### IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA

No. 14

– 0374
Filed April 17 , 2015 Amended June 24, 2015

STATE OF IOWA , Appellee ,

vs.
TINA LYNN THACKER , Appel lant

.

On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, James D. Birkenholz , District Associate Judge.

The defendant seeks further review of a court of appeals decision affirming her conviction and sentence of second

- degree harassment following a guilty plea

. DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED;
DISTRICT COURT SENTENCE VACATED AND CASE REMANDED
WITH INSTRUCTIONS
.

Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Bradley M. Bender, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant

.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Linda J. Hines, Assistant Attorney General, John P. Sarcone, County Attorney, and Kevin J. Bell, Assistant County Attorney , for appellee.2

APPEL , Justice. In this case, we must decide two questions related to the sentencing of the defendant. The first question is whether the district court complied with Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.23 (3)( d ) in sentencing the defendant after s he pled guilty pursuant to a plea bargain
when the sentencing order does not contain the provisions of the plea bargain. The second question is whether the district court improperly accepted the guilty plea without first determ ining that the defendant’s plea was made voluntarily and intelligently and ha d a factual basis as required by Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)( b ). For the reasons expressed below, we conclude the district court’s sentencing order does not comply with Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.23 (3)( d ) , and as a result, we vacate t he sentence and remand the matter to the district court for resentencing. With respect to the defendant’s claim that her plea was not voluntary, we conclude the issue cannot be resolved in this direct appeal and therefor e reserve this claim for a post conv iction

- relief
action.
I. Factual and Procedural Background. The minutes of testimony in this case state that on October 4, 2013, a supervisor at the Des Moines Area Regional Transit facility
notified police regarding a customer , Tina Thacker, who was screaming profanities at customer service. As the supervisor tried to calm her down, Thacker saw a bus driver, Donald Robuck, which caused her to renew her screaming. Among other things, she screamed she was going
to find out where Robuck lived. The minutes state Robuck had been the
driver of a bus boarded by Thacker. When Thacker asked Robuck to turn on the air conditioner, the system blew out hot air. Thacker then became incensed, used obscenities, and threatened to kill Robuck.3

Thacker was charged by trial information with h arassment in the
first d egree, an aggravated misdemeanor, in violation of Iowa Code section 708.7(2) (2013). The charge was apparently resolved by a plea agreement. The plea agreement, however, is not part of the rec ord. What is part of the record is a form entitled “ Petition to Plead Guilty to Serious
Misdemeanor. ” The form contains an entry stating “the plea agreement is:” but nothing was entered on the lines provided. The terms of the plea agreement were left bl ank

. There is nothing in the record to indicate
whether this was an intentional or unintentional omission. The
defendant waived her right to have the proceedings recorded. On the same day the Petition to Plead Guilty to Serious Misdemeanor was filed, the district court, also using a form, accepted the plea agreement and imposed a sentence. The form contained the following boilerplate language : “The following sentence is based on all of
the available SENTENCING CONSIDERATIONS set out in Iowa Code
Secti on 907.5.” The district court checked the box “The Plea Agreement” as being the factor that was “the most significant in determining [ the ] particular sentence.” The district court ordered Thacker to serve one year in jail but suspended the sentence. The district court placed Thacker on probation
for a period of one year with the Iowa D epartm ent of C orrectional
S ervices. The district court imposed conditions of probation which required Thacker to ( 1) complete any recommen ded substance abuse treatment, ( 2) cooperate and complete a VORP (Victim

- Offender Reconciliation Program) session with each victim who so desires, ( 3) comple te an assaultive behavior class, ( 4) participate in substance abuse monitoring by urine analys is during the term of probation, an d ( 5)4 complete a psychological evaluation and follow through with any
recommended treatment

. The district court further dismissed a related simple misdemeanor charge and ordered Thacker not to have contact
with the victi m for a period of five years. Addi tionally, the district court
ordered Thacker to pay a fine of $315, the statutory surcharges, restitution, court costs , and attorney fees. Th acker appealed. We transferred th e case to the court of appeals. On appeal, Tha cker raise d two issues. First, she claim ed the district court erred by not stating adequate reasons on the record for the exercise of the district court’s sentencing discretion as required by Iowa
Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.23 (3) ( d ). Second, she claim ed she recei ved ineffective assistance of counsel because she did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into her plea agreement. A divided court of appeals rejected Thacker’s arguments. With respect to the claim that the district court failed to give adequate reasons for her sentence, the court of appeals held that the district court was merely giving effect to the parties’ agreement and that no further
statement of reasons was re quired. On the question of whether she
received ineffective assistance of counsel becaus e she did not intelligently and voluntarily enter into the plea agreement, the court of appeals held
that Thac ker failed to show prejudice. A dissent asserted the district court abused its discretion in citing a plea agreement as its reason for
the senten ce, when no plea agreement was apparent in the record. The dissent further took the position that the record was inadequate to
resolve the ineffective

- assistance

- of

- counsel claim

. We granted further review. For the reasons expressed below, we
now vacat e Thacker’s sentence and remand the case to the district court for further proceedings. We also conclude the record is inadequate to5

res olve the ineffective

- assistance claim on direct appeal an d reserve that claim for a post conviction

- relief action

. II. Standard of Review.
A. Review of District Court Sentencing Order. When “the sentence imposed is within the statutory maximum, we will only interfere
if an abuse of discretion is shown.” State v

. Luedtke , 279 N.W.2d 7, 8 (Iowa 1979). In exercising discretion, the district court must “weigh all pertinent matters in determining a proper sentence, including the nature of the offense, the attending circumstances, the defendant’s age, character, and propensities or chances for reform.” Sta te v. Johnson , 476 N.W.2d 330, 335 (Iowa 1991). Errors in sentencing, including
contentions the trial court failed to articulate adequate reasons for a particular sentence, “may be challenged on direct appeal even in the absence of an objection in the dis trict court.” State v. Lathrop , 781 N.W.2d 288, 292

– 93 (Iowa 2010).
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel. “ We review ineffective
assistance of counsel claims de novo. ” State v

. Williams , 57 4 N.W.2d 293, 300 (Iowa 1998). When a defendant seeks to hav e an ineffective

assistance claim resolved on direct appeal, the defendant must establish that the record is adequate to allow the appellate court to determine the
issue. See State v. Johnson , 784 N.W.2d 192, 198 (Iowa 2010). If the
record is in adequate on appeal, the issue must be addressed in an action for postconviction relief. Id.

III. Discussion of On

- t he

- Record Disclosure of Reasons for Sentencing
. A. Backgro und to Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.2 3 (3) ( d)
. Unlike most European co untries in which judicial sentences are reviewable as a matter of law, appellate courts in the United States ha ve6 historically adopted a hands

- off approach to criminal sentencing. See
Ronald M. Labbe , Appellate Review of Sentences: Penology on the Judicial Doorstep , 68 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 122, 122 (1977) [hereinafter Labbe] . I n the 1960 s and 1970 s, considerable a ttention in professional and academic communities was devoted to considering the relatively
uncontrolled nature of criminal sentenci ng in our courts. 1 Judge Simon
E

. Sobeloff of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit stimulated the debate through his academic writings and public
remarks. See Remarks of Judge Sobeloff , Appellate Review of Sentences: A Symposium at t he Judicial Conference of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , 32 F.R.D. 249 , 264

– 75 (196 2 ); Simon Sobeloff, A Recommendation for Appellate Review of Criminal Sentences , 21 Brook. L

. Rev . 2 (1955); Simon E. Sobeloff, The Sentence of the Court:
Should T here B e A ppellate Review ? , 41 A.B.A. J. 13 (1955). In the early 1970 s , the torch of reform was carried by Judge
Marvin Frankel who , in a seminal law review article , c anvassed what he called “lawlessness in sentencing.” Marvin E. Frankel, Lawlessness in Sentencing , 41 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1 (1972). Among other things, Judge
Frankel emphasized the advantages of giving reasons for discretionary sentencing. Frankel noted “the giving of reasons helps the decision

maker himself in the effort to be fair and rational , and makes it possible
for other s to judge whether he has succeeded.” Id. at 9. Similar observations were made by Judge Irving Kaufman, who noted that explanations of sentences “would exert a beneficial influence to

1 The Iowa Law Review published one major article participating in the commentary. See Michael C. Berkowitz, The Constitutional Requirement for a Written Statement of Reasons and Facts in Support of the Sentencing Decision: A Due Process Proposal , 60 Iowa L. Rev. 205 (1974) [hereinafter Berkowitz].7 rationalize the procedure which now is too easily characterized as capricious , ” Irving R. Kaufman, Foreword: The Sentencing Process and Judicial Inscrutability , 49 St. John’s L. Rev. 215, 222 (1975), and would give some reassurance to the criminal “that hi s liberty is not being revoked in a wholly arbitrary fashion ,” id. at 221. The notion that judges should state their reasons for sentencing on the record gained professional support. A s early as 1968, the American Bar Association proposed that sentenci ng judges be required to state
their reasons for selection of a sentence on the record so that a court could exercise its power of judicial review. See ABA Project on Standards
for Criminal Justice , Standards Relating to Appellate Review of Sentences § 2. 3(c) & cmt. e , at 42 , 47 (1968) (noting that “a statement of reasons will be invaluable as an aid to the reviewing court [as] it is difficult to see how meaningful review can occur . . . where the appellate court is left completely in the dark as to why the sentence under review was imposed”)

. The a doption of the ABA Standards led to a reconsideration of the approach to sentenc ing in a number of states. See Labbe, 68 J. Crim. L. & Criminology at 123 (canvassing trends).
I n the 1970 s, we con sidered whether to adopt an ABA

- type rule.
In State v. Horton , 231 N.W.2d 36 , 40

– 42 (Iowa 1975) (McCormick, J., concurring specially) , Jus tice McCormick wrote a special concurrence in
which he advocated adoption of a requirement that district court judges express reasons for sentencing on the record. Justice McCormick emphasized the an omaly that , with respect to sentencing, “the exercise of this power, among the greatest that one person may exercise over the life of another, is virtually unreviewable.” Id. at 40. He noted four basic reasons for the adoption of the requirement that the reasons for
sente ncing be placed on the record: ( 1) increasing the rationality of8 sentencing, ( 2) the therapeutic value of sentencing on the defendant, 2 ( 3) ensuring meaningful appellate review of the sentence, and ( 4) informing
correction al authorities of the reasoning behind a sentence. Id. at 41.
He further noted that a requirement that a district court state reasons for sentencing on the record could promote consistency and assist in the rational development of uniform sentencing. Id. 3 Nonetheless, in the 5

– 4 decision in State v

. Peckenschneider , 236 N.W.2d 344 , 348 (Iowa 1975) (en banc) , we declined to adopt the ABA approach and require district courts to express reasons for sentencing on
the record. Justice McCormic k wrote the dissenting opinion, reprising
the reasoning of his Horton special con currence. Compare id. at 348

– 56 (McCormick, J., dissenting), with Horton , 231 N.W.2d at 40

– 42. In State v. Harvey , 236 N.W.2d 47 , 49 (Iowa 1975) (McCormick, J., specially concurring) , an opinion released on the same day as Peckenschneider , Justice McCormick again wrote a concurring opinion, stating that our refusal to accept ABA standards as mandatory criteria to be applied in sentencing “permits perpetuation of the inequities, disparitie s, and

2 See generally Jerry L. Mashaw, Due Process in the Administrative State 199 (1985) (emphasizing that some sort of explanation for a decision remains necessary if we are to conceive genuinely of the individual as an “autonomous moral agent entitled to self

- respect”).

3 Recent scholarship has emphasized the role of sentence explanation in limiting the appearance of bias and lessening the risk of cognitive bias, including racial bias. See Berkowitz, 60 Iowa L. Rev. at 208

– 09, 233

– 34 (noting role of written explanation in addressing perception and reality of racial bias); Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, & Andrew J. Wistrich, Blinking on the Bench: How Judges Decide Cases , 93 Corne ll L. Rev. 1, 36

– 38 (2007) (suggesting that requiring explanations should induce deliberation and reduce intuitive or impressionistic reactions that may be biased); Michael M. O’Hear, Appellate Review of Sentence Explanations: Learning from the Wisconsin a nd Federal Experiences , 93 Marq. L. Rev. 751, 759

– 60 (2009) (noting that requiring judges to explain the basis for their decisions tends to increase perception of neutrality, mitigate against cognitive bias, and lead to better consideration of the full ran ge of information).9

unfairness which have led to substantial justified crit icism of sentencing practices.” While Justice McCormick’s views did not prevail in our court, the legislature took action. In 1 977, the legislature ena cted a statutory provision, which provided that “[t] he court shall state on the record its
reason for selec ting the particular sentence.” 1977 Iowa Acts ch. 153, § 66 ( currently found in Iowa R. Crim. P

. 2.23(3)( d ) )

. B. Casel aw U nder Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.23(3)( d). We have been called upon to interpret and apply Iowa Rule of Criminal
Procedure 2.23(3)( d ) in a number of cases. Many have noted that by requiring reasons for a particula r sentence to be on the record, a reviewing court will be able to assess whether there has been an abuse of discretion in sentencing. See State v. Thompson , 856 N.W.2d 915, 9 19 (Iowa 2014); State v. Uthe , 542 N.W. 2d 810, 816 (Iowa 1996). We have

n oted that without such a record “ we could [ not ] discern [ whether there
had been ] any abuse of sentencing discretion.” Luedtke , 279 N.W.2d at
8. It is apparent from the cases that one of the important reasons for the rule is to preserve the appellant’s right to challenge the exercise of discretion by the sentencing judge. See id. We have also recognized the value of particularized statements in ensuring criminal defendants are aware of the consequences of their criminal actions. See Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at 919; State v

. Lumadue , 622 N.W.2d 302, 305 (Iowa 2001) (en banc)

. While the rule requires a statement of reasons on the record, a “terse and succinct” statement may be sufficient, “so long as the brevity of the court’s statement does not prevent review of the exercise of the trial court’s sentencing discretion.” State v. Johnson , 44 5 N.W.2d 337, 343 (Iowa 1989). A terse and succinct statemen t is sufficient, however,10 only when the reasons for the exercise of discretion are obvious in light of
the statement and the record before the court. See, e.g ., State v. Victor , 310 N.W.2d 201, 205 (Iowa 1981) (noting it was “ clear from the trial
court ’s statement exactly what moti vated and prompted the sentence ” ( emphasis added ) ). When the reasons for a particular sentence have not been stated on the record, however, we have vacated the sentence and
remanded the case to the district court for resentenci ng. See, e.g. , State
v. McKeever , 276 N.W.2d 385, 388

– 90 (Iowa 1979); State v

. Thompson , 275 N.W.2d 370, 372 (Iowa 1979).
We have rejected a boilerplate

- language approach that does not show why a particular sentence was imposed in a particular case. In Lumadue , 622 N.W.2d at 304, we considered boilerplate language in a written order that provided, “The court has determined that this sentence will provide reasonable protection of the public. Probation is deni ed
because it is unwarranted.” We concluded such language, standing alone, did not satisfy the requirement that the district court make an on

the

- record statement of reasons for i mposing a particular sentence. Id

. at 304

– 05. 4 In a somewhat similar vein, the court of appeals in State v

. Cooper , 403 N.W.2d 800 , 802 (Iowa Ct. App. 1987), consider ed the statement : “[t] he C ourt has reviewed the circumstances of the offense, and the

4 A leading federal appellate decision relating to such boilerplate language is United States v. Cunningham , 429 F.3d 673 (7th Cir. 2005). In Cunningham , Judge Posner rejected the position that a judge could employ a stamp which declar ed that he or she had considered the statutory factors required in sentencing. Id. at 676. Such a position, according to Judge Posner, was inconsistent with appellate review of sentences. Id. at 679. The decision in Cunningham has been undermined, howe ver, by Rita v. United States , 551 U.S. 338, 357

– 59, 127 S. Ct. 2456, 2469 , 168 L. Ed. 2d 203, 218

– 19 (2007), in which the Supreme Court found that implicit explanation of sentences may be sufficient to affirm the reasonableness of a sentence under federal law.11

defendant ’ s prior background.” The court of appeals held that such vague and generalize d comments were inade quate under the rule. Id

. The Cooper court emphasized that “ appellate courts should not be forced to rely on post hoc attempts at divining the district court’s motivation
from the entirety of the record in order to determine if the district court
abused its discretion.” Id. We have also considered what the rule requires in the context of a plea bargain. In State v

. Snyder , 336 N.W.2d 728, 729 (Iowa 1983), the defendant entered a plea b argain with the state. There was no claim the state or the court departed from the terms of the plea bargain. See id.
We held that a statement of reasons for the sentence was not required
because “ [ t ] he sentence of imprisonment was . . . not the product of the exercise of trial court discretion but of the process of giving effect to the parties ’ agreement.” Id. Similarly, in State v

. Ca son , 532 N.W.2d 755,
7 5 6

– 57 (Iowa 1995) (per curiam) , we again considered the impact of a plea bargain on the district court ’ s obligation to state on the record the

reasons for a particular sentence. W e held that a sentencing court does not abuse its discretion for failing to state sufficient reasons for imposing a sentence if it “was merely giving effect to the parties’ agreement.” Id

. In contrast to Snyder and Cason , in Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at
917

– 18 , we considered a case in which the district court elected not to follow the sentence agreed to by the parties in a plea bargain

. In this setting, we held the district court was required to state on the record his
or her reasons for exercising his or he r discretion in imposing a sentence different from that agreed to by the parties. Id. at 920

– 21.
The failure of the district court to adequately cite its reasons for a
sentence on the record is o rdinarily reversible error. See, e.g. , Lumadue , 622 N.W.2d at 304

– 05 (remanding for resentencing when trial court used12 boilerplate language in sentencing order which did not adequately state reasons related to “this” defendant and “this” offense); Uthe , 542 N.W.2d at 816 ( requiring resentencing when c ourt failed to adequately explain its imposition of consecutive sentences); Cooper , 403 N.W.2d at 802 ( vacating sentence and remanding for resentencing after finding sentencing record inadequate ); s ee also Commonwealth v. Johnson , 541 A.2d 332, 340 (Pa. Su per. Ct. 1988) (noting failure to provide adequate

“ statement of reasons for the sentence imposed is reversib le error requiring resentencing ”). One of the main purposes of requiring specific reasons is to provide a record sufficient to allow meaningful appellate
review , see, e.g. , Uthe , 542 N.W.2d at 816 ; Luedtke , 279 N.W.2d at 8 , which is afforded as a matter of ri ght to most criminal defendants, s ee Iowa R. Crim. P . 2.23(3)( e ) (detailing notification of right to appeal regarding indictable offenses); i d. r. 2.73(1) (noting the appropriate procedures regarding a right to appeal in a simple misdemeanor case). There have, however, been unusual circumstances when we have applied a harmless error approach to cases in which the district court
failed to s tate its reasons on the record. In State v. Matlock , 304 N.W.2d 226, 228 (Iowa 1981), we held a district court that failed to state its
reasons on the record did not commit reversible error when it sentenced
the defendant to the least severe sentence authorized by law. A remand for resentencing in Matlock could not possibly have benefited the
defendant under these narrow circumstances. In one other case, State v. All o way , 707 N.W.2d 582 , 587 (Iowa 2006), overruled by Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at 921, we rejected an appeal involving a claim the trial court did not adequately state reasons on the
record for a sentence for lack of prejudice. T he defendant’s claim in Alloway , however, was presented as a claim of ineffective assistance of13

counsel in which a showing of prejudice is ordinarily required. Id. In Alloway , we applied the rule that a defendant who waives the making of
a record of sentencing must take steps to create an alternate record through a bill o f exceptions or a sup plemental statement. Id. at 586. In Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at 921, however, we reversed the case law upon
which Alloway was based. The Alloway approach requiring a showing of prejudice thus has no continued vitality

. C. Application of Principles. The State suggests Thacker f ailed to preserve error in this case by failing to address the lack of record by either requesting a bill of exceptions or expanding the record pursuant to the rules of appellate procedure. We took such an approach in Alloway based on prior precedent. Du ring the pendency of this case, however, we
overruled the Alloway approach in Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at 921. In Thompson , we declared that the responsibility to develop the record
rested with the court, not one of the parties. Id. As a result, the S tate’s argument on this point is without merit. We next turn to language in the sentencing order form. T he district court order is on a form that states in boilerplate fashion that the district court considered all the relevant factors required by law in imposing the sentence. It is clear under our precedents, however, that such boilerplate language , standing alone, is insufficient to satisfy Iowa
Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.23(3)( d ). See Lumadue , 622 N.W.2d at
304

– 05. The boilerplate form is identical for all cases and tells us nothing about how the district court arrived at a particular sentence in a particular case. See id. ; Cooper , 403 N.W.2d at 802.
Here , the district court checked the box for “The Plea Bargain” as the most significant factor in its sentencing decision. The question
arises , then, whether this case falls within the Snyder

- Cason principle14 that when a district court simply imposes a se ntence agreed to by the parties it does not exercise discretion in a fashion that requires a
state ment of reasons on the record. The problem with this theory, however, is that we do not know from the record whether the particulars of the district court’s sentence

w ere agreed to by the parties. Although we know there is a plea agreement of some kind, the Petition to Plead Guilty to Serious
Misdemeanor is silent on the terms of the plea agreement. What we simply do not know is whether the plea bargain had an agreed upon recommendation for the sentence or whether the parties only agreed that
the S tate w ould drop the more serious harassment charge if the defendant pled guilty to a lesser offense. While the district court considered the plea agreement in its sentence, apparently, the consideration given could have been that the more serious charge had
bee n dismissed and the only crime for which the defendant should be
sentenced was now a serious misdemeanor. Further, even if there was an agreed upon recommendation for sentencing, we do not know from
the record whether the district court followed it in eve ry particular or
devia ted from it in some respects. We are left to speculate on these questions. As a result, we cannot conclude the district court has adequately
stated reasons for its sentence on the record as required under Iowa Rule
of Criminal Pr ocedure 2.23(3)( d ). While terse reasoning can be adequate
when we know the statement in the context of the record demonstrates what motivated the district court to enter a particular sentence, see Jo hnson , 445 N.W.2d at 343, we cannot guess or simply calculate the rough probabilities. Looking on the record , we do not know whether the
district court exercised its discretion, simply accepted the parties15
agreement , or did a little of both

. We therefore vacate the sentence and
remand the matter to the di strict court for further proceedings. On remand, if the district court determines it merely gave effect to the parties ’ agreement and exercised no discretion in sentencing other than to accept the plea agreement as advanced by the parties, it should
mak e th e particulars of the plea agreement with respect to the sentence a part of the record. See Matlock , 304 N.W.2d at 228 (“If the court has no discretion in sentencing, it should so state

. ”). If, on the other hand, the parties did not come to an agreeme nt with respect to the particulars of the sentence or the district court departed from any agreement the parties may have had, then the district court exercised discretion and, as a result, must make a statement on the record as to why it exercised its
dis cretion in the way it did. On remand, there is no requirement the district court arrive at a different sentence, but only that it satisfy the requirements of Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.2 3(3)( d ).
IV. Knowing and Voluntary Guilt y Plea.
Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)( b ) requires the district court
to determine “that the [ defendant’s ] plea is made voluntarily and intelligently and has a factual basis.” Thacker contends she did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into the written plea b argain in this

case. This case involves a serious misdemeanor. In State v. Meron , 675 N.W.2d 537, 543 (Iowa 2004 ), we held the district court, with the defendant’s consent, may waive the in

- court colloquy otherwise required by Iowa Rule of Criminal Pro cedure 2.8(2)( b ). Nonetheless, we emphasized that allowing written waivers does not diminish the importance and necessity of the court’s role to ensure each plea is voluntary, intelligent , and supported by the facts. Id

.16
The record before us, however, simply does not allow us to determine whether Thacker entered into the plea voluntarily and intelligently. We also cannot determine on the record whether she was prejudiced. As a result, we dec line to address the ineffective

- assistance

of

- counsel issue o n direct appeal. A determination of the ineffectiveness
claim must be made in an act ion for post conviction relief to “ allow a record to be developed concerning the actual terms of the plea agreement and [Thacker’s] understanding of the terms of the plea agreement.” State
v. Philo , 697 N.W.2d 481, 48 9 (Iowa 2005).
V. Conclusion. For the above reasons, the sentence in this case is vacated and the
matter remanded to the district court for resentencing.
DECISION OF COURT OF APPEALS VACATED; DISTRICT
COURT SENTENCE VACATED AND CASE REMANDED WITH
INSTRUCTIONS. All justices concur except Mansfield, J., Cady, C.J., and
Wate rman, J., who dissent.17 #14

– 0374, State v. Thacker MANSFIELD, Justice (dissenting). I respectfully dissent and would affirm Thacker’s sentence. According to the minutes of testimony, this incident began when Thacker was picked up at a bus ro ute along I ngersoll Avenue in
Des Moines on October 4, 2013. Thacker told the bus driver, Donald Robuck, that someone who owed her money had been chasing her. She asked Robuck to turn on the air conditioning, but when he did so, the system blew hot air. This incen sed Thacker, who began calling Robuck a
“fat m***** f*****” and threatened to kill him. On arrival at the bus depot in downtown Des Moines, Thacker went to customer service and caused a disruption by screaming profanities. Efforts to calm her down were u nsuccessful. Thacker attempted to follow Robuck and a supervisor outside, but got stuck in a revolving door. She started kicking the door until it began to move. When Thacker saw Robuck leaving for his next route, she screamed at him that she was going to find out where he lived. Thacker was charged with first

- degree harassment, an aggravated misdemeanor, and disorderly conduct, a simple misdemeanor. See Iowa Code § 708.7(2) (2013); id. § 723.4(2). On February 7, 2014, the charges were disposed of when Thacker pled guilty to the lesser included offense
of second

- degree harassment, a serious misdemeanor, and received a

one

- year suspended sentence and probation. See id . § 708.7(3). The record includes Thacker’s petition to plead guilty to a serious misdemeanor (which includes a written waiver of rights signed by her) and the district court’s written sentencing order, which lists the plea agreement as the only reason for the sentence impo sed. The sentencing18 order also indicates that Thacker waived reporting and record ing of the sentencing hearing. The district court is required to state the reason or reasons for a particular sentence on the record. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.23(3)( d ) (“The court shall state on the record its reason for selecting the particular sentence.”). “ The district court can satisfy this requirement by orally stating the reasons on the record or placing the reasons in the written sentencing order.” State v. Thompson , 856 N.W.2d 915, 919 (Iowa 2014). However, as the majority acknowledges, when the defendant’s sentence is based upon a plea agreement, the court provides a sufficient reason or reasons when it cites the plea agreement as the reason for the sentence.
See S tate v. Cason , 532 N.W.2d 755, 756 (Iowa 1995) (per curiam). The
district court did so here.
In Thompson , we overruled prior precedent and held that even when a defendant waives reporting of the sentencing hearing, the defendant does not thereby waive the requirement that the district court provide the reason or reasons for the sentence on the record. See Thompson , 856 N.W.2d at 920

– 21. The present case is not a Thompson case. Unlike the sentencing order in Thompson , see id. at 918, the sentencing order here states the reason for the sentence, namely, the plea agreement, and that reason is a legally sufficient one. Thacker, thus, wants to take Thompson a step further. She wants to establish a rule that when the sentence is based on a plea agreement,
eit her the written plea agreement or the hearing transcript setting forth the terms of the plea agreement must be included in the record. This is intended to be a check so the appellate court can verify that the district court did, indeed, follow the plea ag reement in its sentencing order.19 Whatever the potential merits of this rule in the abstract, I think it makes no sense to apply it unless the defendant is asserting the
sentence did not comply with the plea agreement . Thacker makes no
such assertion. In fact, Thacker does not challenge her underlying sentence at all, for example, by claiming it is too harsh or restrictive. All we have here is her appellate attorney’s contention that one cannot tell from the record whether the sentence imposed is actually consistent with the plea agreement. Presumably, appellate counsel has asked Thacker, or Thacker’s trial counsel, whether the sentence is consistent with the plea agreement. The briefing should disclose the answer to this question. Since sentencing proc eedings come with a presumption of regularity, see, e.g. , State v. Jose , 636 N.W.2d 38, 41 (Iowa 2001); State
v. Sailer , 587 N.W.2d 756, 762 (Iowa 1998), it seems unfair to assume

— in the absence of any claim by the defendant

— that an irregularity might
have occurred. The court’s approach appears to elevate form over substance. That is, it remands the case for expansion of the record even when the defendant is not complaining about the result. The effect of the court’s approach will be to require another la yer of documentation in misdemeanor cases. I think the limited resources of our criminal justice system can best be deployed elsewhere. For the foregoing reasons, I dissent. Cady, C.J., and Waterman, J., join this dissent.