1 

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION 

Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) 

File Name: 14a0113p.06 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 

_________________ 

In re: BAYER HEATHCARE AND MERIAL LIMITED 

FLEA CONTROL PRODUCTS MARKETING AND SALES 

PRACTICES LITIGATION. 

KEVIN SIMMS; ALAN RESNICK; NASHVILLE 

FARRELL; JOHN GREGG; MARK BLOOM; PAMELA J.

CARTHEN; GARY RICHARDSON; CRYSTAL BOYKIN;

MARGARITA BALLOVERAS; SALVADORE CHRISTINA,

JR.; BETH POLLARD, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 

BAYER HEATHCARE LLC; MERIAL LIMITED; MERIAL 

LLC; MERIAL INC., 

Defendants-Appellees. 

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No. 13-3514 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland. 

No. 1:12-md-02319—Dan A. Polster, District Judge. 

Argued: January 29, 2014 

Decided and Filed: May 29, 2014 

Before: SUTTON, McKEAGUE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges. 

_________________ 

COUNSEL 

ARGUED: Paul M. De Marco, MARKOVITS, STOCK & DEMARCO, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, 

for Appellants. Gregory A. Castanias, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., for Appellees. ON 

BRIEF: Paul M. De Marco, MARKOVITS, STOCK & DEMARCO, LLC, Cincinnati, Ohio, 

John R. Climaco, Scott D. Simpkins, Margaret M. Metzinger, CLIMACO, WILCOX, PECA, 

TARANTINO & GAROFOLI CO., LPA, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellants. Gregory A. 

Castanias, JONES DAY, Washington, D.C., Judy Jarecki-Black, Ph.D., MERIAL LIMITED, 

Duluth, Georgia, John K. Sherk, Holly P. Smith, Molly S. Carella, SHOOK, HARDY & 

>
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 2 

BACON L.L.P., Kansas City, Missouri, Richard J. Bedell, Jr., Lisa B. Gates, JONES DAY, 

Cleveland, Ohio, J. Patrick Elsevier, Ph.D., JONES DAY, San Diego, California, Chad A. 

Radler, JONES DAY, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellees. 

_________________ 

OPINION

_________________ 

 McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. This case involves multidistrict litigation focused on 

whether defendants Bayer and Merial falsely advertised their flea-and-tick products for pets. In 

an effort to streamline the case, the district court framed the case as turning on a single issue, and 

crafted a case management plan in which Bayer and Merial would bear the initial burden of 

producing studies to substantiate their advertising claims. After Bayer and Merial met their 

burden, the burden would shift to the plaintiffs to refute the studies, showing how the studies 

were unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete. The plaintiffs’ failure to carry their burden would 

result in dismissal of the case. The plaintiffs agreed to the case management plan, but then at the 

end of the process wanted to instead conduct discovery relating to issues besides the agreed-on 

dispositive issue. The district court denied most of the plaintiffs’ discovery requests, and granted 

summary judgment to Bayer and Merial. For the reasons stated below, we affirm. 

I.

 This case involves various flea-and-tick products for dogs and cats that Bayer and Merial 

manufacture and market. All of Merial’s products and all but one of Bayer’s products are 

considered “spot-on products” because their active ingredient works primarily through topical 

application to a pet’s skin rather than through the pet’s bloodstream. According to Bayer and 

Merial, after a small amount of their product is applied to one area of a pet’s skin, the product 

disperses over the rest of the pet’s body within one day of application via a process called 

translocation. Bayer and Merial advertise that this dispersal occurs because the product collects 

in the oil glands in the pet’s skin, and that the pet’s natural oils spread the product over the 

surface of the pet’s skin and “wick” the product over the pet’s hair. 

The plaintiffs in this case are the named plaintiffs in ten actions filed in nine district 

courts, consolidated by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. The plaintiffs allege that 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 3 

Bayer and Merial made various false and misleading claims about their flea-and-tick products. 

In their briefing to this court, the plaintiffs summarize their false advertising claims against 

Bayer and Merial as follows: 

[1] that defendants’ products are self-dispersing and cover the entire surface area 

of the pet’s body when applied in a single limited spot; [2] that they are effective 

for one month and require monthly applications to continue to be effective; 

[3] that they do not enter the bloodstream of the pet and instead move across the 

pet’s coat and skin to cover and protect the pet; [4] and that they are waterproof 

and remain effective following shampoo treatments, swimming, and exposure to 

rain or sunlight. 

Pl. Br. at 7. 

 On May 1, 2012, the district court conducted a case management conference. The district 

court discussed the plaintiffs’ claims with the plaintiffs’ attorneys, noting that the “first alleged 

false claim is that the defendants’ products are self-dispersing and cover the entire surface of the 

dog or cat’s body when applied in a single limited spot.” R. 16, 05/01/12 Tr. at 12, PageID # 

187. After discussing all four claims with the plaintiffs’ attorneys, the district court reasoned 

that there were “four claims, but there’s really only one claim. . . . We can tie everyone up for 

years in discovery, but we can cut through all that and do a couple tests, and the product either 

disperses or it doesn’t.” Id. at 35, PageID # 210. The district court also noted that “if this 

product didn’t work [the way that the defendants claimed that it worked,] it would be readily 

apparent . . . within a few months.” Id. at 13, 15, PageID # 188, 190. 

The district court summarized the dispute as a one-issue case several times during the 

case management conference. On one occasion, the district court stated, “boiled down, this case 

is very straightforward. The plaintiffs are alleging that the defendants’ product does not 

autodisperse across the surface of the pet’s body as the defendants claim.” Id. at 42–43, PageID 

# 217–18. On another occasion, the court stated: “It’s taken an hour, I now understand the 

plaintiffs’ case . . . it boils down to one basic contention, that they’re claiming that [Bayer and 

Merial] have misrepresented [their] product. And that is this self-dispersing mechanism, and that 

it covers the pet’s body, entire body, with a single application. So that’s what it boils down to.” 

Id. at 44, PageID # 219. On a third occasion: “So the question simply is, does this product . . . 

translocate over the pet’s body. If it does there is no case, if it doesn’t you have a problem with 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 4 

what you’re claiming, you have to stop claiming it.” Id. at 52, PageID # 227. In another 

exchange, the plaintiffs expressly agreed with the district court’s categorization of the case: 

JUDGE POLSTER: . . . . This is a one-issue case. Okay? I mean, does this 

product disperse over the pet’s body? If it does, there’s no case. If it doesn’t, 

we’ve got a false representation. That’s it. I mean, and it’s false for everyone, 

because that’s the only reason you would get the product. If it only works on the 

pet’s neck, who cares, it’s worthless. 

MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Your Honor, we agree. That’s the basic 

simplicity of the case. 

Id. at 32, PageID # 207. 

The district court then crafted an evidentiary plan for handling the case. In so doing, the 

district court again expressed concerns about spending millions of dollars in discovery. The 

evidentiary plan was discussed as follows: 

JUDGE POLSTER: If [Bayer and Merial have] a good study . . . it will be up to 

the plaintiffs to demonstrate conclusively to me through experts what’s wrong 

with your study, or else they’re out. I’ll dismiss the claim, and they can go to the 

Court of Appeals, and then they’re not going to succeed. Okay? That will be as a 

threshold matter. If . . . [Bayer and Merial produce the study,] then it’s up to the 

plaintiffs to show why [the] study was inadequate, incomplete, false, fraudulent, 

whatever they want to say, through some expert, . . . 

So do plaintiffs agree with that? 

MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Yes, we do, Your Honor. 

Id. at 48–49, PageID # 223–24. 

Bayer and Merial expressed concern about the district court’s proposed evidentiary plan. 

They stated that “it seems like what we’re having here is almost a trial simply with comments by 

counsel, and no witnesses and no evidence[.]” Id. at 43, PageID # 218. Bayer and Merial further 

requested an alternative procedure, which would have involved additional briefing on the 

scientific issues as well as expert affidavits. The plaintiffs’ attorney objected to Bayer and 

Merial’s suggestion, and was reluctant to adopt this alternative procedure: 

MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Your Honor, it just seems to me that all 

we’re doing [if the alternative procedure is accepted] is opening up full-scale 

discovery. 

JUDGE POLSTER: Yeah. I don’t quite understand. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 5 

MR. CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Neither do I. Let’s do the test. 

Id. at 46, PageID # 221. 

The district court memorialized the agreement reached at the case management 

conference in an order filed the following day. According to the case management order, the 

case centered on Bayer and Merial’s alleged “false or misleading claims in the marketing and 

sales of their flea-and-tick products[.]” R. 17, 05/02/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, PageID # 237. 

Under the case management plan, Bayer and Merial would bear the initial burden, and be 

required to produce studies that substantiated their advertising claims.1

 Id. Following this step, 

the plaintiffs would have to “refute the studies, e.g., showing how they are unreliable, inaccurate, 

or incomplete, or these cases will be dismissed.” Id. Bayer and Merial filed a motion for 

reconsideration, objecting to the case management plan. R. 19. Plaintiffs filed a response in 

opposition, quoting the district court’s statements at the case management conference at length, 

and vigorously defending the case management plan. R. 24, Resp. in Opposition at 11, 

PageID # 728. For example, plaintiffs argued that the plan would “sav[e] both sides 

considerable time, effort, and money,” was within the district court’s authority to enter, and 

“comport[ed] with the goal of achieving the orderly and expeditious disposition of cases.” 

On May 15, 2012, Bayer and Merial submitted several studies in support of their 

advertising claims. These studies included Bayer’s “Chopade Study,” a peer-reviewed study 

which applied Bayer’s product on dogs, and tested dog hair and skin samples for distribution of 

the product’s active ingredient. It also included Merial’s “Dyk Study,” a doctoral dissertation 

that topically applied Merial’s product on dogs, and tested dog hair samples for distribution of 

the product’s active ingredient. 

 On July 11, 2012, plaintiffs filed a motion for an extension of time to submit their 

response. The plaintiffs stated that they needed only a short extension of time to complete their 

independent study, which was purportedly necessary because the plaintiffs believed that the 

studies submitted by Bayer and Merial did not actually test for translocation. The district court 

“begrudgingly” granted the motion for an extension, but in so doing noted that the wording in 

 1

The case management plan further provided that if Bayer and Merial did not have sufficiently recent 

studies, a neutral laboratory would be utilized. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 6 

plaintiffs’ motion suggested that the plaintiffs were “not doing what they are supposed to, which 

is to attack Defendants’ studies by showing they are flawed or unreliable or inaccurate.” R. 32, 

07/13/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1–2, PageID # 790–91. 

 On July 31, 2012, the plaintiffs submitted their response, which included information 

provided by one of the plaintiffs and his adolescent son in what plaintiffs called the “Gregg 

Study,” which allegedly tested the “hypothesis of pesticide distribution” concerning one of the 

products’ active ingredients. The response also included information concerning the “Jones 

Study,” which purported to test the advertising claims made by Bayer and Merial. The Jones 

Study was an independent examination of whether translocation occurred when Bayer and 

Merial’s products were applied to a dog’s skin, and included, among other things, the measure of 

the product found on the dog’s skin, hair, and in its bloodstream at different time intervals. 

Because it detected a presence of the product’s active ingredient in the dog’s bloodstream, the 

study asserted that it undermined the conclusion in Bayer and Merial’s studies. The plaintiffs’ 

study did not specifically attack the basis of Bayer and Merial’s studies; however it did claim 

that Bayer and Merial’s studies reached an incorrect conclusion, and that the protocol utilized in 

Bayer and Merial’s studies was inferior to the protocol used in plaintiffs’ study. 

 Following the plaintiffs’ submission, the district court conducted two conferences via 

telephone with the parties. On August 13, 2012, the district court noted that the studies produced 

by Bayer and Merial demonstrated that they had a “good faith basis” for making their advertising 

claims of translocation. R. 45-2, 08/13/12 Conf. Tr. at 3, PageID # 1175. The district court 

proposed ways to settle the case instead of continuing lengthy and protracted litigation. In so 

doing, the district court suggested that some minor adjustments in Bayer and Merial’s advertising 

might be appropriate in light of the fact that some advertising claims were not fully supported by 

Bayer and Merial’s studies. The district court also suggested that the parties jointly commission 

a neutral study and accept the results of that study as a final resolution of the case. 

 On September 4, 2012, the district court held another status conference. The parties 

indicated that they had not reached a settlement. In particular, Bayer and Merial were not 

interested in pursuing the district court’s suggestion of a neutral study in light of the district 

court’s May 2 order indicating that the neutral study would only be necessary in the event that 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 7 

Bayer and Merial could not produce studies substantiating their advertisement claims. The 

district court noted that it had “ruled that [Bayer and Merial’s] studies do” substantiate their 

claims, and that the plaintiffs did not show why the defendants were not “permitted to rely on 

their own studies” in making their claims, or, put differently, why the defendants did not have a 

“good faith basis” to rely on their studies. R. 44, 09/04/12 Conf. Tr. at 5, 7, PageID # 1124, 

1126. The district court then instructed Bayer and Merial to file a summary judgment motion, 

indicated that the plaintiffs might be entitled to limited discovery to respond to the motion, and 

explained that it would decide whether the case went forward from there. 

 On October 3, 2012, Bayer and Merial filed a joint motion for summary judgment. In 

response, the plaintiffs filed a Rule 56(d) Motion for Discovery, which the district court 

ultimately granted, but only in part. The district court noted that the plaintiffs’ motion for 

discovery was “broad” and involved “30 pages of interrogatories, a 25-page request for 

production of documents addressed to Defendant Merial, a 23-page request for production 

addressed to Defendant Bayer” and several depositions. R. 49, 11/07/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, 

PageID # 1888. The district court referenced the case management plan, noting “[t]he Court has 

said from the beginning—and Plaintiffs have always agreed—that this is a false advertising case. 

Accordingly, the question is . . . . whether the Defendants have substantial support for their 

product advertisements” and not whether the products “actually work on each and every pet.” 

Id. at 1–2, PageID # 1888–89. The district court thus denied all but plaintiffs’ request for 

consumer complaints on the basis that evidence that the companies had received a large volume 

of consumer complaints would call into question Bayer and Merial’s good faith reliance on their 

studies. 

On March 19, 2013, the district court granted Bayer and Merial’s joint motion for 

summary judgment. In the order, the district court noted that the case management plan 

provided for limited discovery and briefing, and noted also that Bayer and Merial produced 

studies that substantiated their advertising claims. The district court observed that Bayer and 

Merial received an insignificant number of consumer complaints concerning their products, and 

that the plaintiffs at that point were attempting “to recast the issue” as one focused on whether 

the defendants’ products entered the bloodstream of pets, an argument that the district court 

dismissed as a “red herring.” R. 62, 03/19/13 Dist. Ct. Order at 3, PageID # 2201. The district 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 8 

court stated that the presence of some of the product in the pet’s bloodstream was immaterial as 

to whether Bayer and Merial had “reliable, accurate, and complete scientific studies to back up 

their dispersion claims,” and whether they had a good faith basis for making those claims. Id. at 

4, PageID # 2202. The district court granted the defendants’ motion for summary judgment. 

This appeal followed. 

II.

 We first address the plaintiffs’ complaints concerning the district court’s case 

management plan, which in turn affects the plaintiffs’ contentions that the district court did not 

address the entirety of their claims, afford them sufficient discovery, or properly apply the 

standard for summary judgment. This court “typically review[s] a district court’s casemanagement decision made pursuant to Rule 16 for abuse of discretion.” Miller v. Am. Heavy 

Lift Shipping, 231 F.3d 242, 252 (6th Cir. 2000).2 Bayer and Merial note that the plaintiffs 

expressly agreed to the case management plan suggested by the district court at the May 1 case 

management conference, in which the district court described the plaintiffs’ four claims as really 

constituting only one claim. Bayer and Merial further note that the plaintiffs expressly agreed to 

the evidentiary plan suggested by the district court and that, in particular, the plaintiffs expressed 

reservations about opening up full-scale discovery. Bayer and Merial thus claim that plaintiffs 

are bound to their express agreement with the district court’s case management plan. This claim 

depends on whether it is appropriate to apply the related doctrines of waiver and invited error to 

the circumstances of this case. 

“Waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” Days Inns 

Worldwide, Inc. v. Patel, 445 F.3d 899, 905 (6th Cir. 2006). Williams v. Nashville Network, 132 

F.3d 1123 (6th Cir. 1997) (per curiam), serves as an example of this court finding that a party 

waived his rights and so could not later claim that the court erred. A plaintiff claimed that the 

district court had violated the Seventh Amendment by allowing the jury to reach a majority 

verdict. This court declined to review the claim because the plaintiff “explicitly agreed at trial, 

 2

Rule 16(a) provides “(a) Purposes of a Pretrial Conference. In any action, the court may order the 

attorneys and any unrepresented parties to appear for one or more pretrial conferences for such purposes as: 

(1) expediting disposition of the action; (2) establishing early and continuing control so that the case will not be 

protracted because of lack of management; (3) discouraging wasteful pretrial activities; (4) improving the quality of 

the trial through more thorough preparation; and (5) facilitating settlement.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 9 

on several occasions, to proceed with a majority verdict.” Id. at 1128. Thus, because the 

plaintiff agreed with the judge’s course of conduct, he waived his right to later charge the court 

with error in following that course of conduct. See id. 

Similarly, the “doctrine of invited error is a branch of the doctrine of waiver by which 

courts prevent a party from inducing an erroneous ruling and later seeking to profit from the 

legal consequences of having the ruling set aside.” Harvis v. Roadway Exp., Inc., 923 F.2d 59, 

61 (6th Cir. 1991) (internal quotation marks omitted). In particular, the doctrine of invited error 

prevents a party from inducing a court to follow a course of conduct and then “at a later stage of 

the case us[ing] the error to set aside the immediate consequences of the error.” Id. at 61. A 

court refuses a party relief for an invited error based on the “principle that a party may not 

complain on appeal of errors that he himself invited or provoked the court or the opposite party 

to commit.” Id. at 60. This court has described the doctrine of invited error as a “cardinal rule of 

appellate review,” and has noted that courts apply the invited error doctrine to “a wide range of 

conduct[,]” including issues concerning a party’s burden of proof, the submission of evidence, 

and the exclusion of evidence. Id. at 60–61. 

The case Harvis v. Roadway Express, Inc. serves as an example of an invited error for 

which a party could not later obtain relief. See id. In Harvis, a plaintiff requested a jury trial for 

a race discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1981, and the jury eventually returned a verdict for 

the defendant. See id. at 60. The district court also entered judgment in favor of the defendant 

on the plaintiff’s Title VII claim, finding it barred in light of the jury’s resolution of the 

plaintiff’s § 1981 claim pursuant to collateral estoppel. See id. On appeal, seeking to evade the 

collateral estoppel effect of the jury verdict, the plaintiff argued that his § 1981 claim should 

never have gone to a jury. In refusing relief, this court noted that the plaintiff requested the jury 

trial in the first place and thus “invited the error of a jury verdict in his case.” Id. at 61 (internal 

quotation marks omitted). This court concluded that, because the plaintiff did not “demonstrate[] 

why he should not be bound by the so-called ‘error’ he induced the [d]istrict [c]ourt to make[,]” 

this court on review would not relieve him of the consequences of that error (assuming that there 

was error). Id. at 61–62. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 10 

In an attempt to avoid application of the doctrines of waiver or invited error, the plaintiffs 

argue that their position that they should be “entitled to discovery” was “clear” to the district 

court; however, this argument is undercut by an examination of the transcript from the case 

management conference. Admittedly, when read in isolation, statements by the plaintiffs’ 

counsel suggest a desire for discovery separate from that contemplated by the case management 

plan. See, e.g., R. 16, 05/01/12 Tr. at 19, PageID # 194 (“It would also be helpful for us to have 

the testing that the company did for the experts to evaluate.”). But read in the context of the 

entire case management conference, the better inference is that the parties and the court initially 

discussed the sort of information that would be helpful in resolving the case, and then ultimately 

agreed to an evidentiary plan that they felt reflected their needs. See, e.g., id. at 48–49, PageID # 

223–24 (“JUDGE POLSTER: . . . So do plaintiffs agree with the [evidentiary plan]? MR. 

CLIMACO [counsel for plaintiffs]: Yes, we do, Your Honor.”). The plaintiffs’ arguments are 

further undermined by the district court’s case management order, which memorializes the 

evidentiary plan, and to which the plaintiffs did not object. 

Considering the facts of this case in light of these doctrines, it is clear that plaintiffs did 

indeed “agree in open court with [the district] judge’s proposed course of conduct and [now] 

charge the court with error in following that course.” United States v. Aparco-Centeno, 280 F.3d 

1084, 1088 (6th Cir. 2002). On multiple occasions, counsel for plaintiffs agreed in open court 

with the district court’s framing of the case as a single-issue case. They also agreed in open 

court with the district court’s proposed evidentiary plan. And they failed to object to the case 

management order and, in fact, vehemently opposed the defendants’ motion for reconsideration 

of the order. Moreover, although they gave up discovery and some of the claims in the case, 

they got something in return. They no longer shouldered the initial burden of disproving the 

defendants’ advertisements; the defendants instead shouldered the initial burden of substantiating 

them. Therefore, even if the district court committed error in framing the case around a single 

issue or in crafting an evidentiary plan, plaintiffs invited that error and they have waived their 

right to charge the district court with error on appeal. See id.; Harvis, 923 F.2d at 60–61. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 11 

III.

 Plaintiffs next argue that the district court did not provide them with an opportunity to 

engage in the discovery necessary to respond to Bayer and Merial’s motion for summary 

judgment. This court reviews a district court’s decision on a Rule 56(d) motion for discovery for 

an “abuse of discretion.” United States v. Dairy Farmers of Am., Inc., 426 F.3d 850, 862 (6th 

Cir. 2005). “A district court does not abuse its discretion in denying discovery when the 

discovery requested would be irrelevant to the underlying issue to be decided.” Id. Moreover, 

“district courts have discretion to limit the scope of discovery where the information sought is 

overly broad or would prove unduly burdensome to produce.” Info-Hold, Inc. v. Sound Merch., 

Inc., 538 F.3d 448, 457 (6th Cir. 2008). 

In its denial of most of the plaintiffs’ discovery requests, the district court noted that the 

plaintiffs’ motion for discovery was “broad” and involved “30 pages of interrogatories, a 25-

page request for production of documents addressed to Defendant Merial, a 23-page request for 

production addressed to Defendant Bayer,” and several depositions. R. 49, 11/07/12 Dist. Ct. 

Order at 1, PageID #1888. The plaintiffs also requested information on the ingredients in the 

products, other studies conducted by Bayer and Merial, regulatory compliance information, and 

information concerning company organizational structures. Because the parties agreed that the 

case turned on the issue of whether “defendants have substantial support for their product 

advertisements” and not whether the products “actually work on each and every pet,” the district 

court denied all but plaintiffs’ discovery request for consumer complaints on the basis that “a 

large volume of consumer complaints” might call into question Bayer and Merial’s good faith 

reliance on their studies. Id. at 1–2, PageID # 1888–89. 

We find that the district court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ discovery request was not an 

abuse of discretion in light of the fact that the plaintiffs agreed that their case turned on a single 

issue and agreed on an evidentiary plan designed to limit discovery by both parties. The 

plaintiffs’ discovery requests relating to depositions, additional documents, and subpoenas 

clearly fell outside of the scope of the single issue and evidentiary plan that they agreed would 

govern the outcome of the case. Arguing otherwise, the plaintiffs focus on the fact that the 

district court denied such a large amount of its discovery request and argue that the district 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 12 

court’s limitation was both severe and unreasonable, but in so doing fail to acknowledge that this 

arrangement was one to which they agreed. Indeed, the plaintiffs expressly discouraged the 

court from opening up full-scale discovery at the case management conference. Thus plaintiffs’ 

argument that their discovery requests were consistent with other run-of-the-mill discovery 

requests is undermined by their agreement to the case management plan. We conclude that the 

district court was within its discretion to deny discovery requests that exceeded the scope of the 

case management plan that plaintiffs expressly and repeatedly agreed was appropriate to resolve 

their claims. See Aparco-Centeno, 280 F.3d at 1088; Harvis, 923 F.2d at 60–61. Moreover, we 

note that the plaintiffs’ reliance on CenTra, Inc. v. Estrin, 538 F.3d 402 (6th Cir. 2008), is 

misplaced. CenTra involved the question whether a party could have implicitly consented to a 

conflict of interest. See id. at 419–23. This court found that “it is not true that all conflicts are 

consentable,” and that the plaintiff’s knowledge of select pieces of information could not, as a 

matter of law, adequately address the scope of the conflict of interest at issue in the case. Id. at 

413–15. We also found that the district court’s complete denial of the plaintiff’s motion for 

discovery was an abuse of discretion. Id. at 419–23. The court found an abuse of discretion on 

the basis that the “information sought . . . [was] essential to justify [the party’s] opposition to 

summary judgment.” Id. at 421. 

But CenTra is factually distinguishable from this case for three reasons. First, there is no 

issue of implicit consent to a conflict of interest in this case, and so the same concerns are not in 

play. Second, in this case, the district court denied the majority of the plaintiffs’ requests 

because the requested discovery was not meaningfully relevant to the question that the parties 

agreed would govern the case: whether Bayer and Merial had studies substantiating their claims, 

and thus a good faith basis for their advertisements. There is no basis to conclude that there was 

any similar agreement in CenTra. See id. at 419–23. In other words, in CenTra, the doctrines of 

waiver and invited error did not apply. See id. Third, unlike in CenTra, here the district court in 

fact granted the plaintiffs’ discovery motion with respect to the consumer complaints, which the 

district court found might be helpful in evaluating whether Bayer and Merial had a good faith 

basis to rely on their studies in making their advertising claims. By contrast, in CenTra, this 

court’s judgment was influenced at least in part by the fact that the party had been given no 

opportunity for discovery. See id. at 423 (“CenTra was given no opportunity for discovery, 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 13 

which suggests . . . that the district court abused its discretion.”). Therefore, we find no abuse of 

discretion in the district court’s partial denial of the plaintiffs’ motion for discovery because the 

requested discovery went outside the scope of the single issue that the plaintiffs agreed 

determined the outcome of their case. 

IV.

Plaintiffs next argue that the district court misapplied the standard for summary 

judgment. This court reviews “an order granting summary judgment de novo, construing the 

evidence and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.” Ky. 

Commercial Mobile Radio Serv. Emergency Telecomms. Bd. v. TracFone Wireless, Inc., 712 

F.3d 905, 912 (6th Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is appropriate when a party “fails to make a 

showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on 

which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 

322–23 (1986). Summary judgment is thus appropriate when there is “no genuine issue as to any 

material fact[.]” Id. at 323. In reviewing a motion for summary judgment, “the non-moving 

party’s evidence is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in [that party’s] 

favor.” Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541, 552 (1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The district court referenced the case management plan in granting summary judgment to 

Bayer and Merial, noting that Bayer and Merial produced studies substantiating their claims that 

their products spread across a pet’s body after topical application.3

 Because the plaintiffs did not 

refute these studies by showing that they were unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete, and because 

there were not enough consumer complaints to put Bayer and Merial “on notice” that their 

studies may be flawed, the district court found that plaintiffs did not meet their burden. The 

district court then granted summary judgment to Bayer and Merial, reasoning that the plaintiffs 

failed to cast doubt on Bayer and Merial’s good faith reliance on their studies. We agree. 

 3

The plaintiffs note that the district court expressed concern during the status conference that select 

advertising claims might not be fully supported by Bayer and Merial’s studies, and argue that, by doing so, the 

district court signaled a return to conventional litigation. While it is true that the district court made this observation 

and proposed alternative ways of settling the case, we see no basis to conclude that the case management plan no 

longer applied in the event that the parties did not settle. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 14 

Under the terms of the case management plan, it is clear that Bayer and Merial met their 

burdens, but that the plaintiffs did not. Both Bayer and Merial submitted multiple studies, 

several of which were published or peer reviewed, that substantiated their advertising claims. 

For example, Bayer’s “Chopade Study” involved two studies which tested whether the active 

ingredient in Bayer’s products spread across a dog’s body after topical application. As part of 

the study, skin biopsy samples were taken seven, fourteen, twenty-eight, and fifty-six days after 

the dog was treated with the product. The presence of the product’s active ingredient was 

detected in the skin samples at all intervals in both studies, and was also detected in the dogs’ 

hair. Therefore this study demonstrated that the product “migrated from the application sites . . . 

to areas of skin and haircoat” of the dogs. R. 20-1, Chopade Study at E9, PageID # 279. 

Another example is Bayer’s “Dyk Study,” which used two methods to test for the active 

ingredient in Bayer’s products on dog hair clippings, which in turn would demonstrate whether 

the product spreads by translocation by “wicking” across the pet’s hair. The study found that the 

hair clipping measurements supported claims of “translocation away from the application site to 

other areas on the animals” up to twenty-four hours after topical application. R. 21-2, Dyk Study 

at 103, 106. Because Bayer and Merial met their burden and demonstrated that they had studies 

to substantiate their claims, the plaintiffs were required to refute their studies and demonstrate 

that Bayer and Merial did not in fact have a good-faith basis for their advertising claims. The 

plaintiffs’ “Jones Study,” which was not peer-reviewed, asserted that Bayer and Merial’s 

products did not spread via translocation. The study detected the products’ active ingredients in 

the pets’ bloodstream, which when considered in isolation might suggest that the products spread 

internally rather than by translocation, but also detected the products’ active ingredients in the 

pets’ hair twenty-four hours after application. The study asserted that its protocol was superior 

to the protocol used in Bayer and Merial’s studies, but it did not attack the basis of Bayer and 

Merial’s studies. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiffs, the parties’ 

studies at best conflict with one another. However, this conflict fails to establish that Bayer and 

Merial were not entitled to rely on their studies in making their advertising claims, as the 

plaintiffs were required to show pursuant to the case management plan. The mere assertion that 

Bayer and Merial’s studies were wrong surely does not rise to the level of “refuting” them. As 

Bayer and Merial met their burdens and the plaintiffs did not, summary judgment for Bayer and 

Merial was appropriate. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 15 

The plaintiffs argue that the veracity of Bayer and Merial’s claims, rather than merely 

whether Bayer and Merial had a good faith basis for making their claims, was before the court at 

the summary judgment stage of the proceedings. But this argument ignores the language of the 

district court’s case management order as well as the burden-shifting process outlined in the case 

management plan. The district court’s case management order noted that this case revolved 

around whether Bayer and Merial “make false or misleading claims in the marketing and sales of 

their flea-and-tick products” and established an evidentiary plan to determine whether Bayer and 

Merial had a good faith basis for their advertising claims. R. 17, 05/02/12 Dist. Ct. Order at 1, 

PageID # 237. Therefore the initial burden was assigned to Bayer and Merial, rather than to the 

plaintiffs. By having Bayer and Merial submit studies to “substantiate” their claims, the district 

court effectively required Bayer and Merial to demonstrate that they had a good faith basis for 

making their advertising claims. Id. And by requiring Bayer and Merial to produce the studies 

which formed the basis for their advertising claims, rather than require the plaintiffs to submit 

wide-ranging discovery requests, the district court was able to avoid extensive discovery costs, 

which was one of the objectives of the case management plan. Only if Bayer and Merial could 

demonstrate that they had a good faith basis for making their claims would the burden shift to the 

plaintiffs, who would then have to “refute [Bayer and Merial’s] studies [by] showing how they 

are unreliable, inaccurate, or incomplete.” Id. at 2, PageID # 238. By requiring the plaintiffs to 

submit studies that demonstrated why Bayer and Merial’s studies did not provide a good faith 

basis for their claims, the district court was able to avoid a “battle of the experts” and the 

attendant costs, which was another objective of the case management plan. 

The case management plan’s burden-shifting process would not be sensible if the case 

turned on the veracity of Bayer and Merial’s claims, because if veracity was the central issue in 

the case, one would expect the plaintiffs to bear the initial burden of showing that Bayer and 

Merial’s claims are false. Rather, the central issue was whether the plaintiffs could cast doubt on 

Bayer and Merial’s good faith basis for their advertising claims through expert studies. This 

conclusion is further supported by the July 13 order granting plaintiffs an extension of time, 

which notes that the plaintiffs must discredit Bayer and Merial’s studies in order to meet their 

burden. We owe deference to the district court’s interpretation of its own order. See Kendrick v. 

Bland, 931 F.2d 421, 423 (6th Cir. 1991). The plaintiffs’ studies did not attack the basis of 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 16 

Bayer and Merial’s studies; they merely asserted an opposing conclusion. As the case 

management plan turned on the good faith basis for Bayer and Merial’s claims rather than their 

veracity, the plaintiffs’ studies fell short, and summary judgment for Bayer and Merial was 

appropriate. 

In further arguing that summary judgment for Bayer and Merial was error, plaintiffs 

again allege that they were not provided with a sufficient opportunity for discovery, and note that 

grants of summary judgment are generally improper when a party has not been provided with an 

adequate opportunity for discovery. But see Ball v. Union Carbide Corp., 385 F.3d 713, 719–20 

(6th Cir. 2004) (finding no abuse of discretion in a district court’s denial of a discovery request 

because it was unclear how the discovery would “shed further light” on the dispositive issue). 

The plaintiffs’ argument is flawed in that the authorities they cite, while providing a guide as to 

general summary judgment procedure, do not address circumstances in which a party agrees to a 

district court’s case management plan and then attempts to renege on that agreement. See 

Aparco-Centeno, 280 F.3d at 1088; Harvis, 923 F.2d at 60–61. The plaintiffs’ case authority is 

further unhelpful because the cited cases stand for the proposition that error is found in 

circumstances in which a district court permits no discovery, and such circumstances are not at 

issue in this case. See CenTra, 538 F.3d at 423; Vance v. United States, 90 F.3d 1145, 1147–49 

(6th Cir. 1996). As a result, these cases are of limited help in explaining why the plaintiffs 

should not be bound to the case management plan for purposes of summary judgment. 

We conclude that Bayer and Merial produced studies substantiating their claims, thus 

demonstrating that they had a good faith basis on which to base their advertisements. Pursuant 

to the case management plan, plaintiffs were then required to produce studies that refuted Bayer 

and Merial’s studies. Plaintiffs instead submitted studies testing independent hypotheses that, 

even when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, only suggest that the studies 

conflict, rather than show that Bayer and Merial’s studies are unreliable, inaccurate, or 

incomplete. Under the terms of the case management plan, the plaintiffs’ case should be 

dismissed, and the plaintiffs’ arguments concerning general summary judgment practices do not 

convince us otherwise. We therefore affirm the district court’s grant of summary judgment to 

Bayer and Merial. 
No. 13-3514 Simms, et al. v. Bayer Healthcare, et al. Page 17 

V.

Finally, plaintiffs argue that the district court erred by not conducting any Daubert 

analysis. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the Supreme Court outlined “the 

standard for admitting expert scientific testimony in a federal trial.” 509 U.S. 579, 582 (1993). 

Under Daubert, “the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence 

admitted is not only relevant, but reliable.” Id. at 589. Plaintiffs argue that the district court 

accepted Bayer and Merial’s studies without conducting a Daubert analysis to ascertain whether 

the reports were reliable pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 702. 

We observe, however, that the plaintiffs present their Daubert challenge for the first time 

on appeal. “Generally, an argument not raised before the district court is waived on appeal to 

this Court.” City of Columbus, Ohio v. Hotels.com, L.P., 693 F.3d 642, 652 (6th Cir. 2012). 

Exceptions to this general rule are narrow, and are not considered unless “failure to consider the 

issue will result in a plain miscarriage of justice.” Overstreet v. Lexington–Fayette Urban Cnty. 

Gov’t, 305 F.3d 566, 578 (6th Cir. 2002). Under the terms of the case management plan, the 

single issue was whether Bayer and Merial’s studies substantiated their claims so as to establish 

a good faith basis for their advertisements, not whether those studies were admissible in court to 

prove some issue of fact. Plaintiffs agreed to this plan and never presented their challenge before 

the district court. We therefore find that no “miscarriage of justice” within the meaning of this 

court’s precedent occurred, and hold that the plaintiffs forfeited any Daubert challenge. See 

Overstreet, 205 F.3d at 578. 

VI.

The doctrines of waiver and invited error preclude plaintiffs’ arguments that go to the 

heart of the case management plan. In light of the case management plan, therefore, we 

conclude that the judgments of the district court must be AFFIRMED.