APPENDIX 8

- D. INSTALLATION COST DE TERMINATION

FOR COMMERCIAL PACKA GED BOILERS

TABLE OF CO NTENTS

8

- D.1 INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................ . 8

- D

- 1

8

- D.2 INSTALLATION COST ME THODOLOGY

................................ ....................... 8

- D

- 2

8

- D.2.1 Introduction

................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 8

- D

- 2

8

- D.2.2 New Construction and Replacement Market Shares

................................ ............. 8

- D

- 2

8

- D.2.3 Basic Installation Costs

................................ ................................ .......................... 8

- D

- 3

8

- D.2.4 Venting

................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 8

- D

- 3

8

- D.2.4.1 Venting Design

................................ ................................ .................... 8

- D

- 3

8

- D.2.4.1 Replacement Installations

................................ ................................ .... 8

- D

- 5

8

- D.2.4.2 New Construction Installations

................................ ............................ 8

- D

- 8

8

- D.2.5 Condensate Removal for Condensing Boilers

................................ ....................... 8

- D

- 8

8

- D.3 RS MEANS 2013 REGION AL LABOR COSTS

................................ ................. 8

- D

- 9

LIST OF TABLES

Table 8

- D.1.1 Example Installation Cost Table

................................ ................................ 8

- D

- 1

Table 8

- D.2.1 Basic Installation Cost (2013$)

................................ ................................ .. 8

- D

- 3 Eq. 8

- D.1.1 8

- D

- 4

Table 8

- D.2.2 Values for Constants in Vent Diameter Calculation

................................ .. 8

- D

- 5

Table 8

- D.2.3 Average Vent Rezing and Chimney Relining Costs for Natural Draft

Boilers

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 8

- D

- 6

Table 8

- D.2.4 Installation Fractions for Condensate Removal

................................ ......... 8

- D

- 9

Ta ble 8

- D.2.5 Installation Cost Components for Condensate Removal (2013$)

.............. 8

- D

- 9

Table 8

- D.3.1 RS Means 2013 National Average Labor Costs by Crew

........................ 8

- D

- 10

Table 8

- D.3.2 RS Means Labor Costs Markups by Trade (Commercial)

....................... 8

- D

- 10

Table 8

- D.3.3 Mate rial and Labor Cost Factors by Geographical Area (for RECS 2009 Sample)

................................ ................................ ........................... 8

- D

- 11

Table 8

- D.3.4 Material and Labor Cost Factors by Census Division (for CBECS 2003 Sample)

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 8

- D

- 12

8

- D

- iAPPENDIX 8

- D. INSTALLATION COST DE TERMINATION FOR COMM ERCIAL

PACKAGED BOILERS

8

- D.1 INTRODUCTION

This appendix provides further details about the derivation of installation costs for commercial packaged boilers. The installation cost is the price to the commercial consumer of labor and materials (other than the cost of the actual equipment) needed to install boiler equipment.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimate s installation costs for boilers based on RS Means, a well

- known and respected construction cost estimation method, as well as

manufacturer literature and info rmation from expert consultants. Table 8

- D.1.1 offers an example of the installation cost calculation. All labor costs are derived using the standard union

2013 RS Means labor costs by crew type. 1 Replacement installation cost tables i nclude a trip charge, which is often charged by contractors and calculated to be equal to one half hour of labor per crew member. Labor hours (or person

- hours) are based on RS Means data, expert data, or engineering judgment. Bare costs are all the costs w ithout any markups. Material costs are based on RS Means data, expert data, or internet sources. The total includes overhead and profit (O&P), which is calculated using labor and material markups from RS Means. Values reported in this appendix are based on national average labor costs. The labor costs shown in the tables in this appendix are the national average values. In its analysis, DOE use s regional labor costs to more accurately estimate installation costs by region. Section 8

- D.3 describes the derivation of regional labor costs. DOE then applie s the appropriate regional labor cost to each CBECS or RECS sample building. The total costs include O&P. (Note that t he unit “L.F.” in the tables means “linear foot.”)

Table 8

- D.1.1 Example Installation Cost Table

Description Crew Labor

Hours Unit Bare Costs ( 2009$ ) Quantity Total

incl.

O&P Material Labor Total

Trip Charge CREW1 0.5

- 0.00 23.00 23.00 1 35.00

Description of Installation Item CREW1 0.5 Ea. 15.00 23.00 48.00 1 51.50

Total 1.0 15.00 46.00 71.00 86.50

The installation cost calculations for boilers vary by characteristics of the boiler being installed, geographic region, choices made by the installing contractor and owner, and characteristics of the building in which the boiler is being installed. The an alysis accounted for different installation costs for the following considerations:

• Gas

- fired boilers and oil

- fired boilers;

• Natural draft and mechanical draft equipment types;

• Condensing and non

- condensing boilers

8

- D

- 1• New boiler installation and replacement boiler installation;

• Commercial and residential buildings;

• Venting systems requirements: Category I (non

- condensing), Category III (stainless vents), and Category IV (condensing);

• Vent materials: masonry chimneys, Type B metal vents, stainless steel vents , and plastic (polyvinylchloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC), or polypropylene (PP)); and

• Special situations, such as the need to reline a chimney

. Applying the RS Means methodology to a boiler installation requires knowledge of its

details , including the vent length, venting material, vent type, diameter, number of elbows, etc.

DOE has rev iewed relevant published literature and installation manuals to estimate these quantities as a distribution of values derived from available data. A Cryst al Ball Monte Carlo

simulation was used to model the resultant costs for each individual building. a

8

- D.2 INSTALLATION COST ME THODOLOGY

8

- D.2.1 Introduction

DOE develop s i nstallation cost data for boilers using RS Means cost data, DOE technical support documents, and manufacturer literature. 2

, 3

, 4 The installation cost is divided into the following three components:

• basic installation,

• venting, and

• condensate removal.

The following information about market shares, technologies, and installation location help shape the installation cost calculations.

8

- D.2.2 New Construction and Replacement Market Shares

As determined in the shipment analysis portion of the national impact analysis (NIA) (see Chapter 9), approximately 2 2

- percent of the market will be new construction and 7 8

- percent will be replacements in 2019.

Boiler Technologies. There are two main boiler designs: non

- condensing and condensing. Non

condensing boilers have a thermal efficiency (TE) between 77

- percent and 89

- percent. Condensing boilers have a TE of 90

- percent or greater. Condensing boilers are only available in the mechanical draft, hot water equipment classes. Natural draft boilers usually use a Category I venting system. Mechanical draft boilers use a Ca tegory IV vent. A Category I venting system

a See Chapter 8 for a description of the Monte Carlo simulation methodology.
8

- D

- 2relies on negative pressure and uses either a masonry chimney or a Type B metal vent. A Category IV venting system uses positive pressure and a plastic (PVC, CPVC, or PP) or stainless

steel vent.

Installation Lo cation. Based on information from consultants, DOE assume s that all commercial packaged boilers were located in a mechanical room.

8

- D.2.3 Basic Installation Costs

DOE estimate s basic installation costs that are applicable to both replacement and new building installations. These costs include putting in place and setting up the boiler

, as well as connecting fuel and water piping to the boiler. Additional costs that only apply to retrofits include removal of the old boiler, permit, and removal or disposal fees

. Table 8

- D.2.1 presents the average basic installation cost applied to all efficiency levels for all equipment classes.

Table 8

- D.2.1 Basic Installation Cost ( 2013$) Equipment Class Basic Installation Cost

SGNDHW $4,211

LGNDHW $10,359

SONDHW $3,843

LONDHW $5,142

SGNDST $4,473

LGNDST $10,961

SONDST $3,778

LONDST $5,529

SGMDHW $4,105

LGMDHW $9,816

SOMDHW $3,847

LOMDHW $5,018

SGMDST $4,459

LGMDST $10,919

SOMDST $3,753

LOMDST $5,526

8

- D.2.4 Venting

8

- D.2.4.1 Venting Design

Estimating venting costs is complex because a large variety of installation scenarios are possible. DOE calculate s venting costs for each building in the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey ( CBECS ) and Residential Energy Consumption Survey ( RECS ) boiler

8

- D

- 3sample s . To determine venting costs for both new construction and replacement installations,

DOE use s a number of parameters that have an impact on the venting installation cost, including installation type (replacement or new construction), assumed existing venting material in replacement boiler installations (chimney vent, Type B metal vent, or stainless steel), and new vent material (Type B metal, stainless steel, or plast ic).

Non

- condensing boilers exhaust high

- temperature flue gas, which heats the inside of the vent above the dew point to ensure that water vapor in the flue gas does not condense; if it does

condense and does not re

- evaporate quickly during the boiler fi ring cycle, it could corrode the vent, the boiler heat exchanger, or both, thus reducing the lifetime of the vent system or the boiler itself. Typically, a small amount of condensate at cold startup is acceptable as long as it dries out quickly.

More

- eff icient low

- temperature condensing boilers condense the water vapor in the primary or a secondary heat exchanger, thus increasing boiler efficiency by reducing latent heat

loss. The condensate is fed to a drain. The flue must be made of a material that will not corrode,

such as stainless steel or certain types of plastic. While plastic piping would not be able to be

used to vent non

- condensing boilers because the flue gas temperature is higher than the plastic can safely withstand, plastic piping can be used to vent condensing boilers in which the flue gas temperature is relatively low. Plastic piping is primarily used when the vent diameter is 6 inches or less because it is generally cheaper. Above 6 inches, the fittings for plastic piping get more expensive and more specialized tools are required, so stainless steel becomes more common.

8

-

D.2.4.1.1 

### Vent Material

Type B metal vents, stainless steel, and plastic piping are the most common venting materials used with commercial packaged boilers in new construction and replacements. Masonry chimneys are uncommon in new construction, but may be used for venting in existing buildings.

8

- D.2.4.1.2 

### Vent Sizing

DOE determine s the relationship between boiler capacity and vent size from installation manuals from boiler manufacturers. The relationship is determined to be logarithmic with the following equation:

VVVVVVVV DDDDDDDD DD = × ln ( II IIII CC ) + bb Eq. 8

- D.1.1

W here :

a = constant, Input Cap = input capacity of the boiler, kBtu/h, and

b = constant.

8

- D

- 4The values of the parameters a and b are determined separately for natural draft boilers

and mechanical draft boilers

, and are given in Table 8

- D.2.2 . The calculated vent size is rounded to the nearest commonly available vent size. The commonly available vent sizes are assumed to be 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 22, and 24 inches in diameter. For example, a representative 800 kBtu/h natural draft gas boiler uses a 10

- inch Type B vent, while a representative 3000 kBtu/h natural draft gas boiler uses a 16

- inch Type B vent.

Table 8

- D.2.2 Values for Constants in Vent Diameter Calculation

Forced Draft Natural Draft

a 4.9079 4.7913

b

- 24.513

- 20.54

8

-

D.2.4.1.3 

### Vent Length

Vent length is dependent on the building configuration, specifically where the mechanical

room is located relative to the outdoors. No information about the location of the mechanical room housing the boiler is given in the CBECS or RECS sample data. Therefore DOE assume s a distribution of vent lengths, independent of any boiler or building characteristics. DOE

determine s from manufacturer’s boiler installation manuals that the minimum and maximum

stra ight flue length allowed are 12 feet and 100 feet, respectively, with each elbow accounting for 5 feet of straight length. From c hapter 5 of the 2009 TSD it has been determined that the typical vent length is 35 feet. 5 Based on this information, it is assumed that the vent length has a normal distribution with an average of 35 feet and a standard deviation of 6, as shown in Figure

8

- D.2.2 below.

Figure 8

- D.2.1 Vent length distribution

8

- D.2.4.1 Replacement Installations

For replacements, DOE has evaluated three cases : (1) One involves switching from a

non

- condensing natural draft boiler to another non

- condensing natural draft boiler , (2) the second

8

- D

- 5involves switching from a non

- condensing mechanical draft boiler to another non

- condensing

mechanical draft boiler , and (3) th e third involves switching from a non

- condensing mechanical draft boiler to a condensing mechanical draft boiler (90

- percent or greater TE).

8

-

D.2.4.1.1 Non

- Condensing to Non

- Condensing , Natural Draft Boiler

Installations

Many non

- condensing to non

- condensing natura l draft boiler replacement installations require venting modifications to meet current safety requirements . The main issue that can arise when replacing a non

- condensing boiler with a more efficient non

- condensing boiler is resizing the existing venting sy stem.

Chimney Relining

DOE assume s that 25

- percent of buildings built before 1980 with a natural draft boiler have chimney venting. DOE assume s that if a building has chimney venting then the chimney will need to be relined if the boiler is replaced. See average chimney relining costs by product

class in Table 8

- D.2.3

.

Vent Resizing

Vent resizing occurs when the existing vent diameter is too large for the new boiler. DOE

assume s that vent resizing occurs any time an existing boiler with an efficiency of less than or equal to 75

- percent is being replaced. DOE assume s that vent resizing also occur s in 10

- percent of all other natural draft replacement installatio ns where chimney relining does not occur. See average vent resizing costs by product class in Table 8

- D.2.3

.

Table 8

- D.2.3 Average Vent Rezing and Chimney Relining Costs for Na tural Draft

Boilers

Equipment Class Resizing Venting

Cost Chimeny Relining

Cost

Natural Draft Gas

- Fired Hot Water Commercial Packaged Boiler ≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr $2,310 $2,516

Natural Draft Gas

- Fired Hot Water Commercial Packaged Boiler >2,500,000 Btu/hr $8,081 $8,728

Natural Draft Oil

- Fired Hot Water Commercial Packaged Boiler ≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr $2,250 $2,255

Natural Draft Oil

- Fired Hot Water Commercial Packaged Boiler >2,500,000 Btu/hr $8,675 $9,041

Natural Draft Gas

- Fired Steam Commercial Packaged Boiler ≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr $2,148 $2,266

Natural Draft Gas

- Fired Steam Commercial Packaged Boiler >2,500,000 Btu/hr $7,830 $8,807

8

- D

- 6Natural Draft Oil

- Fired Steam Commercial Packaged Boiler ≥300,000 Btu/hr and ≤2,500,000 Btu/hr $2,253 $2,345

Natural Draft Oil

- Fired Steam Commercial Packaged Boiler >2,500,000

Btu/hr $6,104 $7,191

8

-

D.2.4.1.2 Non

- Condensing to Non

- Condensing, Mechanical Draft Boiler

Installations

DOE assume s that all new non

- condensing mechanical draft boiler installations would have stainless steel venting. DOE assume s that for replacement situations, if the existing boiler is vented with stainless steel, then the stainless steel venting could be reused. DOE assume s the presence of stainless steel venting in existing mechanical draft installations is based on the following criteria: 25

- percent of the time when the efficiency of the existing boiler is less than or equal to 85

- percent; 50

- percent of the time when the efficiency of the existing boiler is between

84

- and 85

- percent; 100

- percent of the time when the efficiency of the existing boiler is between

86

- percent and 90

- perce nt

.

8

-

D.2.4.1.3 Non

- Condensing to Condensing Boiler Installations

The standard cases that DOE consider s in the analysis represent condensing boiler designs at 90

- percent TE or greater. Based on the assumed efficiency of the existing boiler, DOE

assume s that there is no existing boiler that is condensing. Therefore DOE d oes not consider the case where an existing condensing boiler is replaced.

DOE estimate s that nationally in 20 19, a growing number of replacement installations

would be from non

- condensing to condensi ng boilers. The next three sections explain the changes to the venting systems that would be required when installing condensing boilers and provide information about the fractions of impacted installations. The sections address the following two installat ion issues:

• condensing flue vent (plastic or stainless steel);

• combustion air vent

Condensing Fl ue Vent

When replacing an existing non

- condensing boiler with a condensing boiler, a new venting system may need to be installed. If a stainless steel vent already exists, then the vent system will be reused. The criteria to determine whether the existing vent is stainless steel is

described above in Section 8

- D.2.4.1.2 . If a stainless steel vent does not already exist, then the flue considerations are the same in replacements as they are new construction. In plastic venting,

both PVC and CPVC are common. DO E assume s that 75

- percent of all plastic venting is PVC

and 25

- percent of all plastic venting was CPVC.

Combustion Air Vent

8

- D

- 7DOE assume s that 50

- percent of condensing boilers installations are direct

- vent installations, which use combustion air supplied from the outdoor air. In direct

- vent installations the combustion air vent is assumed to be the same diameter and same length as the flue exhaust vent. The material is either stainless steel or plastic. The costs for both stainless steel and plastic

are ca lculated, and the cheaper one is chosen.

8

- D.2.4.2 New Construction Installations

For boiler installations in new construction, DOE account s for the installation cost of a new venting system for both non

- condensing boilers and condensing boilers.

8

- D.2.5 Condensate Removal for Condensing Boilers

Condensate removal is required for all condensing boiler installations in both replacement and new construction cases. DOE considered the following when assessing the cost

of condensate removal:

• Condensate Pipe: For condens ing boiler s, excess condensate must be deposited in a

drain. Therefore, for a ll installations DOE applie s the cost of adding condensate pipe

. DOE assume s an average length of 15 feet in replacement installations and 5 feet in new

construction installations.

• Condensate Pump : If a drain is not near, then the condensate must be pumped to a remote

drain. DOE assumes that a condensate pump is required for 25

- pe rcent of the

installations.

• Condensate Neutralizer : DOE assume s that 12.5

- percent of all installations would require a condensate neutralizer.

• Additional Electrical Outlet : DOE assume s that half of all installations would require an additional electricity outlet.

Table 8

- D.2.4 summarizes the condensate removal adders associated with condensing

boilers.

8

- D

- 8Table 8

- D.2.4 Installation Fractions for Condensate Removal

Installation Cost Description Criteria Frequency of applying

criteria

Condensate Pipe All installations 100%

Condensate Pump All installations 25 %

Condensate

Neutralizer All installations 12.5%

Electrical Outlet (additional) Installations requiring a

p ump 50 %

In addition to the installation costs, the e lect ricity use of the condensate pump is taken

into account in the energy use calculations (see Chapter 7). The pump is assumed to be 250 watts for small boilers and 500 watts for large boilers.

Table 8

- D.2.5 presents the average costs for condensate removal components for new construction and new owner installations. These costs are only i ncluded when applicable.

Table 8

- D.2.5 Installation Cost Components for Condensate Removal (2013$)

Installation Component Cost
Electricity Connection $205
Condensate Pipe $18
Condensate Pump $265

Condensate Neutralizer $118

8

- D.3 RS MEANS 2013 REGION AL LABOR COSTS

DOE used regional material and labor costs to more accurately estimate installation, maintenance, and repair costs by region. RS Means provides average national labor costs for different trade groups as shown in Table 8

- D.3.1

. Bare costs are given in RS Means, while labor costs including overhead and profit (O&P) are the bare costs multiplied by the RS Means markups by trade shown in Table 8

- D.3.2

.

8

- D

- 9Table 8

- D.3.1 RS Means 2013 National Average Labor Costs by Crew

Crew Type Crew Description Laborers per Crew Cost per Labor

- Hour

Bare Costs Incl. O&P*

Residential Labors Costs Q1 1 Plumber, 1 Plumber Apprentice 2 $ 33.18 $ 54.61
Q2 1 Plumber, 2 Plumber Apprentice 3 $31.95 $52.58

Q7 1 Steamfitter Foreman, 2 Steamfitters, 1 Steamfitter Apprentice 4 $33.65 $55.48

Q9 1 sheet metal worker, 1 sheet metal worker apprentice 2 $31.68 $52.74

Q10 2 sheet metal worker, 1 sheet metal worker apprentice 3 $32.85 $54.70

1 Plum 1 Plumbers 1 $36.85 $60.66
1 Plum Apprentice 1 Plumber Apprentice 1 $29.50 $48.56

1 Elec 1 Electrician 1 $35.10 $57.42

1 Sheet 1 Sheet metal worker 1 $35.20 $58.61

1 Sheet Apprentice 1 Sheet metal worker apprentice 1 $28.15 $46.87
1 Carp 1 Carpenter 1 $31.45 $52.84
Commercial Labors Costs (Standard Union) Q1 1 Plumber, 1 Plumber Apprentice 2 $42.65 $64.23
Q2 1 Plumber, 2 Plumber Apprentice 3 $41.08 $61.85

Q7 1 Steamfitter Foreman, 2 Steamfitters, 1 Steamfitter Apprentice 4 $43.26 $65.26

Q9 1 sheet metal worker, 1 sheet metal worker apprentice 2 $40.73 $62.11

Q10 2 sheet metal worker, 1 sheet metal worker apprentice 3 $44.92 $68.50

1 Plum 1 Plumbers 1 $55.80 $84.03
1 Plum Apprentice 1 Plumber Apprentice 1 $29.50 $44.43

1 Elec 1 Electrician 1 $52.40 $78.39

1 Sheet 1 Sheet metal worker 1 $53.30 $81.28
1 Sheet Apprentice 1 Sheet metal worker apprentice 1 $28.15 $42.93
1 Carp 1 Carpenter 1 $44.90 $69.15

* O& P includes markups in Table 8

- A.8.2

Table 8

- D.3.2 RS Means Labor Costs Markups by Trade (Commercial)

Trade Workers Comp. Aver Fixed

Overhead Overhead Profit Total

Plumber 6.7% 17.9% 30.0% 10.0% 6.7%

Electrician 5.7% 17.9% 30.0% 10.0% 5.7%

Sheet Metal 8.6% 17.9% 30.0% 10.0% 8.6%
Carpenter 15.1% 17.9% 25.0% 10.0% 15.1%

RS Means also provides material and labor cost factors for 295 cities and towns in the

U.S. To derive average labor cost values by S tate, DOE weight s the price factors by 2008

- 2012

boiler shipments by state . DOE use s the material and labor cost factors for cost associated with fire suppression, p lumbing , and heating, ventilating, and air conditioning ( HVAC )

. Table 8

- D.3.3

8

- D

- 10shows the final regional material and labor price factors used in the analysis by geographical area

and Table 8

- D.3.4 by census division.

Table 8

- D.3.3 M aterial and Labor Cost Factors by Geographical Area (for RECS 2009 Sample)

Geographical Area Plumbing, HVAC Electrical Weighted Average

Material Labor Material Labor Material Labor Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont 0.99 0.90 1.01 0.90 1.00 0.95

Massachusetts 1.00 1.19 1.02 1.16 1.01 1.27

New York 1.00 1.61 1.02 1.68 1.03 1.60

New Jersey 1.00 1.25 1.02 1.37 1.00 1.24
Pennsylvania 0.98 1.14 0.96 1.25 0.98 1.16

Illinois 0.99 1.28 0.95 1.27 0.99 1.32

Indiana, Ohio 0.99 0.89 0.98 0.90 0.98 0.90
Michigan 1.00 1.01 0.97 0.99 0.96 1.01

Wisconsin 0.99 0.95 1.02 0.95 1.00 1.01

Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota 0.99 0.97 1.01 0.94 1.00 1.00

Kansas, Nebraska 0.99 0.74 0.99 0.77 0.99 0.74

Missouri 0.99 0.96 1.01 0.95 0.99 0.98
Virginia 0.99 0.66 0.97 0.71 1.01 0.69
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland 0.98 0.84 0.98 0.95 0.99 0.84
Georgia 0.99 0.66 0.99 0.69 0.97 0.67

North Carolina, South Carolina 1.00 0.36 0.97 0.44 0.99 0.48

Florida 1.00 0.69 0.99 0.68 1.00 0.73
Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi 0.99 0.75 0.99 0.78 0.97 0.80

Tennessee 1.00 0.71 1.00 0.63 0.98 0.68

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 1.00 0.59 1.02 0.65 0.99 0.62

Texas 0.99 0.56 0.95 0.61 0.98 0.61

Colorado 0.99 0.79 1.01 0.84 1.01 0.82

Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming 1.00 0.70 0.98 0.70 1.01 0.71

Arizona 1.00 0.80 0.98 0.66 0.97 0.74

Nevada, New Mexico 1.00 0.76 0.91 0.80 0.99 0.80

California 0.99 1.21 1.00 1.21 1.01 1.19
Oregon, Washington 1.00 1.04 1.02 0.97 1.02 0.98

Alaska 1.00 1.05 1.34 1.17 1.24 1.14

Hawaii 1.00 1.10 1.06 1.27 1.12 1.21
West Virginia 0.98 0.85 0.96 0.90 0.99 0.88

8

- D

- 11Table 8

- D.3.4 Material and Labor Cost Factors by Census Division (for CBECS 2003 Sample)

Census Division Plumbing, HVAC Electrical Weighted Average

Material Labor Material Labor Material Labor
New England 0.99 1.02 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.08

Middle Atlantic 0.99 1.43 1.01 1.51 1.01 1.42

East North Central 0.99 1.06 0.98 1.05 0.98 1.09

West North Central 0.99 0.96 1.01 0.93 1.00 0.99

South Atlantic 0.98 0.79 0.97 0.88 0.99 0.80

East South Central 1.00 0.73 0.99 0.70 0.97 0.74

West South Central 1.00 0.58 0.99 0.63 0.99 0.62

Mountain 1.00 0.76 0.99 0.79 1.01 0.79

8

- D

- 12REFERENCES

1. Sales Tax Clearinghouse, I., State Sales Tax Rates Along with Combined Average City and County Rates, (Last accessed March 27, 2014.) < http://thestc.com/STrates.stm >

2. U.S. Department of Energy

- Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Technical Support Document: Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Residential Furnaces

and Boilers , 2007. Washington, DC.

3. RS Means Company Inc., RS Means Facilities Maintenance & Repair Cost Data . 2013. Kingston, MA.

4. RS Means Company Inc., RS Means Mechanical Cost Data, 36st Annual Edition . 2013. Kingston, MA.

5. U.S. Department of Energy

- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Technical Support Document: Energy Conservation Program for Certain Industrial Equipment: Energy

Conservatio n Standards and Test Procedures for Commercial Heating, Air

- Conditioning,

and Water

- Heating Equipment 2009. Washington, DC. Docket Number EERE

- 2008

- BT

STD

- 0013. < http:// www.regulations.gov/#!docketDetail;D=EERE

- 2008

- BT

- STD

- 0013 >

8

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- 13