## TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT.-

ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS:
FLW _SCENT LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE



### Including: Environmental Assessment Regulatory Impact Analysis Janmaary 2000

U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office of Building Research and Standards Washington, DC 20585 

# TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS:

FLlJORESCENT 

### LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE

Including: Environmental Assessment Regulatory Impact Analysis January 2000

U.S. Department ofEnergy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office ofBuilding Research and Standards \Nashington, DC 20585 

# TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT: ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS FOR CONSUMER PRODUCTS:

FLlJORESCENT 

### LAMP BALLAST PROPOSED RULE

Including: Environmental Assessment Regulatory Impact Analysis January 2000

U.S. Department ofEnergy Assistant Secretary, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy Office ofBuilding Research and Standards \Nashington, DC 20585CONTRIBUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT'

DOE Project Manager

Carl Adams LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader

James E. McMahon 

### Lead LBNL Author Isaac Turiel Chapter Authors Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1) Isaac Turiel (ch. 2) Sajid Hakim (Ch 3) Sajid Hakim (Ch. 4) Barbara Atkinson (Ch. 5) 

### 1,4.ike Rivestb (Ch. 6) Chris Marnay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & App. D)
Technical Contributors Barbara Atkinson Sachu Constantine° Diana Morris 

### Steve Brown Andrea Denver Julie Osborn Stuart Chaitkin Diane Fisher Nan Wishner Peter Chan Kristina Hamachi Terry Chan Chris Marnay

° Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted bArthur D. Little, Inc. Alliance to Save Energy 

### CONTRffiUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENr DOE Project Manager 

### Carl Adams LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader 

### James E. McMahon Lead LBNLAuthor 

### Isaac Turiel

Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1) 

### Isaac Turiel (Ch.2) 

### Sajid Hakim (Ch 3) 

### Sajid Hakim (Ch.4) Barbara Atkinson (Ch.5) Mike Rivestb 

### (Ch. 6) Chapter Authors



### Chris Mamay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & 

### App. D)

Barbara Atkinson Steve Brown Stuart Chaitkin Peter Chan Terry Chan Technical Contributors 

### Sachu Constantine C 

### Andrea Denver Diane Fisher Kristina Hamachi Chris Marnay

a Lawrence Berkeley NatIOnal Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted bArthur D. Little, Inc. e Alliance to Save Energy
11 

### Diana Morris Julie Osborn Nan Wishner CONTRffiUTORS TO THE TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENr DOE Project Manager 

### Carl Adams LBNL Energy Efficiency Standards Group Leader 

### James E. McMahon Lead LBNLAuthor 

### Isaac Turiel

Isaac Turiel (Ch. 1) 

### Isaac Turiel (Ch.2) 

### Sajid Hakim (Ch 3) 

### Sajid Hakim (Ch.4) Barbara Atkinson (Ch.5) Mike Rivestb 

### (Ch. 6) Chapter Authors



### Chris Mamay, Julie Osborn and Kristina Hamachi (Ch. 7 & 

### App. D)

Barbara Atkinson Steve Brown Stuart Chaitkin Peter Chan Terry Chan Technical Contributors 

### Sachu Constantine C 

### Andrea Denver Diane Fisher Kristina Hamachi Chris Marnay

a Lawrence Berkeley NatIOnal Laboratory staff, unless otherwise noted bArthur D. Little, Inc. e Alliance to Save Energy
11 

### Diana Morris Julie Osborn Nan WishnerTABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1-1

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE .................................... 1-1 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT .......................... 1-1 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH ......................................... 2-1

2.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 2-1 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK ................... 2-2 2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS ...................... 2-5 2.3.1 Engineering Analysis ................................... 2-5 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) ..................... 2-6 2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) .............. 2-6 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model .................. 2-7 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory

Impact Model) ................................. 2-7 2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA) ........... 2-8 CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS ....................................... 3-1

3.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................... 3-1 3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS .......................... 3-3 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS .................................. 3-4 3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA ................................ 3-6 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA .............. 3-8 3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps ................................... 3-8 3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps ................................... 3-10 3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS ....................... 3-11 3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY .................................... 3-15 CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS ..................... 4-1

4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS ............ 4-1 4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs ..................................... 4-2 4.1.2 LCC Results ........................................ 4-8 4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL ....... 4-20 4.2.1 Payback Period Results ............................... 4-21 4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ................................. 4-32 CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS ................... 5-1

5.1 METHODOLOGY ......................................... 5-1 5.2 DATA ................................................... 5-2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
............................................... 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
.................................. " 1-1 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT
.......................... 1-1 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH
......................................... 2-1 2.1 INTRODUCTION
......................................... 2-1 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK
................... 2-2 2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS
.................... " 2-5 2.3.1 Engineering Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -5 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCe)
..................... 2-6 2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES)
.............. 2-6 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model
.................. 2-7 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model)
................................. 2-7 2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA)
........... 2-8 CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
....................................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION
......................................... 3-1 3.2 LAMPIBALLAST COMBINATIONS
.......................... 3-3 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
.................................. 3-4 3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA
................................ 3-6 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA
.............. 3-8 3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps
................................... 3-8 3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps
................................... 3-10 3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS
....................... 3-11 3.7 PRICE

- EFFICIENCY
.................................... 3-15 CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS
..................... 4-1 4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
............ 4-1 4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs
..................................... 4-2 4.1.2 LCC Results
........................................ 4-8 4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL
....... 4-20 4.2.1 Payback Period Results
............................... 4-21 4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
................................. 4-32 CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
................... 5-1 5.1 METHODOLOGY
......................................... 5-1 5.2 DATA
................................................... 5-2 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
............................................... 1-1 1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
.................................. " 1-1 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT
.......................... 1-1 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH
......................................... 2-1 2.1 INTRODUCTION
......................................... 2-1 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK
................... 2-2 2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS
.................... " 2-5 2.3.1 Engineering Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 -5 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCe)
..................... 2-6 2.3.3 LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES)
.............. 2-6 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model
.................. 2-7 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model)
................................. 2-7 2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-EPCA)
........... 2-8 CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
....................................... 3-1 3.1 INTRODUCTION
......................................... 3-1 3.2 LAMPIBALLAST COMBINATIONS
.......................... 3-3 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
.................................. 3-4 3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA
................................ 3-6 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA
.............. 3-8 3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps
................................... 3-8 3.5.2 Data for T8 Lamps
................................... 3-10 3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS
....................... 3-11 3.7 PRICE

- EFFICIENCY
.................................... 3-15 CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS
..................... 4-1 4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS
............ 4-1 4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs
..................................... 4-2 4.1.2 LCC Results
........................................ 4-8 4.2 PAYBACK PERIODS BY ENERGY-EFFICIENCY LEVEL
....... 4-20 4.2.1 Payback Period Results
............................... 4-21 4.3 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
................................. 4-32 CHAPTER 5: NATIONAL ENERGY AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
................... 5-1 5.1 METHODOLOGY
......................................... 5-1 5.2 DATA
................................................... 5-2 iii

### 5.2.1 Shipments .......................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Market Weights ...................................... 5-6 5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards ................ 5-6 5.2.2.2 Market Segments .................................. 5-6 5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards ....................... 5-7 5.2.3 Year of Standards .......................................... 5-7 5.2.4 Social Discount Rate ........................................ 5-7 5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates ................................... 5-7 5.2.6 Lighting/HVAC Interactions ................................... 5-8 5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS ................................ 5-8 5.3.1 Base Cases ............................................... 5-9 5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015 ........................ 5-9 5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027 ........................ 5-9 5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts ............................ 5-9 5.3.2 Standards Scenarios ....................................... 5-10 5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios ...................... 5-11 5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios ....................... 5-12 5.3.5 Alternative Electricity Price Projections .......................... 5-13 5.3.6 Results .................................................. 5-14 5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT ................................... 5-19 

### CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS ............................ 6-1 6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER ........ 6-1 6A.1 Manufacturer Impact Analysis Methodology ....................... 6-1 6A. 1.1 Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification .................... 6-1 6A. 1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis .................. 6-2 6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis ............................ 6-3 6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow .................................. 6-3 6A.2 MIA Results .................................................... 6-4 6A.2.1 Industry Characterization .................................... 6-4

6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments ................................ 6-4 6A.2.1.2 Manufacturer Market Shares and Characteristics ......... 6-6 

### 6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts ........................................ 6-8 6A.2.2.1 Shipments ...................................... 6-9 6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments .............................. 6-11 6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal ....................... 6-12 6A.2.2.4 Industry Value of the Electronic Ballast Business ......... 6-16 6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis of Cash Flow ................... 6-19 6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts .............................. 6-20 6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and

Loss of Capital Assets ................................... 6-24 5.2.1 Shipments
.......................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Market Weights
...................................... 5-6 5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards
................ 5-6 5.2.2.2 Market Segments
.................................. 5-6 5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards
....................... 5-7 5.2.3 Year ofStandards
.......................................... 5-7 5.2.4 Social Discount Rate
........................................ 5-7 5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates
................................... 5-7 5.2.6 LightingIHVAC Interactions
................................... 5-8 5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS
............ , ................... 5-8 5.3.1 Base Cases
............................................... 5-9 5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015
........................ 5-9 5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027
........................ 5-9 5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts
............................ 5-9 5.3.2 Standards Scenarios
....................................... 5-10 5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios
...................... 5-11 5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios
....................... 5-12 5.3.5 Altemative Electricity Price Projections
.......................... 5-13 5.3.6 Results
.................................................. 5-14 5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOyMENT
................................... 5-19 CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS
............................ 6-1 6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER
........ 6-1 6A.1 ManufacturerImpact Analysis Methodology
....................... 6-1 6A.I.I Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification
.................... 6-1 6A.1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis
.................. 6-2 6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis
............................ 6-3 6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow
.................................. 6-3 6A.2 MIA Results
.................................................... 6-4 6A.2.1 Industry Characterization
.................................... 6-4 6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 6A.2.1.2 ManufacturerMarket Shares and Characteristics
......... 6-6 6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts
........................................ 6-8 6A.2.2.1 Shipments
...................................... 6-9 6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments
.............................. 6-11 6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal
....................... 6-12 6A.2.2.4 Industry Value ofthe Electronic Ballast Business
. . . . . . . . . 6-16 6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis ofCash Flow
................... 6-19 6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts
.............................. 6-20 6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and Loss ofCapital Assets
................................... 6-24
IV 5.2.1 Shipments
.......................................... 5-2 5.2.2 Market Weights
...................................... 5-6 5.2.2.1 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards
................ 5-6 5.2.2.2 Market Segments
.................................. 5-6 5.2.2.3 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards
....................... 5-7 5.2.3 Year ofStandards
.......................................... 5-7 5.2.4 Social Discount Rate
........................................ 5-7 5.2.5 Electricity Conversion Rates
................................... 5-7 5.2.6 LightingIHVAC Interactions
................................... 5-8 5.3 STANDARDS SCENARIO ANALYSIS
............ , ................... 5-8 5.3.1 Base Cases
............................................... 5-9 5.3.1.1 Decreasing Shipments to 2015
........................ 5-9 5.3.1.2 Decreasing Shipments to 2027
........................ 5-9 5.3.1.3 Market Incentive Impacts
............................ 5-9 5.3.2 Standards Scenarios
....................................... 5-10 5.3.3 Electronic Ballast Trial Standards Scenarios
...................... 5-11 5.3.4 Cathode Cutout Trial Standards Scenarios
....................... 5-12 5.3.5 Altemative Electricity Price Projections
.......................... 5-13 5.3.6 Results
.................................................. 5-14 5.4 NET NATIONAL EMPLOyMENT
................................... 5-19 CHAPTER 6. MANUFACTURER IMPACT ANALYSIS
............................ 6-1 6A IMPACT ON FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST MANUFACTURER
........ 6-1 6A.1 ManufacturerImpact Analysis Methodology
....................... 6-1 6A.I.I Phase 1: Industry Profile and Issue Identification
.................... 6-1 6A.1.2 Phase 2: "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow Analysis
.................. 6-2 6A.1.3 Phase 3: Sub-Group Impact Analysis
............................ 6-3 6A.1.4 Phase 4: Industry Cash Flow
.................................. 6-3 6A.2 MIA Results
.................................................... 6-4 6A.2.1 Industry Characterization
.................................... 6-4 6A.2.1.1. Industry Shipments
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4 6A.2.1.2 ManufacturerMarket Shares and Characteristics
......... 6-6 6A.2.2 Cash Flow Impacts
........................................ 6-8 6A.2.2.1 Shipments
...................................... 6-9 6A.2.2.2 Capital Investments
.............................. 6-11 6A.2.2.3 Industry Cash Flow Submittal
....................... 6-12 6A.2.2.4 Industry Value ofthe Electronic Ballast Business
. . . . . . . . . 6-16 6A.2.2.5 Uncertainty Analysis ofCash Flow
................... 6-19 6A.2.2.6 Cash Flow Impacts
.............................. 6-20 6A.2.3 Impacts on Manufacturing Capacity, Plant Closures and Loss ofCapital Assets
................................... 6-24
IV6A.2.3.1 Interview Results ........................... ..... 6-25 6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers ..................... 6-26 

### 6A.2.4 Employment Impacts ...................................... 6-26

6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998 ......................... 6-27 

### 6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards .......... 6-27 6A.2.4.3 Employment Impacts on the Industry .................. 6-29 6A.2.5 Other Impacts ........................................ . ...

6A.2.5.1 Impact of the Decline in Magnetic Ballast 

### 6-31 Shipments on Sub-group 1 ............................. 6-31 6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with Regards to their Ability to Compete in the Marketplace ....................................... 6-32 6A.2.5.3 Global Competition .............................. 6-32 6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact of Regulations .................... 6-33 

### 6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT

LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY .............................. 6-33 6B. 1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND

ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION ......................... 6-35 6B. 1.1 Cost ofMaterials for Magnetic Ballast .......................... 6-35 6B. 1.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and



### Electronic Ballast Manufacturers
......................... 6-38 6B. 1.3 Cash Flow Impacts ....................................... 6-39 6B. 1.4 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-43 613, 1.5 Impacts of Recent Market Trends ........................... 6-46 6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST

PRODUCTION ............................................. 6-48 

### 6B.2.1 Cost ofMaterials ........................................ 6-48 6B.2.2 Financial Impacts ........................................ 6-50 6B.2.3 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-51 6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT

IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS ................................ 6-52 

### 6B.3.1 Financial Impacts ....
.................................... 6-52 6B.3.2 Employment Impacts ..................................... 6-53 

### 6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ........... 6-55 6C.1 SUMMARY ................................................... 6-55 6C.2 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-57 6C.3 RESULTS ...... ..... ........................... ........... 6-58 6C.3.1 Customer Choice .......................................... 6-64

v 6A.2.3.1 Interview Results
................................ 6-25 6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers
..................... 6-26 6A.2.4 Employment Impacts
...................................... 6-26 6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998
......................... 6-27 6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards
.......... 6-27 6A.2.4J Employment Impacts on the Industry
.................. 6-29 6A.2.5 Other Impacts
........................................... 6-31 6A.2.5.1 Impact ofthe Decline in Magnetic Ballast Shipments on Sub-group 1
............................. 6-31 6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with Regards to their Ability to Compete in the Marketplace
....................................... 6-32 6A.2.5.3 Global Competition
.............................. 6-32 6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact ofRegulations
.................... 6-33 6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY
.............................. 6-33 6B.1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION
......................... 6-35 6B.1.1 Cost ofMaterials for Magnetic Ballast
.......................... 6-35 6B.l.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and Electronic Ballast Manufacturers
......................... 6-38 6B.1.3 Cash Flow Impacts
....................................... 6-39 6B.l.4 Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-43 6B.1.5 Impacts ofRecent Market Trends
........................... 6-46 6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION
............................................. 6-48 6B.2.1 Cost ofMaterials
........................................ 6-48 6B.2.2 Financial Impacts
........................................ 6-50 6B.2J Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-51 6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS
................................ 6-52 6BJ.1 Financial Impacts
........................................ 6-52 6B.3.2 Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-53 6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
.. , ........ 6-55 6C.1 SUMMARy
................................................... 6-55 6C.2 INTRODUCTION
.............................................. 6-57 6C.3 RESULTS
.............. , .................. , ... " ., ........ 6-58 6C.3.1 Customer Choice
.......................................... 6-64



### v 6A.2.3.1 Interview Results
................................ 6-25 6A.2.3.2 Impact on Small Manufacturers
..................... 6-26 6A.2.4 Employment Impacts
...................................... 6-26 6A.2.4.1 Employment Levels in 1998
......................... 6-27 6A.2.4.2 Employment Levels in 2003: Absent Standards
.......... 6-27 6A.2.4J Employment Impacts on the Industry
.................. 6-29 6A.2.5 Other Impacts
........................................... 6-31 6A.2.5.1 Impact ofthe Decline in Magnetic Ballast Shipments on Sub-group 1
............................. 6-31 6A.2.5.2 Differential Impacts on the Two Sub-Groups with Regards to their Ability to Compete in the Marketplace
....................................... 6-32 6A.2.5.3 Global Competition
.............................. 6-32 6A.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact ofRegulations
.................... 6-33 6B IMPACT ON SUPPLIERS TO THE FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLAST INDUSTRY
.............................. 6-33 6B.1. IMPACTS ON SUPPLIERS TO BOTH MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION
......................... 6-35 6B.1.1 Cost ofMaterials for Magnetic Ballast
.......................... 6-35 6B.l.2 Suppliers Serving both Magnetic and Electronic Ballast Manufacturers
......................... 6-38 6B.1.3 Cash Flow Impacts
....................................... 6-39 6B.l.4 Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-43 6B.1.5 Impacts ofRecent Market Trends
........................... 6-46 6B.2 IMPACT OF SUPPLIERS TO ELECTRONIC BALLAST PRODUCTION
............................................. 6-48 6B.2.1 Cost ofMaterials
........................................ 6-48 6B.2.2 Financial Impacts
........................................ 6-50 6B.2J Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-51 6B.3 COMBINED FINANCIAL AND EMPLOYMENT IMPACTS FOR ALL SUPPLIERS
................................ 6-52 6BJ.1 Financial Impacts
........................................ 6-52 6B.3.2 Employment Impacts
..................................... 6-53 6C. IMPACT ON LUMINAIRE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
.. , ........ 6-55 6C.1 SUMMARy
................................................... 6-55 6C.2 INTRODUCTION
.............................................. 6-57 6C.3 RESULTS
.............. , .................. , ... " ., ........ 6-58 6C.3.1 Customer Choice
.......................................... 6-64



### v6C.3.2 Exemption Issues .......................................... 6-64 6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications ............................. 6-64 6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems ................................. 6-64 6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications ....................... 6-65 6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference .......................... 6-65 

### 6C.3.3 Global Market Competition ............................... 6-65 6C.3.4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts .................. 6-66 6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ................ 6-68 6D.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-68 6D.2 RESULTS ................................................. 6-69 CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES .................. 7-1 7.1 SUMMARY .......................................................7-1 7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ....................................... 7-1 7.3 ASSUMPTIONS ................................................... 7-2 7.4 METHODS ........................................................ 7-2 7.5 RESULTS ......................................................... 7-3 APPENDIX A. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION ...... A-1 A.1 ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARY ...................... A-1 A.2 LAMP PRICES ................................................. A-4 A.3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA ..................... A-4 A.4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA ...................................... A-16 A.5 LABOR COST DATA .................................... A-18 A.6 COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS ... A-21 A.7 LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION ......................... A-22 APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND

NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS ................................ B-1 B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES ............... B-1 B. 1.1 Background ...............................................B-1 B1.2 Overview ................................................. B-1 B.1.3 Sample Tariffs ............................................. B-2 B.1.3.1 Tariff Collection ..................................... B-2 B.1.3.2 Commercial Tariff Structure ............................ B-4 B. 1.3.3 Commercial Tariff Spreadsheet Modeling .................. B-5 

### B. 1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers ................................... B-S B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS) ......................... B-7 B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations ................................... B-7 6C.3.2 Exemption Issues
.......................................... 6-64 6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications
............................. 6-64 6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems
................................. 6-64 6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications
....................... 6-65 6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference
.......................... 6-65 6C.3.3 Global Market Competition
............................... 6-65 6C.3,4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts
.................. 6-66 6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRy
................ 6-68 6D.l INTRODUCTION
.............................................. 6-68 6D.2 RESULTS
................................................. 6-69 CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES
.................. 7-1 7.1 SUMMARY
....................................................... 7-1 7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS
....................................... 7-1 7.3 ASSUMPTIONS
................................................... 7-2 7.4 METHODS
........................................................ 7-2 7.5 RESULTS
......................................................... 7-3 APPENDIXA ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION
...... A-I Al ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARy
...................... A-I 

### A.2 LAMP PRICES.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 A3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA
..................... A-4 A4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA
...................................... A-16 A5 A6 A7 LABOR COST DATA A-18 COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS
... A-21 LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-22 APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS
................................ B-1 B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES
............... B-1 B.1.1 Background
............................................... B-1 B 1.2 Overview
................................................. B-1 B.1.3 Sample Tariffs
............................................. B-2 B.1.3.1 TariffCollection
..................................... B-2 B.1.3.2 Commercial TariffStructure
............................ B-4 B.1.3.3 Commercial TariffSpreadsheet Modeling
.................. B-5 B.1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers
................................... B-5 B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS)
......................... B-7 B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations
................................... B-7

VI 6C.3.2 Exemption Issues
.......................................... 6-64 6C.3.2.1 Residential Applications
............................. 6-64 6C.3.2.2 Dimmable Systems
................................. 6-64 6C.3.2.3 Cold Temperature Applications
....................... 6-65 6C.3.2.4 Electromagnetic Interference
.......................... 6-65 6C.3.3 Global Market Competition
............................... 6-65 6C.3,4 Manufacturer Financial and Employment Impacts
.................. 6-66 6D IMPACT ON LAMP MANUFACTURING INDUSTRy
................ 6-68 6D.l INTRODUCTION
.............................................. 6-68 6D.2 RESULTS
................................................. 6-69 CHAPTER 7. IMPACTS OF TRIAL STANDARDS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS ON ELECTRIC UTILITIES
.................. 7-1 7.1 SUMMARY
....................................................... 7-1 7.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS
....................................... 7-1 7.3 ASSUMPTIONS
................................................... 7-2 7.4 METHODS
........................................................ 7-2 7.5 RESULTS
......................................................... 7-3 APPENDIXA ENGINEERING ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION
...... A-I Al ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS SUMMARy
...................... A-I 

### A.2 LAMP PRICES.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 A3 BEF, BF, AND POWER CONSUMPTION DATA
..................... A-4 A4 LIGHTING HOURS DATA
...................................... A-16 A5 A6 A7 LABOR COST DATA A-18 COMMERCIAL VS. INDUSTRIAL EIGHT FOOT LAMP BALLASTS
... A-21 LCC SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-22 APPENDIX B. MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES AND NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS
................................ B-1 B.1 COMMERCIAL SECTOR MARGINAL ENERGY PRICES
............... B-1 B.1.1 Background
............................................... B-1 B 1.2 Overview
................................................. B-1 B.1.3 Sample Tariffs
............................................. B-2 B.1.3.1 TariffCollection
..................................... B-2 B.1.3.2 Commercial TariffStructure
............................ B-4 B.1.3.3 Commercial TariffSpreadsheet Modeling
.................. B-5 B.1.4 Sample Buildings/Customers
................................... B-5 B.1.5 Commercial Tafiffs Spreadsheet (CTAS)
......................... B-7 B.1.5.1 CTAS Calculations
................................... B-7

VIB.1.5.2 CTAS Output ....................................... B-7 B. 1.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards - The Role of Lighting Coincidence and Diversity ............................ B-8 B. 1.5.4 Weighting Method ................................... B-9 B.1.6 RESULTS ............................................... B-10 B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION .......................... B-12 B.2.1 Overview ................................................ B-12 B.2.2 Model Worksheets ........................................ B-12 B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation ...................................... B-13 B.2.4 Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios ................. B-18 B.2.5 Modeling the Regulatory Impact Analysis Alternative Cases .......... B-19 B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS ........................... B-21 B.4 LIGHTING/HVAC INTERACTIONS ............................... B-23 B.4.1 Methodology ............................................. B-23 B.4.2 Savings in Existing Buildings .................................. B-23 B.4.3 Savings in Newer Buildings ................................... B-27 B.4.4 Average Savings During the Analysis Period ...................... B-30 B.5 NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS ................................ B-30 B.5.1 Utility DSM Rebates ....................................... B-31 B.5.1.1 Introduction ...................................... B-31 B.5.1.2 Utility Data ....................................... B-31 B.5.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending ................... B-32 B.5.1.4 Methodology ..................................... B-33 B.5.1.5 Results .......................................... B-34 B.5.1.6 Market Impacts of DSM Rebates ...................... B-35 B.5.2 ASHRAE/IES 90.1-1999 Building Code ........................ B-36 B.5.2.1 Introduction ...................................... B-36 B.5.2.2 Methodology ..................................... B-36 B.5.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code ............. B-38 B.5.2.4 Impact of Upgraded Code ........................... B-38 B.5.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs .............. B-42 B.5.4 Federal Energy Management Program .......................... B-44 B.5.4.1 Procurement Challenge (PEERS) ....................... B-44 B.5.4.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI) ....................... B-47 B5.5 Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC) .......................... B-48 B.5.6 Voluntary Luminaire Program ................................. B-49 B.5.7 Summary ................................................ B-49 B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS ............... B-50 B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards .................................. B-50 B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards ................................... B-52 B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS ................................ B-53 B.1.S.2 CTAS Output
....................................... B-7 B.l.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards

- The Role of Lighting Coincidence and Diversity
............................ B-8 B.1.SA Weighting Method
................................... B-9 B.1.6 RESULTS
............................................... B-I0 B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION
.... , ..................... B-12 B.2.1 Overview
................................................ B-12 B.2.2 Model Worksheets
........................................ B-12 B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation
...................................... B-13 B.2A Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios
................. B-18 B.2.S Modeling the RegulatOlY Impact Analysis Alternative Cases
.......... B-19 B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS
........................... B-21 BA LIGHTINGIHVAC INTERACTIONS
............................... B-23 BA.l Methodology
............................................. B-23 BA.2 Savings in Existing Buildings
.................................. B-23 BA.3 Savings in Newer Buildings
................................... B-27 BAA Average Savings During the Analysis Period
...................... B-30 B.S NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS
................................ B-30 B.S.l Utility DSM Rebates
....................................... B-31 B.S.1.1 Introduction
...................................... B-31 B.S.1.2 Utility Data
....................................... B-31 B.S.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending
................... B-32 B.S.1.4 Methodology
..................................... B-33 B.S.l.S Results
.......................................... B-34 B.S.1.6 Market Impacts ofDSM Rebates
...................... B-3S B.S.2 ASHRAEIIES 90.l-1999 Building Code
........................ B-36 B.S.2.1 Introduction
...................................... B-36 B.S.2.2 Methodology
..................................... B-36 B.S.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code
............. B-38 B.S.2A Impact ofUpgraded Code
........................... B-38 B.S.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs
.............. B-42 B.SA Federal Energy Management Program
.......................... B-44 B.SA.l Procurement Challenge (PEERS)
....................... B-44 B.SA.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI)
....................... B-47 BS.S Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC)
.......................... B-48 B.S.6 Voluntary Lurninaire Program
................................. B-49 B.S.7 Summary
................................................ B-49 B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS
............... B-SO B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards
.................................. B-SO B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards
................................... B-S2 B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS
................................ B-S3 

### vii B.1.S.2 CTAS Output
....................................... B-7 B.l.5.3 Demand Decrement Due to Standards

- The Role of Lighting Coincidence and Diversity
............................ B-8 B.1.SA Weighting Method
................................... B-9 B.1.6 RESULTS
............................................... B-I0 B.2 NES SPREADSHEET DOCUMENTATION
.... , ..................... B-12 B.2.1 Overview
................................................ B-12 B.2.2 Model Worksheets
........................................ B-12 B.2.3 Spreadsheet Operation
...................................... B-13 B.2A Instructions for Modeling the Standards Scenarios
................. B-18 B.2.S Modeling the RegulatOlY Impact Analysis Alternative Cases
.......... B-19 B.3 SHIPMENTS AND BALLAST WEIGHTS
........................... B-21 BA LIGHTINGIHVAC INTERACTIONS
............................... B-23 BA.l Methodology
............................................. B-23 BA.2 Savings in Existing Buildings
.................................. B-23 BA.3 Savings in Newer Buildings
................................... B-27 BAA Average Savings During the Analysis Period
...................... B-30 B.S NON-REGULATORY PROGRAMS
................................ B-30 B.S.l Utility DSM Rebates
....................................... B-31 B.S.1.1 Introduction
...................................... B-31 B.S.1.2 Utility Data
....................................... B-31 B.S.1.3 DSM and Energy Efficiency Spending
................... B-32 B.S.1.4 Methodology
..................................... B-33 B.S.l.S Results
.......................................... B-34 B.S.1.6 Market Impacts ofDSM Rebates
...................... B-3S B.S.2 ASHRAEIIES 90.l-1999 Building Code
........................ B-36 B.S.2.1 Introduction
...................................... B-36 B.S.2.2 Methodology
..................................... B-36 B.S.2.3 Base Case Forecast Without Upgraded Code
............. B-38 B.S.2A Impact ofUpgraded Code
........................... B-38 B.S.3 EPA Energy Star Buildings and Green Lights Programs
.............. B-42 B.SA Federal Energy Management Program
.......................... B-44 B.SA.l Procurement Challenge (PEERS)
....................... B-44 B.SA.2 Federal Relighting Initiative (FRI)
....................... B-47 BS.S Energy Cost Savings Council (ECSC)
.......................... B-48 B.S.6 Voluntary Lurninaire Program
................................. B-49 B.S.7 Summary
................................................ B-49 B.6 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS DETAILED RESULTS
............... B-SO B.6.1 Electronic Ballast Standards
.................................. B-SO B.6.2 Cathode Cutout Standards
................................... B-S2 B.7 FLOOR SPACE SPECIFICATIONS
................................ B-S3 

### vii

### APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS ........................................ C-1

APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS .................................................... D-1 D.1 SUMMARY ................................................... D-1 D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS ................................... D-1 D.3 ASSUMPTIONS ........................................... .. .. D-1 D.4 METHODS .................................................... D-2 D.5 RESULTS ..................................................... D-3 APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS ........................ E-1 E.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................... E-1 E.2 NATIONAL ENERGY SAVINGS AND NPV ......................... E-1 E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios ........................................ E-1 E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions ....................................... E-2 E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV ............................... E-3 E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT .................................. E-5 E.4 UTILITY IMPACT ............................................... E-8 E.5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT .................................... E-12 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS ........................................... R-1 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................R-1 2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES ......... R-3 2.1 Comparative Analysis of The Alternatives ......................... R-3 2.2 No-action Alternative ........................................ R-6 2.2.1 Energy Prices ........................................ R-6 2.2.2 Existing Consumer Information Programs ................... R-9 2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards .......................... R-10 2.2.4 Base Case Description ................................ R-10 2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers ................................... R-I 1 2.3.1 Discussion ......................................... R-11 2.3.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-11 2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers ................................. R-12 2.4.1 Discussion ......................................... R-12 2.4.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-12 2.5 Rebates to Consumers ...................................... R-13 2.5.1 Discussion ......................................... R-13 2.5.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-14 2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets ............................ R-14 2.6.1 Discussion ......................................... R-14 viii APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS
............ , ........ , .................. C-l APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.l SUMMARy
................................................... D-l D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.3 ASSUMPTIONS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.4 METHODS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-2 

### D.S RESULTS
................................................... " D-3 APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS
........................ E-l E.l INTRODUCTION
............................................... E-l E.2 NATIONALENERGYSAVINGSANDNPV
......................... E-l E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios
........................................ E-l E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions
....................................... E-2 E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV
............................... E-3 E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT
.................................. E-S E.4 UTILITY IMPACT
............................................... E-8 E.S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
.................................... E-12 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALySIS
........................................... R-l 1. INTRODUCTION
............................................... R-l 2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES
......... R-3 2.1 Comparative Analysis ofThe Altematives
......................... R-3 2.2 No-action Altemative
........................................ R-6 2.2.1 Energy Prices
........................................ R-6 2.2.2 Existing ConsumerInfonnation Programs
................... R-9 2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards
.......................... R-10 2.2.4 Base Case Description
................................ R-I0 2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers
................................... R-ll 2.3.1 Discussion
......................................... R-ll 2.3.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-ll 2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers
................................. R-12 2.4.1 Discussion
......................................... R-12 2.4.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-12 2.5 Rebates to Consumers
...................................... R-13 2.5.1 Discussion
......................................... R-13 2.5.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-14 2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets
............................ R-14 2.6.1 Discussion
......................................... R-14 viii APPENDIX C. CASH FLOW IMPACTS
............ , ........ , .................. C-l APPENDIX D. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP BALLASTS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.l SUMMARy
................................................... D-l D.2 PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.3 ASSUMPTIONS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-l D.4 METHODS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-2 

### D.S RESULTS
................................................... " D-3 APPENDIX E. ANALYSIS OF CONSENSUS STANDARDS
........................ E-l E.l INTRODUCTION
............................................... E-l E.2 NATIONALENERGYSAVINGSANDNPV
......................... E-l E.2.1 Shipments Scenarios
........................................ E-l E.2.2 Scenario Assumptions
....................................... E-2 E.2.3 National Energy Savings and NPV
............................... E-3 E.3 NET NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT
.................................. E-S E.4 UTILITY IMPACT
............................................... E-8 E.S ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
.................................... E-12 REGULATORY IMPACT ANALySIS
........................................... R-l 1. INTRODUCTION
............................................... R-l 2. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF MAJOR ALTERNATIVES
......... R-3 2.1 Comparative Analysis ofThe Altematives
......................... R-3 2.2 No-action Altemative
........................................ R-6 2.2.1 Energy Prices
........................................ R-6 2.2.2 Existing ConsumerInfonnation Programs
................... R-9 2.2.3 Existing Mandatory Standards
.......................... R-10 2.2.4 Base Case Description
................................ R-I0 2.3 Tax Credits to Consumers
................................... R-ll 2.3.1 Discussion
......................................... R-ll 2.3.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-ll 2.4 Tax Credits to Manufacturers
................................. R-12 2.4.1 Discussion
......................................... R-12 2.4.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-12 2.5 Rebates to Consumers
...................................... R-13 2.5.1 Discussion
......................................... R-13 2.5.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-14 2.6 Voluntary Energy Efficiency Targets
............................ R-14 2.6.1 Discussion
......................................... R-14 viii2.6.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R- 14 2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling

Programs - Current Technologies ............................ R-15 2.7.1 Discussion ......................................... R-15 2.72 Quantitative Description ............................... R-16 2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling

Programs - Advanced Technologies .......................... R-17 2.8.1 Discussion ......................................... R-17 2.8.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-17 2.9 Government Purchases ...................................... R-18 2.9.1 Discussion ......................................... R-18 2.9.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-18 2.10 Lighting Research .......................................... R-19 2.10.1 Discussion ......................................... R- 19 2.10.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-19 2.11 Building Codes ............................................ R-20 2.11.1 Discussion ......................................... R-20 2.11.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21 2.12 Performance Standards ..................................... R-21 2.12.1 Discussion ......................................... R-21 2.12.2 Quantitative Description ............................... R-21 3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL

STANDARD LEVELS ..................................... R-22 3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value Of Standards ............... R22
TABLES Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors ............................. 3-3 Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations ......................................... 3-4 Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts ........................ 3-4 Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts ................. 3-7 Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating

T12 Lamps ..................................................... 3-9 Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating



### T8 Lamps ..................................................... 3-10 Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

Operating T12 and T8 Lamps ...................................... 3-12 Table 3.8 Mean Lumens .................................................. 3-15 Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data .............................. 3-17 Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data .................................. 3-18 ix 2.6.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-14 2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling Programs

- Current Technologies
............................ R-15 2.7.1 Discussion
......................................... R-15 2.72 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-16 2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling Programs

- Advanced Technologies
.......................... R-17 2.8.1 Discussion
......................................... R-17 2.8.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-17 2.9 Government Purchases
...................................... R-18 2.9.1 Discussion
......................................... R-18 2.9.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-18 2.10 Lighting Research
.......................................... R-19 2.10.1 Discussion
......................................... R-19 2.10.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-19 2.11 Building Codes
............................................ R-20 2.11.1 Discussion
......................................... R-20 2.11.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-21 2.12 Performance Standards
..................................... R-21 2.12.1 Discussion
......................................... R-21 2.12.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -21 3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL

Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 STANDARD LEVELS
..................................... R-22 3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value OfStandards
............... R22 TABLES
Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors
............................. 3-3 LamplBallast Combinations
......................................... 3-4 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
........................ 3-4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts
................. 3-7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps
..................................................... 3-9 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T8 Lamps
..................................................... 3-10 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating TI2 and T8 Lamps
...................................... 3-12 Mean Lumens
.................................................. 3-15 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data
.............................. 3-17 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data
.................................. 3-18

IX 2.6.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-14 2.7 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling Programs

- Current Technologies
............................ R-15 2.7.1 Discussion
......................................... R-15 2.72 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-16 2.8 Enhanced Consumer Education And Labeling Programs

- Advanced Technologies
.......................... R-17 2.8.1 Discussion
......................................... R-17 2.8.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-17 2.9 Government Purchases
...................................... R-18 2.9.1 Discussion
......................................... R-18 2.9.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-18 2.10 Lighting Research
.......................................... R-19 2.10.1 Discussion
......................................... R-19 2.10.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-19 2.11 Building Codes
............................................ R-20 2.11.1 Discussion
......................................... R-20 2.11.2 Quantitative Description
............................... R-21 2.12 Performance Standards
..................................... R-21 2.12.1 Discussion
......................................... R-21 2.12.2 Quantitative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R -21 3. ENERGY SAVINGS, COSTS, AND BENEFITS OF TRIAL

Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 STANDARD LEVELS
..................................... R-22 3.1 Energy Savings And Net Present Value OfStandards
............... R22 TABLES
Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficacy Factors
............................. 3-3 LamplBallast Combinations
......................................... 3-4 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts
........................ 3-4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts
................. 3-7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps
..................................................... 3-9 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T8 Lamps
..................................................... 3-10 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating TI2 and T8 Lamps
...................................... 3-12 Mean Lumens
.................................................. 3-15 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data
.............................. 3-17 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data
.................................. 3-18

IXTable 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts ........................................ 3-20

Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) ....................... 3-22 Table 3.13 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed ......................... 3-23 Table 3.14 Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses ....................... 3-25 Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses .............. 3-26 Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation of Incremental Ballast Prices ................ 4-2 Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast ........................... 4-4 Table 4.3 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an T12 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ..... 4-9 Table 4.4 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline ...... 4-17 Table 4.5 T8 Ballast Prices for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis ................... 4-18 Table 4.6 Summary of Payback Periods Using the T12 EEM as the Baseline ........... 4-22 Table 4.7 Summary of Payback Periods Using a T8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline ........ 4-30 Table 4.8 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate .......... 4-33 Table 4.9 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate ......... 4-34 Table 4.10 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth ..... 4-35 Table 4.11 Summary of Payback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast ....... 4-36 Table 4.12 Summary of Delta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 ............... 4-37 Table 4.13 Summary of Payback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast ...... 4-38 Table 5-1 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products,



### 1993-1997 .............................................. 5-3 Table 5.2 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998 ........... 5-3 Table 5.3 Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors .............................. 5-8 Table 5.4 Ballast Scenario Assumptions ....................................... 5-13 Table 5.5 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic Standards ............................................... 5-14 Table 5.6 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards ....... 5-15 Table 5.7 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-15 Table 5.8 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards ............ 5-16 Table 5.9 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards ....... 5-16 Table 5.10 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards ............ 5-17 

### Table 6A.1 "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements .............. 6-5 Table 6A.2 Shipment and Value of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997 .................. 6-6 Table 6A.3 List of Lamp Ballast Manufacturers .................................... 6-7 Table 6A.4 Number of Manufacturers and Market Shares ........................... 6-7 Table 6A.5 Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis .......................... 6-14

x 

### Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 4.12 Table 4.13 Table 5-1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10
Table 6A.l Table 6A.2 Table 6A.3 Table 6A.4 Table 6A.5 Weighted Prices for Ballasts
........................................ 3-20 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$)
....................... 3-22 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed
......................... 3-23 Range ofPrices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses
....................... 3-25 Range oflncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses
.............. 3-26 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast
........................... 4-4 Summary ofDelta LCC* Results Using an TI2 EEM Ballast as the Baseline
..... 4-9 Summary ofDelta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as aBaseline
...... 4-17 T8 Ballast Pllces for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis
................... 4-18 Summary ofPayback Periods Using the TI2 EEM as the Baseline
........... 4-22 Summary ofPayback Periods Using aT8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline
........ 4-30 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate
.......... 4-33 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate
......... 4-34 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth
..... 4-35 Summary ofPayback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast
....... 4-36 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999
............... 4-37 Summary ofPayback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast
...... 4-38 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products, 1993

- 1997
.............................................. 5-3 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998
........... 5-3 Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors
.............................. 5-8 Ballast Scenario Assumptions
....................................... 5-13 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic Standards
............................................... 5-14 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards
....... 5-15 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards
....... 5-15 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards
............ 5-16 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards
....... 5-16 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards
............ 5-17
"Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements
.............. 6-5 Shipment and Value ofFluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997
.................. 6-6 List ofLamp Ballast Manufacturers
.................................... 6-7 Number ofManufacturers and Market Shares
........................... 6-7 Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis
.......................... 6-14

x Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Table 4.9 Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 4.12 Table 4.13 Table 5-1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Table 5.10
Table 6A.l Table 6A.2 Table 6A.3 Table 6A.4 Table 6A.5 Weighted Prices for Ballasts
........................................ 3-20 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$)
....................... 3-22 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed
......................... 3-23 Range ofPrices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses
....................... 3-25 Range oflncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses
.............. 3-26 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast
........................... 4-4 Summary ofDelta LCC* Results Using an TI2 EEM Ballast as the Baseline
..... 4-9 Summary ofDelta LCC* Results Using an EEM T8 Ballast as aBaseline
...... 4-17 T8 Ballast Pllces for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis
................... 4-18 Summary ofPayback Periods Using the TI2 EEM as the Baseline
........... 4-22 Summary ofPayback Periods Using aT8 EEM Ballast as the Baseline
........ 4-30 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 4% Discount Rate
.......... 4-33 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results with 15% Discount Rate
......... 4-34 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999 High Growth
..... 4-35 Summary ofPayback Sensitivity using AEO 199 High Growth Forecast
....... 4-36 Summary ofDelta LCC* Sensitivity Results using AEO 1999
............... 4-37 Summary ofPayback Sensitivity Using AEO 1999 Low Growh Forecast
...... 4-38 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Disaggregated Shipments, Covered Products, 1993

- 1997
.............................................. 5-3 U.S. Fluorescent Ballast Shipments, Covered Products, 1993-1998
........... 5-3 Site-to-Source Energy Conversion Factors
.............................. 5-8 Ballast Scenario Assumptions
....................................... 5-13 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case, Electronic Standards
............................................... 5-14 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Reference Case. CC Standards
....... 5-15 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case, Electronic Standards
....... 5-15 National Energy Savings Results, AEO High Case. CC Standards
............ 5-16 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case, Electronic Standards
....... 5-16 National Energy Savings Results, AEO Low Case. CC Standards
............ 5-17
"Affected" Magnetic Ballasts and Energy-Efficient Replacements
.............. 6-5 Shipment and Value ofFluorescent Lamp Ballasts in 1997
.................. 6-6 List ofLamp Ballast Manufacturers
.................................... 6-7 Number ofManufacturers and Market Shares
........................... 6-7 Scenarios Used to Characterize Variability and Uncertainty in the Cash Flow Analysis
.......................... 6-14

x

### Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario ...................... 6-14 Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast



### Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario ....................... 6-15 Table 6A.8 Industry Value of "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business Under Different Growth Rate Projections ........................ 6-16 Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ............. 6-17 Table 6A. 10 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales ................... 6-18 Table 6A. 11. Cash Flow Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard



### Under the 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003 ......................... 6-20 Table 6A. 12 Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic



### Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by All Regulated Ballast Product Classes ........................... 6-21 Table 6A. 13 Direct Employment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-27 Table 6A. 14 Direct Employment Levels in 2002 ................................... 6-28 Table 6A. 15 Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard ......... 6-30 Table 6A. 16 Industry-wide Employment Impacts of an Electronic Ballast Standard



### Under the Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants Close in 2003 in the Base Case ............................... 6-31 Table 6B.1 Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews .................... 6-34 Table 6B.2 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic



### Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ............ 6-40 Table 6B.3 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both

Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares ............. 6-42 Table 6B.4 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both



### Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ............ 6-43 Table 6B.5 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/Electronic Ballast



### Supplier Industries (3% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 Table 6B.6 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast Supplier Industries (5% Scenario) ............................. 6-44 Table 6B.7 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast



### Supplier Industries ......................................... 6-51 Table 6B.8 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries Serving

Only Electronic Ballasts ..................................... 6-51 Table 6B.9 Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries ....... 6-52 

### Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting ii-om an Electronic Ballast Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario
...................... 6-14 Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario
....................... 6-15 Table 6A.8 Industry Value of"Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business Under Different Growth Rate Projections
........................ 6-16 Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales
............. 6-17 Table 6A.l0 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales
................... 6-18 Table 6A.ll. Cash Flow Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard
Table 6A.12
Table 6A.13 Table 6A.14 Table 6A.15 Table 6A.16
Table 6B.l Table 6B.2 Table 6BJ
Table 6BA


### Table 6B.5 Table 6B.6 Table 6B.7 Table 6B.8 Table 6B.9 Underthe 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003
......................... 6-20 Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Elech'onic Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by All Regulated Ballast Product Classes
........................... 6-21 DirectEmployment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts
.......................................... 6-27 Direct Employment Levels in 2002
................................... 6-28 Industry-wide Employment Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard
......... 6-30 Industry-wide Employment Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard Underthe Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants Close in 2003 in the Base Case
............................... 6-31 Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews
.................... 6-34 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries
. . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40 Estimated NPV in $Millions for h1dusnies Supplying Both Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares
............. 6-42 EstimatedNPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market
............ 6-43 Estimated Employment Impacts for MagneticlElectronic Ballast SupplierIndustries (3% Scenario)
............................. 6-44 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast Supplier Indushies (5% Scenario)
............................. 6-44 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast Supplier Indusnies
......................................... 6-51 EstimatedNPV in $Millions for SupplierIndusnies Serving Only Electronic Ballasts
.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51 Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast SupplierIndustries
....... 6-52

Xl 

### Table 6A.6 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting ii-om an Electronic Ballast Standard under the 5% Shipment Scenario
...................... 6-14 Table 6A.7 Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Electronic Ballast Standard under the 3% Shipment Scenario
....................... 6-15 Table 6A.8 Industry Value of"Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Business Under Different Growth Rate Projections
........................ 6-16 Table 6A.9 Cash Flow Impacts under the 5% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales
............. 6-17 Table 6A.l0 Cash Flow Impacts under the 3% Shipment Scenario, Assuming 2.1% Annual Growth in "Unaffected" Electronic Ballast Sales
................... 6-18 Table 6A.ll. Cash Flow Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard
Table 6A.12
Table 6A.13 Table 6A.14 Table 6A.15 Table 6A.16
Table 6B.l Table 6B.2 Table 6BJ
Table 6BA


### Table 6B.5 Table 6B.6 Table 6B.7 Table 6B.8 Table 6B.9 Underthe 2015 (5% Decline) Shipment Scenario with Plant Closures in the Base Case in 2003
......................... 6-20 Short-term Cash Flow Impacts Resulting from an Elech'onic Ballast Standard on the Business Represented by All Regulated Ballast Product Classes
........................... 6-21 DirectEmployment Levels for Manufacturing "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts
.......................................... 6-27 Direct Employment Levels in 2002
................................... 6-28 Industry-wide Employment Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard
......... 6-30 Industry-wide Employment Impacts ofan Electronic Ballast Standard Underthe Scenario Where US Magnetic Ballast Plants Close in 2003 in the Base Case
............................... 6-31 Supplier Companies Invited to Participate in Interviews
.................... 6-34 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic "Affected" Magnetic Ballast and Selected Electronic Ballast Supplier Industries
. . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40 Estimated NPV in $Millions for h1dusnies Supplying Both Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares
............. 6-42 EstimatedNPV in $Millions for Industries Supplying Both Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market
............ 6-43 Estimated Employment Impacts for MagneticlElectronic Ballast SupplierIndustries (3% Scenario)
............................. 6-44 Estimated Employment Impacts for Magnetic/electronic Ballast Supplier Indushies (5% Scenario)
............................. 6-44 Estimated Financial Factors for Domestic Electronic Ballast Supplier Indusnies
......................................... 6-51 EstimatedNPV in $Millions for SupplierIndusnies Serving Only Electronic Ballasts
.................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51 Estimated Employment Impacts for Electronic Ballast SupplierIndustries
....... 6-52

XlTable 6B.10 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming Domestic Supplier Industries Maintain Their 1997 

### Market Shares (Reference Case) .............................. 6-53 Table 6B. 11 Estimated NPV in $Millions for Supplier Industries, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market (Worst Case) ................................. 6-53 Table 6B. 12 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (3% Scenario) ............................................ 6-54 Table 6B. 13 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares 

### (5% Scenario) ............................................ 6-54 Table 6B.14 Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market ...... 6-55 Table 6C.1 Shipments of selected lighting fixtures for commercial/industrial



### applications, 1997 ......................................... 6-61

Table 7.1 Reference Forecast ............................................... 7-4 Table 7.2 Standards Level la Forecast ........................................ 7-8 Table 7.3 Standards Level lb Forecast ........................................ 7-9 Table 7.4 Standards Level 2a Forecast ....................................... 7-10 Table 7.5 Standards Level 2b Forecast ....................................... 7-11 Table 7.6 Standards Level 3a Forecast ....................................... 7-12 Table 7.7 Standards Level 3b Forecast ....................................... 7-13 Table 7.8 Standards Level 4a Forecast ....................................... 7-14 Table 7.9 Standards Level 4b Forecast ....................................... 7-15 Table 7.10 Standards Level 5a Forecast ....................................... 7-16 Table 7.11 Standards Level 5b Forecast ....................................... 7-17 Table 7.12 Standards Level 6a Forecast ....................................... 7-18 Table 7.13 Standards Level 6b Forecast ....................................... 7-19 Table 7.14 Standards Level 2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-20 Table 7.15 Standards Level 2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast ................ 7-21 Table A.1 Thermal Correction Factors ........................................ A-3 Table A.2 Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis .................................... A-4 Table A.3 Overview of Ballast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data) ..................... A-5 Table A.4 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-5 Table A.5 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 CC Ballast .......................... A-5 Table A.6 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast .......................... A-6 Table A.7 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T 12/ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-6 

### Table 6B.I0
Table 6B.l1
Table 6B.12
Table 6B.13
Table 6B.14 Table 6C.l

Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.S 

### Table 7.6 Table 7.7 Table 7.8 Table 7.9 Table 7.10 Table 7.11 Table 7.12 Table 7.13 Table 7.14 Table 7.1S 

### Table Al TableA2 TableA3 TableA4 Table AS TableA6 TableA7 Estimated NPV in $MiIlions for SupplierIndustries, Assuming Domestic SupplierIndustries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (Reference Case)
.............................. 6-S3 

### Estimated NPV in $Millions for SupplierIndustries, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market (Worst Case)
................................. 6-S3 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for SupplierIndustries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (3% Scenario)
............................................ 6-S4 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (S% 

### Scenario)
............................................ 6-S4 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for SupplierIndustlies Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic BallastMarket
...... 6-SS 

### Shipments ofselected lighting fIxtures for commercial/industrial applications, 1997
......................................... 6-61
Reference Forecast
............................................... 7-4 Standards LevellaForecast
........................................ 7-8 Standards Levellb Forecast
........................................ 7-9 Standards Level2a Forecast
....................................... 7-10 Standards Level2b Forecast
....................................... 7-11 Standards Level3a Forecast
....................................... 7-12 Standards Level3b Forecast
....................................... 7-13 Standards Level4a Forecast
....................................... 7-14 Standards Level4b Forecast
....................................... 7-1S 

### Standards Level Sa Forecast
....................................... 7-16 Standards LevelSb Forecast
....................................... 7-17 Standards Level 6a Forecast
....................................... 7-18 Standards Level6b Forecast
....................................... 7-19 Standards Level2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast
................ 7-20 Standards Level2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast
................ 7-21 Thermal Correction Factors
........................................ A-3 Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

### Overview ofBallast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data)
..................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast
......................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast
.......................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-6 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T121ES EEM Ballast
...................... A-6

Xli 

### Table 6B.I0
Table 6B.l1
Table 6B.12
Table 6B.13
Table 6B.14 Table 6C.l

Table 7.1 Table 7.2 Table 7.3 Table 7.4 Table 7.S 

### Table 7.6 Table 7.7 Table 7.8 Table 7.9 Table 7.10 Table 7.11 Table 7.12 Table 7.13 Table 7.14 Table 7.1S 

### Table Al TableA2 TableA3 TableA4 Table AS TableA6 TableA7 Estimated NPV in $MiIlions for SupplierIndustries, Assuming Domestic SupplierIndustries Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (Reference Case)
.............................. 6-S3 

### Estimated NPV in $Millions for SupplierIndustries, Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic Ballast Market (Worst Case)
................................. 6-S3 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for SupplierIndustries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (3% Scenario)
............................................ 6-S4 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for Supplier Industries Assuming Domestic Suppliers Maintain Their 1997 Market Shares (S% 

### Scenario)
............................................ 6-S4 

### Estimated Employment Impacts for SupplierIndustlies Assuming Foreign Suppliers Capture All the New Electronic BallastMarket
...... 6-SS 

### Shipments ofselected lighting fIxtures for commercial/industrial applications, 1997
......................................... 6-61
Reference Forecast
............................................... 7-4 Standards LevellaForecast
........................................ 7-8 Standards Levellb Forecast
........................................ 7-9 Standards Level2a Forecast
....................................... 7-10 Standards Level2b Forecast
....................................... 7-11 Standards Level3a Forecast
....................................... 7-12 Standards Level3b Forecast
....................................... 7-13 Standards Level4a Forecast
....................................... 7-14 Standards Level4b Forecast
....................................... 7-1S 

### Standards Level Sa Forecast
....................................... 7-16 Standards LevelSb Forecast
....................................... 7-17 Standards Level 6a Forecast
....................................... 7-18 Standards Level6b Forecast
....................................... 7-19 Standards Level2b Low Economic Growth Utility Forecast
................ 7-20 Standards Level2b High Economic Growth Utility Forecast
................ 7-21 Thermal Correction Factors
........................................ A-3 Lamp Prices Used in the Analysis
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-4 

### Overview ofBallast Efficacy Factor, (ND=No Data)
..................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast
......................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast
.......................... A-S 

### NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-6 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40T121ES EEM Ballast
...................... A-6

Xli

### Table A.8 NYSEO Data for 1-Lamp F40T12/ES CC Ballast ....................... A-6



### Table A.9 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F40T12/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-7 Table A.10 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-7 

### Table A.11 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 CC Ballast .......................... A-7 Table A.12 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast .......................... A-8 

### Table A.13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES EEM Ballast ...................... A-8 Table A.14 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES CC Ballast ........................ A-8 Table A.15 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40T12/ES ERS Ballast ....................... A-9 Table A.16 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12 EEM Ballast ......................... A-9 Table A.17 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12 EIS Ballast .......................... A-9 

### Table A.18 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12/ES EEM Ballast ..................... A-10 Table A.19 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12/ES EIS Ballast ....................... A-10 

### Table A.20 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12HO EEM Ballast ..................... A-10 

### Table A.21 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast ....................... A-10 Table A.22 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T 12HO ERS Ballast ...................... A-11 Table A.23 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES EEM Ballast ................... A-11 Table A.24 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES CC Ballast .................... A-11 Table A.25 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO/ES ERS Ballast ................... A-11 

### Table A.26 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40T12 ERS Ballast ......................... A-12 Table A.27 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40T 12/ES ERS Ballast ...................... A-12 Table A.28 SLDL Data for 4-Lamp F40T 12 ERS Ballast .......................... A- 12 

### Table A.29 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-12 Table A.30 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-13 

### Table A.31 NEMA Data for 1-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-13 Table A.32 

### NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast ......................... A-13 Table A.33 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast .......................... A-14 Table A.34 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-14 

### Table A.35 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-14 Table A.36 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-15 Table A.37 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-15 Table A.38 NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast .......................... A-15 Table A.39 NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast .......................... A-16 Table A.40 Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts ...... A-20 

### Table A.41 Fluorescent Lamp Relamp Lifetimes ................................. A-21 Table A.42. 8-Foot Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ...................... A-21 Table A.43 8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types ................... A-22 

### Table B.I Characterization and Summary of Commercial Electric Utility Sample .......... B-3 Table B.2 Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis ................................ B-4 Table B.3 Building Types in the CTAS Sample ................................... B-6 

### Table B.4 Marginal Prices, Commercial and Industrial Sectors ...................... B-11 Table A8 Table A9 Table AlO Table All Table Al2 Table A13 Table Al4 Table A.l5 Table Al6 Table AI7 Table AI8 Table Al9 Table A20 Table A21 Table A22 Table A23 Table A24 Table A25 Table A26 Table A27 Table A28 Table A29 Table A30 Table A31 Table A32 Table A33 Table A34 Table A.35 Table A36 Table A37 Table A38 Table A39 Table AAO Table AAI Table A42. Table A43 Table B.I Table B.2 Table B.3 Table 

### BA NYSEO Data for I-Lamp F40TI2IES CC Ballast
....................... A-6 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40Tl2IES ERS Ballast
....................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 EEM Ballast
......................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast
.......................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2IES EEM Ballast
...................... A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp 

### F40Tl2/ES CC Ballast
........................ A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp 

### F40Tl2/ES ERS Ballast
....................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EEM Ballast
......................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EEM Ballast
..................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EIS Ballast
....................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO EEM Ballast
..................... A-I0 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast
....................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO ERS Ballast
...................... A-II NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES EEM Ballast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-II NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES CC Ballast
.................... A-ll NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO/ES ERS Ballast
................... A-ll NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
......................... A-I2 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40TI2IES ERS Ballast
...................... A-I2 SLDL Data for4-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-I2 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast
......................... A-12 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-13 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-16 Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts
...... A-20 FluorescentLamp Relamp Lifetimes
................................. A-2I 8-FootLamp Ballast Locations by Building Types
...................... A-21 8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types
................... A-22 Characterization and Summmy ofCommercial Electric Utility Sample
.......... B-3 Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis
................................ B-4 Building Types in the CTAS Smnple
................................... B-6 Marginal Prices, Commercial mld Industrial Sectors
...................... B-Il xiii Table A8 Table A9 Table AlO Table All Table Al2 Table A13 Table Al4 Table A.l5 Table Al6 Table AI7 Table AI8 Table Al9 Table A20 Table A21 Table A22 Table A23 Table A24 Table A25 Table A26 Table A27 Table A28 Table A29 Table A30 Table A31 Table A32 Table A33 Table A34 Table A.35 Table A36 Table A37 Table A38 Table A39 Table AAO Table AAI Table A42. Table A43 Table B.I Table B.2 Table B.3 Table 

### BA NYSEO Data for I-Lamp F40TI2IES CC Ballast
....................... A-6 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F40Tl2IES ERS Ballast
....................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 EEM Ballast
......................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40TI2 CC Ballast
.......................... A-7 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F40Tl2IES EEM Ballast
...................... A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp 

### F40Tl2/ES CC Ballast
........................ A-8 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp 

### F40Tl2/ES ERS Ballast
....................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EEM Ballast
......................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-9 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EEM Ballast
..................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2IES EIS Ballast
....................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO EEM Ballast
..................... A-I0 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96T12HO CC Ballast
....................... A-lO NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO ERS Ballast
...................... A-II NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES EEM Ballast.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-II NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HOIES CC Ballast
.................... A-ll NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F96Tl2HO/ES ERS Ballast
................... A-ll NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
......................... A-I2 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F40TI2IES ERS Ballast
...................... A-I2 SLDL Data for4-Lamp F40Tl2 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-I2 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast
......................... A-12 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-13 NEMA Data for I-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EEM Ballast
... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A-13 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 CC Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for2-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for 2-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-I4 NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 3-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 ERS Ballast
.......................... A-IS NEMA Data for 4-Lamp F32T8 EIS Ballast
.......................... A-16 Replacement Labor Times (minutes) for Fluorescent Lamps and Ballasts
...... A-20 FluorescentLamp Relamp Lifetimes
................................. A-2I 8-FootLamp Ballast Locations by Building Types
...................... A-21 8-Foot HO Lamp Ballast Locations by Building Types
................... A-22 Characterization and Summmy ofCommercial Electric Utility Sample
.......... B-3 Tariffs Used in the Commercial Analysis
................................ B-4 Building Types in the CTAS Smnple
................................... B-6 Marginal Prices, Commercial mld Industrial Sectors
...................... B-Il xiiiTable B.5 Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number of Lamps (percent of market) ........ B-22

Table B.6 Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent of two-lamp market) ................. B-23 

### Table B.7 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Floor Area .................................. B-25 

### Table B.8 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Lighting Energy ............................... B-26 Table B.9 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area ........................ B-28 

### Table B. 10 Lighting/HVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During Table B. 11 1990-1995: Averaged Using Lighting Energy ....................

Energy Savings due to Lighting/HVAC Interaction in Buildings 

### B-29 Of Different Vintages ...................................... B-30 Table B. 12 Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent of National Total .................. B-33 

### Table B. 13 Core Sample Date Set Estimates ................................... B-34 Table B. 14 Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates ................................ B-34 

### Table B. 15 Shipments and Market Shares of Rebated Ballasts ...................... B-35 Table B. 16 Table B. 17 Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands) .........

Expected Impact of Existing Programs on State Adoption and 

### B-39 Code Compliance ........................................ B-40 Table B. 18 Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program Table B. 19 Support (Thousands) ......................................

Green Lights/Energy Star Buildings Program Impacts on B-41


### Table B.20 Electronic Ballast Sales .....................................

Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP B-43 Programs (Thousands) ..................................... B-47 

### Table B.21 Shipments of Electronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions) ............ B-49 Table B.22 Scenario la ................................................... B-50 Table B.23 Scenario lb ................................................... B-50 Table B.24 Scenario 2a ................................................... B-50 Table B.25 Scenario 2b ................................................... B-51 Table B.26 Scenario 3a ................................................... B-51 Table B.27 Scenario 3b ....................................................B-51 

### Table B.28 Scenario 4a ................................................... B-S 1 Table B.29 Scenario 4b ................................................... B-S2 

### Table B.30 Scenario 5a ................................................... B-52 Table B.31 Scenario Sb ................................................... B-52 Table B.32 Scenario 6a ................................................... B-53 Table B.33 Table B.34 Scenario 6b ...................................................

US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions B-53 Of square feet) ........................................... B-54

xiv 

### Table B.5 Table B.6 Table B.7 Table B.8 Table B.9 Table B.lO Table B.l1 Table B.12 Table B.13 Table B.14 Table B.15 Table B.16 Table B.l7 Table B.l8 Table B.19 Table B.20 Table B.21 Table B.22 Table B.23 Table B.24 Table B.25 Table B.26 Table B.27 Table B.28 Table B.29 Table B.30 Table B.31 Table B.32 Table B.33 Table B.34 Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number ofLamps (percent ofmarket)
........ B-22 Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent oftwo-lamp market)
................. B-23 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Floor Area
.................................. B-25 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Lighting Energy
............................... B-26 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area
........................ B-28 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 1990-199S: 

### Averaged Using Lighting Energy.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-29 Energy Savings due to LightingIHVAC Interaction in Buildings OfDifferent Vintages.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-30 Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent ofNational Total.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-33 Core Sample Date Set Estimates
................................... B-34 Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-34 Shipments and Market Shares ofRebated Ballasts
...................... B-35 Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands)
. . . . . . . .. B-39 Expected Impact ofExisting Programs on State Adoption and Code Compliance
........................................ B-40 Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program Support (Thousands)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-41 Green LightslEnergy StarBuildings Program Impacts on Electronic Ballast Sales.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. BA3 

### Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP Programs (Thousands)
..................................... BA7 

### Shipments ofElectronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions)
. . . . . . . . . . .. BA9 

### Scenario 1a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 1b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 2a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 2b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

### Scenario 3a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-51 Scenario 3b
.................................................... B-51 Scenario 4a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl Scenario 4b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S2 

### Scenario Sa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 Scenario 5b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 Scenario 6a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 Scenario 6b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions Ofsquare feet)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S4

XlV 

### Table B.5 Table B.6 Table B.7 Table B.8 Table B.9 Table B.lO Table B.l1 Table B.12 Table B.13 Table B.14 Table B.15 Table B.16 Table B.l7 Table B.l8 Table B.19 Table B.20 Table B.21 Table B.22 Table B.23 Table B.24 Table B.25 Table B.26 Table B.27 Table B.28 Table B.29 Table B.30 Table B.31 Table B.32 Table B.33 Table B.34 Fluorescent Fixture Weights by Number ofLamps (percent ofmarket)
........ B-22 Fluorescent Ballast Weights (percent oftwo-lamp market)
................. B-23 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Floor Area
.................................. B-25 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Building Stock in 1989: Averaged Using Lighting Energy
............................... B-26 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 1990-1995: Averaged Using Floor Area
........................ B-28 LightingIHVAC Interactions for the U.S. Buildings Built During 1990-199S: 

### Averaged Using Lighting Energy.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-29 Energy Savings due to LightingIHVAC Interaction in Buildings OfDifferent Vintages.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-30 Energy Efficiency Spending as Percent ofNational Total.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-33 Core Sample Date Set Estimates
................................... B-34 Expanded Sample Data Set Estimates.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-34 Shipments and Market Shares ofRebated Ballasts
...................... B-35 Base Case Ballast Sales, New and Renovated Systems (Thousands)
. . . . . . . .. B-39 Expected Impact ofExisting Programs on State Adoption and Code Compliance
........................................ B-40 Ballast Sales with Upgraded Code with BSG Program Support (Thousands)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-41 Green LightslEnergy StarBuildings Program Impacts on Electronic Ballast Sales.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. BA3 

### Fluorescent Electronic Ballasts Purchased from FEMP Programs (Thousands)
..................................... BA7 

### Shipments ofElectronic Ballasts Affected by Programs (millions)
. . . . . . . . . . .. BA9 

### Scenario 1a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 1b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 2a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-SO Scenario 2b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl 

### Scenario 3a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-51 Scenario 3b
.................................................... B-51 Scenario 4a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-Sl Scenario 4b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S2 

### Scenario Sa
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 Scenario 5b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-52 Scenario 6a
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 Scenario 6b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-53 US Commercial and Industrial Floor Stock Projections (Billions Ofsquare feet)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. B-S4

XlVTable C. LA

Table C.1.B Table C.2.A Table C.2.B Table C.3.A Table C.3.B Table C.4.A Table C.4.B Table C.5.A Table C.5.B Table C.6.A Table C.6.B Table C.7.A


### Table C.7.B Table C.8.A Table C.8.B Table C.9.A
Table C.9.B Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) .............................. C-2 Base Case Industry Cash Flow

-Manufacturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-3 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-ManufacturerSubmittal, 5% Shipment Scenario ......................................... C-4 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Mann facturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) .............................. C-5 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) .............................. C-6 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-ManufacturerSubmittal, 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) .............................. C-7 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-ManufacturerSubmittal, 3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................... C-8 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-ManufacturerSubmittal, 3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................... C-9 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-10 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-11 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012 ) ............................. C-12 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow

-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-13 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario ( 1998-2012) ............................. C-14 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027) ............................. C-15 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012) ............................. C-16 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015) ............................. C-17 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-18 Base Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027) ................................. C- 19

xv 

### Table C.1.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
.............................. C-2 

### Table C.1.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
.............................. C-3 Table C.2.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-4 

### Table C.2.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
.............................. C-5 

### Table C.3.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario**(1998~2012)** 

### .............................. C-6 

### Table C.3.B Base Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-7 

### Table CA.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................... C-8 Table C.4.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-9 

### Table C.5.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-I0 Table C.5.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
............................. C-ll Table C.6.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-12 

### Table C.6.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
............................. C-13 Table C.7.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3%ShipmentScenario(1998-2012)
............................. C-14 

### Table C.7.B Base Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
............................. C-15 

### Table C.8.A Standard Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-16 

### Table C.8.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
............................. C-17 

### Table C.9.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes ''Unaffected'' Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012)
................................. C-18 Table C.9.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027)
............................... " C-19



### xv Table C.1.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
.............................. C-2 

### Table C.1.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
.............................. C-3 Table C.2.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-4 

### Table C.2.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
.............................. C-5 

### Table C.3.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario**(1998~2012)** 

### .............................. C-6 

### Table C.3.B Base Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-7 

### Table CA.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 3% shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................... C-8 Table C.4.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 3T Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. C-9 

### Table C.5.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Existing Dynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-I0 Table C.5.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
............................. C-ll Table C.6.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-12 

### Table C.6.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
............................. C-13 Table C.7.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3%ShipmentScenario(1998-2012)
............................. C-14 

### Table C.7.B Base Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2027)
............................. C-15 

### Table C.8.A Standard Case 

### Industly Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (1998-2012)
............................. C-16 

### Table C.8.B Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-ExistingDynamics, 

### 3% Shipment Scenario (2013-2015)
............................. C-17 

### Table C.9.A Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mamifacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes ''Unaffected'' Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012)
................................. C-18 Table C.9.B Base Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-2027)
............................... " C-19



### xvTable C.10.A Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### 5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012) ................................. C-20 Table C.10.13 Standard Case Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal,

5% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-2015) ................................. C-21 Table D.1 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases ....................... D-5 

### Table D.2 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases ....................... D-6 Table D.3 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... D-6 Table D.4 Power Sector Emissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions

And Standards Level 2b ........................................ 

### D-7 Table E.1 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards for 

### Table E.2 Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2005-2030 ...................... E-3

Scenario 7A ..................................................... E-4 Table E.3 Scenario 7B ..................................................... E-4 Table E.4 Scenario 7C ..................................................... E-4 

### Table E.5 Standard Scenario 7A Forecast ...................................... E-9 Table E.6 Standard Scenario 7B Forecast ..................................... E-10 Table E.7 Standard Scenario 7C Forecast ..................................... E-11 

### Table E.8 Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios .............. E-12 Table E.9 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020) ......................... E-13 Table R.1 Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption .................................. R-4 

### Table R.2 Expected Impacts of Program Alternatives .............................. R-7 Table R.3 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society of Standards

For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030 .................. R-23

FIGURES Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis ............... 2-4 Figure 3.1 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Channels ............................. 3-17 Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices ................. 4-3 Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices .................... 4-3 Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons
............................................. 4-4

xvi 

### Table C.l0.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012)
................................. C-20 Table C.lO.B Standard Case 

### IndustlY Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal,



### Table D.1 Table D.2 Table D.3 Table DA 

### Table E.1 Table E.2 Table E,3 Table EA 

### Table E.S Table E.6 Table E.7 Table E.8 Table E.9 Table R.l 

### Table R.2 Table R.3

Figure 2.1 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4,3 S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-201S)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 

### C-21 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-S Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-6 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020)
......................... D-6 Power SectorEmissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions And Standards Level 2b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-7 Energy Savings and Net PresentValue to Society ofStandards for Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased fi.-om 200S-2030
...................... 

### E-3 Scenario 7 A
..................................................... E-4 Scenario 7B
..................................................... E-4 Scenario 7C
..................................................... E-4 Standard Scenario 7 A Forecast
...................................... E-9 Standard Scenario 7B Forecast
..................................... E-I0 Standard Scenario 7C Forecast
..................................... E-l1 Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios
.............. E-12 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020)
......................... E-13 Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption
.................................. R-4 Expected Impacts ofProgram Alternatives
.............................. R-7 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society ofStandards For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030
.................. R-23

FIGURES 

### Analytic Framework for the BallastEnergy Efficiency Analysis
............... 2-4 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Chmmels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices
................. 4-3 Distribution of 1997 Average Industtial Electricity Prices
.................... 4-3 Distribution ofEpsilons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

xvi 

### Table C.l0.A Standard Case 

### Industry Cash Flow-Manufacturer Submittal, 

### S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (1998-2012)
................................. C-20 Table C.lO.B Standard Case 

### IndustlY Cash Flow-Mam!facturer Submittal,



### Table D.1 Table D.2 Table D.3 Table DA 

### Table E.1 Table E.2 Table E,3 Table EA 

### Table E.S Table E.6 Table E.7 Table E.8 Table E.9 Table R.l 

### Table R.2 Table R.3

Figure 2.1 Figure 3.1 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4,3 S% Shipment Scenario, Includes "Unaffected" Electronic Ballasts (2013-201S)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 

### C-21 Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level A Cases.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-S Power Sector Emissions: Standards Level B Cases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-6 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020)
......................... D-6 Power SectorEmissions: Alternative Economic Assumptions And Standards Level 2b
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-7 Energy Savings and Net PresentValue to Society ofStandards for Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased fi.-om 200S-2030
...................... 

### E-3 Scenario 7 A
..................................................... E-4 Scenario 7B
..................................................... E-4 Scenario 7C
..................................................... E-4 Standard Scenario 7 A Forecast
...................................... E-9 Standard Scenario 7B Forecast
..................................... E-I0 Standard Scenario 7C Forecast
..................................... E-l1 Power Sector Emissions: Electronic Ballast Standard Scenarios
.............. E-12 Cumulative Emissions Reductions (2003-2020)
......................... E-13 Ballast Prices vs Energy Consumption
.................................. R-4 Expected Impacts ofProgram Alternatives
.............................. R-7 Energy Savings and Net Present Value to Society ofStandards For Fluorescent Ballasts Purchased from 2003-2030
.................. R-23

FIGURES 

### Analytic Framework for the BallastEnergy Efficiency Analysis
............... 2-4 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Chmmels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices
................. 4-3 Distribution of 1997 Average Industtial Electricity Prices
.................... 4-3 Distribution ofEpsilons
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

xviFigure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 1F40T12 in Commercial Sector .............................................. 4-5 Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-5 Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-6 Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO

in Commercial Sector ........................................... 4-6 Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in

Industrial Sector ............................................... 4-6 Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in

Industrial Sector ............................................... 4-7 Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours ...................................... 4-7 Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1 F40T 12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1 F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-10 Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-10 Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T 12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-11 Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-11 Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 31740T 12 CC

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12 Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12 Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS



### in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-12 Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13 Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T 12 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13 Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS

in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-13 Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-14 Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 41740T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-14 Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability



### in Commercial Sector ....... 4-14 Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching

Capability in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-15 Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-15 Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector .............. 4-15 Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO CC in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ......... 4-16 xvii 

### Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.lO Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17 Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25 Figure 4.26 Figure 4.27 Figure 4.28 Figure 4.29 Figure 4.30 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for IF40T12 in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F4OT12 in Commercial Sector
........................................... 4-5 Almual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in Indusrtial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in Indusrtial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Ballast Life Disnibution in hours
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for lF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings forNon-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings forNon-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector
.............. 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector
......... 4-16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector
......... 4-16

XVll 

### Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.lO Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16 Figure 4.17 Figure 4.18 Figure 4.19 Figure 4.20 Figure 4.21 Figure 4.22 Figure 4.23 Figure 4.24 Figure 4.25 Figure 4.26 Figure 4.27 Figure 4.28 Figure 4.29 Figure 4.30 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for IF40T12 in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F4OT12 in Commercial Sector
........................................... 4-5 Almual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disrtibution for 2F96T12 in Indusrtial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Disnibution for 2F96T12HO in Indusrtial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Ballast Life Disnibution in hours
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for lF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-10 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings forNon-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings forNon-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . 4-14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector
.............. 4-15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector
......... 4-16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector
......... 4-16

XVllFigure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96TI2H0 CC in Industrial Sector ............ 4-16



### Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ........... 4-17 Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-18 Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-18 Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19 Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............ 4-19 Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ............. 4-19 Figure 4.38 Payback Distribution for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 

### Figure 4.39 Payback Distribution for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-23 Figure 4.40 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-23 Figure 4.41 Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 Figure 4.42 Payback Distribution for 2F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-24 

### Figure 4.43 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-24 Figure 4.44 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC Figure 4.45 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25

Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3 F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector .................................. 4-25 Figure 4.46 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

### Figure 4.47 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-25

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC Figure 4.48 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS Figure 4.49 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS 

### Figure 4.50 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-26

Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector ............... 4-27 Figure 4.51 Payback Distribution for 4F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector .............. 4-27 

### Figure 4.52 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability Figure 4.53 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-27

Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability Figure 4.54 in Commercial Sector .......................................... 4-28

Payback Distribution for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-28 

### Figure 4.55 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector ................. 4-28 Figure 4.56 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector ............ 4-29 Figure 4.57 Payback Distribution for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Commercial Sector ........... 4-29 Figure 4.58 Payback Distribution for 2F96T 12HO CC in Industrial Sector .............. 4-29 

### Figure 4.59 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector ............. 4-30 Figure 4.60 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-30 Figure 4.61 Payback Distribution for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31 Figure 4.62 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector ................ 4-31 Figure 4.63 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector ............... 4-31 xviii 

### Figure 4.31 Figure 4.32 Figure 4.33 Figure 4.34 Figure 4.35 Figure 4.36 Figure 4.37 Figure 4.38 Figure 4.39 Figure 4.40 Figure 4.41 Figure 4.42 Figure 4.43 Figure 4.44 Figure 4.45 Figure 4.46 Figure 4.47 Figure 4.48 Figure 4.49 Figure 4.50 Figure 4.51 Figure 4.52 Figure 4.53 Figure 4.54 Figure 4.55 Figure 4.56 Figure 4.57 Figure 4.58 Figure 4.59 Figure 4.60 Figure 4.61 Figure 4.62 Figure 4.63 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector
............ 4-16 Life-CycIe Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
............. 4-18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector
............. 4-19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 Payback Distribution for IF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-23 Payback Distribution for IF40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-23 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-23 Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-24 Payback Distribution for 2F40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-24 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-24 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-25 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.................................. 4-25 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-25 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for 4F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Industrial Sector
................. 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector
.............. 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector
............. 4-30 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-30 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
................ 4-31 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-31 xviii 

### Figure 4.31 Figure 4.32 Figure 4.33 Figure 4.34 Figure 4.35 Figure 4.36 Figure 4.37 Figure 4.38 Figure 4.39 Figure 4.40 Figure 4.41 Figure 4.42 Figure 4.43 Figure 4.44 Figure 4.45 Figure 4.46 Figure 4.47 Figure 4.48 Figure 4.49 Figure 4.50 Figure 4.51 Figure 4.52 Figure 4.53 Figure 4.54 Figure 4.55 Figure 4.56 Figure 4.57 Figure 4.58 Figure 4.59 Figure 4.60 Figure 4.61 Figure 4.62 Figure 4.63 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector
............ 4-16 Life-CycIe Cost Savings for 2F96T 12HO ERS in Industrial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
............. 4-18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector
............. 4-19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............ 4-19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 Payback Distribution for IF40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-23 Payback Distribution for IF40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-23 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-23 Payback Distribution for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-24 Payback Distribution for 2F40Tl2 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-24 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-24 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-25 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.................................. 4-25 Payback Distribution for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-25 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-26 Payback Distribution for 4F40Tl2 CC in Commercial Sector
............... 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
.............. 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27 Payback Distribution for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
.......................................... 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2 EIS in Industrial Sector
................. 4-28 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Commercial Sector
............ 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO ERS in Commercial Sector
........... 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96Tl2HO CC in Industrial Sector
.............. 4-29 Payback Distribution for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector
............. 4-30 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-30 Payback Distribution for IF32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
................ 4-31 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
............... 4-31 xviiiFigure 4.64 Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector ................ 4-32

Figure 5.1 Market Share of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts ......................... 5-4 Figure 5.2 Shipments of Magnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions ................... 5-4 

### Figure 5.3 Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios .................................. 5-5 Figure 5.4 Net National Employment Impacts ................................... 5-21 Figure 5.5 Input Data: Energy Costs Saved ..................................... 5-21 Figure 5.6 Input Data: Site Energy Saved ...................................... 5-22 Figure 5.7 Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase ........................ 5-22 Figure 6A.1 Historical Trend in Value of Shipments of Fluorescent Lamp Ballast Products ................................................. 6-5 

### Figure 6A.2 Impact of January 1, 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of

Magnetic Ballasts .......................................... 6-10 Figure 6A.3 Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 Figure 6A.4 Base Case and Standard Case Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario ....... 6-11 Figure 6A.5 Timing and Relative Magnitude of Capital Conversion Costs ................ 6-12 Figure 6A.6 Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 1 in the Figure 6A.7 Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-22

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the Figure 6A.8 Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................ 6-23

Base Case and Standard Case Cash Flows for the Industry in the Manufacturer Submittal and 5% Shipment Scenario ................. 6-24 Figure 6B.1 Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers ..................... 6-36 Figure 6B.2 Suppliers' Distribution of Revenues .................................. 6-37 Figure 6B.3 Cost of Materials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts ...................... 6-37 Figure 6B.4 Benchmark Cost of Materials for Electronic Ballasts ..................... 6-49 Figure 6B.5 Distribution of Cost among Domestic Components and 

### Figure 6B.6 Materials for Electronic Ballasts .................................. 6-50

About 70% of the Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts Figure 6C. 1 Are Associated with Industries Serving Both Magnetic and

Electronic Ballasts ............................................ 6-50 The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to $6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997 ............. 6-59 Figure 6C.2 The commercial market segment, including institutional Figure 6C.3 buildings, is the major market for luminaires ............................ 6-60

The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for over 80% of the market for linear fluorescent luminaires ................ 6-62 Figure 6C.4 The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% of its Commercial/Industrial

production .................................................. 6-63

xix 

### Figure 4.64 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5A 

### Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 6A.l Figure 6A.2 Figure 6A.3 Figure 6AA 

### Figure 6A.5 Figure 6A.6 Figure 6A.7 Figure 6A.8 Figure 6B.l Figure 6B.2 Figure 6B.3 Figure 6BA 

### Figure 6B.5 Figure 6B.6 Figure 6C.l Figure 6C.2 Figure 6C.3 Figure 6CA 

### Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
................ 4-32 Market Share ofMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts
......................... 5-4 Shipments ofMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions
................... 5-4 Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios
.................................. 5-5 NetNational Employment Impacts
................................... 5-21 Input Data: Energy Costs Saved
..................................... 5-21 Input Data: Site Energy Saved
...................................... 5-22 Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase
........................ 5-22 Historical Trend in Value ofShipments ofFluorescent Lamp Ballast Products
................................................. 6-5 Impact ofJanuary 1, 

### 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of Magnetic Ballasts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario
....... 6-11 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario
....... 6-11 Timing and Relative Magnitude ofCapital Conversion Costs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for Sub-group 1in the Manufacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................. 6-22 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the Mamifacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................ 6-23 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for the Industry in the Manufacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................. 6-24 Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers
..................... 6-36 Suppliers' Distribution ofRevenues
.................................. 6-37 Cost ofMaterials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts
...................... 6-37 Benchmark Cost ofMaterials for Electronic Ballasts
..................... 6-49 Distribution ofCost among Domestic Components and Materials for Electronic Ballasts
.................................. 6-50 About 70% ofthe Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts Are Associated with Industries Serving BothMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts
............................................ 6-50 The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to $6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997
............. 6-59 The commercial market segment, including institutional buildings, is the major market for luminaires
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60 The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for over 80% ofthe market for linear fluorescent luminaires
................ 6-62 The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% ofits CommerciallIndustrial production
.................................................. 6-63

XIX 

### Figure 4.64 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5A 

### Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 6A.l Figure 6A.2 Figure 6A.3 Figure 6AA 

### Figure 6A.5 Figure 6A.6 Figure 6A.7 Figure 6A.8 Figure 6B.l Figure 6B.2 Figure 6B.3 Figure 6BA 

### Figure 6B.5 Figure 6B.6 Figure 6C.l Figure 6C.2 Figure 6C.3 Figure 6CA 

### Payback Distribution for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector
................ 4-32 Market Share ofMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts
......................... 5-4 Shipments ofMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts in Millions
................... 5-4 Magnetic Ballast Shipment Scenarios
.................................. 5-5 NetNational Employment Impacts
................................... 5-21 Input Data: Energy Costs Saved
..................................... 5-21 Input Data: Site Energy Saved
...................................... 5-22 Input Data: Incremental Equipment Price Increase
........................ 5-22 Historical Trend in Value ofShipments ofFluorescent Lamp Ballast Products
................................................. 6-5 Impact ofJanuary 1, 

### 1990 Energy-efficiency Standard on Shipment of Magnetic Ballasts
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Shipments in the 5% Shipment Scenario
....... 6-11 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Shipments in the 3% Shipment Scenario
....... 6-11 Timing and Relative Magnitude ofCapital Conversion Costs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for Sub-group 1in the Manufacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................. 6-22 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for Sub-group 2 in the Mamifacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................ 6-23 Base Case 

### and Standard Case 

### Cash Flows for the Industry in the Manufacturer Submittal 

### and 5% Shipment Scenario
................. 6-24 Cost Distribution Provided by Ballast Manufacturers
..................... 6-36 Suppliers' Distribution ofRevenues
.................................. 6-37 Cost ofMaterials for "Affected" Magnetic Ballasts
...................... 6-37 Benchmark Cost ofMaterials for Electronic Ballasts
..................... 6-49 Distribution ofCost among Domestic Components and Materials for Electronic Ballasts
.................................. 6-50 About 70% ofthe Domestic Materials Cost for Electronic Ballasts Are Associated with Industries Serving BothMagnetic and Electronic Ballasts
............................................ 6-50 The luminaire manufacturing industry grew from $4.8 billion to $6.6 billion in shipments during the decade ending in 1997
............. 6-59 The commercial market segment, including institutional buildings, is the major market for luminaires
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-60 The manufacturers that participated in the interviews account for over 80% ofthe market for linear fluorescent luminaires
................ 6-62 The luminaire industry exports about 2.5% ofits CommerciallIndustrial production
.................................................. 6-63

XIX

### Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation ............................ 7-6

Figure 7.2 An example of the Interpolation of Standards Levels 2a and 5a .................. 7-7 Figure B.1 Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Avera ge ..... B-11 Figure D.1 Standard Level 2a Marginal NO, Emission
............................ D-4 Figure E. I Net National Employment Impacts ................................... E-6 Figure E.2 Energy Costs Saved .............................................. E-6 Figure E.3 Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7 Figure E.4 Site energy saved ................................................ E-7

xx 

### Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 Figure 7.2 An example ofthe Interpolation ofStandards Levels 2a and Sa
.................. 7-7 Figure B.I Figure D.1 Figure E.I Figure E.2 Figure E.3 Figure E.4 Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Average
..... B-ll Standard Level 2a Marginal NOx 

### Emission
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-4 NetNational Employment Impacts
................................... E-6 Energy Costs Saved
.............................................. E-6 Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7 Site energy saved
................................................ E-7

xx 

### Figure 7.1 Standards Level 2a Difference in Gas Generation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 Figure 7.2 An example ofthe Interpolation ofStandards Levels 2a and Sa
.................. 7-7 Figure B.I Figure D.1 Figure E.I Figure E.2 Figure E.3 Figure E.4 Commercial Electricity Marginal Prices Differences from Annual Average
..... B-ll Standard Level 2a Marginal NOx 

### Emission
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. D-4 NetNational Employment Impacts
................................... E-6 Energy Costs Saved
.............................................. E-6 Increase in incremental equipment cost ................................ E-7 Site energy saved
................................................ E-7

xx

### CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Amendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), and by the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (P.L. 102- 486), sets energy conservation standards for various products ' and authorizes the Secretary of Energy to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) of covered product. This document assesses the economic impacts of trial standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an engineering analysis of the price and performance of technology options to improve the efficiency of ballasts, estimates of the number and average efficiency of ballasts sold, the amount of energy ballasts will consume, their prices and operating expenses , a calculation of the costs and benefits of efficiency standards to consumers , electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment of the environmental impacts of the trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis. 

### This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme International d'Unites (SI or metric system) and traditional English units
. Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts in which the reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section 5164 of the Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991 , and DOE Order 5900.2. 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT This document consists of seven chapters , four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact Analysis. 

### Chapter 1 Introduction: outlines the structure of the document. Chapter 2 Analytic Approach: summarizes the methodology used in the analysis , discusses the

components of the analysis and their interrelationships, describes the models used, their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of

t The products covered in the legislation are: refrigerators , refrigerator

-freezers, and freezers ; room air conditioners; central air conditioners and central air-conditioning heat pumps ; water heaters; furnaces ; dishwashers; clothes washers; clothes dryers ; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps ; showerheads; faucets; water closets; urinals; electric motors; pumps; small and large commercial package air conditioning and heating equipment , packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps ; warm air furnaces ; packaged boilers; storage water heaters ; instantaneous water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks. 1-1 

### CHAPTER 1. 

### INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy ConservationAmendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), andbythe EnergyPolicyActof1992 (P.L. 102- 486), setsenergy conservation standards forvariousproducts1andauthorizesthe SecretaryofEnergy to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) ofcovered product. Thisdocumentassessesthe economicimpacts oftrial standards forfluorescentlampballasts according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an engineering analysis ofthe price and perfomlance oftechnology options to improve the efficiency ofballasts, estimates ofthe number and average efficiency ofballasts sold, the amount ofenergy ballasts will consume, theirprices and operating expenses, a calculation ofthe costs and benefits of efficiency standards to consumers, electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment ofthe environmental impacts ofthe trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis. This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme Intemational d'Unites (SI or metric system) andtraditional Englishunits. Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts in whichthe reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section 5164 ofthe Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991, and DOE Order 5900.2. 

### 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT This document consists of seven chapters, four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact Analysis. Chapter 1 Chapter2 Introduction: outlines the stlUcture ofthe document. AnalyticApproach: summarizesthe methodologyusedinthe analysis, discusses the components ofthe analysis and their intelTelationships, describes the models used, their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of

1Theproducts covered inthe legislation are: refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, andfreezers; roomairconditioners; central airconditioners andcentral air-conditioningheatpumps; waterheaters; furnaces; dishwashers; clotheswashers; clothes dryers; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps; showerheads; faucets; water closets; urinals; electric motors; pumps; small andlarge commercial package airconditioningandheatingequipment, packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps; warm air furnaces; packaged boilers; storage water heaters; instantaneous water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks. 1-1 

### CHAPTER 1. 

### INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE The Energy Policy and Conservation Act (P.L. 94-163), as amended by the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act of 1987 (P.L. 100-12), by the National Appliance Energy ConservationAmendments of 1988 (P.L. 100-357), andbythe EnergyPolicyActof1992 (P.L. 102- 486), setsenergy conservation standards forvariousproducts1andauthorizesthe SecretaryofEnergy to prescribe amended or new energy standards for each type (or class) ofcovered product. Thisdocumentassessesthe economicimpacts oftrial standards forfluorescentlampballasts according to the criteria in the Energy Policy and Conservation Act. The assessment includes: an engineering analysis ofthe price and perfomlance oftechnology options to improve the efficiency ofballasts, estimates ofthe number and average efficiency ofballasts sold, the amount ofenergy ballasts will consume, theirprices and operating expenses, a calculation ofthe costs and benefits of efficiency standards to consumers, electric utilities, and the nation as a whole, an assessment ofthe environmental impacts ofthe trial standard levels, and a regulatory impact analysis. This report contains units compliant with Le Systeme Intemational d'Unites (SI or metric system) andtraditional Englishunits. Many SI units, such as watts (W), are familiar in the contexts in whichthe reader will find them; others are not. This change is made in compliance with Section 5164 ofthe Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Executive Order 12770 of 1991, and DOE Order 5900.2. 

### 1.2 STRUCTURE OF THE DOCUMENT This document consists of seven chapters, four appendices, and a Regulatory Impact Analysis. Chapter 1 Chapter2 Introduction: outlines the stlUcture ofthe document. AnalyticApproach: summarizesthe methodologyusedinthe analysis, discusses the components ofthe analysis and their intelTelationships, describes the models used, their data requirements and their outputs, and identifies the primary assumptions of

1Theproducts covered inthe legislation are: refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers, andfreezers; roomairconditioners; central airconditioners andcentral air-conditioningheatpumps; waterheaters; furnaces; dishwashers; clotheswashers; clothes dryers; direct heating equipment; kitchen ranges and ovens; pool heaters; television sets; fluorescent lamp ballasts; general service fluorescent lamps and incandescent reflector lamps; showerheads; faucets; water closets; urinals; electric motors; pumps; small andlarge commercial package airconditioningandheatingequipment, packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps; warm air furnaces; packaged boilers; storage water heaters; instantaneous water heaters; and unfired hot water tanks. 1-1the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview of the methodology used to examine the sensitivity of the results to changes in the key assumptions, parameters, and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis. Chapter 3 Engineering Analysis: contains detailed energy use, price, and efficiency information

for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed. Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels

on individual purchasers and users of fluorescent lamp ballasts. It compares ballast life-cycle cost and other measures of consumer impact with and without standards. The sensitivity of the life-cycle cost and payback period to assumptions made in the analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle cost and payback period results for users who switch from T12 to T8 lamp systems. Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast of energy

consumption, efficiency of new ballasts, ballasts already installed in commercial and industrial buildings, electricity price forecasts, and annual ballast sales in the absence (or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice of the standards scenarios to be analyzed and the projected impacts of each level. Results are reported for several scenarios in which the projected market share of magnetic ballasts as well as the electricity price forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales, equipment costs, and operating costs of ballasts, as well as the net present benefit of the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates of the net national employment impact from changes in energy use, the increased cost of more efficient ballasts and energy cost savings from their use. 

### Chapter 6 Impacts of Trial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimates the financial

impact of standards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition, employment, and manufacturing capacity. Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial

standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity sales, in generation and installed capacity. Appendix A Engineering Analysis Supporting Documentation: Presents documentation for the

LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-user prices, annual lighting hours, and labor costs. Presents the development of national electricity price projections. Appendix B National Energy Savings Supporting Documentation: presents documentation for the

LBNL National Energy Savings (NES) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data onballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatory programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for lighting/HVAC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology.


### 1-2 the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview ofthe methodology used to examine the sensitivity oftheresults to changes in the key assumptions, parameters, and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis. Chapter3 EngineeringAnalysis: containsdetailedenergyuse,price, and efficiency information for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed. Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels on individual purchasers and users offluorescent lamp ballasts. Itcompares ballast life-cycle cost and other measures ofconsumer impact with and without standards. The sensitivity ofthe life-cycle cost and paybackperiod to assumptions made in the analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle cost and paybackperiod results for users who switch from T12 to T8lamp systems. Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast ofenergy consumption, efficiency ofnewballasts, ballasts alreadyinstalledin commercial and industrial buildings, electricityprice forecasts, andannualballastsales inthe absence (or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice ofthe standards scenarios to be analyzed and the projected impacts ofeach level. Results are reported for several scenarios in which the projected market share ofmagnetic ballasts as well as the electricityp11ce forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales, equipment costs, and operating costs ofballasts, as well as the netpresentbenefit of the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates ofthe net national employment impact from changes in energyuse, the increased cost ofmore efficientballasts and energy cost savings from their use. Chapter 6 Impacts ofTrial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimatesthe financial impactofstandards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition, employment, and manufacturing capacity. Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity sales, in generation and installed capacity. Appendix A Engineering Analysis Suppoliing Documentation: Presents documentation for the LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-userprices, annual lighting hours, and labor costs. Presents the development ofnational electricityprice projections. AppendixB NationalEnergySavings SuppoliingDocumentation: presentsdocumentationfor the LBNLNationalEnergy Savings (NES) spreadsheetmodel. Gives supportingdataon ballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatOlY programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for lighting/HVAC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology.
1-2 the analysis. This chapter also provides an overview ofthe methodology used to examine the sensitivity oftheresults to changes in the key assumptions, parameters, and exogenous forecasts used in the analysis. Chapter3 EngineeringAnalysis: containsdetailedenergyuse,price, and efficiency information for each lamp/ballast combination analyzed. Chapter 4 Life-Cycle Costs and Payback Periods: describes the effects of trial standard levels on individual purchasers and users offluorescent lamp ballasts. Itcompares ballast life-cycle cost and other measures ofconsumer impact with and without standards. The sensitivity ofthe life-cycle cost and paybackperiod to assumptions made in the analysis is also examined here. A consumer subgroup analysis describes life-cycle cost and paybackperiod results for users who switch from T12 to T8lamp systems. Chapter 5 National Energy and Economic Impacts: describes national forecast ofenergy consumption, efficiency ofnewballasts, ballasts alreadyinstalledin commercial and industrial buildings, electricityprice forecasts, andannualballastsales inthe absence (or presence) of standards. Discusses the choice ofthe standards scenarios to be analyzed and the projected impacts ofeach level. Results are reported for several scenarios in which the projected market share ofmagnetic ballasts as well as the electricityp11ce forecast are varied. The chapter summarizes energy savings, sales, equipment costs, and operating costs ofballasts, as well as the netpresentbenefit of the trial standard levels. It also contains estimates ofthe net national employment impact from changes in energyuse, the increased cost ofmore efficientballasts and energy cost savings from their use. Chapter 6 Impacts ofTrial Standards on Manufacturers and Suppliers: estimatesthe financial impactofstandards on manufacturers and suppliers and the impacts on competition, employment, and manufacturing capacity. Chapter 7 Impacts of Trial Standards on Electric Utilities: describes the effects of trial standard levels on the electric utility industry, focusing on the change in electricity sales, in generation and installed capacity. Appendix A Engineering Analysis Suppoliing Documentation: Presents documentation for the LBNL Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) spreadsheet model. Gives supporting data and calculations for model inputs: wattages, end-userprices, annual lighting hours, and labor costs. Presents the development ofnational electricityprice projections. AppendixB NationalEnergySavings SuppoliingDocumentation: presentsdocumentationfor the LBNLNationalEnergy Savings (NES) spreadsheetmodel. Gives supportingdataon ballast shipments and ballast market scenarios and discusses the effect of nonregulatOlY programs on the ballast market. Presents the calculation method for lighting/HVAC interactions. Presents marginal electricity price methodology.
1-2Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis



### Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen

oxides from combustion of fossil fuels for electricity generation that would result from trial standards. Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses performed after stakeholders agreed

to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a fixture in the OEM market) manufactured as of April 1, 2005, sold by manufacturers as of July 1, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as of April 1, 2006. 

### Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major alternatives to proposed standards that could achieve some portion of the energy savings achieved by standards. Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions ofcarbon and nitrogen oxides from combustion offossil fuels for electricity generation that would result from trial standards. Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses perfonned after stakeholders agreed to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a fixture inthe OEM market) manufactured as ofApril 1,2005, soldbymanufacturers as ofJuly I, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as ofApril 1, 2006. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major altematives to proposed standards that could achieve some portion ofthe energy savings achieved by standards.

1-3 Appendix C Manufacturers and Suppliers Impacts Analysis Appendix D Environmental Impact: Describes the changes in emissions ofcarbon and nitrogen oxides from combustion offossil fuels for electricity generation that would result from trial standards. Appendix E This supplemental appendix contains analyses perfonned after stakeholders agreed to consensus efficiency standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. The consensus standards apply to ballasts for the new and renovation market (sold as part of a fixture inthe OEM market) manufactured as ofApril 1,2005, soldbymanufacturers as ofJuly I, 2005, and incorporated into luminaires by luminaire manufacturers as ofApril 1, 2006. Regulatory Impact Analysis: Presents major altematives to proposed standards that could achieve some portion ofthe energy savings achieved by standards.

1-3

### CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH

2.1 INTRODUCTION The economic effects of trial standard levels depend largely on the relationship between the cost of a consumer product and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiency relationships are determined for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency of energy-saving technology options are used as inputs to the analysis of the effects at various levels. This document analyzes the effects of standards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Each product class is a lamp/ballast combination consisting of ballasts used with a specific lamp type and number of lamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential lighting are not covered. 

### Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey, comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR)'. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials, national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits.

End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with corresponding efficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national energy savings and net present value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff. This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an overview of the analytic methodology and discusses the major components of the analysis: the Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. 

### Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates of economic effects are calculated from the outputs of the models. The models utilized in the analysis are:

2-1 

### CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH 2.1 INTRODUCTION The economic effects oftrial standard levels depend largely on the relationship betweenthe cost ofa consumerproduct and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiencyrelationships are determined for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency ofenergy-saving technology options are used as inputs to the analysis ofthe effects at various levels. This document analyzes the effects ofstandards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Eachproduct class is alamp/ballast combination consistingofballastsusedwith a specific lamp type and number oflamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential lighting are not covered. Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey, comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice ofProposed Rulemaking (NOPRY. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials, national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits. End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with correspondingefficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national energy savings and netpresent value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an overview ofthe analytic methodology and discusses the major components ofthe analysis: the Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates ofeconomic effects are calculatedfrom the outputs ofthe models. The models utilized in the analysis are:

2-1 

### CHAPTER 2. ANALYTIC APPROACH 2.1 INTRODUCTION The economic effects oftrial standard levels depend largely on the relationship betweenthe cost ofa consumerproduct and its energy efficiency. Cost-efficiencyrelationships are determined for each product class based on engineering analyses. The cost and efficiency ofenergy-saving technology options are used as inputs to the analysis ofthe effects at various levels. This document analyzes the effects ofstandards for fluorescent lamp ballasts. Eachproduct class is alamp/ballast combination consistingofballastsusedwith a specific lamp type and number oflamps. The analysis covers commercial and industrial interior lighting. Exterior and residential lighting are not covered. Identification of product classes, baseline units, and technology options is based on information gathered from trade associations, discussions with researchers, a literature survey, comments from public workshops, and comments on the earlier Notice ofProposed Rulemaking (NOPRY. Energy use data have been obtained from NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), published literature, and manufacturers. Ballast price data were obtained from distributors for ballasts sold in fixtures and ballasts not in fixtures. Other data sources were comments from several public workshops, manufacturer workshops, DOE interim materials, national lighting databases, trade associations, product literature, professional society reference materials, and manufacturer interviews and plant visits. End-user prices, installation costs, and maintenance costs in conjunction with correspondingefficiencies are used in the national energy savings model (NES) to forecast national energy savings and netpresent value and in the life-cycle cost (LCC) model to calculate life-cycle costs and payback periods. Retail prices were obtained from data from discussions between electrical distributors and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) staff This chapter briefly describes how the analysis was performed. Section 2.2 presents an overview ofthe analytic methodology and discusses the major components ofthe analysis: the Engineering Analysis, the LCC analysis, the National Energy Analysis, the National Employment Analysis, the Manufacturer Analysis, the Utility Analysis, the Environmental Analysis, and the Regulatory Impact Analysis. This section discusses the ways in which the components are interrelated to ensure consistency throughout the analysis. Section 2.3 describes the computerized models used in the analysis. The models predict commercial and industrial sector, manufacturer, utility and environmental responses to future changes in the economy. Quantitative estimates ofeconomic effects are calculatedfrom the outputs ofthe models. The models utilized in the analysis are:

2-1• Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model ® National Energy Savings Model Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model) ® National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model) • ImBuild Model (National Employment Model) 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK The effect of alternative fluorescent ballast trial standards levels is determined by comparing projections of a wide range of variables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario (which represents the situation under existing legislation) using the analytic models described below. Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are then repeated for the trial standards scenarios as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption, economic variables, and other variables in the base and trial standards scenarios provide quantitative estimates of the impacts of the trial standards. To evaluate the significance of the differences in LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the key parameters and assumptions. 

### The analysis of the effect of standards has eight major components: Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes including efficiency, energy use, and price; Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, which calculates economic impact effects , including payback period on individual end user . This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity analysis of the impacts of the variability of four key parameters on life-cycle costs and payback periods; National Energy Analysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and industrial sectors; National Employment Analysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of changes in energy use, increased cost of more efficient ballasts, and energy cost savings; Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on manufacturers and calculates the effect on competition, employment, and manufacturing capacity; ® Utility Analysis, which measures the effect of altered energy consumption patterns on electric utilities;



### 2-2 Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model National Energy Savings Model Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model) National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model) ImBuild Model (National Employment Model) 

### 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK The effect ofalternative fluorescent ballasttrial standards levels is deternlined by comparing projections ofa wide range ofvariables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario (whichrepresentsthe situationunderexistinglegislation)usingthe analyticmodelsdescribedbelow. Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are thenrepeatedfor the trial standards scenarios as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption, economicvariables, andothervariablesinthebase and trial standards scenariosprovide quantitative estimates ofthe impacts ofthe trial standards. To evaluate the significance ofthe differences in LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the keyparameters and assumptions. The analysis ofthe effect ofstandards has eight major components:



### ,. Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes including efficiency, energy use, and price;



### ,. Life-Cycle CostAnalysis, which calculates economic impact effects, includingpayback period on individual end user. This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity analysis ofthe impacts ofthe variability offour key parameters on life-cycle costs and paybackperiods;



### .. National EnergyAnalysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and industrial sectors;



### .. NationalEmploymentAnalysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of changes in energyuse, increased cost ofmore efficientballasts, and energy cost savings;



### .. Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on manufacturers andcalculatesthe effecton competition, employment, andmanufacturing capacity;



### ,. Utility Analysis, which measures the effect ofaltered energy consumption patterns on electric utilities;

2-2 Life-Cycle Cost Model Including Probability-Based Sensitivity Model National Energy Savings Model Government Regulatory Impact Model (Manufacturer Impact Model) National Energy Modeling System (Environmental and Utility Model) ImBuild Model (National Employment Model) 

### 2.2 OVERVIEW OF ANALYTIC FRAMEWORK The effect ofalternative fluorescent ballasttrial standards levels is deternlined by comparing projections ofa wide range ofvariables under existing legislation to projections based on the trial standards scenarios. These projections are first made for a baseline option or base case scenario (whichrepresentsthe situationunderexistinglegislation)usingthe analyticmodelsdescribedbelow. Chapters 3 and 6 describe the data and assumptions used to calculate the baseline options and the base case forecasts, respectively. The calculations are thenrepeatedfor the trial standards scenarios as discussed in Chapter 6. The differences between the projections of energy consumption, economicvariables, andothervariablesinthebase and trial standards scenariosprovide quantitative estimates ofthe impacts ofthe trial standards. To evaluate the significance ofthe differences in LCC, probability-based sensitivity analyses are performed on the keyparameters and assumptions. The analysis ofthe effect ofstandards has eight major components:



### ,. Engineering Analysis, which establishes technical feasibility and product attributes including efficiency, energy use, and price;



### ,. Life-Cycle CostAnalysis, which calculates economic impact effects, includingpayback period on individual end user. This analysis includes a probability-based sensitivity analysis ofthe impacts ofthe variability offour key parameters on life-cycle costs and paybackperiods;



### .. National EnergyAnalysis, which characterizes energy end use in the commercial and industrial sectors;



### .. NationalEmploymentAnalysis, which estimates the net national employment effects of changes in energyuse, increased cost ofmore efficientballasts, and energy cost savings;



### .. Manufacturer Impact Analysis, which estimates the financial effect of standards on manufacturers andcalculatesthe effecton competition, employment, andmanufacturing capacity;



### ,. Utility Analysis, which measures the effect ofaltered energy consumption patterns on electric utilities;

2-2® EnvironmentalAnalysis, which estimates changes in emissions of carbon and nitrogen oxides because of reduced energy consumption at the power plant; and RegulatorylmpactAnalysis, which presents major alternatives to proposed standards that could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost. A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the interactions among the Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and Environmental Analyses. The analysis is performed for a base case plus several trial standards scenarios. " EnvironmentalAnalysis, which estimates changes in emissions ofcarbon and nitrogen oxides because ofreduced energy consumption atthe power plant; and

.. RegulatOlYImpactAnalysis, whichpresentsmajoralternativestoproposedstandardsthat could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost. A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the interactions amongthe Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and Environmental Analyses. The analysis is perf01111ed for a base case plus several trial standards scenanos.

2-3 " EnvironmentalAnalysis, which estimates changes in emissions ofcarbon and nitrogen oxides because ofreduced energy consumption atthe power plant; and

.. RegulatOlYImpactAnalysis, whichpresentsmajoralternativestoproposedstandardsthat could achieve substantially the same regulatory goal at a lower cost. A simplified diagram of the analysis is shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1 illustrates the interactions amongthe Engineering, Life-Cycle Cost, National Energy, Manufacturer, Utility, and Environmental Analyses. The analysis is perf01111ed for a base case plus several trial standards scenanos.

2-3

### Life Cycle Costs A L

National Energy National Energy

Savings (NES) nalysis

Utility Analysis Employment Analysis Environmental Analysis

Change in Electric Production & Generating ,Capacity Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis

2-4 

### Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Life Cycle Costs

Utility Analysis

Change in Electric Production & Generating Capacity 

### Cost 

### + Performance

Engineering

Analysis

Cost + 

### Efficiency

National Energy

Employment

Analysis

Change 

### National Energy Savings (NES) Analysis

Environmental

Analysis

Change in Emissions 

### Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis

2-4 

### Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Life Cycle Costs

Utility Analysis

Change in Electric Production & Generating Capacity 

### Cost 

### + Performance

Engineering

Analysis

Cost + 

### Efficiency

National Energy

Employment

Analysis

Change 

### National Energy Savings (NES) Analysis

Environmental

Analysis

Change in Emissions 

### Figure 2.1 Analytic Framework for the Ballast Energy Efficiency Analysis

2-42.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS

2.3.1 Engineering Analysis The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set of technology options within each lamp/ballast combination. The Engineering Analysis is performed in seven steps: (1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within each lamp/ballast combination; (4) determine maximum technically feasible option; (5) calculate the efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and (7) generate price-efficiency relationships. Lamp/ Ballast Combinations
. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties; literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The lamp/ballasts covered by the analysis are listed in Chapter 3. Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses information gathered from trade organizations, manufacturers, consultants with expertise in specific product types, and from public comments on the NOPR or at public workshops. 

### Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are considered. They were selected after discussions with experts and an extensive literature review. The efficiency improvement and end-user price difference resulting from technology options are compared to the baseline unit. Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option
. For each lamp/ballast combination, a maximum technologically feasible technology option is identified. This option results in the highest energy efficiency for each lamp/ballast combination. For this analysis, all technologies considered are available in the marketplace. 

### Efficiency Calculation
. For each of the lamp/ballast combinations, the efficiency levels corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied by manufacturers. Price Estimates
. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduser prices. A more detailed discussion of how these data were used to derive price estimates is found in Chapter 3.
2-5 

### 2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS 2.3.1 EngineeringAnalysis The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set oftechnology optionswithineachlamp/ballastcombination. TheEngineeringAnalysisisperfoTInedinseven steps: (1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within each lamp/ballastcombination; (4) deteTI11ine maximumtechnicallyfeasible option; (5) calculatethe efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and 

### (7) generate price-efficiencyrelationships. 

### Lamp/Ballast Combinations. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties; literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The lamp/ballasts covered bythe analysis are listed in Chapter 3. 

### Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses infoTI11ation gatheredfromtradeorganizations,manufacturers, consultantswithexpeliisein specificproducttypes, and from public comments on the NOPR or atpublic workshops. 

### Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are considered. Theywere selectedafterdiscussions withexpertsand anextensiveliteraturereview. The efficiencyimprovementandend-userpricedifferenceresultingfromtechnologyoptionsarecompared to the baseline unit. 

### Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option. For each lamp/ballast combination, amaximumtechnologicallyfeasibletechnologyoptionisidentified. Thisoptionresults inthehighestenergyefficiencyforeach lamp/ballastcombination. Forthis analysis, all technologies considered are available in the marketplace. 

### Efficiency Calculation. For each of the lampiballast combinations, the efficiency levels corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied bymanufacturers. 

### Price Estimates. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduserprices. A more detailed discussion ofhowthese datawereusedtoderiveprice estimatesis found in Chapter 3.
2-5 

### 2.3 MODELS, DATA, AND ASSUMPTIONS 2.3.1 EngineeringAnalysis The Engineering Analysis provides information on efficiencies, prices, and other ballast characteristics for use in other components of the analysis. Ballast features that are useful to consumers are accounted for in the analysis by separating ballasts into different lamp/ballast combinations. The Engineering Analysis develops price and efficiency data for a set oftechnology optionswithineachlamp/ballastcombination. TheEngineeringAnalysisisperfoTInedinseven steps: (1) select lamp/ballast combinations; (2) select baseline units; (3) select technology options within each lamp/ballastcombination; (4) deteTI11ine maximumtechnicallyfeasible option; (5) calculatethe efficiency improvement provided by each technology option; (6) develop price estimates; and 

### (7) generate price-efficiencyrelationships. 

### Lamp/Ballast Combinations. The first step in the Engineering Analysis is the segregation of ballasts into separate lamp/ballast combinations that are found in commercial and industrial buildings. For specific ballasts, lamp/ballast combinations are defined using data collected in discussions with ballast manufacturers, trade associations, researchers, and other interested parties; literature review; and from comments received on the NOPR or at public workshops. The lamp/ballasts covered bythe analysis are listed in Chapter 3. 

### Baseline Units. A baseline unit is the starting point for analyzing technology options for improving energy efficiency. To select a baseline unit, the Engineering Analysis uses infoTI11ation gatheredfromtradeorganizations,manufacturers, consultantswithexpeliisein specificproducttypes, and from public comments on the NOPR or atpublic workshops. 

### Technology Options. The Engineering Analysis identifies technology options that could improve energy efficiency. Technology options that are commercially available at present are considered. Theywere selectedafterdiscussions withexpertsand anextensiveliteraturereview. The efficiencyimprovementandend-userpricedifferenceresultingfromtechnologyoptionsarecompared to the baseline unit. 

### Maximum Technologically Feasible Technology Option. For each lamp/ballast combination, amaximumtechnologicallyfeasibletechnologyoptionisidentified. Thisoptionresults inthehighestenergyefficiencyforeach lamp/ballastcombination. Forthis analysis, all technologies considered are available in the marketplace. 

### Efficiency Calculation. For each of the lampiballast combinations, the efficiency levels corresponding to various technology options are determined from data supplied bymanufacturers. 

### Price Estimates. Data from discussions with lighting distributors were used to derive enduserprices. A more detailed discussion ofhowthese datawereusedtoderiveprice estimatesis found in Chapter 3.
2-5Price-Efficiency Relationships. The results of the Engineering Analysis are summarized in the

price-efficiency relationships, which show the efficiency and price of the technology options for each lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiency relationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental input to the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses. Results from the EngineeringAnalysis
. For each technology option considered in the analysis, the models and data provide: ® energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3), • annual energy consumption per unit, 

### ® ballast prices, and ® other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and lamp equipment and replacement costs. 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for Windows 95 , combined with Crystal BaIITM (a commercially available software program). The LCC model is designed to allow user input in studying the effect of changing key parameters. The model results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the payback period for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take effect). 

### The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis, which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges (distributions) can be entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations. The outputs are a distribution of LCC differences and a distribution of payback periods. The mean LCC difference and median payback period are also reported. Refer to Chapter 4 for a detailed description of the LCC model and of the analysis results. 2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) Measures of the effect of ballast efficiency include national energy savings and the net present value (NPV) of total national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each of the above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible and transparent, we developed a spreadsheet model using Microsoft Excel in Windows 95 to calculate the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input
2-6 

### Price-EfficiencyRelationships. Theresults of the EngineeringAnalysis are summarizedinthe price-efficiencyrelationships, which showthe efficiencyandprice ofthetechnologyoptions for each lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiencyrelationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental inputto the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses. 

### Results from theEngineeringAnalysis. Foreachtechnologyoptionconsideredinthe analysis, the models and data provide:

.. energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3),

.. annual energy consumption perunit,

.. ballastprices, and

.. other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and lamp equipment and replacement costs.


### 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for Windows 95, combinedwith Crystal BallTM (a commerciallyavailable softwareprogram). The LCC model is designed to allowuser input in studyingthe effect ofchangingkeyparameters. The model results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the paybackperiod for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take effect). The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis, which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges (distributions) canbe entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations. The outputs are a distribution ofLCC differences and a distribution ofpaybackperiods. The mean LCC difference and median payback period are also reported. Referto Chapter 4 for a detailed description ofthe LCC model and ofthe analysis results. 

### 2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) Measures ofthe effect ofballast efficiency include national energy savings and the netpresent value (NPV) oftotal national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each ofthe above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible andtransparent,wedevelopeda spreadsheetmodelusingMicrosoftExcel inWindows95 to calculate the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input
2-6 

### Price-EfficiencyRelationships. Theresults of the EngineeringAnalysis are summarizedinthe price-efficiencyrelationships, which showthe efficiencyandprice ofthetechnologyoptions for each lamp/ballast combination. The price-efficiencyrelationships shown in Chapter 3 are a fundamental inputto the life-cycle cost and national energy analyses. 

### Results from theEngineeringAnalysis. Foreachtechnologyoptionconsideredinthe analysis, the models and data provide:

.. energy efficiency (expressed as Ballast Efficacy Factor, as defined in Chapter 3),

.. annual energy consumption perunit,

.. ballastprices, and

.. other information on product characteristics such as ballast lifetimes, installation costs, and lamp equipment and replacement costs.


### 2.3.2 LBNL Life-Cycle Cost Model (LCC) The LCC analysis is conducted using a spreadsheet model developed in Microsoft Excel for Windows 95, combinedwith Crystal BallTM (a commerciallyavailable softwareprogram). The LCC model is designed to allowuser input in studyingthe effect ofchangingkeyparameters. The model results are the life-cycle cost differences between the baseline and technology options, and the paybackperiod for the option. Payback is calculated based on the same inputs as used for the LCC analysis (except that input values are based only on the first year the standard is proposed to take effect). The Crystal Ball model uses a Monte Carlo simulation to perform the probability analysis, which accounts for variability in input values. The spreadsheet is organized so that ranges (distributions) canbe entered for each input variable needed to perform the variability calculations. The outputs are a distribution ofLCC differences and a distribution ofpaybackperiods. The mean LCC difference and median payback period are also reported. Referto Chapter 4 for a detailed description ofthe LCC model and ofthe analysis results. 

### 2.3.3. LBNL National Energy Savings Model (NES) Measures ofthe effect ofballast efficiency include national energy savings and the netpresent value (NPV) oftotal national energy cost savings less incremental equipment costs. Each ofthe above is determined for selected trial standard scenarios. In order to make our analysis accessible andtransparent,wedevelopeda spreadsheetmodelusingMicrosoftExcel inWindows95 to calculate the national energy savings and the national economic costs and savings from new standards. Input
2-6quantities can be changed within the spreadsheet. In the NES Spreadsheet, distributions are not used

for inputs or outputs. Sensitivities can be demonstrated by running different scenarios using alternate inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics. One important component of any estimate of future effects from standards is ballast shipments. Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5 . In addition, users of the NES spreadsheet may adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect of other assumptions. 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model 

### Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as net jobs created or eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price of ballasts, and reduced spending on new power plants by the utility industry (as well as the associated indirect effects of those three factors). These impacts are reported in Chapter 5. We used an input/output model of the U.S. economy to estimate the effects on different major sectors of the U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact on jobs. The model, ImBuildz• 3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed by the Office of Building Technologies and State Programs. It is a PC-based economic analysis system that consists of national input-output structural matrices that characterize the national economy as a series of interrelationships among 35 sectors. The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and input to ImBuild. Direct employment impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer Impact Analysis chapter. 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory Impact Model) The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses (MIA) was conducted in four phases. Phase 1, Industry Profile and Issue Definition, consisted of two activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification workshop. The second phase, "Strawman" Industry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry. In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was used to prepare a "strawman" industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used publically available information developed in Phase 1 to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis of new ballast standards. In Phase 3, Sub-Group Impact Analysis, the strawman cash flow was used by individual manufacturers as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in cooperation with Arthur D. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry


### 2-7 quantities canbe changedwithinthe spreadsheet. Inthe NES Spreadsheet, distributions are notused forinputsor outputs. Sensitivities canbe demonstratedbyrunning differentscenariosusingalternate inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics. One importantcomponentofanyestimate offuture effects from standards is ballast shipments. Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5. In addition, users ofthe NES spreadsheet may adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect ofother assumptions. 

### 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as netjobs created or eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price ofballasts, and reducedspendingonnewpowerplantsbytheutilityindustry(aswell as the associatedindirecteffects ofthose three factors). These impacts are repOlied in Chapter 5. Weused an input/output model ofthe U.S. economyto estimate the effects on different major sectors ofthe U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact onjobs. The model, ImBuild2,3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed bythe Office ofBuildingTechnologies and State Programs. Itis aPC-basedeconomic analysis systemthatconsists ofnationalinput-outputstructural matrices that characterize the national economy as a series ofinterrelationships among 35 sectors. The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and inputto ImBuild. Directemployment impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer Impact Analysis chapter. 

### 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory ImpactModel) The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses (MIA) was conductedinfourphases. Phase I, IndustryProfile andIssue Definition, consisted oftwo activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification workshop. The secondphase, "Strawman" hldustry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry. In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was usedto prepare a "strawman" industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used publically available infornlation developed in Phase 1to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis ofnew ballast standards. In Phase 3, Sub-Group ImpactAnalysis, the strawman cash flow was usedbyindividual manufacturers as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in cooperation with AlihurD. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry
2-7 quantities canbe changedwithinthe spreadsheet. Inthe NES Spreadsheet, distributions are notused forinputsor outputs. Sensitivities canbe demonstratedbyrunning differentscenariosusingalternate inputs for ballast shipments, electricity prices, and ballast technical, and operating characteristics. One importantcomponentofanyestimate offuture effects from standards is ballast shipments. Several shipment forecasts for the base case and the trial standards were created as an input to the NES. These are described in detail in Chapter 5. In addition, users ofthe NES spreadsheet may adjust the shipments forecast to test the effect ofother assumptions. 

### 2.3.4 Net National Employment Analysis Model Net national employment effects from ballast standards are defined as netjobs created or eliminated in the general economy as a consequence of reduced spending by commercial and industrial sector businesses on electricity, increased spending on the purchase price ofballasts, and reducedspendingonnewpowerplantsbytheutilityindustry(aswell as the associatedindirecteffects ofthose three factors). These impacts are repOlied in Chapter 5. Weused an input/output model ofthe U.S. economyto estimate the effects on different major sectors ofthe U.S. economy most relevant to buildings and their net impact onjobs. The model, ImBuild2,3 is a Microsoft Excel model developed bythe Office ofBuildingTechnologies and State Programs. Itis aPC-basedeconomic analysis systemthatconsists ofnationalinput-outputstructural matrices that characterize the national economy as a series ofinterrelationships among 35 sectors. The model can be applied to future time periods. The ImBuild output includes relative changes in employment and wage income. The impacts of new ballast standards are estimated in the NES spreadsheet as energy savings (reduced electricity use), energy cost savings, and increased ballast purchase price. These three impacts are output from NES and inputto ImBuild. Directemployment impacts, those that would occur at ballast manufacturing plants, are discussed in the Manufacturer Impact Analysis chapter. 

### 2.3.5 Manufacturer Analysis Model (Government Regulatory ImpactModel) The manufacturer analysis estimates the financial impact of standards on manufacturers and calculates impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity. The manufacturer impact analyses (MIA) was conductedinfourphases. Phase I, IndustryProfile andIssue Definition, consisted oftwo activities: preparation of an industry characterization and the conduct of an issue identification workshop. The secondphase, "Strawman" hldustry Cash Flow, had as its focus the larger industry. In this phase, the Government Regulatory Impact Model (GRIM) was usedto prepare a "strawman" industry cash flow analysis. Here the Department used publically available infornlation developed in Phase 1to adapt the GRIM model structure to facilitate the analysis ofnew ballast standards. In Phase 3, Sub-Group ImpactAnalysis, the strawman cash flow was usedbyindividual manufacturers as a template from which individual company level cashflows were developed using GRIM in cooperation with AlihurD. Little (ADL). Phase 3 also entailed documenting additional impacts on employment and manufacturing capacity through an interview process. Finally in Phase 4, Industry
2-7Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group 1 included all

manufacturers, group 2 included full line manufacturers of magnetic and electronic ballasts, and group 3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts. 2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS) Utility Analysis
. A new approach has been used to estimate effects of ballast energy-efficiency standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy Information Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), together with some exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy economy of the U.S. and was developed over several years by the EIA, primarily for the purpose of preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U. S. through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance standards analysis is called NEMS

-BRS and is based on the AE099 version of NEMS with minor modifications.' NEMS

-BRS offers a sophisticated picture of the effects of standards because its scope allows it to measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as a whole. The policy scenarios of NEMS-BRS are similar to the AE099 version ofNEMS except that energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount of electricity saved due to the ballast standards
. The input of energy savings are obtained from the NES spreadsheet
. We assess the impact of standards on utilities by reporting several key industry parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity. Other assumptions in NEMS-BRSwill be the same as those used to produce AEO99. The time horizon of NEMS-BRS is 2020 . Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generated for use by NES and will be explored in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs. Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each of the standards, total emissions are calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility analysis). The net benefits of the standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by the AEO99 version of NEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place. 

### The environmental analysis using NEMS-BRS is relatively straightforward
. Carbon emissions are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors of the economy and their interactions
. The only form of carbon tracked by NEMS-BRS is CO2, so the carbon discussed in this

' EIA approves use of the name NEMS only to describe an AEO version of the model without any modification to code or data. Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here. 

### 2-8 Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group I included all manufacturers, group 2 includedfull linemanufacturersofmagnetic andelectronicballasts, andgroup 3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts.
2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS) 

### UtilityAnalysis. A new approach hasbeen usedto estimate effects ofballastenergy-efficiency standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy Infornlation Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), togetherwith some exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy economy ofthe U.S. and was developed over several years bythe EIA, primarily for the purpose of preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U.S. through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance standards analysis is called NEMS-BRS and is based on the AE099 version ofNEMS with minor modifications. 1 NEMS-BRS offers a sophisticated picture ofthe effects ofstandardsbecause its scope allows itto measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as awhole. Thepolicy scenarios ofNEMS-BRS are similartothe AE099 version ofNEMS exceptthat energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount ofelectricity saved due to the ballast standards. The input ofenergy savings are obtained from the NES spreadsheet. We assess the impact of standards on utilities byreporting several key industry parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity. Other assumptions inNEMS-BRSwillbethe same as thoseusedtoproduce AE099. The time horizon ofNEMS-BRS is 2020. Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generatedfor use byNES and will be explored in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs. 

### Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each ofthe standards, total emissions are calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility analysis). The net benefits ofthe standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by the AE099 version ofNEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place. The environmental analysisusingNEMS-BRSis relativelystraightforward. Carbonemissions are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors ofthe economy and their interactions. The onlyform ofcarbontrackedbyNEMS-BRS is CO2, sothe carbon discussed in this

1 ElA approves use ofthe name NEMS only to describe an AEO version ofthe model without any modification to code or data. Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here. 2-8 Cash Flow, ADL aggregated the individual cash flows into three groups: group I included all manufacturers, group 2 includedfull linemanufacturersofmagnetic andelectronicballasts, andgroup 3 included manufacturers producing only electronic ballasts.
2.3.6 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS-BRS) 

### UtilityAnalysis. A new approach hasbeen usedto estimate effects ofballastenergy-efficiency standards on electric utilities. The Department of Energy (DOE) used a version of Energy Infornlation Administration (EIA) National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), togetherwith some exogenous calculations, for the utility and environmental analyses. NEMS simulates the energy economy ofthe U.S. and was developed over several years bythe EIA, primarily for the purpose of preparing the Annual Energy Outlook (AEO). NEMS produces a baseline forecast for the U.S. through 2020 that is available in the public domain. The version of NEMS used for appliance standards analysis is called NEMS-BRS and is based on the AE099 version ofNEMS with minor modifications. 1 NEMS-BRS offers a sophisticated picture ofthe effects ofstandardsbecause its scope allows itto measure interactions among the various energy supply and demand sectors and the economy as awhole. Thepolicy scenarios ofNEMS-BRS are similartothe AE099 version ofNEMS exceptthat energy consumption in the Commercial Demand Module lighting enduse is reduced by the amount ofelectricity saved due to the ballast standards. The input ofenergy savings are obtained from the NES spreadsheet. We assess the impact of standards on utilities byreporting several key industry parameters, notably electricity sales, generation and capacity. Other assumptions inNEMS-BRSwillbethe same as thoseusedtoproduce AE099. The time horizon ofNEMS-BRS is 2020. Alternative price forecasts corresponding to the high and low economic growth cases found in AE099 will also be generatedfor use byNES and will be explored in a similar fashion with NEMS-BRS runs. 

### Environmental Analysis. The environmental analysis provides estimates of changes in emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon. For each ofthe standards, total emissions are calculated using NEMS-BRS together with some minor exogenous calculations (as in the utility analysis). The net benefits ofthe standards are reported as the differences in emissions forecast by the AE099 version ofNEMS-BRS and the scenarios with the standards in place. The environmental analysisusingNEMS-BRSis relativelystraightforward. Carbonemissions are tracked by using a detailed carbon module that covers all sectors ofthe economy and their interactions. The onlyform ofcarbontrackedbyNEMS-BRS is CO2, sothe carbon discussed in this

1 ElA approves use ofthe name NEMS only to describe an AEO version ofthe model without any modification to code or data. Because our analysis entails some minor code modifications, and the model is run under various policy scenarios that deviate from AEO assumptions, the name NEMS-BRS refers to the model as used here. 2-8

### report is only in the form of CO2 though it is reported as elemental carbon.

The two airborne pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, SO2 and NOR, are reported by NEMS-BRS. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set an SO2 emissions cap on all power generation
. The attainment of this target, however, is flexible among generators and is enforced by applying market forces through the use of emissions allowances and tradable permits. SO2 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is virtually no real SO2 environmental benefit from conservation as long as there is enforcement through emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only if coal generation falls and the reduced demand for SO2 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates , we do not consider this possibility.

REFERENCES 

### 1. Notice ofProposedRuulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday, March 4, 1994. 2. M.J. Scott, D.J. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, ImBuild: Impact ofBuilding Energy Efficiency Programs, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , PNNL- 11884 UC- 1600, April 1998. 

### 3. M.J. Scott, D.J. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz, Impact of Building Technology, State and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL
- 11843 UC-1600, April 1998. report is only in the form ofCO2though it is reported as elemental carbon. The two airbome pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, S02 andNOx, are reportedbyNEMS-BRS. The Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990 set an S02 emissions cap on all power generation. The attainment ofthis target, however, is flexible among generators and is enforced by applying market forces through the use ofemissions allowances and tradable permits. S02 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is virtuallyno real S02 environmentalbenefitfrom conservation as longasthere is enforcementthrough emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only ifcoal generation falls and the reduced demand for S02 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates, we do not consider this possibility.



### REFERENCES
1. 

### Notice of ProposedRulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday, March 4, 1994. 2. MJ. Scott, DJ. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, 

### ImBuild: Impact ofBuilding Energy Efficiency Programs, Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory, PNNL-11884 UC-1600, April 1998. 3. M.l Scott, D.l. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz, Impact ofBuildingTechnology, State and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11843 UC-1600, April 1998.

2-9 report is only in the form ofCO2though it is reported as elemental carbon. The two airbome pollutant emissions that have been reported in past analyses, S02 andNOx, are reportedbyNEMS-BRS. The Clean Air ActAmendments of 1990 set an S02 emissions cap on all power generation. The attainment ofthis target, however, is flexible among generators and is enforced by applying market forces through the use ofemissions allowances and tradable permits. S02 trading makes it likely that physical emissions effects will be virtually zero because emissions will always be at their ceiling. This fact has caused considerable confusion in the past. There is virtuallyno real S02 environmentalbenefitfrom conservation as longasthere is enforcementthrough emissions ceilings. A small economic benefit can be inferred only ifcoal generation falls and the reduced demand for S02 emissions allowances lowers the allowance price. Because the effects considered here are too small to deliver reasonable estimates, we do not consider this possibility.



### REFERENCES
1. 

### Notice of ProposedRulemaking 1994, Federal Register, Vol. 59, No. 43, pp. 10464, Friday, March 4, 1994. 2. MJ. Scott, DJ. Hostick, D.B. Belzer, 

### ImBuild: Impact ofBuilding Energy Efficiency Programs, Pacific NorthwestNational Laboratory, PNNL-11884 UC-1600, April 1998. 3. M.l Scott, D.l. Hostick, D.B. Elliott, R.W. Schultz, Impact ofBuildingTechnology, State and Community Programs on United States Employment and Wage Income, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL-11843 UC-1600, April 1998.

2-9

### CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its discharge and then limits the current to a safe value when the discharge is established. The starting and operating conditions for each, type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp Committee, ANSI C78. The important specifications for lamp life are lamp current, maximum starting voltage, filament voltage , and the lamp current crest factor.a The term efficacy is used instead of efficiency when the input and output have different units. The characteristics of fluorescent lamp ballasts are defined by ANSI Specifications C.82.1-1985 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factor .` Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific applications or environments
. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%. Two characteristics not specified by ANSI are ballast efficiency and system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics. This analysis considers three types of fluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic. There are three methods of starting lamps: pre-heat, rapid

-start, and instant

-start. Ballasts may also be referred to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed (e.g., rapid

-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and industrial applications in the U. S. and thus are not considered in our analysis
. Instant-start ballasts rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage. Rapid

-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components
. The main components are a magnetic choke to limit the current, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a capacitor that corrects for the ballast's low power factor
. Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have one or more additional capacitors to sequence the starting of the lamps
. Magnetic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate the lamp(s ) at the same frequency.

'The lamp current crest factor is defined as the peak current divided by the root mean square current. bBallast factor is defined as the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on a subject ballast divided by the light output of the same lamp tested on a reference ballast under specified environmental conditions. 'Power factor is defined as the true power divided by the product of the true rms (root mean squared) value of the voltage across an electrical circuit or device and the true rms current through the circuit or device. 

### 3-1 

### CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its discharge and then limits the cunentto a safe value when the discharge is established. The starting and operating conditions for each type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp Committee, ANSI C78. The impotiant specifications for lamp life are lamp cunent, maxtmum starting voltage, filament voltage, and the lamp cunent crest factor. a Theterm

### efficacyis used instead of efficiencywhenthe inputandoutputhave differentunits. The characteristicsoffluorescent lampballasts are definedbyANSISpecificationsC.82.1-1985 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factoL C Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific applications orenvironments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%. Twocharacteristicsnot specifiedbyANSI areballastefficiencyand system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics. This analysis considers three types offluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic. There are three methods ofstatiing lamps: pre-heat, rapid-stati, and instant-start. Ballasts may also be refened to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed (e.g., rapid-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and industrial applications inthe U.S. and thus are not considered in our analysis. Instant-startballasts rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage. Rapid-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components. The main components are a magnetic choke to limit the cunent, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a capacitor that conects for the ballast's low power factor. Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have one or more additional capacitors to sequence the statiing ofthe lamps. Magnetic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same frequency.

"The lamp currentcrest factor is defined as the peakcurrent divided by the root mean square current. bBallast factor is defined as the ratio ofthe lightoutput ofa lamp tested ona subjectballast dividedbythe light output ofthe same lamp tested on a reference ballastunder specified environmental conditions. CPower factor is defined as the tme power divided by the product ofthe true rrns (root mean squared) value of the voltage across an electrical circuit ordevice and the true rms current through the circuit or device. 3-1 

### CHAPTER 3. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS
3.1 INTRODUCTION A fluorescent lamp ballast is an electrical device required for starting and operating a fluorescent lamp. The ballast provides the high voltage needed to start the lamps by initiating its discharge and then limits the cunentto a safe value when the discharge is established. The starting and operating conditions for each type of fluorescent lamp are specified by lamp manufacturers through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Electric Lamp Committee, ANSI C78. The impotiant specifications for lamp life are lamp cunent, maxtmum starting voltage, filament voltage, and the lamp cunent crest factor. a Theterm

### efficacyis used instead of efficiencywhenthe inputandoutputhave differentunits. The characteristicsoffluorescent lampballasts are definedbyANSISpecificationsC.82.1-1985 and C82.11-1993. They include operating voltage, ballast factor,b and power factoL C Other standards groups have addressed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and harmonic content for specific applications orenvironments. Ballasts are now available with total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 10%. Twocharacteristicsnot specifiedbyANSI areballastefficiencyand system (lamp-ballast) efficacy. The ANSI standard for electronic high-frequency ballasts limits harmonics. This analysis considers three types offluorescent lamp ballasts: magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic. There are three methods ofstatiing lamps: pre-heat, rapid-stati, and instant-start. Ballasts may also be refened to by the startup method for the lamp with which they are installed (e.g., rapid-start ballast). Pre-heat ballasts are not used in four- or eight-foot commercial and industrial applications inthe U.S. and thus are not considered in our analysis. Instant-startballasts rely upon a higher voltage to initiate the discharge rather than applying a steady filament voltage. Rapid-start ballasts have extra windings to supply a steady filament voltage. Magnetic ballasts are constructed of discrete components. The main components are a magnetic choke to limit the cunent, a step-up transformer to obtain a high starting voltage, and a capacitor that conects for the ballast's low power factor. Multi-lamp magnetic ballasts also have one or more additional capacitors to sequence the statiing ofthe lamps. Magnetic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate the lamp(s) at the same frequency.

"The lamp currentcrest factor is defined as the peakcurrent divided by the root mean square current. bBallast factor is defined as the ratio ofthe lightoutput ofa lamp tested ona subjectballast dividedbythe light output ofthe same lamp tested on a reference ballastunder specified environmental conditions. CPower factor is defined as the tme power divided by the product ofthe true rrns (root mean squared) value of the voltage across an electrical circuit ordevice and the true rms current through the circuit or device. 3-1Cathode cutout (CC) ballasts use components similarto those in magnetic rapid-start ballasts

but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts are constructed from discrete and integrated components with circuit boards to connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those employed for other electronic devices. Ferrite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of 60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency, above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in transforming input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of electronic ballasts may result in a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast system relative to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because of their lighter weight. ANSI C.82.2- 1984' describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by measuring filament voltage, lamp current crest factor, power factor, lamp current, ballast factor, and starting voltage
. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C. The ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is a measure of ballast system performance or efficacy. This factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is defined as: BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in Watts. The ballast factor (BF) for a subject ballast is the ratio of the light output of a lamp tested on a subject ballast to the light output of the same lamp tested on a "reference" ballast under identical environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the relevant ANSI lamp standards. Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to designate a fluorescent lamp. It is followed by a two-digit number that identifies either the nominal lamp wattage for rapid-start lamps or the lamp length for instant-start and high-output lamps. These digits are followed by the letter "T," for tubular, which is followed by the lamp diameter in eighths of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" if the lamp is high output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp. 

### The F40T12 and the F96T12 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts currently
3-2 Cathodecutout(CC)ballastsuse components similartothose in magneticrapid-startballasts but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent lampballastsare constructedfrom discrete andintegratedcomponentswithcircuitboardsto connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those employed for other electronic devices. Fel1"ite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency, above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in transfomling input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of electronic ballasts mayresultin a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast systemrelative to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because oftheir lighter weight. ANSI C.82.2-1984 1 describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by measuring filamentvoltage, lamp CUl1"entcrestfactor, powerfactor, lamp cUl1"ent, ballastfactor, and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C. Theballastefficacyfactor (BEF) is ameasure of ballastsystemperfomlance orefficacy. This factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is defined as: BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in Watts. Theballastfactor (BF) for a subjectballastis the ratio ofthe light output ofa lamp tested on a subjectballast to the light output ofthe same lamp tested on a "reference" ballastunder identical environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the relevant ANSI lamp standards. Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to designate a fluorescent lamp. Itis followed by atwo-digitnumberthat identifies eitherthe nominal lamp wattage for rapid-startlamps orthe lamp length for instant-start andhigh-outputlamps. These digits are followed bythe letter "T," for tubular, which is followed bythe lamp diameter in eighths of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" ifthe lamp is high output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp. The F40Tl2 and the F96Tl2 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts cUlTently
3-2 Cathodecutout(CC)ballastsuse components similartothose in magneticrapid-startballasts but have an electronic switch that disconnects the ballast's lamp electrode heater after the lamp starts. These ballasts use less energy than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Electronic ballasts perform the same function as magnetic ballasts. Electronic fluorescent lampballastsare constructedfrom discrete andintegratedcomponentswithcircuitboardsto connect the components. The manufacturing procedures for electronic ballasts are the same as those employed for other electronic devices. Fel1"ite cores are used for high-frequency output circuits. Electronic ballasts operate at an input frequency of60 Hz and operate lamp(s) at high frequency, above 20,000 Hz. Electronic ballasts are more efficient than energy-efficient magnetic ballasts in transfomling input power to lamp requirements. More significantly, fluorescent lamps are more efficacious when operated at high frequencies (20,000 Hz or above). These two advantages of electronic ballasts mayresultin a 10 to 30% increase in efficacy for the lamp-ballast systemrelative to lamps using energy-efficient magnetic ballasts. Because electronic ballasts are packaged in the same size "cans" as magnetic core-coil ballasts, they can be installed in fixtures designed to use core-coil ballasts. Electronic ballasts are easier to install because oftheir lighter weight. ANSI C.82.2-1984 1 describes test procedures for evaluating ballast performance by measuring filamentvoltage, lamp CUl1"entcrestfactor, powerfactor, lamp cUl1"ent, ballastfactor, and starting voltage. The measurements are made in a draft-free thermal environment at 25°C. Theballastefficacyfactor (BEF) is ameasure of ballastsystemperfomlance orefficacy. This factor, not explicitly mentioned in the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act (NAECA), is defined as: BEF = Percent Ballast Factor/Input Power The BEF is defined as the ballast factor in percent divided by the ballast input power in Watts. Theballastfactor (BF) for a subjectballastis the ratio ofthe light output ofa lamp tested on a subjectballast to the light output ofthe same lamp tested on a "reference" ballastunder identical environmental conditions. Reference ballasts for each lamp type are discussed in detail in the relevant ANSI lamp standards. Lamp types are designated by a series of letters and numbers. The letter "F" is used to designate a fluorescent lamp. Itis followed by atwo-digitnumberthat identifies eitherthe nominal lamp wattage for rapid-startlamps orthe lamp length for instant-start andhigh-outputlamps. These digits are followed bythe letter "T," for tubular, which is followed bythe lamp diameter in eighths of an inch. Additional designations are sometimes used: for example, "HO" ifthe lamp is high output, "/ES" if the lamp is an "energy saver" or reduced-wattage lamp, "RE" (if rare earth phosphors have been used), plus a number which represents the color rendering index range. An energy-saver lamp is a reduced wattage, krypton-filled lamp. The F40Tl2 and the F96Tl2 fluorescent lamp ballasts are the only ballasts cUlTently
3-2regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These

efficacy factors apply to all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages of both 120 and 277 with an input current frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12 , 75W F96T12, or 110W F96T 12HO lamps
. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed for use in ambient temperatures of 00 F or less, or ballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are designed for use in residential applications.
Table 3.1 Minimum Allowable Ballast Efficac y Factors Lam (s) Voltage Nominal Lam Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 1 F40T 12 120/277 40 1.805 

### 2 F40T12 120 80 1.060 2 F40T12 277 80 1.050 2 F96T12 120/277 150 0.570 

### 2 F96T 12H0 120/277 220 0.390 The efficacy of a ballast is defined in terms of lamp lumens per Watt input (lm/W). "Initial" lamp lumens used in calculating efficacy are measured after a lamp has been operated for 100 hours. Light output at 40% of a lamp's lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data.
3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS Table 3.2 shows the lamp/ballast combinations considered in this analysis
. In addition to single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations of ballasts operating three or four lamps. Because the full-wattage halophosphor TI 2 lamps were rendered obsolete under the Energy Policy Actd, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are "ES" halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the marketplace. 

### There are very few three

- and four- lamp magnetic and cathode cutout ballast models manufactured.Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutout ballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem
-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughout the lighting layout. Four

-lamp fixtures use two two

-lamp magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic T12 ballasts
. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.

dFor four

-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994.


### 3-3 regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These efficacy factors applyto all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages ofboth 120 and 277 with an input cunent frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed for use in ambient temperatures of0° F or less, orballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are designed for use in residential applications.


### T bi 31 M·
.

a e . mlmum AllowabI B 

## n t Effi 

### F t e a as lcacy ac ors Lamp (s) Voltage Nominal Lamp Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 1 F40T12 1201277 40 1.805 2 F40T12 120 80 1.060 2 F40T12 277 80 1.050 2 F96T12 1201277 150 0.570 2 F96T12HO 120/277 220 0.390 The efficacyofaballast is definedin tem1S oflamplumensperWattinput(lm/W). "Initial" lamp lumensusedin calculatingefficacy are measured after a lamphasbeen operatedfor 100hours. Light output at 40% ofa lamp'S lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data.


### 3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS Table 3.2 shows the lamplballast combinations considered in this analysis. In addition to single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations ofballasts operating three orfourlamps. Becausethe full-wattage halophosphorTI2lampswererenderedobsoleteunder the Energy Policy Actd
, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are 

### "ES" halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the marketplace. There areveryfew three- andfour-lamp magnetic and cathode cutoutballastmodelsmanufactured. Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutoutballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughoutthe lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use twotwo-lampmagnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic TI2 ballasts
. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.

dFor four-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994. 3-3 regulated. The minimum BEFs for the existing NAECA standards are listed in Table 3.1. These efficacy factors apply to all ballasts manufactured after January 1, 1990 and sold by manufacturers after April 1, 1991. The standards apply to ballasts operating at input voltages ofboth 120 and 277 with an input cunent frequency of 60 Hz. Although the regulated ballasts can operate reduced wattage or energy-saver lamps, all BEF tests are made with 40W F40T12, 75W F96T12, or 110W F96T12HO lamps. The standards do not apply to ballasts that permit dimming, ballasts designed for use in ambient temperatures of0° F or less, orballasts that have a power factor less than 0.90 and are designed for use in residential applications.


### T bi 31 M·
.

a e . mlmum AllowabI B 

## n Effi F e a ast lcacy actors Lamp (s) Voltage Nominal Lamp Watts Ballast Efficacy Factor 1F40T12 1201277 40 1.805 2 F40T12 120 80 1.060 2 F40T12 277 80 1.050 2 F96T12 1201277 150 0.570 2 F96T12HO 120/277 220 0.390 The efficacy ofaballast is definedin tem1S oflamplumensperWattinput(lm/W). "Initial" lamp lumensusedin calculatingefficacy are measured after a lamphasbeen operatedfor 100hours. Light output at 40% ofa lamp'S lifetime may also be reported in published lamp data.


### 3.2 LAMP/BALLAST COMBINATIONS Table 3.2 shows the lamplballast combinations considered in this analysis. In addition to single ballasts operating one or more lamps, we also consider combinations ofballasts operating three orfourlamps. Becausethe full-wattage halophosphorTI2lampswererenderedobsoleteunder the Energy Policy Actd
, these lamps are not used in our analysis. All lamps used are 

### "ES" halophosphor lamps because they have replaced full wattage halophosphor F40T12 lamps in the marketplace. There areveryfew three- andfour-lamp magnetic and cathode cutoutballastmodelsmanufactured. Three-lamp fixtures with magnetic or cathode cutout ballasts generally use a two-lamp and a onelamp ballast, or the lamps may be tandem-wired so that two-lamp ballasts can be employed throughoutthe lighting layout. Four-lamp fixtures use twotwo-lampmagnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic TI2 ballasts
. Compact fluorescent ballasts are not included in this analysis.

dFor four-foot lamps, the standards took effect in November 1995, and for 8-foot and 8-foot HO lamps in May 1994. 3-3Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamp 2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps 3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12/ES fluorescent lamps 4. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 95W F96T12HO/ES fluorescent lamps 5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps 6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40T12/ES fluorescent lamps 7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp 8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps.


### 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONSTable 3.3 lists possible technology options that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast. Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 

### 1. Cathode Cutout 2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start
Energy-EfficientMagnetic Ballast ( Baseline ). The energy-efficient magnetic (EEM) ballast just meets the minimum NAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEM ballast employs copper wire and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEM ballast could be made even more efficient, but this would increase its size and weight. Cathode Cutout Ballast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification of the EEM ballast. It uses an electronic circuit to remove filament power after the discharge has been initiated for rapid-start lamps. Cathode cutout ballasts start lamps in the same way that magnetic rapid start ballasts do. Operating lamps without filament power maintains the light output while reducing power by about two Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life if filament power removal is used with fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generally used 

### 3-4 

### Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamp 2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12IES fluorescent lamps 4. Two-lamp ballast (l20, 277V), to operate two 95W F96Tl2HO/ES fluorescent lamps 5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp 8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps.


### 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS Table 3.3 lists possibletechnologyoptions that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast.


### Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

1. Cathode Cutout 2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start 

### Energy-EfficientMagneticBallast(Baseline). Theenergy-efficientmagnetic (EEM)ballast justmeetsthe minimumNAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEMballastemploys copperwire and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEMballast could be made even more efficient, butthis would increase its size and weight. 

### Cathode CutoutBallast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification ofthe EEM ballast. Ituses an electronic circuitto remove filamentpower afterthe discharge has been initiated for rapid-startlamps. Cathode cutoutballasts startlamps inthe same waythat magneticrapid start ballastsdo. Operatinglampswithoutfilamentpowermaintainsthelightoutputwhilereducingpower by abouttwo Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life iffilament power removalisusedwith fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generallyused 3-4 

### Table 3.2 Lamp/Ballast Combinations

1. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamp 2. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 3. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 60W F96T 12IES fluorescent lamps 4. Two-lamp ballast (l20, 277V), to operate two 95W F96Tl2HO/ES fluorescent lamps 5. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate three 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 6. One, or more ballasts (120, 277V), to operate four 34W F40Tl2/ES fluorescent lamps 7. One-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate one 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamp 8. Two-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate two 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; 9. Three-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate three 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps; and 10. Four-lamp ballast (120, 277V), to operate four 32W F32T8 fluorescent lamps.


### 3.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS Table 3.3 lists possibletechnologyoptions that are more efficacious than the baseline energyefficient magnetic ballast.


### Table 3.3 Technology Options for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

1. Cathode Cutout 2. Electronic High-Frequency Rapid Start 3. Electronic High-Frequency Instant Start 

### Energy-EfficientMagneticBallast(Baseline). Theenergy-efficientmagnetic (EEM)ballast justmeetsthe minimumNAECA BEFs found in Table 3.1. The EEMballastemploys copperwire and high-grade magnetic materials for its choke and transformer. The EEMballast could be made even more efficient, butthis would increase its size and weight. 

### Cathode CutoutBallast. The cathode cutout or hybrid ballast is a modification ofthe EEM ballast. Ituses an electronic circuitto remove filamentpower afterthe discharge has been initiated for rapid-startlamps. Cathode cutoutballasts startlamps inthe same waythat magneticrapid start ballastsdo. Operatinglampswithoutfilamentpowermaintainsthelightoutputwhilereducingpower by abouttwo Watts per lamp. This approach is effective for dedicated lighting systems where the lamps are operated at full light output. There is a significant loss in lamp life iffilament power removalisusedwith fluorescent dimming systems. The cathode cutout technique is generallyused 3-4with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during

operation, but not to zero. 

### Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used.' For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used for both T8 and T12 lamps operated with cathode cutout ballasts. Electronic High -Frequency Ballasts
. For equivalent light output, electronic ballasts consume about 10 to 30% less energy than magnetic ballasts. The front end of the electronic ballast converts 60-Hz AC power into DC power. This DC voltage is the input to an oscillating circuit that converts the DC power to a frequency of 20 kHz or higher. The anode fall of the lamp is decreased by about 10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) at high frequency requires smaller components, reducing ballast losses and making the ballast more efficient. Substituting integrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lamps operated with magnetic ballasts. Reducing flicker has been shown to help prevent the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. 

### Electronic ballasts produce high-frequency electromagnetic radiation and carrier line harmonics that are known to interfere with the operation of certain electrical devices such as library proximity sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks.3 Equipment manufacturers are aware of this problem; they have solved it for certain specific applications and are continuing to study the problem as needed.' A rapid-start electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heats the electrode and allows the lamp to start at a low voltage. The instant-start (EIS) ballast does not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the rapid start lamp) to the instant-start lamp to initiate discharge. This higher starting voltage degrades the coating on the lamp electrodes and reduces lamp life. For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during operation in instant-start mode. Instant-start operation is not viable for most F40T 12 lamps, because their filaments would have to be redesigned. Electronic ballasts may have difficulties starting 34-Watt F40T 12/ES lamps because of the tin oxide conductive coating on the inside of the lamp wall. Lamps without this coating are compatible with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been considered by the lamp and ballast industry and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the market place.



### 3-5 with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during operation, but not to zero. Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used. 2 For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used for both T8 and TI2 lamps operated with cathode cutoutballasts. 

### ElectronicHigh-FrequencyBallasts. Forequivalentlightoutput, electronicballastsconsume about 10 to 30% less energythan magnetic ballasts. The front end ofthe electronic ballast converts 60-HzAC power into DCpower. This DC voltage is the inputto an oscillatingcircuitthatconverts the DCpowerto a frequency of20 kHz orhigher. The anode fall ofthe lamp is decreasedby about 10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) athigh frequency requires smallercomponents, reducingballastlosses and makingthe ballastmore efficient. Substitutingintegrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lampsoperatedwithmagneticballasts. Reducingflicker hasbeenshowntohelpprevent the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. Electronicballastsproducehigh-frequencyelectromagneticradiation and carrierlineharmonics that are known to interfere withthe operation ofceliain electrical devices such as libraryproximity sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks. 3 Equipment manufacturers are aware ofthisproblem; theyhave solveditfor certain specific applications and are continuingto study the problem as needed. 4 A rapid-stmi electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heatsthe electrode and allows the lamp to stmiat a low voltage. The instant-start (ElS)ballastdoes not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the rapid startlamp)tothe instant-stmi lamp to initiate discharge. Thishigherstartingvoltage degrades the coating onthe lamp electrodes andreduces lamp life. Forthe life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during operationininstant-startmode. Instant-startoperationis notviablefor mostF40T12 lamps, because their filaments would have to be redesigned. Electronicballastsmayhave difficulties starting34-Watt F40T12/ES lamps because ofthe tin oxide conductive coating onthe inside ofthe lampwall. Lamps withoutthis coating are compatible with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been considered by the lamp and ballast indusny and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the market place.

3-5 with magnetic ballasts. Some electronic ballast technologies reduce the cathode voltage during operation, but not to zero. Some data suggest that lamp life is reduced when cathode cutout ballasts are used. 2 For the life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter4, a 15% reduction in lamp life relative to EEM ballasts is used for both T8 and TI2 lamps operated with cathode cutoutballasts. 

### ElectronicHigh-FrequencyBallasts. Forequivalentlightoutput, electronicballastsconsume about 10 to 30% less energythan magnetic ballasts. The front end ofthe electronic ballast converts 60-HzAC power into DCpower. This DC voltage is the inputto an oscillatingcircuitthatconverts the DCpowerto a frequency of20 kHz orhigher. The anode fall ofthe lamp is decreasedby about 10 volts at high frequency, resulting in a 10 to 15% increase in the lamp's efficacy. The ballasting action (current-limiting) athigh frequency requires smallercomponents, reducingballastlosses and makingthe ballastmore efficient. Substitutingintegrated circuits for discrete components saves an additional 1.5 to 2.0 W. High-frequency operation reduces the 60-cycle flicker associated with fluorescent lampsoperatedwithmagneticballasts. Reducingflicker hasbeenshowntohelpprevent the headaches and eyestrain sometimes associated with fluorescent lighting. Electronicballastsproducehigh-frequencyelectromagneticradiation and carrierlineharmonics that are known to interfere withthe operation ofceliain electrical devices such as libraryproximity sensors, infrared remote controls, powerline carrier controls, and infrared datalinks. 3 Equipment manufacturers are aware ofthisproblem; theyhave solveditfor certain specific applications and are continuingto study the problem as needed. 4 A rapid-stmi electronic ballast (ERS) provides a filament voltage to the rapid-start lamp that heatsthe electrode and allows the lamp to stmiat a low voltage. The instant-start (ElS)ballastdoes not provide a filament voltage but must provide a higher starting voltage (than is required for the rapid startlamp)tothe instant-stmi lamp to initiate discharge. Thishigherstartingvoltage degrades the coating onthe lamp electrodes andreduces lamp life. Forthe life-cycle cost analyses in Chapter 4, a 25% reduction in lamp life (relative to rapid-start lamps) is used for T8 lamps operated with instant-start ballasts. Eliminating the filament voltage saves about 2 Watts per lamp during operationininstant-startmode. Instant-startoperationis notviablefor mostF40T12 lamps, because their filaments would have to be redesigned. Electronicballastsmayhave difficulties starting34-Watt F40T12/ES lamps because ofthe tin oxide conductive coating onthe inside ofthe lampwall. Lamps withoutthis coating are compatible with electronic ballasts. Such lamps are not currently manufactured; several solutions have been considered by the lamp and ballast indusny and rejected as costly and not likely to persist in the market place.

3-53.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA

Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts operating F40T 12, F96T 12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets used to generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from the New York State Energy Office. The sources' 6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. 

### The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the formula: ANSI Watts = BF/ BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value of ballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballast BF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T 12/ES, and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. Average BF values for cathode cutout ballasts are 83% for F40T 12/ES lamps and 88% for F96T 12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BF values are in agreement with published values.',' 

### For electronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50" percentile level (the next higher level if there was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables. The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology options. These corrections account for thermal effects on 1) power input and 2) light output, caused when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The values in the column labeled "Norm. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a correction to all lamp/ballast combinations to normalize light output to the baseline (in addition to the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options have to be compared to the baseline within a given lamp/ballast combination, each technology option wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. 

### For those cases where an energy-efficient magnetic or cathode cutout ballast does not exist (3-and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations and then applying thermalfactor wattage corrections using factors from Table A-1 in the appendix. For the three-lamp tandem3-6 

### 3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts operatingF40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets usedto generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from the New York State Energy Office. The sources5,6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the formula: ANSI Watts = BF/BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value ofballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballastBF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. AverageBFvalues for cathode cutoutballasts are 83%forF40T12/ES lamps and 88% forF96T12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BFvalues are in agreementwith published values. 7,8 Forelectronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50thpercentile level (the next higher level ifthere was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables. The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained bymaking corrections tothe ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballasttechnology options. These corrections accountfor thermal effects on 1)powerinput and 2) light output, caused when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The values in the column labeled "Nonn. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a correctionto all lamp/ballast combinations to nomlalize light output to the baseline (in addition to the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options havetobecomparedtothebaselinewithin agivenlamp/ballastcombination, eachtechnologyoption wattagewasnormalizedtothebaselineballastBF. RefertoAppendix A for details onthe correction process. Forthose cases where an energy-efficientmagnetic orcathode cutoutballastdoes notexist (3- and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations andthen applying themlal factorwattage correctionsusing factors from TableA-1 inthe appendix. Forthethree-lamptandem3-6 

### 3.4 BALLAST WATTAGE DATA Table 3.4 lists the ANSI Watts, fixture Watts and normalized fixture Watts (for lamp/ballast systems) for several types of magnetic, cathode cutout, and electronic high-frequency ballasts operatingF40T12, F96T12, and F32T8 fluorescent lamps. The data sets usedto generate Table 3.4 are reproduced in Appendix A and were obtained from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association in all but one case: the one-lamp F40T12/ES cathode cutout ballast. Data came from the New York State Energy Office. The sources5,6 used the ANSI procedure C82.2-1984 in developing the data. The values in the column labeled "ANSI Watts" were obtained from the data set by different approaches depending on whether the ballast was electronic or not, as described below. For the baseline (EEM) and cathode cutout systems, ANSI Watts were calculated from the formula: ANSI Watts = BF/BEF, using the average BEF from the data set and the typical BF value ofballasts on the market. Typical EEM ballastBF values are 88% for F40T12/ES, F96T12/ES, and F96T12HO/ES lamps. AverageBFvalues for cathode cutoutballasts are 83%forF40T12/ES lamps and 88% forF96T12HO and F96T 12HO/ES lamps. These average BFvalues are in agreementwith published values. 7,8 Forelectronic ballasts, the ballast whose BEF was closest to the 50thpercentile level (the next higher level ifthere was an even number of data points in the data set for that ballast type) was selected from the data set and its measured ANSI Watts and the BF value were used in the tables. The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained bymaking corrections tothe ANSI Watts. Corrections were applied to ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballasttechnology options. These corrections accountfor thermal effects on 1)powerinput and 2) light output, caused when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. Corrections were not made for one- and two-lamp fixtures because thermal effects are thought to be minimal for these configurations. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The values in the column labeled "Nonn. Fixture Watts" were obtained by applying a correctionto all lamp/ballast combinations to nomlalize light output to the baseline (in addition to the corrections for power input and light output described above). Because all technology options havetobecomparedtothebaselinewithin agivenlamp/ballastcombination, eachtechnologyoption wattagewasnormalizedtothebaselineballastBF. RefertoAppendix A for details onthe correction process. Forthose cases where an energy-efficientmagnetic orcathode cutoutballastdoes notexist (3- and 4-lamp F40T12/ES ballasts), the normalized fixture wattages in Table 3.4 are for one- and twolamp/ballast combinations. The normalized fixture watts were obtained by using the normalized fixture watts for one- and two-lamp ballasts in the proper combinations andthen applying themlal factorwattage correctionsusing factors from TableA-1 inthe appendix. Forthethree-lamptandem3-6wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a

thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of 0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems. The values in the column labeled "Fixture Watts" were obtained by making corrections to the ANSI Watts. The correction applied to the ANSI Watts for three- and four-lamp ballast technology options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required when the lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture and installed in a plenum. For the "Norm. Fixture Watts" column, a power correction factor to normalize light output to the baseline is also applied to the lamp/ballast combinations noted in the text, that is, each technology option wattage was normalized to the baseline ballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system normalized fixture Watts have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output , as discussed in the next section. Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized Fixture Watts Ballast Energy-Efficient Magnetic Cathode Cutout Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic Lamp ANSI Norm. ANSI Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm.

Watts Fixture Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture

Watts* Watts* Watts* Watts* 1 F40T12/ES 42.3 42.3 36.7 38.9 31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA 2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 62.2 65.9 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA 3 F40T12/ES NA 104.3 NA 94.9 NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA (tandem-wired) 3 F40TI2/ES (not NA 110.1 NA 100.6 NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA tandem-wired) 4 F40T12/ES NA 139.0 NA 126.5 NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA 2F96T12/ES 126.1 126.1 NA NA NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3 2F96T12H0/ES 200.0 200.0 185.3 185.3 176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA 1 F32T8 NU NU NA NA 29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU 2 F32T8 NU NU NU NU 61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU 3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU NU NU NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU 3 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU 4 F32T8 NA NA NA NA 122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU Notes: NA = not available or applicable. NU = not used for this analysis.. 

### Note that the normalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes of this analysis to compare baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy calculations typically done with fixture Watts are representative of actual wattages of ballasts on the market.
3-7 wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems. The values inthe columnlabeled "FixtureWatts" were obtainedbymaking corrections to the ANSIWatts. The correction appliedtotheANSIWatts forthree- andfour-lamp ballasttechnology options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required whenthe lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture andinstalledin a plenum. Forthe "N01111. Fixture Watts" column, apowercorrection factorton01111alize lightoutputtothebaselineis also applied tothelamp/ballastcombinationsnoted inthetext,thatis, each technologyoption wattagewasn01111alized to the baselineballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system n01111alized fixture Watts have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output, as discussed in the next section. 

### Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized FixtureWatts

Ballast Energy-Efficient Magnetic Lamp ANSI Norm. Watts Fixture Watts

### * 1 F40Tl2/ES 42.3 42.3 2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 3 F40Tl2/ES NA 104.3 (tandem-wired) 3 F40Tl2/ES (not NA 110.1 tandem-wired) 4 F40Tl2/ES NA 139.0 2F96Tl2/ES 126.1 126.1 2F96Tl2HO/ES 200.0 200.0 1 F32T8 NU NU 2 F32T8 NU NU 3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU 3 F32T8 NA NA 4 F32T8 NA NA Notes: NA = not available or applicable. NU = notused for this analysis
.. Cathode Cutout
ANSI Norm. Watts Fixture Watts* 36.7 38.9 62.2 65.9 NA 94.9
NA 100.6
NA 126.5 NA NA 185.3 185.3 NA NA NU NU

NU NU NA NA NA NA Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic
ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture Watts

### * Watts

### * 31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA
NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA
NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3 176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA 29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU 61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU 94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU 122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU

Note that the nOlmalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes ofthis analysis to compare baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy calculationstypically donewith fixture Watts are representative ofactual wattages ofballasts onthe market.
3-7 wired system, watts are 1.5 times the two-lamp watts, including electronic systems. In addition, a thermal factor correction was applied. The BF normalization for the EEM and CC systems was performed using a baseline (EEM) BF of0.88 for ES systems and 0.83 for CC systems. The values inthe columnlabeled "FixtureWatts" were obtainedbymaking corrections to the ANSIWatts. The correction appliedtotheANSIWatts forthree- andfour-lamp ballasttechnology options is a thermal correction factor for power input, required whenthe lamp/ballast combination is in a fixture andinstalledin a plenum. Forthe "N01111. Fixture Watts" column, apowercorrection factorton01111alize lightoutputtothebaselineis also applied tothelamp/ballastcombinationsnoted inthetext,thatis, each technologyoption wattagewasn01111alized to the baselineballast BF. Refer to Appendix A for details on the correction process. The F32T8 system n01111alized fixture Watts have been further adjusted for equivalent lamp lumen output, as discussed in the next section. 

### Table 3.4 ANSI Watts, Fixture Watts, and Normalized FixtureWatts

Ballast Energy-Efficient Magnetic Lamp ANSI Norm. Watts Fixture Watts

### * 1 F40Tl2/ES 42.3 42.3 2 F40T12/ES 72.4 72.4 3 F40Tl2/ES NA 104.3 (tandem-wired) 3 F40Tl2/ES (not NA 110.1 tandem-wired) 4 F40Tl2/ES NA 139.0 2F96Tl2/ES 126.1 126.1 2F96Tl2HO/ES 200.0 200.0 1 F32T8 NU NU 2 F32T8 NU NU 3 F32T8 (tandem) NU NU 3 F32T8 NA NA 4 F32T8 NA NA Notes: NA = not available or applicable. NU = notused for this analysis
.. Cathode Cutout
ANSI Norm. Watts Fixture Watts* 36.7 38.9 62.2 65.9 NA 94.9
NA 100.6
NA 126.5 NA NA 185.3 185.3 NA NA NU NU

NU NU NA NA NA NA Rapid-Start Electronic Instant-Start Electronic
ANSI Fixture Norm. ANSI Fixture Norm. Watts Watts Fixture Watts Watts Fixture Watts

### * Watts

### * 31.1 31.1 32.4 NA NA NA 65.9 65.9 62.0 NA NA NA NA NA 91.1 NA NA NA
NA NA 94.3 NA NA NA
NA NA 121.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA 113.2 113.2 111.3 176.3 176.3 176.5 NA NA NA 29.7 29.7 27.2 NU NU NU 61.3 61.3 54.2 NU NU NU NA 87.4 77.3 NU NU NU 94.3 89.6 75.8 NU NU NU 122.8 116.7 103.2 NU NU NU

Note that the nOlmalized fixture Watts are used for the purposes ofthis analysis to compare baseline and technology options on the basis of equivalent light output. Other types of energy calculationstypically donewith fixture Watts are representative ofactual wattages ofballasts onthe market.
3-73.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA

3.5.1 Data for T12 Lamps The values of BF, BEF, and normalized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only. We found that each type of ballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range of BEFs in the marketplace. The BEFs shown above are the median (50th percentile) efficiencies that were used for energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10' percentile BEF. The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done throughout the U.S.' Annual interior lighting hours were calculated for the industrial sector and for 10 commercial building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse. To derive commercial sector lighting hours, hours for the different building types were weighted using CBECS 1992 national square footage for each building type.10 Then these hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards, tend to be used for fewer hours than other types of ballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to efficient ballasts. The weighted averages of the commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3,400 hours per year for F40T 12 and F32T8; 3,300 hours for F96T 12; and 3,700 hours for F96T 12HO. The industrial sector annual lighting hours for the applicable lamp types are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96T12HO. Commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp type. Sensitivity runs were also performed using industrial sector hours for F96T 12 and commercial sector hours for F96T 12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter 4. Appendix A contains details of the lighting hours calculations. 

### 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA 3.5.1 Data for T12 

### Lamps The values ofBF, BEF, and n01111alized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only. We found that each type ofballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range ofBEFs in the marketplace. TheBEFs shown above are the median (50thpercentile) efficienciesthatwereusedfor energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10th percentile BEF. The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done throughoutthe U.S. 9 Annual interior lightinghours were calculated for the industrial sectorand for 10 commercialbuilding types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, andwarehouse. To derive commercial sectorlightinghours, hours forthe differentbuilding typeswereweightedusingCBECS 1992 national square footage for eachbuildingtype. 10 Thenthese hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards, tend to beused for fewer hours than other types ofballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to efficient ballasts. The weighted averages ofthe commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3,400hours peryear for F40T12 and F32T8; 3,300hours for F96T12; and 3,700hoursforF96TI2HO. The industrial sectorannual lightinghoursforthe applicablelamptypes are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96TI2HO. Commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp type. Sensitivityrunswere alsoperf01111edusingindustrial sectorhours forF96T12 and commercial sector hours for F96T12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter4. Appendix A contains details ofthe lighting hours calculations.

3-8 

### 3.5 EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY USE DATA 3.5.1 Data for T12 

### Lamps The values ofBF, BEF, and n01111alized fixture Watts that appear in Table 3.5 were derived using the procedures described in section 3.4. Energy use was computed by multiplying the normalized fixture Watts by the annual lighting hours. Table 3.5 shows data for T12 lamps only. We found that each type ofballast (e.g., electronic 2F40T12) exhibited a range ofBEFs in the marketplace. TheBEFs shown above are the median (50thpercentile) efficienciesthatwereusedfor energy calculations. For setting standards, DOE would use the 10th percentile BEF. The annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set of energy audits done throughoutthe U.S. 9 Annual interior lightinghours were calculated for the industrial sectorand for 10 commercialbuilding types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, andwarehouse. To derive commercial sectorlightinghours, hours forthe differentbuilding typeswereweightedusingCBECS 1992 national square footage for eachbuildingtype. 10 Thenthese hours were adjusted to account for the fact that magnetic ballasts, which are affected by standards, tend to beused for fewer hours than other types ofballasts. In contrast, electronic ballasts tend to have longer hours because users in buildings where the lighting is heavily used tend to switch to efficient ballasts. The weighted averages ofthe commercial sector annual lighting hours for the different lamp types are: 3,400hours peryear for F40T12 and F32T8; 3,300hours for F96T12; and 3,700hoursforF96TI2HO. The industrial sectorannual lightinghoursforthe applicablelamptypes are: 3,700 hours for F96T12 and 4600 hours for F96TI2HO. Commercial sector hours are used for the F40T12, F32T8, and F96T12 lamp types; industrial hours are used for the F96T12HO lamp type. Sensitivityrunswere alsoperf01111edusingindustrial sectorhours forF96T12 and commercial sector hours for F96T12HO lamp types, as shown in Chapter4. Appendix A contains details ofthe lighting hours calculations.

3-8Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy

-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps Normalized

Fixture Annual

Energy Use Ballast BEF Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 1F40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout 1F40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start 1F40 T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91 3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA 2F96 T12/ES (Commercial) 3,300 annual hours, 15.2-yr life Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70 Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79 2F96 T12/ES (Industrial) 3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70 Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79 

### Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for FluorescentLamp Ballasts Operating T12 LampsNormalized Annual Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhOllrs, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 T121ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start IF40T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 2Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 3 Lamp Fixture

- tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T121ES 94.9 323 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91 3 Lamp Fixture

- not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T121ES 100.6 342 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 4Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhOllrs, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T121ES 121.5 413 0.94 

### NA 2F96 T12/ES (Commercial) 3,300 annualhours, 15.2-yr life Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70 Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79 2F96 T12/ES (Industrial) 3,700 annualhours, 13.5-yr life Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70 Electronic Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79

3-9 

### Table 3.5 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for FluorescentLamp Ballasts Operating T12 LampsNormalized Annual Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhOllrs, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 T121ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start IF40T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 2Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 3 Lamp Fixture

- tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T121ES 94.9 323 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 0.91 3 Lamp Fixture

- not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T121ES 100.6 342 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 4Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhOllrs, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 

### NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 

### NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T121ES 121.5 413 0.94 

### NA 2F96 T12/ES (Commercial) 3,300 annualhours, 15.2-yr life Baseline 126.1 416 0.88 0.70 Electronic, Instant Start 111.3 367 0.90 0.79 2F96 T12/ES (Industrial) 3,700 annualhours, 13.5-yr life Baseline 126.1 467 0.88 0.70 Electronic Instant Start 111.3 412 0.90 0.79

3-9Table 3.5 (continued) Normalized Fixture Annual

Energy Use Ballast BEF Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 2F96 T12HOIES (Commercial) 3,700 annual hours, 13.5-yr life Baseline 200.0 740 0.88 0.44 Cathode Cutout 185.3 686 0.88 0.48 Electronic, Rapid Start 176.5 653 0.88 0.50 2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial) 4,600 annual hours, 10.9 yr life Baseline 200.0 920 0.88 0.44 Cathode Cutout 185.3 852 0.88 0.48 Electronic, Rapid Start 176.5 812 0.88 0.50 BEF = BF / ANSI Watts NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system) 3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps A separate set of data were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamp/ballast systems to T8 electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6 shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtained by adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6). Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating



### T8 Lamps Ballast Type Normalized Fixture Watts Annual

Energy Use (kWh/yr) Ballast

Factor BEF 1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 1F32 T8/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45 Electronic, Rapid Start 1F32 T8/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90 Electronic, Instant Start 1F32 T8/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F32 T8/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28 Cathode Cutout 2F32 T8/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 T8/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46 Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 T8/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50



### 3-10 

### Table 3.5 (continued)

2F96 T12HO/ES (Commercial) 3,700 annualhours, 13.5-yr life Baseline Catbode Cutout Electronic, Rapid Start 2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial) 4,600 annualhours, 10.9-yr life Baseline Catbode Cutout Electronic Rapid Start BEF = BF/ ANSI Watts NA = notapplicable (mUltiple ballast system) 

### 3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps Ballast Type Normalized Fixture Watts

200.0 185.3 176.5

200.0 185.3 176.5 Annual Energy Use Ballast BEF

(kWb/yr) Factor

740 686 653

920 852 812 0.88 0.44 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.50

0.88 0.44 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.50

A separate set ofdata were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamplballast systems to T8 electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6 shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtainedby adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6). 

### Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T8Lamps Normalized Annual Ballast BEF Fixture Energy Use BallastType Watts (kWb/yr) Factor I Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF32 TS/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45 Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90 Electronic, Instant Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F32 TS/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28 Catbode Cutout 2F32 TS/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46 Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 TS/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50

3-10 

### Table 3.5 (continued)

2F96 T12HO/ES (Commercial) 3,700 annualhours, 13.5-yr life Baseline Catbode Cutout Electronic, Rapid Start 2F96 T12HO/ES (Industrial) 4,600 annualhours, 10.9-yr life Baseline Catbode Cutout Electronic Raoid Start BEF = BF/ ANSI Watts NA = notapplicable (mUltiple ballast system) 

### 3.5.2 Data For T8 Lamps Ballast Type Normalized Fixture Watts

200.0 185.3 176.5

200.0 185.3 176.5 Annual Energy Use Ballast BEF

(kWb/yr) Factor

740 686 653

920 852 812 0.88 0.44 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.50

0.88 0.44 0.88 0.48 0.88 0.50

A separate set ofdata were collected to compare T8 magnetic lamplballast systems to T8 electronic lamp/ballast systems. One and two-lamp ballast combinations were analyzed. Table 3.6 shows the wattage, BF and BEF data for those two combinations. The fixture watts, BEFs and BFs for magnetic, cathode cutout and electronic ballasts are from the July, 1997 report. The normalized fixture watts (shown in Table 3.6) are obtainedby adjusting the fixture watts for equal light output using the BFs shown in the same table (Table 3.6). 

### Table 3.6 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T8Lamps Normalized Annual Ballast BEF Fixture Energy Use BallastType Watts (kWb/yr) Factor I Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF32 TS/RE70 38.8 132 0.95 2.45 Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.8 112 0.86 2.90 Electronic, Instant Start IF32 TS/RE70 32.0 109 0.91 2.97 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F32 TS/RE70 74.3 253 0.95 1.28 Catbode Cutout 2F32 TS/RE70 69.5 236 0.86 1.37 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 65.3 222 0.89 1.46 Electronic, Instant Start 2F32 TS/RE70 63.0 214 0.89 1.50

3-103.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS



### When end-users replace a T12 EEM ballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to convert to a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS or T8EIS ballast. In the current market, about 95% of electronic ballast purchasers are selecting T8 electronic ballasts and only 5% T 12 electronic ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions would be accounted for. Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they would replace in the market. Their normalized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below. The BF adjustment is similar to that done for T 12 lamp/ballasts systems. 

### 3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS When end-users replace a TI2 EEMballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to convertto a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS orT8EIS ballast. Inthe currentmarket, about 95% ofelectronicballastpurchasers are selectingT8 electronicballasts and only 5% TI2 electronic ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions would be accounted for. Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they would replace in the market. Their n01TI1alized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below. The BF adjustment is similarto that done for TI2 lamp/ballasts systems.

3-11 

### 3.6 CONSUMER SUBGROUP ANALYSIS When end-users replace a TI2 EEMballast with an electronic ballast, some will choose to convertto a T8 lamp system and will utilize a T8ERS orT8EIS ballast. Inthe currentmarket, about 95% ofelectronicballastpurchasers are selectingT8 electronicballasts and only 5% TI2 electronic ballasts. In order to calculate national energy savings from some standards scenarios requiring electronic ballasts, the additional analysis shown below was performed so that such conversions would be accounted for. Table 3.7 shows the F32T8 systems grouped with the baseline (EEM ballast) systems they would replace in the market. Their n01TI1alized fixture Watts have been adjusted so that their light output is equivalent to the baseline light output. Two adjustments are made: first there is a BF adjustment and second there is a lumens adjustment. The lumens adjustment is described below. The BF adjustment is similarto that done for TI2 lamp/ballasts systems.

3-11Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy

-Use Data for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps Normalized Annual Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF Ballast Type Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 1F40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout 1F40 Tl2/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start 1F40 T12/ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 Electronic, Rapid Start 1F32 T8/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12/ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 T8/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46 3 Lamp Fixture - tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 T8/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA 3 Lamp Fixture - not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout 1F40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T12/ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 T8/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99 4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annual hours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA Electronic, Rapid Start 4F32 T8/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73 BEF = BF / ANSI Watts NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system)


### All of the BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two sources of uncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing process. A series of eight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast 3-12 

### Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for FluorescentLamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps Normalized Annual Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF BallastType Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start IF40 T121ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12!ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46 3 Lamp Fixture

- tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 TS/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA 3 Lamp Fixture

- not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T121ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 TS/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99 4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA Electronic Rapid Start 4F32 TS/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73 BEF = BF I ANSI Watts NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system)

All ofthe BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two sources ofuncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing process. A series ofeight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast 3-12 

### Table 3.7 Efficiency and Energy-Use Data for FluorescentLamp Ballasts Operating T12 Lamps and T8 Lamps Normalized Annual Fixture Energy Use Ballast BEF BallastType Watts (kWh/yr) Factor 1Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 T12/ES 42.3 144 0.88 2.08 Cathode Cutout IF40 T12/ES 38.9 132 0.83 2.26 Electronic, Rapid Start IF40 T121ES 32.4 110 0.85 2.72 Electronic, Rapid Start IF32 TS/RE70 27.2 92 0.86 2.90 2 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline 2F40 T12!ES 72.4 246 0.88 1.22 Cathode Cutout 2F40 T12/ES 65.9 224 0.83 1.34 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F40 T12/ES 62.0 211 0.94 1.42 Electronic, Rapid Start 2F32 TS/RE70 54.2 171 0.89 1.46 3 Lamp Fixture

- tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 104.3 355 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 94.9 323 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F40 T12/ES 91.1 310 0.87 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (1.5) 2F32 TS/RE70 77.3 238 0.89 NA 3 Lamp Fixture

- not tandem wired (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 110.1 374 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout IF40 & 2F40 T12/ES 100.6 342 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start 3F40 T121ES 94.3 317 0.87 0.91 Electronic, Rapid Start 3F32 TS/RE70 75.8 238 0.93 0.99 4 Lamp Fixture (Commercial Sector) 3,400 annualhours, 14.7-yr life Baseline (2) 2F40 T12/ES 139.0 473 0.88 NA Cathode Cutout (2) 2F40 T12/ES 126.5 430 0.83 NA Electronic, Rapid Start (2) 2F40 T12/ES 121.5 413 0.94 NA Electronic Ranid Start 4F32 TS/RE70 103.2 307 0.89 0.73 BEF = BF I ANSI Watts NA = not applicable (multiple ballast system)

All ofthe BEF data in Tables 3.5, 3.6 and 3.7 have associated uncertainties. There are two sources ofuncertainty in BEF values: measurement error and variability in the manufacturing process. A series ofeight repeated measurements using the ANSI test method was made by one ballast manufacturer under well-controlled laboratory conditions on the same lamp/ballast 3-12combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast

operating one T8 lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two T8 lamps. These tests show that an absolute measurement error in the BEF of 0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0. 0 14 for the two-lamp F32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on production runs in excess of 1,000 units indicate an average production run variation in BEF of ±2 percent. The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 of the 8' Edition of the Illuminating Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows: 

### Illuminance = (Number of Luminaires)xx (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) x (Light Loss Factors) Area The following is a description of the terms in the formula. 1) Illuminance 

### Illuminance is the density of the luminous flux incident on a surface: It is the quotient of the luminous flux by the area of the surface when the area is uniformly illuminated. Illuminance is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot. 2) Number ofLuminaires 

### A luminaire is a complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a specific number of lamps. 3) Lumens per Luminaire 

### Lumens per Luminaire is the rated initial lumens, or light output, of the lamp, multiplied by the number of lamps in the fixture. 4) CU (Coefficient of Utilization) The CU is the ratio of the lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the work plane to the total lumens emitted by the fixture's lamps. 5) Light Loss Factors Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc. When comparing T8 lamp systems with T12 systems, lumen depreciation is the only relevant light loss factor. It relates specifically to the type of lamp used. All other factors are common to fixtures equipped with T8 lamps and the same fixtures equipped with T 12 lamps. The rate of lumen depreciation for an F40T12/ES lamp is higher than that for an F32T8/RE70lamp. An analysis that includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations.



### 3-13 combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast operating one TS lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two TS lamps. These tests show that an absolute measurement elTor in the BEF of0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the two-lampF32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on productionruns in excess of 1,000units indicate an average production run variation in BEF of±2 percent. The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 ofthe Sth Edition ofthe Illuminating Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows: Illuminance = 

### (Number of Luminaires) x (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) 

### x (Lil;!ht Loss Factors) Area The following is a description ofthe terms in the fOffi1Ula. 

### 1) Illuminance Illuminanceis the density ofthe luminous flux incidenton a surface: Itis the quotient ofthe luminousflux bythe area ofthe surfacewhenthe areais uniformlyilluminated. Illuminance is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot. 

### 2) Number ofLuminaires A luminaire is a complete lightingunit consisting ofa lamp orlamps togetherwiththeparts designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a specific number oflamps. 

### 3) Lumens perLuminaire Lumens perLuminaire is the rated initial lumens, orlight output, ofthe lamp, multipliedby the number oflamps in the fixture. 4) CU (Coefficient ofUtilization) The CU is the ratio ofthe lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the workplane to the total lumens emitted bythe fixture's lamps. 

### 5) Light Loss Factors Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc. WhencomparingTSlampsystemswithT 12 systems, lumen depreciationistheonlyrelevant light loss factor. Itrelates specifically to the type oflamp used. All other factors are common to fixtures equippedwith TSlamps andthe samefixtures equippedwithTl2lamps. Therate oflumen depreciation for an F40Tl2/ES lamp is higherthan that for an F32TS/RE70 lamp. An analysis that includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations.

3-13 combination. The range in BEF calculated from these measurements is 2.969 to 3.014 for a ballast operating one TS lamp and 1.523 to 1.537 for a ballast operating two TS lamps. These tests show that an absolute measurement elTor in the BEF of0.045 for the one-lamp F32 ballast and 0.014 for the two-lampF32 ballast may exist. Data from industry on productionruns in excess of 1,000units indicate an average production run variation in BEF of±2 percent. The lumen adjustment is described as follows. The Average Maintained Illumination Calculation [The Lumen Method as illustrated on pages 405 ofthe Sth Edition ofthe Illuminating Engineering Society's Lighting Handbook] is defined as follows: Illuminance = 

### (Number of Luminaires) x (Lumens per Luminaire) x (CU) 

### x (Lil;!ht Loss Factors) Area The following is a description ofthe terms in the fOffi1Ula. 

### 1) Illuminance Illuminanceis the density ofthe luminous flux incidenton a surface: Itis the quotient ofthe luminousflux bythe area ofthe surfacewhenthe areais uniformlyilluminated. Illuminance is measured in footcandles; one footcandle equals one lumen per square foot. 

### 2) Number ofLuminaires A luminaire is a complete lightingunit consisting ofa lamp orlamps togetherwiththeparts designed to position and protect the lamps and connect them to a power supply. A more common term is "fixture." Each luminaire is designed for and has the components for a specific number oflamps. 

### 3) Lumens perLuminaire Lumens perLuminaire is the rated initial lumens, orlight output, ofthe lamp, multipliedby the number oflamps in the fixture. 4) CU (Coefficient ofUtilization) The CU is the ratio ofthe lumens from a fixture calculated as received on the workplane to the total lumens emitted bythe fixture's lamps. 

### 5) Light Loss Factors Light loss factors are used to represent reduction in illuminance levels after a given period of time. These factors take into account temperature and voltage variations; dirt accumulation on the walls, fixtures, and lamps; lamp lumen depreciation, etc. WhencomparingTSlampsystemswithT 12 systems, lumen depreciationistheonlyrelevant light loss factor. Itrelates specifically to the type oflamp used. All other factors are common to fixtures equippedwith TSlamps andthe samefixtures equippedwithTl2lamps. Therate oflumen depreciation for an F40Tl2/ES lamp is higherthan that for an F32TS/RE70 lamp. An analysis that includes both lamp options must account for lumen depreciation in its calculations.

3-13

### For the purposes of this analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates

lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below. Illuminance (at 40% of lamp 's rated life) = (# of Luminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU) Area The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of "Mean Lumen" from the 22nd edition of the GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and. Design Lumen from June 1997 edition of the Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% of its rated life. As with the standard IES formula, this value is multiplied by the number of lamps in the fixture to get the fixture's total mean lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light lumen output at 40% of rated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens values used for these analyses. The coefficient of utilization is a function of lamp type, ballast type and room properties. Some of the impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors described earlier. There may be additional corrections required to normalize light output when T 12 systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to determine what additional correction, if any, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend to increase energy savings when converting from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is required). For the purposes ofthis analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below. Illuminance (at 40% oflamp's rated life) = 

### (# ofLuminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU) Area The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of"Mean Lumen" from the 22nd edition ofthe 

### GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and 

### Design Lumen from June 1997 edition ofthe 

### Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% ofits rated life. As with the standard IES formula, this value is multipliedby the number oflamps in the fixture to getthe fixture's total mean lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light lumenoutput at40% ofrated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens valuesusedfor these analyses. The coefficientofutilization is a function oflamptype, ballasttype androomproperties. Some ofthe impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors described earlier. There maybe additional correctionsrequiredto normalize light output when TI2 systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to determine what additional correction, ifany, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend to increase energy savings when conveliing from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is required).

3-14 For the purposes ofthis analysis, we have used an illuminance equation that incorporates lamp lumen depreciation with "Lumens per Luminaire " as shown below. Illuminance (at 40% oflamp's rated life) = 

### (# ofLuminaires) x (Mean Lumens per Luminaire) x (Other Light Loss Factors) x (CU) Area The value "Mean Lamp Lumens" is used to represent lamp light output after some lamp lumen depreciation has occurred. The actual value used is an average of"Mean Lumen" from the 22nd edition ofthe 

### GE Lighting 9200 Lamp Catalog and 

### Design Lumen from June 1997 edition ofthe 

### Philips Lamp Specification and Application Guide. Both catalogs define these values as the approximate lumen output when a lamp has reached 40% ofits rated life. As with the standard IES formula, this value is multipliedby the number oflamps in the fixture to getthe fixture's total mean lumens. Osram/Sylvania's 1996 Product catalog does not include a reference to each lamp's light lumenoutput at40% ofrated life. Table 3.8 shows the mean lumens valuesusedfor these analyses. The coefficientofutilization is a function oflamptype, ballasttype androomproperties. Some ofthe impact of CU on illuminance is already accounted for by the thermal correction factors described earlier. There maybe additional correctionsrequiredto normalize light output when TI2 systems are compared to T8 systems. At this time, we have not yet completed an analysis to determine what additional correction, ifany, is needed. Such a correction (CU ratio), would tend to increase energy savings when conveliing from a T12 to a T8 system (if equal light output is required).

3-14Table 3.8 Mean Lumens

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens Oft 1-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 1F40T12/ES 2,290 1 CC I F40T 12/ES 2,290 2 ERS T12 1 F40T 12/ES 2,290 3 ERS T8 1 F32T8/RE70 2,560 Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2F40T12/ES 4,580 1 CC 2F40T12/ES 4,580 2 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 4,580 3 ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870 1 CC 1.5X2F40T12/ES 6,870 2 ERS T12 1.5X2F40T12/ES 6,870 3 ERS T8 1.5X2F40T12/ES 7,680 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE ( not tandem wired) 0 EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 6,870 1 CC 1F40+2F40T12/ES 6,870 2 ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 6,870 3 ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680 Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160 1 CC 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160 2 ERS 12 2X2F40T 12/ES 9,160 3 ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240

3.7 PRICE - EFFICIENCY 

### The discussion below describes how we developed ballast prices and incremental ballast prices. Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. In most instances, ballasts, either in fixtures or not in fixtures, are purchased by contractors from electrical distributors. The contractor installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for the job. Thus the end-user ballast price is buried within the job invoice. To obtain end-user prices, the 1997 Draft Report used ballasts prices derived from a data collection effort by Gough and Associates (G&A) conducted for LBNL. G&A collected data at points in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually 3-15 

### Table 3.8 Mean Lumens

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM IF40TI2/ES 2,290 I CC 1 F40Tl2/ES 2,290 2 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 2,290 3 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 2,560 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 I CC 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 2 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 3 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870 I CC l.5X2F 40T 12/ES 6,870 2 ERS TI2 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 6,870 3 ERST8 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 7,680 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 0 EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 I CC IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 2 ERS TI2 3F40TI2IES 6,870 3 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 I CC 2X2F40T 12IES 9,160 2 ERS 12 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 3 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240


### 3.7 PRICE

- EFFICIENCY
The discussionbelowdescribeshowwe developedballastprices andincrementalballastprices. Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. ill most instances, ballasts, either infixtures ornotin fixtures, are purchasedbycontractorsfrom electricaldistributors. The contractor installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for thejob. Thus the end-user ballastplice is buriedwithin thejobinvoice. To obtain end-userprices, the 1997 Draft Reportused ballastsprices derived from a data collection effoliby Gough andAssociates (G&A) conducted for LBNL. G&A collected data atpoints in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually 3-15 

### Table 3.8 Mean Lumens

Level Description Lamp Type Mean Lumens 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM IF40TI2/ES 2,290 I CC 1 F40Tl2/ES 2,290 2 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 2,290 3 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 2,560 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 I CC 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 2 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 4,580 3 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 5,120 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) 0 EEM 1.5X2F40T 12/ES 6,870 I CC l.5X2F 40T 12/ES 6,870 2 ERS TI2 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 6,870 3 ERST8 l.5X2F40TI2/ES 7,680 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) 0 EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 I CC IF40+2F40TI2/ES 6,870 2 ERS TI2 3F40TI2IES 6,870 3 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 7,680 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE 0 EEM 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 I CC 2X2F40T 12IES 9,160 2 ERS 12 2X2F40TI2/ES 9,160 3 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 10,240


### 3.7 PRICE

- EFFICIENCY
The discussionbelowdescribeshowwe developedballastprices andincrementalballastprices. Because there are ballasts in the market at all of the efficiency levels considered by DOE, we determined incremental ballast prices for various efficiency levels by collecting information in the marketplace. However, it is difficult to obtain end-user pricing. ill most instances, ballasts, either infixtures ornotin fixtures, are purchasedbycontractorsfrom electricaldistributors. The contractor installs the fixtures and/or ballasts in a building and bills the owner for thejob. Thus the end-user ballastplice is buriedwithin thejobinvoice. To obtain end-userprices, the 1997 Draft Reportused ballastsprices derived from a data collection effoliby Gough andAssociates (G&A) conducted for LBNL. G&A collected data atpoints in the distribution chain where ballasts were sold individually 3-15and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a

G&A survey of ballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify. We reexamined the methodology used to obtain ballast prices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE has decided to use a more direct approach, starting with distributor to contractor prices for bothballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovided ballast distribution channel chart (see Figure 1 below), was needed to arrive at an end-user price. As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic andelectronic ballasts which contains only one markup between the distributor selling price and the enduser price, for which we are using 13 percent. The department has used 13 percent in past analyses, without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent of the market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to represent 63 percent of the market. These weights come from NEMA comment # 27, p. 8 where 37 percent is for the "distributor + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel." 

### With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical distributors were selected from the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60distributors who agreed to provide pricing information. Each of these distributors received a followup call. As of February 4, 1999, pricing data had been received from 27 electrical distributors in 19 different states. However, not all of the distributors provided prices for all six of the ballasts listed or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Each distributor was asked to give a contractor price for each of the ballasts, assuming an order for 100 of any given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average of the prices we received from the distributors plus an assumed 13% contractor markup. and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a G&A survey ofballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify. Wereexamined the methodologyusedto obtain ballastprices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE has decided to use a more direct approach, stmiing with distributor to contractor prices for both ballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovidedballast distribution channel chart(see Figure 1below), wasneededto arrive at an end-user price. As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic and electronicballastswhichcontainsonlyonemarkupbetweenthe distributor sellingprice andthe enduserprice, for whichwe are using 13 percent. The depmiment has used 13 percent in past analyses, without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent ofthe market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to represent 63 percent ofthe market. These weights corne from NEMAcomment#27, p. 8 where 37 percent is for the "distributor

### + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel." With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical distributors were selectedfrom the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60 distributorswho agreedtoprovidepricinginformation. Eachof thesedistributorsreceived afollowup call. As ofFebruary4, 1999, pricing data had beenreceived from 27 electrical distributors in 19 different states. However, not all ofthe distributors providedprices for all six ofthe ballasts listed or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Each distributor was asked to give a contractorprice for each ofthe ballasts, assuming an order for 100 ofany given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average ofthe prices we received from the distributors plus an assumed 13% contractor markup.

3-16 and applied markups to estimate end-user prices. These markups, provided by respondents to a G&A survey ofballast and fixture manufacturers, were difficult to obtain and to verify. Wereexamined the methodologyusedto obtain ballastprices for the 1997 Draft Report. DOE has decided to use a more direct approach, stmiing with distributor to contractor prices for both ballasts in fixtures and not in fixtures. Thus, only one markup, segments G and H in the NEMAprovidedballast distribution channel chart(see Figure 1below), wasneededto arrive at an end-user price. As described above, we gathered new ballast price data from distributors of magnetic and electronicballastswhichcontainsonlyonemarkupbetweenthe distributor sellingprice andthe enduserprice, for whichwe are using 13 percent. The depmiment has used 13 percent in past analyses, without any comment, and it was also used by NEMA in material sent to DOE in July 1998. We obtained prices for ballasts not in fixtures and for fixtures equipped with ballasts. Ballasts not in fixtures are assumed to represent 37 percent ofthe market, and ballasts in fixtures are assumed to represent 63 percent ofthe market. These weights corne from NEMAcomment#27, p. 8 where 37 percent is for the "distributor

### + LMC channel" and 63 percent is for the "OEM channel." With the goal of gathering ballast price data, LBNL attempted to contact two electrical distributors per state in late 1998 and January 1999. The first 26 distributors were taken from the Yellow Pages for 25 major metropolitan areas around the country. The remaining 74 electrical distributors were selectedfrom the American Wholesalers & Distributers Directory (5th Ed., Holly M. Selden & Jane A. Malonis Editors, 1997 by Gale Research) After an initial phone call, letters of confidentiality and a list of six fluorescent ballasts and six common fixtures were faxed to 60 distributorswho agreedtoprovidepricinginformation. Eachof thesedistributorsreceived afollowup call. As ofFebruary4, 1999, pricing data had beenreceived from 27 electrical distributors in 19 different states. However, not all ofthe distributors providedprices for all six ofthe ballasts listed or for the six common fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Each distributor was asked to give a contractorprice for each ofthe ballasts, assuming an order for 100 ofany given ballasts, for a "good" client. Lower quantity purchases could result in higher prices and higher quantity purchases could result in lower prices. Table 3.9 below lists the six individual ballasts (not in fixtures) and the average ofthe prices we received from the distributors plus an assumed 13% contractor markup.

3-16BALLAST MANUFACTURER A

G ENDU B

H
DER OF LIGHTING SYSTEM Figure 3.1 1999 NEMA Ballast Distribution Channels

Table 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data 

### C

Ballast # of Quotes Average Price + 13% Magnetic for 2 F40T 12/ES lamps 17 $13.16 Electronic for 2 F40T12/ES lamps 17 $23.62 Magnetic for 2 F96T12/ES lamps 11 $21.63 Electronic for 2 F96T12/ES lamps 11 $32.08 Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.10 Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48 We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For T12 lamps, we only used prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to calculate the average.


### 317**BALLAST~ANUFACTURER** A B 

### C OEMFIXTURE M UFACTURER D 

# I DISTRIBUTOR E F

I I CONTRACIPR/LMC

..... G H I 

# I ENDUSER OF LIGHTING SYST**~M** 

# I 

# I Figure 

### 3.11999 NEMA Bal ast Distribution Channels

Table 

### 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data Ballast # ofQuotes Average Price+ 13% Magnetic for 2 F40Tl2IES lamps 17 $13.16 Electronic for 2 F40Tl2/ES lamps 17 $23.62 Magnetic for 2 F96Tl2IES lamps 11 $21.63 Electronic for 2 F96Tl2/ES lamps 11 $32.08 Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.l0 Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48 

### We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For Tl2lamps, we only used prices from distributors who provided aprice for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range ofprices received was used to calculate the average.
3-17**BALLAST~ANUFACTURER** A B 

### C OEMFIXTURE M UFACTURER D 

# I DISTRIBUTOR E F

I I CONTRACIPR/LMC

..... G H I 

# I ENDUSER OF LIGHTING SYST**~M** 

# I 

# I Figure 

### 3.11999 NEMA Bal ast Distribution Channels

Table 

### 3.9 1999 Ballast (Not in Fixtures) Price Data Ballast # ofQuotes Average Price+ 13% Magnetic for 2 F40Tl2IES lamps 17 $13.16 Electronic for 2 F40Tl2/ES lamps 17 $23.62 Magnetic for 2 F96Tl2IES lamps 11 $21.63 Electronic for 2 F96Tl2/ES lamps 11 $32.08 Electronic for 2 F32T8 lamps 21 $20.l0 Electronic for 4 F32T8 lamps 10 $22.48 

### We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For Tl2lamps, we only used prices from distributors who provided aprice for both magnetic and electronic ballasts. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range ofprices received was used to calculate the average.
3-17Each distributor was also asked to give a contractor price for six common fixtures equipped

with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be for 100 of the given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.10 below lists the common fixtures, each equipped with one or more of the six ballasts and the average of the prices we received from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All of the fixtures for four-foot lamps are contractor-grade recessed troffers with 277-Volt ballasts and standard prismatic lenses. The fixtures for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts.
Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13% +13% Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55 lensed troffer Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22 lensed troffer General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05 Strip - 2 lamp Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80 lensed troffer requested Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43 lensed troffer requested We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For T12 lamps, we only used prices from distributors who provided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for T12 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range of prices received was used to calculate the average. NEMA also provided DOE with the results of its attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate of the industry average differential in selling price from fixture manufacturer to distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure showing different channels from ballast manufacturer to end user) among fixtures that were identical except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio of the manufacturer price of a luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data along with certain assumptions about fixture prices and mark-ups, NEMA arrived at end-user prices for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices (which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any information about the range of possible prices. However, we did examine the results of the NEMA approach and found that NEMA's prices and ratios of fixture prices fall within the ranges of data 

### 3-18 Each distributor was also asked to give a contractorprice for six common fixtures equipped with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be for 100 ofthe given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.10 below lists the common fixtures, eachequippedwith one ormore ofthe sixballasts andthe average ofthepriceswereceived from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All ofthe fixtures for four-foot lamps are contractor-graderecessedtrofferswith 277-Voltballasts and standardprismaticlenses. The fixtures for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts.


### Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13% +13% Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55 lensed troffer Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22 lensed troffer General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05 Strip - 2 lamp Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80 lensed troffer requested Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43 lensed troffer requested
We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For TI2 lamps, we only used prices from distributors whoprovided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for TI2 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range ofprices received was used to calculate the average. NEMA also provided DOE with the results ofits attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate ofthe industry average differential in sellingprice from fixture manufacturerto distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure showingdifferentchannelsfromballastmanufacturerto enduser) among fixturesthatwereidentical except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio ofthe manufacturer price ofa luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data alongwith certain assumptions about fixture prices andmark-ups,NEMA arrived at end-userprices for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices (which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any information about the range ofpossible prices. However, we did examine the results ofthe NEMA approach and found that NEMA's prices and ratios offixture prices fall within the ranges ofdata 3-18 Each distributor was also asked to give a contractorprice for six common fixtures equipped with the six fluorescent ballasts listed above. They were asked to assume that the order would be for 100 ofthe given fixture, and was for a "good" client. Table 3.10 below lists the common fixtures, eachequippedwith one ormore ofthe sixballasts andthe average ofthepriceswereceived from the distributors plus a 13% contractor markup. All ofthe fixtures for four-foot lamps are contractor-graderecessedtrofferswith 277-Voltballasts and standardprismaticlenses. The fixtures for the eight-foot lamps are general-purpose strip fixtures with 277-Volt ballasts.


### Table 3.10 1999 Fluorescent Fixture Price Data Fixture Lamp # of # of Price with Price with Electronic Description Ballasts Quotes Magnetic Ballast Ballast + 13% +13% Recessed 2-lamp 2F40T12/ES 1 11 $42.58 $54.55 lensed troffer Recessed 4-lamp 4F40T12/ES 2 13 $47.45 $62.22 lensed troffer General Purpose 2F96T12 1 10 $32.63 $54.05 Strip - 2 lamp Recessed 2-lamp 2F32T8 1 8 Data not $51.80 lensed troffer requested Recessed 4-lamp 4F32T8 1 9 Data not $47.43 lensed troffer requested
We received more quotes than are listed in the table above. For TI2 lamps, we only used prices from distributors whoprovided a price for both magnetic and electronic ballast. We did this because we wanted the most direct price differences between magnetic and electronic ballasts for TI2 systems from the same source. For T8 lamps, the full range ofprices received was used to calculate the average. NEMA also provided DOE with the results ofits attempt to obtain prices for ballasts sold in fixtures. NEMA asked fixture manufacturers for an estimate ofthe industry average differential in sellingprice from fixture manufacturerto distributors (segment D in Figure 3-1 NEMA's figure showingdifferentchannelsfromballastmanufacturerto enduser) among fixturesthatwereidentical except for their ballasts. From these data, NEMA provided DOE with a ratio ofthe manufacturer price ofa luminaire with electronic ballasts to one with magnetic ballasts. Then, using these data alongwith certain assumptions about fixture prices andmark-ups,NEMA arrived at end-userprices for ballasts in fixtures. We have decided not to use this approach because the various assumptions are not documented, because fixture manufacturers were not asked to provide their own prices (which they would have known precisely), and because this approach does not provide any information about the range ofpossible prices. However, we did examine the results ofthe NEMA approach and found that NEMA's prices and ratios offixture prices fall within the ranges ofdata 3-18

### used in our analysis as discussed below. WeightedAverage Ballast Prices. Having an average price for ballasts not in fixtures (Table 3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis. We calculated the incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtracting the price for a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price of the same fixture when equipped with an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the incremental cost of the electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price of the baseline ballast's average price. We used the T12 magnetic ballast price (not in a fixture) to be the baseline ballast because we cannot directly obtain the ballast portion of a fixture price
. We therefore made the assumption that the price of the baseline EEM ballast was the same whether sold by itself or as part of a fixture
. This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the incremental price of an electronic ballast relative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above , the price of an electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following: Column 1 The average price of the magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture Column 2 The average price of the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture Column 3 The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2

minus column 1 

### Column 4 The average price of the fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast Column 5 The average price of the fixture equipped with an electronic ballast Column 6 The average incremental price for the fixture with electronic ballast, column 5 minus

column 4 Column 7 Weighted average electronic ballast incremental price: average incremental price of

electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 6, multiplied by a weight of 0.63. 

### Column 8 Weighted average electronic total price of electronic : weighted average incremental

electronic ballast price, column 7, added to the average price of the stand-alone EEM ballast, column 1. In the case of 3F40T12 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is 1.5 times the price of the corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be tandem-wired between two three

-lamp fixtures. The price for non-tandem wired 3F40T 12 electronic ballasts is calculated by the same process as described above. However, in this case , the price of an EEM ballast (column 1 ) is actually the sum of the price for a 1 F40T 12 and a 2F40T 12 EEM ballast.



### 3-19 used in our analysis as discussed below. WeightedAverageBallastPrices. Havingan averageprice forballastsnotin fixtures (Table 3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis. We calculatedthe incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtractingthe price for a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price ofthe same fixture when equipped with an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the incremental cost ofthe electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price ofthe baseline ballast's average price. We used the TI2 magnetic ballastprice (not in a fixture) to be the baseline ballastbecause we cannot directly obtain the ballast pOliion ofa fixture price. We therefore made the assumption that the price ofthe baseline EEM ballast was the same whether soldby itselfor as part of a fixture. This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the incremental price ofan electronic ballastrelative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above, the price ofan electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following: Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7

Column 8 The average price ofthe magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture The average price ofthe electronic ballast(s) not in fixture The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2 minus column 1 The average price ofthe fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast The average price ofthe fixture equipped with an electronic ballast Theaverageincrementalprice forthe fixture withelectronicballast, colull1l1 5 minus column 4 Weighted average electronicballast incrementalprice: average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus average incrementalprice ofelectronicballastnotin fixture, column 6, multipliedby a weight of0.63. Weightedaverage electronic total price ofelectronic: weighted average incremental electronicballastprice, column 7, addedtothe averageprice ofthe stand-aloneEEM ballast, column 1. In the case of3F40TI2 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is 1.5 times the price ofthe corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be tandem-wired between two three-lamp fixtures. Thepricefornon-tandemwired3 F40T12 electronicballasts is calculatedbythe sameprocess as described above. However, in this case, the price ofan EEM ballast (column 1) is actuallythe sum ofthe price for a IF40TI2 and a 2F40T12 EEM ballast.

3-19 used in our analysis as discussed below. WeightedAverageBallastPrices. Havingan averageprice forballastsnotin fixtures (Table 3.9), we then determined an average price for ballasts in fixtures from the data in Table 3.10 and weighed them together to obtain an average incremental ballast price for use in our LCC analysis. We calculatedthe incremental price for an electronic ballast in a fixture by subtractingthe price for a fixture equipped with a magnetic ballast from the price ofthe same fixture when equipped with an electronic ballast. The average of all the incremental prices is assumed to represent the incremental cost ofthe electronic ballast(s) in the fixture over and above the price ofthe baseline ballast's average price. We used the TI2 magnetic ballastprice (not in a fixture) to be the baseline ballastbecause we cannot directly obtain the ballast pOliion ofa fixture price. We therefore made the assumption that the price ofthe baseline EEM ballast was the same whether soldby itselfor as part of a fixture. This assumption affects the absolute ballast prices but does not affect the incremental price ofan electronic ballastrelative to a magnetic ballast. Given the above, the price ofan electronic ballast is obtained as shown in Table 3.11 by the following: Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7

Column 8 The average price ofthe magnetic (EEM) baseline ballast(s) not in fixture The average price ofthe electronic ballast(s) not in fixture The average incremental price for the electronic ballast(s) not in fixture, column 2 minus column 1 The average price ofthe fixture associated with a magnetic (EEM) ballast The average price ofthe fixture equipped with an electronic ballast Theaverageincrementalprice forthe fixture withelectronicballast, colull1l1 5 minus column 4 Weighted average electronicballast incrementalprice: average incremental price of electronic ballast not in fixture, column 3, multiplied by a weight of 0.37 plus average incrementalprice ofelectronicballastnotin fixture, column 6, multipliedby a weight of0.63. Weightedaverage electronic total price ofelectronic: weighted average incremental electronicballastprice, column 7, addedtothe averageprice ofthe stand-aloneEEM ballast, column 1. In the case of3F40TI2 and 3F32T8 tandem-wired electronic ballasts, the weighted price is 1.5 times the price ofthe corresponding two-lamp electronic ballasts. This reflects the fact that existing wiring configurations will require three 2F40T12 or 2F32T8 electronic ballasts to be tandem-wired between two three-lamp fixtures. Thepricefornon-tandemwired3 F40T12 electronicballasts is calculatedbythe sameprocess as described above. However, in this case, the price ofan EEM ballast (column 1) is actuallythe sum ofthe price for a IF40TI2 and a 2F40T12 EEM ballast.

3-19Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts

2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price

2F40T12 EMAG (ballast not in fixture) 2F40T12 EL

(ballast not in fixture) $ 23.62
2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price

2F40T12 EMAG (ballast not in fixture) 13.16 2F32T8 EL (ballast not in fixture) $ Incremental Price $ 10.46

Incremental Price 20.10 $ 6.94 2F40T12 EMAG

Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 42.58

2F40T12 EMAG Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 42.58 3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired

1 F4OT12 + 2F40T12 EMAG (ballast not In fixture, non tandem-wired)

26.57 3F40T12 EL (ballast not in fixture) $ 29.75 4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 2x2F4OT12 EMAG (ballast not in fixtureballast not in fixture) $ 26.32 2x2F40T12 EL

(ballast not in fixture) $ 47.24 4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price
2x2F4OT12 EMAG (ballast not in fixture) $ 26.32 1 22.48 2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price Incremental Price $ 3.17

Incremental Price $ 20.92

Incremental Price $ (3.84) )

3F40T12 EMAG Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 47.45

4F40T12 EMAG Troffer (ballast + fixture) 47.45

4F40T12 EMAG Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 47.45 2F40T12 EL

Troffer (ballast + fixture) 54.55

2F32T8 EL Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 51.80

3F40T12 EL Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 62.22

4F40T12 EL Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 62.22

4F32T8 EL Troffer (ballast + fixture) $ 47.43 Average

Incremental Price for Electronic Ballast $ 11.97

Incremental Price $ 9.22

Incremental Price $ 14.77

Incremental Price $ 14.77

Incremental Price $ (0.02) Weighted

Electronic Average Incremental Price $

Weighted Incremental Price $ 8.38

Weighted Incremental Price $ 10.48

Weighted Incremental Price $ 17.05

Weighted Incremental Price $ (1.43) Weighted

Electronic Average Total Price $ 24.57

Weighted Total Price $ 21.54

Weighted Total Price $ 37.05

Weighted Total Price $ 43.37

Weighted Total Price $ 24.89

2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99

4F32T8 EL (ballast not in fixture) Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8



### 3-20 

### Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8
2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price Average Weighted 2F40T12 EL Incremental Electronic Weighted 2F40T12 EMAG 2F40T12 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Price for Average Electronic (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Electronic Incremental Average fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Ballast Price Total Price $ 13.16 $ 23.62 $ 10.46 $ 42.58 $ 54.55 $ 11.97 $ 11.41 $ 24.57
2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 2F32T8 EL 2F40T12 EMAG 2F32T8 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 13.16 $ 20.10 $ 6.94 $ 42.58 $ 51.80 $ 9.22 $ 8.38 $ 21.54 3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired)

1F40T12 + 2F40T12 3F40T12 EL EMAG (ballast not 3F40T12 EL Incre- 3F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted

I nfixture, non (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted tandem-wired) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.57 $ 29.75 $ 3.17 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 10.48 $ 37.05 4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 2x2F40T12 EMAG (ballast 4F40T12 EL not in 2x2F40T12 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted fixtureballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.32 $ 47.24 $ 20.92 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 17.05 $ 43.37 4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 4F32T8 EL 2x2F40T12 4F32T8 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted EMAG (ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.32 $ 22.48 $ (3.84) $ 47.45 $ 47.43 $ (0.02) $ (1.43) $ 24.89 2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price
2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99


### 3-20 

### Table 3.11 Weighted Prices for Ballasts Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8
2F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price Average Weighted 2F40T12 EL Incremental Electronic Weighted 2F40T12 EMAG 2F40T12 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Price for Average Electronic (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Electronic Incremental Average fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Ballast Price Total Price $ 13.16 $ 23.62 $ 10.46 $ 42.58 $ 54.55 $ 11.97 $ 11.41 $ 24.57
2F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 2F32T8 EL 2F40T12 EMAG 2F32T8 EL Incre- 2F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 13.16 $ 20.10 $ 6.94 $ 42.58 $ 51.80 $ 9.22 $ 8.38 $ 21.54 3F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price (non-tandem wired)

1F40T12 + 2F40T12 3F40T12 EL EMAG (ballast not 3F40T12 EL Incre- 3F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted

I nfixture, non (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted tandem-wired) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.57 $ 29.75 $ 3.17 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 10.48 $ 37.05 4F40T12 Electronic Ballast Price 2x2F40T12 EMAG (ballast 4F40T12 EL not in 2x2F40T12 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted fixtureballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.32 $ 47.24 $ 20.92 $ 47.45 $ 62.22 $ 14.77 $ 17.05 $ 43.37 4F32T8 Electronic Ballast Price 4F32T8 EL 2x2F40T12 4F32T8 EL Incre- 4F40T12 EMAG Troffer Weighted EMAG (ballast (ballast not in mental Troffer (ballast (ballast + Incremental Incremental Weighted not in fixture) fixture) Price + fixture) fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 26.32 $ 22.48 $ (3.84) $ 47.45 $ 47.43 $ (0.02) $ (1.43) $ 24.89 2F96T12 Electronic Ballast Price
2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Incre- 2F96T12 EMAG 2F96T12 Elec Weighted (ballast not in (ballast not in mental Strip (ballast + Strip (ballast Incremental Incremental Weighted fixture) fixture) Price fixture) + fixture) Price Price Total Price $ 21.63 $ 32.08 $ 10.45 $ 32.63 $ 54.05 $ 21.42 $ 17.36 $ 38.99


### 3-20Less Common Ballasts
. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain

distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all of the less common ballasts and tends to receive orders for small quantities
. In order to obtain pricing for these ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices , we calculated the ratio between the average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these ballasts are presented in the first four rows of Table 3.11 below
. Prices for the remaining ballasts in the table were adjusted by dividing the Grainger catalogue "Each Price" by one of the ratios. All ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture
. Grainger's catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Column 1 Ballast Type Column 2 Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389) Column 3 Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price" 

### Column 4 For first four rows

Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price, Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13. For all other rows All T12 magnetic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T 12 magnetic ballast ( 1.87). All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the 2F4OT12 electronic ballast ( 1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are similar. 

### All T8 electronic ballasts use the average of the ratios for the 2F32T8 and the 4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02. Column 5 LBNL

-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4 Column 6 LBNL

-Average + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser

markup) 

### Less Common Ballasts. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all ofthe less commonballasts andtendsto receive orders for smallquantities. In orderto obtainpricingforthese ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices, we calculated the ratio between the average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these ballasts are presented in the first four rows ofTable 3.11 below. Prices for the remaining ballasts in the table were adjusted by dividingthe Grainger catalogue "EachPrice"by one oftheratios. All ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture. Grainger's catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

Column 5 Column 6 Ballast Type Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389) Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price" For first four rows Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price, Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13. For all otherrows AllT12magneticballastsusetheratiofrom the 2F40T12magneticballast(1.87). All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the 2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are similar. All T8 electronic ballasts use the average ofthe ratios for the 2F32T8 and the 4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02. LBNL-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4 LBNL-Average 

### + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser markup)

3-21 

### Less Common Ballasts. For less common ballast types, we were not able to directly obtain distributor prices. For these ballasts we went to a nationwide supplier that stocks all ofthe less commonballasts andtendsto receive orders for smallquantities. In orderto obtainpricingforthese ballasts that would be comparable to the LBNL derived prices, we calculated the ratio between the average distributor price (from the LBNL prices) for the more common ballasts with the prices for them in the 1998/99 W. W. Grainger catalogue (number 389). The prices and the ratios for these ballasts are presented in the first four rows ofTable 3.11 below. Prices for the remaining ballasts in the table were adjusted by dividingthe Grainger catalogue "EachPrice"by one oftheratios. All ballast prices in Table 3.12 are for ballasts sold separately, not as part of a fixture. Grainger's catalogue does not list fixtures equipped with these ballasts. Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4

Column 5 Column 6 Ballast Type Grainger Stock Number from the (W. W. Grainger catalogue #389) Grainger catalogue #389 " Each Price" For first four rows Ratio of Grainger "Each Price," column 3, to Average Ballast Price, Table 3.9 prices divided by 1.13. For all otherrows AllT12magneticballastsusetheratiofrom the 2F40T12magneticballast(1.87). All T12 electronic ballasts use the ratio from the 2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). All T12 cathode cutout ballasts are assumed to be priced similarly to the 2F40T12 electronic ballast (1.53). The annual shipments for the two types are similar. All T8 electronic ballasts use the average ofthe ratios for the 2F32T8 and the 4F32T8 electronic ballasts, 1.95 plus 2.09 divided by 2 yields 2.02. LBNL-Calculated Average Ballast Price, column 3 divided by column 4 LBNL-Average 

### + 13%, column 5 plus 13% of column 5 (contractor to enduser markup)

3-21Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) Column 1

2F96T12 48.15 35.54 2F96T12/HO EL I 3V967 1 59.65 1 1.53 1 38.96 1 44.02 * The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation of the average price for a 3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of 2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixture and without fixture.

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballast prices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report." Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 1 Column 6 Grainger Grainger Ratio of Each LBNL LBNL Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average Number " Each Price " Average Price Average + 13%



### 3-22 

### Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Grainger Grainger Ratio ofEach LBNL LBNL

Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average Ballast Tvpe Number "Each Price" Avera!?:e Price Avera!?:e +13% 2F40T12 EMAG 6X922 21.80 1.87 11.65 13.17 2F40T12 El 3V602 32.00 1.53 20.90 B.62 2F32T8 EL 1C206 34.70 1.95 17.79 20.10 4F32T8 El 1C194 41.55 2.09 19.89 22.47 1F40T12 EMAG 3X960 22.20 1.87 11.87 13.41 1F40T12 CC 6V991 27.45 1.53 17.93 20.26 1F40T12 EL 1C221 35.60 1.53 23.25 26.27 1F32T8 EL 1C217 34.70 2.02 17.18 19.41 2F40T12 CC 3V543 30.10 1.53 19.66 22.21 3F40T12 EL* 1C202 40.30 1.53 26.32 29.74 3F32T8 EL 1C896 40.30 2.02 19.95 22.55 2F96T121HO MAG 5X789 52.90 1.87 28.28 31.96 2F96T121HO CC 5X789 48.15 1.53 3145 35.54 2F96T121HO EL 3V967 59.65 1.53 38.96 44.02 

### * The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation ofthe average price for a 3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixtLU'e and without fixture.

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballastprices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report. tt

3-22 

### Table 3.12 Ballast Prices Based on Grainger Catalog (1997$) Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Grainger Grainger Ratio ofEach LBNL LBNL

Stock catalogue #389 Price to LBNL Calculated Average Ballast Tvpe Number "Each Price" Avera!?:e Price Avera!?:e +13% 2F40T12 EMAG 6X922 21.80 1.87 11.65 13.17 2F40T12 El 3V602 32.00 1.53 20.90 B.62 2F32T8 EL 1C206 34.70 1.95 17.79 20.10 4F32T8 El 1C194 41.55 2.09 19.89 22.47 1F40T12 EMAG 3X960 22.20 1.87 11.87 13.41 1F40T12 CC 6V991 27.45 1.53 17.93 20.26 1F40T12 EL 1C221 35.60 1.53 23.25 26.27 1F32T8 EL 1C217 34.70 2.02 17.18 19.41 2F40T12 CC 3V543 30.10 1.53 19.66 22.21 3F40T12 EL* 1C202 40.30 1.53 26.32 29.74 3F32T8 EL 1C896 40.30 2.02 19.95 22.55 2F96T121HO MAG 5X789 52.90 1.87 28.28 31.96 2F96T121HO CC 5X789 48.15 1.53 3145 35.54 2F96T121HO EL 3V967 59.65 1.53 38.96 44.02 

### * The price for 3F40T12 EL derived here is used in the calculation ofthe average price for a 3F40T12 EL ballast weighted by a ratio of2/3 and 1/3 sold within fixtLU'e and without fixture.

Table 3.13 (below) shows the ballastprices for all ballast types analyzed. For comparison purposes only, we also show the prices from the July 1997 Draft Report. tt

3-22Table 3.13 Prices (in 1997$) for all Ballast Types Analyzed

Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Feb. 99 - Ballast Price Jul. 97

- Ballast Price

Configuration 4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 1F40T12/ES 1 13.41* 11.69 CC 1F40T12/ES 1 20.25* 17.60 ERS T12 1F40T12/ES 1 26.27* 22.47 ERS T8 1F32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69 Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40T 12/ES 1 13.16' 11.43 CC 2F40T12/ES 1 22.21* 16.32 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1 24.571 22.35 ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.541 20.12 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40T12/ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40T12/ES 1.5 33.32 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03 ERS T8 2F40T12/ES 1.5 32.31 22.54 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 26.58 CC IF40+2F40T12/ES 2 42.46 ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 1 37.051 25.03 ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 22.54 Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40T12/ES 2 26.34 CC F40T12/ES 2 44.42 ERS T12 F40T12/ES 2 43.371 ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.891 24.56 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.62' 19.90 EIS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 38.991 30.49 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85 CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 37.76 ERST12 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01* 46.42 * Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustment using price ratio of Grainger to phone data for other ballasts for which these data were available (See Table 3.12). Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9). 1 Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11).



### 3-23 

### T 

### hI 313 P' 

### C 1997$)**~** 

### n B II T



### a e 

# . flees III 

### or a a astypes A

### nalyzed 

### Description Lamp/Ballast # ofBallasts Feb. 99

- Ballast Price Jul. 97

- Ballast Price Configuration 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE EEM IF40TI2!ES 1 13.41 * 11.69 CC 1 F40TI2!ES 1 20.25* 17.60 ERS TI2 1 F40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 22.47 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16i· 11.43 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 16.32 ERS TI2 2F40TI2!ES 1 24.57+ 22.35 ERST8 2F32T8!RE70 1 21.54+ 20.12 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40TI2!ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 ERS TI2 2F40Tl2/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03 ERST8 2F40T12!ES 1.5 32.31 22.54 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 CC 1 F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 42.46 ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05+ 25.03 ERST8 3F32T8!RE70 1 22.55* 22.54 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37+ ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89+ 24.56 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.6ii· 19.90 EIS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99:t 30.49 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85 CC 2F96T12!ES 1 35.53* 37.76 ERS TI2 2F96TI2/ES 1 44.01 * 46.42 

### *Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustmentusmgpnceratio ofGramger to phone data for otherballasts for which these data were available (See Table 3.12). t Phone data collection

- Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9). 1: Phone data collection

- Price weighted by proportion ofballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11).

3-23 

### T 

### hI 313 P' 

### C 1997$)**~** 

### n B II t T



### a e 

# . flees III 

### or a a as ypes A

### nalyzed 

### Description Lamp/Ballast # ofBallasts Feb. 99

- Ballast Price Jul. 97

- Ballast Price Configuration 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE EEM IF40TI2!ES 1 13.41 * 11.69 CC 1 F40TI2!ES 1 20.25* 17.60 ERS TI2 1 F40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 22.47 ERST8 IF32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 18.69 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16i· 11.43 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 16.32 ERS TI2 2F40TI2!ES 1 24.57+ 22.35 ERST8 2F32T8!RE70 1 21.54+ 20.12 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40TI2!ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 ERS TI2 2F40Tl2/ES 1.5 36.86 25.03 ERST8 2F40T12!ES 1.5 32.31 22.54 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM IF40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 CC 1 F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 42.46 ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05+ 25.03 ERST8 3F32T8!RE70 1 22.55* 22.54 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37+ ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89+ 24.56 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 21.6ii· 19.90 EIS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99:t 30.49 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* 32.85 CC 2F96T12!ES 1 35.53* 37.76 ERS TI2 2F96TI2/ES 1 44.01 * 46.42 

### *Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustmentusmgprice ratio ofGrainger to phone data for otherballasts for which these data were available (See Table 3.12). t Phone data collection

- Individual Ballast Price only (See Table3.9). 1: Phone data collection

- Price weighted by proportion ofballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11).

3-23Ballast Price Variance. The ballast prices we collected vary by distributors' locations and

are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales of the distributor, size of order, or time of data collection. Therefore, we used a range of prices rather than an average incremental price in the LCC analysis. We assumed that a large enough set of ballast prices would yield a normal distribution, so we used a normal distribution for all of the incremental price input distributions for the LCC analysis. We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all of the incremental price distributions used as inputs to the LCC analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations of the 17 values of 2F40 T IVES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% of their mean values, respectively. For the 21 values of 2F32T8 electronic ballast prices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% of the mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity of the LCC results to this input assumption (standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size of the standard deviation. As a result of this distribution, we are using the range of ballast prices shown in Table 3.14. 

### BallastPrice Variance. The ballastprices we collected Vatyby distributors' locations and are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales ofthe distributor, size oforder, ortime ofdata collection. Therefore, we used arange ofprices ratherthan an average incremental price in the 

## LCe analysis. We assumed that a large enough set ofballast priceswould yield a nOTInal distribution, so we used a nonnal distribution for all ofthe incremental price input distributions for the 

## LeC analysis. We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all ofthe incremental price distributions used as inputs to the 

## Lee analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations ofthe 17 values.of 2F40 TI2/ES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% oftheirmean values, respectively. For the 21 values of2F32T8 electronic ballastprices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% ofthe mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity ofthe 

## Lee results to this input assumption (standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size ofthe standard deviation. As a result ofthis distribution, we are using the range ofballast prices shown in Table 3.14.

3-24 

### BallastPrice Variance. The ballastprices we collected Vatyby distributors' locations and are likely be affected by other factors (which we did not investigate) such as annual sales ofthe distributor, size oforder, ortime ofdata collection. Therefore, we used arange ofprices ratherthan an average incremental price in the 

## LCe analysis. We assumed that a large enough set ofballast priceswould yield a nOTInal distribution, so we used a nonnal distribution for all ofthe incremental price input distributions for the 

## LeC analysis. We chose a 15% standard deviation relative to the mean for all ofthe incremental price distributions used as inputs to the 

## Lee analysis. We have also calculated standard deviations for our large data sets for specific ballast types. The assumed 15 percent standard deviation compares well with the data from Table 3.11. For example, the standard deviations ofthe 17 values.of 2F40 TI2/ES magnetic and electronic ballasts were 14% and 20% oftheirmean values, respectively. For the 21 values of2F32T8 electronic ballastprices, we calculated a standard deviation of 14% ofthe mean value. Additionally, we tested the sensitivity ofthe 

## Lee results to this input assumption (standard deviation) and found the results to be insensitive to the size ofthe standard deviation. As a result ofthis distribution, we are using the range ofballast prices shown in Table 3.14.

3-24Description Lamp/Ballast # of Ballasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price Configuration Oft 1-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 1 F40T 12/ES 1 13.41 * CC 1F40T12/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36 ERS T12 lF40T12/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09 ERS T8 1 F32T8/RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15 Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40T12/ES 1 13.16' CC 2F40T12/ES 1 22.21* 12.22 32.20 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1 24.571 13.51 35.63 ERS T8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.541 11.85 31.23 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40T12/ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40T12/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31 ERS T12 2F40T12/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44 ERS T8 2F40T12/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE ( not tandem wired) EEM 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 26.58 CC 1F40+2F40T12/ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57 ERS T12 3F40T12/ES 1 37.051 20.38 53.72 ERS T8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40T12/ES 2 26.34 CC F40112/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41 ERS T12 F40T12/ES 2 43.37$ 23.85 62.89 ERS T8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.891 13.69 36.09 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12/ES l 21.62' EIS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 38.99k 21.44 56.54 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/110 EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52 ERS T12 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01* 24.21 63.81 * Prices from Grainger catalog after adjustment with price ratio of Grainger to phone data for other ballasts for which these data were available (See Table 3.12). Phone data collection - Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9). Phone data collection - Price weighted by proportion of ballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11). 

### Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below, the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast

Table 3.14 Range of Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analyses



### 3-25 a e 

# . T bI 314 Range 0 rices III se III f 

### P' 

## C 1997$) U d' LCC Analyses Description Lamp/Ballast # ofBallasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price Configuration 4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 1 F40TI2/ES 1 13.41 * CC IF40TI2/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09 ERST8 IF32T8!RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16 1 ' CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 12.22 32.20 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1 24.57i 13.51 35.63 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.54i 11.85 31.23 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44 ERST8 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM 1F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 CC 1F40+2F40TI21ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57 ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05 i 20.38 53.72 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41 ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37i 23.85 62.89 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89t 13.69 36.09 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12IES I 21.62"i" EIS TI2 2F96T12IES 1**38.99:~** 21.44 56.54 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52 ERS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01 * 24.21 63.81 * Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustment wIth pnceratIo ofGramgerto phone data for otherballasts for whIch these data were available (See Table 3.12). 1" Phone data collection

- Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9). t Phone data collection

- Price weighted by proportion ofballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11). Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below, the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast 3-25 a e 

# . T bI 314 Range 0 rices III se III f 

### P' 

## C 1997$) U d' LCC Analyses Description Lamp/Ballast # ofBallasts Mean Price Min. Price Max. Price Configuration 4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 1 F40TI2/ES 1 13.41 * CC IF40TI2/ES 1 20.25* 11.14 29.36 ERS TI2 IF40TI2/ES 1 26.27* 14.45 38.09 ERST8 IF32T8!RE70 1 20.10* 11.06 29.15 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1 13.16 1 ' CC 2F40TI2/ES 1 22.21 * 12.22 32.20 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1 24.57i 13.51 35.63 ERST8 2F32T8/RE70 1 21.54i 11.85 31.23 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 19.76 CC 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 33.32 18.32 48.31 ERS TI2 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 36.86 20.27 53.44 ERST8 2F40TI2/ES 1.5 32.31 17.77 46.85 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM 1F40+2F40TI2/ES 2 26.58 CC 1F40+2F40TI21ES 2 42.46 23.35 61.57 ERS TI2 3F40TI2/ES 1 37.05 i 20.38 53.72 ERST8 3F32T8/RE70 1 22.55* 12.40 32.70 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM F40TI2/ES 2 26.34 CC F40TI2/ES 2 44.42 24.43 64.41 ERS TI2 F40TI2/ES 2 43.37i 23.85 62.89 ERST8 4F32T8/RE70 1 24.89t 13.69 36.09 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM 2F96T12IES I 21.62"i" EIS TI2 2F96T12IES 1**38.99:~** 21.44 56.54 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM 2F96T12/ES 1 31.96* CC 2F96T12/ES 1 35.53* 19.54 51.52 ERS TI2 2F96T12/ES 1 44.01 * 24.21 63.81 * Pnces from Gramger catalog after adjustment wIth pnceratIo ofGramgerto phone data for otherballasts for whIch these data were available (See Table 3.12). 1" Phone data collection

- Individual Ballast Price only (See Table 3.9). t Phone data collection

- Price weighted by proportion ofballasts sold individually and those sold in fixture (See Table 3.11). Because incremental prices were used in the LCC analysis, we show, in Table 3.15 below, the mean incremental ballast price and range of incremental prices used for each lamp/ballast 3-25combination. For example, for the 2F40 T I 2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from

the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53. Table 3.15 Range of Incremental Prices (in 1997$ Used in LCC Anal ses Description Mean Inc. Price Min
. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price 4ft 1-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 6.84 3.76 9.92 ERS T12 12.86 7.07 18.65 ERS T8 6.69 3.68 9.70 Oft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 9.04 4.97 13.11 ERS T12 11.41 6.27 16.53 ERS T8 8.37 4.60 12.14 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM NA CC 13.56 7.46 19.66 ERS T12 17.10 9.41 24.80 ERS T8 12.55 6.90 18.20 Oft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM NA CC 15.88 8.73 23.03 ERS T12 10.47 5.76 15.18 ERS T8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22 Oft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 18.08 9.44 26.21 ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69 ERS T8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA EIS T12 17.37 9.55 25.19 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/IIO EEM NA CC 3.57 1.96 5.18 ERS T12 12.05 6.63 17.47 NA means not applicable. All incremental prices are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price.


### 3-26 combination. For example, for the 2F40 

### TI2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T 12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53. 

### Table 3.15 Range ofIncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analvses

Description Mean Inc. Price Min. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 6.84 3.76 9.92 ERS TI2 12.86 7.07 18.65 ERST8 6.69 3.68 9.70 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 9.04 4.97 13.11 ERS TI2 11.41 6.27 16.53 ERST8 8.37 4.60 12.14 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM NA CC 13.56 7.46 19.66 ERS TI2 17.10 9.41 24.80 ERST8 12.55 6.90 18.20 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM NA CC 15.88 8.73 23.03 ERS TI2 10.47 5.76 15.18 ERST8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 18.08 9.44 26.21 ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69 ERST8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA EIS TI2 17.37 9.55 25.19 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM NA CC 3.57 1.96 5.18 ERS TI2 12.05 6.63 17.47 NA means not applicable. All Incremental pnces are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price.

3-26 combination. For example, for the 2F40 

### TI2/ES lamp, the mean incremental price to convert from the baseline EEM ballast to an electronic T 12 ballast is $11.41. Prices in the incremental ballast price distribution range from $6.27 to $16.53. 

### Table 3.15 Range ofIncremental Prices (in 1997$) Used in LCC Analvses

Description Mean Inc. Price Min. Inc. Price Max. Inc. Price 4ft I-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 6.84 3.76 9.92 ERS TI2 12.86 7.07 18.65 ERST8 6.69 3.68 9.70 4ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 9.04 4.97 13.11 ERS TI2 11.41 6.27 16.53 ERST8 8.37 4.60 12.14 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (tandem wired) EEM NA CC 13.56 7.46 19.66 ERS TI2 17.10 9.41 24.80 ERST8 12.55 6.90 18.20 4ft 3-LAMP FIXTURE (not tandem wired) EEM NA CC 15.88 8.73 23.03 ERS TI2 10.47 5.76 15.18 ERST8 -4.03 -5.84 -2.22 4ft 4-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA CC 18.08 9.44 26.21 ERS T12 17.03 9.37 24.69 ERST8 -1.45 -2.10 -0.80 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE EEM NA EIS TI2 17.37 9.55 25.19 8ft 2-LAMP FIXTURE/HO EEM NA CC 3.57 1.96 5.18 ERS TI2 12.05 6.63 17.47 NA means not applicable. All Incremental pnces are relative to the EEM baseline ballast price.

3-26REFERENCES

1. American National Standards Institute
. ANSI C82.2. An American National Standard, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts - Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2-, 1984. 2. NEMA 1996. Attachment to Comment #9, Hybrid Ballasts III Life Test Results and System Performance Data by D. Garbowicz
. and B
.R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996. 3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, Docket No: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994. 4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 1993 and February 2, 1994. 5. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). 1995.Public Workshop Comments, Appendixes A and B. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of NYSEO and Peter Biermayer of LBNL. 7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure For Determining Luminaire Efficacy Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 1, January 1995. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1995. 8. U.S. Department of Energy. Advanced Lighting Guidelines: 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. Department of Energy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 9. Xenergy Inc. 1995. Extract ofXENCAP lighting audit database showing lighting equipment 

### and lighting hours of operation for over 24 ,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990- early 1995 10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. Commercial Buildings Characteristics 1992: Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). 11. Draft Report on Potential Impact of Possible Energy Efficiency Levels for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts, July 1997 

### REFERENCES 1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. AnAmericanNational Standard, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

- Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2:-, 1984. 2. NEMA 1996. Attachmentto Comment#9,HybridBallastsIIILife Test Results andSystem PeiformanceDatabyD. Garbowicz. and B.R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996. 3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on ProposedRulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, DocketNo: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994. 4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 1993 and February 2, 1994. 5. NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation(NEMA). 1995.Public Workshop Comments, AppendixesA andB. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of NYSEO and Peter Biermayer ofLBNL. 7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure ForDeterminingLuminaireEfficacy Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 

### 1, January? 

### 1995. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1995. 8. U.S. Department ofEnergy. AdvancedLighting Guidelines: 

### 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. Depatiment ofEnergy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 9. XenergyInc. 1995. ExtractofXENCAP lighting auditdatabase showinglightingequipment and lighting hours ofoperation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990- early 1995 10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Inforn1ation Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. CommercialBuildings Characteristics 

### 1992: CommercialBuildings Energy Consumption Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). 11. DraftReportonPotentialImpactofPossibleEnergyEfficiencyLevelsfor FluorescentLamp Ballasts, July 1997

3-27 

### REFERENCES 1. American National Standards Institute. ANSI C82.2. AnAmericanNational Standard, Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts

- Methods of Measurement. Chicago, IL, C82.2:-, 1984. 2. NEMA 1996. Attachmentto Comment#9,HybridBallastsIIILife Test Results andSystem PeiformanceDatabyD. Garbowicz. and B.R. Jug, submitted on Proposed Rulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts by L.A. Coulson, Rosslyn VA, July 19, 1996. 3. Advance Transformer Co. Comments on ProposedRulemaking for Fluorescent Ballasts, DocketNo: 0692, pp. 13-16, July 18, 1994. 4. Meeting minutes, Electronic Lighting Interference Interest Group Meeting, November 7, 1993 and February 2, 1994. 5. NationalElectricalManufacturersAssociation(NEMA). 1995.Public Workshop Comments, AppendixesA andB. Docket No: 10, Lamp Ballast Workshop, March 31, 1995. 6. New York State Energy Office. 1994. Personal communication between Pat Lloyd of NYSEO and Peter Biermayer ofLBNL. 7. NEMA Standards Publication LE5-1993. Procedure ForDeterminingLuminaireEfficacy Ratings For Fluorescent Luminaires. Revision 

### 1, January? 

### 1995. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1995. 8. U.S. Department ofEnergy. AdvancedLighting Guidelines: 

### 1993. DOE/EE-0008, U.S. Depatiment ofEnergy, California Energy Commission, Electric Power Research Institute. 9. XenergyInc. 1995. ExtractofXENCAP lighting auditdatabase showinglightingequipment and lighting hours ofoperation for over 24,000 buildings nationwide for the years 1990- early 1995 10. U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Inforn1ation Administration (DOE/EIA) 1994. CommercialBuildings Characteristics 

### 1992: CommercialBuildings Energy Consumption Survey. DOE/EIA-0246(92). 11. DraftReportonPotentialImpactofPossibleEnergyEfficiencyLevelsfor FluorescentLamp Ballasts, July 1997

3-27CHAPTER 4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect of these cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost (LCC), using the equipment prices and engineering data from Chapter 3, together with an assumed electricity price. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options. The impact of changing energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures: ® Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use of an energy

-efficient ballast, 

### Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast. Section 4.3 presents the results of sensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates different projections of future energy prices.. 4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS LCC is the sum of purchase price (PC) and operating expense (OC) discounted at rater over the lifetime (N) of the appliance. Installation costs, such as equipment and labor, are included in PC,


### N LCC = PC + E Oct 4 ( .1) t=1 (I + r)t 

### and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life of a ballast are included in OC. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present. If operating expenses are constant over time , Eq. 4.1 simplifies to:

LCC = PC + PWF • OC, where the present worth factor (PWF) is:


### PWF = The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination.
4-1 

### CHAPTER4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect ofthese cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost (LCC), usingthe equipmentprices and engineering data from Chapter3, together with an assumed electricityprice. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options. The impact ofchanging energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures:
• Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use ofan energy-efficient ballast,
• Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast. Section 4.3 presents the results ofsensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates different projections offuture energy prices
.. 

### 4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS LCC is the sum ofpurchaseprice (PC) andoperatingexpense (OC) discounted atraterover the lifetime (N) ofthe appliance. Installation costs, such as equipmentand labor, are includedin PC,**~** 

### OCt LCC 

### = PC + Lt=1 (1 + rY (4.1)
and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life ofa ballast are included in Oc. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present. Ifoperating expenses are constant overtime, Eq. 4.1 simplifies to: LCC = PC + PWF
. OC, (4.2) where the present wOlth factor (PWF) is:
PWF =

# t 1 - l 

# [1- 1 1 t=1 (1 + rY r (1 + r)N (4.3)
The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination.
4-1 

### CHAPTER4. LIFE-CYCLE COSTS AND PAYBACK PERIODS Ballasts that are more energy efficient than those required by the existing ballast standard would likely be more expensive to purchase but less expensive to operate. The net effect ofthese cost changes on commercial and industrial customers is analyzed by calculating life-cycle cost (LCC), usingthe equipmentprices and engineering data from Chapter3, together with an assumed electricityprice. Section 4.1 presents the LCC results for each energy-efficient ballast technology option, and Section 4.2 discusses the payback periods for these design options. The impact ofchanging energy-efficiency levels is expressed by two measures:
• Section 4.1: Change in Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) resulting from the purchase and use ofan energy-efficient ballast,
• Section 4.2: Payback Period (PAY) for the more energy-efficient ballast. Section 4.3 presents the results ofsensitivity analyses using high and low consumer discount rates different projections offuture energy prices
.. 

### 4.1 LIFE-CYCLE COST FOR TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS LCC is the sum ofpurchaseprice (PC) andoperatingexpense (OC) discounted atraterover the lifetime (N) ofthe appliance. Installation costs, such as equipmentand labor, are includedin PC,**~** 

### OCt LCC 

### = PC + Lt=1 (1 + rY (4.1)
and energy consumption and lamp replacements (and associated labor) during the life ofa ballast are included in Oc. Discounting means that money spent (or saved) at some future date has less value than the same expenditures (or savings) in the immediate present. Ifoperating expenses are constant overtime, Eq. 4.1 simplifies to: LCC = PC + PWF
. OC, (4.2) where the present wOlth factor (PWF) is:
PWF =

# t 1 - l 

# [1- 1 1 t=1 (1 + rY r (1 + r)N (4.3)
The LCC is calculated for each lamp/ballast combination.
4-14.1.1 LCC Data Inputs Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period, ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates. Ballast Price Distribution. Chapter 3 describes the methodology used to determine the enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline EEM T12 ballast to a more efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1 below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation of 15% was used to describe the distribution of incremental ballast prices. Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation of Incremental Ballast Prices Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$) Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation CC T12 ERS T8 ERS CC T12 ERS T8 ERS 1-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00 2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26 3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88 3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60 4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22 2F96/ES NA 17.37 NA 2.61 21796H0/ES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81 Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A detailed explanation of the process for deriving these marginal electricity rates can be found in Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate electricity rate for that sector is used to calculate the LCC. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES and F32T8 lamps are assumed to operate primarily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of 2F96T12 and 65% of 2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96T12 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the industrial sector. 

### Electricity price is a function of the average price distribution obtained from the Energy Information Agency's data on revenue and sales, for the industrial and commercial sectors by utility, 4-2 

### 4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period, ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates. 

### BallastPriceDistribution. Chapter3 describes the methodologyusedto determinethe enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline EEM T12 ballastto amore efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1 below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation of 15% was used to desclibe the distribution ofincremental ballast prices. 

### Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$) Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation 

### CC Tt2 ERS T8ERS 

### CC T12ERS T8ERS I-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00 2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26 3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88 3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60 4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22 2F96/ES 

### NA 17.37 

### NA 2.61 2F96HOIES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81 

### Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A detailed explanation ofthe process for deliving these marginal electricity rates can be found in Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate electricityrate for that sectoris used to calculate the LCe. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES 

### and F32T8 lamps are assumed to operate primmily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of 2F96T12 and 65% of2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96Tl2 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the industrial sector. Electricity price is a function ofthe average plice distribution obtained from the Energy InformationAgency's data onrevenue and sales, forthe industrial and commercial sectorsbyutility, 4-2 

### 4.1.1 LCC Data Inputs Data inputs to LCC calculations include end-user prices for ballasts and lamps, electricity rates ($/kWh), annual lighting operating hours, labor rates, installation times, analysis period, ballast lifetimes, lamp lifetimes, and discount rates. 

### BallastPriceDistribution. Chapter3 describes the methodologyusedto determinethe enduser prices for ballasts. The LCC analysis uses incremental price for converting from the baseline EEM T12 ballastto amore efficient design option. These incremental prices are listed in Table 4.1 below. A normal distribution with the mean equal to the incremental price and a standard deviation of 15% was used to desclibe the distribution ofincremental ballast prices. 

### Table 4.1 Average and Standard Deviation ofIncremental Ballast Prices Incremental Ballast Price Distribution (1997$) Product Class Mean Value Standard Deviation 

### CC Tt2 ERS T8ERS 

### CC T12ERS T8ERS I-Lamp Fixture 6.84 12.86 6.69 1.03 1.93 1.00 2-Lamp Fixture 9.04 11.40 8.37 1.36 1.71 1.26 3-Lamp Fixture (tw) 13.56 17.10 12.55 2.03 2.57 1.88 3-Lamp Fixture (non tw) 15.88 10.47 -4.03 2.38 1.57 0.60 4-Lamp Fixture 18.08 17.03 -1.45 2.71 2.55 0.22 2F96/ES 

### NA 17.37 

### NA 2.61 2F96HOIES 3.57 12.05 0.54 1.81 

### Electricity Price Distribution. Marginal electricity prices in $1997/kWh are used. A detailed explanation ofthe process for deliving these marginal electricity rates can be found in Appendix B. Electricity prices projected for the year 2003 are used because that is the earliest year in which changes to the minimum ballast efficiency standards could occur. Each ballast type is assumed to be used primarily in either the commercial or industrial sector, and the appropriate electricityrate for that sectoris used to calculate the LCe. Ballasts driving F40T12/ES 

### and F32T8 lamps are assumed to operate primmily in the commercial sector. We estimate that about 75% of 2F96T12 and 65% of2F06T12HO lamps, respectively, are operated in the commercial sector (see Appendix A). Sensitivities are also done for 2F96Tl2 lamps and for 2F96T12HO lamps in the industrial sector. Electricity price is a function ofthe average plice distribution obtained from the Energy InformationAgency's data onrevenue and sales, forthe industrial and commercial sectorsbyutility, 4-2and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average

electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 present the distribution of sales-weighted average electricity rates in the commercial ($0.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($0.0455/kWh weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a marginal rate is calculated by the following equation:

Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 + Epsilon)

.03e

.0274

.0181

.0091 Corn. 97 Avg Elec Price

.0001 1.29 11 .72 22.15 32.57 43.00 

### Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices
Industrial Price Dist.

Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 presentthe distribution ofsales-weighted average electricity rates in the commercial ($O.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($O.0455/kWh weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a marginal rate is calculated bythe following equation: Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 

### + Epsilon)
Com. 97 Avg Elec Price

1.29 11.72 22.15 32.57 43.00 

### Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices
Industrial Price Dist.

0.87 9.62 18.37 27.12 35.87 

### Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices

4-3 and the epsilons discussed in Appendix B. Epsilon is the percent difference between the average electricity price and the marginal price calculated for each customer on each tariff (the average epsilon is 5.5%). Figures 4.1 and 4.2 presentthe distribution ofsales-weighted average electricity rates in the commercial ($O.0762/kWh weighted average) and industrial sectors ($O.0455/kWh weighted average), and figure 4.3 presents the epsilon distribution. For each selected point on the average rate distribution, the software program Crystal Ball, selects an epsilon value. Thus, a marginal rate is calculated bythe following equation: Marginal Electricity Rate = Sales Weighted Average Rate x (1 

### + Epsilon)
Com. 97 Avg Elec Price

1.29 11.72 22.15 32.57 43.00 

### Figure 4.1 Distribution of 1997 Average Commercial Electricity Prices
Industrial Price Dist.

0.87 9.62 18.37 27.12 35.87 

### Figure 4.2 Distribution of 1997 Average Industrial Electricity Prices

4-3Epsilon

Figure 4.3 Distribution of Epsilons -0.17 0.18 0.52 

### Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of electricity relative to the 1997 baseline. Using the Reference case, these ratios were used to estimate the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020. Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast

Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price Year Reference High Low Reference High Low 1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97 2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95 2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93 2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92 2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92 2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91 2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89 2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87 2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85 2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83 2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83 2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82 2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80 2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78 2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77 2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76 2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75 2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74 2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73 2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72 2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71 2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70 

### 4-4 Epsilon

-0.85 -0.51 -0.17 0.18 0.52 

### Figure 4.3 Distribution ofEpsilons Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of electricityrelative to the 1997 baseline. Usingthe Reference case, theseratios were usedto estimate the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020. 

### Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price Year Reference Hi!!h Lo >n .,,_ ce Hi!!h Low 1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97 2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95 2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93 2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92 2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92 2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91 2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89 2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87 2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85 2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83 2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83 2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82 2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80 2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78 2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77 2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76 2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75 2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74 2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73 2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72 2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71 2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70 4-4 Epsilon

-0.85 -0.51 -0.17 0.18 0.52 

### Figure 4.3 Distribution ofEpsilons Energy Price Forecast. Table 4.2 below shows the AEO 1999 forecast for the price of electricityrelative to the 1997 baseline. Usingthe Reference case, theseratios were usedto estimate the future marginal prices. Electricity prices are assumed to remain constant after 2020. 

### Table 4.2 AEO 1999 Average Electricity Price Forecast Commercial Electricity Price Industrial Electricity Price Year Reference Hieh Low Reference Hieh Low 1997 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1998 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 1999 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.97 0.98 0.97 2000 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.96 0.97 0.95 2001 0.93 0.94 0.91 0.95 0.96 0.93 2002 0.91 0.92 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.92 2003 0.91 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.97 0.92 2004 0.91 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.97 0.91 2005 0.90 0.94 0.86 0.93 0.96 0.89 2006 0.90 0.94 0.85 0.91 0.95 0.87 2007 0.89 0.93 0.83 0.90 0.94 0.85 2008 0.88 0.92 0.82 0.89 0.93 0.83 2009 0.87 0.92 0.81 0.88 0.92 0.83 2010 0.86 0.92 0.80 0.88 0.92 0.82 2011 0.85 0.91 0.78 0.86 0.91 0.80 2012 0.84 0.90 0.76 0.84 0.90 0.78 2013 0.83 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.77 2014 0.82 0.89 0.75 0.83 0.89 0.76 2015 0.82 0.89 0.74 0.82 0.88 0.75 2016 0.81 0.88 0.73 0.81 0.87 0.74 2017 0.81 0.88 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.73 2018 0.81 0.88 0.71 0.80 0.87 0.72 2019 0.80 0.88 0.70 0.79 0.86 0.71 2020 0.79 0.87 0.69 0.79 0.86 0.70 4-4AnnualLighting Operating Hours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data

set of lighting energy audits done throughout the U. S. Annual interior lighting hours were calculated for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, and warehouse. Interior lighting hours were also calculated for industrial buildings. Appendix A describes the derivation of the weighted averages for each lamp type. Figures 4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The average lighting hours are found in chapter 3.

.143
.107

07
.036

.000 4,497 6,616 ML 8,735 Figure 4.4 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 1F40T12 in Commercial Sector

.143

.107

.071
.036
.000 259 Oper. Hr - 1 F40 (Com.)

2,378 Oper
. Hr - 2F40 (Com.)



# ^utl 4,497 6,616 8,735 Figure 4.5 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F40T12 in Commercial Sector 

### AnnualLighting OperatingHours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set oflightingenergyaudits donethroughoutthe U.S. Annual interiorlightinghours were calculated for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, andwarehouse. Interiorlightinghourswere also calculatedforindustrial buildings. AppendixA describesthe derivation oftheweightedaveragesforeachlamptype. Figures 4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The average lighting hours are found in chapter 3. Oper. Hr· 1F40 (Com.) .14

## ~ 

# .- .Q .10**~** .Q Q I- .07 0.. ilJ 

### :> ;: .03E 

# I**~** d 

# I I 

# I**~ ~**  , , . ,**~** Go) 

### r:t .00 259 2,378 4,497 6,616 8,735 

### Figure4.4 AnnualLightingOperationHoursDistributionfor lF40T12inCommercialSector

Oper. Hr·2F40 (Com.) .143 

## :? .CI .107 «I .CI I':) i. .071 

### a. Q.l :> ;: .036 «I Q.l 0: .000 259 2,378 4,497 6.616 8.735 

### Figure4.5 AnnualLightingOperationHoursDistributionfor 2F40T12 inCommercialSector



### 4-5 AnnualLighting OperatingHours. Annual lighting hours were derived from a large data set oflightingenergyaudits donethroughoutthe U.S. Annual interiorlightinghours were calculated for various commercial-sector building types: office, retail, grocery, restaurant, lodging, health, assembly, school, college, andwarehouse. Interiorlightinghourswere also calculatedforindustrial buildings. AppendixA describesthe derivation oftheweightedaveragesforeachlamptype. Figures 4.4 through Figure 4.9 show the annual operating hours distributions for various lamp types. The average lighting hours are found in chapter 3. Oper. Hr· 1F40 (Com.) .14

## ~ 

# .- .Q .10**~** .Q Q I- .07 0.. ilJ 

### :> ;: .03E 

# I**~** d 

# I I 

# I**~ ~**  , , . ,**~** Go) 

### r:t .00 259 2,378 4,497 6,616 8,735 

### Figure4.4 AnnualLightingOperationHoursDistributionfor lF40T12inCommercialSector

Oper. Hr·2F40 (Com.) .143 

## :? .CI .107 «I .CI I':) i. .071 

### a. Q.l :> ;: .036 «I Q.l 0: .000 259 2,378 4,497 6.616 8.735 

### Figure4.5 AnnualLightingOperationHoursDistributionfor 2F40T12 inCommercialSector



### 4-5.177-

.132

.0881

.0441

.00 Oper. Hr - 2F96 (Com.

237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513 Figure 4.6 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Commercial Sector Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 

### 31

Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial Sector

.13

.1

.0691

03

147 2,146 Oper. Hr - 2F96 (Ind.) 

# h 51

.000 4,146 6,145 8,144 Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Com.) .177
.1 32
.088

44 

# I

g § 

# I m Ou .0
.0 237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513 Figure4.6 AnnualLightingOperation HoursDistributionfor 2F96T12in CommercialSector Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 31 .147 

# :? .Q .111 «l .Q Q I. .07 Il (I,) :> :;::: .037 «l (I,) 0:: .00 209 2,193 4,177 6,162 8,146 Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial Sector Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Ind.) .1 38
.104

.069

35

# ~ 

# I II**~** 

# . a .0
.0 147 2,146 4,146 6,145 8,144 Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector

4-6 Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Com.) .177
.1 32
.088

44 

# I

g § 

# I m Ou .0
.0 237 1,806 3,375 4,944 6,513 Figure4.6 AnnualLightingOperation HoursDistributionfor 2F96T12in CommercialSector Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Com.) 31 .147 

# :? .Q .111 «l .Q Q I. .07 Il (I,) :> :;::: .037 «l (I,) 0:: .00 209 2,193 4,177 6,162 8,146 Figure 4.7 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Commercial Sector Oper. Hr· 2F96 (Ind.) .1 38
.104

.069

35

# ~ 

# I II**~** 

# . a .0
.0 147 2,146 4,146 6,145 8,144 Figure 4.8 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12 in Industrial Sector

4-6.1 32d

.0991

.0661

.on

.000 Oper. Hr - 2F96HO (Ind.)

125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147 Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial Sector 

### Ballast Life. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballast rated lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis. For a four-foot lamp with a life of 50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period of analysis would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies according the life of each ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life. Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to describe failure time in reliability studies. Ballast Life (hr)

18,000 35,907 53,814 71,721 Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours 89,628

Installation Costs. A detailed discussion of installation costs and lamp prices can be found in Appendix A.



### 4-7 Oper. Hr· 2F96HO (Ind.)

### ~ .Q q:) .Q QlII qJ 

# ,. :;: iI' IIJ 0:: .00 125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147 

### Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial SectorBallastLife. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballastrated lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis. For a four-foot lamp with a life of50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period ofanalysis would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies accordingthe life ofeach ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life. Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to describe failure time in reliability studies. Ballast Life (hr)

18,000 35,907 53.814 71,721 89,628 

### Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours Installation Costs. A detailed discussion ofinstallation costs and lampprices canbe found in Appendix A.

4-7 Oper. Hr· 2F96HO (Ind.)

### ~ .Q q:) .Q QlII qJ 

# ,. :;: iI' IIJ 0:: .00 125 2,130 4,136 6,141 8,147 

### Figure 4.9 Annual Lighting Operation Hours Distribution for 2F96T12HO in Industrial SectorBallastLife. The period for this analysis is the ballast service life, which is the ballastrated lifetime divided by the annual lighting hours. The value of 50,000 hours for both magnetic and electronic ballasts has been agreed to by most stakeholders and also used in the previous analysis. For a four-foot lamp with a life of50,000 hours, operated 3,400 hours/year, the period ofanalysis would be 50,000 hours/ 3,600 hours/year = 14.7 years. The period of analysis therefore varies accordingthe life ofeach ballast and its annual operating hours. Figure 4.10 shows the ballast life distribution assumed for this analysis. This is a Weibull distribution starting at 18,000 hour life. Weibull distributions describe data resulting from life and fatigue tests and are commonly used to describe failure time in reliability studies. Ballast Life (hr)

18,000 35,907 53.814 71,721 89,628 

### Figure 4.10 Ballast Life Distribution in hours Installation Costs. A detailed discussion ofinstallation costs and lampprices canbe found in Appendix A.

4-7(DOE).Discount Rates. A discount rate of 8% real was chosen by the U. S. Department of Energy



### 4.1.2 LCC Results In this section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account for the full range of possible values for four of the most important LCC input variables: ballast life, ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are calculated using a probability distribution of possible values for the input variables weighted by their likelihood of occurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL: http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes-standards/applbrf/ballast.html). A description ofthe LCC model can also be found in Section A.7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 present the changes in life-cycle cost as a result of switching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic ballast to one of the higher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 present the same changes for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In particular, the figures show the probability that a particular delta life-cycle cost will occur. This can be interpreted as the fraction of the ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCC. Energy Efficient T12 Magnetic Ballast Baseline
. Table 4.3 summarizes the life-cycle cost savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when converting from the baseline option of an EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % of Baseline LCC is the mean delta LCC divided by the baseline LCC (expressed as a percentage) obtained when average point values of the inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage of the total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the uncertainty of the calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced LCC represents the probability of the design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC decreased relative to the baseline. For ballasts operating three or four lamps, we have analyzed two wiring alternatives. For the three lamp case, we analyzed a tandem-wired case where 2-lamp ballasts only are utilized and a case where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are used together to operate three lamps. Dual switching is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps under two situations. One case is with ordinary wiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching. For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of $10 for materials and labor. 

### DiscountRates. A discount rate of8% real was chosen bythe U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE). 4.1.2 LCC Results Inthis section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account for the full range ofpossible values for four ofthe most impoliant LCC inputvariables: ballast life, ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are calculatedusingaprobabilitydistribution ofpossiblevaluesforthe inputvariablesweightedbytheir likelihood ofoccurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL: http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes
_standards/applbrflballast.httnl). Adescriptionof theLCC model can also be found in Section A.

### 7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 presentthe changes in life-cycle cost as a result ofswitching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic ballastto one ofthehigher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 presentthe same changes for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In particular, the figures showtheprobabilitythat aparticular delta life-cycle costwill occur. This can be interpreted as the fraction ofthe ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCe. 

### EnergyEfficient T12 Magnetic BallastBaseline. Table 4.3 summarizesthe life-cycle cost savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when converting from the baseline option ofan EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % ofBaseline 

## Lee is the mean delta LCC divided bythe baseline LCC (expressed as apercentage) obtained when average pointvalues ofthe inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage ofthe total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the uncertainty ofthe calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced 

## Lee represents the probability ofthe design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC decreased relative to the baseline. Forballasts operatingthree or four Iamps, we have analyzedtwo wiring alternatives. Forthe three lamp case, we analyzed atandem-wired case where 2-lampballasts onlyareutilized and acase where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are usedtogether to operate three lamps. Dual switching is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps undertwo situations. One case is with ordinarywiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching. For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of$10 for materials and labor.

4-8 

### DiscountRates. A discount rate of8% real was chosen bythe U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE). 4.1.2 LCC Results Inthis section, we describe probability-based life-cycle cost analyses performed to account for the full range ofpossible values for four ofthe most impoliant LCC inputvariables: ballast life, ballast price, ballast operating hours, and electricity rate. LCC changes and payback periods are calculatedusingaprobabilitydistribution ofpossiblevaluesforthe inputvariablesweightedbytheir likelihood ofoccurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. The model used to calculate the LCC and payback periods can be found at the DOE Office of Codes and Standards website (URL: http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/codes
_standards/applbrflballast.httnl). Adescriptionof theLCC model can also be found in Section A.

### 7 of Appendix A of this document. The probability distributions for the key variables are shown in figures 4.1 to 4.10. Figures 4.11 to 4.32 presentthe changes in life-cycle cost as a result ofswitching from the baseline energy-efficient T12 magnetic ballastto one ofthehigher-efficiency product types. Figures 4.33 to 4.38 presentthe same changes for 1 and 2 lamp T8 Ballasts, but use an energy efficient T8 magnetic ballast as the baseline. In particular, the figures showtheprobabilitythat aparticular delta life-cycle costwill occur. This can be interpreted as the fraction ofthe ballast population that experiences a particular delta LCe. 

### EnergyEfficient T12 Magnetic BallastBaseline. Table 4.3 summarizesthe life-cycle cost savings (delta LCC) for each lamp/ballast combination. Delta LCC is the change in LCC when converting from the baseline option ofan EEM ballast to the listed design option. Positive values mean there is a reduction in LCC. The column labeled % ofBaseline 

## Lee is the mean delta LCC divided bythe baseline LCC (expressed as apercentage) obtained when average pointvalues ofthe inputs are used. It can be seen, that in many cases the mean delta LCC is a small percentage ofthe total LCC. Changes in LCC of a few percent in either direction can be considered (within the uncertainty ofthe calculations) as negligible. The column titled % Reduced 

## Lee represents the probability ofthe design option resulting in reduced LCC. A positive number means that the LCC decreased relative to the baseline. Forballasts operatingthree or four Iamps, we have analyzedtwo wiring alternatives. Forthe three lamp case, we analyzed atandem-wired case where 2-lampballasts onlyareutilized and acase where a one-lamp and a two-lamp ballast are usedtogether to operate three lamps. Dual switching is possible in either case assuming the area is wired appropriately. For the four lamp case, we analyzed a single 4-lamp T8 ballast operating all four lamps undertwo situations. One case is with ordinarywiring and the second case is with tandem-wiring added, which allows for dual switching. For the latter case, we have estimated an additional cost of$10 for materials and labor.

4-8Table 4.3 Summary of Delta LCC* Results Using an T12 EEM Ballast as the Baseline

Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean (1997$) % of

Baseline LCC %

ReducedLCC 1F40 

### T12 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7% T12 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68% 

### T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98% 2F40 T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31% T12 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80% T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98% 3F40 Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 33% T12 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68% 

### T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98% Not Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23% T12 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98% T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100% 

### 4F40 T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36% T12 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87% Tandem-Wired*** T8 ERS Commercial 44 13% 99% 

### Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100% 2F96 T12 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75% T12 EIS Industrial -2 -1% 35% 2F96H0 

### T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90% T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98% T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50% T12 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94% * A positive Delta LCC implies a LCC savings whereas a negative number implies an increase in LCC. ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. *** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials.


### 4-9 

### T bi 43 S

a e 

# . ummary 0

### f D I LCC* R I U' eta esu ts smgan T12EEMB 

## n h B 

## r a ast as t e ase me Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean %of % (1997$) 

### Baseline Reduced·* LCC LCC IF40 TI2 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7% TI2 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68% T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98% 2F40 T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31% TI2 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80% T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98% 3F40 Tandem-Wired T12CC Commercial -2 -1% 33% TI2 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68% T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98% Not Tandem-Wired TI2 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23% TI2 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98% T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100% 4F40 TI2 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36% TI2 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87% Tandem-Wired*** T8ERS Commercial 44 13% 99% Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100% 2F96 TI2 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75% T12 EIS Industrial -2 -1% 35% 2F96HO T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90% T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98% T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50% TI2 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94% 

### *A positive Delta LCC Implies a LCC savmgs whereas a negatIve number ImplIes an mcrease m LCC. 

### ** %ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

### *** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials.
4-9 

### a e 

# . T bI 43 Summary 0 

### e a esu s smgan f D It LCC* R It 

### U . a as as e ase me Tt2 EEM B 

## n t th B 

## r Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean %of % (1997$) 

### Baseline Reduced·* LCC LCC IF40 T12 CC Commercial -4 -3% 7% T12 ERS Commercial 4 3% 68% T8 ERS Commercial 17 13% 98% 2F40 T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 31% T12 ERS Commercial 6 3% 80% T8 ERS Commercial 18 9% 98% 3F40 Tandem-Wired T12CC Commercial -2 -1% 33% T12 ERS Commercial 5 2% 68% T8 ERS Commercial 27 10% 98% Not Tandem-Wired T12 CC Commercial -4 -1% 23% TI2 ERS Commercial 18 6% 98% T8 ERS Commercial 56 20% 100% 4F40 T12 CC Commercial -2 -1% 36% TI2 ERS Commercial 12 4% 87% Tandem-Wired*** T8ERS Commercial 44 13% 99% Not Tandem-Wired T8 ERS Commercial 54 16% 100% 2F96 T12 EIS Commercial 7 2% 75% T12 EIS lndustrial -2 -1% 35% 2F96HO T12 CC Commercial 11 2% 90% T12 ERS Commercial 28 5% 98% T12 CC Industrial 1 0% 50% T12 ERS Industrial 15 4% 94%



### .. 

### *A posItive Delta

### Lee Implies a 

### Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number lmphes an mcrease m 

### Lee. 

### ** %ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. 

### *** 4F32T8 ERS ballast with Dual Switching includes a $10 incremental increase in labor and materials.
4-9Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .389

0 CL .292 0 Outliers - 3894

.............. -------------- 

### -- .195 .

- - - - - - . . . . . . - - - • - - • • - - -n

a .097

### 1• ---•-------•- ..----.----•--• 

### •1- 973.5 `.
.000 11 ($150) 0 ® ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to+Infinity Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .200 ,
.150 . • • . . . .

.107 Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 1 F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .143

CL 0 Outliers - 1995

0 Outliers - 1432

.072- -------•-716 .036 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 358 .000 Mean = 17 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +infinity -n f^D C CD

Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector



### 4-10 Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial) • CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers



### .**~** .CI 1':1 .CI .389
..........------------,,...-------------,·- 3894
.292
......... . .195
.......... . ." (:1 ..Q c: n 

# = E 0. .097······ .... 973.5**~** .000

## L;-_~---.-- __

## ....2I!f4:I~cM=ea=n==~' {$4=4=-)1...,....
__

## ----,~,J. 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to +Infinity 

### Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial)· ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .200.,.----------
.......-------------,· 1995
.150

### ~ ."**~** .100 

### ;;:

.. 997.5 

### -g n 

# =
. - 498.7**~** .CI o 

### d: .050 .000-'-,---_---,..--_-= ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 68.26% from $0 to +Infinity**~** - 0 $150 

### Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial). T8 ERS 10,000 Trials 

### oOutliers**1A~,-----------,~--------'·1432** Frequency Chart

."

.... n 716 ..Q c: n 

# = 358**~** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +Infinity 

### Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-10 Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial) • CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers



### .**~** .CI 1':1 .CI .389.;------------;,...------------,·. 3894
.292
......... . .195
.......... . ." (:1 ..Q c: n 

# = E 0. .097······ . ... 973.5**~** 

# I!fl Mean ={$4.ll**.000Lr--~-_._---24~c=:::::;;::::::==-_,.._-_._--~.-.J.** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 6.78% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.11 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial)· ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers

### ~ 

## :c 1':1 .CI 0

.... 0. .200.,..----------.....,...------------,· 1995
.150
.100
.050 .000

### ~ ~ 

# ------------**-~q** 

# ----------------**~ ~** ." 

### ;;:

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ..::t - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. 997.5 

### -g n 

# =

.. 498.7**~** 

## ni


# .............**JIL,~,········· ~**  ·0 $150 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 68.26% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.12 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 1F40 (Commercial). T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers AO<------------------.---------------.·1432
.107
.............. . ."

.... n 716 ..Q c: n 

# = 358**~** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 98.27% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.13 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-10Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials.256 -rFrequency Chart 0 Outliers 2555
192• ....--- .
.128-..--------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t9 = ^ - C4 .064 --------------?53----------------638.73 .000, 1 4 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials .184
.138
.092
k - EL Frequency Chart

---------------

--------------- 

# I-------------- -------------- .000 , . ($150) Mean = $6 0 Outliers - 1841

($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .119 .a .
.089 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-a .060 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t4 CL .030 ............... .0001- 0 Outliers - 1193
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -1- 894.7 R C9 ..............596.5 c Cp - - - - - - - - - - - -- 298.2 a Mean = $18 ($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-11 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

# .256...----------:,....'i------------,- 2555**i:~** 

# --.r- ----.... .......**~** .128
. . . . . . . . . . ''''
...... " " . " " ..Q

.:::L",-" _"_"_" _"_"_"-;-"_"_:_: _:_·.ilJiil

# loiMii.=~=n':;:== ('$

# ::::~)=-I---;-"_"_._.-;-.

# -"---:~..-J**~J** .192 " . - " " . "

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers**1RA~---------~---------,.** 1M1

### ~ :Ei «:J ..Q o 

### 0: .046**.OOO.L....,--_--.--~---"** ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity $150 "'T1 

### n 920.5**~** ('II 

### = 460.2 !)

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .119...-----------..----------·· 1193
.089 - - - - - " " " " - - - " - -**.~** .c .060 «:J .c E 0.. .030 .000-'--,......-_--;--
__ -""" ($150) ($75) $0 - - - - - - - - - - - "" 894.7

$75 $150 "'T1 

### n 596.5**~** ('II 

# = 298.2 !)

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-11 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

# .256...----------:,....'i------------,- 2555**i:~** 

# --.r- ----.... .......**~** .128
. . . . . . . . . . ''''
...... " " . " " ..Q

.:::L",-" _"_"_" _"_"_"-;-"_"_:_: _:_·.ilJiil

# loiMii.=~=n':;:== ('$

# ::::~)=-I---;-"_"_._.-;-.

# -"---:~..-J**~J** .192 " . - " " . "

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 30.84% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.14 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers**1RA~---------~---------,.** 1M1

### ~ :Ei «:J ..Q o 

### 0: .046**.OOO.L....,--_--.--~---"** ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 80.49% from $0 to +Infinity $150 "'T1 

### n 920.5**~** ('II 

### = 460.2 !)

Figure 4.15 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .119...-----------..----------·· 1193
.089 - - - - - " " " " - - - " - -**.~** .c .060 «:J .c E 0.. .030 .000-'--,......-_--;--
__ -""" ($150) ($75) $0 - - - - - - - - - - - "" 894.7

$75 $150 "'T1 

### n 596.5**~** ('II 

# = 298.2 !)

Certainty is 97.76% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.16 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

4-11Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia

($150) Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .145

.065-----------------
.043 ----------------
.022- --------------- Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .086 s .

l4 0-
.000 0 Outliers

1 Outlier - 860
?--• -----•----I -645
- - - - - - - - 430

- - - [
- - - - - - - 215 can = 27 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity -11

CP



### Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
4-12 Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials .202...----------,..-1:;----------- 2017 Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers 

# :::• • • ••• ••• • • • • .k
..: ""

I •• • • . • • . 

# 'MJ

.000**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 33.28% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**1A~...-------------~---------------,-** 1450

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 68.46% from $0 to +Infinity $150 ." 

# ... n 725 '§ n =' 362.5 Q

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 1 Outlier .086.;---------------.--------------,· 860 .065 645 ." 

## n:**~** 430 .Q C ..CI .043 1:1 ..CI n :;I 215 Q E a. .022 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
4-12 Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials .202...----------,..-1:;----------- 2017 Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers 

# :::• • • ••• ••• • • • • .k
..: ""

I •• • • . • • . 

# 'MJ

.000**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 33.28% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.17 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**1A~...-------------~---------------,-** 1450

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 68.46% from $0 to +Infinity $150 ." 

# ... n 725 '§ n =' 362.5 Q

Figure 4.18 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Tandem-Wired (Commercia 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 1 Outlier .086.;---------------.--------------,· 860 .065 645 ." 

## n:**~** 430 .Q C ..CI .043 1:1 ..CI n :;I 215 Q E a. .022 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 97.61% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.19 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector
4-12Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .201

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity 0 Outliers - 2005

0 ® $150 Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40'T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non -Tandem (Commercial) 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .132 .1. 0 Outliers - 1319 .099 .............. ..............989.2 -in co .066 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659.5
.033 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66f.- - - - - - - - - - - - -- 329.7 000) :; ff Mean ® 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T 12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non

-Tandem (Commercial 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .066 e .

O d Mean = 56

000 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 -rl
C



### Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 11 Outliers - 656 .049. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4IIlllH - . . . . . . . - -1- 492 033) £I%----------{-328 I I 11 . . . . . . .. 164 .016-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiyy 1111111

4-13 Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercia) 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers .201.,---------'::-:' ---------'·2005**::~** 

# :::.••••••••••..•J •.•.•••.•••.•.•.**~** j .",
............

# ·1",
................"" j mw Mean = ($4)1**.000L;---~-.--~--2~~~;:;';::;::::::~..,....-_--,~,.-J.** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial) 10,000 Trials .1**.~** .CI 1\1 .CI Q 

## ... c..
($150) ($75) Frequency Chart oOutliers 1319

$0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. 989.2 -n .., ("D 659.5 

### -g ("D =' 329.7 Q**==:;:-_~_.-.J.** 0 $75 $150 Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial 10,000 Trials**.~** .CI 1\1 .CI Q 

## ... c..
($150) Frequency Chart

($75) $0 $75 11 Outliers 656 492 -n 

## ... ("D 328 .CI c ("D 164 

## Q

0 $150 Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 4-13 Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercia) 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers .201.,---------'::-:' ---------'·2005**::~** 

# :::.••••••••••..•J •.•.•••.•••.•.•.**~** j .",
............

# ·1",
................"" j mw Mean = ($4)1**.000L;---~-.--~--2~~~;:;';::;::::::~..,....-_--,~,.-J.** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 23.26% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.20 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial) 10,000 Trials .1**.~** .CI 1\1 .CI Q 

## ... c..
($150) ($75) Frequency Chart oOutliers 1319

$0 . . . . . . . . . . . .. 989.2 -n .., ("D 659.5 

### -g ("D =' 329.7 Q**==:;:-_~_.-.J.** 0 $75 $150 Certainty is 97.02% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.21 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 3F40 Non-Tandem (Commercial 10,000 Trials**.~** .CI 1\1 .CI Q 

## ... c..
($150) Frequency Chart

($75) $0 $75 11 Outliers 656 492 -n 

## ... ("D 328 .CI c ("D 164 

## Q

0 $150 Figure 4.22 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for Non-Tandem-Wired 3F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector 4-13

### Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .117
.088
.058 - 0 Outliers r 1167
- - - - . - - - -1- 875.2 -n M . 583.5-0 .0 ro I CL .029 .............. > 9tl----... ------1-291.7,9 Mean = 12 .000 ® -0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity 

### Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 10 Outliers .067 E . - 667

0- .050........••........
.033 -----------------
.017----------------- .000 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity 

### Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
4-14 Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers .156 

### J

- 1561 

# ;:::..: :::::..:::.J:::.::::
...::.··""l**~** .039 . - - - - - - - - - - - -

# jlll!~e~n~(~~)I- 

# -------- -: 390.2 

## Q
.000**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 36.26% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .117.,----------...,.----------,.. 1167

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 875.2**.OOOL-,---~-__r_-~---'"** ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity $150 ."
....**~** 583.5 

### -g**~** 

# = 291.7 !;}

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 10 Outliers .067 667 .050 500.2

### ~ ."

.... 

### :c**~** .033 333.5 

### -g**~** J:I**~** C 

# = "- .017 166.7 !;} a. .000 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector 

### 4-14 Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers .156 

### J

- 1561 

# ;:::..: :::::..:::.J:::.::::
...::.··""l**~** .039 . - - - - - - - - - - - -

# jill!**l~e~n~(~~)I-** - - - - - - - - -: 390.2 

## Q
.000**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 36.26% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.23 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .117,-----------,----------,. 1167

($150) - - - - - - - - - - - - - 875.2

($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 87.16% from $0 to +Infinity $150 ."
....**~** 583.5 

### -g**~** 

# = 291.7 !;}

Figure 4.24 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F40T12 ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials 10 Outliers nR7,------------.-------'-667 Frequency Chart

### ~ :c**~** J:I C 

### d: .017
($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 99.46% from $0 to +Infinity $150 500.2 ."**~** 333.5 

### -g**~** 

# = 166.7 !;}

Figure 4.25 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS with Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector 

### 4-14Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials .063-(- Frequency Chart 15 Outliers U . - 631
.0474 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Z .032------------------ 0 11 .016 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.000 i ($150) ($75) $0 i
Mean = $54 mscez«c¢aesser,x ..,-. - 0 $75 $150 

### Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .133 .f.
.100

Z .067--------------- O a .033 -------------- .000 i 0 Outliers - 1331 ......... . . . . . . 1- 998.2
C6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 665.5
-------------332.7' ills - rD

1..-- 17 -0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75

Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity $150 

### Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector

10,000 Trials.186 -FForecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (industrial) - EIS Frequency Chart 0 Outliers - 1854 .139-------------

----------------

... .093 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .046 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .000- ($150) ® -o ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity 

### Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96'T12 EIS in Industrial Sector -n 1 ----------------927 rp - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 463.5 .t

4-15 Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials 15 Outliers**nRq~----------------------'"------------'-631** Frequency Chart 

### .€' ..Q Q;! ..Q E CI.. .047

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 473.2 

## .,., (1 315.5 '§ C"'!I 

# = 157.7 .;J

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**1qq~------------------..------------------,-** 1331 

### .€' ..Q Q;! ..Q Q -------------- 998.2 

## .,., 

# ... C"'!I 665.5 '§ C"'!I 

### cl: .033 332.7

### ~ .000**-'--.------~--_._--~--'"** ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Industrial) - EIS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**.185~-------------------"-l;**------------------,- 1854
.139

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

# -:t
----------------**~** 

# I**~** 

# I:::::::::::

-**:~t**

# ..,",'-

-------- -::J

.000 •**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector

4-15 Forecast: LCC Savings 4F40 (Commercial) - T8 ERS 10,000 Trials 15 Outliers**nRq~----------------------'"------------'-631** Frequency Chart 

### .€' ..Q Q;! ..Q E CI.. .047

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 473.2 

## .,., (1 315.5 '§ C"'!I 

# = 157.7 .;J

Figure 4.26 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 4F32T8 ERS without Dual Switching Capability in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Commercial) - EIS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**1qq~------------------..------------------,-** 1331 

### .€' ..Q Q;! ..Q Q -------------- 998.2 

## .,., 

# ... C"'!I 665.5 '§ C"'!I 

### cl: .033 332.7

### ~ .000**-'--.------~--_._--~--'"** ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 74.54% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.27 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96 (Industrial) - EIS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 

### oOutliers**.185~-------------------"-l;**------------------,- 1854
.139

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 

# -:t
----------------**~** 

# I**~** 

# I:::::::::::

-**:~t**

# ..,",'-

-------- -::J

.000 •**~** - 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 35.35% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.28 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12 EIS in Industrial Sector

4-15Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .146-1
.110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. .037 - - - - .000, 0 Outliers 1462

-n -' • • . . . . . . . . . . • . 731 c co . . .. 365.5 

### .2 Mean = 11 4 -0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F961'12HO CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) - ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .0841
.063. - - - - - - - • • - - - - - - .042
EL .0211- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .000, 1 ($150) 0 Outliers - 843 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1- 632.2 -11 i9 - - - - - - - - • - - -j- 421.5 -CO C4 ...... .210.7.2 Mean = $28 ® 0 ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +lnfinity 

### Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96I'12HO ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .1791 0 Outliers - 1786
.134 . - - - - - - • - - - - - '• 5 - - - - - - - --
Z .089• -- ---------------893 W C CL .045 . . . . t . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.5 .^i .000, . 4 -0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150

Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96I'12HO CC in Industrial Sector



### 4-16 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • CC oOutliers**~,------------------~~-----------------,-** 1462 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity $150 "TI**~** 731**~** ("!J ::::I 365.5 Q

Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • ERS 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers**~---------------------.----------------,-** 843

### ~ :.c \':J ..c o 

### 0: .021 •......•••...
($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +Infinity $150 632.2 "TI**~** 421.5**~** ("!J ::::I 210.7 Q

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) . CC 

### oOutliers .179.,--------------------7 

### t--------------------,· 1786 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

,:. .134 • .089·
.045 "TI**~** .....•. 893**~** ("!J ::::I
.- 446.5 Q 

# • : : • : : • • • • : •.,L,,,,• • • •**.000L;---_-.--_.2q~~IDi;;';;;::::::=-..,.......-~-7~..J·-** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Industrial Sector

4-16 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • CC oOutliers**1AR~-------------------'------------------'-1462** 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart**.~** ..Q**~** ..Q 

## e a. .037
($150) "TI**~** 731**~** ("!J ::::I 365.5 Q "l'O==,.
____**~--.-.J-** 0 ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 90.02% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.29 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Commercial) • ERS oOutliers**nM~---------------------'----------------'-843** 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart

### ~ :.c**~** ..Q o 

### d: .021
($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 97.90% from $0 to +Infinity $150 632.2 "TI**~** 421.5**~** ("!J ::::I 210.7 Q

Figure 4.30 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Commercial Sector
Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) . CC 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers**.179~------------------'7t--------------------'-** 1786 ,:. .134 • .089·
.045 "TI**~**

....... 893**~** ("!J ::::I
.- 446.5 Q 

# • • • • • • • • • • • • .11

# ~.."C ,,' • • • •**.000.L.---_-.--_.....J::lli~~iiiii;;';;::::::=-..,.......---"7~~-** 0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 50.10% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.31 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO CC in Industrial Sector

4-16Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS 10,000 Trials .122
.091

.0001- ($150) Frequency Chart

($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 94.28% from $0 to +Infinity 0 Outliers - 1217



### Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline
. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures present the results of an LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000 hours to 14,000 and 16,150 hours, respectively that is taken into account in the LCC analysis. The ballast prices used for this LCC analysis are shown below. The magnetic and cathode cutout ballast prices come from the July, 1997 ballast report. The ERS prices are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballast prices. Table 4.4 Summary o 

### Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean (1997$) % of

Baseline LCC %

Reduced** LCC 1F32 T8 ERS Commercial 6 5% 96% T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54% 2F32 T8 CC Commercial 0 0% 52% T8 ERS Commercial 9 4% 97% T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79% * A positive Delta LCC implies a LCC savings whereas a negative number implies an increase in LCC. ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost. Delta LCC* Results Usin an EEM T8 Ballast as a Baseline

4-17 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS 10,000 Trials 

### oOutliers 1??.,-----------;-'-------,. 1217 Frequency Chart

.091**.~** .c .061 Q\I .c E Il.
($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 94.2B% from $0 to +Infinity $150 912.7 ." 

### n 60B.5 '§ C"P ::::I 304.2**~**

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector 

### Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures present the results ofan LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000hours to 14,000 and 16,150hours, respectivelythat is taken into accountinthe LCC analysis. TheballastpricesusedforthisLCC analysis are shownbelow. The magnetic and cathode cutoutballastprices come from the July, 1997 ballastrep01i. The ERS prices are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballastprices. T bl 44

S a e 

# . ummary 0fDl LCC*R I U' eta esu ts smgan EEMT8B II t a as as a B 

## r ase me Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean %of % (1997$) Baseline Reduced** LCC LCC IF32 T8ERS Commercial 6 5% 96% T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54% 2F32 T8CC Commercial 0 0% 52% T8ERS Commercial 9 4% 97% T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79%



### . . 

### * A pOSItive Delta 

### Lee ImplIes a 

### Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number Implres an Increase m 

### Lee
. ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost.

4-17 Forecast: LCC Savings 2F96HO (Industrial) - ERS 10,000 Trials 

### oOutliers 1??.,-----------;-'-------,. 1217 Frequency Chart

.091**.~** .c .061 Q\I .c E Il.
($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 94.2B% from $0 to +Infinity $150 912.7 ." 

### n 60B.5 '§ C"P ::::I 304.2**~**

Figure 4.32 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F96T12HO ERS in Industrial Sector 

### Energy Efficient T8 Magnetic Ballast Baseline. Table 4.4 and the following 5 figures present the results ofan LCC analysis looking at switching from a T8 magnetic ballast baseline to a more energy efficient T8 ballast for 1 and 2 lamp fixtures. For the EIS and CC ballasts, there is a reduction in lamp lifetime from 19,000hours to 14,000 and 16,150hours, respectivelythat is taken into accountinthe LCC analysis. TheballastpricesusedforthisLCC analysis are shownbelow. The magnetic and cathode cutoutballastprices come from the July, 1997 ballastrep01i. The ERS prices are shown in Chapter 3 and the EIS prices are assumed to be $1 less than the ERS ballastprices. T bl 44

S a e 

# . ummary 0fDl LCC*R I U' eta esu ts smgan EEMT8B II t a as as a B 

## r ase me Product Class Design Option Sector Delta LCC Mean %of % (1997$) Baseline Reduced** LCC LCC IF32 T8ERS Commercial 6 5% 96% T8 EIS Commercial 1 1% 54% 2F32 T8CC Commercial 0 0% 52% T8ERS Commercial 9 4% 97% T8 EIS Commercial 6 3% 79%



### . . 

### * A pOSItive Delta 

### Lee ImplIes a 

### Lee savmgs whereas a negatIve number Implres an Increase m 

### Lee
. ** % ballasts with reduced life cycle cost.

4-17Table 4.5 T8 Ballast Prices for Use with T8 Ballast LCC Analysis Ballast Price (1997$) Product Class Baseline EEM 

### cc ERS EIS 

### 1-lamp ballast ! 15.96 N/A 

### 20.10 19.10 

### 2-lamp ballast 1 15.60 19.24 21.54 

### 20.54

10,000 Trials Forecast: LCC Sav 1 F32 ERS Comm Frequency Chart .327
.245 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

.0 .164 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
d .082 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3273

- _ - - _ _ . _ - -{- 818.2
ll ($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 96.14% from $0 to +Intinity -e- 0 $150 0 Outliers

-v PS C CD

Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart .333

Z, .2 3331 0 Outliers

CS .l7 .167 - = 

# - 0 vp k .063 - 832.7
® -0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 53.76% from $010 -Infinity Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector



### 4-18 

### T bi 45 T8 B II

a e . a ast P'**~** 

### U rices or . hT8B 

### n se wit 

### a ast LCCA I . 

### nalysls Ballast Price (1997$) Product Class Baseline EEM 

### CC I-lamp ballast 15.96 N/A 2-lamp ballast 15.60 19.24

Forecast: LCC Say 1F32 ERS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .327 .,----------,------------,. 3273

.245**,~** 

### :c .164 C<:I .CI o 

### 0: .082

($150) (575) 

# "**~** .c c n
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 818.2 

# .g III. <4
. 0 $0 575 $150 Certainty is 96.14% from $0 10 +Infinity ERS 20.10 21.54



### Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .333 .,.----------,-·-----------,·3331



# . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ....

.250

# ..•..•..•.•••••t·.·.·.·.··.·•..." 

# f**~** • 0**,~** .CI .167 C<:I .CI 0 

# .. .083 a.
.000 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 53.76% from $0 10 +Infinity 

### Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in 

### Commercial Sector

4-18 EIS 19.10 20.54 

### T bi 45 T8 B II

a e . a ast P'**~** 

### U rices or . hT8B 

### n se wit 

### a ast LCCA I . 

### nalysls Ballast Price (1997$) Product Class Baseline EEM 

### CC I-lamp ballast 15.96 N/A 2-lamp ballast 15.60 19.24

Forecast: LCC Say 1F32 ERS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .327 .,----------,------------,. 3273

.245**,~** 

### :c .164 C<:I .CI o 

### 0: .082

($150) (575) 

# "**~** .c c n
• • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• 818.2 

# .g III. <4
. 0 $0 575 $150 Certainty is 96.14% from $0 10 +Infinity ERS 20.10 21.54



### Figure 4.33 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC 1F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .333 .,.----------,-·-----------,·3331



# . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ....

.250

# ..•..•..•.•••••t·.·.·.·.··.·•..." 

# f**~** • 0**,~** .CI .167 C<:I .CI 0 

# .. .083 a.
.000 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 53.76% from $0 10 +Infinity 

### Figure 4.34 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 1F32T8 EIS in 

### Commercial Sector

4-18 EIS 19.10 20.5410,000 Trials Forecast : LCC Sav 2F32 CC Comm Frequency Chart 0 Outliers - 3037

TI

1

Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector

10,000 Trials .220

.165 Forecast: LCC Sav 2F32 ERS Comm Frequency Chart 0 Outliers 

## } --------------- I ---------------1 - 2201

-n co tc 550.2 Q

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 96.76% from $0 to +Infinity Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Sav 2F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials .210

.157

.000 Frequency Chart

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

($150) ---------------

--------------- 

# L ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 78.93% from $0 to +Infinity 0 Outliers 2098



### Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

4-19 Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 CC Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .304 .,--------------.,-----------,. 3037

.22B
,152 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ",".- - - - - - - 

### - - - - - - - - ."**~** .0 c: COP

- - 759.2

### ~ .076

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 

### ,II - - - - - - - - - - - ..

# .~L-._--~--~--~--~!411~11!~~---.--~----~~.0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 52.20% from $0 to +fnfinity 

### Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 ERS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .220 .,-----------.-----------,. 2201



## .**~** .Q 

## '" .Q E a.. .165 •••••••••••••••
,110

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 96.76% from SO to +Infinity $150 ." 

# ... COP .0 c: COP 550.2

### ~

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .210 .,------------;,-----------,. 209B

.157 •• - • - •••••••• _. - - - - - - - - • - - - • -
.105

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty IS 78.93% from $0to +Jnfinity ."**~** .0 c: COP 524.5

### ~



### Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

4-19 Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 CC Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .304 .,--------------.,-----------,. 3037

.22B
,152 • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ",".- - - - - - - 

### - - - - - - - - ."**~** .0 c: COP

- - 759.2

### ~ .076

- - - - - - - - - - - - - 

### ,II - - - - - - - - - - - ..

# .~L-._--~--~--~--~!411~11!~~---.--~----~~.0 ($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty is 52.20% from $0 to +fnfinity 

### Figure 4.35 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 CC in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 ERS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart oOutliers .220 .,-----------.-----------,. 2201



## .**~** .Q 

## '" .Q E a.. .165 •••••••••••••••
,110

($150) ($75) $0 $75 Certainty is 96.76% from SO to +Infinity $150 ." 

# ... COP .0 c: COP 550.2

### ~

Figure 4.36 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 ERS in Commercial Sector

Forecast: LCC Say 2F32 EIS Comm 10,000 Trials Frequency Chart 0 Outliers .210 .,------------;,-----------,. 209B

.157 •• - • - •••••••• _. - - - - - - - - • - - - • -
.105

($150) ($75) $0 $75 $150 Certainty IS 78.93% from $0to +Jnfinity ."**~** .0 c: COP 524.5

### ~



### Figure 4.37 Life-Cycle Cost Savings for 2F32T8 EIS in Commercial Sector

4-19