Real-World Solutions in Fluid Management:WorldSolutionsinFluidManagement:Supply, Storage, Treatment, Recycling, andDisposal WorkshopDisposalWorkshopNorth East Shale Gas SymosiumpPittsburgh, PAMay 19, 2011ENGINEERING • CONSULTING • TECHNOLOGIESPROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENTContacts:Derek KrivakJohn Robertson, P.EngDirector Unconventional Gas Director, Water – Oil & GasHatch HatchSuite 700, 840 7thAvenue Suite 700, 840 7thAvenueCalgary AB T2P 3G2Calgary AB T2P 3G2Calgary,AB,T2P 3G2Calgary,AB,T2P 3G2Phone: 403-999-5997 Phone: 403-269-9555dkrivak@hatch.cajrobertson@hatch.cal kl lDae Krysinski, PE Aex Zatic, P.EngSenior Associate Senior EngineerPrincipal Project ManagerHatch, Infrastructure-WaterHatch Mott MacDonald2800 Speakman Dr.1600 West Carson Street Mississauga, ON, L5K 2R7Pittsburgh, PA 15219 Phone: 905-403-4267Phone: 412-497-2918azlatic@hatch.caDale.Krysinski@hatchmott.com@AgendaSTART END9:00 9:15 Introductions and Workshop Overview9:15 9:30 Breakout into Group Session: "Generate Hot Topics"9:30 9:45 Present Hot topics9:45 10:00 Break10:00 10:30 Hot Topic #1: Presentation and Discussion10:30 11:00 Hot Topic #2: Presentation and Discussion11:00 11:30 Hot Topic #3: Presentation and Discussion11 3012 00O Di i d::OpenDiscussionandwrap-up12:00 End of WorkshopTypical Marcellus DevelopmentWaterSourceFresh WaterWell PadImpoundment6-10 million gallons3-5 acres3-10 wellsGas GatheringPipelineCourtesy of HMMMarcellus Drilling Activity•Activity related to development of the Marcellus hasincreased exponentially during the past five years.•The “hot spots” for the Marcellus development are situatedin the southwestern and northeastern regions ofPennsylvania.Water Use in Marcellus•Frac’ing fluids can contain gels, gelling agents, polymers,foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, biocides, acids,potassium chloride,breaker fluids,andproprietary, , pp ycomponents.•This slurry is pumped down into the borehole of the wellwith high pressure pumps at about 100 barrels (42ll /b l) i d h f igallons/barrel)aminute,andthefracturingpressurecanbe as high as 15,000 psi to crack the shale.Marcellus Water DemandWater Use in Marcellus•The wellheads are constructed on concrete padsconsisting of 1 to 6 wells per pad•2 – 5 Million Gallons per Well for Frac’ing•Need for up to 1 MGD•Current practicesP h i W t f M i i l A th iti–PurchasingWaterfromMunicipal Authorities–Surface Water – Temporary Withdrawls–Trucking to ImpoundmentsWater Use in Marcellus•Flowback water is approx 10 to 20 percent•For the most part, this water is stored in impoundmentsand/or taken off-site for treatmentand then transportedtoother well sites for re-use•The amount of TDS various depending on the fracingcycle.•Frac’ing water cannot be directly disposed in receivingstreams of the state.•This flowback water requires treatment before it can bereused again as fracturing water.Shale Gas Water ManagementC t f MISWACOCourtesy ofMISWACOWater Management Issues•Water supply for fracking–Source availability–Economic transport to sitesMi i i bli i–Minimizepublicissues–Storage•Flowback & Produced water–Treatment for reuse–Storage–Ultimate disposal•Water / wastewater management–Tracking and control–ReportingWater Supply Management•Becoming the most critical issue–2 – 5 Million Gallons per Well for Fracking–Need for up to 1 MGDCourtesy of MISWACO•Current practices–Purchasing Water from Municipal Authorities–Surface Water – Temporary Withdrawls–Trucking to ImpoundmentsWater Supply ManagmentProblems:–Road Damage (16-20 ton trucks)–Noise and Poor Public Relations–50 – 250 trucks/dayCourtesy of MISWACO–Water Availability and Compatibility (chemistry)–Delivery LogisticsStorage of Fracwater–-–Storage of Flowback–Water DisposalCourtesy of MISWACO–Flowback & Produced Water Treatment–prefrac, re-use, pre-disposal–Costs–FinesWater Supply Managment•Emerging Trends–Surface Water Intakes–Groundwater Supplies–Alternate Water Sources (AMD, POTW Effluent)–Water Pump Stations–Waterlines Alongside Gas GatheringLinesgOperator Needs:–Deliver Water to a Fast Growing Basin forFracturing–Develop disposal, treatment, and/or reuseoptions–Improve Economics–Modular/Mobile Treatment Facilities Consideredfor Economies of ScaleSupply Water Sources•Public and Municipal Sources (primary)•Extraction from rivers and streams(secondary)•Surface water–While the Marcellus is laden with small riversand streams, their capacity is limited, andenvironmental restrictions are considerable .Water management Solutions•Optimize water handling:M d l / bil f ili i–Modular/mobilefacilities–Standard treatment with scale and bacterial management–Appropriate treatment (TSS removal, TDS removal)–Optimize conveyance –pipe vs truck–Waste minimization–Minimize capital outlay–Capitalize on economies of scale –contracting•Resulting in:–Reduce operating costs–Conserve fresh water sources (recycle all returned water)–Less disposal–Less traffic/noise concerns and reduced carbon footprint–Streamlined regulatory approvalWater Issues – OperatorPerspective•Water Source–Adequate Volume–Delivery logistics–Storage -Frac water and Flowback water•Water Disposal•Water Treatment -prefrac, re-use, pre-disposal•Supply –minimum impact, environmentally sound,conservation•Disposal –safe, cost effective, minimize•Conveyance –minimize impact (roads, safety, noise)•Control –monitoring and reporting systems•Economics –reduce system water costs throughoptimizationWater issues – Fracperspective•Continuity of Supply•Compatibility•Salinity and chemical interference•Flowback chemistry and reuseWater Supply•Truck It•Surface water•Groundwater–SalineNli–on-sane•Combination•Re-use of flowbackand produced waterfrom existing wells•Aquifer Storage and Recovery•Out on the Cutting Edge––Sewage––Acid Mine Drainage––Conjunctive UseSurface Water•Requires permitting•Requires basin hydrology evaluation todetermine basinyield.•May need some treatment –more later•May need pipeline –above ground•Still need storageGroundwater•Well and Formation Yield•Well design and Lifting Requirements•Groundwater Chemistry and H2S•Temperature•Cumulative Effects•Groundwater / Surface Water Interaction•Interference with other usersFlow Back Water•The majority of the frac fluid is recovered in amatter of hours to a couple of weeks•In the Marcellus, the volume of flowback water mayaccount for less than 10% to more than 20% of theoriginal frac fluid•Produced water can continue for several monthsafter gas production beginsFlow Back Chemistry•Dependent on chemistry of FracWater•Dependant on chemistry of formation andformation water•Dependent on formation contact time•Initial flowback chemistry should resemblechemistry of fracwater-fresh fracwater –fresh flowback with some modification due to contact withformation•Chemistry of flow back water should be close toformation water chemistry•With time, amount of fracwater in flow back willdecrease and amount of formation water willincrease.Water ConstituentsGeneral–Frac Water Quality•TDS (ppm) < 50,000 to 60,000•TSS (ppm) < 10•Chloride (ppm) <30,000•Iron (ppm) <25•Calcium (ppm) < 3000•Carbonate (ppm)<600•Bicarbonate (ppm) <600•Hydroxide (ppm)<600•Calcium(ppm<100)•Barium (ppm) <1200Common Oil Field Scales•Carbonate Scales–Calcium carbonate -(CaCO3)–Dolomite –calcium-magnesium carbonate (CaMgCO3)–Iron Carbonate –FeCO3•IronScales–Iron Sulfides–Iron CarbonateI id–ronoxides