X-Ray Powder Data 

For Uranium And 

Thorium Minerals

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1036-G

This report concerns work done on behalf 

of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission 

and is published with the permission of 

the Commission

X-Ray Powder Data 

For Uranium And 

Thorium Minerals

By CLIFFORD FRONDEL, DAPHNE RISKA, and JUDITH WEISS FRONDEL

A CONTRIBUTION TO GEOCHEMISTRY

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1036-G

This report concerns work done on behalf 

of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission 

and is published with the permission of 

the Commission

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1956
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

Fred A. Seaton, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sate by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office 

Washington 25, D. G. - Price 25 cents (paper coyer)
CONTENTS

	Pas* 

Abstract_______________________________________________________ 91

Introduction, ______ __________________________________________ 91

Determinative table.__________________________________________ 93

Minerals. ____________________________________ 96

Abernathyite___________________________________________ 96

Absite______________________________________ 97

Andersonite_________________________________________________ 97

Autunite.___-_-____-_-_-___-___-_-__-_----_________-_--____-_ 98

Bassetite._________________________._______ 98

Bayleyite_______________________________________________ 99

Becquerelite.______________________ J __________________________ 100

Batafite._________________________________.-_ 101

Beta-uranophane ___-___---___-__-_-_-_-_-__.-_____-____-_-_--_ 102

Billietite...___________________________________ 103

Brannerite_ _________________________________________________ 104

Carnotite_-_____-____-________---___-_--_--_-_-_-_____-__-__ 105

Cheralite___________________________________________________ 105

Clarkeite___________________________________________ 106

Coffinite_______________________________________ 107

Cuprosklodowskite __ _________________________________________ 108

Curite_______________________________________________ 108

Davidite__ ____________.____.__________________ 109

Delorenzite __________________-__ __________--_________-_____- 111

Dewindtite ___________________________________________________ 111

Diderichite.--____________-___-___-__________--____--________- 111

Dumontite__________________________________________________ , 111

Epi-ianthinite_ _ ________________________-_____--______________~ 112

Ferghanite _ _________________________________________________ 112

Fourmarierite______ ___________________________________________ 113

Fritzcheite_____________-________----_-_-___-_-__-_________ H4

Gummite- ____________________________________________________ 114

Huttonite_-_-___-______-___--____-_-_______---_-___________- 114

Hydrogen-autunite ____________________________________________ 115

lanthinite ____________________________________________________ 116

Johannite___________________________________________________ 117

Kahlerite______________--______-____-__---_--__--____-_-____ 117

Kasolite.________________________________________ 118

Liebigite_____________________________________________________ 119

Masuyite_________________________________-__-________________ 119

Meta-autunite________________________________________________ 120

Metatorbernite_ _ ________________________________________ _ .__ 121

Metatyuyamunite. __--__-________________-_-_______-_-___----- 122

Meta-uranocircite __-___-________-_-____-_______-_--______-.___ 123

m
IV CONTENTS

Minerals Continued Page

Metazeunerite__ _____________________________________________ 124

Microlite-pyrochlore ___________________________________________ 125

Novacekite___________________________________________________ 126

Parsonsite ____________________________________________________ 126

Peligotite_______________________________________________ 127

Phosphuranylite________________________________________________ 127

Pilbarite-______-_-________________-______-________--__________ 127

Rabbittite_ ____________________________________ 128

Rauvite_ _________________________________________ 128

Renardite_ _____________________________________________ 129

Richetite_________________________________ 129

Rutherfordine___________________________________________ 129

Sabugalite____________________________________ 130

Sale"eite_____________________________________ 130

Samiresite_ ___________________________________________________ 131

Schoepite _____________________________________________________ 131

Schroeckingerite _ ____________________________________________ 132

Sengierite_ ____________________________________________________ 132

Sharpite______________________________________ 133

Sklodowskite_____________________________________ 133

Soddyite________________-___________-_-_-___-___--__-_----_-_ 134

Studtite__________________________________________________ 134

Swartzite_ _ __________-__________--_---__-_--_--__--___------__ 135

Thorianite_ ___________________________________________________ 135

Thorite______ _______________________________________ 136

Thorogummite_ _ ___ __________-__-_____-__-____-_--__--_-----.__ 137

Torbernite__________________________________________________ 138

Troegerite.____-___________-_-_---_---_----------_--_----_-_-- 139

Tyuyamunite ________________-_-_________--___-__--__-_-----__ 140

Umohoite ___-__-_________-_______-____-_---_---_------_-_---_- 140

Uraninite_ _______________-_______-__--__-_------_--__--_----_- 141

Uranophane- _________________________________________________ 142

Uranopilite ___________________________________________________ 143

Uranosphathite_ _____________________________________________ 144

Uranospherite_ _ _______________________________________________ 144

Uranospinite_ _________________________________________________ 145

Uvanite ______________________________________________________ 146

Vandenbrandeite _____________-,______-____--___--______-__---__ 147

Vandendriesscheite ____________________________________________ 148

Voglite______-__-_.____________-_____________________--_ 149

Walpurgite_______-______-_______--__-_------_------_--------_ 149

Zeunerite_______________-___-____-_---_---------_-_-----_-___- 150

Zippeite_ _______________________-____-____-_-_--_-----____-___ 151

References- _____________________*.-__--__-____-_---..__--__--_---_-- 152
A CONTRIBUTION TO GEOCHEMISTRY

X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM

MINERALS

By CLIFFORD FRONDEL, DAPHNJE RISKA, and JUDITH WEISS FRONDEL

ABSTRACT

X-ray powder spacing data are given for 67 uranium and thorium minerals. 

The spacing data and line intensities are given for each mineral and also in 

the form of a determinative table based on the three most intense lines for each 

mineral arranged in order of decreasing spacing.

INTRODUCTION

The U. S. Geological Survey has in preparation a comprehensive 

volume on the mineralogy of uranium and thorium. This work has 

been done as part of a continuing systematic survey of data on uranium 

and thorium minerals on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials, 

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Pending publication of this volume and in response to a widespread demand among workers in uranium and thorium mineralogy, 

the X-ray powder diffraction data for the known minerals that contain uranium or thorium as an essential constituent are presented 

here. The coverage is complete except for a few minerals for which 

there are no reliable data, owing to lack of authentic specimens.

With the exception of that for ianthinite, the new data originated 

either hi the Geological Survey or in the Mineralogical Laboratory of 

Harvard University. Data from the literature or other sources were 

cross-checked against the files of standard patterns of these laboratories; the sources are indicated in the references. Data not accompanied by a reference were obtained from films in the Harvard Standard File and cross-checked as to the identity of the film with the 

Geological Survey's file.

91
Minor differences can be expected in the d-spacings reported for 

the same specimens by different investigators because of the manner 

of preparation of the mount, the conditions of X-ray irradiation, 

and the method of photography and measurement of the film or chart. 

The Harvard and Geological Survey data all were obtained from films 

taken hi 114-mm diameter cameras, using either ethyl cellulose and 

toluene or collodion spindle mounts and Straumanis-type film mounting. Unless otherwise indicated all patterns were taken with copper 

radiation (Ka=1.5418 A) and nickel filter and data are given in 

angstrom units. The d-spacings are not corrected for film shrinkage. 

The correction ordinarily is small and in general is less than either the 

variation in spacing arising from differences in experimental technique of different investigators, including the varying absorption of 

samples of different thickness and concentration, or the variation 

attending slight changes in the chemical composition of the mineral.

Some uranium minerals give poor diffraction patterns. The best 

results are generally obtained by using relatively small-diameter spindles and long exposures, with a takeoff angle from the X-ray tube 

of about 4°. It is sometimes advantageous to shield the film from 

fluorescence in the visible region excited by X-ray irradiation. Copper 

radiation is preferable. The patterns of a few uranium minerals are 

greatly impaired by heavy grinding of the sample. Light crushing of 

the coarse sample after mixing with about one-third its volume of 

coarsely powdered low-absorption glass is helpful.

Many uranium minerals, such as the members of the torbernite 

group, readily lose zeolitic water or transform to lower hydrates at 

or near ordinary conditions of temperature and humidity and care 

should be taken to control this in the manner or preservation and 

preparation of the sample.
DETERMINATIVE TABLE

The following table lists the uranium and thorium minerals in order 

of decreasing spacing of the most intense line present in the pattern. 

Two or more entries are made for minerals whose patterns contain 

two or more darkest lines of the same or nearly the same intensity. 

In addition, the three next darkest lines are listed in order of decreasing 

intensity for each species.

The cameras and radiation used are such that lines corresponding 

to d-spacings of greater than 17 A could not be recorded even if 

present. The error in line measurement is estimated at ± 0.1° 26 

or an upper limit of error of 0.35 A for d-spacings in the range 5°-10° 

20, 0.1 A in the range 10°-30°, 0.01 A in the range 30°-90°, and less 

than 0.002 A for spacings with 26 greater than 90°.

Darkest line 

(angstrom)

13.0 

10.7 

10.33 

10.33 

10.3

10.27 

10.18 

10. 16 

10. 15 

9.85

9.82 

9.69 

9. 14 

9.03 

8.93

8.85 

8.76 

8.76 

8.68 

8.66

8.59 

8.51 

8.51 

8.43 

8.42

8.24 

8.19 

8. 18 

7.97 

7.97

7.88 

7.83 

7.83 

7.73 

7.66

Mineral

Zeunerite_- __________ __ ______ __

Torbernite _ _ ___ _____ _ _____

"lanthinite" __ __ _____ ____________

Tyuyamunite_____ _______ ______ _ _

Uranospinite____ ______ ___ __ _ _____

Novacekite______ _ __ ______ _______

Sale"eite _ _ ________ _________ _ _

Sabugalite____ _ _______ _ _ _______

Abernathyite _ ________ ______ _ ___

Hydrogen aut unite _ ___ __. _ ____

Metazeunerite _ ___ _______ ___

Uranospinite. _ _____ ____ __ ___

Metazeunerite __ _____ ________

Swartzite. ________________________

Metatorbernite__ _ ______ _________

Troegerite__ __ _____ _ ______ ___

Metatyuyamunite_____ __ ___ _ ___

Meta-autunite __ _______ _ _ ___ _ _

Metatyuyamunite. _________ _ __ ____

Sklodowskite _________ _ _____ ___

Rabbittite_-__ __ __ _______ _______

Meta-uranocircite __ _ _____________

Cuprosklodowskite _ ___ __________

Andersonite _ _ _____ _ _ ________

Renardite __ _____________ _ ___

Uranophane __ __ _ _ _ ____ _____

Phosphuranylite___ ___________ _____

Beta-uranophane____ _ _____ _______

Johannite __ __________ __ _ ________

Baylevite. ___ _ ___

Three 

lines

7.97 

2.95 

3.60 

4.96 

4.94

5.18 

5.02 

3.56 

3.58 

3.49

4.91 

4.86 

3.84 

3.80 

3.72

3.59 

3.71 

5.50 

6.81 

3.69

3.79 

4.22 

3.50 

4.17 

4. 19

11.28 

3.58 

4.09 

13.0 

3.99

3.94 

3.97 

3.90 

6. 16 

13. 1

next darkest 

(angstrom)

5.68 

3.49 

5.07 

3.59 

3.58

3.27 

3.20 

4.90 

5.06 

4.95

3.735 

3.47 

3.34 

3.27 

3.30

3.34 

3.28 

7.31 

5.40 

3.24

3.30 

3.25 

3.63 

3.28 

3.27

4.37 

5.37 

2.97 

5.68 

5.83

2.99 

5.83 

3.51 

3.41 

3.83

5.22 

2.62 

3.40 

3.49 

3.51

4.06 

2.04 

3.39 

3.35 

2.19

3.197 

2.19 

3.59 

3.51 

3.56

5.10 

3.55 

4.82 

4.55 

3.51

4.35 

3.04 

3.24 

3.03 

3.52

4.71 

2.08 

4.82 

5.22 

2.88

2.91 

2.86 

3.19 

3.87 

2.69
94 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

Darkest line 

(angstrom)

7.63

7.58

7.53

7.50

7.49

7.31

7.31

7.26

7.19

7. 12

7.10

7.06

6.81

6.56

6.28

6. 16

5.68

5.50

5.22

5.02

4.94

4.89

4.86

4.695

4.69

4.66

4.60

4.48

4.44

4.29

4.28

4.25

4.09

3.99

3.97

3.94

3.90

3.78

3.77

3.71

3.69

3.60

3.59

3.58

3,56

3.56

3.537

3.50

3 4.Q

3.47

Mineral

Epi-ianthinite__ ___ -__ ____

Ianthinite--__-_ _ ___ __ __- -

Billietite_ __________ _ _ _

Becquerelite. ______ __ __ ___ _

Schoepite_ ______ ____ _____

Vandendriesscheite _ ___ ____

Schroeckingerite_ _____ ____ __

Umohoite _ ____________

Uranopilite _ _ _ _ __ ______ _

Masuyite. _ _ ___ _ _ ___ __

Liebigite____ ____ _______

Carnotite_ __ __ _______ __ _ ___

Johannite_ __________ ____

Andersonite____ _ __ ___ _ ______ __

Andersonite __ _ _____ ___

Torbernite___ _ ___ ___ __ ___ _

Bassetite___ _ ___ ____ __ _ __ _

Sabugalite __ _____ ____ __

Thorite _ __ _ ___ _____

CofBnite. __ _ ____ ______

Soddyite _ ____ _ ____ _

Vandenbrandeite______ _ ____ __ _

Dumontite __ _ ___ __ _ __ _____

Cuprosklodowskite __ ______ _ _ ___

Renardite ___ ______ _ ___ __

Curite _ __ ___ _____ _ ___

Uranophane ___ _ __ _ ______

Metazeunerite__ _____ __________

Metatorbernite__ ____ _ _ __ _ -__

Sale"eite _______ __ ____ __ ________

Coffinite-. _ ____ __ __ _ __________

Three next darkest 

lines (angstrom)

3. 78 3. 20 3. 36

3. 78 3. 58 3. 34

3. 77 3. 17 2. 03

3. 22 3. 75 3. 56

3. 26 3. 64 2. 60

3. 66 3. 15 3. 51

3. 19 3. 58 1. 989

4. 796 8. 48 2. 876

4. 80 3. 60 14. 3

9. 18 4. 28 3. 65

3. 15 3. 54 1. 984

3. 12 3. 51 2. 86

8. 68 5. 40 4. 55

3. 12 3. 53 4. 25

3. 97 3. 14 3. 53

7. 73 3. 41 3. 87

13. 0 7. 97 5. 22

8. 76 7. 31 4. 82

13. 0 7. 97 5. 68

10. 18 3. 20 2. 04

10. 3 3. 58 3. 51

3. 46 8. 59 2. 20

9. 69 3. 47 2. 19

3. 537 2. 653 1. 818

3. 56 1. 84 2. 66

3. 47 2. 64 1. 801

3. 21 4. 29 3. 90

3. 32 6. 14 2. 69

5. 26 2. 97 2. 59

3. 02 3. 75 3. 49

2. 91 5. 05 2. 55

3. 28 2. 132 1. 661

8. 18 2. 97 4. 82

7. 97 5. 83 2. 88

6. 28 3. 14 3. 53

7. 88 2. 99 2. 91

7. 83 3. 51 3. 19

7. 63 3. 20 3. 36

7. 53 3. 17 2. 03

8. 76 3. 28 3. 55

8. 66 3. 24 3. 51

10. 33 5. 07 3. 40

8. 85 3. 34 5. 10

8. 19 2. 08 5. 37

10. 16 3. 39 4. 90

1. 84 4. 69 2. 66

4. 695 2. 653 1. 818

8. 51 3. 63 3. 24

9. 85 4. 95 2. 19

4. 66 2. 64 1. 801
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 95

Darkest line 

(angstrom)

3.46 

3.45 

3.43 

3.42 

3.41

3.41 

3.34 

3.32 

3.26 

3.26

3.22 

3.21 

3.21 

3.20 

3. 17

3. 16 

3. 14 

3. 12 

3. 11 

3. 11

3.09 

3.09 

3.08 

3.07 

3.02

2.98 

2.98 

2.96 

2.95 

2.94

2.94 

2.93 

2.93 

2.89 

2.87

2.86 

1.84 

1. 70 

1.69 

1.68 

1.645

Mineral

Bassetite _______

Fourmarierite. ._.---_ _ ____ _

Brannerite____ _______ ___

Clarkeite ___ _ _ __ _ _

Soddyite _ ___ _______

Kasolite ___ ____ ______

Rutherfordine_______ _______ _____ _

Thorianite__________ ____ __ _ ____

Uranospherite______ _ _ ______ _____

Walpurgite __ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ _

Cerianite_____ _ ____ _ ___ __ _ ___

Fourmarierite_____________ ___ ___

Huttonite __ ____ ____ __ _ _______

Cheralite______ __ _ _ _ ___ ____

Dumontite __ __ ____ __ _ ____ ___

Betafite__._ _________________________

Microlite__ __ ___ ________ __ __ ___

Uvanite. ___________ _ _____________

Uvanite. __________________________

Uvanite_ _________ ___ ______ ____

Uvanite_ _____ ___________ __ ___

Kasolite __ ___ ____ _ _______ _

Davidite _ _________ ______ _ _ _

Davidite __ ___ ___ ____________ _ _

Thorite.. ____________ _ __

Davidite.. ________ _ __ _ ________

Davidite __ __________ ___ _________

Davidite _ _______ __________ ___

Uraninite _ _ _ ___ ______ _ _ _ ___

Three next darkest 

lines (angstrom)

4. 89 8. 59 

3. 09 1. 907 

3. 08 1. 903 

1. 903 2. 455 

1. 903 2. 462

1. 903 2. 449 

3. 17 5. 77 

4. 48 6. 14 

7. 49 3. 64 

2. 93 4. 19

3.61 7.41 , 

4. 60 4. 29 

1. 68 1. 97 

2. 50 4. 05 

3. 34 5. 77

3. 87 3. 47 

1. 645 1. 926 

2. 87 2. 67 

3. 05 3. 25 

1. 90 1. 62

3. 45 1. 907 

2. 89 4. 23 

3. 43 1. 903 

3. 26 2. 86 

4. 29 3. 75

1. 82 1. 55 

1. 836 1. 563 

1. 71 5. 9 

2. 22 1. 70 

1. 71 2. 24

4. 60 5. 79 

2. 20 9. 56 

3. 26 4. 19 

3. 09 4. 23 

1. 70 3. 40

1. 60 1. 44 

3. 56 4 69 

1. 69 1. 435 

1. 70 1. 435 

3. 22 2. 48 

3. 14 1. 926

2.20 

1.729 

1.990 

2.276 

2.276

2.270 

1.968 

2.69 

2.60 

3.53

2.55 

3.90 

2.78 

1.83 

1.968

5.25 

1.051 

2.52 

9.9 

2.69

1.729 

3.29 

1.990 

4 14 

3.49

3.99 

5.98 

2.24 

1.47 

1.484

1..71 

1.70 

3.53 

3.29 

3.23

1.81 

2.66 

1.59 

1.59 

1.04 

1.051

384245 56 2
96 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

MINERALS

The following tables give the complete list of d-spacings for each of 

the known uranium and thorium minerals for which data are available. The minerals are listed alphabetically.

The locality from which the X-rayed sample was obtained is citedr 

and a reference given where the data were not obtained from the 

Harvard or Geological Survey standard files.

ABEBNATHYITE

K2 (UO2)2 (AsO4)2 -8H20

Data from Thompson, Ingram, and Gross (1956) on material from 

the Fuemrol No. 2 mine, Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah.

d(A)

9. 14

5.63

5. 11

4.58

4.43

3.84

3.59

3.34

3. 16

3.02

2.79

2.61

2.54

2.45

2.32

2.28

2.21

2.17

2.12

2.07

1.948

1.919

I

10 b

7

4

4

4

8 b

7

8

1

5

6»>

5»>

3

5

3

6

6

2

6

6

3

1

hkl

001

101

110

002

111

102

200

112,201

003, 211

202, 103

113,212

220

221

203, 301

310, 004

222, 213, 311

104

302

114

d(A)

1.879

1.855

1.822

1.797

1.780

1.712

1.667

1.625

1.606

1.582

1.514

1.482

1.458

1.421

1.372

1.359

1.300

1.280

1.261

1.240

1.212

1.206

1. 198

1. 187

/

3

1

5

3

3

6

3

3

6

3

3

3

3

6

3

1

1

5

4

!»>

1*

3

3

1

b Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 97

ABSITE

A thorian variety of brannerite.

ANDERSONITE

Na2Ca(UO2)(CO3)3 -6H2O

Data from Axelrod, Grimaldi, Milton, and Murata (1951) on material from the Hillside mine, Yavapai County, Ariz.

d(A)

13.0

9.51

7.97

6.56

5. 68

5.22

4.35

4. 19

4.04

3.82

3.71

3.49

3. 34

3. 15

3.00

2.79

2.45

2. 39

2.36

I

10

3

10

2

10

10

6

6

4

3

8

2

2

5

7

6

5

5

4

*(A)

2.21

2.04

2.01

1.977

1.957

1.933

1.895

1.852

1.749

1. 684

1.573

1.393

1.344

1.262

1.232

1.038

.980

.951

.819

.801

I

7

4

4

4

4

4

4

6

5

3

4

3

3

3

3

2

2

2

2

2
98 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

AUTUNITB

Ca(UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 -8-12H2O

Fully hydrated synthetic material. See further under meta-autunite.

d(A)

10.33

8.97

6.70

4.96

4.48

3.59

3.49

3.33

3. 12

2.88

2.71

2.49

2.40

2.21

2. 15

2.03

1.911

1.871

1.823

1. 750

1.720

1.644

1. 617

1.566

I

10

1

2

8

6

7

7

7

1

5

2

2

2

3

3

2

1 d

1 d

1 d

2

1

1

4

2

d(A)

1.539

1.506

1.473

1.412

1.357

1.323

1.288

1.261

1.223

1. 191

1. 159

1. 133

1.101

1.072

1.036

1.027

.985

.971

.966

.949

.935

.930

.916

.905

I

2

2

1

1

4 .

2

1

2

2 d

3

1

1

1

2

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

d Diffuse.

BASSETITE

Fe(UO2) 2(P04) 2 -8H20 

Data from Frondel (1954) on material from Cornwall, England.

rf(A)

8.59

4.89

466

4.24

4.05

3.46

3.32

3. 10

2.96

2.85

2.72

2.55

2.46

2.34

2.26

2.20

I

6

10

%

3

3

10

%

1

3

2

i£

V£ d

2 d

%

%

6

<f(A)

2.13

2.07

1.921

1.830

1.783

1.741

1.708

1.627

1.557

1.429

1.374

1.316

1. 191

1. 162

1. 128

1. 106

I

' 1

%/2 d

2

%

2

^2 d

1 ^

1 vd

K Vd

/2 vd

K vd

1 vd

1 *d

K Td

^ vd

d Diffuse. T* Very diffuse.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 99

BAYLEYITE

Mg2 (U02)(C03)3-18H20

Data from Axelrod, Grimaldi, Milton, and Murata (1951)*on material from the Hillside mine, Yavapai County, Ariz. Bayleyite 

dehydrates readily, and data also are given here for this phase.

Bayleyite, Arizona

d(A)

13. 1

7.66

6.53

5.85

5.08

4.89

4.71

4. 54

4.41

3.83

3.70

3. 26

3. 15

3.05

2.96

2.88

2.69

2.42

2.37

2.30

2.21

2. 12

1.908

1.796

1.754

1. 682

1.378

1. 247

/

9

10

4

4 b

4

4

1

2

2

6

2

4

2

2

2

4

5

2

2

2

5

4

3 b

2b

2b

1

1

1

hkl

200, 110

310, 020

400, 220, 001

201, 111, 111

311

021, 311, 401

221, 221

401

330, 600

620, 040

331, 710, 530, 240

002

112, 212

312, 730, 911

Dehydration product

of bayleyite,

Arizona

<Z(A)

8.27

7.25

6.24

5.54

5.34

5. 13

4.77

4. 62

4. 51

4. 42

4.23

4. 00

3. 75

3.56

3.49

3.20

3. 11

3.07

3.02

2.89

2. 86

2. 76

2.71

2. 64

2. 47

2. 44

2. 32

2.26

2. 14

2. 12

2.08

2.05

1.973

1. 881

1.848

1. 811

1.787

1. 752

1. 695

1. 578

1.551

1.352

/

10

2

1

1

5

3

9

2

3

3

7

3

2

2

3

3

4

3

3

2

2

3

3

4

2

3

4

3

3

3

2

3

2

4

3

2

3

2

3

3

2

2*>

Broad.
BECQTTEBELITE 

7UO3 -H2O

Data from J. W. Frondel and Cuttitta (1953) for material from the 

Katanga district, Belgian Congo. A virtually identical pattern is 

given by synthetic material.

d(A)

8.51

7.50

6.63

6.24

5.63

4.71

4.31

3.75

3. 56

3.48

3.39

3.22

3. 13

2.97

2.88

2.73

2.58

2.47

2.44

2.38

2.31

2.21

2. 11

2.07

2.04

1.994

1.943

1.893

1.875

1.848

1.814

1.773

1.725

I

1

10

2

1

1

6

1

8

8

2

2

9

1

2

3

1

7

2

2

2

3

1

2

3

4

4

5

2

2

2

1

3

3

d(A)

1.681

1.614

1.600

1. 564

1.541

1. 451

1.411

1.378

1.332

1.289

1.271

1.240

1.224

1.207

1. 188

1. 169

1. 152

1. 134

1. 121

1.108

1.054

1.029

.9,87

.967

.955

.944

.933

.914

.887

.859

.842

.836

.834

I

2

2

2

2

1

2

3

3

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1
BETAFITE

(U, Ca) (Nb, Ta, Ti) 3O8 .nH2O

The chemical composition of betafite varies considerably but detailed information is lacking about the attendant variation in spacings. 

Samiresite, apparently a variety of betafite high in lead, may be a 

distinct species; powder data for this mineral are given below. Betafite 

and its compositional variants apparently always are metamict. The 

present data are for authentic but unanalyzed material heated in air 

to 1000°C.

Betafite, Antanifotsy, 

Madagascar

d(A)

3.99

3.55

3.28

3. 19

2.98

2.57

2.49

2.20

2.00

1.82

1.70

1. 63

1.59

1.55

1.485

1.355

1.290

1. 181

1. 154

1.050

1.025

.990

7

3

1

1

2

10

2

3

1

1

8

2

1

1

6

1

1

1

2

3

1

1

2

d(A)

405

3.55

3.20

2.99

2.81

2. 61

2. 50

2.02

1. 83

1.71

1.67

1.59

1.48

1.36

1.25

1.20

1. 153

7

6

2

10

2

1

1

8

2

5

3

3

1

2

2

1

1

2

Samiresite, Madagascar
102 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

BETA-URANOPHANE

Ca(UO2) 2 (SiO3) 2 (OH) 2.5H2O

Material from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. Direct comparison of 

films of material from numerous localities shows no significant variations in spacing. Beta-uranophane is said to be converted "to its 

polymorph uranophane on heavy grinding. Care also must be taken 

to avoid preferred orientation in the preparation of the mount. 

Uranophane, beta-uranophane, and some types of kasolite are similar 

in the hand specimen, but their X-ray patterns are distinctive.

d(A)

7.83

6. 66

6. 15

5.07

4.85

4. 55

4. 11

3.90

3.75

3. 51

3.41

3.35

3. 19

3.04

2.99

2.91

2.83

2.78

2.59

I

10

4

4

4

4

4

3

9

1

6

1

2

5

4

3

2

4

3

5

d(A)

2.41

2. 36

2.29

2.21

2.20

2. 17

2. 13

2. 11

2.08

2.04

2.01

1.98

1.93

1.877

1.841

1.807

1.778

1.734

1.701

/

2b

2b

1

2b

2b

1

1

1

2

lb

1

3 b

3 b

3

3

3

2

3

2b

d(A)

1. 658

1. 623

1. 590

1. 551

1.528

1. 506

1.484

1. 461

1.441

1.417

1.388

1.358

1.310

1.293

1.274

1.264

1. 186

1. 161

/

lb

3*>

%

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

lb

2b

lb

lb

2

2

lb

2b

b Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 103

BILLIETITE

BaO-6UO3 -llH2O

Material from Shinkolobwe, Katanga, Belgian Congo. See also 

J. W. Frondel and Cuttitta (1953). The pattern resembles that of 

becquerelite, with which mineral billietite is isostructural.

<Z(4)

7. 53

4.59

3. 77

3.54

3. 17

3.02

2.89

2.79

2. 56

2.49

2.30

2. 19

2. 10

2.03

1.970

1.940

1. 898

1.872

1. 812

1. 790

1.676

1.654

1.604

1.568

1.530

1. 501

1.459

1.429

1.381

1.357

1. 310

1.281

I

10

2

9

5«>

8

1

1

2

3

4

2

l d

3

6

4

2

1

3

1

2

3

4

1

2

l<i

2

2

1

2

1

2

2

d(A)

1. 251

1.226

1.212

1. 189

1. 163

1. 140

1. 123

1.097

1.073

1.058

1.042

1. 026

1.013

1.003

.987

.981

.944

.931

.914

.898

.884

.871

.858

.852

.843

.831

. 824

.783

.783

. 776

.774

I

Id

1

ivd

Id

1

2

1

Ivd

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

4

2

2

1

b Broad. d Diffuse. Td Very diffuse.

384245 56 3
104 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

BBANNEBITE

(U, Ca, Fe, Th, Y)3Ti5O16 (?)

Brannerite apparently is always metamict. The data here given, 

from Pabst (1954), were obtained on material crystallized by heating 

in air to about 1000°C. Minor variations in the spacings may be 

expected in material from other localities due to variation in composition. Further, the experimental conditions under which the recrystallization is effected may influence the results obtained.

Mono County, Calif.

d(A)

6.07

4.70

4.31

3.42

3.32

3.02

2.91

2. 76

2.511

2.455

2.426

2. 276

2. 151

2.080

2.029

2.017

1.903

1. 861

1. 776

1. 729

1. 700

1. 623

1.609

1. 585

1.569

1.557

1.489 

1.481

1.461

1. 440

1.411

1.371

1.308

1.289

1.268

1.255

1.242

1.230

/

3

5

2

10

6

3

5

4

4

7

2

7

2

1

4

2

8

6

1

3

4

6

4

2

5

3

1

2

2-

2+

j _

4+ d

3 _

1+ d

2-

3

1-

3

Custer County, Idaho 

(USNM 105793)

d(A)

6.03

4.73

4.32

3.41

3. 32

3.02

2.92

2. 75

2. 508

2.462

2. 432

2. 276

2. 161

2.078

2.032

2.014

1.903

1.864

1. 778

1. 735

1.702

1.625

1. 609

1. 588

1.570

1.557

1.484

1.458

1. 444

1.413

1.370

1.311

1. 287

1. 267

1. 253

1.229

I

4

6

3

10

6

3 +

5

4

4

6

1

6

2

1 +

4

2

8

6

1-

3

3

6

2

1-

5

2

2d

2

3

1 +

5 d

2

2d

1

3

3-

Bou-Azzer mine, 

Morocco

d(A)

5.88

4.70

4.29

3.41

3.29

2.98

2.90

2.74

2.491

2.449

2.429

2.270

2. 158

2.067

2.021

2.000

1.903

1.857

1.779

1.731

1. 704

1.684

1.618

1.598

1.565

1.545

1.477

1.457

1.441

1.410

1.369

1.308

1.286

1.263

1.247

1.227

I

3

5

2

10

6

3

5

4

4

7

2-

6

2

1

4

1-

7

5

1-

3

2

2

7

2

?

6

2

3 d

2-

2

2-

4d

3

2

1 +

3

4

'Diffuse.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOE URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 105

CARNOTITE

K2 (UO2 ) 2 (V04)2 .1-3H20

Material from Olary, South Australia. The data ofYaes and Kerr 

(1949), not cited below, probably were obtained on an impure sample. 

The water content of carnotite varies zeolitically between limits with 

attendant variation in the spacings. Carnotite is often intimately 

admixed with clayey material, quartz, tyuyamunite, or other impurities. The patterns are faint or diffuse due to small particle size 

or to mechanical deformation during grinding.

d(A)

6. 56

5. 12

4. 53

4. 25

3. 53

3. 25

3. 12

2. 715

2. 594

2.571

2. 475

2. 156

I

10

1

%

3

5

3

7

1y*2

1

3

d(A)

2.032

1. 998

1.942

1. 914

1. 831

1. 784

1. 678

1. 655

1.613

1.531

1.508

1. 455

I

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

CHERALITE

(Th, Ca, Ce, La, U, Pb) (P04, SiO4)

Data from Bowie and Home (1953) on material from Travancore, 

India.

<*(A)

5. 20

4. 68

4. 14

3.49

3.26 

3.07

2. 96

2.86

2.60

2.44

I

(!T)

(w) (».)

/mw)

(S) 

(vs)

(vvw) (a)

(vvw)

(vvw)

d(A)

2. 18

2. 13

1.958

1. 870

1. 795

1. 758

1. 733

1.684

1.534

/

(mw)

(mwb)

(w)

(mwb)

(vvw) 

(vvw)

(mw)

(w)

(vw)

" Very strong. 

* Weak. 

rw Very weak. 

1 Strong.

* Moderately weak. 

yb Moderately weak, broad. 

Moderately strong. 

w Very, very weak.
106 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

CLAREEITE

(Na, K, Ca, Pb)2U2O7 - nH2O

Type material from Spruce Pine, N. C. See also Gruner (1954) 

and Frondel and Meyrowitz (1956). The composition of clarkeito 

apparently can*vary widely, with accompanying variation in spacings, 

but detailed information is lacking.

d(A)

10. 98

8.33

 .70

.5. 77

4.09

:3. 34

:3. 17

2. 92

2.69

 2.61

2.45

2.06

2.03

1.968

1.863

1.764

1. 697

1. 676

1.636

1.589

I

1

1

2

8

4

9

10

3

5

4

3

2

1

7

6

5

2

3

5

2

d(A)

1. 564

1. 537

1.416

1.389

1.351

1. 278

1.239

1.227

1. 182

1. 152

1. 140

1. 118

1. 064

1.044

.989

.975

. 947

.937

.929

.917

I

2

1

1

1

2

4

2

1

Jbd

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

d Broad, diffuse.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 107

COFFINITE

Ideally UCSiO^

Material from the Arrowhead mine, Gateway district, Mesa County, 

Colo. The pattern is similar to that of thorite. Nothing is known of 

the variation in spacings attending variation in content of (OH) or 

of other substitutions in the cation or anion positions. The pattern 

of coffinite often is rather diffuse due to small particle size. Coffinite 

ordinarily is found virtually inextricably admixed with fine-grained 

uraninite. The indexing given below is for a tetragonal cell^with 

a0 =6.94, c0 =6.31 A.

d (meas.) A

4.66

3.47

2.78

2. 64

2.46

2. 18

2.01

1.841

1.801

1.737

1.629

1.556

1.451

1.435

I

( a)

( 8)

(w) (m)

(0 (w)

(0 (w) (m) (w)

(0

(0

(0

(0

d (calc.) A

4. 66

3.47

2.78

2.65

2.45

2. 17

2.01

1.841

1.801

1.740

1.735

1.626

1.552

1.452

1.435

hkl

Oil

200

121

112

220

031

013

321

312

123

400

411

420

332

024

Strong. *» Medium. Weak. ' Faint.
108 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

CUPBOSKLODOWSKETE

Cu(U02 ) 2 (SiO3 ) 2 (OH) 2 -5H2O

Material, from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. Some types of /cuprosklodowskite Lare extremely fine grained and give fault and] diffuse 

patterns. A

rf(A)

8. 18

6. 10

4.82

4.29

4.09

3.52

3. 30

3. 20

3. 10

2. 97

2.87

2.72

2.64

2.36

2.29

2. 21

2. 17

2. 12

2.07

2.04

I

10

6

7

2

9

6

2

2

1

8

1

5

5

1

2

6

3

2

2

4

d(A)

1.906

1.860

1.805

1. 766

1.736

1.703

1.643

1.614

1.587

1.564

1. 503

1.472

1.436

1.397

1.362

1.332

1.301

1.279

1. 227

I

5 b

4 b

3

3

2

1

3

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

!vb

1

2 vd

2

1

*> Broad. »b Very broad. vd Very diffuse. 

CURITE

3PbO-8UO3 4H20

Material from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo. The pattern 

of curite is distinctive.

<*(A)

6.28

4. 17

3.97

3.53

3.36

3. 14

3.07

2.93

2.81

2.70

2.55

2.47

2.35

2.24

2. 17

2. 10

2.04

2.00

7

10

1

9

4

4

8

4

2

1

4

6

3

1

1

1

5

1

1

d(A)

1.95

1.91

1.90

1.87

1.84

1.80

1.74

1.70

1.66

1.62

1.57

1.54

1.51

1.49

1.47

1.43

1. 40.

7

1

1

1

1

2

3

5

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

3
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 109

DAVIDITE

Near (Fe2,U,Ca,Zr,Th,rare-earths) (Ti,Fe3 ,V,Cr) 3 (O,OH) 7

Davidite apparently is always metamict. The data here cited, 

obtained by Bannister and Home (1950) and Kerr and Holland 

(1951) on recrystallized metamict material from two localities, are 

not in close agreement due presumably to differences in chemical 

composition and the manner of heat treatment. Material heated at 

1,000°C in air.

Kerr and Holland (1951)

Copper radiation 

Mozambique

<*(A)

6. 71

5. 16

4.47

4. 15

3.40

3.23

3.05

2.87

2. 62

2. 48

2. 42

2.25

2. 19

2. 10

2.03

1. 96

1. 91

1.84

1.80

1. 78

1. 70

1. 60

1.57

1.55

1.51

1. 44

1.38

1. 12

1.07

.90

.89

.86

.83

. 82

I

2

1

2

6

9

8

8

10

3

8

3

8

3

2

1

2

4

2

6

1

9

5

1

1

3

7

4

1

2

3

2

3

3

1

Copper radiation 

South Australia

<*(A)

3.42

3.25

3. 08

2. 86

2. 65

2.49

2. 44

2.26

2.20

2. 15

2.09

2.04

1.97

1.92

1. 85

1. 81

1. 78

1.71

1. 69

1. 65

1. 60

1. 58

1. 55

1.51

1.44

I

6

6

3

10

2

7

3

7

4

1

1

4

1

2

2

8

2

8

8

1

9

2

2

1

9
110 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY 

Bannister and Home (1950)

Cobalt radiation 

Mozambique

d(A)

4. 1

3.64

3.37

3.21

3.03

2.96

2. 86

2. 82

2. 74

2.62

2.58

2.49

2.46

2. 41

2. 23

2. 18

2. 12

1.91

1.89

1.80

1. 70

1.69

1.59

1.54

1.51

1.435

1.373

1.364

1.213

1. 153

1. 123

I

5

3

7

7

6

6

8

7

4

4

4

5

5

4

8

4

7

4

4

7

10

10

8

4

4

9

7

7

6

5

6

Cobalt radiation 

South Australia

<*(A)

3.45

3.41

3.32

3. 22

3.03

2. 97

2.48

2. 46

2.42

2.24

2. 19

2. 13

1.97

1. 90

1. 86

1.80

1.70

1.68

1. 62

1. 60

1. 54

1.436

1.370

1.357

1.349

1.096

1.042

I

5

5

5

8

2

2

6

5

4

5

5

5

2

2

5

5

3

10

4

5

4

5

3

4

4

3

6
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 111

DELORENZITE

Near (U,Fe,V)(Ti,Sn) 3O8

Data obtained on metamict delorenzite from the type locality, 

Craveggia, Piedmont, Italy, recrystallized by heating in air at 1000°C.

d(A)

3. 12

2.87

2.67

I

10

7

3

d(A)

2. 52

2.28

2. 15

I

3

1

1

DEWINDTITE

A hydrated lead uranyl phosphate

The status of dewindtite is uncertain. The X-ray pattern of apparently authentic material is very close to that of renardite, and the 

two minerals may be identical.

DIDEBICHITE

Identical with rutherfordine.

DUMONTITE

Pb2 (UO2) 3 (PO4) 2 (OH) 4.3H2O

The specimen from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo, on which 

the present data were obtained is believed to be authentic but is not 

wholly beyond question.

<*(A)

7.69

6.97

6. 11

5. 68

4.29

3.79

3.75

3.49

3.35

3.02

2.96

2.87

2.69

I

4

4

4

4

10

1

9

6

2

10

5

5

2

d(A)

2.58

2.48

2. 15

2. 11

2.04

1.95

1.93

1.85

1.77

1.74

1. 65.

1. 52

/

1

1

3

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

384245 56 4
112 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

EPI-IANTHINITE

NearUO3 -2H2O(?)

X-ray powder data for authentic or type epi-ianthinite are lacking. 

Data have been published, however, by J. W. Frondel and Cuttitta 

(1954) for an alteration product of ianthinite that^very probably 

represents epi-ianthinite. These data are given below.

<*(A)

7.63

5.37

4. 13

3.78

3.60

3.36

3.20

2.96

2.67

2.60

2.51

2.38

2.29

2.24

2. 14

2.06

2.03

1.978

1.950

1.915

1.889

1.833

1.783

1.756

1.734

1.673

1. 632

1.615

1.595

1.574

1.541

1.510

1.470

1.436

1.405

1.380

I

10 b

2

4

9

3

7

8"

6

5

1

5

4

2

2

5

2

3

2

2

2

4

2

3

1

2

4

2

2

2

5

1

1

l d

3 d

l d

1

<i(A)

1.343

1.313

1.256

1.226

1. 168

1. 158

1. 139

1. 127

1. 115

1. 102

1.086

1.067

1.027

1.009

.985

.975

.962

.948

.939

.917

.895

.882

.874

.871

.865

.855

.847

.831

.825

.824

.818

.810

.804

.801

.798

I

2

4

2'b

3

1

1

3

3

2

1

3

2*>

4 b

ivd

2

1

1

1

2

3

1

1

1

2

2

3

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

b Broad. Tb Very broad. * Diffuse. Td Very diffuse. 

FERQHANITE

U3 (VO4) 2 -6H2O 

X-ray powder spacing data are lacking.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 113

FOURMARIEBITE

PbO4UO3 -7H2O

Material from Wolsendorf, Bavaria. The X-ray pattern is slightly 

variable and, in general, is similar to that of synthetic hydrated lead 

diuranate and of synthetic solid solutions extending from that composition to lower lead contents. Some natural material, whose proper 

species designation is uncertain, has a pattern identical with that of 

hydrated lead diuranate (for which data are given below). There 

also is a more or less close resemblance in pattern to vandendriesscheite, 

masuyite, and schoepite, and these minerals are at least closely related 

in structure if indeed, a continuous series does not extend between 

them. The patterns of all of these minerals are distinguished by a 

pan- of very dark lines with e?=3.4-3.6 and e?=3.0-3.2, the values 

apparently increasing with increasing content of lead. Strong and 

sharp patterns, difficult to obtain with these minerals, are needed for 

positive identification. Faint patterns are ambiguous and supplementary optical and chemical tests are needed. (See Frondel, 1956.)

Wolsendorf, Bavaria

d(A)

7.86

6.83

3.45

3.09

2.73

2.44

2.26

2. 15

2.09

1.996

1.907

1.817

1.729

1.687

1.669

1.645

1.607

1. 544

1.508

I

2

4

9

10

4

6

5

2

2

6

8

2

7

2

2

3

2

3

1

d(A)

1.486

1.376

1.346

1.309

1. 284

1.252

1.226

1. 192

1. 177

1. 142

1.127

- 1. 114

1. 102

1.070

1.055

1.030

1.012

. 994

.974

. 945

I

2

2

3

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

Synthetic hydrated lead 

diuranate

d(A)

6.81

3.43

3.08

2. 755

2.436

2.270

1.990

1.903

1.811

1.719

1.672

1.535

1.497

1.377

1.342

1.299

1.276

1.217

1. 132

/

3

9

10

1

3

2

6

7

1

6

4

3

2

3

2

4

5

3

4
114 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

FRITZ CHEITE

A hydrated manganese uranyl phosphate-vanadate 

Doubtful species for which X-ray powder data are lacking.

GUMMITE

A generic term, not a species name, formerly used to designate finegrained yellow to orange and orange-red uranium minerals, chiefly 

hydrated lead uranyl oxides pseudomorphous after uraninite, whose 

true identity was unknown. (See Frondel, 1956.)

HUTTONITE

ThSiO4

Data from Pabst (1951) on natural material from South Westland, 

New Zealand. The pattern of huttonite is quite distinct from that of 

its polymorph thorite but similar to that of monazite.

d(A)

5.29

4.71

4.23

4.08

3.53

3.29

3.09

2.98

2.89

2.65

2.48

2.44

2. 19

I

3

5

6

4

4

6

8

3

7

3

3

1

4

d(A)

2. 16

2. 11

1.953

1.893

1.857

1.810

1.784

1.749

1. 692

1.646

1.603

1.550

I

2

3

4

3*-

2>>

2

2

4 b

2

2

3

3

«> Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 115

HYDRO GEN-AUTUNITE

H2 (UO2) 2 (P04) 2 -8H2O

The hydrogen analogue of meta-autunite has been synthesized 

and there is some evidence that either it or an intermediate member 

in a series to meta-autunite occurs in nature. The data given below,, 

from Ross (1955a), is for synthetic material with 8H2O.

d(A)

9.032

5.556

4.971

4.542

4. 360

3. 799

3.511

3. 270

2. 964

2. 765

2.576

2:488

2.397

2.267

2.216

2. 163

2.075

1.902

1.844

/

10

5

4

%

3

9

7

8

6

7

3

3

4

2

3

5

4

2

3

hkl

001

Oil

110

002

111

102

200

021

121

022, 103

122, lia

220

221

301, 004

310

311, 104

302

321, 204

303

d(A)

1. 789

1. 755

1. 722

1. 697

1. 633

1. 61-1. 57

1. 546

1.477

1. 439

1. 401

1.383

1. 359

1.338

1. 288

1. 270

1.249

1. 221

1. 194

. /

3

2

2

3

3

3*

1

1

1

2

1

1

%

/2

1

2

%

3

hkl

322, 313

400, 105

401

115

402, 323

314, etc.

421

324, 106

116

315

206, 511

414, 216

334

424, 226 '

107, 306

316

335

531, 504, 326

t Broad.
116 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

IANTHINITE

A hydrated oxide of quadrivalent uranium

The identity and composition of the several violet minerals and 

synthetic preparations that have been referred to the name ianthinite 

are uncertain. The following data from Bignand (1955) refer to (a) a 

violet hydrated uranous oxide, known both as a natural mineral and 

as a synthetic product, that may correspond to the original ianthinite 

of Schoep, and (b) a violet mineral containing both quadrivalent and 

sexivalent uranium with calcium carbonate and water.

(a) Ianthinite?

tw

7.60

3.79

3.59

3.35

3.28

2. 96

2.89

2.68

2. 61

2.53

2.38

2.25

2. 14

2.06

2.02

1.98

1.95

1.92

1.89

1. 83

1. 79

1.74

1. 67

1. 64

1.34

1.32

/

(vs)

(m.)

(m?

£)

(mf)

(9

(mf)

(f)

(9

(9

(ml)

(9

(9

(mf)

(9

(mf)

(mf)

(ms)

(9 (mf)

(mf)

(b) Uranium calcium 

carbonate

dW

10. 29

7.60

5. 19

407

3.35

3.28

3.01

2.59

2. 52

2.47

2.20

2.03

2.00

1. 96

1.77

1.73

1. 66

1.57

1. 53

1. 50

I

(vs)

(vf)

(ms)

(m)

A(me)

(m)

(m)

(9

(9

(mf)

(vf)

(vf)

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(vf)

rs Very strong.

»' Moderately faint.

M Moderately strong. 

' Faint.

»> Moderate. 

»* Very faint.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 117

JOHANNITE

Cu(UO2) 2 (SO4) 2 (OH) 2 .6H2O

Material from Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territory, Canada. 

Identical patterns are given by material from other localities.

d(A)

7.73

6. 16

5. 59

4. 84

4.38

4. 20

3. 87

3. 73

3.53

3.41

3. 13

3.04

2. 93

2. 81

2. 69

2.58

2. 45

2. 37

2.23

2. 19

2. 14

2.09

2.01

1. 925

1.898

1. 844

1. 798

/

10

9

4

2

6

3

7

4

4

8

7

7

2

3

4

3

2

1

2

1

3

2

2

2

1

3

1

d(A)

1.764

1.708

1. 669

1.591

1.565

1. 565

1. 549

1.525

1.459

1.433

1. 411

1.375

1. 351

1.285

1. 196

1. 180

1. 159

1. 133

1. 120

1. 104

1.087

1.066

1. 041

.931

.920

. 839

/

2

2

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

KAHLERITE

Fe(UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 .8H2O

X-ray powder data for kahlerite are lacking. It is not certain 

whether kahlerite belongs in the torbernite or the metatorbernite 

group; the pattern should closely resemble that of bassetite or zeunerite in the former group or that of metazeunerite in the latter.
118 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY 

KASOLITE

Pb(UO2)(SiO3)(OH) 2

Material from Shinkolobwe, Katanga, Belgian Congo. Specimens 

with the same optical properties from other localities give an identical 

pattern. Material from a few localities shows diminished indices of 

refraction and contains more or less Ca in substitution for Pb (Mineral B of Frondel, 1956); the X-ray pattern is virtual 

with that of ordinary kasolite.

d(A)

6. 61

6. 19

5.31

4. 76

4. 19

3. 53

3.38

3.26

3.07

2.93

2.73

2. 64

2.47

2.42

2.37

2. 18

2. 11

2.05

1.962

1. 913

1. 876

1. 847

1. 826

1. 741

1. 677

1. 656

1.623

1. 592

1. 565

1. 532

1.497

1.476

1. 456

/

6

2

4

2

8 b

7

1

10

5

9

3

3

3

2

2

3

2

3 b

5

1

2

1

1

4

5

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

d(A)

1. 397

1. 366

1. 329

1.300

1.277

1. 262

1.247

1.235

1.200

1. 183

1. 147

1. 114

1.086

1.049

1.035

1.017

1.004

. 993

.976

. 969

. 949

. 943

.930

.920

.909

.899

.877

.870

.838

. 831

.809

.803

/

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

1

b Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 119

LIEBIGITE

Ca2 (UO2)(CO3) 3 -10H2O

Material from Joachimsthal, Bohemia. Slightly different values 

are given by Evans and Frondel (1950).

d(A)

8. 68

8. 27

6.81

6. 11

5.40

4. 95

4. 55

4. 17

4.04

3.95

3.75

3.58

3.33

3.31

3. 19

3. 10

3.02

2. 84

2.77

2. 66

2.57

2. 44

/

9

1

10

2

9

1

6

1

2

1

2

3

5

5

1

6

1

1

1

1

3

1

d(A)

2.37

2.30

2.26

2. 15

2. 10

2.02

1. 998

1. 957

1. 911

1.884

1.830

1. 716

1. 670

1. 561

1. 533

1.484

1.473

1.437

1.416

1.397

1.347

/

2

2

2

4

1

1

5

1

1

1

1

5

3

2

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

MASUYITE

UO3 '2H2O

Material from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo. See further 

under fourmarierite.

d(A)

8.53

7. 10

6.43

4. 80

4.35

3.92

3.54

3. 15

2.97

2. 74

2. 51

2.38

2.06

I

1

10

2

1

4

2

8

9

1

3

5

2

1

d(A)

1.984

1.908

1.784

1.727

1. 697

1. 662

1.598

1.510

1.421

1.380

1. 349

1. 329

/

6

3

4 d

2

1

1

2

2

1 *

1 vd

2

2

d Diffuse. »* Very diffuse.

384215 56
120 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

META-AUTUNITE

Ca(UO2) 2 (P04) 2 -6-8H2O

Material from Sabugal, Portugal. The pattern of meta-autunite 

differs distinctly from those of the members of the fully hydrated 

torbernite group but is close to that of meta-uranocircite in the 

metatorbernite group. The transition between meta-autunite and 

autunite is reversible. The formation of meta-autunite is favored by 

increased temperature and reduced humidity and is the phase stable 

at ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure.

d(A)

8.51

5.39

4.96

4.28

3.63

3.50

3.24

2. 94

2.68

2.61

2.51

2.47

2.38

2.25

2.21

2. 14

2. 10

2.04

1.941

1.893

I

10

7

5

6

8

9

8

4

1

3

2

2

3

2

3

3

3

3

2

1

d(A)

1. 802

1.757

1.711

1.658

1.599

1.568

1.529

1.454

1.379

1.346

1.328

1.283

1.254

1. 186

1. 166

1. 153

1.126

1. 109

1.096

1.065

/

2

3 b

2

1 >>

4

2

3 b

2

1

2

2

1

1

1»>

1

1

1

1

1

1

«> Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 121

METATOBBEBNITE

Cu(U02) 2 (P04) 2 -6-8H20

Material from Gunnis Lake, Calstock, Cornwall. Direct comparison of films of this mineral from many different localities has shown 

little or no significant variation in spacings. The pattern of metatorbernite differs distinctly from those of the members of the fully 

hydrated torbernite group. It is similar to those of the other members 

of the metatorbernite group and is particularly close to that of 

metazeunerite. Confirmatory chemical tests are desirable.

d(A)

8.66

6.57

5. 42

4.96

4.32

3.86

3.69

3.51

3. 24

2.94

2.67

2.53

2.47

2.37

2.25

2.20

2. 16

2. 12

2.05

1.981

1.888

1.837

1. 808

1.771

1.750

1.730

1.630

1.608

1.580

1. 549

1. 459

1.441

1. 411

1.384

1.360

1.331

/

9

1

6

6

5

1

10

7

8

3

4

3

1

2

1

2

3

2

3

3

1

2

1

2

1

1

3

1

2

4

1

2

3

2

3

2

d(A)

1.310

1.261

1. 227

1.217

1.207

1. 195

1. 181

1.159

1. 151

1. 109

1.094

1.083

1.070

1.057

1.044

1.035

1.022

1.004

.982

.964

.945

.928

.919

.910

.897

.883

.867

.855

.842

.832

.830

.820

.807

.792

.788

.787

/

2

1 «>

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

2

2

1

!«»

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

Diffuse.
122 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

METATYUYAMUNITE

Ca(UO2) 2 (VO4) 2 -3-5H20

Data from Stern and others (1956) on synthetic material and 

natural material from the Small Spot mine, Mesa County, Colo.; also 

data from the Harvard file on natural material from Ferghana, Russia. 

The water content varies zeolitically over the range 3 to 5 H2O with 

attendant variation in the spacing of (001) and other planes; the 

(001) spacings decrease as the water content decreases. The patterns 

in general are of poor quality. Natural metatyuyamunite is more or 

less admixed with the higher hydrate, tyuyamunite, and lines of 

this phase may be present in the patterns.

Synthetic

d(A)

9.94

8.51

6. 51

5. 19

4. 48

4. 22

3. 77

3.55

3.24

3.04

2.85

2.72

2.59

2.48

2. 19

. 2. 13

2.05

2.01

1. 96 

1.91

1.85

1. 77

1. 74

1.69

1.66

1.62

1.57 

1.53

1.49

/

(vf) (")

(w)

(w) (f)

(")

(w)

(0(») (-)

(0

(0

(w) ( f)

(fb)

(wb)

(0

(0( £)

(0

(vf) (fb)

(vfb)

(vfb)

(vfb)

(vf)

(vf) 

(vf

H

Colorado

d(A)

8.51

6. 56

5. 19

4. 48

4. 22

3. 77

3.58

3.26

3.05

2. 81

2.58

2.50

2.35

2. 17

2. 12

2.05

1.99

1. 95

1.91 

1.88

1.85

1.77

1.73

1.69

1.66

1.57

1.53 

1.50

/

(")

(0

(w)

(0( )

(w)

(0 ( mb) (»b)

(w)

(w)

(vf)

(vf)

(vf)

(Wb)

(0

0

(0

(0

(0

(0

(0

o

(0

(0

(vf)

(vf) 

(vf)

Russia

d(A)

8.43

5. 18

4.46

4.17

3.74

3.52

3.28

3.03

2.805

2.578

2. 113

2.002

1. 949

1. 771

/

10

3

1

8

2

1

6

5

2

3

4

1

1

1

 Very strong. 

m Medium. »"Weak.

i> Broad.

' Faint, 

vf Very faint.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 123 

META-UBANOCIBCITE

Ba(UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 -8H2O

Data from Nuffield and Milne (1953) on natural material from 

Falkenstein, Saxony.

<*(A)

8. 19

5. 37

4.90

4. 21

3.58

3.39

3. 21

2. 91

2. 67

2.59

2.41

2. 35

I

7

6

3

6

10

2

5

3

%

4

%

1

hkl

002

012

110

004

014

021

022

122

024

016

025

222

d(A)

2. 18

2. 12

2.08

2.01

1. 924

1. 883

1. 796

1. 741

1. 676

1. 589

1. 559

1.518

1

I

2

1

7

4

3

%

3

3

/2

5

1

5

hkl

130, 026

132, 224

126

018
124 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

METAZEUNERITE

CU(UO2) 2 (As04) 2 -6-8H2O

Data from J. W. Frondel (1951) on synthetic material and natural 

material from Eureka, Utah, both with 8H2O.

Synthetic

<*(A)

8. 76

5.47

5. 04

4. 35

3.71

3. 55

3.28

2.99

2. 75

2. 67

2. 57

2. 51

2.42

2.29

2.24

2. 18

2. 15

2.08

1. 994

1. 922

1. 841

1. 784

1. 746

1. 689

1. 637

1. 600

1.566

1. 486

1.451

1. 423

1.400

1.375

1.354

1.324

1. 281

1.262

1.242

1. 224

1. 208

1. 175

1. 160

1. 127

1. 118

1. 088

1.077

1.065

/

10

5

4

3

9

7

8

3

2

2

4

4

3

1

2

2

2

3

3

1

1

3

1

1

2

2

6

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

2 .

1

1

1

1

Utah

d(A.)

8.93

6. 56

5. 95

5. 54

5.04

4. 35

4. 15

3. 72

3.56

3.30

3. 12

3.01

2. 77

2. 71

2. 59

2. 52

2. 42

2.30

2.26

2. 19

2. 15

2.09

2.01

1. 937

1. 855

1. 797

1. 749

1. 695

1. 656

1. 605

1. 570

1. 429

1. 406

1. 382

1. 358

1. 329

1. 290

1. 265

1. 247

1. 225

1. 209

1. 176

1. 161

1. 130

1. 092

1.055

/

10

1

1

6

5

3

1

9

7

8

1

3

2

2

3

4

3

1

2

2

2

4

4

1

2

3

2

2

4

3

5

2

2

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 125 

MICBOLITE-PYBOCHLOBE

(Na,Ca,Fe,U) 2 (Ta,Nb) 206 (O,OH,F)

Data of Arnott (1950), obtained on ignited microlite from Amelia 

Court House, Va. The spacings vary slightly attending the substitution of U, Nb, and other elements in the microlite-pyrochlore 

series. The members of the series, particularly those high in uranium, 

are often metamict.

d(A)

5.98 

3.69

3. 11 

2.98

2.58

2.38

2.11 

1.999

1. 836

1.757

1.705

1.585 

1.563

1.500 

1.455

1.352 

1.302

1. 272 

1.225

1. 202

1. 194

1. 165 

1. 141

1. 130

1. 112

1.093

1.064

1.047

I

6

K

4 

10

3

1

K

2

8

2

%y*8

2 

2

2 

2

K 

%

%

3

3 

1

X%1

3

1

hkl

111 

022

113 

222

004

133

224 

/ 333 

\ 115

044

135

244

335 

226

444 

( 117 

I 155 

/ 137 

I 355 

008

337 

/ 066

I 228

555

266

048 

/ 119 

I 357

248

466

139

448

f 177

339 

I 557

d(A)

1.018

1.009

1.003

.972

.939 

. 921

.911

.881

.869 

. 859 

. 848

.837 

. 824

.822

.797

. 795

. 785

.778

.777

I

%

%

3

%

1 

2

2

4

3 

1

X*

2 

3

1

1

3

2

1

%

hkl

/ 0. 2. 10

I 268

J 377 

I 159

666

359

/ 1. 1. 11

I 577 

088

1. 3. 11

179

559

2. 6. 10 

668

/ 0. 0. 12 

I 488 

/ 1. 5. 11 

I 777 

/ 2. 2. 12 

\ 4. 6. 10

/ 3. 5. 11 

I 579 

0. 4. 12

199

f 1. 1. 13

1. 7. 11 

5. 5. 11 

399

6. 6. 10

4. 4. 12

f 1. 3. 13

\ 3. 7. 11

I 779

/ 0. 6. 12 

I 4. 8. 10
126 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

NOVACEKITE

Mg(UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 -8-10H2O

Material from Schneeberg, Saxony, containing an undetermined 

but small amount of P in substitution for As (Frondel, 1951a). 

Probably a complete series by mutual substitution of P and As extends 

between novacekite and saleeite, and at least a partial series by mutual 

substitution of Mg and Ca probably extends between novacekite and 

uranospinite. These variations in composition are accompanied'Jby 

variations in the interplanar spacings.

d(A)

10. 15

8.97*

6. 80

5. 68

5. 06

4. 50

3.83

3. 58

3.35

3. 17

3. 03

2. 89

7

10

2

4

2

8

1 d

1

9

5

1

2

1

d(A)

2. 79

2.52

2. 26

2. 15

2.01

1.939

1.787

1.698

1. 596

1. 552

1. 508

7

1

3

3

2

2

1 *

3

1 d

3

1

1

*Line possibly due to presence of another phase or hydrate. 

<* Diffuse.

PABSONSITE

Pb2 (UO2) (PO4) 2 (OH) 4 .7H2O

Material from the Euggles pegmatite, Grafton Center, N. H. The 

original pattern from this locality of Frondel (1950a) had a heavy 

background, and some of the innermost lines were obscured.

d(A)

10. 16

6.92

6. 03

5. 75

5. 16

4.87

4. 25

3.97

3. 44

3. 28

3. 15

3.02

2.95

2. 81

2. 73

2.63

2.55

2. 45

2.37

2.32

7

2

1

2

2

2-

1

10

4

4

8

3

3

4

4

1

3

2

1

1

1

d(A)

2.27

2. 22

2. 13

2. 10

1.990

1. 961

1.921

1..-S88

1. §52

1. 788

1.728

1.661

1. 629

1.610

1.578

1.506

1.433

1.402

1.370

7

2

3

6

2

1

1

%

2

5

4

4

6

1

1

1

1

2

1

2
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 127

PELIQOTITE

Identical with johannite.

PHOSPHURANYLITE

Ca(U02 ) 4 (P04) 2 (OH) 4 -7H20

Data from Frondel (1950b) on material from the Flat Eock mine, 

Mitchell County, N. C., and from Hogarth and Nuffield (1954) on 

material from Urgeiriga, Portugal. See also Bignand, Goni, and 

Guillemin (1954). The pattern is very similar to that of renardite, 

with which mineral phosphuranylite forms at least a partial series by 

mutual substitution of Ca and Pb.

North Carolina

d(A)

10. 16

7.83

7. 20

6.33 

5.83

5.37

4.96 

4.72

433

3.97

3.83

3.44

3.36 

3. 12

3.07 

2.94

2.86

2.71

2.59 

2. 46

2.43

2.24

2. 21

2. 16

2. 10

2.08

2.04

2.00

I

1

10

X

1

8

%

1 

2

3

9

1

1

2 

6

4 

2

6

1

1 

1

2

%

1

1

%

2

1

1

d(A)

1.895

1. 852

1. 828

1.771

1.719

1. 672

1. 656 

1.585

1.537

, 1. 506

1.433

1.375

1.358 

1.304

1. 282 

1. 252

1.236

1.209

1. 197 

1. 179

I

5

1

1

1 

3

%

1 

1

2

%

1

1

%

1 

1

%

/2

%

Portugal

<*(A)

10.34

7.91

5. 83

4.92

4.73

4.42

4.30

3.96

3. 88

3. 81

3.44

3.37

3. 15

3. 10

2. 93

2.88

I

3

10

5

%

2

3

1

6

3

3

2

1

6

6

1

6

hkl

101

200

220

f 301 

\ 212

311

/ 032 

I 103

321

400

232

240

/ 004 

I 402

/ 014 

\ 412

204

f 052

214 

' 143

501

440

f 060

{ 252

[ 351

PILBABITE

UO3-PbO-ThO2 .2SiO2 .4H2O( ?) 

Authentic X-ray powder spacing data are lacking.
128 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

BABBITTITE

Ca3Mg3 (U02) 2 (C03) 6 (OH) 4 - 18H20

Data of Thompson, Weeks, and Sherwood (1955) on material from 

Emery Comity, Utah. Data obtained from diffractometer chart; on 

film, the two inner lines may not register and the lines ,at 8.24 andJ7.79 

may overlap.

<*(A)

19.4

18.6

11.28

8.63

8.24

7.79

7. 15

6. 81

6.47

6.35

5. 83 b

5.72

I

3

1

5

3

10

8

3

1

3

1

5

5

d(A)

5. 22

4. 81

4.71

4.51

4.37

4. 28

4.05

4.03

3.84

3. 71 b

3.60

3.33

I

3

5

7

1

8

1

3

3

3

1

3

5

b Broad.

BAUVITE

CaO 2UO3 2V2O5 16H2O( ?) 

Material from Temple Mountain, San Rafael Swell, Utah.

d (A)

10.70

5. 83

3.87

3.49

2.95

2. 62

2.22

/

10

1

2

4

5

3

1

d(A)

2. 10

1.979

1.832

1. 714

1. 624

1. 543

7

1

1

1

1

1

1
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 129'

RENARDITE

Pb(U02) 4 (P04) 2 (OH) 4 7H20

Material from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo. The pattern 

is very similar to that of phosphuranylite; see also dewindtite.

d(A)

10.5

7.97

6.37

5.83

4.98

4.80

4.37 '

3.99

3.82

3.38

3. 13

3.09

2. 70

2.59

2.54

2.45

2.27

2.22

2. 17

2.11

2.09

2.05

/

4

10

3

8

4

4

7

9

5

7

8

8

l b

2

2

3

3

3

3

!*>

4 b

4

d(A)

2.01

1.95

1.90

1. 85

1.82

1.78

1.72

1.70

1. 68

1. 66

1. 60

1.55

1.514

1.497

1.471

1.439

1.377

1.356

1.302

1.290

1. 266

/

4

!»>

6*>

3

2

3

4

2

2

4

4

5"

3 b

3"

2b

3 b

4b

4b

3 b

3 b

4b

b Broad.

RICHETITE

A hydrated oxide of uranium and lead, Authentic X-ray powder

data for richetite are lacking.

RUTHERFORDINE

(U02)C03

Data from Frondel and Meyrowitz (1956) on synthetic material. 

The pattern is identical with that of natural material from the known 

localities.

d(A)

4.60

4.29

3.90

3.21

2.64

2.51

2.41

2.32

2. 15

2.05

1.95

1.914

I

10

8

6

9

4

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

d(A)

1. 874

1. 734

1. 658

1. 603

1.588

1.510

1.435

1.388

1.373

1.346

1.318

1.275

.7

2

3

1

1

1

2

2

3

1

1

1

1
130 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

SABUGALITE

HA1(UO2) 4 (P04) 4-16H2O

Data from Frondel (1951b) on material from Sabugal, Portugal. 

The pattern is very similar to those of novacekite and sale"eite.

d(A)

9. 69

6.56

5.59

4. 86

4.39

3.47

3.36

3.22

3.06

/

10

1

1

9

4

8

1

%

%

d(A)

2.82

2.45

2.39

2. 19

1.792

1.726

1.641

1. 552

1.364

7

1

2

2

6

1

1

H

l

l

SALEEITE

Mg(UO2) 2 (PO4) 2 -8-10H2O

Data from Frondel (1951a) on material from Sabugal, Portugal. 

See further under novacekite.

d(A)

9.85

8. 60

6.50

5.46

4.95

4. 51

4. 19

3.64

3.49

3.37

3. 23

3.09

2.95

2.84

2.65

2.45

7

10

3

2

3

8

4

2

1

9

3

5

2

5

1

I bd

6

d(A)

2.39

2.30

2. 25

2. 19

2. 14

2. 10

2.04

1.919

1.860

1. 798

1. 731

1. 599

1.554

1.526

1. 422

1.371

7

5

2

1

7

1

1

1

2vd

1

3

3

2

2

1

1 <»

2 b

b Broad. <» Diffuse. vd Very diffuse. bd Broad, diffuse.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 131

SAMIRESITE

A variety of betafite high in lead; see further under betafite..

SCHOEPITE

2UO3 -5H2O 

Analyzed specimen from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo.

<*(A)

7.49

6. 74

6.09

4.08

3. 64

3. 26

3.01

2.83

2.60

2.48

2.35

2.27

2.21

2. 10

2.05

1.981

1.910

1.835

I

10

1

2

2

8

9

1

2

7

3

2

1

1

4

6

1

2

4

<*(A)

1.766

1. 681

1. 648

1. 604

1.561

1.523

1.481

1.457

1.393

1.373

1.347

1. 298

1. 231

1.211

1. 199

1. 170

1. 141

7

3

1

5

3

1

1

2

2

2

3

1

2

1

2

2

3

2
132 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY 

SCHROECKINGERITE

NaCa3 (UO2) (CO3) 3 (S04)F-1OH2O

Data from Ross (1955b) on synthetic material. At about 76°C 

in air or at room temperature over concentrated H2SO4 , schroeckin- 

 gerite loses 6H2O and passes (reversibly) to a hexagonal phase not 

known in nature (Hurlbut, 1954).

d(A)

14.28

8.48

7.26

5.421

4. 796

4. 167

4. 044

3. 591

3.362

I

3

7

10

2

8

2

1

1

2

hkl

001

020

021, 111

022, 112

200, 003

220, 113, 023

041, 221, 132

042, 222, 004

203

d(A)

3.303

3. 13

2.876

2. 767

2. 706

2. 393

2.304

/

1

1

7

1

1

2

1

hkl

024, 114

310, 043, 223, 151,

241,311

134, 204 -

061, 331

025, 115

261, 401

171, 351, 2(12, 421

SENGIEBJTE

Cu(UO2) (V04) (OH)-4-5H2O

Data of Donnay and Donnay (1955) on type material frcm the 

Katanga district, Belgian Congo.

d(A)

9.82

5. 75

5.02

4. 91

4.179

4.037

3. 735

3. 262

3. 197

3. 179

3. 144

3.094

2.970

2.901

I

(TV.)

(">)

(W)

(V.) (< >) (-) ( )

(W) ( 8) ( 8)

( 8)

( 8) (-) (vw)

hkl

001 111 111

002

201

020

021

003

202

220, 22T

310, 022

113

312

221

d(A)

2.832

2. 744

2. 550

2.495

2.398

2.345

2. 267

2. 163

2. 124

2.087

2.051

2.009

1.971

1. 951

I

(< >)

(W) (< >) (vw)

(W)

(vw)

(V?

(W) (< >) (< >) (W) (-) (vw)

(vw)

likl

311

113

131, 023

322, 131

213

211

231

420, 322

330

402, 033

423~ 51T

414, 141

113, 215

' Very, very strong. 

1 Moderate. 

1 Very strong.

"Weak. 

1 Strong. 

'w Very weak.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 133

SHABPITE

(UO2 )CO3 -H2O(?)

Authentic X-ray powder data for sharpite are lacking.

SKLODOWSKITE

Mg(U02 )2 (Si03 )2 (OH)2 -5H20

Material from therKatanga district, Belgium Congo. As with other 

acicular members^of the uranophane group, care should be taken to 

&void preferred orientation in the preparation of the mount.

<*(A)

8.42

6. 37

5.91

4.82

4. 51

4.33

4. 19

4.00

3. 52

3.27

3.00

2.87

2.80

2.74

2.70

2. 66

2. 52

2. 34

2.27

2.22

2. 19

I

10

2

5

4

1

4

8

5

6

7

6

5

2

2

1

1

1

2

%

2

2

<*(A)

2. 17

2. 13

2.09

1. 985

1.961

1.918

1. 884

1.848

1.821

1.801

1. 768

1. 740

1. 707

1. 672

1. 647 '

1. 623

1. 593

1. 563

1. 540

1. 512

1. 490

I

2

3

3

2

2

2

1

2

%

1

1 b

1 b

1 b

%

l b

2

1 >'

1

1

1

1

Broad.
134 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY 

SODDYITE

(U02 ) 5 (Si04 ) 2 (OH)2 -5H20

Material from the Ruggles pegmatite, Grafton Center, N. H. Themineral may have a fine-fibrous habit and care should be taken toavoid preferred orientation in the mount. The chemical composition, 

of soddyite apparently does not vary significantly.

d(A)

6. 14

4.71

4.48

3. 73

3.32

3. 22

2. 95

2.78

2. 69

2.47

2.39

2.32

2/26

2. 18

2.09

2.04

1. 975

1.908

1.855

1.823

1.772

1.731

I

8

3

9

2

10

2

3

2

7

6

1

2

2

1

4

3

4

4

5

1

2

1

d(A)

1. 699

1. 664

1. 641

1. 601

1. 551

1. 523

1. 503

1.463

1.406

1.374

1. 353

1.339

1. 289

1. 268

1. 220

1. 148

1.082

1.055

1.038

1.018

.996

. 940

7

3

4

4

2

1

3

1

1

3

1

2

1

1

3

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

STUDTITE 

A lead uranyl carbonate ?

A doubtful mineral for which X-ray po wder spacing3da;a ar& 

lacking.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 135

SWABTZITE

CaMg(U02)(C03) 3 -12H20

Data from Axelrod, Grimaldi, Milton, and Murata (1951) on 

material from the Hillside mine, Yavapai County, Utah.

d(A)

8. 76

7. 31

6.37

5. 83

5. 50

5. 13

4. 82

4. 62

4. 46

4.37

3. 85

3. 66

3.53

3. 39

3.31

3.25

3. 19

/

10

9

5

1

10

1

8

2

2

2

2

7

5

1

1

1

7

d(A)

3. 11

3.04

2.91

2.82

2. 61

2. 28

2. 23

2. 19

2. 10

2.06

1. 817

1. 707

1.375

1. 268

1. 217

. 962

/

2

1

8

2

5

4

3

2

2

8

5

8

2

2

3

2

THOBIANITE

ThO2

Data on pure synthetic ThO2 with a0 =5.59 A. The unit cell 

edge of natural thorianite varies from at least 5.50 to 5.58 A due to 

substitution of uranium and other elements for thorium, and the 

spacings vary accordingly. See further under uraninite.

d(A)

3. 21

2, 78

L971

1. 682

1. 611

1.396

1.280

1.248

1. 141

1.076

I

10

4

8

9

2

2

4

4

4

4

hkl

111

200

220

311

222

400

331

420

422

511, 333

d(A)

0 988

945

932

884

853

844

808

784

776

I

3

6

3

4

3

3

2

7

8

hkl

440

531

600, 442

620

533

622

444
136 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY 

THORITE

ThSiO,

Data on pure anhydrous synthetic tetragonal ThSiO4. Natural 

thorite is nearly or completely metamict. TheTspacings of such 

material when recrystallized by heating may differ slightly from 

those of pure sjnithetic material due to a variable and sometimes 

large content of U, rare earths, or other elements in substitution_for Th.

d(A)

4. 69

3. 56

2. 84

2. 66

2. 52

2.22

2.01

1.89

1.84

1. 787

1.749

1.672

1. 599

1.571

1.486

1.438

1.396

1.336

1.282

1.264

1. 182

1. 168

/

9

10

7

8

5

%

5

6

10

5

6

3

5

4

6

7

6

8

7

y*

7

1

hkl

Oil

200

121

112

220

022

013

321

312

400

123

411

004

240, 033

332

024

431

224

152

440

044, 215, 600, 343, 503

611

d(A)

1. 145

1. 123

1.059

1.049

1.024

1.016

. 990

. 984

.972

.950

.918

.900

.890

.875

.865

.861

.840

. 839

.819

.805

.798

/

3

7

%

%

3

%y2 *

2 d

3 d

5*>

4b

3 b

2b

lb

2«

/2«

!*>

1

3°

1 «

5"

hkl

532

244, 305, 260, 523

602

325

116, 631

415

613, 206, 701

444, 460

543

316, 721, 552, 712

624, 525

336

732

800

811, 741

615

820

714

156

644

660

d Diffuse line. b Diffuse line, possibly a doublet. 

« Broad band, centering as listed.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 137

THOBO GUMMITE

Ideally Th(SiO4)i_ x (OH) 4x

Data from Frondel (1953) on material from Baringer Hill, Tex. 

The pattern, virtually identical with that of thorite, often is rather 

diffuse due to small particle size. Natural material contains variable 

amounts of uranium, rare earths, and other cations in substitution for 

Th and the content of (OH) is variable, but nothing is known of the 

attendant variation in spacings. Tetragonal.

d(A)

4. 695

3.537

2.821

2. 653

2. 499

2.336

2.203

2.000

1. 869

1.818

1.767

1.740

1. 653

1. 582

1.565

1.469

1.431

I

9

10

4

6

3

%

4

4

3

6

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

hkl

Oil

200

121

112

220

022

031

013

321

312

400

123

411

420

004

332

024

d(A)

1.379

1. 326

1. 267

1. 172

1. 130

1. 112

1. 088

1. 055

1.039

1. 021 to 1. 013

. 976

. 953 to . 951

.908

.888

.833

.807

.791

I

2

3

2

4 d

1 *

2H d

K*

tt d

1 a

3 d

2d

3d

(d)

(d)

( d)

( d)

hkl

431

224

431

044

532

244

541

622

631

415, 116

444

552

624

800

644

662

840

< Diffuse.
138 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

TORBERNITE

Cu(UO2 ) 2 (PO4) 2 -8-12H2O

Data from Berman (1956) on fully hydrated synthetic material. 

The chemical composition of this species is essentially constant aside 

from variation in the content of zeolitic water, and patterns of natural 

material from different localities show few or no significant differences. 

Torbernite rapidly dehydrates under warm, dry atmospheric conditions to metatorbernite. The pattern of torbernite is relatively close 

to that of zeunerite.

d(A)

10.3

6. 61

5. 18

4.94

4. 48

3. 67

3. 58

3. 51

3. 10

2.90

2.85

2.73

I

10

4

3

9

4

4

9

8

1

3

2

1

d(A)

2. 67

2.48

2. 41

2.37

2.32

2. 24

2.21

2. 158

2.040

1. 917

1.873

I

1

1

2

1

1

1

3

2

3

1

1
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 139

TROEGERITE

H2 (UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 -8H2O(?)

The chemical composition of troegerite is in doubt, and type specimens of the mineral are not available. The existing evidence indicates 

that troegerite has the composition given above, and the present 

spacing data from Mrose (1953) have been obtained on synthetic 

material of this composition.

d(A)

8. 59

5.50

5.04

4.35

3.79

3.56

3.30

3. 14

2.99

2.76

2.70

2.59

2.53

2.43

2.30

2.26

2. 19

2. 16

2. 10

2.01

1.931

1.873

1.845

1.807

1.787

1.752

1.705

1.685

1.658

1.643

1.613

I

10

7

4

7

9

6

8

%

5

2

7

3

6

5

2

3

7

4

5

7

3

2

3

4

4

4

1

%7

2

3

d(A)

1. 598

1.576

1. 541

1.508

1.492

1.473

1.462

1.437

1.427

1.388

1.360

1.335

1.316

1.297

1.285

1.275

1.265

1.252

1.239

1.230

1. 217

1.211

1. 182

1. 169

1. 139

1. 133

1. 122

1. 110

1.098

I

3

7

%

%

1

%

1

4

4

6

3

4

1

K

3

%

%2

2

2

2

%

5

4

/2

2

4

2

4
TYUYAMTJNITE

Ca(UO2)2 (VO4) 2 -5-8.5H2O

Fully hydrated natural material from Hudspeth County, Tex. 

The water content varies zeolitically between 5 and 8.5 with attendant 

variation in the spacings of (001) and other planes; the spacings 

decrease with decreasing water content. Data for tyuyamunite of 

controlled water content also are given by Stern and others (1956). 

Metatyuyamunite is a common impurity. Tyuyamunite, metatyuyamunite, carnotite and, to a less extent, zippeite resemble each 

other in the hand specimens but their X-ray patterns are distinctive.

d(A)

10.18

6.62

5.02

4.02

3.37

3:20

3. 12

2.69

2.55

/

10

3

9

2

3

5

3

1

2

d(A)

2.48

2.28

2. 16

2. 10

2.04

1.964

1.911

1.870

J

1

1

1

1

4

1

2

1

UMOHOITE

(U02MoOv4H2O(?)

Data of Brophy and Kerr (1953) on material from Marysvale, 

Utah. Relative intensities from spectrometer chart peaks. The pattern varies due to effects of X-ray irradiation, and the present data 

obtained on a sample previously irradiated for two days.

d(A)

14.29

&57

7.19

4.80

4.30

3.72

3.60

3.22

J

52

23

264

176

3

2

62

10

d(A)

3.06

2.891

2.402

2. 149

2.061

1.807

1.606

1.443

I

7

17

1

2

45

8

3

4
TJBANINITE

UO2

Data on essentially stoichiometric synthetic UO2 with ao=5.46 A. 

The unit cell dimensions of natural uraninite vary from at least 

5.36 A to 5.50 A due to oxidation and the entrance of other elements 

in substitution for uranium, and the spacings vary accordingly. The 

pattern is distinctive, and there is little chance of confusion with 

other minerals with the exception of thorianite, cerianite, sphalerite, 

and bindheimite. Thorianite is isostructural with uraninite and patterns are analogous, but the unit cell edge of thorianite is larger and 

the spacing correspondingly smaller than with uraninite. A complete 

series exists between ThO2 and UO2 , and the patterns of the two 

minerals are therefore gradational. Cerianite also has an analogous 

pattern but the cell dimensions of pure CeO2 are smaller than those 

of all but relatively highly oxidized uraninite. Confirmatory chemical tests are desirable with these minerals.

Synthetic UO2 

ao=5.46 A

d(A)

3.14

2.73

1.926

1.645

1.574

1.365

1.251

1.220

1. 115

1.051

.966

.924

.911

.864

. 833 ai

. 824 ai

. 789 ai

I

10

5

8

9

4

3

6

6

6

7

4

7

5

6

5

5

3

hkl

111

002

022

113

222

004

133

024

224

333, 115

044

135

006, 244

0&6

335

226

444

d(A)

3. 11

2.66

1.90

1.62

1.55

1.35

1.24

1.21

1.10

1.04

.95

.91

.90

.85

.82

.76

.72

.70

I

10

3

8

6

1

1

3

2

2

2

K

l

%

%

H

H

K

Synthetic CeO3 * 

a<,=5.41 A

 Data from ASTM card file.
142 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

URANOPHANE

Ca(UO2) 2 (Si03) 2 (OH) 2 -5H2O

Material from the Ruggles pegmatite, Grafton Center, N. H. Direct comparison of films taken of material from numerous localities 

shows little or no significant variations in spacing. The dense types 

of uranophane give good patterns with conventional methods of mount 

preparation, but care should be taken with acicular types to avoid 

preferred orientation. The patterns of uranophane and its polymorph beta-uranophane are distinctly different although the two minerals are very similar in the hand specimen.

d(A)

7.88

6. 61

5.42

4.76

4.29

3.94

3.60

3.51

3.41

3.35

3.20

3.09

2.99

2.91

2.69

2.63

2.57

2.52

2.40

2.26

2.20

2. 10

I

10

4

4

5

2

9

4

4

1

1 5

1

8

8

4

5

2

2

1

2

4

5

d(A)

2.06

1.969

1.906

1.889

1. 867

1.827

1.769

1. 747

1.717

1. 659

1. 601

1.579

1.537

1.496

1.461

1.442

1.382

1.372

, 1.345

1.325

1.262

1. 239

7

2

7

2

1

3

1

3

3

1

2

1

2

2

2

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

2
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 143

URANOPILITE

(U02) 6 (S04)(OH) 10 -12H20

Data from Frondel (1952) on material from Wheal Owles, Cornwall, 

England. Identical patterns are afforded by material from other 

localities. Gypsum is characteristically admixed or associated with 

uranopilite and zippeite and may give rise to extra lines in the pattern. 

The fine-fibrous character of uranopilite may cause preferred orientation in the mount.

d(A)

9. 18

8.21

7. 12

5.99

5.51

5. 13

4.76

4. 61

4.28

4.02

3.86

3.65

3.48

3.31

3.08

2.99

2.90

2.75

2.69

2.59

/

8

2

10

2

4

1

1

1

8

1

2

5

2

4

1

3

3

1

2

2

d(A)

2.42

2. 36

2. 28

2.24

2. 19

2. 13

2.08

2.04

2.01

1.932

1. 880

1. 826

1.757

1. 732

1.700

1. 674

1. 638

1. 604

/

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

2

2

3

3

1

2

1

1

1
144 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

URANOSPATHITE

The pattern of uranospathite is virtually identical with that of 

fully hydrated zeunerite but with extra lines at d 14.6 and d 7.56. 

(See Prondel, 1954.) The fresh mineral dehydrates very rapidly and 

then gives the pattern of metazeunerite. The status of uranospathite 

is uncertain. The mineral appears to be a copper uranyl phosphatearsenate related to the members of the torbernite group but containing 

a larger amount of H2O.

URANOSPHERITE

(BiO)(U02)(OH) 3 (?) 

Material from Schneeberg, Saxony.

d(A)

5.25

474

4.37

4. 15

3.87

3.47

3. 16

3.05

2.71

2.60

2.54

2.46

2.39

2.35

2. 16

2.08

2.03

1.97

I

6

3

4

1

7

6

10

3

1

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

4

d(A)

1.90

1.83

1.80

1.73

1.66

1.59

1.56

1.52

1.37

1.34

1.33

1.26

1.236

1. 198

1. 181

1.097

1.058

/

5

8

1

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

4

1

1
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 145

UBANOSPINITE

Ca(UO2) 2 (AsO,) 2 -8-10H2O

Data from Mrose (1953) on synthetic material containing 8H2O, 

Data also are given for synthetic material with ~ 10H2O.

8H2O

d(A)

8.85

5.57

5.10

4.40

3.74

3.59

3.34

3.02

2.81

2.68

2.55

2.44

2.29

2.20

2. 16

2. 10

2.00

1.945

1.845

1.804

1.755

1. 704

1.642

1. 608

1.575

1.499

1.414

1.384

1.361

I

10

6

7

2

5

9

8

4

1

1

5

4

3

2

2

2

1

1

/2

5

1

1

3

3

3

%

%

%

%

10H2 0

d(A)

10. 16

6.71

5. 13

4. 90

4. 53

3. 56

3.39

3. 16

2.91

2.82

2.70

2.52

2.46

2.37

2.27

2.21

2. 16

2.05

1. 90

1.848

1.791

1.765

1. 689

1. 645

1.618

1. 600

1.580

1.535

1.514

1.492

1.404

1.361

1.339

1.302

1.285

1.258

1. 229

1. 185

1. 159

1. 127

/

10

4

7

6

3

9

8

l b

4b

l b

4b

5 b

5

1

5 b

2

4 b

3 b

6

2

4

3 b

3 b

1

3

3

3

1

2

/2 b

3

2 b

2 b

H b K b

i b

i b

i b

i b

2 b

Broad.
146 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

UVANITE

U2V6O21 -15H2O(?)

Data obtained from five different sources, all derived from type 

material from Temple Mountain, San Kafael Swell, Utah, are not 

wholly consistent, probably due to the presence of impurities and to 

variation in film intensity and quality.

Harvard

standard file

d(A)

5.9

4.6

3.3

2.94

2.24

1.71

1.637

1.484

1.356

1.288

1.180

1. 119

7

6

4

2

10

8

9

4

7

2

3

1

4

d(A)

5.9

5.3

3.39

2.96

2.24

1.71

1.64

1.49

I

5 b

4b

2

10

5 b

8

l b

4

d(A)

9.56

5.72

4.55

2.93

2.202

1.695

I

(w)

(w)

(vw)

(vs)

(w)

(w)

d(A)

5.79

4.60

3.34

2.94

2.21

1.701

1. 626

1.475

I

6

7

2

10

4

5

1

3

d(A)

3.36

2.948

2.217

1.698

1.468

I

(w)

(T.)

( )

(w)

(w)

1 Strong. Very strong. » Weak. »» Very weak. b Broad.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 147 

VANDENBBANDEITE

Cu(UO2)O2 -2H2O

Data from Milne and Nuffield (1951) on material from Kalongwe,. 

Katanga, Belgian Congo, and from Harvard file on Katanga material. 

The two sets of data are slightly divergent for reasons not known. 

See also Bignand (1955).

Milne and Nuffield, 1951*

d(A)

5.06

4.29

3.85

3. 72

3.33

3.07

2.92

2.77

2.56

2.48

2.40

2.36

2.29

2. 19

2. 15

2.09

1.967

1.913

1.851

1.823

1. 793

1. 751

1.708

1. 685

1. 657

1. 624

1. 579

1. 557

1.527

1.498

1.471

1.438

I

4

10

2

2

2

1

8

V2

4

%

%

1

1

%

%

3

2

1

3

%

1

%

1

%

%

2

/2

1

1

1

3

%

d(A)

1.420

1. 398

1.348

1.333

1. 317

1.300

1. 276

1. 253

1.246

1. 227

1. 197

1. 173

1. 156

1. 129

1.096

1.076

1.068

1.055

1. 044

1.038

1. 028

1.020

1.012

1.003

. 990

.978

. 968

. 954

. 944

. 939

.931

.927

7

%A1

2

%

3

%

%

2

%

1

%

%

%

%

2

2

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

1

%

%

1

1

1

1

%

d(A)

5.98

5.47

5. 26

4. 44

3.97

3. 85

3.49

3.40

3. 25

3. 13

2.97

2. 70

2.59

2.40

2.31

2. 20

2.03

1.915

1.876

1.816

1.637

1.571

1.542

1.510

1.486

1.453

1. 369

1. 329

I

3

3

9

10

3

4

1

4

2

2

8

2

7

2

2

5

6

1

3

1

5

1

1

1

2

1

2

2

*Data, in kx units, converted to angstrom units.
VANDENDRIESS CHEITE

PbO-7UO3 -12H2O

Material from the Katanga district, Belgian Congo. Optical and 

other evidence indicate that the two sets of slightly divergent data 

here reported both represent essentially the same mineral. See 

further under fourmarierite.

<*(A)

7.41

6.49

4.58

4.27

3. 94

3. 61

3.22

2.83

2.55

2.43

2.32

2.05

2.01

1.886

1.811

1.783

1.734

1. 687

1.646

1. 613

1.563

1.524

1.420

1.381

1.338

1.304

1.266

1.202

I

8

2

2 <»

1

1

9

10

2

4

3

2

3

4

1 d

3

3

2

1

1

2

1

2

1 d

1 d

2

1

2

1

d(A)

8.27

7.31

6.49

4. 85

4.39

4. 14

3.93

3.58

3.37

3. 19

3.00

2.73

2.53

2.40

2.32

2.05

1.989

1.908

1.797

1.773

1.726

1. 699

1.657

1.601

1.566

1.510

1.419

1.349

1.332

1.312

1.263

/

2

10

3

1

2

1

2

8

1

9

1

3

5

2

1

2

7

3

3

5

3

2

3

4

2

2

2

2

2

1

2

* Diffuse.
VOGLITE

A calcium copper uranyl carbonate 

Authentic X-ray powder data are lacking.

WALPUBGITE

Bi4 (UO2)(AsO4)2-3H2O

Material from Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany. Strong patterns are 

difficult to obtain due to the low symmetry and highly absorbing 

nature of the mineral. The spacings vary with substitution of P 

for As.

d(A)

10. 65

9. 9

6.56

5. 64

5.44

5.01

4. 87

4. 10

3.97

3.44

3.38

3.25

3. 11

3.05

2.72

2.59

I

1

4

1

1

1

%

1

%

1

2

2

5

10

5

4

l b

d(A)

2.50

2. 41

2.33

2.24

2. 19

2. 12

2.07

2.002

1.922

1.895

1.852

1.807

1.774

1.695

1.695

7

1 b

4 b

1 b

1 b

3

2 b

2 b

3 b

2 b

3 b

3 b

3 b

3 b

4

4

b Broad.
150 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

ZEUNEBITE

Cu(UO2) 2 (AsO4) 2 -8-10H2O

Data from J. W. Frondel (1951) on synthetic material containing 

16H2O and 10H2O.

10H2O

d(A)

10.33

9.40

6.82

5.27

5.07

4.58

3.60

3.40

3. 18

2. 94

2.86

2.75

2.54

2.47

2.32

2.27

2. 19

2.07

1.926

1. 869

1. 798

1.772

1. 707

1. 692

1.660

1. 642

1. 605

I

9

1

4

5

7»>

2

10

6

2

4

1

2

3

3

1

3

3

4

4

1

4

1

2

2

2

2

3

d(A)

1.583

1.561

1.536

1.506

1. 428

1.404

1.378

1.358

1.313

1.293

1.270

1.242

1. 217

1. 164

1. 138

1.093

1.083

1.056

1.036

1.022

. 997

.972

.959

. 947

. 929

7

1

1

3

1

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 d

1

1

1

1

1

1 bd

1

1

1

1

16H2O

d(A)

10. 65

6. 86

5.04

4.55

3.59

3.39

3. 18

3.07

2.93

2.86

2.73

2.54

2.47

2.42

2.38

2.31

2.27

2. 19

2.08

1.985

1.926

1. 873

1. 797

1.768

1.734

1.704

I

10

5

8

2

9

7

2

1

4

4

3

4

4

1

1

2

3

4

5

16 '

2

5

1

1

2

d(A)

1. 658

1. 642

1.610

1.590

1.563

1.533

1.512

1.429

1.382

1. 365

1.332

1. 313

1. 298

1. 275

1. 248

1. 222

1.211

1. 202

1. 191

1. 181

1. 168

1. 143

1. 118

1.094

1.086

1.060

I

1

4

3

1

2

4

1

3

3

3

1

2

1

3

2

1

2

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

2

1

b Broad. *>* Broad, diffuse. a Diffuse.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 151

ZIPPEITE

Near 2UO3 -SO3 -5H2O

A number of different basic uranyl sulfates apparently are confused 

under the name zippeite. The spacing data here given are for a 

particular type of natural material, that also has been synthesized, 

to which it is convenient to restrict the name. (See Frondel, 1952.) 

This mineral occurs at Joachims thai, Bohemia, and seems to be 

widely distributed. Data for one of the other zippeite-like minerals, 

from the Happy Jack mine, Utah, are also given below.

Joachimsthal

d(A)

8.65

7. 06

6.45

5.44

4. 27

3.88

3. 63

3. 51

3. 12

2. 86

2. 71

2. 65

2.47

2. 34

2.21

2. 14

2.09

2.05

1.935

1.876

1.856

1. 816

1.745

1. 694

1.666

1. 632

/

4

10

2

4

5

3

4

8

9

6

2

5

5

2

4

3

2

5

6

2

2

5

6

1

1

1

d(A)

1.598

1.563

1. 519

1.494

1.458

1.424

1. 396

1. 367

1. 326

1.299

1.258

1.236

1.219

1. 198

1. 180

1. 162'

1. 139

1. 106

1. 093

1.067

1.056

1.037

1.024

1.011

1.001

/

5

2

2

1

2

4

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1 d

2

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

Happy Jack mine, Utah

<*(A)

9.61

7.31

5.57

4.77

4. 27

4. 10

3. 99

3. 66

3.51

3. 22

3.15

2. 86

2. 66

2.53

2.45

2.25

2. 22

2. 12

2.002

1.96

1.884

1.855

1.821

1. 791

1.749

1.731

1. 701

1. 621

1.583

1.517

I

1

10

1

1

1

4

1

9

5

1

8

4

3

4

1

2

2

4

4

2b

2 b

1

2*>

lb

4

1

4

2

3

1

b Broad. d Diffuse.
152 CONTRIBUTIONS TO GEOCHEMISTRY

REFERENCES

Arnott, R. J., 1950, X-ray diffraction data on some radioactive oxide mineralsr 

Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 386-400.

Axelrod, J. M., Grimaldi, F. S., Milton, C., and Murata, K. J., 1951, The uranium 

minerals from the Hillside mine, Yavapai County, Ariz.: Am. Mineralogist 

v. 36, p. 1-22.

Bannister, F. S., and Home, J. E. T., 1950, A radioactive mineral from Mozambique related to davidite: Mineralog. Mag., v. 29, p. 101-112.

Berman, R., 1956, Studies of uranium minerals Fully hydrated torbernite and 

zeunerite: Am. Mineralogist. (In press.)

Bignand, C., 1955, Sur les propriety's et les syntheses de quelques naine'raux 

uraniferes: Soc. franQ. mine'ralogie Bull., tome 78, p. 1-26.

Bignand, C., Gofii, J., and Guillemin, C., 1954, La phosphuranylite, ses relations 

avec la dewindtite et la renardite: Soc. frang. mine'ralogie Bull., tome 77, 

p. 1299-1306.

Bowie, S. H. U., and Home, J. E. T., 1953, Cheralite, a new mineral of the monazite group: Mineralog. Mag., v. 30, p. 93-99.

Brophy, G. P., and Kerr, P. F., 1953, Hydrous uranium molybdate in Marysvale 

[Utah] ore: U. S. Atomic Energy Comm. RME-3046, p. 45-51.

Donnay, Gabrielle, and Donnay, J. D. H., 1955, Contribution to the crystallography of uranium minerals: U. S. Geol. Survey TEI-507, U. S. Atomic 

Energy Commission, Tech. Inf. Service, Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Evans, H. T., and Frondel, C., 1950, Studies of uranium minerals II, Liebigite 

and uranothallite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 251-254.

Frondel, Clifford, 1950a, Studies of uranium minerals I, Parsonsite and randite: 

Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 245-250.

 1950b, Studies of uranium minerals V, Phosphuranylite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 35, p. 756-763.

 195la, Studies of uranium minerals IX, Sale"eite and novacekite: Am. 

Mineralogist, v. 36, p. 680-686.

 195 Ib, Studies of uranium minerals VIII, Sabugalite, an aluminumautunite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 36, p. 671-679.

 1952, Studies of uranium minerals X, Uranopilite: Am. Mineralogist, 

v. 37, p. 950-959.

 1953, Hydroxyl substitution in thorite and zircon: Am. Mineralogist, v. 

38, p. 1007-1018.

 1954, Bassetite and uranospathite: Mineralog. Mag., v. 30, p. 343-353. 

1956, Studies of uranium minerals XI, Gmnmite: Am. Mineralogist.

(In press.) 

Frondel, Clifford, and Cuttitta, Frank, 1954, Studies of uranium minerals XIV,

Renardite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 448-451. 

Frondel, Clifford, and Meyrowitz, Robert, 1956, Studies of uranium minerals 

XIX, Rutherfordine, diderichite and clarkeite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 41,

p. 127-133.

Frondel, J. W., 1951, Studies of uranium minerals VII, Zeunerite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 36, p. 249-255. 

Frondel, J. W., and Cuttitta, F., 1953, Studies of uranium minerals XII, The

status of billietite and becquerelite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 38, p. 1019-1024. 

 1954, Studies of uranium minerals XVI, An alteration product of ianthinite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 39. p. 1018-1020. 

Gruner, J. W., 1954, The chemical formula of clarkeite: Am. Mineralogist, v.

39, p. 836-838.
X-RAY POWDER DATA FOR URANIUM AND THORIUM MINERALS 153

Hogarth, D. C., and Nuffield, E. W., 1954, Studies of radioactive compounds 

VII, Phosphuranylite and dewindtite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 444-447. 

Hurlbut, C. S., Jr., 1954, Studies of uranium minerals XV, Schroeckingeritefrom Argentina and Utah: Am. Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 901-907. 

Kerr, P. F., and Holland, H. D., 1951, Differential thermal analysis of davidite:

Am. Mineralogist, v. 36, p. 563-572. 

Milne, I. H., and Nuffield, E. W., 1951, Studies of radioactive compounds I,.

Vandenbrandeite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 36, p. 394-410. 

Mrose, M. E., 1953, Studies of uranium minerals XIII, Synthetic uranospinites:

Am. Mineralogist, v. 38, p. 1159-1168. 

Nuffield, E. W., and Milne, I. H., 1953, Studies of radioactive compounds VI,

Meta-uranocircite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 38, p. 476-488. 

Pabst, A, 1951, Huttonite, a new monoclinic thorium silicate: Am. Mineralogist,.

v. 36, p. 60-69.

 1954, Brannerite from California: Am. Mineralogist, v. 39, p. 109-117. 

Ross, Virginia, 1955a, Studies of uranium minerals XXI, Synthetic hydrogenautunite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 40, p. 917-919.

 1955b, Studies of uranium minerals XVII, Synthetic schroeckingerite::

Am. Mineralogist, v. 40, p. 515-519. 

Stern, T. W., Stieff, L. R., Girhard, M. N., and Meyrowitz, Robert, 1956, The

occurrence and properties of metatyuyamunite: Am. Mineralogist, v. 41,.

p. 187-201. 

Thompson, M. E., Ingram, Blanche, and Gross, E. B., 1956, Abernathyite, a;

new uranium mineral of the metatorbernite group: Am. Mineralogist, v. 41,

p. 82-90. 

Thompson, M. E., Weeks, A. D., and Sherwood, A. M., 1955, Rabbittite, a new.

uranyl carbonate from Utah: Am. Mineralogist, v. 40, p. 201-212. 

Vaes, J. F., and Kerr, P. F., 1949, Sengierite, a preliminary description: Aim.

Mineralogist, v. 34, p. 109-120.

». t. OVERNHENT PRINTINC OFFICE: I95«