IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

PATRICK CUZDEY, an unmarried ) 

person, ) No. 75632-0-1 

(7) ) 1'0 C=1 (I) 

Appellant, 

v. 

) 

) 

) 

DIVISION ONE 

PATRICIA LANDES, a widow; THE 

) 

) cnrn 

ESTATE OF BENNY J. LANDES, ) 

deceased; KARLA WALLEN, a married ) •"-4 

person, and any marital community ) c.n 

interest; and all other persons claiming ) 

any right, title, or interest, etc., ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION 

) 

Respondents. ) FILED: April 3, 2017 

) 

MANN, J. — Patrick Cuzdey sued his former mother-in-law, Patricia Landes, 

seeking to quiet title to real property and a mobile home. Cuzdey's claim to title was 

based on an alleged 1984 oral conveyance by his in-laws, Benny and Patricia Landes. 

Cuzdey appeals the trial court's decision dismissing his quiet title action on summary 

judgment. Cuzdey also claims that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding 

attorney fees and costs pursuant to RCW 4.84.185. We affirm the dismissal of 

Cuzdey's claim to the real property because it is barred by the statute of frauds. But 
No. 75632-0-1/2 

because there is a genuine issue of fact, we reverse the trial court's dismissal of 

Cuzdey's quiet title claim to the mobile home. Because Cuzdey's action was not 

frivolous in its entirety, we vacate the trial court's award of attorney fees and costs 

under RCW 4.84.185. 

FACTS 

In 1983, Benny and Patricia Landes purchased a five-acre parcel of undeveloped 

property southwest of Olympia, Washington (property). The Landeses then permitted 

and paid for the installation of a well, septic system, and electrical services to serve an 

older mobile home on the property. The Landeses' daughter, Karla, and her then 

husband, Patrick Cuzdey, moved into the mobile home in 1994. Cuzdey claims that 

pursuant to an oral agreement, the Landeses purchased the property for him and he 

agreed that he would repay the $10,000 debt through "physical labor, mechanical work, 

and construction work on their equipment." 

In 1985, the Landeses obtained a loan and purchased a newer Nova 

Commodore mobile home (Nova) for the Cuzdeys to live in. The Nova was registered 

as a vehicle and taxed as personal property. Cuzdey claims the Landeses "agreed to 

sell it to [the Cuzdeys] for the same price [the Landeses] paid, which was $14,660.80 on 

the same installment terms." The Cuzdeys repaid the Landeses for the cost of the Nova 

by making monthly payments on the loan directly to the bank. The last payment on the 

loan was made in 2005 and the loan closed. The Cuzdeys also paid the personal 

property taxes for the Nova. 

From 1984 to 1997, the Cuzdeys lived on the property alone. In 1996, however, 

the Landeses purchased, installed, and moved into a new Goldenwest double wide 

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No. 75632-0-1/3 

manufactured home on the property. The Landeses purchased the Goldenwest home 

by mortgaging the property. In 1997, the Landeses eliminated the Department of 

Licensing title to the Goldenwest home, thereby converting it from personal property to 

real property. The value of the home was added to their real property tax parcel. Since 

their purchase of the property in 1983, the Landeses paid the real property taxes for the 

full property. From 1997 to the present, the property tax has included the value of the 

Goldenwest home. 

Benny Landes died in 2001. Patricia Landes inherited her husband's interest in 

the property pursuant to a recorded community property agreement. Landes continued 

to live in the Goldenwest home and continued to pay property taxes for the entire 

property. Landes refinanced the property in 2001 and granted a deed of trust to 

Washington Mutual. 

In May 2014, Karla and Patrick Cuzdey dissolved their marriage. The petition for 

dissolution and decree of dissolution identified and awarded only personal property. 

Neither the petition nor decree identified any real property. Karla (now Karla Wallen) 

moved off of the property. Patrick Cuzdey continued to reside in the Nova. In June 

2014, Landes served Cuzdey with a notice to terminate tenancy on the real property. 

In July 2014, Cuzdey filed an action to quiet title to the property pursuant to the 

claimed 1984 oral contract. Cuzdey claimed that the purchase price had been paid off 

with cash payment and work performed on the property and other real and personal 

property of the Landeses. Cuzdey's original complaint did not seek to quiet title to the 

Nova. In her answer, Landes admitted that Cuzdey and Wallen purchased and paid off 

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No. 75632-0-1/4 

the Nova, but denied the existence of an oral contract for the real property. Cuzdey's 

second amended complaint added a claim to quiet title to the Nova. 

The trial court dismissed Cuzdey's claims in their entirety on summary judgment. 

The court subsequently found Cuzdey's action "frivolous and advanced without 

reasonable cause it its entirety." The court awarded Landes $36,000 as reasonable 

attorney fees under RCW 4.84.185. 

Cuzdey appeals the summary judgment order and the fee award. 

ANALYSIS 

Cuzdey argues first that the trial court erred in dismissing his quiet title action on 

summary judgment.1 We disagree. 

We review an order of summary judgment dismissal de novo and engage in the 

same inquiry as the trial court. Kut Suen Lui v. Essex Ins. Co., 185 Wn.2d 703, 709-10, 

375 P.3d 596 (2016). Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, 

declarations, depositions, and admissions on file demonstrate that there are no genuine 

issues of material fact that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

CR 56(c); Bostain v. Food Exp., Inc., 159 Wn.2d 700, 708,153 P.3d 846 (2007). Facts 

and reasonable inferences therefrom are viewed most favorably to the nonmoving party. 

1 Cuzdey's opening brief argued that (1) the statute of frauds did not bar his quiet title action 

because he presented evidence of part performance, (2) Landes waived the protections of the dead 

man's statute (which allowed Cuzdey to introduce declarations supporting his theory of an alleged oral 

contract), and (3) his quiet title action was not barred by a statute of limitations. 

Cuzdey's reply brief raised arguments based on adverse possession, quantum meruit, 

constructive trust, and conversion, arguments that were not included in his opening brief. An appellate 

court will not consider a claim of error that a party fails to support with legal argument in his opening brief. 

Jackson v. Quality Loan Serv. Corp., 186 Wn. App. 838, 845, 347 P.3d 487 (2015). Cuzdey waived these 

arguments. 

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No. 75632-0-1/5 

Bostain, 159 Wn.2d at 708. Where reasonable minds could reach but one conclusion 

from the admissible fact in evidence, summary judgment should be granted. Allen v. 

State, 118 Wn.2d 753, 760, 826 P.2d 200 (1992). 

A 

An oral agreement for the sale or transfer of real property violates the statute of 

frauds. The statue of frauds for real property states: "[e]very conveyance of real estate 

or any interest therein . . . shall be by deed." RCW 64.04.010. And "[e]very deed shall 

be in writing, signed by the party bound thereby, and acknowledged." RCW 64.04.020. 

Because Cuzdey's claim to the property is based on an alleged oral and unwritten 

agreement with the Landeses, it violates the statute of frauds. 

Under the partial performance doctrine, however, an agreement to convey an 

estate in real property that violates the statute of frauds may be specifically enforced if 

there is sufficient part performance of the agreement. Berg v. Ting, 125 Wn.2d 544, 

556, 886 P.2d 564 (1995). Partial performance removes a contract from the statute of 

frauds if a party can prove: "(1) delivery and assumption of actual and exclusive 

possession; (2) payment or tender of consideration; and (3) the making of permanent, 

substantial and valuable improvements, referable to the contract." Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 

556 (citing Kruse v. Hemp, 121 Wn.2d 715, 724-25, 853 P.2d 1373 (1993)). The 

actions constituting part performance must "point unmistakably and exclusively to the 

existence of the claimed agreement." Miller v. McCamish, 78 Wn.2d 821, 826, 479 P.2d 

919 (1971). 

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No. 75632-0-1/6 

As a threshold matter, because Cuzdey seeks specific performance of a contract, 

he had the burden to prove "'by evidence that is clear and unequivocal and which 

leaves no doubt as to the terms, character, and existence of the contract." Berg, 125 

Wn.2d at 556 (quoting Miller, 78 Wn.2d at 829.) If the acts point to some other 

relationship or can be accounted for by some other hypothesis, then they are not 

sufficient to prove the existence of the underlying contract. Miller, 78 Wn.2d at 829. 

Our Supreme Court has outlined 13 material terms to a real estate contract. 

These terms are: 

(a) time and manner for transferring title, (b) procedure for declaring 

forfeiture, (c) allocation of risk with respect to damage or destruction, 

(d) insurance provisions, (e) responsibility for: (i) taxes, (ii) repairs, and 

(iii) water and utilities, (f) restrictions, if any, on: (i) capital improvements, 

(ii) liens, (iii) removal or replacement of personal property, and (iv) types of 

use, (g) time and place for monthly payments, and (h) indemnification 

provisions. 

Sea-Van Investments Associates v. Hamilton, 125 Wn.2d 120, 128, 881 P.2d 1035 

(1994); Kruse, 121 Wn.2d at 722; Hubbell v. Ward, 40 Wn.2d 779, 785, 246, P.2d 468 

(1952). 

The parties in Sea-Van, for example, exchanged correspondence concerning the 

sale of a parcel of property. While the correspondence agreed on the particular parcel 

and price, the writing did not agree on interest payments. The opening offer was for a 

2-year note at 10 percent interest per year. The response offered a 2-year note at 

10 percent per quarter. After one of the parties sued for specific performance, the trial 

court determined that there was no contract because there was no meeting of the minds 

on the terms of the promissory note, the terms of the deed of trust, the type of deed, the 

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No. 75632-0-1/7 

time of closing, or the payment of taxes. Sea-Van, 125 Wn.2d at 123-125. The Court of 

Appeals reversed concluding that the difference in interest rates was de minim us and 

that other silences in the contract were nonessential terms. Sea-Van, 125 Wn.2d at 

125. The Supreme Court agreed with the trial court that the exchange of 

correspondence did not demonstrate a meeting of the minds. The court also reiterated 

that its prior holdings in Kruse and Hubbell outlining the 13 material terms of a real 

estate contract remained valid law. 

Here, unlike Sea-Van, there is no written evidence documenting any terms of a 

real estate contract. Instead, viewed in the light most favorable to Cuzdey, the 

Landeses and Cuzdey had an oral agreement on only three material terms: the price 

($10,000), the parties, and the subject property. The material terms and conditions 

supporting the claimed contract are far from clear and unequivocal. For example, the 

first material term of a real estate contract is the time and manner for transferring title. 

Cuzdey testified that he "did not expect to receive title to the property right away." And 

further, that he understood that the Landeses "would transfer title at some point, and I 

was confident that I would get it eventually." This admission fails to satisfy the 

requirement that the contract identify the time and manner for transferring title. SeaVan, 125 Wn.2d at 128. Nor did Cuzdey prove the timing or amount of payments, how 

his physical labor accrued toward the purchase price, the type of deed to be delivered, 

the closing date, or a procedure for declaring forfeiture. 

Because Cuzdey failed to prove by clear and unequivocal evidence the material 

terms of the alleged real estate contract, his claim to quiet title under the alleged 

contract fails. Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 556. 

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No. 75632-0-1/8 

But even if Cuzdey could prove the essential terms of a real estate contract, he 

still failed to demonstrate partial performance. There is a diversity of opinion of the 

relative importance of the three factors necessary to show partial performance. Berg, 

125 Wn.2d at 557. The strongest case presents when all three factors are 

demonstrated. Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 557. Here, viewed in the light most favorable to 

Cuzdey, at best he can demonstrate that he did sufficient labor for the Landeses to 

justify consideration. But our Supreme Court has confirmed that "payment of the 

purchase price, in whole or in part, is not of itself a sufficient part performance to 

remove an oral agreement for the sale of land from the operation of the statute of 

frauds." Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 557 (citing Richardson v. Taylor Land & Livestock Co., 25 

Wn.2d 518, 530, 171 P.2d 703 (1946). Cuzdey's labor alone is insufficient to 

demonstrate partial performance. 

Cuzdey failed to demonstrate either of the other two elements necessary to 

prove part performance. First, Cuzdey failed to show "exclusive possession of the 

land." Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 566. Between 1984 and 1997, Cuzdey did not have 

exclusive possession: he lived on the property with his wife Karla—the Landeses' 

daughter. Then, in 1997, it is undisputed that the Landeses installed their Goldenwest 

home on the property. The Landeses then resided on the property until Benny's death 

in 2001. Patricia Landes continued to reside on the property until the present. Cuzdey 

never had exclusive possession of the real property. 

Nor did Cuzdey demonstrate that he made "permanent, substantial and valuable 

improvements, referable to the contract." Berg, 125 Wn.2d at 556 (emphasis added). 

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No. 75632-0-1/9 

Viewed in the light most favorable to Cuzdey, it appears that he performed clearing 

work, and at least helped build the outbuildings on the property. But the buildings were 

permitted and paid for by the Landeses. Other than his labor, Cuzdey offered no 

evidence that the Landeses were repaid for any of the outbuildings. More importantly, 

there is no evidence that the improvements were "referable to the contract." According 

to Cuzdey: "I purchased the property with the Landes' help, who loaned me the money 

for the initial purchase, and the agreement that I would repay the loan through physical 

labor, mechanical work, and construction work on their equipment." Cuzdey does not 

claim that the addition of outbuildings was a condition of, or referred to, in the contract. 

Viewed in the light most favorable to Cuzdey, the evidence does not support 

Cuzdey's claim to the real property. The doctrine of partial performance neither 

removes Cuzdey's alleged oral contract for real property from the statute of frauds nor 

creates a contract for conveying real property. The trial court did not err when it granted 

summary judgment for Landes dismissing Cuzdey's action seeking to quiet title to the 

real property. 

Because we affirm the trial court's dismissal on this ground, it is unnecessary to 

address Landes's other defenses including the Deadman's statute, statute of limitations, 

and laches. 

11 

Cuzdey argues second that the trial court erred in dismissing his claim to quiet 

title to the Nova. We agree. 

In her answer to Cuzdey's amended complaint, Landes admitted that Cuzdey 

and Wallen paid off the loan for the Nova: 

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No. 75632-0-1/10 

[D]efendant admits that the purchase of the 1982 Commodore [Nova] 

mobile home by their daughter and the plaintiff has been paid off. This 

defendant admits that there were cash payments and work performed by 

the plaintiff toward the purchase of the [Nova] mobile home, but denies 

that there were any cash payments toward purchase of the real property. 

In response, Cuzdey sought leave to file a second amended complaint. Cuzdey's 

second amended complaint sought to quiet title to both the real property and the Nova. 

Summary judgment is appropriate only where the pleading and other evidence 

on file demonstrate that there are no genuine issues of material fact. Based on the 

pleadings on file, because there is at least a material question of fact over title to the 

Nova, the trial court erred in dismissing Cuzdey's second amended complaint in its 

entirety. Title to the Nova remains unresolved. 

Ill 

Cuzdey next assigns error to the trial court's award of attorney fees to Landes 

under RCW 4.84.185, arguing that his action was not frivolous in its entirety because 

there was merit to his claim to title to the Nova. We agree. 

We review a trial court's decision under RCW 4.84.185 for an abuse of 

discretion. Alexander v. Sanford, 181 Wn. App. 135, 184, 325 P.3d 341 (2014). RCW 

4.84.185 permits a trial court to award attorney fees to the prevailing party if the 

nonprevailing party's action was frivolous. RCW 4.84.185 reads, in pertinent part, "In 

any civil action, the court. . . may, upon written findings by the judge that the action. . . 

was frivolous and advanced without reasonable cause, require the nonprevailing party 

to pay the prevailing party the reasonable expenses, including fees of attorneys, 

incurred in opposing such action." "A frivolous action is one that cannot be supported 

by any rational argument on the law or facts." Alexander, 181 Wn. App. at 184. The 

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No. 75632-0-1/11 

lawsuit must be frivolous in its entirety and "advanced without reasonable cause." 

Alexander, 181 Wn. App. at 184 (citing N. Coast Elec. Co. v Selig, 136 Wn. App. 636, 

650,151 P.3d 211 (2007)). 

Here, Cuzdey's quiet title action included a claim to both the Nova and the real 

property. The quiet title claim to the Nova was advanced with reasonable cause: 

Landes admitted in her amended answer that Cuzdey and Wallen paid off the loan for 

the Nova. Because Cuzdey's quiet title action was not frivolous in its entirety, the court 

erred when it awarded attorney fees to Landes under RCW 4.84.185. 

IV 

Landes requests fees on appeal under RAP 18.1, RAP 18.9, and RCW 4.84.185. 

RAP 18.1(b) requires a party seeking fees on appeal to devote a section of its.brief to its 

request for appellate fees. RAP 18.1(b) requires more than a bald assertion. Because 

Landes failed to present argument in support of her fee request, we deny the request. 

Gardner v. First Heritage Bank, 175 Wn. App. 650, 677, 303 P.3d 1065 (2013); Thweatt 

v. Hommel, 67 Wn. App. 135, 148, 834 P.2d 1058 (1992). Further, because we reverse 

the trial court's fee award under RCW 4.84.185, we also deny fees under 

RCW 4.84.185 on appeal. 

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WE CONCUR: 

No. 75632-0-1/12 

CONCLUSION 

We affirm the trial court's grant of summary judgment as to Cuzdey's claim to the 

real property. We reverse the court's decision dismissing Cuzdey's claim to the Nova 

and remand for a determination of Cuzdey's action to quiet title to the Nova. We vacate 

the trial court's order assessing attorney fees against Cuzdey. 

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