This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A15-0238

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Christopher Alan Young,

Appellant.

Filed November 16, 2015

Affirmed

Chutich, Judge

Ramsey County District Court

File No. 62-CR-13-4001

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney, 

St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Julie Loftus Nelson, Assistant 

Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Chutich, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and 

Larkin, Judge. 
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U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

CHUTICH, Judge

Appellant Christopher Alan Young challenges the district court’s decision to 

revoke the stay of execution on his 156-month sentence. Because the district court 

properly found that Young violated the terms of his stay of execution, we affirm.

FACTS

This case arose from allegations that Young sexually penetrated his younger sister 

beginning when she was seven years old and continuing until she was approximately ten 

years old. Young was approximately twelve years old when he began abusing his sister. 

When the state charged Young, he was nineteen years old. 

Young admitted to the allegations and pleaded guilty to first-degree criminal 

sexual conduct on June 6, 2013. See Minn. Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(g) (2014). The 

district court sentenced him to 156 months, stayed for 20 years, subject to certain 

probationary conditions. See id., subd. 3 (2014) (permitting the court to stay execution of 

the sentence if it finds (1) “a stay is in the best interest of the complainant or the family 

unit” and (2) “a professional assessment indicates that the offender has been accepted by 

and can respond to a treatment program”). 

The conditions of probation required Young to register as a predatory offender, 

provide a DNA sample, have no contact with the victim, and complete sex-offender 

treatment. The district court additionally ordered Young to serve 365 days in local 

confinement. See id., subd. 3 (b)(1) (requiring a term of local confinement as a condition 

of probation).
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On December 6, 2013, Young’s probation officer filed a probation violation 

report, alleging that Young had been terminated from transitional housing for seven 

major rule violations. His probation officer recommended vacating Young’s stay of 

execution and executing his 156-month sentence. 

Because the sentencing court had not enumerated completion of transitional 

housing as a condition of probation, the district court determined that Young had not 

violated probation. Instead, the district court modified the terms of his probation to 

include an additional 365 days in local confinement and completion of transitional 

housing upon his release.

Young’s probation officer filed a second probation violation report on August 27, 

2014, alleging three violations. The report claimed that Project Pathfinder had 

discharged Young from sex-offender treatment, he had absconded from his transitional 

housing, and his whereabouts were unknown. Young’s probation officer again 

recommended vacating his stay of execution. 

At the ensuing probation-violation hearing, Young waived the right to a contested 

hearing and admitted to the three violations. The parties continued disposition of the 

violation to explore alternatives to revoking Young’s probation. 

When the parties returned for disposition of the probation violation, the district 

court revoked Young’s probation. In addition to the original violations, it acknowledged

supplemental allegations that Young had three pending misdemeanor offenses from 
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September 5, 2014, and that Young had unsupervised contact with a minor. The district 

court concluded: 

I accepted your admissions. I find that without legal excuse 

or justification you violated conditions of the stay. I find that 

the violations, even if they weren’t intentional, were not 

excusable. The need for confinement outweighs policies 

favoring probation because confinement is necessary to 

protect the public from further criminal activity. It’s also 

because you need correctional treatment which can most 

effectively be provided while you’re in custody. You have 

been unable to follow through with treatment outside of 

custody. Finally, the court’s consideration is that it would 

unduly depreciate the seriousness of the violations if 

probation were not revoked. 

The district court executed Young’s 156-month sentence, subject to a 10-year 

conditional release period. Young now appeals the revocation of his stay of execution. 

D E C I S I O N

Young contends that the district court abused its discretion by revoking his stay of 

execution because its findings about his violations were merely conclusory and did not 

fulfill the second and third Austin factors. See State v. Austin, 295 N.W.2d 246, 250 

(Minn. 1980) (adopting a three-step analysis for future guidance to the district courts in 

revoking probation). We disagree.

The “purpose of probation is rehabilitation and revocation should be used only as 

a last resort when treatment has failed.” Id. The district court has broad discretion to 

determine if sufficient evidence supports a probation revocation, and this court will only 

reverse when a clear abuse of discretion occurs. Id. at 249–50.
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When an offender whose sentence was initially stayed violates any of the 

conditions of probation, the district court may continue the existing stay of execution or 

execute the offender’s sentence. Minn. R. Crim. P. 27.04, subd. 3(2)(b). In State v. 

Austin, the Minnesota Supreme Court established a three-step analysis that district courts 

must follow before revoking an offender’s probation. 295 N.W.2d at 250. Under Austin, 

district courts must (1) specify the probation conditions the offender violated, (2) find the 

violation was either intentional or inexcusable, and (3) find that the need for confinement 

outweighs the policies favoring continued probation. Id. In creating a record of the three 

Austin findings, “courts must seek to convey their substantive reasons for revocation and 

the evidence relied upon.” State v. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d 602, 608 (Minn. 2005). 

Young concedes that his admissions to the probation violations fulfill the first 

Austin factor, but he challenges the district court’s findings on the second and third

Austin factors.

Austin Factor 2

Young contests the district court’s finding that his violations were inexcusable, 

asserting that the district court did not question him about the violations and that no

documents were submitted showing why Project Pathfinder discharged him. Young 

argues that, by making its findings without this information, the district court reacted 

reflexively to his probation violation, contrary to Austin’s mandate. See Austin, 295 

N.W.2d at 251 (stating that a district court’s decision to revoke cannot be “a reflexive 

reaction to an accumulation of technical violations but requires a showing that the 
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offender’s behavior demonstrates that he or she cannot be counted on to avoid antisocial 

activity”) (quotation omitted). This contention lacks merit.

A review of the probation violation hearing transcript supports the district court’s 

finding that Young’s violations were inexcusable. Advocating continued probation, 

Young’s attorney conceded that Young had exhausted three previous chances to avoid a 

lengthy prison sentence. Young’s attorney agreed that Young abandoned his transitional 

housing placement “without justification or excuse.” He also stated that when Young 

learned that the court would issue a warrant for his arrest because of his discharge from 

Project Pathfinder, Young “by his own admission, just took off.” Young’s attorney 

characterized the violations as “just kind of immature, dumb things.” 

Young’s probation officer added that Young had received “numerous 

opportunities” and that Young was well aware of the potential consequences for failure to 

cooperate with probation. He told the court that Young was “not listening to probation,” 

“not listening to treatment,” and “failed to even seem like he tried.” 

Finally, in the statement that Young prepared for the hearing, he told the court he 

was scared after being discharged from sex-offender treatment. Fearing reincarceration, 

he panicked and ran, despite knowing that he was required to maintain contact with his 

probation officer.

After hearing this testimony, the district court agreed that Young had squandered 

opportunities to cooperate with probation and to complete appropriate programming. 

Addressing Young, the district court observed “somehow, obstacles arise that prevent 
7

you from following through” and “you keep having these lapses which I don’t think any 

of us can explain.” 

Given these statements from Young’s attorney, Young’s probation officer, Young, 

and the district court, the district court’s findings on the second Austin factor are not 

reflexive. The probation violation hearing transcript contains ample support for its 

conclusion that Young’s violations were inexcusable.

Austin Factor 3

Under the third Austin factor a district court may not revoke probation unless it 

also finds at least one of the following: (1) confining the offender is necessary to protect 

the public against further criminal acts, (2) the correctional treatment that the offender 

requires can be most effectively provided in confinement, or (3) the seriousness of the 

violation would be unduly depreciated if probation were not revoked. Id.

The district court has broad discretion to determine whether sufficient evidence 

exists to support revocation. Id. at 249–50. It must only find one of the subfactors to 

support its finding that the need for confinement outweighs policies favoring continued 

probation. Modtland, 695 N.W.2d at 607. Here, the district court found all three. 

Young argues that the district court erred by finding that the need for his 

confinement outweighed policies favoring continued probation. He contends that the 

district court ignored that he was genuinely committed to changing his behavior and that 

it ignored the alternatives to revocation. Young also asserts that the district court relied 

on improper findings—a mischaracterization of his “history of violations,” an 

underdeveloped record of why Project Pathfinder discharged him, and an overstatement 
8

of his lapse in communication with the probation officer—and impermissible, unreported 

probation violations to reach its conclusion. These contentions are not persuasive. 

The district court considered Young’s testimony regarding his commitment to 

change but nonetheless found that all three subfactors existed. Sufficient evidence in the 

record supports this finding. The district court found that an untreated sex offender 

presents a danger to the community. It noted that, despite initiating treatment over two 

years before the violation report, Young repeatedly failed to complete outpatient sexoffender treatment. 

Young’s assertion that the district court ignored alternatives to revocation

misrepresents the availability of any such alternatives. When the parties returned for 

disposition of the violation, Young’s attorney presented only a verbal commitment from 

Project Pathfinder that it would consider readmitting Young, which Project Pathfinder 

would not put in writing. At the time of the second hearing, the parties had not 

established, much less agreed on, viable alternatives. 

In sum, excluding the unreported probation violations, sufficient evidence

established three clear violations: Young failed to complete sex-offender treatment, he 

failed to complete transitional housing, and he failed to keep probation informed of his 

residence. Because the district court made the required Austin findings, and the record 

supports each of these findings, it properly revoked Young’s stay of execution. 

Affirmed.