ballast water treated with the SEDNAÆ System according to Guidelines (G8) 

and Procedure (G9); 

- reference list; 

- attachments: 

.1 Germanischer Lloyd (GL) certificate confirming appropriate safety 

management of the installed SEDNAÆ system as required by 

GESAMP-BWWG in document MEPC 54/2/12; 
MEPC 57/2/5 - 2 - 

I:\MEPC\57\2-5.doc 

.2 GL certificate confirming compatibility, i.e. non-corrosivity, to ballast 

water tank coating; 

.3 extraction of QAPP for full scale type approval testing according to 

Guidelines for approval of ballast water management systems (G8) and the 

Procedures (G9); and 

.4 assessment report of full scale land-based testing − BSH. 

The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the GESAMP-BWWG with the 

understanding of confidential treatment. 

3 It should be noted that this report is structured in accordance with the headlines in the 

ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use of Active 

Substances (G9)î (numbers in parenthesis next to the headlines refer to relevant paragraphs in 

Procedure (G9)). The approval tests performed, according to Guidelines (G8) and Procedure (G9) 

for this report, show that the SEDNAÆ System meets the D-2 standard and there are no 

significant toxic effects or residuals of PERACLEANÆ Ocean. 

4 Basic Approval has been granted at MEPC 54 (MEPC 54/21, paragraph 2.8) and the 

competent authority took into account all the recommendations contained in paragraph 9 of 

annex 5 of the Report of the first meeting of the GESAMP-BWWG (document MEPC 54/2/12). 

5 The receiving competent authority in Germany has verified the application dossier and 

believes it to satisfy the data requirements of the Procedure (G9) adopted by resolution MEPC.126(53). 

Action requested of the Committee 

6 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate. 

*** 
MEPC 57/2/5 

I:\MEPC\57\2-5.doc 

ANNEX 

TECHNICAL SUMMARY OF DOSSIERS BY DEGUSSA GMBH FOR THE FINAL 

EVALUATION OF PERACLEANÆ OCEAN AS AN ACTIVE SUBSTANCE 

FOR BALLAST WATER TREATMENT 

Table of Contents 

0 Introduction 

1 Identification (4.1) 

2 Additional Data on effects of Active Substances on aquatic organisms 

 (4.2.1.1, 5.3.9) 

2.1 Additional data on PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

2.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity of PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

2.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

2.1.3 Conclusion 

2.2 Endocrine disruption 

2.3 Sediment toxicity 

2.4 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration/Food web population effects 

2.5 Aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

2.5.1 Acute aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

2.5.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

3 Data on mammalian toxicity (4.2.1.2, 5.3.12) 

 

3.1 Toxicokinetics 

3.2 Acute toxicity 

3.3 Effects on skin and eyes 

 

3.4 Repeated dose toxicity (chronic and long term) 

 

3.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicit 

 

3.6 Carcinogenicity 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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3.7 Mutagenicity 

4 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions 

(4.2.1.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5) 

4.1 Modes of degradation 

4.1.1 Degradation of PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

 

4.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water coefficient 

 

4.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in relevant media (marine 

and freshwater) 

4.4 Reaction with organic matter 

4.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthnic habitats 

4.6 Potential residues in seafood 

4.7 Known interactive effects 

5 Physical and chemical properties (4.2.1.4) 

 

5.1 General physical properties 

5.2 Corrosion 

6 Treated ballast water ñ Pre-trials (5.2) 

 

6.1 Toxicity test on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) 

 

6.2 Toxicity testing in Fresh and Seawater (Environment Canada) 

 

7 Land-based testing with the SEDNA(r) System and PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

 

7.1 SEDNA(r) Test system with PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

 

7.2 Test site 

7.3 Test methods 

7.3.1 Determination of degradation of Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide 

 

7.3.2 Determination of water parameters and by-products 
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7.3.3 Ecotoxicological Tests 

7.4 Results of the land-based testing 

 

7.4.1 Fulfilment of the chemical water quality criteria 

7.4.2 Fulfilment of the biological water quality criteria 

7.4.3 Biological Efficacy 

7.4.4 Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 

7.4.5 Influence on pH level 

7.4.6 Content of dissolved oxygen 

7.4.7 Degradation of PERACLEAN(r) Ocean 

 

7.4.8 Halogenated by-products 

 

7.4.9 Aquatic toxicity of ballast water 

 

7.4.9.1 Low Salinity 

 

7.4.9.2 High Salinity 

7.4.9.2.1 Bacterial Screening assays 

 

7.2.9.2.2 Acute Fish test 

 

7.4.9.2.3 Oyster larvae development test 

 

7.4.9.2.4 Algal growth inhibition test 

 

7.4.9.2.5 Long term fish test 

 

7.4.9.2.6 Conclusion 

8 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (4.2.1.5, 5.3.15) 

8.1 Specific Analysis of Peracetic Acid (LC-MS/MS) 

8.1.1 Method 

8.2 Specific Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide 

8.2.1 Method 
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9 Exposure assessment 

9.1 Environmental exposure assessment (5.2.7) 

9.2 Human exposure assessment 

10 Risk characterization (5.3) 

 

10.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity (5.1) 

 

 Persistence (P) 

 Bioaccumulation (B) 

 

 Toxicity (T) 

10.2 Assessment of possible reaction with organic matter (5.3.3) 

10.3 Rate of abiotic and biotic degradation and degradation products (5.3.4, 5.3.5) 

 

10.4 Partition coefficients (5.3.6) 

10.5 Bioaccumulation potential and secondary poisoning potential (5.3.7, 5.3.10) 

 

10.6 Assessment of sediment species (5.3.11) 

 

10.7 Comparison of the results of the effect assessment with the results of the discharge 

 toxicity testing (5.3.14) 

 

10.8 Human health risk assessment 

References 

Appendices
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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0 INTRODUCTION

Since the Active Substance PERACLEANÆ Ocean, produced by Degussa GmbH in Germany, 

has been granted Basic Approval by IMOís Marine Environment Protection Committee 

on 24 March 2006, additional testing according to the appropriate IMO Guidelines has been 

carried out in order to provide comprehensive information needed to apply for Final Approval. 

Questions raised by the GESAMP-BWWG in document MEPC 54/2/12 concerning: 

• Certification confirming an appropriate safety management of the shipboard 

installation; 

• Information on realistic occupational exposure scenarios required in order to 

characterize human health risk of use and handling; 

• Justification for use of scenarios for modelling environmental exposure 

concentrations and assumptions and details of the modelling; 

• Tests with treated ballast water on more species, including long-term data; 

• Justification for non-submission of data in cases where the data requirements 

of G9 are not fulfilled; and 

• Documentation of the quality-control/quality assurance programme as requested 

in Procedure (G9), paragraph 4.2.4; 

were addressed in the relevant chapters of this application. Copies of certificates and test reports 

are provided in full length by the applicant to the GESAMP-BWWG. 

 

Focussing on ecotoxicological aspects, some results of tests already provided in document 

MEPC 53/2/12 have been repeated thus enabling expert judgement to consider whether the 

residual toxicity of the discharge conforms to the evaluation undertaken for Basic Approval. 

1 IDENTIFICATION (4.1) 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean is a proprietary formulation based on Peroxygen chemistry. The main 

components are: 

15% Peracetic acid (PAA) 

14.3% Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 

26.5% Acetic acid 

< 1% stabilizer (in total), e.g. phosphonic acid 

• Peracetic acid is produced by reacting Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with Acetic acid in 

aqueous solution. In this process, Peracetic acid is not obtained as a pure substance 

but in the form of aqueous equilibrium solutions containing peracetic acid, acetic acid, 

hydrogen peroxide and water: 

CH3COOH + H2O2 CH3CO(O2)H + H2O 

The amount of Peracetic acid in the equilibrium solution can range from 0.25 to 40% 

depending on the targeted use. The equilibrium solution is the biocidal product which is 

placed on the market. 

Peracetic acid is a biocidal Active Substance with strong bactericidal, fungicidal, and 

virucidal activity. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is commonly viewed as an ìenvironmentally friendlyî or 

ìgreenî chemical. This is particularly due to the physicochemical properties of this 

small inorganic water-soluble molecule. H2O2 is non-persistent, has innocuous or even 

beneficial degradation products, and does not accumulate. 

Hydrogen peroxide is produced naturally by many living organisms either within the 

organism itself or in the surrounding medium. For example, blue-green algae produce 

H2O2 under light irradiation at a rate of 1 ñ 50 μg/l per hour (Zepp et al. 1987). 

• Acetic acid and its salts, acetates, are naturally occurring in the environment and in 

organisms. They are rapidly biodegradable and used as a Carbon-source in metabolic 

reactions. 

2 ADDITIONAL DATA ON EFFECTS OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON AQUATIC 

ORGANISMS (4.2.1.1, 5.3.9) 

2.1 Additional data on PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

2.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

The existing data for marine and freshwater organisms were given in the application for Basic 

Approval (MEPC 53/2/12). 

2.1.1.1 Freshwater species 

Additional studies for freshwater species were performed by Environment Canada using different 

concentrations of PERACLEANÆ Ocean. The results are summarized in Table 1. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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Table 1: Acute toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean in different freshwater species 

(DeLafontaine and Despatie 2006) 

Result 

EC50 [mg PAA/L]1 Trophic level Species Endpoint 

100 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

200 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

300 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

Bacteria Vibrio fischeri light Product 0.74 0.46 0.42 

inhibition 

(15 min) 

MicrotoxTM

PAA 0.111 0.069 0.063 

Algae Selenastrum Product 1.4 1.5 < 1.5 

capricornutum 

Growth 

inhibition 

(72 h) PAA 0.21 0.225 < 0.225 

Cladoceran Daphnia Product 7.1 7.0 7.8 

magna 

Immobilization 

(48 h) PAA 1.065 1.17 1.05 

Trophic level Species Endpoint 100 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

200 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

300 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ

Ocean

Microcrusta- Product < 0.78 1.22 < 2.34 

cea 

Thamnocephal

us platyurus 

Acute 

mortality 

(24 h) PAA < 0.112 0.183 < 0.351 

Hydra Hydra Product > 12.5 38.4 31.8 

attenuata 

Acute 

mortality/ 

Submortality 

PAA > 1.5 5.76 3.96 

Fish Oncorhynchus Product 16.2 14.2 13.2 

mykiss 

Acute 

mortality 

PAA 2.43 2.16 1.98 

1 These values were calculated on the basis of the values given in Table 7 for the 2 h treated ballast water. 

The results of the toxicity tests for different freshwater species show differences in sensitivity. 

Small organisms are more sensitive towards PERACLEANÆ Ocean than higher organisms, 

except for the Microcrustacea, which was also found very sensitive. This ranking is not 

surprising since the active compound Peracetic acid is a well known bactericide. Comparing the 

results of daphnia, fish and algae with recent findings (ECETOC 2001), the now presented values 

correspond very well. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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2.1.1.2 Marine species 

Additional studies for marine water species, requested by and conducted under supervision of 

Washington State Department of Ecology, USA, are summarized in Table 2. 

Table 2: Acute toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean in different seawater species 

Trophic 

level 

Species Method Endpoint Results 

EC50

(PERACLEANÆ

Ocean) 

Results 

EC50

(PAA) 

Reference 

Algae Macrocystis 

pyrifera 

EPA/600/

R-95/136 

static 

EC50

Germination 

EC50

Germ tube 

length 

48 h 

7.91 mg/L 

4 mg/L 

1.19 mg/L 

0.6 mg/L

(Degussa 

2005a) 

Algae Skeletonem

a costatum 

E1218-

97a 

static 

EC50

 Growth 

inhibition, 

96 h 

> 16 mg/L > 2.4 mg/L (Degussa 

2005a) 

Fish 

16 PSU 

Clupea 

pallasi 

Not 

stated 

Semistatic 

EC50 

96 h 

> 16 mg/L > 2.4 mg/L (Degussa 

2005b) 

All tests were performed according to guidelines and protocols of Washington State Department 

of Ecology without GLP. 

The acute effects of PERACLEANÆ Ocean were investigated in two marine algae species, 

Macroystis pyrifera and Skeletonema costatum. The EC50 values (48 h) in Macroystis pyrifera

were 7.91 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean /L for germination and 10.9 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean /L 

for germ tube length, corresponding to 1.19 and 1.64 mg PAA/L, respectively. The species 

Skeletonema costatum, exposed for 96 h, was found less sensitive with an EC50 value 

of EC50 > 16 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean/L, corresponding to 2.4 mg PAA/L (Degussa 2005a). 

In an additional acute toxicity test with PERACLEANÆ Ocean (test duration 96 h, water renewal 

after 48 h), using the pacific herring (Clupea pallasi), no toxic effects were observed up to the 

highest test concentration of 16 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean/L. Therefore, the LC50 is > 16 mg 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean/L, which corresponds to > 2.4 mg PAA/L. (Degussa 2005b). 
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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2.1.1.3 Conclusions 

All findings are in the same range of previous data already presented in the application for Basic 

Approval (MEPC 53/2/12). Compared to the results obtained in freshwater, the sensitivity of 

marine fish is similar. 

Comparing available results obtained for the three trophic levels (not restricted to 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean), fish was found less sensitive (lowest acute LC50 is 1.6 mg PAA/L). 

For invertebrates the lowest EC50 was obtained for Daphnia magna, with 0.5 mg PAA/L. 

The acute toxicity appears to be related to the size of the test organism. 

Embryonic stages of oysters and mussels were found most sensitive with 48 h EC50 values 

of 0.27 to 0.54 mg PAA/L. 

2.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

Further new reports on chronic aquatic toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean were obtained which 

are summarized in Table 3. 

Table 3: Long term/chronic aquatic toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean in fresh 

and seawater 

Trophic 

level 

Species Method Endpoint Results 

(NOEC) 

(PERACLEANÆ

Ocean) 

Results 

(NOEC) 

(PAA) 

Reference 

Freshwater 

Fish Danio rerio OECD 

210 

Flow 

through 

conditions 

(GLP) 

Hatch 

success, 

Development 

Mortality 

150 μg/L 

150 μg/L 

15 μg/L 

22.5 μg/L 

 

22.5 μg/L 

 

2.25 μg/L 

(Degussa 

2007j) 

Seawater 

Fish 

(16 PSU) 

Clupea 

pallasi 

Not stated 

Semi-tatic 

Hatching 

success 

16 days 

1.9 mg/L 29 mg/L (Degussa 

2005b) 

Algae Macrocystis 

pyrifera 

EPA/600/ 

R-95/136 

static 

Germ tube 

length 

48 h 

 4 mg/L 6 mg/L (Degussa 

2005a) 

Algae Skeletonem

a costatum 

E1218-97a 

static 

Growth 

inhibition, 

96 h 

8 mg/L 2 mg/L (Degussa 

2005a) 

A fish early life stage test with the freshwater fish Danio rerio was performed according 

to OECD 210. Neither effects on hatching success nor behavioural and morphological changes 

were observed. Surprisingly, the only effect was a reduced survival in the two highest 

concentrations (50 and 150 μg/L PERACLEANÆ Ocean) in a time range 5 to 12 days post 

hatching which is considered to be a rather insensitive life stage of fish larvae. No dose 

dependency was observed. The overall NOEC is considered to be 2.25 μg PAA/L 

(Degussa 2007j). 
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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Based on a specific study protocol (non-GLP), recommended by Washington State Department 

of Ecology, a 16 day fish embryo development test using pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) 

gametes with PERACLEANÆ Ocean was performed. The NOEC (endpoint: percentage of 

hatched larvae) was 1.9 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean /L (0.29 mg PAA /L) (Degussa 2005b). 

The NOEC for Macroystis pyrifera (germination tube length) was 4 mg PERACLEANÆ

Ocean /L (0.6 mg PAA/L). The species Skeletonema costatum was found less sensitive with 

a NOEC of 8 mg PERACLEANÆ Ocean/L (1.2 mg PAA/L) (Degussa 2005a). 

2.1.3 Conclusion 

The results for marine algae indicate that marine algae are less sensitive towards PERACLEANÆ

Ocean than freshwater species (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). All mentioned studies indicate a very 

steep dose response curve. However, fish larvae were much more sensitive than Daphnia magna 

(long-term NOEC of 0.05 mg/L) leading to an overall NOEC of 2.25 μg PAA/L based on the 

results of the fish test. Using an assessment factor of 10, a PNEC of 0.225 μg/L can be derived 

corresponding to a PNEC of 1.5 μg PERACLEANÆ Ocean/L. 

2.2 Endocrine disruption 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

2.3 Sediment toxicity 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

2.4 Bioavailability/biomagnification/bioconcentration/food web population effects 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

2.5 Aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

The aquatic toxicity data of Hydrogen peroxide were already summarized in the application for 

Basic Approval (MEPC 53/2/12). 

2.5.1 Acute aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

2.5.1.1 Freshwater species 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12) 
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2.5.1.2 Seawater species 

Based on the intended use, some additional marine species were tested and the corresponding 

results on the effects of H2O2 are summarized in Table 4. 

Table 4: Acute toxic effects of Hydrogen peroxide in marine species 

Trophic level Species Guideline Endpoint Result 

[mg/L] 

Reference 

Rotifier Brachionus 

plicatilis 

RotoxÆ

Manual 

EC50 (24 h), static,

mortality 

4.8 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Bacteria Vibrio 

fischeri. 

MICROTOX 

basic manual 

EC50 (15 min), 

luminescence 

20.6 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Fish Solea solea 

larvae 

OECD 203 LC50 (96 h), static,

mortality 

> 151 < 268 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Fish Solea solea 

juvenile 

OECD 203 LC50 (96 h), static,

mortality 

> 84 < 150 (Degussa 

2007b) 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

EPA/600/R95/136 EC50 (48 h), static

development 

3.2 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Chaetocaros 

gracilis 

OECD 201 EC50 (72 h) growth 

rate 

3.2 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Algae 

Skeletonema 

costatum 

OECD 201 EC50 (72 h) growth 

rate 

2.7 ñ 3.4 (Degussa 

2007m) 

In the ROTOXÆ test kit, the EC50 value was 4.8 mg/L. In the MICROTOX basic assay the EC50

found was 20.6 mg/L (Degussa 2007k). 

In an acute toxicity study in fish larvae, no mortality occurred up to 151 mg/L H2O2. But with a 

concentration of 268 mg/L, all larvae were found dead (Degussa 2007k). The juvenile fish 

(Solea solea) was found more sensitive under same conditions with a LC50 between 84 

and 150 mg H2O2/L (Degussa 2007b). 

Hydrogen peroxide did not affect the development of oyster larvae in concentrations up 

to 2.8 mg/L (NOEC). In higher concentrations, the development into D-larvae was inhibited with 

a corresponding EC50 value of 3.2 mg H2O2/L (Degussa 2007k). 

The two algal species ñ Chaetocaros gracilis and Skeletonema costatum ñ showed comparable 

sensitivity towards Hydrogen peroxide, resulting in an EC50 value of appr. 3 mg/L 

(Degussa 2007k; Degussa 2007m).

2.5.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity of Hydrogen peroxide 

In a 21-day continuous exposure study on Daphnia magna conducted by the USGS (United States 

Geological Survey, USA), the chronic no observable effect concentration (NOEC) 

for reproduction was 0.63 mg H2O2 /L and for mortality it was 1.25 mg H2O2/L 

(Meinertz et al. 2007; Vaughn 2006). 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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The results of toxicity tests performed in different marine species are summarized in Table 5. 

Table 5: Chronic toxic effects of Hydrogen peroxide in marine species 

Trophic 

level 

Species Guideline Endpoint Results 

NOEC [mg/L] 

Reference 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

EPA/600/R95/136 NOEC (48 h), 

static 

development 

2.8 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Chaetocaros 

gracilis 

OECD 201 72 h chronic 

study, 

growth rate 

1.9 (Degussa 

2007k) 

Algae 

Skeletonema 

costatum 

OECD 201 72 h chronic 

study 

growth rate 

1 (Degussa 

2007m) 

Fish Solea solea 

larvae 

OECD 210 

(adapted) 

18 days, 

semistatic 

mortality, egg 

hatch, 

development 

48 (Degussa 

2007l) 

Hydrogen peroxide did not affect the development of oyster larvae, in concentrations up 

to 2.8 mg/L (NOEC) (Degussa 2007k). 

Of the two tested algal species ñ Chaetocaros gracilis and Skeletonema costatum ñ the latter 

showed sensitivity slightly towards Hydrogen peroxide, resulting in an NOEC of 1 mg/L 

(Degussa 2007k; Degussa 2007m). 

In an 18-day fish embryo development test (Solea solea) with water renewal every 2 days, 

mortality, behaviour, hatching success and development were observed during the course of the 

test. In the highest concentration of 148 mg/L, no egg survived (day 6). At concentrations of 98 mg/L, 

hatching was not affected, but only 25% of the larvae survived into free-swimming stage (day 6 to 10) and 

nearly all larvae died until day 18. Lower concentrations of Hydrogen peroxide did not show any effects. 

Therefore, the NOEC can be set to 48 mg/L under conditions tested (Degussa 2007l). 

2.5.3 Conclusion 

Algae were found as the most sensitive species towards Hydrogen peroxide. These findings 

confirm previous studies (e.g. EU Risk Assessment, 2003). The toxicity of the oyster larvae was 

slightly lower than that of algae. This is in accordance with the results of freshwater 

invertebrates, already discussed in the application for Basic Approval (MEPC 53/2/12). With a 

view to the test kits used, the sensitivity of the ROTOXÆ assay is more comparable to that of the 

oyster larvae and algae than that of the MICROTOX basic assay. The fish larvae and juveniles 

were the less sensitive species, as expected, even in the long term study performed. 

In the EU Risk Assessment (2003), a PNEC of 10 μg/L for Hydrogen peroxide was derived. 

However, this value appears to be very conservative and is related to continuous long-term 

exposures. When deriving a tolerable level for Hydrogen peroxide in ballast water applications, 

some considerations about the chemistry and occurrence of the substance should be taken into 

account, already discussed in the application for Basic Approval (MEPC 53/2/12). H2O2 acts as 

an oxidant and, therefore, its adverse effects are only local and short term. Hydrogen peroxide is 

a normal metabolite in nearly all organisms and naturally produced by sunlight in water. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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Therefore, almost all organisms are particularly well equipped in defence mechanisms against 

Hydrogen peroxide and other Active Oxygen species. 

In seawater, the available natural concentrations ñ ranged from 0.5 to 14 μg Hydrogen 

peroxide/L, in lakes values > 100 μg/L ñ were reported. 

3 DATA ON MAMMALIAN TOXICITY (4.2.1.2, 5.3.12) 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

3.1 Toxicokinetics

The systemic absorption of Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide is limited by their rapid 

enzymatic degradation in cells of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal and respiratory 

tract and to certain extend also in skin. Tissue damage, for example, on contact with severely 

irritant concentrations of Peracetic acid, can lead to absorption into the circulation. In blood 

Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide are very rapidly degraded yielding Oxygen and Acetic 

acid or Oxygen and Water, respectively. The remaining Acetic acid is a physiological substance 

that is included into physiological metabolic pathways or excreted via the urine. 

The rapid degradation limits the systemic availability of both Peracetic acid and Hydrogen 

peroxide. It is, therefore, unlikely that organs beyond the site of first contact will be affected. 

3.2 Acute toxicity

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

The predominant effect in all acute toxicity studies is local irritation at the site of contact. 

The extent depends on the concentration and the composition of the applied test solution. 

3.3 Effects on skin and eyes 

No new information (refer to MEPC 53/2/12). 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean should be considered severely corrosive to skin and eyes and severely 

irritating to mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The RD50 for an aerosol generated from a 

product with a similar composition was 21.5 to 24.1 mg/m3

. 

No skin sensitization was observed in two B ̧hler tests in guinea pigs with different formulations 

of PAA. These studies are considered relevant for PERACLEANÆ Ocean. 

In document MEPC 54/2/12, it was recommended to perform a skin penetration study with 

Peracetic acid. Due to the results of the toxicokinetics, repeated dose toxicity and the corrosive 

properties of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, no further data are considered to be required for risk 

assessment and recommendation of appropriate risk management measures. 

3.4 Repeated dose toxicity (chronic and long term) 

Repeated dose studies with diluted equilibrium PAA solutions are relevant for PERACLEANÆ

Ocean. Likewise, the test substance has to be diluted to tolerable concentrations before the 

administration to the test animals. 
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No further repeated toxicity studies are considered necessary with PERACLEANÆ Ocean for the 

following reasons: 

The available studies indicate no specific systemic toxicity of equilibrium Peracetic acid; 

These findings are in accordance with the toxicokinetic data (see chapter 2.2.1, 

MEPC 53/2/12) and support that Peracetic acid will not be systemically available beyond 

the site of first contact; and 

The effects at the site of contact are determined by the acute irritation potential of the 

compound and its ability to release Oxygen. It is not expected that this mode of action 

and the accompanying no effect levels will vary considerably between species and with 

the duration of the study. 

In document MEPC 54/2/12, it was recommended to perform a chronic inhalation study in rats. 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean is used on ships in a closed and automated system and contact of the ship 

crew or personnel will be restricted to very rare acute dermal exposure (see also 0). Therefore, it 

is considered, that from that point, no additional chronic inhalation study will be necessary which 

was also confirmed in the registration process of Peracetic acid as a biocide. 

The nature of the toxicological effects (local irritation or corrosion and secondary effects thereof) 

can be deduced from results from acute and subacute inhalation studies on Peracetic acid and 

from the subchronic oral study. Sufficient data are now available for risk assessment. 

3.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

In a developmental toxicity study ñ according to OECD 414 performed with a 35% Peracetic 

acid solution, administered in drinking water ñ no treatment related teratogenic effects were 

found in the litters observed up to the highest tested dose of 700 mg PAA /L (M ̧ller 2005). 

3.6 Carcinogenicity 

Due to the toxicokinetics, making it unlikely that PERACLEANÆ Ocean is systemically available 

and the absence of a genotoxic potential in the majority of the genotoxicity studies, it is unlikely 

that the product has a relevant carcinogenic potential for humans, and further testing is not 

warranted. 

3.7 Mutagenicity 

The weight of evidence, in particular in the more recent studies in ìin vitroî experiments in 

mammalian cell cultures, indicates that equilibrium Peracetic acid does not have a significant 

genotoxic potential and does not cause gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations both in the 

presence and absence of a metabolic activation system. Only in one chromosomal aberration 

assay in vitro a positive result was obtained at highly cytotoxic concentrations. However, a recent 

in vitro chromosomal aberration assay did not show such an effect even at cytotoxic 

concentrations suggesting that the earlier findings may have been an artefact. PAA did not induce 

micronuclei in ìin vivoî mouse micronucleus tests when administered by gavage up to the 

maximum tolerated dose levels and did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in two recent rat 

in vivo/ex vivo UDS assays when administered by gavage up to the maximum tolerated dose 

level. Therefore, it can be concluded that PERACLEANÆ Ocean is unlikely to have a genotoxic 

or mutagenic potential. 
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4 DATA ON ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECT UNDER AEROBIC AND 

ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS (4.2.1.3, 5.3.4, 5.3.5) 

4.1 Modes of degradation 

It has been already shown and discussed in the application for Basic Approval (MEPC 53/2/12), 

that both active ingredients of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide 

rapidly degrade under abiotic as well as under biotic conditions. Therefore, only some recently 

performed studies will be discussed here. 

4.1.1 Degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean

The primary and ultimate biodegradability in seawater in the Shake Flask Test 

(OECD Guideline 306) was determined for PERACLEANÆ Ocean over a period of 28 days. 

Beginning of biodegradation (10% level) was observed after 10 days of adaptation time and the 

pass level (>50%) was reached after 12 days. After 21 days, there was an almost complete 

mineralization. The elimination/primary degradation of Peracetic acid was rapid (after two days 

below limit of detection) corresponding with an elimination rate of >94%. The elimination of 

Hydrogen peroxide reached 71% after 7 days and came to >88% (limit of detection) on day 14. 

Therefore, PERACLEANÆ Ocean is considered as ultimately biodegradable in seawater 

(Degussa 2007i). 

In a non-guideline study performed by Environment Canada, degradation of Peracetic acid and 

Hydrogen peroxide over 7 days at 6°C was analytically investigated in dependence of 

salinity (0 ñ 27 PSU) and presence or absence of sediment taken from a ballast tank aboard the 

ship Canadian Provider. This sediment contained large amounts of rust particles and debris from 

ballast tank corrosion. In unfiltered freshwater, the concentration of PAA and H2O2 was reduced 

by 30% and 12.5% after 7 days. 

In the presence of sediment, PAA was degraded by 91% and H2O2 by 62% after 7 days, 

respectively. In salt water (> 7 PSU), PAA and H2O2 were degraded by 92 and 52%, respectively. 

In the presence of sediments, PAA became undetectable (< 0.5 mg/L) after 3 days and the 

degradation rate of H2O2 was 93%. (DeLafontaine and Despatie 2006). 

Large-volume (4.5 m3) experiments with PERACLAENÆ Ocean were also conducted at very 

cold water temperatures (1 ñ 2°C) in salt and freshwater. In the freshwater experiment, PAA 

degraded gradually down to 51 to 66% over the course of the test. In salt water, the detection 

limit was very high (10 mg/L) and degradation could not been properly monitored. However, 

only at concentration of 300 ppm PERACLEANÆ Ocean, levels above 10 mg/L were observed. 

Levels of H2O2 remained more or less stable in fresh and salt water over time until catalase was 

added which dropped the H2O2 level down to zero under both, fresh and salt water conditions. 

The levels found in freshwater were always higher than in salt water (DeLafontaine and Despatie 

2006). 

After addition of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, the average pH immediately dropped from 7.5 

(freshwater control) to 6.7, 6.16 and 5.56 in the 100, 200 and 300 ppm treated tanks, respectively. 

The average pH in salt water dropped from 8.2 (control tank) to 7.3, 6.75 and 6.2 with the 

addition of 100, 200 and 400 ppm PERACLEANÆ Ocean. The pH of the treated waters remained 

stable over time and did not vary significantly. Very high levels of dissolved Oxygen were noted 

in all treated tanks across both experiments. Furthermore, a concentration dependent increase of 

dissolved organic Carbon (DOC) was found, which can be ascribed to the Carbon introduced by 

Peracetic acid and Acetic acid. However, that increase was found less in salt water than in 

freshwater at the 100 and 200 ppm treatment level (DeLafontaine and Despatie 2006). 
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Gregg and Hallegraeff investigated the degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean in filtered 

seawater (28.6 PSU and 23.7 PSU) at 17°C storage temperature using an indirect method by 

testing the effectiveness against vegetative microalgae in different seawater samples and different 

light conditions. At concentrations of 200 ppm PERACLEANÆ Ocean, PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

samples were found to degrade to a level non-toxic to marine microalgae within 2-6 weeks. 

In the dark, degradation rate was lower even in presence of sediment (Gregg and Hallegraeff 2007). 

Actually, the viability of the microalgae re-increased up to >90% within one (high salinity) or 

two weeks (lower salinity) post treatment. With sediment, the control level (100% viability) was 

achieved within one week. The performance of the degradation test is not usual and questionable 

because the authors did not measure the actual content of PAA and H2O2, e.g. by photometric 

determination. Therefore, it is not sure whether PAA and H2O2 were actually still present or 

whether the effects found were caused by other influences, e.g. the pH-level, the presence of 

nutrients or bacteria or the Oxygen content. 

4.1.2 Conclusion 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean is readily (bio)degradable under conditions according to the OECD 

guidelines. Peracetic acid showed a rapid degradation especially in salt water and presence of 

sediment and light. Hydrogen peroxide degraded slower but, in presence of sediment and salt 

water, degradation significantly increased. 

In freshwater, both components are more stable especially under extremely cold conditions. Also, 

the presence of Peracetic acid can be observed over a longer period of time. The presence of 

sediments facilitates degradation in freshwater, too. 

Under realistic conditions, it can be assumed that sediment, which is usually present in shipsí 

ballast water tanks, enhances degradation. When the ballast water is discharged, 

photodegradation additionally occurs. Therefore, the actual environmental concentrations are 

most probably lower than measured under laboratory conditions. 

4.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water coefficient 

From the Octanol-Water partition coefficients of the Active Substances PAA and Hydrogen 

peroxide, the organic carbon normalised distribution coefficient can be derived using the 

following equations according to the EU technical guidance document on risk assessment (EC, 2003). 

For organic acids, the following equation can be used: 

log Koc = 0.6 log Kow + 0.32 

For Peracetic acid with a log Kow of -0.26 at pH 7 (Degussa 2007h), a log Koc of 0.164 

(Koc = 1.45 L/kg) is derived. 

The following equation for non-hydrophobics may be used for Hydrogen peroxide: 

log Koc = 0.52 log Kow + 1.02 

Using that equation, a log Koc of 0.2 (Koc = 1.58 L/kg) was derived for Hydrogen peroxide (EU, 2003). 
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Both Koc values indicate a negligible absorption to organic matter which would also indicate a 

very low adsorption potential to soil and sediment. This is confirmed by the Mackay level 

equilibrium distribution (see document for Basic Approval, MEPC 53/2/12). 

Furthermore, it can be assumed that bioaccumulation for PERACLEANÆ Ocean is negligible. 

4.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in relevant media (marine and 

freshwater) 

No new information (MEPC 53/2/12). 

4.4 Reaction with organic matter 

In addition to the presented studies on disinfectant by-products of Peracetic acid in water 

treatment (see MEPC 53/2/12), Nurizzo et al. (2005) has published investigations of effluents 

from municipal wastewater treatment plant and surface water. 

Only under extreme high bromide content (0.9 mg/L) and a high content of oxidizable organic 

carbon (3.2 - 4.9 mg/L), a distinct amount of aldehydes was observed. No formation of total 

tribrommethanes was observed under any condition (Nurizzo et al. 2005). 

Additional laboratory findings indicate that no brominated and chlorinated phenol will be formed 

during waste water disinfection with Peracetic acid (DellíErba et al. 2007; Kitis 2004). 

For that reason, Peracetic acid is gaining more and more interest as an alternative to replace other 

Active Substances in municipal waste water treatment plants. 

4.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

No new information (MEPC 53/2/12). 

4.6 Potential residues in seafood 

No new information (MEPC 53/2/12). 

4.7 Known interactive effects 

None. 

5 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (4.2.1.4) 

5.1 General physical properties 

The relevant physical chemical properties were already presented in the application for 

Basic Approval (see MEPC 53/2/12). Some new data were determined in the meantime, 

summarized in Table 6. 
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Table 6: Physical chemical properties of PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

Property Value Reference/comment 

pH value (23°C) 0.39 (Degussa 2006a) 

relative density 1.122 (20°C) (Degussa 2006a) 

Kinematic viscosity at 20°C 1.77 mm2/s (Degussa 2006a) 

Kinematic viscosity at 40°C 1.13 mm2/s (Degussa 2006a) 

5.2 Corrosion 

In addition to the discussed studies on corrosion (MEPC 53/2/12), a mayor supplier of ballast 

tank coatings conducted tests in the own laboratory and confirmed that the common Epoxy-based 

coatings are compatible with PERACLEANÆ Ocean (Jotun 2005). 

A new extensive study has been performed by University of S ̧dwestfalen, Iserlohn, Germany, 

under supervision of Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg. The tests included the determination of 

resistance against liquids according to ISO 2812-2 and the determination of extent of blistering 

according to ISO 4628-2. Duration was 120 days. Further tests were done on Cathodic 

Disbonding according to ASTM G8-96 (duration 30 days) (Degussa 2007g). After assessment of 

the report, Germanischer Lloyd certified PERACLEANÆ Ocean as compatible with Epoxy-based 

ballast tank coatings (Germanischer Lloyd, 2007). Additional tests at University of S ̧dwestfalen 

confirmed that PERACLEANÆ Ocean does not significantly increase the corrosion of galvanized 

steel used for piping (Degussa 2007f). 

6 TREATED BALLAST WATER ñ PRE-TRIALS (5.2) 

Additionally to the presented pre-tests simulating ballast water treatment (refer 

to MEPC 53/2/12), further tests were performed under similar conditions. 

6.1 Toxicity test on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) 

Fertilized Pacific herring eggs were treated for 16 days with a fresh 150 mg/L solution of 

PERACLAENÆ Ocean (150 ppm) and compared with that solution which was stored for 48 h 

prior to test initiation at 8°C simulating conditions as in a ballast water tank. 

The NOEC of the unstored sample was 1.9 mg/L, corresponding to a 1.2% solution of 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean (150 ppm), After 48 h storage of the solution prior testing, no toxicity 

occurred up to the highest solution (1:1 dilution of mother solution) (Degussa 2005b). 

The results indicate a significant reduction of the toxicity (40-fold) during the 48 h storage. 

Therefore, neither any remaining ingredient nor any degradation product of stored 

PERACLAENÆ Ocean causes significant effects on the most sensitive life stage on the Pacific 

herring. 

6.2 Toxicity testing in Fresh and Seawater (Environment Canada) 

Large-volume (4.5 m3

) experiments with PERACLAENÆ Ocean were also conducted at very 

cold water temperatures (1 - 2°C) in freshwater and seawater (32 PSU). 
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The water was stored in tanks for 5 days simulating ballast water treatment. Seventy-two hours 

after treatment, catalase was added. After 2 h, 71 h and 96 h, samples were taken, diluted with 

non-stored water and EC50 values were determined (DeLafontaine and Despatie 2006). 

The test conditions and results are given in Table 7. 

Table 7: Conditions and Results of the toxicity testing with ballast water 

treated with PERACLEANÆ Ocean, 100, 200 and 300 ppm in ice-cold freshwater and salt water 

Result 

(EC50) [% 

TBW] 

Trophic level Species Endpoint1 Storage 

of the 

water (% 

TBW) 100 ppm 200 ppm 300 ppm 

Freshwater 

Bacteria Vibrio fischeri light inhibition 

(15 min) 

MicrotoxTM

2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

0.74 

0.43 

0.6 

0.23 

0.21 

0.29 

0.14 

0.24 

0.29 

Algae Selenastrum 

capricornutum 

Growth 

inhibition 

(72 h) 

2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

1.4 

1.31 

2.6 

0.75 

0.67 

1.08 

< 0.5 

0.5 

0.75 

Crustacea Daphnia 

magna 

Immobilization 

(48 h) 

2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

7.1 

7.1 

10 

3.5 

3.2 

4.7 

2.6 

2.1 

3.7 

Microcrustacea 

Thamnocephal

us platyurus 

Acute mortality 

(24 h) 

2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

< 0.78 

2.93 

4.17 

0.61 

1.62 

1.69 

< 0.78 

0.91 

1.33 

Hydra Hydra 

attenuata 

Acute mortality/ 

Submortality 

2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

>10 

>30 

>30 

19.2 

22.5 

>30 

8.8 

10.6 

10.6 

Fish Oncorhynchus 

mykiss 

Acute mortality 2 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

16.2 

13.6 

17.7 

7.2 

5.1 

8.1 

4.4 

8.8 

4.3 

Salt water 

 100 

ppm 

200 ppm 300 ppm 

Bacteria Vibrio fischeri light inhibition 

(15 min) 

MicrotoxTM

1 h 

71 h 

96 h +Cat 

Horm.s 

Horm. 

orm. 

20.2 

Horm. 

Horm. 

1.1 

>50 

Horm. 1

 Tests were performed according to Canadian national guidelines. Horm. = Hormesis

Under ice-cold freshwater conditions, the treated water showed a concentration-dependent 

toxicity (see also Table 1). The bacteria were found most sensitive and the hydra and fish less 

sensitive. However, after addition of catalase, destroying Hydrogen peroxide completely, the 

toxic effects decreased only in Hydra, Microcrustacea and algae at 200 or 100 ppm 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean. 

No samples after 96 h storage without catalase were investigated; therefore it is not clear whether 

the effects can be ascribed to the loss of Hydrogen peroxide or degradation of Peracetic acid. 
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In salt water, fluorescence in the Microtox test increased indicating a growth of fluorescent 

bacteria. 

7 LAND-BASED TESTING WITH THE SEDNAÆ SYSTEM AND PERACLEANÆ OCEAN 

7.1 SEDNAÆ Test system with PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

The SEDNAÆ system operates in-line during the uptake of the ballast water. It is based on a 

modular concept which includes the two-step physical separation as well as the secondary 

treatment with PERACLEANÆ Ocean, an oxidizing disinfecting agent. 

The first step of the physical separation is a newly developed hydro cyclone that was specially 

designed for ballast water applications. The second step of the physical separation is a compact, 

self-cleaning filter with only 50μm meshes. The back-flushing of the filter is triggered by the 

differential pressure (max. 100 mbar), and the filter elements are cleaned one by one with 

seawater without addition of any cleaning substances. 

Any concentrates from the hydro cyclones (mainly sediments) and any rejects from the fine filter 

remain at their point of origin and no new waste lines are produced, when the system is operated 

on a ship. 

The secondary treatment is the chlorine-free disinfection with PERACLEANÆ Ocean. Though 

Peracetic acid is mainly used as a bactericide, fungicide or virucide, it is also effective against 

amoeba and algae. PERACLEANÆ Ocean is dosed automatically to the ballast water after the 

physical treatment. The dosage is permanently and automatically controlled and adjusted 

according to the actual flow rate of the ballast water pump. 

7.2 Test site 

The test runs were carried out at The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) on the 

island of Texel from April to July 2007 (NIOZ 2007a). 

All tests were conducted according to the Guidelines for approval of ballast water management 

systems (G8), adopted on 22 July 2005 by Resolution MEPC.125(53). 

The NIOZ test site is equipped with three coated concrete tanks of 300 m3 volume each to 

simulate the ballast water tanks of the ship. For each test run, one tank was filled as reference 

with untreated ballast water (UBW). The water filled into the other tank was treated by the 

so-called SEDNAÆ system, including mechanical pre-separation of solids and the addition of the 

Active Substance PERACLEANÆ Ocean (treated ballast water, TBW). 

In the test runs 1 to 6, freshwater was added during uptake to reduce the salinity from 

approx. 26 PSU (natural level) to 22 PSU in order to fulfil the requirements given in the 

Guidelines (G8).

In the test runs 7 to 12, a salinity of >32 PSU was adjusted. This was done by the injection of a 

salt brine (14 ñ 18%), made from harbour water and artificial sea salt for aquarium purposes (Instant 

OceanÆ), into the test water upon uptake. Water samples were taken at least three times per day 

to monitor the degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean. On day-5 of each test run, the tanks were emptied. 

For ecotoxicological tests, the required amounts of untreated ballast water (UBW) and treated ballast 

water (TBW) were taken from the system and transferred to the TNO Imares test facility in Den Helder. 
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7.3 Test methods 

7.3.1 Determination of degradation of Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide 

Sampling procedures 

Water samples were taken during each filling of the treated tank (to get the initial concentrations) 

and during the following days until the concentrations were below the detection level. 

At least three samples per day were taken in order to get sufficient data for a degradation curve 

for each test run. The samples were taken at the exit of the SEDNAÆ unit (during tank filling) 

and from the sampling point at the treated tank. 

Analytical measurements 

The amount of Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide was measured by photometric 

determination. The detection limit for both compounds was as low as 0.5 ppm. For each 

individual sample, three measurements were done and the average value was calculated. 

7.3.2 Determination of water parameters and by-products 

- Dissolved organic carbon (DOC): measured according to Benner and Strom, 1993; 

- pH level: measured using a calibrated pH-meter; 

- Salinity: measured at the end of each test cycle using a refractometer (Atago) 

calibrated against 0 ñ 33 PSU standard seawater; 

- Dissolved Oxygen: spectrophotometric method of the Winkler method (Benner and 

Strom 1993); and 

- Halogenated by-products: according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025, AOX, EOX, 

chlorophenols, highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. 

7.3.3 Ecotoxicological Tests 

- Acute toxicity in rotifier (Brachionus plicatilis): according to the manual of test kit of 

the ROTOXÆ Assay (according to the manual of test kit); 

- Acute toxicity in Bacteria (Vibrio fischeri): according to the manual of the test kit

MICROTOX basic assay with 5 minutesí incubation time; 

- Algae growth inhibition test (Skeletonema costatum): according to the OECD 

guideline 201, adapted for saline species; 

- Static conditions, growth inhibition over 72 h, the UBW was filtered prior the test to 

exclude algae from the UBW; 

- Oyster larvae development test (Crassostrea gigas): according to Dutch guidelines for 

testing sediment elutriates (Schipper et al. 1999) and EPA/600/R-95/136; 
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- Static conditions, development into D-larvae, UBW was filtered (30 μ) prior the test; 

- Acute fish test (Solea solea): according to OECD guideline 203; 

- Early life stage test in fish (Solea solea): according to OECD guideline 210; and 

- 18 days, semistatic conditions (water renewal every two days, batch renewal once a 

week), hatching success, development, mortality, UBW and TBW filtered prior the 

test (0.2 μ). 

7.4 Results of the land-based testing 

All results described in chapters 7.4.1 ñ 7.4.7 are taken from the report of NIOZ (NIOZ 2007b). 

7.4.1 Fulfilment of the chemical water quality criteria 

All relevant environmental water parameters are summarized in Table 8. 

Table 8: Chemical water quality criteria of the inlet water for the test runs 2-12 

Low salinity 

(test run 2 ñ 6)

High salinity 

(test run 7 ñ 12)

Average Salinity 21.7 33.4 

Total Suspended 

Solids (TSS) 

>50 mg/L >1 mg/L 

Particulate Organic 

Carbon (POC) 

> 5 mg/L > 1mg/L 

Dissolved Organic 

Carbon (DOC) 

> 5 mg/L > 1 mg/L 

The quality criteria as described in the Guidelines (G8) were fulfilled. 

7.4.2 Fulfilment of the biological water quality criteria 

Test run 1 did not meet the criteria for the number of organisms in the intake water. This test run 

was declared invalid and will not be taken into further considerations. The other test runs (2 ñ 12) 

fulfilled the G8 requirements for the water quality required for land-based testing. 
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Table 9: Biological water quality criteria of the test water (low and high salinity) 

Low Salinity High Salinity 

Variety Number Variety Number 

Organisms > 50 μm > 5 species, 

> 3 phyla 

> 100,000/m3 10 different 

species, 

4-5 different 

phyla 

> 5 species, 

> 3 phyla 

Organisms 10-50 μm 

(flow cytometer) 

> 5 species, 

> 3 phyla 

> 1000 /mL > 5 species, 

> 3 phyla 

> 1000 /mL 

Bacteria E. coli and total 

enterococci 

< 0.1/mL E. coli and 

total 

enterococci 

< 0.1/mL 

Colony forming 

heterotrophic bacteria 

 < 10 ñ 60/mL 10 ñ 200 /mL

1

 In the treated tank, Acetic acid stimulated the growth of heterotrophic bacteria resulting in colony numbers 

<10 to 10,000 mL-1 for low saline treated ballast water and 5,000 to >10,000 mL-1 for high saline water, 

respectively. 

Since for all tests natural plankton was used, the required diversity of organisms (5 species of at 

least 3 different phyla) was fulfilled. 

In the test runs with low salinity, plankton conditions were typical for a spring bloom of 

plankton, while the high salinity runs were conducted after the spring peak in organisms and 

towards the more clear water phase. Moreover, testing at high tide also implied an increase in the 

contribution of water from the open North Sea with an organism composition different from that 

of the inner Wadden Sea. 

Both factors resulted in a shift towards lower numbers of the larger organisms and an increase of 

smaller sized plankton. Nevertheless, G8 requirements were always fulfilled. 

During the test runs with high salinity, traces of human pathogens (total E. coli; <0.1 to 50/ml 

and total enterococci; <0.1 to 40/ml) were detected in the Wadden Sea. In the reference and 

treated tank, however, the number of these human pathogens remained below the detection 

limit (<0.1 mL-1). 

Numbers of colony forming heterotrophic bacteria revealed colony numbers ranging from 10 

to 200 per ml for Wadden Sea but remained low in the control tank (<10 to 10 ml-1). 

In the treated tank, the presence of Acetic acid stimulated growth of, in particular, heterotrophic 

bacteria resulting in colony numbers ranging from 5,000 to >10,000 ml-1 for the six test runs. 

Total bacteria counts as measured flow cytometric showed that in all tanks and in the Wadden 

Sea/North Sea initial numbers were >200,000 ml-1. After the incubation period of five days, 

some increase was observed in the total bacteria numbers in the control but in the treated tank 

there was an increase by a factor >100. 
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7.4.3 Biological Efficacy 

At the time of submission of this document, the practical tests were completed, but in particular 

for the biological data some replicate samples still had to be processed for additional and 

complementary analysis. Nevertheless, based on the present results, it is already justified to 

conclude that the SEDNAÆ system, including PERACLEANÆ Ocean as Active Substance, tested 

at NIOZ from April to June 2007 was in compliance with regulation D-2 of the Convention. 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean almost instantaneously killed all planktonic organisms exposed to the 

concentration of 150 ppm. With the exception of some diatom shells, the application of 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean completely dissolved all organisms. Of all 36 analysed samples on 

discharge (12 test runs, triplicate sampling) combined, in less than 10 cases identifiable, remains 

of dead planktonic organisms other than the mentioned diatoms could be found after five days. 

7.4.4 Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 

The average DOC contents of the untreated and treated ballast water are given in Table 10. 

Table 10: Average DOC content of the treated (TBW) and untreated (UBW) ballast water 

Salinity DOC in the UBW [mg/L] DOC in the TBW [mg/L] 

Day 0 Day 5 Day 0 Day 5 

Low 

(test run 2 - 6) 

5.1 4.1 21.3 20.5 

High 

(test run 7 - 11) 

3.0 2.8 19.5 17.4 

The addition of PERACLEANÆ Ocean resulted in an immediate increase of the DOC at the 

intake of the tanks from about 5.1 to 21.3 and from 3.0 to 19.5 mg/L, respectively. 

Pure PERACLEANÆ Ocean contains as potential Carbon source 15% Peracetic acid (PAA) 

and 26.5% Acetic acid. Theoretically, a dosage of 150 ppm PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

introduces 58.5 mg/L Acetic acid and increases the DOC content by 23 mg/L. Thus, it can be 

assumed that the higher DOC content in the treated tank was caused by addition of 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean itself rather than other organic matter. In previous tests, similar findings 

were also obtained in both, fresh and saltwater (deLafontaine and Despatie, 2006). 

Acetic acid is readily biodegradable under aerobic and anoxic conditions. E.g., 95% of the 

substance was degraded during 5 days in a Zahn-Wellens test (OECD 302B) with non-adapted 

activated sludge (IUCLID 2000). 

During storage in the dark subterranean tank, the DOC content slightly decreased over five days 

(see Figure 1). 

Treated ballast water of test run 7 was additionally stored for another eight days in a 700 L 

container to determine the DOC daily. A steady reduction of the DOC was observed which can 

be related to the degradation of the Acetic acid. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

ANNEX 

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I:\MEPC\57\2-5.doc 

Figure 1: Results on DOC content over 13 days (test run 7, high salinity) 

10,7

3,1

19,7

9,3

2,6

16,8

8,1

6,0

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

reference tank treated tank post storage of treated water

DOC (mg/L)

day 0

day 0

day 5

day 5

day 7

day 9 day 11

day 13

In conclusion, the components of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, Peracetic acid and Acetic acid, mainly 

contributes to the DOC in the treated ballast water, but they degrade over a period of two weeks 

significantly, even without any dilution or addition of fresh bacteria. 

The entry of additional DOC caused by ballast water treatment with PERACLEANÆ Ocean is 

considered to be acceptable, because Peracetic acid is degraded very rapidly (see 0) and Acetic 

acid is consumed and degraded by marine organisms. It can be assumed that under environmental 

conditions, the degradation will be even faster than presented. 

7.4.5 Influence on pH level 

The addition of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, including Peracetic acid and Acetic acid as acidic 

components, caused a significant drop of the pH level of 1.9 on average. 

Table 11: pH level and temperatures in treated and untreated (reference) ballast water 

Test run Reference tank Treated tank Temperature (°C) 

Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 

Low salinity 

2 8.42 8.4 6.56 6.76 13 14 

3 8.54 8.48 6.66 6.76 15 15 

4 8.18 8.14 6.3 6.38 16 16 

5 8.24 8.2 6.25 6.29 18 16 

6 8.19 8.15 6.31 6.39 16 17 

average 8.31 8.27 6.42 6.52 

High salinity 

Test run Reference tank Treated tank Temperature (°C) 

Day 

1 

Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 Day 1 Day 5 

7 8.17 8.11 6.34 6.39 18 18 

8 8.16 8.08 6.32 6.38 18 18 

9 8.03 8.01 6.14 6.23 20 20 

10 8.15 8.11 6.28 6.23 21 20 

11 8.14 8.08 6.31 6.32 21 19 

12 8.15 8.10 6.3 6.31 21 19 

average 8.13 8.08 6.28 6.31 
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During the five days storage inside the subterranean tanks, the difference of pH values between 

untreated and treated water was still 1.8 on average. Moreover, no difference in buffer capacity 

was observed among both salinities. However, dilution tests performed after the test runs 4 

and 10 showed that as soon as the treated water was mixed with fresh natural seawater, 

the pH level started to recover considerably. 

At a dilution rate of 1 part TBW and 5 parts harbour water, it took about 4 days to reach the 

level of pH = 8.0. It took about 7 days to reach the initial level of the untreated water 

of pH = 8.3 (NIOZ 2007b). It can be assumed that bacteria from the harbour water in 

combination with sunlight might accelerate the degradation of Acetic acid. With the dilution 

rate after discharging of ballast water, the pH will recover completely. In conclusion, there is 

no sustainable pH drop caused by the treatment with PERACLEANÆ Ocean.

7.4.6 Content of dissolved Oxygen 

The addition of PERACLEANÆ Ocean significantly increased the content of dissolved oxygen 

(see Table 12). 

Table 12: Content of dissolved Oxygen in treated and untreated ballast water 

Test run Day O2 content [mg/L] 

Ballast pump Reference 

tank 

Treated 

tank 

Low salinity (22 PSU) 

2 0 13.8 12.2 28.3 

5 8.5 18.9 

3 0 13.6 10.5 26.3 

5 5.3 17.7 

4 0 9.0 7.9 24.5 

5 5.8 18.7 

5 0 7.6 7.4 23.9 

5 4.5 20.5 

6 0 7.7 7.8 23.3 

5 5.9 15.5 

High salinity (33 PSU) 

7 0 8.2 8.5. 24.9 

5 6.2 7.8 

8 0 7.8 7.6 24.7 

5 6.7 6.8 

9 0 7.9 8.2 24.9 

5 6.4 6.8 

10 0 7.2 7.0 23.5 

5 7.4 7.4 

11 0 8.0 8.9 28.8 

5 6.8 8.1 

At lower salinity (test runs 2 - 6), the Oxygen content decreased only slightly in the treated 

ballast water and was still high after five days although the concentrations of Hydrogen 

peroxide and Peracetic acid were below the detection limit. 

Under high saline conditions (test runs 7 - 12), Oxygen decreased drastically over five days to 

a level comparable to the content found in the untreated water. This might be due to the 

observed re-growth of heterotrophic bacteria. 
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7.4.7 Degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean degraded very rapidly under conditions tested. In all test runs, Peracetic 

acid (PAA) was completely degraded within less than 20 h. In brackish water, the half-life was 

about 4.5 h, in high saline water 3.5 h, respectively (see attached degradation curves and 

examples in Figure 2) 

Figure 2: Degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean components in the land-based testing at 

NIOZ. Left figure: salinity 22 PSU, right figure: salinity 33 PSU 

Landbased Testing at NIOZ / Texel, testrun 5, start 

on 10th of May 2007 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144

time (h)

content (ppm)

PAA

H2O2

 detection limit

Landbased Testing at NIOZ / Texel, testrun 10, 

start on 14th of June 2007 

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144

time (h)

content (ppm)

PAA

H2O2

 detection limit

Beside the main component Peracetic acid, also Hydrogen peroxide was analysed. It was found to 

degrade slower, but in all test runs there was no H2O2 detectable on day 5 (detection limit 0.5 ppm). 

In the test runs 2 to 6, the Hydrogen peroxide degradation was slightly slower, probably caused 

by the lower temperature and the lower salinity. It took on average four days (96 hrs) until 

Hydrogen peroxide had disappeared. 

In the test runs 7 to 12, the detection limit of H2O2 was reached after about three days. 

The estimated half-lifes found were 24 h in brackish water and 19.5 h in high saline water, 

respectively (NIOZ 2007b). 

7.4.8 Halogenated by-products 

Untreated and treated ballast water from testrun 11 were additionally analysed for AOX, EOX, 

Chlorophenols and highly volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. Results are summarized 

in Table 13 . 
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Table 13: Concentration of AOX, EOX, Chlorophenols and Trihalomethanes in untreated 

(UBW) and treated (TBW) ballast water (Degussa, 2007k) 

UBW 

[μg/L] 

TBW 

[μg/L] 

AOX n.d. n.d. 

AOX solid phase extraction (SPEAOX) < 20 28 

EOX < 0.01 <0.01 

UBW 

[μg/L] 

TBW 

[μg/L] 

 

Chlorophenols 

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

Phenol <0.1 <0.1 

Pentachlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

4-Chlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

3-Chlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

3,5- Dichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

3,4-Dichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

3,4,5-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2-Chlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,6-Dichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,4- u. 2,5-Dichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,4,5-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3-Dichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3,6-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3,5-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3,4-Trichlorophenol <0.1 <0.1 

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorphenol <0.1 <0.1 

 

Highly volatile halogenated 

hydrocarbons 

 

Trichloromethane <0.3 <0.3 

Dibromochloromethane <0.1 0.2 

Bromodichloromethane <0.1 <0.1 

Tribromomethane <0.2 1.5 

Total of determinated LHKW -/- 1.7 

n.d.: Not determined (if amount of chloride is > 15 g/L, the SPE-AOX has to be determined). 

From the tested compounds, only slightly increased amounts of AOX (solid phase extraction), 

bromoform and dibromochloromethane could be detected in the ballast water treated with 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean.(Degussa 2007e) These results are contradictory to previous findings 

showing that trihalomethanes were not formed even under extreme conditions (see 0). 

Nevertheless, since these values are potencies below recent limit values in drinking water, they 

can be considered as negligible. 

7.4.9 Aquatic toxicity of ballast water 

The results of degradation (see 0) indicate, that already one day after the application of 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean, no Peracetic acid could be detected any more in the treated water. 

Furthermore, Hydrogen peroxide was degraded by approximately 50% within one day of 
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treatment. After 3-5 days retention time in the ballast tanks, even Hydrogen peroxide was not 

present any more. (NIOZ 2007b) 

7.4.9.1 Low Salinity 

The results on the toxicity of ballast water of low salinity (22 PSU) are summarized in Table 14. 

Table 14: Toxic effects of treated ballast water in the land-based testing (22 PSU) 

Trophic 

level 

Species Endpoint storage in the 

ballast water 

tank [days] 

Result [% 

TBW1] 

Reference 

Rotifier Brachionus 

plicatilis 

24 h EC50, 

static, 

mortality 

5 Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007d) 

Bacteria Vibrio fischeri. 5 min EC50, 

luminescence 

5 17.94% 

inhibition with 

50% TBW2

(Degussa 

2007c) 

Algae Skeletonema 

costatum 

72 h chronic 

study 

growth rate

(limit test) 

5 Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007m) 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

48 h EC50, static

development 

5 Restrictedly 

usable 

(Sneekes 

2007) 1

 TBW: treated ballast water. 

2

 Based on the given method of the Microtox basic test, the highest test concentration is 50% (1:1 dilution).

Under low saline conditions, only the two test kits (ROTOXÆ, Microtox basic test) and the most 

sensitive species (algae and oyster larvae) were investigated using day-5 ballast water batches. 

All tests performed at low salinity showed no adverse effects related to the treated ballast water. 

Only in the MICROTOX basic assay, some inhibitory effects (17.94%) were detected at the 

highest TBW solution (Degussa 2007c; Degussa 2007d; Degussa 2007m). The oyster larvae, 

which were also investigated, showed a very low development rate in the control and the test is 

considered as restrictedly usable. But with respect to the observed effects it can be assumed, that 

ballast water up to 31.6% had even positive effects to the development of larvae. In undiluted 

TBW, the development was again similar to the control (Sneekes 2007). 

An acute fish test was not performed once again due to the low sensitivity towards Hydrogen 

peroxide and treated ballast water found in prior tests (see 0 and Table 15). 
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7.4.9.2 High salinity 

The effects of treated ballast water with high salinity (>31 PSU) are described in Table 15. 

Table 15: Toxic effects of treated ballast water in the land-based testing 

(high salinity, 33 PSU) 

Trophic level Species storage in the 

ballast water 

tank [days] 

Endpoint Result 

[% TBW1] 

Reference 

Acute

Rotifier Brachionus 

plicatilis 

1 

5 

EC50 (24 h), static,

mortality 

58.8% 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007d) 

Bacteria Vibrio 

 fischeri 

1 

5 

EC50 (5 min), 

luminescence 

11.95% 

inhibition with 

50% TBW2

Hormesis 

(Degussa 

2007c) 

Fish Solea solea, 

juvenile 

5 LC50 (96 h), static,

mortality 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007b) 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

1 EC50 (48 h), 

 static 

development 

aerated: 

36.0% 

unaerated: 

35.7% 

(Degussa 

2007a) 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

5 EC50 (48 h), 

static 

development 41.5% 

(Degussa 

2007a) 

Algae Skeletonema 

costatum 

1 

2 

33

5 

EC50 (72 h) 

growth rate 

31.6% 

35.4% 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007m) 

Chronic

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

1 NOEC (48 h), 

development 

static 

aerated: 

31.6% 

unaerated: 

31.6% 

Degussa, 

2007f 

Oyster Crassostrea 

gigas 

5 NOEC (48 h), 

development 

 static 

31.6 (Degussa 

2007a) 

Algae Skeletonema 

costatum 

1 

2 

33

5 

NOEC (72 h) 

growth rate 

17.8% 

17.8% 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

Undiluted: no 

effects 

(Degussa 

2007m) 

Fish Solea solea 5 NOEC (6 days) 

Egg hatch success 

Mortality 

31.6% 

31.6% 

(Degussa 

2007l) 

1

 TBW: Treated ballast water. 

2 On the given method of the Microtox basic test, the highest test concentration is 50% (1:1 dilution). 3. Control growth was very low, therefore these results might be only restrictively usable. 
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7.4.9.2.1 Bacterial Screening assays 

The EC50 value found in the ROTOXÆ test kit of the day-1 TBW was 58.8% TBW, whereas the 

day-5 TBW did not show increased mortality, compared to the UBW control. (Degussa 2007d). 

Peracetic acid was degraded completely. Therefore, the toxicity of day-1 TBW correlates to the 

Hydrogen peroxide concentration found (see 0). 

In the MICROTOX basic assay, no EC50 values could be calculated. While for the day-1 TBW 

the highest TBW solutions showed slight inhibitory effects (11.95%), incubation of the day-5 

water resulted in increasing hormesis effect with increased amounts TBW compared to the NaCl 

control or UBW controls, respectively (Degussa 2007c).

7.4.9.2.2 Acute fish test 

In an acute toxicity study in juvenile fish (96 h, static conditions) with day-5 TBW, no mortality 

occurred up 100% TBW. (Degussa 2007b) 

7.4.9.2.3 Oyster larvae development test 

As a rapid decrease of Oxygen in tests with oysters was measured in former tests, some of the 

test vessels were additionally aerated during incubation. 

Day-1 TBW did not affect the development of oyster larvae in concentrations up to 31.6% TBW 

(NOEC), regardless whether aeration was performed or not. In higher TBW concentrations, the 

development of larvae was influenced resulting in EC50 values of 36.0% TBW for aerated 

samples and 35.7% for the unaerated samples, respectively. With a concentration 

of 5.9 mg H2O2/L found in the TBW sample at test start, the EC50 and NOEC of TBW 

correspond to 2.1 and 1.86 mg H2O2, respectively. These values are in the range of the effect and 

no effect concentrations of pure Hydrogen peroxide solutions determined in parallel as toxicant 

control (EC50 2.6 mg H2O2/L; NOEC: < 2.4 mg/L). 

The day-5 TBW showed inhibitory effects in similar concentration range (EC50 41.5%, 

NOEC: 31.6%). (Degussa 2007a) 

Since the Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide levels were below the detection limit in 

the 5-day TBW, the toxicity observed must have been caused by other factors than 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean. Oyster larvae are known to be very sensitive towards even slight changes 

of environmental conditions like pH or temperature or other water parameters 

(Douillet and Langdon 1993). It can not be excluded, that the observed bacteria re-growth 

(see also 0 and NIOZ 2007b) might also play a role in the development of D-Larvae. Therefore, 

results got from the performed tests with ballast water and oyster larvae might be questionable.

7.4.9.2.4 Algal growth inhibition test 

The algae Skeletonema costatum was used for toxicity testing of TBW day-1, -2, -3 

and -5. Day-1 and day-2 TBW did not contain Peracetic acid any more (see 0) and had a 

measurable amount of Hydrogen peroxide (5.9 and 6.0 mg H2O2/L). The TBW related EC50

values for both TBWs were quite similar (31.6 and 35.4% TBW, respectively) as well as 

the NOECs (17.8% TBW for both). These values correlate well with the Hydrogen peroxide 

concentration in the test samples. 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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Day-3 and -5 TBW (no Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide detectable), did not show any 

growth inhibition compared to the control (Degussa 2007m). 

Therefore, it can be assumed, that the main toxicity of TBW is due to Hydrogen peroxide. 

7.4.9.2.5 Long-term Fish test 

A performed fish early life stage test, according to OECD 210 adapted for Sole, did not meet 

valid criteria because the UBW control had a mortality of 100% after 18 days. This might have 

happened due to the aeration system installed during the test. Despite of that, during the egg and 

early larvae stage, the survival rate (up to test day 6) was high enough that some observations can 

be used for further hazard assessment. Furthermore, unaerated controls were also tested 

(UBW and undiluted TBW) and in this case, the survival rate of the UBW control was 77.5% 

after 18 days, the TBW-treated fish eggs died up to test day 6. 

The egg hatch success and early mortality of the aerated samples were only affected 

above 31.6% TBW (NOEC) (Degussa 2007l). 

Considering this result together with previous findings in a long-term test on sensitivity of fish in 

a laboratory-treated water test (refer to 6.1 for more details), it might be concluded that fish is not 

the most sensitive species. 

7.4.9.2.6 Conclusion 

Treated ballast water was tested in various species. The observed toxicity of the day-1 and 

day-2 TBW correlates well with the Hydrogen peroxide level in the water sample, observed for 

Rotifier, algae and oyster, leading to an overall NOEC of 17.8% TBW. 

In the algae, the toxicity decreased with increasing storage time of the ballast water indicating 

that no secondary toxicity is present. 

However, TBW on day-5 caused some toxic effects towards oyster and fish larvae 

suggesting that either bacteria re-growth (see also 0), a well known phenomenon 

(Douillet and Langdon 1993; Vaughn 2006), was responsible for the toxicity or other water 

parameters like pH or Oxygen level disturbing oyster larvae and fish eggs in their development. 

The most sensitive species found were the oyster and fish larvae yielding a NOEC 

of 31.6% TBW. 

No adverse effects were observed in the low saline environment under tested conditions, but this 

might be restricted due to the limited number of results. Because of the extreme algae bloom in 

May, no further tests could be performed under low saline conditions. 
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8 ANALYTICAL METHODS AT ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT 

CONCENTRATIONS (4.2.1.5, 5.3.15) 

8.1 Specific Analysis of Peracetic Acid (LC-MS/MS) 

8.1.1 Method 

The quantitative reaction of peracetic acid (PAA) with methyl ptolyl sulphide (MTS) yields the 

corresponding sulfoxide (MTSO). To prevent the reaction of the active ingredient hydrogen 

peroxide (H2O2) with MTS, triphenylphosphine (TPP) is added. Analytical evaluation of MTSO 

is carried out via LC-MS/MS on a reversed-phase column (C8) using acetic acid/methanol as 

mobile phase in gradient mode. Detection is carried out with an electrospray tandem mass 

spectrometer in positive mode using an external standard. 

8.2 Specific Analysis of Hydrogen Peroxide 

8.2.1 Method 

The quantitative reaction of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) with potassium bis (oxalato) oxotitanate 

(IV) yields a yellowish peroxidetitan-complex with a maximum of absorption at 385 nm. 

Analytical evaluation of the complex is done spectrophotometrically using external standard 

(Degussa 2007i). 

9 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 

9.1 Environmental exposure assessment (5.2.7) 

Release of PERACLEANÆ Ocean into the aquatic environment during ballast water treatment is 

considered unlikely due to the short degradation time. Peracetic acid degrades within 12 - 24 h. 

Therefore, it is unlikely that considerable amounts will attain to the aquatic environment if 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean is used in recommended manner. Even if the ship has to discharge all 

ballast water immediately after treatment, there will be no build up of this component. 

However, measurable Hydrogen peroxide might be released into the environment, when ballast 

water is discharged 24 to 96 h after treatment (see 0). 

If released into the environment, residual Hydrogen peroxide is further diluted to an extent that 

rapid degradation by the various routes will occur in natural processes. 

After confirmation by the Ballast Water Review Group at MEPC 56 that none of the software 

currently available meets the requirements for modelling an Emission Scenario, calculations were 

carried out based upon information provided by documents BLG 11/4/11 and BLG 11/4/15. 

Calculations disregarding any means of degradation at the time of release demonstrated that even 

if instantaneously discharged at berth the concentration of the Active Substance under 

consideration is 3 orders of magnitude lower than the acute NOEC of the most sensitive species. 

In order to consider possible long-term effects arising from continous release of ballast water 

discharge, a monitoring throughout one year with the full initial dose of PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

was simulated. The half-life time of 24 h, as derived from the land-based testing, was used to 

calculate the possible build up of Hydrogen peroxide. It could be demonstrated that even after 

continuous release of ballast water immediately after treatment with PERACLEANÆ Ocean from 
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all incoming ships after 365 days, the PEC value in the receiving waters remained one order of 

magnitude below the PNEC. Thus the calculated PEC/PNEC ratio reaches a steady state 

of 0,0090 after 7 days of continuous discharge. If degradation during sea passage, pump out etc. 

were taken into account, the value would be much lower. After discharge, the concentration 

would even in an extended worst case not exceed the level of naturally formed and depleted 

Hydrogen peroxide. 

Since ships do not enter the port with full ballast water tanks but usually start to deballast when 

approaching the coast line it might be worth mentioning that a study carried out by the US EPA 

measured dilution ranging between 200,000 and 650,000 : 1 at a speed between 9 to 19 knots and 

different pump rates. 

The penetration of the substance under consideration was measured down to 18 m depth 

whilst the draft to the lowest screw tip was 7.5 m. The study can be downloaded from 

www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/cruise_ships/plumerpt2002/plumereport.pdf. 

9.2 Human exposure assessment 

When using the recommended operating and maintenance instructions, workers and ship crew 

will not be directly exposed to PERACLEANÆ Ocean during the regular procedure of ballast 

water treatment, since the SEDNAÆ system runs in a separated room or compartment via an 

automated closed dosing system (Degussa, 2007n). 

During the refilling process of the PERACLEANÆ Ocean tank, a possible vinegar smell 

(= Acetic acid) is removed by a ventilation extraction unit. 

Refilling of the PERACLEANÆ Ocean storage tank on board is the same or a similar procedure 

to picking up other consumables such as bunkers or lubricants. PERACLEANÆ Ocean is 

delivered as a typical bulk chemical. The product is pumped for maximum 2 hours, e.g., from a 

large storage tank on the pier or from a tank truck, to a smaller storage tank on board the ship. 

Leakage-free couplings are used for hose connections. After filling of the PERACLEANÆ Ocean 

tank, residual product in the hose is removed by a pressured air device or other appropriate 

equipment. 

Incidental exposure can only occur for a short time during connecting and disconnecting the hose 

pipe, in case of spillage or for maintenance works. 

In these cases, the recommended personal protection equipment consists of coverall, gloves, 

goggles, boots and, if required, respiratory protection. 

Safety training is offered by the producer of PERACLEANÆ Ocean. 

The SEDNAÆ system including the PERACLEANÆ Ocean dosing system and the storage tank on 

board a newly built container vessel have been checked regarding safety aspects and accident 

prevention and received approval by Germanischer Lloyd (Germanischer Lloyd 2006) and by the 

Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH 2006). 

The estimated exposure is considered to be negligible, since the TLV of 0.6 mg/m3

 is reached to 

at maximum 7% during pouring of the liquid (TnG, 2002, Model 7).
MEPC 57/2/5 

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10 RISK CHARACTERIZATION (5.3) 

10.1 Screening for persistency, bioaccumulation and toxicity (5.1) 

The active components of PERACLEANÆ Ocean do not fulfil the PBT criteria as outlined in 

Methodology (MEPC 56/2/2, annex 4) and Procedure (G9) (MEPC 53/24/Add.1, annex 4): 

Criterion PBT criteria 

P Half-life > 60 d in marine water or > 40 d in freshwater*or 

half-life > 180 d in marine sediment or > 120 d in 

freshwater sediment 

B Experimentally determined BCF > 2,000 or, if no 

experimentally BCF has been determined, log Pow> 3 

T Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/l 

Persistence (P) 

Due to the ready biodegradability and the abiotic degradation of the active components of 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean, it can be concluded that it is not persistent in the environment. 

Environmental half-lifes are in the order of hours or a few days at the maximum. 

Bioaccumulation (B) 

Due to the high water solubility and the low octanol water partition coefficients of the active 

components of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, there is no concern for a possible bioaccumulation 

potential of the product. (log Kow below 0). 

Toxicity (T) 

One active component of PERACLEANÆ Ocean has a NOEC level below 0.01 mg/L. However, 

no indications for relevant effects concerning carcinogenicity, mutagenicity or reproductive 

toxicity as well endocrine disruption are found. 

10.2 Assessment of possible reaction with organic matter (5.3.3) 

PERACLEANÆ Ocean is a chlorine-free oxidizer. The little amounts of trihalomethanes found 

are contradictive to previous findings with Peracetic acid and might be due to special water 

qualities (addition of synthetic sea salt) and can be considered as negligible. 

10.3 Rate of abiotic and biotic degradation and degradation products (5.3.4, 5.3.5) 

The active ingredients of PERACLEANÆ Ocean, PAA and Hydrogen peroxide degrade rapidly 

in the environment. 

Abiotic degradation half-lifes in seawater are in the range of several minutes for Peracetic acid, 

and up to 48 h in freshwater at pH 4 to 7. For Hydrogen peroxide half-lifes of several hours up 

to 5 days were predicted under environmental conditions. 

Under clean laboratory conditions, using filtered water and in the dark, the degradation will be 

rather slow. The degradation will be more rapid at elevated temperature or in the presence of 
MEPC 57/2/5 

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transitions metals, metal oxides and hydroxides (rust) or suspended solids. Sunlight induces a 

photochemical decomposition. 

However it should also be considered that Hydrogen peroxide is also generated photochemically 

in water systems. In seawater, the limited amount of available natural concentrations ranged 

from 0.5 to 14 μg Hydrogen peroxide/L, in lakes values > 100 μg/L were reported. 

Both, PAA and Hydrogen peroxide are readily biodegradable with half-lifes with sewage 

treatment plant inoculum of 2 to 3 minutes, if the toxicity levels are not superseded. 

Degradation of PERACLEANÆ Ocean results only in the formation of Oxygen and water as well 

as Acetic acid that can be readily metabolised and consumed by bacteria. No persistent 

metabolites are formed. 

10.4 Partition coefficients (5.3.6) 

Due to the low log Kow and Koc values obtained for both, Peracetic acid and Hydrogen peroxide (see 0), 

adsorption to organic matter or soil as well as in tissues is unlikely. 

10.5 Bioaccumulation potential and secondary poisoning potential (5.3.7, 5.3.10) 

Due to the low Octanol-water partition coefficients of the active ingredients 

(log Kow of PAA = -0.26, of Hydrogen peroxide -1.5) PERACLEANÆ Ocean has no 

bioaccumulation potential and thus an assessment of secondary poisoning is redundant. 

10.6 Assessment of sediment species (5.3.11) 

As the Koc values of the active ingredients PAA and Hydrogen peroxide are very low (1.45 L/kg 

and 1.58 L/kg), an assessment of sediment poisoning is redundant. 

10.7 Comparison of the results of the effect assessment with the results of the discharge 

toxicity testing. (5.3.14) 

After 24 h treatment of ballast water with PERACLEANÆ Ocean, the lowest NOEC of the treated 

ballast water was 17.8% TBW, corresponding to an initial PERACLEANÆ Ocean concentration 

of 26.7 ppm. The toxicity completely disappeared after 3 - 5 days of storage in the ballast water 

tank. Peracetic acid was degraded completely and the residual toxicity after one day of treatment 

could be completely attributed to residuals of Hydrogen peroxide, which was present in the 

ballast water tank until day 3 to 4 of treatment. 

The toxicity of PERACLEANÆ Ocean observed with the oyster larvae decreased >50-fold when 

the ballast water was stored for one day. Again, the residual toxicity was mainly due to the 

Hydrogen peroxide left in the TBW. However, the toxicity did not decrease with a longer storage 

time indicating, that not PERACLEANÆ Ocean itself but other parameters (e.g. bacterial 

re-growth) caused adverse effects in the sensitive test system. 

Nevertheless, when TBW will be released into the environment residual Hydrogen peroxide is 

further diluted and also expected to be rapidly degraded by the various routes of degradation. 

The effects observed after extended storage time of TBW are considered to be negligible under 

realistic scenario. 
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10.8 Human health risk assessment 

Direct contact during this operation is minimized by the recommended handling procedures that 

include the appropriate personal protective equipment, gloves, goggles and, if needed, respiratory 

protection. On ship, neither additional risk for workers nor for ship personnel is considered to 

arise from ballast water treatment with PERACLEANÆ Ocean used by the SEDNAÆ system. 

Furthermore, there is no concern for mutagenicity or carcinogenicity. 

After all, the product can be handled safely in this method of ballast water treatment. 
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Reference List

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Veldhuis MJW, Fuhr F, Boon JP, Hallers-Tjabbes CC ten (2006): Treatment of ballast water; 

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* * * 
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APPENDICES 

- Certificate of the SEDNA Safety Management System 

- Certificate of the Compatibility of PERACLEANÆ Ocean with Tank Coatings 

- Content of the QAPP for the Full Scale Testing of SEDNA at NIOZ 

- Assessment of the Land-based Test Site at NIOZ 
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