If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to 

revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

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S T A T E O F M I C H I G A N

C O U R T O F A P P E A L S

JESSICA FLAMONT,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

FOR PUBLICATION

October 04, 2024

2:27 PM

V No. 367863

Washtenaw Circuit Court

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, WOMEN’S 

HURON VALLEY CORRECTIONAL FACILITY, 

and WARDEN ANTHONY STEWART,

LC No. 19-000237-CD

Defendants-Appellants.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and MURRAY and LETICA, JJ.

BORRELLO, P.J.

In this employment-discrimination action, defendants appeal as of right the trial court’s 

order denying their motion for summary disposition based on governmental immunity. For the 

reasons set forth in this opinion, we reverse and remand for entry of an order granting summary 

disposition in favor of defendants.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendant Huron Valley Correctional Facility (HVCF), is a women’s correctional facility

run by defendant Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC). Defendant Anthony Steward 

served as the warden at HVCF. As a result of prior unrelated litigation, the MDOC created several 

hundred female-only corrections-officer positions; the female-only requirement was considered a 

“bona fide occupational qualification” in that only women were eligible for those positions.

Plaintiff, who is female, worked as a corrections officer at HVCF. Plaintiff alleged that 

she was repeatedly required to work excessive mandatory overtime hours without prior notice, 

which resulted in her working consecutive 16- to 19-hour workdays. She also alleged thatsimilarly 

situated male corrections officers were not required to work excessive mandatory overtime shifts. 

Plaintiff asserted that the work schedule required by defendants negatively affected her health in 

a variety of ways that led to her 2016 resignation, which she characterized as a constructive 

discharge.
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Plaintiff filed her complaint in the Washtenaw Circuit Court in 2019, asserting claims of 

sex discrimination in violation of the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101, et seq. It is 

undisputed that plaintiff had not filed in the Court of Claims the notice described in MCL 

600.6431(1), which states in relevant part that “a claim may not be maintained against this state 

unless the claimant, within 1 year after the claim has accrued, files in the office of the clerk of the 

court of claims either a written claim or a written notice of intention to file a claim against this 

state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies.”

1

In 2023, after the case had been stayed for a period of time and subsequently reinstated,

defendants moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7). In their motion, defendants

asserted that plaintiff’s failure to comply with the requirements of MCL 600.6431 was fatal to her 

claims because the statutorily required notice was a condition precedent to overcoming 

governmental immunity, even when the action was filed in the circuit court. Defendants argued 

that our Supreme Court’s decisions in Christie v Wayne State Univ, 511 Mich 39; 993 NW2d 203 

(2023), and Elia Cos, LLC v Univ of Mich Regents, 511 Mich 66; 993 NW2d 392 (2023), applied 

retroactively and mandated this result. 

In Christie, our Supreme Court held that “the notice requirements of MCL 600.6431(1) 

apply to all claims against the state, including those filed in the circuit court . . . .” Christie, 511 

Mich at 45. In doing so, the Supreme Court expressly overruled this Court’s contrary holding in 

Tyrrell v Univ of Mich, 335 Mich App 254; 966 NW2d 219 (2020), that compliance with MCL 

600.6431 was not required when proceeding against a state defendant in circuit court. Id. at 44-

45. Our Supreme Court issued its opinion in Elia on the same day that it issued its opinion in 

Christie and applied the holding of Christie to resolve the appeal in Elia. Elia, 511 Mich at 71-

75.

In response to defendants’ motion, plaintiff did not claim she filed the notice described in

MCL 600.6431(1). Instead, she argued that she was not required to comply with MCL 600.6431 

because she did not file her action in the Court of Claims and Christie and Elia did not have 

retroactive effect.

The trial court ruled that the holding in Christie was not retroactive and denied defendants’

motion for summary disposition on that basis. The court explained as follows:

THE COURT: . . . I have consistently ruled over the decades that unless 

the legislature or the appellate court says it’s retroactive I don’t read between the 

lines and I don’t -- I don’t do that. If they want -- if this on appeal says, no, it should 

be retroactive, that’s not for me to decide.

Therefore, I agree with the plaintiff’s position on this and the motion is 

denied on that basis. I am not giving it retroactive effect unless it is specifically 

laid out, okay.

 

1 The exception in MCL 600.6431(5) for a “claim for compensation under the wrongful 

imprisonment compensation act” is inapplicable in the present case.
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This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

On appeal, defendants argue that the trial court erred by ruling that the holding in Christie

was not retroactive. Defendants further argue that under Christie, plaintiff’s failure to comply 

with the requirements of MCL 600.6431(1) bars her claim and that the trial court therefore erred 

by denying defendants’ motion for summary disposition.

This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary disposition de novo. Ray 

v Swager, 501 Mich 52, 62; 903 NW2d 366 (2017). Summary disposition is warranted under MCR 

2.116(C)(7) if “[e]ntry of judgment, dismissal of the action, or other relief is appropriate because 

of . . . immunity granted by law . . . .” Whether governmental immunity applies is reviewed de 

novo as a question of law. Ray, 501 Mich at 61. The question whether compliance with MCL 

600.6431 was required is an issue of statutory interpretation that is reviewed de novo. Christie, 

511 Mich at 47. We also review de novo as a matter of law whether a judicial decision applies 

retroactively. McNeel v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 289 Mich App 76, 94; 795 NW2d 205 

(2010).

In relevant part, MCL 600.6431(1) states that “a claim may not be maintained against this 

state unless the claimant, within 1 year after the claim has accrued, files in the office of the clerk 

of the court of claims either a written claim or a written notice of intention to file a claim against 

this state or any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies.” It is 

undisputed that petitioner never made such a filing in the office of the clerk of the Court of Claims. 

Our Supreme Court held in Christie that “the notice requirements of MCL 600.6431(1) apply to 

all claims against the state, including those filed in the circuit court . . . .” Christie, 511 Mich at 

45. The Court repeated that holding in Elia, 511 Mich at 71. In both Christie and Elia, the 

Supreme Court ruled that the defendant state entity was entitled to summary disposition because 

the plaintiff in each particular case had failed to comply with the requirements of MCL 

600.6431(1) when filing the respective actions in the circuit court. Christie, 511 Mich at 64-65; 

Elia, 511 Mich at 71-72, 75.

Accordingly, under Christie and Elia, plaintiff’s claim in this case is barred by her failure 

to comply with the requirements of MCL 600.6431(1) and defendants are entitled to summary 

disposition.

However, the decisions in Christie and Elia were issued while plaintiff’s claim was 

pending in the trial court, and the trial court denied defendants’ motion for summary disposition 

based on its conclusion that the holding in Christie was not retroactively applicable to the present 

matter. The trial court’s ruling implicitly extends to the holding in Elia. Plaintiff maintains on 

appeal that the trial court’s ruling was correct.

We begin our analysis with the “general rule” that “judicial decisions are given full 

retroactive effect.” Pohutski v City of Allen Park, 465 Mich 675, 695; 641 NW2d 219 (2002). 

“Rules determined in opinions that apply retroactively apply to all cases still open on direct review 

and as to all events, regardless of whether such events predate or postdate [the appellate court’s] 

announcement of the rule[s].” McNeel, 289 Mich App at 94 (quotation marks and citation omitted; 
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second alteration in original). Our Supreme Court has indicated that a “more flexible approach”

is appropriate if “injustice might result from full retroactivity” and that “a holding that overrules 

settled precedent may properly be limited to prospective application.” Pohutski, 465 Mich at 696

(emphasis added). “Rules determined in opinions that apply prospectively only . . . not only do 

not apply to cases still open on direct review, but do not even apply to the parties in the cases in 

which the rules are declared.” McNeel, 289 Mich App at 94.

Our Supreme Court has stated the test in Michigan for resolving the question of a judicial 

decision’s retroactivity as follows:

[T]here is a “threshold question whether the decision clearly establishe[s] a new 

principle of law.” If a decision establishes a “new principle of law,” we then 

consider three factors: “(1) the purpose to be served by the new rule, (2) the extent 

of the reliance on the old rule, and (3) the effect of retroactivity on the 

administration of justice.” [League of Women Voters of Mich v Secretary of State, 

508 Mich 520, 565-566; 975 NW2d 840 (2022), quoting Pohutski, 465 Mich at 696 

(second alteration in original).]

Regarding the threshold question whether a court’s decision constitutes a new rule of law, 

“[a] rule of law is new for purposes of resolving the question of its retroactive application . . . either 

when an established precedent is overruled or when an issue of first impression is decided which 

was not adumbrated by any earlier appellate decision.” League of Women Voters, 508 Mich at 566

(ellipsis in original). “If the decision does not announce a new principle of law, then full 

retroactivity is favored.” Mich Ed Employees Mut Ins Co v Morris, 460 Mich 180, 190; 596 NW2d 

142 (1999). Thus, “the first criterion that must be determined in deciding whether a judicial 

decision should receive full retroactive application is whether that decision is establishing a new 

principle of law, either by overruling clear past precedent on which the parties have relied or by 

deciding an issue of first impression where the result would have been unforeseeable to the 

parties.” Id.

Our first task is therefore to determine whether Christie announced a new rule of law. To 

do so, we must first discuss this Court’s holding in Tyrrell.

This Court issued its opinion in Tyrrell on December 22, 2020—after plaintiff had already 

filed the present action. In Tyrrell, the plaintiff filed a civil rights action in the circuit court against 

the University of Michigan and certain employees of the university. Tyrrell, 335 Mich App at 258. 

The defendants moved for summary disposition on the ground that the plaintiff had failed to 

comply with the requirements in MCL 600.6431(1), which necessitated the dismissal of the 

plaintiff’s claims. Id. The trial court denied the defendants’ motion, and they appealed. Id. This 

Court stated that the issue presented was “whether a plaintiff who files an action in circuit court 

against a state defendant is required to comply with MCL 600.6431(1) of the Court of Claims Act 

(COCA), MCL 600.6401 et seq.,” which “in turn require[d] . . . address[ing] whether compliance 

with MCL 600.6431(1) is a question of governmental immunity or a question of compliance with 

the rules for proceeding in the Court of Claims.” Id. at 257. 

The panel noted that these were unresolved questions in this state’s jurisprudence. Id. at 

260, 266. This Court interpreted MCL 600.6401 and held that based on reading the COCA as a 
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whole and the placement of MCL 600.6401 within the statutory scheme, “the Legislature intended 

for MCL 600.6431 to apply only to claims brought in the Court of Claims.” Id. at 269. The panel 

further held that compliance with MCL 600.6431(1) did not implicate governmental immunity 

unless the Legislature conditioned its consent to be sued on compliance with the COCA. Id. at 

264, 270-271. Thus, this Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of the defendants’ motion for 

summary disposition. Id. at 272. The application for leave to appeal to the Michigan Supreme 

Court was dismissed for being untimely. Tyrrell v Univ of Mich, 507 Mich 990; 959 NW2d 719 

(2021).

In Christie, our Supreme Court held that “the Court of Appeals in Tyrrell erred by

concluding that MCL 600.6431(1)’s notice requirements apply only to claims initiated against the

state in the Court of Claims.” Christie, 511 Mich at 44. The plaintiff in Christie filed a civil rights 

action against the defendant university in the circuit court. Id. at 43. The circuit court denied the 

defendant’s motion for summary disposition that was based on the plaintiff’s failure to comply 

with MCL 600.6431(1). Id. at 43-44. This Court affirmed, relying on the holding in Tyrrell that 

a plaintiff is not required to comply with MCL 600.6431 when proceeding against a state defendant 

in circuit court. Id. at 44.

Our Supreme Court reversed and remanded the matter to the circuit court for entry of an 

order granting summary disposition in the defendant’s favor. Id. at 45. The Supreme Court

acknowledged that the Tyrrell panel had addressed an issue of first impression regarding whether 

MCL 600.6431 applied to actions filed outside the Court of Claims. Id. at 51. Nonetheless, the 

Court explained its holding and reasoning as follows:

In short, under the unambiguous language of MCL 600.6431, any claim 

against the state, regardless of where it is filed, must comply with MCL 

600.6431(1)’s notice requirements, except for claims brought under the [Wrongful 

Imprisonment Compensation Act] as exempted in MCL 600.6431(5). The notice 

provision’s statutory history supports this conclusion. Accordingly, the Court of 

Appeals in Tyrrell incorrectly read a forum limitation into MCL 600.6431, which, 

by its express terms, applies without limitation to all claims against state 

defendants, including those filed in the circuit court. It is undisputed that plaintiff 

did not file the required notice with the clerk of the Court of Claims. Consequently, 

plaintiff’s failure “to comply strictly with this notice provision warrants dismissal 

of the claim[s], even if no prejudice resulted.” [Id. at 57 (citation omitted; second 

alteration in original).]

Furthermore, the Supreme Court also held that the COCA was “this state’s controlling 

legislative expression of waiver of the state’s sovereign immunity from direct action suit against 

it and its agencies and of their submission to the jurisdiction of a court,” which meant that “when 

the Legislature enacted the COCA, it expressly conditioned its waiver of the state’s sovereign 

immunity on compliance with the procedures set forth in the notice requirement now contained in 

MCL 600.6431(1).” Id. at 58-59.

It is evident from the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Christie that the Court’s decision was 

based on construing the plain and unambiguous language of MCL 600.6431 to reach a 

determination that was further supported by the operation of the COCA as a limited waiver of the 
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state’s sovereign immunity. See id. at 57-59; see also id. at 44-45. Our Supreme Court has 

explained that it does not announce a new rule of law when it overrules a decision of the Court of 

Appeals that misinterpreted a statute contrary to the statute’s plain language, legislative intent, and 

existing precedent because in that situation, the Supreme Court has “reaffirmed the existing law 

that was misinterpreted by the Court of Appeals.” Mich Ed Employees Mut Ins Co, 460 Mich at 

196-197.

A judicial inquiry investigates, declares and enforces liabilities as they stand 

on present or past facts and under laws supposed already to exist. That is its purpose 

and end. Legislation, on the other hand, looks to the future and changes existing 

conditions by making a new rule to be applied thereafter to all or some part of those 

subject to its power. [Id. at 196 (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

In Christie, our Supreme Court clearly declared the meaning of the law as it existed, based 

on the unambiguous statutory language, and corrected a relatively short-lived misinterpretation of 

the law that had “served to thwart the legislative intent and the mandated result.” Id. at 196-197

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Therefore, because the holding in Christie did not 

constitute a new rule, it has full retroactive effect and therefore applies in the present case. League 

of Women Voters, 508 Mich at 565-566; Mich Ed Employees Mut Ins Co v Morris, 460 Mich at 

190. This conclusion is further supported by the fact that our Supreme Court applied its Christie

holding to the parties in Christie and Elia, both of which were decided on the same day, see 

Christie, 511 Mich at 44-45; Elia, 511 Mich at 71-72, 75, thereby demonstrating that the Supreme 

Court viewed its Christie holding as fully retroactive, McNeel, 289 Mich App at 94. The trial court 

erred by failing to give Christie retroactive effect. As previously explained, under Christie, 

defendants were entitled to summary disposition.

Plaintiff argues that applying Christie retroactively is unconstitutional because doing so 

impairs her vested right in her cause of action without due process. Plaintiff relies on In re 

Certified Questions, 416 Mich 558; 331 NW2d 456 (1982) and Morrison v Dickinson, 217 Mich 

App 308; 551 NW2d 449 (1996). However, both of those cases involved the issue of whether a 

statute operated retroactively, not a judicial opinion; the test for retroactivity of a statute is 

different. See In re Certified Questions, 416 Mich at 570-571; Morrison, 217 Mich App at 317. 

Therefore, plaintiff’s reliance on these cases is misplaced and plaintiff has not demonstrated that 

we must reach a different conclusion on the retroactivity of Christie.

We reverse for entry of summary disposition for defendant. Reversed and remanded for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Defendants having 

prevailed in full are entitled to costs. MCR 7.219(A).

/s/ Stephen L. Borrello 

/s/ Christopher M. Murray 

/s/ Anica Letica