1

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

State of West Virginia, 

Plaintiff Below, Respondent

vs.) No. 19-1017 (Berkeley County 11-F-245)

Jennifer Barnhart,

Defendant Below, Petitioner

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner Jennifer Barnhart, by counsel Stephanie E. Scales-Sherrin, appeals the October 

7, 2019, order of the Circuit Court of Berkeley County resentencing petitioner for the purpose of 

allowing her to exercise her right to appeal. Respondent State of West Virginia, by counsel Andrea 

Nease Proper, filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order.

The Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Petitioner has a history of drug addiction and minor crimes. In 2011, petitioner was dating 

Brian Shamburg whose cousin, Ronald Shamburg, was performing manual labor at the home of 

Howard Strauss (“victim”). The three associates devised a plan to rob the victim. Petitioner was to 

knock on the victim’s door feigning a need for assistance. Once the victim opened the door, he 

would be robbed. On July 13, 2011, when the victim opened the door to his residence, petitioner

pushed the door back against the victim, knocking him to the floor. Once the victim was on the 

floor, all three defendants kicked, beat, and tasered him multiple times. The victim suffered 

permanent injuries from the attack, such as numbness on the left side of his face. 

Petitioner disputed the victim’s account that she participated in the physical attack against 

him. However, the victim’s recollection of the attack is supported by the testimony of Ronald 

FILED

March 16, 2021

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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Shamburg, who, at his plea hearing, stated that “. . . [petitioner] hit [the victim] a couple times, but 

she was really kicking him. Like I remember—all I remember is she was kicking him a lot in the 

face and stuff like that.” After brutally attacking the victim, the defendants took his wallet, cash, 

and cell phone in order to prevent him from summoning assistance. The victim was able to crawl 

to his vehicle and drive himself to a hospital.

In separate criminal cases filed in the Circuit Court of Berkeley County, each defendant 

pled guilty to first-degree robbery, conspiracy to commit robbery, and malicious assault pursuant 

to a plea agreement with the State. The circuit court imposed consecutive sentences of 

incarceration in each defendant’s case: forty years for first-degree robbery; one to five years for 

conspiracy to commit robbery; and two to ten years for malicious assault. By sentencing order 

entered on May 7, 2012, the circuit court denied petitioner’s request “for a shorter sentence, 

concurrency, or alternative sentencing . . . because of the severity of the crimes and the needless 

use of the violence upon the victim.” Petitioner did not appeal the circuit court’s May 7, 2012, 

sentencing order.

On March 3, 2017, petitioner filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the circuit court. 

The circuit court appointed habeas counsel who filed an amended habeas petition on July 23, 2018. 

In the amended habeas petition, petitioner alleged that (1) her consecutive sentences were 

unconstitutionally disproportionate to her offenses; (2) trial counsel was ineffective by leading 

petitioner to believe that she would be given a concurrent sentence of ten years of incarceration; 

and (3) no appeal was filed from the circuit court’s May 7, 2012, sentencing order despite 

petitioner’s request that an appeal be filed. By order entered on June 25, 2019, the circuit court 

denied the amended petition.1

On August 1, 2019, the parties filed a joint motion asking the circuit court to reconsider its 

denial of the amended habeas petition and hold an evidentiary hearing as to whether petitioner

expressed a desire to appeal the May 7, 2012, sentencing order. At a September 17, 2019, hearing, 

following testimony by petitioner and her trial counsel, the circuit court found that its order 

denying the amended petition should be amended to direct that petitioner be resentenced to allow 

her to exercise her right to appeal in the underlying criminal case. By order entered on October 7, 

2019, the circuit court stated that it was resentencing petitioner solely for purposes of appeal and 

was not altering her consecutive sentences of incarceration for first-degree robbery, conspiracy to 

commit robbery, and malicious assault, which amount to an aggregate term of forty-three to fiftyfive years of incarceration.2

1Petitioner filed an appeal from the circuit court’s June 25, 2019, order denying the 

amended habeas petition in Supreme Court Case No. 19-0662. Given the parties’ joint motion 

asking the circuit court to reconsider its denial of the amended habeas petition, petitioner requested 

that this Court dismiss the appeal in Supreme Court Case No. 19-0662. By order entered on 

October 2, 2019, this Court dismissed that appeal.

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On October 9, 2019, the circuit court entered an amended order granting, in part, and 

denying, in part, petitioner’s amended petition for a writ of habeas corpus and granted her limited 

(continued . . .)
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Petitioner now appeals the circuit court’s October 7, 2019, resentencing order. This Court 

“reviews sentencing orders . . . under a deferential abuse of discretion standard, unless the order 

violates statutory or constitutional commands.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, State v. Lucas, 201 W. Va. 271, 

496 S.E.2d 221 (1997). We have further held that “[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within 

statutory limits and if not based on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate 

review.” Syl. Pt. 4, State v. Goodnight, 169 W. Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982).

On appeal, petitioner argues that an aggregate term of forty-three to fifty-five years of 

incarceration is unconstitutionally disproportionate to the character and degree of her offenses. 

The State counters that petitioner’s consecutive sentences of incarceration for first-degree robbery,

conspiracy to commit robbery, and malicious assault should be affirmed. We agree with the State.

Because West Virginia Code § 61-2-12(a) does not set a maximum term for first-degree

robbery,3 proportionality review is available to petitioner pursuant to Article III, Section 5 of the 

West Virginia Constitution.

4 We have identified two tests to determine whether a sentence is so 

disproportionate to a crime that it violates the state constitution. State v. Cooper, 172 W. Va. 266, 

272, 304 S.E.2d 851, 857 (1982). As we explained in Cooper, 

. . . The first [test] is subjective and asks whether the sentence for the 

particular crime shocks the conscience of the court and society. If a sentence is so 

offensive that it cannot pass a societal and judicial sense of justice, the inquiry need 

not proceed further. When it cannot be said that a sentence shocks the conscience, 

a disproportionality challenge is guided by the objective test we spelled out in 

relief in the form of a resentencing in the underlying criminal case. 

 3

West Virginia Code § 61-2-12(a)(1) provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny person who 

commits . . . robbery by: (1) [c]ommitting violence to the person, including, but not limited to . . . 

beating . . . is guilty of robbery in the first degree and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned 

in a state correctional facility not less than ten years.”

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In Syllabus Points 3 and 4 of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W. Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 

205 (1981), we held:

“Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, which contains the 

cruel and unusual punishment counterpart to the Eighth Amendment of the United 

States Constitution, has an express statement of the proportionality principle: 

‘Penalties shall be proportioned to the character and degree of the offence.’” 

Syllabus Point 8, State v. Vance, [164] W.Va. [216], 262 S.E.2d 423 (1980).

While our constitutional proportionality standards theoretically can apply 

to any criminal sentence, they are basically applicable to those sentences where 

there is . . . no fixed maximum set by statute . . . .
4

Syllabus Point 5 of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W.Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 

(1981):

In determining whether a given sentence violates the proportionality 

principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia 

Constitution, consideration is given to the nature of the offense, the 

legislative purpose behind the punishment, a comparison of the 

punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and 

a comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction.

172 W. Va. at 272, 304 S.E.2d at 857.

In addition, in Cooper, we reasoned that “disparate sentences of co-defendants that are 

similarly situated may be considered in evaluating whether a sentence is so grossly 

disproportionate to an offense that it violates our constitution.” Id. at 271, 304 S.E.2d at 856. Here, 

petitioner received the same aggregate sentence as her two co-defendants, but argues that she 

deserves a lesser sentence than her co-defendants because she did not participate in the physical 

attack against the victim. The State counters that the record belies petitioner’s assertion that she 

did not join her co-defendants in physically attacking the victim after he had been knocked to the 

floor. Based on our review of the record, we agree with the State. As one of petitioner’s codefendants testified, “. . . [petitioner] hit [the victim] a couple times, but she was really kicking 

him. Like I remember—all I remember is she was kicking him a lot in the face and stuff like that.” 

Therefore, we find that the circuit court had a sufficient basis to sentence petitioner to the same 

aggregate sentence as her two co-defendants, as she engaged in the same violent conduct during 

the robbery. 

We now address the subjective test and note that “[i]n making the determination of whether 

a sentence shocks the conscience, we consider all of the circumstances surrounding the offense.” 

State v. Adams, 211 W. Va. 231, 233, 565 S.E.2d 353, 355 (2002). Petitioner argues that her case 

is similar to the situation in Cooper where we reversed a forty-five year sentence for robbery 

imposed upon a nineteen-year-old homeless man. The State counters that Cooperis distinguishable 

because petitioner in the instant case was thirty-two years old at the time of the crimes and older 

than her co-defendants. In addition, while the victim in Cooper fully recovered from his injuries, 

see 172 W. Va. at 268, 303 S.E.2d at 852, the victim in the instant case suffered permanent injuries. 

As the record reflects that petitioner brutally attacked the victim, we find that it does not shock the 

conscience of this Court and society for petitioner to serve an aggregate term of forty-three to fiftyfive years of incarceration for her convictions. 

With regard to the objective test set forth in Syllabus Point 5 of Wanstreet, we have stated:

The first consideration of the objective test is the nature of the offense for which 

the appellant was convicted and the legislative purpose behind the statutory 

punishment. As we just noted, the crime for which the appellant was convicted was 

certainly of a violent nature. In addition, we have previously observed that 

“[a]ggravated robbery in West Virginia has been recognized as a crime that 
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involves a high potentiality for violence and injury to the victim involved.” State 

v[.] Ross, 184 W.Va. 579, 582, 402 S.E.2d 248, 251 (1990). As a result, the 

Legislature has provided circuit courts with broad discretion in sentencing 

individuals convicted of aggravated robbery or attempted aggravated robbery. In 

fact, “‘[t]he Legislature chose not to deprive trial courts of discretion to determine 

the appropriate specific number of years of punishment for armed robbery, beyond 

ten.’” State v. Woods, 194 W.Va. 250, 254, 460 S.E.2d 65, 69 (1995) [(]quoting 

State ex rel. Faircloth v. Catlett, 165 W.Va. 179, 181, 267 S.E.2d 736, 737 

(1980)[)].

State v. Williams, 205 W. Va. 552, 555, 519 S.E.2d 835, 838 (1999). In Williams, this Court 

considered sentences for robbery that were upheld in numerous jurisdictions to find that “[g]iven 

the offenses involved in the cases cited above, and in light of the respective sentences imposed, 

we believe that the appellant’s sentence in the case sub judice is constitutionally proportionate to 

the character and degree of the offense for which she was convicted.” Id. at 558, 519 S.E.2d at 

841. Applying the principles set forth in Williams to the facts of the instant case and petitioner’s 

sentences imposed by the circuit court, we conclude that petitioner’s sentence was constitutionally 

proportionate to the character and degree of the offenses for which she was convicted. Therefore, 

we find no error in the circuit court’s October 7, 2019, resentencing order. 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s October 7, 2019, resentencing 

order. 

 Affirmed.

ISSUED: March 16, 2021

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice William R. Wooton