FILED

JUL 30 2020

SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK

U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL

OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:

RAYMOND HENRY VOSS, III,

Debtor.

RAYMOND HENRY VOSS, III,

Appellant,

v.

JANILYN VOSS,

Appellee.

BAP No. ID-20-1053-SGF

Bk. No. 4:17-bk-40790-JMM

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

for the District of Idaho

Joseph M. Meier, Chief Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Before: SPRAKER, GAN, and FARIS, Bankruptcy Judges.

INTRODUCTION

After debtor’s spouse moved for summary judgment, the bankruptcy

court found that the state court’s prior award of attorney fees to her in the

couple’s prepetition divorce constituted a nondischargeable domestic

*

 This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for

whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential

value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
support obligation under § 523(a)(5).1

 In making this finding, the

bankruptcy court appears to have weighed the evidence. It did so,

however, at the specific behest of the parties, who stipulated to every

material historical fact and requested that the court determine the

dischargeability of the debt. In this unusual situation, we conclude that the

court duly acted on the parties’ agreement for trial of the dispute on the

limited written record.

As a result, the court was not constrained by the well-established

rules governing summary judgment. Following trial on the agreed-upon

record, we review for clear error the bankruptcy court’s finding that the

attorney fees award was in the nature of spousal support. This finding was

not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s

order allowing Ms. Voss’s claim as a nondischargeable priority domestic

support obligation.

FACTS

Prepetition, the Fremont County District Court entered a judgment of

divorce ending the Vosses’ marriage. The court awarded Ms. Voss primary

custody of their only remaining minor child, child support of $579.67,

monthly maintenance payments of $1,500.00, half the cost of her future

1

 Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the

Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and all “Rule” references are to the Federal

Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.

2
college tuition or vocational training, and her reasonable attorney fees of

$35,916.80. The state court explained at length the basis of its decision in a

separate memorandum decision.

Susbsequently, Mr. Voss commenced his chapter 13 bankruptcy case.

Ms. Voss filed a proof of claim based on the attorney fees judgment, stating

that the claim qualified as a priority domestic support obligation under

§ 507(a)(1). Mr. Voss objected to the claim, arguing that it was not a

domestic support obligation under either § 507(a)(1) or § 523(a)(5).

Ms. Voss responded that the attorney fees judgment was a

nondischargeable priority domestic support obligation.

Ms. Voss moved for summary judgment on the claim objection. But

the parties later agreed that the bankruptcy court should resolve the matter

based on the state court’s divorce judgment, its attorney fees judgment, and

its memorandum decision (collectively, the “State Court Decisions”). In

furtherance of this agreement, they jointly filed stipulated facts regarding

the amount of the debt and the facts of the present bankruptcy case. They

also attached the State Court Decisions and asked the court to determine

whether the debt was nondischargeable under § 523(a)(15) or under

§ 523(a)(5).

The court rendered its decision in an oral ruling. It began by

recognizing that the procedural posture of the matter had changed since

Ms. Voss filed her summary judgment motion. As the court explained, 

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[E]ventually the parties met and agreed and

represented to the Court that they simply wanted

this matter resolved. They felt that the facts were

basically not in dispute. That there was a debt owed

to Ms. Voss by virtue of a State Court judgment in

the approximate amount of $35,000. And . . . the

parties desire this Court to rule on whether this was

in the nature of domestic support and, therefore,

nondischargeable . . . under 11 USC Section

523(a)(5) . . . .

Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 19, 2020) at 5:5-14. The court then considered the relevant

state law regarding fee awards and examined the state court’s findings.

Upon consideration of the state court’s findings, the bankruptcy court

concluded that the fee award was in the nature of spousal support as the

state court based it on Ms. Voss’s financial need. It, therefore, ruled that the

attorney fees judgment was a nondischargeable domestic support

obligation under § 523(a)(5).

On February 19, 2020, the bankruptcy court entered its order

determining the debt to be a nondischargeable domestic support

obligation. Mr. Voss timely appealed.

JURISDICTION

The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and

157(b)(2)(I). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

4
ISSUE

Did the bankruptcy court commit reversible error when it

determined that the attorney fees judgment was a nondischargeable debt

under § 523(a)(5)?

STANDARD OF REVIEW

At oral argument before this panel, the parties confirmed that even

though Ms. Voss originally filed a motion for summary judgment, they

submitted the dischargeability of the fee award to the bankruptcy court for

trial based on the contents of the State Court Decisions. When “the parties

agree that all of the underlying material facts are reflected in the written

record, a judge may decide factual issues and essentially convert

cross-motions for summary judgment into submission of the case for trial

on the written record.” Chevron USA, Inc. v. Cayetano, 224 F.3d 1030, 1038

n.6 (9th Cir. 2000) (citing Starsky v. Williams, 512 F.2d 109, 111 (9th Cir.

1975)). This rule recognizes the reality that “where the ultimate fact in

dispute is destined for decision by the court rather than by a jury, there is

no reason why the court and the parties should go through the motions of a

trial if the court will eventually end up deciding [the matter] on the same

record.” Id. (quoting TransWorld Airlines, Inc. v. Am. Coupon Exch., Inc., 913

F.2d 676, 684 (9th Cir. 1990)). 

This is exactly what happened here. Following the parties’ agreement

to submit the matter based on the contents of the State Court Decisions, the

5
bankruptcy court found that the attorney fees judgment was in the nature

of spousal support and, therefore, nondischargeable under § 523(a)(5). This

was “a factual determination made by the bankruptcy court as a matter of

federal bankruptcy law.” Beaupied v. Chang (In re Chang), 163 F.3d 1138,

1140 (9th Cir. 1998). We review factual findings following a bench trial on a

limited written record under the clearly erroneous standard. See E.E.O.C. v.

Maricopa Cty. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 736 F.2d 510, 513 (9th Cir. 1984); accord Wolfe

v. United States, 798 F.2d 1241, 1244 (9th Cir.), opinion amended on denial of

reh'g, 806 F.2d 1410 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing Starsky, 512 F.2d at 111). A factual

finding is clearly erroneous if it is illogical, implausible, or without support

in the record. Retz v. Samson (In re Retz), 606 F.3d 1189, 1196 (9th Cir. 2010)

(citing United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1261–62 & n.21 (9th Cir. 2009)

(en banc)).2

2

 Ordinarily, an adversary proceeding would be necessary to determine the

dischargeability of a debt. See Rule 7001(6); Ung v. Boni (In re Boni), 240 B.R. 381, 385 (9th

Cir. BAP 1999). However, for the same reasons we have concluded that the bankruptcy

court was not constrained by the rules governing summary judgment, we also hold that

the court did not commit reversible error by deciding this dispute in a contested matter

instead of an adversary proceeding. This result is particularly appropriate here given

that both parties expressed the desire for the court to resolve the dispute based on the

record already presented and neither requested an adversary proceeding. See Ruvacalba

v. Munoz (In re Munoz), 287 B.R. 546, 551 (9th Cir. BAP 2002); see also Alexander v.

Compton (In re Bonham), 229 F.3d 750, 765 n.9 (9th Cir. 2000) (observing that substantive

consolidation disputes may be resolved by either contested matter or adversary

proceeding, so long as the requirements of notice and an opportunity to be heard are

satisfied).

6
DISCUSSION

A. Applicable federal law.

An attorney fees award in a marital dissolution proceeding may

qualify as a domestic support obligation for purposes of §§ 101(14A) and

523(a)(5). Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170 B.R. 675, 682–84 (9th Cir. BAP

1994), aff'd, 92 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir. 1996). Importantly, the label used in the

divorce judgment is not dispositive. Id. at 681. Instead, the bankruptcy

court must make a factual inquiry to determine whether the fee award

actually is in the nature of spousal support. Id. (citing Shaver v. Shaver, 736

F.2d 1314, 1316 (9th Cir. 1984)).3

When evaluating whether a fee award constitutes spousal support,

courts primarily consider whether the award was based on financial need.

Shaver, 736 F.2d at 1316; In re Gionis, 170 B.R. at 682. Indicia of needs-based

fee awards may include: “(1) an absence of support payments in the decree,

. . . (2) the presence of minor children in the marriage and (3) a disparity of

income between the parties. . . .” In re Gionis, 170 B.R. at 682.

When the fee award arises from a contested divorce proceeding, the

3

 In relevant part, § 101(14A) specifies that the term “domestic support

obligation” refers to a debt: “in the nature of alimony, maintenance, or support (including

assistance provided by a governmental unit) of such spouse, former spouse, or child of

the debtor or such child’s parent, without regard to whether such debt is expressly so

designated.” (Emphasis added.) As a result, we use these terms interchangeably in this

decision to refer to domestic support obligations. We express no opinion regarding their

specific meaning under Idaho law.

7
bankruptcy court typically must discern the state court’s intent in awarding

fees. Id. The bankruptcy court may consider a number of other factors, and

each case is driven by its own circumstances. Id. The contents of state laws

governing fee awards in divorce proceedings can give significant clues

regarding whether the state court intended to grant a needs-based fee

award. Id. (citing Gard v. Gibson (In re Gibson), 103 B.R. 218, 220 (9th Cir.

BAP 1989)).

B. Idaho law.

Under Idaho Code (“I.C.”) § 32-704(3), the state court, “after

considering the financial resources of both parties” and the factors set forth

in I.C. § 32-705, may award attorney fees in a divorce proceeding. The

relevant factors the court must consider are listed in I.C. § 32-705(2) –

which also governs the court’s decision regarding how much to award in

spousal support. Reed v. Reed, 157 Idaho 705, 719-20 (2014). These factors

include:

(a) The financial resources of the spouse seeking maintenance,

including the marital property apportioned to said spouse, and

said spouse’s ability to meet his or her needs independently;

(b) The time necessary to acquire sufficient education and

training to enable the spouse seeking maintenance to find

employment;

(c) The duration of the marriage;

8
(d) The age and the physical and emotional condition of the

spouse seeking maintenance;

(e) The ability of the spouse from whom maintenance is sought

to meet his or her needs while meeting those of the spouse

seeking maintenance;

(f) The tax consequences to each spouse;

(g) The fault of either party.

I.C. § 32-705(2). As the Idaho Supreme Court put it, “These are factors that

must be considered, but the weight to be given each of them is within the

discretion of the trial court.” Reed, 157 Idaho at 720 (emphasis added).

Here, the state court’s decision to grant Ms. Voss her reasonable

attorney fees relied on the same findings it already had made during the

process of awarding her spousal support. The state court did not identify

which of these findings it gave the most weight to when it awarded

Ms. Voss her attorney fees. Consequently, the court’s decision to award

attorney fees potentially is subject to more than one reasonable

interpretation. Only some of the I.C. § 32-705(2) factors concern the

spouse’s financial need. It is impossible to state with certainty how much

weight the state court gave to the needs-based factors when it granted

Ms. Voss her attorney fees. In short, this was a disputed question of fact. 

C. Merits review.

Mr. Voss principally argues that Ms. Voss failed to meet her burden

9
to demonstrate that the state court intended to grant attorney fees based on

need. As he reasons, the state court separately granted Ms. Voss $1,500.00

per month in spousal support, plus child support, plus an additional sum

to cover 50% of her college tuition or her vocational training expenses.

According to Mr. Voss, there was no financial need to add the attorney fees

judgment on top of this award of spousal support. He further notes the

absence of any temporal limitation on the attorney fees judgment. Unlike

the specific award of spousal support, which was limited to a term of eight

years, the attorney fees judgment had no such limit. He additionally

maintains that if the state court had intended the attorney fees judgment as

a supplemental spousal support award, it would have included the fees as

part of its maintenance award instead of awarding the fees in a separate

section of its memorandum decision.

Furthermore, Mr. Voss observes that the state court repeatedly

referred to his bad judgment in choosing to dissipate some of the couple’s

assets. This included a prominent reference in the section on attorney fees.

Consequently, Mr. Voss posits that the state court’s attorney fees judgment

was more in the nature of property equalization – to make up for the

marital community’s loss of the savings account as an asset. The court also

referenced other misconduct by Mr. Voss. From this, Mr. Voss infers that

the court granted the attorney fees judgment not based on Ms. Voss’s need

but instead to punish him. 

10
Mr. Voss’s inferences regarding the state court’s intent are

reasonable, but they do not justify reversal of the order on appeal. The

bankruptcy court’s inference that the state court granted the attorney fees

judgment based on Ms. Voss’s financial need is also reasonable. There were

a number of factors that supported the bankruptcy court’s inference. The

state court began its attorney fees discussion by noting that even if

Mr. Voss had not dissipated the marital savings account, those funds

would have been consumed by her attorney fees. In light of its overarching

view that Mr. Voss had litigated the divorce towards “winning and leaving

[Ms. Voss] penniless,” the state court specifically stated that the fee award

was being made “in addition to” the court’s spousal support award.

Also, the state court explicitly relied on the same factors that led it to

award spousal support. These factors included the relative earnings

potential of each spouse, their respective work histories, Ms. Voss’s lack of

a college education or vocational training, and her inability to meet her

financial needs without Mr. Voss’s continued financial assistance. The state

court clearly considered these factors in making its monthly spousal

support award of $1,500.00 per month. It also observed: “[t]he splitting of a

family entity of such modest means does not portend well the proposition

that each spouse can maintain the same standards of living they enjoyed

during the marriage.” Based on these and other factors, the state court

concluded that it would be “just” to award Ms. Voss her reasonable

11
attorney fees.

The state court did also reference Mr. Voss’s fault in its decision. But

it predominantly focused on the economic factors and Ms. Voss’s

disadvantageous financial situation. On this record, Mr. Voss has shown

only that he disagrees with the bankruptcy court’s decision. He has not

demonstrated that it was illogical, implausible or unsupported for the

bankruptcy court to conclude that the state court’s attorney fees judgment

was based on need and was in the nature of spousal support. “Where there

are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between

them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470

U.S. 564, 574 (1985).4

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the bankruptcy court’s

order allowing Ms. Voss’s claim as a nondischargeable priority domestic

4

 Mr. Voss’s only other argument concerns the fact that the attorney fees

judgment was not payable to Ms. Voss but rather to her divorce attorney. He maintains

that because the fee award was payable directly to her attorney, it was error for the

bankruptcy court to find that the fee award was in the nature of spousal support. This

position is contrary to binding Ninth Circuit law. See In re Chang, 163 F.3d at 1141-42 &

n.1. As this Panel has stated, “it is irrelevant that the fee award was payable directly to

[the spouse’s] counsel. The operative inquiry is whether the obligation was based on the

need of the Debtor’s ex-spouse.” Gately v. Moore (In re Gately), BAP No.

CC–16–1086–TaFMc, 2016 WL 6777316, at *4 (9th Cir. BAP Nov. 15, 2016) (citing Bendetti

v. Gunness (In re Gunness), 505 B.R. 1, 2, 7 (9th Cir. BAP 2014)). Accordingly, we reject

Mr. Voss’s third-party payee argument.

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support obligation.

13