NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Financial Burden of Medical Care: A Family Perspective

Robin A. Cohen, Ph.D., and Whitney K. Kirzinger, M.P.H.

Key findings

Data from the National 

Health Interview Survey, 

2012

• In 2012, more than one 

in four families experienced 

financial burdens of medical 

care.

• Families with incomes at 

or below 250% of the federal 

poverty level (FPL) were more 

likely to experience financial 

burdens of medical care than 

families with incomes above 

250% of the FPL.

• Families with children aged 

0–17 years were more likely 

than families without children 

to experience financial burdens 

of medical care.

• The presence of a family 

member who was uninsured 

increased the likelihood that 

a family would experience a 

financial burden of medical 

care.

Recently published data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

found that 1 in 5 persons was in a family having problems paying medical bills,

and 1 in 10 persons was in a family with medical bills that they were unable

to pay at all (1–3). NHIS defines “family” as an individual or a group of two 

or more related persons living together in the same housing unit. The family 

perspective is important to consider when examining financial risk because 

significant expenses for one family member may adversely affect the whole 

family. Health insurance coverage is one way for a family to mitigate financial 

risk associated with health care costs, although health insurance status may 

differ among family members. This report explores selected family demographic 

characteristics and their association with financial burdens of medical care 

(problems paying medical bills, paying medical bills over time, and having 

medical bills that cannot be paid) based on data from the 2012 NHIS. 

Keywords: medical bills • insurance • poverty • family structure

More than one in four families experienced financial burdens 

of medical care.

Figure 1. Percentage of families with selected financial burdens of medical care: United States, 

2012

NOTES: Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Any financial burden of 

medical care is based on a positive response to a question asking whether anyone in the family experienced “problems paying 

medical bills in the past 12 months” or a positive response to a question asking whether anyone in the family currently had 

“medical bills that are being paid over time.” Only those who responded positively to the former question were asked if they 

currently had medical bills that they were unable to pay at all. 

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Percent

Currently have medical bills that

they are unable to pay at all

0

10

20

30

40

50

Any financial burden

of medical care

Currently have medical

bills that are being

paid over time

Problems paying medical

bills in the past 12 months

16.5

8.9

21.4

26.8
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

■  2  ■

• In 2012, 26.8% of families in the United States experienced any financial burden of medical 

care (Figure 1).

• Almost 1 in 6 families (16.5%) had problems paying medical bills in the past 12 months, 

1 in 10 families (8.9%) had medical bills that they were unable to pay at all (a subgroup 

of those having problems paying medical bills), and 1 in 5 families (21.4%) were paying 

medical bills over time.

Families with lower incomes were more likely to experience financial 

burdens of medical care.

• Those families with incomes at or below 250% of the federal poverty level (FPL) had the 

highest levels of any financial burden of medical care (Figure 2). 

• The percentage of families having problems paying medical bills and the percentage of 

families with medical bills that they were unable to pay at all (a subgroup of those having 

problems paying medical bills) decreased with increasing family incomes.

• Families with incomes ranging from 139% through 250% of the FPL were most likely to 

have been paying medical bills over time.

Figure 2. Percentage of families with selected financial burdens of medical care, by poverty level: United States, 2012

1

Significant linear trend (p < 0.05).

2

Significant quadratic trend (p < 0.05).

NOTES: Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Any financial burden of medical care is based on a 

positive response to a question asking whether anyone in the family experienced “problems paying medical bills in the past 12 months” or a positive response to a 

question asking whether anyone in the family currently had “medical bills that are being paid over time.” Only those who responded positively to the former question 

were asked if they currently had medical bills that they were unable to pay at all. FPL is federal poverty level.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50 above 400%

FPL

above 250% to at or 

below 400% FPL

139% to at or below

250% FPL

below 139%

 FPL

Any financial burden

of medical care2

Currently have medical

bills that are being

paid over time2

Currently have medical

bills that they are unable

to pay at all1

Problems paying

medical bills in the

past 12 months1

26.0

23.5

16.8

13.2

7.0

2.1

23.4

27.0

24.7

14.9

33.6 34.5

28.8

16.6 15.9

6.4
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Families with children were more likely than families without children to 

experience financial burdens of medical care.

• One in three families with children (36.0%) experienced any financial burden of medical 

care (Figure 3).

• One in four families that included two or more adults with no children (25.2%) experienced 

any financial burden of medical care.

• One in five families with only one adult and no children (adults living alone), or 20.1%, 

experienced any financial burden of medical care.

• Families with children were more likely than families without children to experience 

problems paying medical bills, to have medical bills that they were unable to pay at all (a 

subgroup of those having problems paying medical bills), or to have medical bills that they 

had been paying over time.

• Adults living alone were less likely than families with two or more adults and no children to 

experience problems paying medical bills or to have medical bills that they had been paying 

over time.

Figure 3. Percentage of families with selected financial burdens of medical care, by number of adults and children aged 

0–17 years in the family: United States, 2012

1

Significantly different from families with two or more adults and no children (p < 0.05).

2

Significantly different from families with one or more adults and one or more children (p < 0.05).

NOTES: Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Any financial burden of medical care is based on a 

positive response to a question asking whether anyone in the family experienced “problems paying medical bills in the past 12 months” or a positive response to a 

question asking whether anyone in the family currently had “medical bills that are being paid over time.” Only those who responded positively to the former question 

were asked if they currently had medical bills that they were unable to pay at all.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Percent

One or more adults,

one or more children

Two or more adults,

no children

One adult,

no children

0

10

20

30

40

50

Any financial burden

of medical care

Currently have medical

bills that are being

paid over time

Currently have

medical bills that

they are unable to

pay at all

Problems paying

medical bills in the

past 12 months

1,213.7 2

14.7

21.8

2

7.1 2

7.7

12.1

1,214.7

2

20.5

29.8

1,220.1

2

25.2

36.0
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

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Families with an uninsured family member were more likely to have 

financial burdens of medical care.

• Families with a mixture of coverage types within the family and families in which some 

or all members were uninsured were more likely to have experienced any financial burden 

of medical care in the past 12 months than were families in which either all members had 

private insurance or all members had public coverage (Figure 4).

• Among families in which all members had private insurance or all members had public 

coverage, approximately 21% experienced any financial burden of medical care.

• Among families in which some members had private insurance and some members had 

public coverage, 35.8% experienced any financial burden of medical care.

• Among families in which all members were uninsured, 39.7% experienced any financial 

burden of medical care.

• Among families in which some members were insured and some members were uninsured, 

46.0% experienced any financial burden of medical care.

Figure 4. Percentage of families that had any financial burden of medical care in the past 12 months, by family health care 

coverage status: United States, 2012

1

Significantly different from families in which all members have private insurance (p < 0.05).

2

Significantly different from families in which all members have public coverage (p < 0.05).

3

Significantly different from families in which some members have private insurance and some members have public coverage (p < 0.05).

4

Significantly different from families in which all members are uninsured (p < 0.05).

NOTES: Data are based on household interviews of a sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Any financial burden of medical care is based on a 

positive response to a question asking whether anyone in the family experienced “problems paying medical bills in the past 12 months” or a positive response to a 

question asking whether anyone in the family currently had “medical bills that are being paid over time.” Only those who responded positively to the former question 

were asked if they currently had medical bills that they were unable to pay at all.

SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health Interview Survey, 2012. Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

Some members

are insured, and

some members

are uninsured

All members are

uninsured

Some members 

have private

insurance, and

some members

have public coverage

All members

have public

coverage

All members

have private

insurance

20.9 21.1

1,235.8

1,239.7

1,2,3,446.0
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

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Summary

Previous reports based on data from NHIS examined financial burdens of medical care from 

a person-level perspective (2,3). One strength of NHIS is that information on insurance and 

financial burden is collected at the family level, giving analysts the ability to look at both familylevel and person-level data. The family perspective is a useful expansion of previous research 

because having one family member who contributes to the bulk of the financial burden for 

medical care may place the entire family’s ability to pay medical bills and overall financial wellbeing at risk. From a family level, this report found that levels of financial burden of medical care 

were greatest for families with incomes at or below 250% of the FPL, those with children, those 

with mixtures of coverage types, and those in which at least one family member was uninsured. 

Often, persons in families with more than one member can financially benefit from shared income 

and household expenses. However, when one family member experiences a financial burden of 

medical care, the entire family may be at risk for financial burden.

Definitions

Problems paying medical bills in past 12 months: Determined by the question, “In the past 12 

months did [you/anyone in the family] have problems paying or an inability to pay any medical 

bills? Include bills for doctors, dentists, hospitals, therapists, medication, equipment, nursing 

home, or home care.”

Currently have medical bills that are being paid over time: Determined by the question, “[Do you/

Does anyone in your family] currently have any medical bills that are being paid off over time? 

This could include medical bills being paid off with a credit card, through personal loans, or 

through bill paying arrangements with hospitals or other providers. The bills can be from earlier 

years as well as this year.”

Currently have medical bills that they are unable to pay at all: Identified by the question, “[Do 

you/Does anyone in your family] currently have any medical bills that you are unable to pay at 

all?” This question was asked only of those who had problems paying medical bills in the past 

12 months.

Any financial burden of medical care: Based on a positive response to the question asking 

whether anyone in the family had “problems paying medical bills in the past 12 months” or a 

positive response to “currently have medical bills that are being paid over time.” Only those who 

responded positively to the former question were asked if they currently had medical bills that 

they were unable to pay at all.

Family: Defined as an individual or a group of two or more related persons who are living 

together in the same occupied housing unit (i.e., household) in the sample. In some instances, 

unrelated persons sharing the same household could also be considered a family, such as an 

unmarried couple living together.

Federal poverty level: Based on family income and family size using the U.S. Census Bureau’s 

poverty thresholds for the previous calendar year. The 2012 NHIS imputed income files were 

used to help create the poverty variable.
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

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Health insurance coverage at interview: The “private” coverage category excludes plans that pay 

for only one type of service, such as accidents or dental care. The “public” coverage category 

includes Medicaid, the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP), state-sponsored or other 

government-sponsored health plans, Medicare, and military plans. A person was defined as 

uninsured if, at the time of the interview, he or she did not have any private health insurance, 

Medicare, Medicaid, CHIP, state-sponsored or other government-sponsored health plan, or 

military plan. A person was also defined as uninsured if he or she had only Indian Health Service 

coverage or had only a private plan that paid for one type of service, such as accidents or dental 

care. In this analysis, health insurance categories are hierarchical, and persons covered by both 

private coverage and public coverage were considered to have private coverage. The analysis 

by insurance coverage excluded persons with unknown health insurance status (about 1% of 

respondents each year).

Data source and methods

This analysis used data from the 2012 NHIS. Interviewers from the U.S. Census Bureau collect 

NHIS data continuously throughout the year for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s 

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). NHIS collects information about the health and 

health care of the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population. Although active-duty Armed 

Forces personnel are excluded from the survey, their civilian family members are included. 

(For example, a child whose parents are both active-duty military personnel would be included, 

but the parents would not.) Interviews are conducted in respondents’ homes, but follow-ups to 

complete interviews may be conducted over the telephone. Questions about financial burden of 

medical care and health insurance coverage are from the Family Core component, which collects 

information on all family members. Information was collected for 43,345 families on 108,131 

persons. For further information about NHIS, including the questionnaire, see the NHIS website: 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis.htm.

NHIS is designed to yield a sample representative of the civilian noninstitutionalized population 

of the United States, and weights are used to produce national estimates. Data weighting 

procedures are described in more detail elsewhere (4). Point estimates and logistic regression 

models for linear and quadratic poverty trends were calculated using SUDAAN software (5) to 

account for the complex sample design of NHIS. The Taylor series linearization method was 

chosen for variance estimation. All estimates shown in this report meet the NCHS standard of 

reliability (relative standard error less than or equal to 30%). Differences between percentages 

were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. 

About the authors

Robin A. Cohen and Whitney K. Kirzinger are with CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics, 

Division of Health Interview Statistics.
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

■  7  ■

References

1. Sommers A, Cunningham PJ. Medical bill problems steady for U.S. families, 2007–2010. 

Tracking Report no 28. Washington, DC: Center for Studying Health System Change. 2011.

2. Cohen RA, Gindi RM, Kirzinger WK. Financial burden of medical care: Early release of 

estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January–June 2011. Hyattsville, MD: 

National Center for Health Statistics. 2012. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/

releases.htm.

3. Cohen RA, Kirzinger WK, Gindi RM. Problems paying medical bills: Early release of 

estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January 2011–June 2012. Hyattsville, 

MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2013. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/

releases.htm.

4. Botman SL, Moore TF, Moriarity CL, Parsons VL. Design and estimation for the National 

Health Interview Survey, 1995–2004. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 

2(130). 2000. 

5. RTI International. SUDAAN (Release 10.0) [computer software]. 2008. Available from: 

http://www.rti.org/SUDAAN/. 
NCHS Data Brief ■ No. 142 ■ January 2014

Suggested citation

Cohen RA, Kirzinger WK. Financial burden 

of medical care: A family perspective. 

NCHS data brief, no 142. Hyattsville, MD: 

National Center for Health Statistics. 2014.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in 

the public domain and may be reproduced 

or copied without permission; citation as to 

source, however, is appreciated.

National Center for Health 

Statistics

Charles J. Rothwell, M.S., M.B.A., Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Associate 

Director for Science

Division of Health Interview Statistics

Jane F. Gentleman, Ph.D., Director

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