In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-08-00058-CR

______________________________

ALBERT RANDOLPH, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

 

On Appeal from the 114th Judicial District Court

Smith County, Texas

Trial Court No. 114-2075-07

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
Originally appealed to the Twelfth Court of Appeals, this case was transferred to this Court 1

by the Texas Supreme Court pursuant to its docket equalization efforts. See TEX.GOV'T CODE ANN.

§ 73.001 (Vernon 2005). We are unaware of any conflict between precedent of the Twelfth Court

of Appeals and that of this Court on any relevant issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3.

Section 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v) of the Texas Penal Code provides for enhancement of a sentence 2

to life imprisonment when there has been a prior conviction "under the laws of another state

containing elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense" of certain penal

violations, including Section 22.021 of the Texas Penal Code, the crime with which Randolph was

charged. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(B)(v) (Vernon Supp. 2008), § 22.021. 

2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Charged with sexual assault of a child, Albert Randolph elected to be tried before the trial

court and not by a jury. He was convicted and his sentence was enhanced by a prior conviction to

life imprisonment.

In this appeal, Randolph does not contest the conviction; rather, he contends that the 1

previous offense was improperly used to enhance his punishment. As the basis for that contention,

he maintains that the prior conviction in another State was not substantially similar to a Texas

offense. 

The basis for the enhancement was a 1993 conviction in Minnesota for what that state

described as the felony offense of criminal sexual conduct, for which he had been sentenced to a tenyear probation. He argues that the evidence was legally and factually insufficient to establish that

the (Minnesota) prior offense was substantially similar to any Texas offense, and thus, the trial court

erred by using it to enhance punishment in this prosecution.2
3

Randolph correctly points out that in his circumstance, the Texas statute requires that there

be some proof that the elements of the enhancement conviction are substantially similar to some

offense listed in Section 12.42(c)(2)(B) of the Texas Penal Code. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN.

§ 12.42(c)(2)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2008). In this case, the record shows that Randolph was convicted

under Chapter 609 of the Minnesota statutes; the trial court found that the Minnesota offense of

criminal sexual conduct was substantially similar to an offense listed in Section 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i).

See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

Statutory interpretation is a question of law to be determined by the trial court. See Kuhn v.

State, 45 S.W.3d 207, 209 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. ref'd). Therefore, the trial court was

required to, and did, take judicial notice of the Minnesota statute and make a finding that the

Minnesota offense is substantially similar to one of the offenses discussed above. SeeCross v. State,

114 S.W.3d 92, 100 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2003), aff'd in part & rev'd in part on other grounds, 144

S.W.3d 521 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).

The State posits that Section 609.342 of the Minnesota statute, entitled "Criminal Sexual

Conduct in the First Degree" is substantially similar to Section 22.021 of the Texas Penal Code

(aggravated sexual assault). See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2008). The

Minnesota judgment states that he was found guilty of count 1, first-degree criminal sexual conduct.

The case disposition sheet indicates that the specific charge for the first count was under Section

609.342, subdivision 1(a). That section, in 1993, read as follows:
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Subdivision 1. Crime defined. A person who engages in sexual penetration with

another person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if any of the

following circumstances exists:

(a) the complainant is under 13 years of age and the actor is more than 36

months older than the complainant . . . .

MINN. STAT. ANN. § 609.342(a) (1993) (amended 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2007). 

In comparison, Section 22.021 provides (among other things) that a person commits the

offense of aggravated sexual assault if the person causes the penetration of the sex organ or mouth

of a child under the age of fourteen by any means.

We have previously determined that the trial court's determination on this issue is to be

reviewed de novo by us, as we would any ruling on a question of law. Hardy v. State, 187 S.W.3d

232, 236 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, pet. ref'd). Our review of the statutes set out above shows

that the stated elements of the offenses are indeed substantially similar. Thus, we affirm the trial

court's determination that the elements of the prior offense are substantially similar to one of the

offenses listed in Section 12.42(c)(2)(A)(i).

Randolph also argues that insufficient evidence was presented by the State to allow the court

to even know the contents of the Minnesota statute. The record does not show that the State

provided a copy of the applicable statute to the court. However, at the sentencing proceeding, the

trial court stated that it had allowed the parties the opportunity to review the pertinent statutes and

that "[t]he Court has and does take judicial notice of the Minnesota statutes under the Minnesota
Counsel did not complain about any failure to review a copy of the actual statute. If such 3

was the case, such an objection could have been raised under the language of Rule 202 of the Texas

Rules of Evidence, which provides that a party requesting that judicial notice be taken of a statute

of another state shall furnish the court "sufficient information to enable it properly to comply with

the request." TEX. R. EVID. 202.

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Codes" (specifying certain sections), and then stating that it was taking judicial notice of the entire

Chapter 609.3

In addition to the review of the statutory material by the trial court, the State presented

testimony from Bridget Cleary, the custodian of records for the Hennepin County, Minnesota,

Sheriff's Department. Although it was not shown that a person holding the office of custodian of

records made Cleary an expert concerning the laws of Minnesota, she was permitted to testify

without objection as to the meaning of the documents her testimony authenticated. She authenticated

the documents introduced as proof of the conviction, testified briefly about the nature of a firstdegree sexual assault charge as set out in Chapter 609 of Minnesota law and stated that this type of

prosecution under the laws of Minnesota involved the sexual penetration of another person. Cleary

went further to explain the general nature of the type of prosecution involved in the Minnesota

offense—sexual assault involving penetration. 

Randolph also argues that the documents do not show a conviction for such an offense. He

takes the position that the records introduced show that he was placed on probation. Randolph

apparently relies on the long-standing rule that "a probated sentence is not a final conviction for

enhancement purposes unless it is revoked." Ex parte Langley, 833 S.W.2d 141, 143 (Tex. Crim.
6

App. 1992) (citing Ex parte Murchison, 560 S.W.2d 654, 656 (Tex. Crim. App. 1978)). That

statement is at least partially correct. However, Cleary, in explaining the vagaries of Minnesota law,

testified that the documents revealed that Randolph had been convicted of the offense, placed on

probation, had violated the terms of his release, and been thereafter returned to jail to answer for "an

arrest and detention warrant." She further testified that the documents introduced were postconviction documents. 

Cleary's opinion testimony regarding the finality of the conviction after Randolph had been

placed on probation is rather weak proof of the finality of the conviction. Nevertheless, the trial

court was not forced to rely on that evidence in using the prior conviction for enhancement purposes.

Section 12.42(g)(1) of the Texas Penal Code specifically states that for the purposes of subsection

(c)(2) of that same statute, 

a defendant has been previously convicted of an offense listed under Subsection

(c)(2)(B) if the defendant was adjudged guilty of the offense or entered a plea of

guilty or nolo contendere in return for a grant of deferred adjudication, regardless of

whether the sentence for the offense was ever imposed or whether the sentence was

probated and the defendant was subsequently discharged from community

supervision . . . .

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.42(g)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

As a result of that part of the statute, "a prior foreign conviction for an offense containing

elements that are substantially similar to the elements of an offense listed under subsection

12.42(c)(2)(B) may be used to enhance punishment in Texas under subsection 12.42(c)(2), even if
7

the sentence for that conviction was probated and the probation was not revoked." Ex parte White,

211 S.W.3d 316, 319 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

Error has not been shown. We affirm the judgment. 

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: December 1, 2008

Date Decided: December 2, 2008

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