IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI

NO. 2013-CA-00266-COA

VIRGINIA W. CASE APPELLANT

v.

BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF LAUDERDALE

COUNTY AND LAUDERDALE COUNTY,

MISSISSIPPI

APPELLEES

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 01/11/2013

TRIAL JUDGE: HON. LESTER F. WILLIAMSON JR.

COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LAUDERDALE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: WILLIAM E. READY JR. 

HENRY P. PATE

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES: J. RICHARD BARRY

JOHN GORDON ROACH III

NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY

TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION: GRANTED SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN

FAVOR OF APPELLEES

DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 10/28/2014

MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:

MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE IRVING, P.J., ISHEE, MAXWELL AND JAMES, JJ.

ISHEE, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. In April 2010, Virginia W. Case was employed as an animal-control officer in

Meridian, Mississippi, when she slipped and fell on a ramp while exiting her office building.

She later sued the Board of Supervisors of Lauderdale County, Mississippi, and Lauderdale

County, Mississippi (collectively “the county”) — the entities responsible for maintaining

the building, including the ramp. The county asserted immunity under the Mississippi Tort

Claims Act (MTCA) and filed a motion for summary judgment. After a hearing on the
2

matter, the Lauderdale County Circuit Court granted the motion, and Case now appeals.

Finding no error, we affirm.

STATEMENT OF FACTS

¶2. Case was hired as an animal-control officer approximately two or three weeks prior

to her fall. According to her testimony, during that time, Case entered and exited her office

building by way of the metal exit ramp in question about a dozen times a day without

incident. The record reflects that, at the time of Case’s fall, the ramp had existed at the

building for at least ten years. 

¶3. On April 9, 2010, Case and fellow animal-control officer Hoses Rockette Jr. left the

building. According to Rockette’s affidavit, he walked down the ramp to the exit door at the

end of the ramp and held the door open to wait for Case to follow him. He recalled that

while he was holding the door open for her, Case walked onto the ramp and placed her feet

side by side. He stated: “She acted as if she were going to slide down the ramp. She had a

‘Route 44’ sized drink from Sonic in her hand. Both of her feet slipped from underneath her

and [she fell.]” Case denies that she attempted to slide down the ramp. Regardless, she

claims that the fall caused her to lose consciousness, crack her teeth, and injure her back and

neck. 

¶4. Testimony from Case, as well as other employees who work in the building, indicates

that the ramp can become slippery when wet. However, the record reflects that on the day

in question, the weather conditions were sunny and dry. The record also shows that there had

not been any rain or other wet conditions in the area in the day or so before Case’s fall that

would have made the ramp slippery. 
3

¶5. Nonetheless, on October 21, 2011, Case sued the county claiming the ramp constituted

a dangerous condition and that the county failed to adequately warn or protect her against the

hazard. The county soon filed a motion for summary judgment asserting governmental

immunity under the MTCA. Following a hearing on the matter, the circuit court issued a

lengthy analysis, ultimately concluding that the ramp did not create a dangerous condition

during dry weather and that the condition of the ramp on the day of the incident was open

and obvious to Case. Hence, the motion for summary judgment was granted.

DISCUSSION

¶6. Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories[,] and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there

is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment

as a matter of law.” M.R.C.P. 56(c). A de novo standard of review is applied to the grant

of a motion for summary judgment. Kilhullen v. Kansas City S. Ry., 8 So. 3d 168, 174 (¶14)

(Miss. 2009). When reviewing such a motion, “the evidence must be viewed in the light

most favorable to the party against whom the motion has been made.” Id. (quoting Daniels

v. GNB Inc., 629 So. 2d 595, 599 (Miss. 1993)). However, the opposing party “may not rest

upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by affidavits or as

otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine

issue for trial.” M.R.C.P. 56(e).

¶7. Case’s negligence action against the county is governed by the provisions of the

MTCA. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-7 (Rev. 2012). The MTCA is the exclusive remedy

for claims against governmental entities and their employees. Id. It provides specific
4

exemptions from tort liability. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-9 (Rev. 2012). Section 11-46-

9(1)(v) dictates the following:

A governmental entity and its employees acting within the course and scope

of their employment or duties shall not be liable for any claim . . . [a]rising out

of an injury caused by a dangerous condition on property of the governmental

entity that was not caused by the negligent or other wrongful conduct of an

employee of the governmental entity or of which the governmental entity did

not have notice, either actual or constructive, and adequate opportunity to

protect or warn against; provided, however, that a governmental entity shall

not be liable for the failure to warn of a dangerous condition which is obvious

to one exercising due care. 

¶8. Our interpretation of section 11-46-9(1)(v) is well settled. In Howard v. City of

Biloxi, 943 So. 2d 751, 754 (¶5) (Miss. Ct. App. 2006), we stated that in order for a claimant

to elude a governmental entity’s invocation of immunity in a case such as this, the claimant

must show that:

(1) an injury was suffered;

(2) the injury was caused by a dangerous condition on the property of [the

governmental entity] caused by the [negligence] or other wrongful

conduct of a [governmental] employee;

(3) the [government entity] had either actual or constructive notice of the

defect;

(4) the [governmental entity] had an adequate opportunity to protect or

warn of this defect; and

(5) the condition was not open and obvious to one exercising due care.

¶9. Here, Case presents adequate evidence that she suffered an injury due to her fall on

the ramp. This is uncontested. Case asserts that the fall was caused by the slippery nature

of the ramp itself. Accordingly, she must first prove that the ramp constitutes a dangerous

condition. 
5

¶10. The record indicates that the county knew the ramp could be slippery, and potentially

dangerous, when it was wet. Several employees at the building stated that they had fallen

on the ramp when weather conditions were damp and water from outside was tracked onto

the ramp, thereby making it slippery. Nonetheless, there is no evidence in the record that

conditions existed that would have made the ramp dangerous when Case fell on it. Rather,

the weather conditions were sunny and dry with no prior rainfall that would have had a

bearing on the day in question. The record is also void of any indication that the ramp was

wet from another source other than weather conditions. Likewise, Case admits that she does

not know what caused her to fall, but relies on her bare assertions that the ramp itself was,

for unknown reasons, “slick.” However, she has no evidence to support her contention that

the ramp was dangerously slippery other than the fall itself.

¶11. Additionally, Case testified that she had traversed the ramp up to a dozen times a day

for the two or three weeks prior to her fall without incident. Moreover, Rockette stated that

he walked down the ramp directly before Case without falling. Given the evidence before

us, we cannot say that the ramp itself constituted a dangerous condition at the time Case fell.

 This issue is without merit. 

¶12. Hence, Case has failed to overcome the county’s assertion of immunity. Finding this

to be dispositive, we decline to address Case’s argument that the circuit court erred in finding

the condition of the ramp to be open and obvious. Instead, we affirm the circuit court’s grant

of summary judgment to the county.

¶13. THE JUDGMENT OF THE LAUDERDALE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS

AFFIRMED. ALL COSTS OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO THE

APPELLANT.
6

LEE, C.J., IRVING AND GRIFFIS, P.JJ., BARNES, CARLTON, MAXWELL

AND FAIR, JJ., CONCUR. JAMES, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN

PART WITHOUT SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. ROBERTS, J., NOT

PARTICIPATING.